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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostanthera_clotteniana	Prostanthera clotteniana	["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Conservation status","5 References"]	Species of flowering plant Prostanthera clotteniana Conservation status Critically endangered (EPBC Act) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Lamiaceae Genus: Prostanthera Species: P. clotteniana Binomial name Prostanthera clotteniana(F.M.Bailey) A.R.Bean Occurrence data from AVH Synonyms Hemigenia clotteniana F.M.Bailey Prostanthera atroviolacea F.M.Bailey Prostanthera clotteniana is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to tropical north Queensland. It is a shrub with cylindrical, hairy branches, narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and purple to pale lilac flowers. Description Prostanthera clotteniana is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) with hairy, stems. The leaves are narrow elliptic to narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, dull green, 19–20 mm (0.75–0.79 in) long and 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) wide on a petiole 2.5–5.5 mm (0.098–0.217 in) long. The flowers are arranged singly in two to four leaf axils near the ends of branchlet, each flower with bracteoles 3–5.5 mm (0.12–0.22 in) long near the base of the sepals. The sepals form a tube 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long with two lobes, the lower lobe 2.5–3 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and the upper lobe 4.5–6 mm (0.18–0.24 in) long. The petals are purple to pale lilac, 15–18 mm (0.59–0.71 in) long and fused to form a tube 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) long, the lower central lobe 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long and bilobed. The lower side lobes are 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and the upper lobes are 2.5–4.5 mm (0.098–0.177 in) long and fused with a small central notch. Taxonomy In 1904, Frederick Manson Bailey formally described Hemigenia clotteniana in the Queensland Agricultural Journal and in 1905 described Prostanthera atroviolacea in the same journal, specimens of both plants collected near Herberton. In 2000, Anthony Bean considered the two names to be synonyms and raised the new name Prostanthera clotteniana in the journal Austrobaileya. The species was named "after F. E. Clotten, who furnished the funds for printing a general index to “The Queensland Flora”". Distribution and habitat Prostanthera clotteniana grows in dry woodland on steep, rocky slopes in the Ravenshoe–Atherton area of north-east Queensland where it is only known from seven sites. It was thought to be extinct until rediscovered in 1999. Conservation status This species is classified as "critically endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act and the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992. The main threats to the species are inappropriate fire regimes and habitat disturbance caused by mining, illegal collection and weed invasion. References ^ a b "Prostanthera clotteniana". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ Conn, Barry J.; Wilson, Trevor C. (12 January 2015). "Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) from far-north Queensland, Australia". Telopea. 18: 3–6. doi:10.7751/telopea20158145. ^ a b "Species profile—Prostanthera clotteniana". Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ a b c "Prostanthera clotteniana (a shrub)" (PDF). Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Hemigenia clotteniana". APNI. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Prostanthera atroviolacea". APNI. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ "Prostanthera clotteniana". APNI. Retrieved 27 August 2020. ^ a b Bean, Anthony R. (2000). "A new combination in Prostanthera Labill. (Lamiaceae)". Austrobaileya. 5 (4): 733–734. ^ Queensland Agricultural Journal. volume 15. page 493. 1904. Taxon identifiersProstanthera clotteniana Wikidata: Q15354960 Wikispecies: Prostanthera clotteniana APNI: 178589 CoL: 77ZG4 GBIF: 3895177 IPNI: 1018322-1 NCBI: 1929219 Open Tree of Life: 6085399 Plant List: kew-165700 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1018322-1 SPRAT: 76165 Tropicos: 100247029 WFO: wfo-0000283413 Hemigenia clotteniana Wikidata: Q39089998 APNI: 100197 CoL: 6LPS4 GBIF: 3886739 IPNI: 447739-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:447739-1 Tropicos: 100202819 WFO: wfo-0000981286	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lamiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamiaceae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"}],"text":"Prostanthera clotteniana is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae and is endemic to tropical north Queensland. It is a shrub with cylindrical, hairy branches, narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and purple to pale lilac flowers.","title":"Prostanthera clotteniana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"petiole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petiole_(botany)"},{"link_name":"bracteoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract#Bracteole"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telopea-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DES-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-environment-4"}],"text":"Prostanthera clotteniana is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) with hairy, stems. The leaves are narrow elliptic to narrow egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, dull green, 19–20 mm (0.75–0.79 in) long and 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) wide on a petiole 2.5–5.5 mm (0.098–0.217 in) long. The flowers are arranged singly in two to four leaf axils near the ends of branchlet, each flower with bracteoles 3–5.5 mm (0.12–0.22 in) long near the base of the sepals. The sepals form a tube 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long with two lobes, the lower lobe 2.5–3 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and the upper lobe 4.5–6 mm (0.18–0.24 in) long. The petals are purple to pale lilac, 15–18 mm (0.59–0.71 in) long and fused to form a tube 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) long, the lower central lobe 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) long and bilobed. The lower side lobes are 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) long and the upper lobes are 2.5–4.5 mm (0.098–0.177 in) long and fused with a small central notch.[2][3][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Manson Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Manson_Bailey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI1-5"},{"link_name":"Herberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herberton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI2-6"},{"link_name":"Anthony Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Bean"},{"link_name":"synonyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Austrobaileya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrobaileya_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.R.Bean-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1904, Frederick Manson Bailey formally described Hemigenia clotteniana in the Queensland Agricultural Journal[5] and in 1905 described Prostanthera atroviolacea in the same journal, specimens of both plants collected near Herberton.[6] In 2000, Anthony Bean considered the two names to be synonyms and raised the new name Prostanthera clotteniana in the journal Austrobaileya.[7][8] The species was named \"after F. E. Clotten, who furnished the funds for printing a general index to “The Queensland Flora”\".[9]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravenshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenshoe,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Atherton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherton,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-environment-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.R.Bean-8"}],"text":"Prostanthera clotteniana grows in dry woodland on steep, rocky slopes in the Ravenshoe–Atherton area of north-east Queensland where it is only known from seven sites. It was thought to be extinct until rediscovered in 1999.[4][8]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"Nature Conservation Act 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Conservation_Act_1992"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DES-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-environment-4"}],"text":"This species is classified as \"critically endangered\" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act and the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992. The main threats to the species are inappropriate fire regimes and habitat disturbance caused by mining, illegal collection and weed invasion.[3][4]","title":"Conservation status"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Prostanthera clotteniana\". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/178589","url_text":"\"Prostanthera clotteniana\""}]},{"reference":"Conn, Barry J.; Wilson, Trevor C. (12 January 2015). \"Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) from far-north Queensland, Australia\". Telopea. 18: 3–6. doi:10.7751/telopea20158145.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7751%2Ftelopea20158145","url_text":"\"Prostanthera (Lamiaceae) from far-north Queensland, Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7751%2Ftelopea20158145","url_text":"10.7751/telopea20158145"}]},{"reference":"\"Species profile—Prostanthera clotteniana\". Queensland Government Department of Environment and Science. 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Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/580323","url_text":"\"Prostanthera clotteniana\""}]},{"reference":"Bean, Anthony R. (2000). \"A new combination in Prostanthera Labill. (Lamiaceae)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C._(basketball)	Vitória S.C. (basketball)	["1 Men's Achievements","2 Players","2.1 Current Roster","2.2 Notable Players","2.3 Other Notable Players","3 Season by season[2]","4 Women's Achievements","5 References","6 External links"]	Basketball team in Guimarães, PortugalVitória Sport ClubeNicknameVitória de GuimarãesLeaguesLPBFounded2004(20 years ago) (2004)History1922–presentArenaPavilhão Unidade VimaranenseCapacity2,500LocationGuimarães, PortugalTeam colorsBlack, White PresidentAntónio Miguel CardosoHead coachMiguel MirandaChampionships2 Portuguese Cups 1 ProligaWebsiteVitória SC Oficial Home Away Vitória SC popularly known as Vitória de Guimarães, is a Portuguese professional basketball club from the city of Guimarães, Portugal. The basketball team is a part of Vitória S.C., the parent football club. The club plays in Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol. Men's Achievements Proliga: 1 2006/07 Portuguese Basketball Cup: 2 2007/08, 2012/13 António Pratas Trophy: 1 2010 Total Trophies: 4 Nationals Players Current Roster Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed. Vitória S.C. roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Nat. Name 2 Eric Coleman 4 Manuel Magalhães 6 Carlos Cardoso 8 Hugo Sotta 9 André Bessa 10 Matt McCarthy 15 Rui Fernandes 20 Jeremias Manjate 22 DeAngelo Stewart 27 Malcolm Drumwright 32 João Nunes 41 António Arantes - Brandon Austin - Simão Ribeiro Head coach Carlos Fechas Legend (C) Team captain Injured Roster Updated: 2021-22 Notable Players Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed. Criteria To appear in this section a player must have either: Set a club record or won an individual award while at the club Played at least one official international match for their national team at any time Played at least one official NBA match at any time. José Vilhena Miguel Cardoso Ivan Almeida Joel Almeida Other Notable Players Sergio Correia Nebojsa Pavlovic Luis Lima Antonio Neto Ismael Torres Maris Gulbis Temi Adebayo Carlos Areias João Balseiro André Bessa Paulo Cunha Paulo Diamantino Carlos Fechas Luis Ferreira Cláudio Fonseca João Guerreiro Filipe Lima Fernando Neves Francisco Oliveira Nuno Pedroso Rui Pereira Pedro Pinto Jaime Silva José Silva Augusto Sobrinho Pedro Tavares João Torrie Julian Banks Mario Boggan Brandon Brown Cory Coe Nate Daniels Tommie Eddie Michael Gomez Louis Graham Will Holland Travis Leech Zeke Marshall Kevin Martin Tony Meier Karlton Mims Donte Minter Brian Morris Roderick Nealy Derek Paben Quilninious Randall Nolan Richardson Cornelius Roberts James Saint-Robert John Sullivan Dain Swetalla Charlie Swiggett Willie Taylor Harvey Thomas John Waller Doug Wiggins John Winchester Paulo Ferreira Bruno Marques Iván Almeida Joel Almeida Joaquim Soares Francisco Machado Ije Nwankwo Season by season Season Tier League ProLiga Portuguese Cup Portuguese Supercup League Cup António Pratas Trophy 2004/05 2 4th round 2005/06 2 1/8 Final 2006/07 2 Winner 1/8 Final 2007/08 2 Finalist Winner 2008/09 1 6th 1/8 Final Finalist 2009/10 1 4th 1/2 Final 1/4 Final Winner 2010/11 1 4th 1/2 Final 4th round 2011/12 1 8th 1/8 Final 2012/13 1 5th Winner 2013/14 1 2nd 1/2 Final Finalist 1/2 Final 2014/15 1 2nd 1/2 Final Finalist 2015/16 1 8th 1/2 Final 2016/17 1 3th 1/2 Final 1/4 Final 2017/18 1 5th 1/8 Final 1/2 Final 2018/19 1 9th 1/8 Final 2019/20 1 5th 1/2 Final 2020/21 1 8th 1/4 Final 2021/22 1 10th 1/2 Final 2022/23 1 9th 1/8 Final 2023/24 1 Women's Achievements National Champions of the 1st Division: 1 2016/17 Vice Champions of the Portuguese Cup 2018/19, 2020/21 Total Trophies: 1 Nationals References ^ a b "History – Vitória S.C." Eurobasket.com. Retrieved 2014-07-30. ^ a b "Vitória SC :: Palmarés :: zerozero.pt". www.zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-09. ^ "Vitória SC :: Palmarés :: zerozero.pt". www.zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-09. External links Official website Eurobasket.com – Team profile vteVitória Sport Clube Players Managers Home stadium D. Afonso Henriques (old) (1965–2003) D. Afonso Henriques (new) (2003–present) Other teams Vitória S.C. Vitória S.C. B Seasons 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Other sports Water Polo Basketball Volleyball Cycling Team vteLiga Portuguesa de BasquetebolSeasons ... 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 Current teams AD Ovarense Barreirense CAB Madeira Esgueira FC Porto Galitos Illiabum Maia BC SC Lusitânia SL Benfica Sporting CP Terceira BC UD Oliveirense Vitória de Guimarães	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Vitória S.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Portuguesa_de_Basquetebol"}],"text":"Vitória SC popularly known as Vitória de Guimarães, is a Portuguese professional basketball club from the city of Guimarães, Portugal. The basketball team is a part of Vitória S.C., the parent football club. The club plays in Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol.","title":"Vitória S.C. (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proliga_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurobaskethistory-1"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Basketball Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurobaskethistory-1"},{"link_name":"António Pratas Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Pratas_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Proliga: 1[1]2006/07Portuguese Basketball Cup: 2[1]2007/08, 2012/13António Pratas Trophy: 12010Total Trophies: 4 Nationals[2]","title":"Men's Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"}],"sub_title":"Current Roster","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"José Vilhena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vilhena"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Miguel Cardoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Cardoso_(basketball)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Ivan Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Almeida"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Joel Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Almeida_(basketball)"}],"sub_title":"Notable Players","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team eligibility at FIBA-sanctioned events. Players may hold other non-FIBA nationalities not displayed.José Vilhena\n Miguel Cardoso\n Ivan Almeida\n Joel Almeida","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other Notable Players","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season by season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Nacional_da_1.%C2%AA_Divis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal_(basquetebol_feminino)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Women%27s_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"National Champions of the 1st Division: 12016/17Vice Champions of the Portuguese Cup2018/19, 2020/21Total Trophies: 1 Nationals[3]","title":"Women's Achievements"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"History – Vitória S.C.\" Eurobasket.com. Retrieved 2014-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://basketball.eurobasket.com/team/Portugal/Vitoria_SC/MCouto_Alves_Guimaraes/6771?Page=5","url_text":"\"History – Vitória S.C.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vitória SC :: Palmarés :: zerozero.pt\". www.zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zerozero.pt/equipa/vitoria-sc/209950/palmares","url_text":"\"Vitória SC :: Palmarés :: zerozero.pt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vitória SC :: Palmarés :: zerozero.pt\". www.zerozero.pt (in Portuguese). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tessthepuppy	User talk:Tessthepuppy	["1 Your submission at Articles for creation: Kathleen Shaljean (February 8)","2 Your submission at Articles for creation: The Campaign for Oxford has been accepted","3 Nomination of Writers in Oxford for deletion"]	Your submission at Articles for creation: Kathleen Shaljean (February 8) Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Onel5969 was: This submission does not appear to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. Entries should be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources. Please rewrite your submission in a more encyclopedic format. Please make sure to avoid peacock terms that promote the subject. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved. If you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Kathleen Shaljean and click on the "Edit" tab at the top of the window. If you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk or on the reviewer's talk page. You can also use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors. Onel5969 TT me 13:50, 8 February 2016 (UTC) Hello! Tessthepuppy, I noticed your article was declined at Articles for Creation, and that can be disappointing. If you are wondering why your article submission was declined, please post a question at the Articles for creation help desk. If you have any other questions about your editing experience, we'd love to help you at the Teahouse, a friendly space on Wikipedia where experienced editors lend a hand to help new editors like yourself! See you there! Onel5969 TT me 13:50, 8 February 2016 (UTC) Your submission at Articles for creation: The Campaign for Oxford has been accepted The Campaign for Oxford, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article. You are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. Note that because you are a logged-in user, you can create articles yourself, and don't have to post a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for Creation if you prefer. If you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk. If you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback. Thank you for helping improve Wikipedia! Gbawden (talk) 13:36, 21 July 2016 (UTC) Nomination of Writers in Oxford for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Writers in Oxford is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted. The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Writers in Oxford until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Largoplazo (talk) 12:23, 25 July 2016 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Articles for creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Shaljean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Kathleen_Shaljean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tessthepuppy&action=edit&section=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AFC-Logo_Decline.svg"},{"link_name":"Articles for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AFC"},{"link_name":"the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Encyclopedic_style"},{"link_name":"neutral point of view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view"},{"link_name":"independent, reliable, published sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"peacock 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yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Starting_an_article"},{"link_name":"Articles for Creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation"},{"link_name":"help desk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_talk/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=The_Campaign_for_Oxford"},{"link_name":"leaving us some feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/feedback&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template:Feedback_editintro/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation&preload=Template:Feedback_preload/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation&preloadtitle=Feedback+from+%5B%5BUser%3A%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%5D%5D+%28%7B%7Bsubst%3A%23time%3Aj+F+Y%7D%7D%29"},{"link_name":"Gbawden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Gbawden"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Gbawden"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"Writers in Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_in_Oxford"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Tessthepuppy&action=edit&section=3"},{"link_name":"Writers in Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writers_in_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia's policies and guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines"},{"link_name":"deleted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Writers in Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Writers_in_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Largoplazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Largoplazo"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Largoplazo"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Your submission at Articles for creation: Kathleen Shaljean (February 8)[edit]Your recent article submission to Articles for Creation has been reviewed! Unfortunately, it has not been accepted at this time. The reason left by Onel5969 was:\nThis submission does not appear to be written in the formal tone expected of an encyclopedia article. Entries should be written from a neutral point of view, and should refer to a range of independent, reliable, published sources. Please rewrite your submission in a more encyclopedic format. Please make sure to avoid peacock terms that promote the subject. Please check the submission for any additional comments left by the reviewer. You are encouraged to edit the submission to address the issues raised and resubmit when they have been resolved.\n\nIf you would like to continue working on the submission, go to Draft:Kathleen Shaljean and click on the \"Edit\" tab at the top of the window.\nIf you need any assistance, you can ask for help at the Articles for creation help desk or on the reviewer's talk page.\nYou can also use Wikipedia's real-time chat help from experienced editors.\nOnel5969 TT me 13:50, 8 February 2016 (UTC)[reply]Your submission at Articles for creation: The Campaign for Oxford has been accepted[edit]The Campaign for Oxford, which you submitted to Articles for creation, has been created. The article has been assessed as Start-Class, which is recorded on the article's talk page. You may like to take a look at the grading scheme to see how you can improve the article.\nYou are more than welcome to continue making quality contributions to Wikipedia. Note that because you are a logged-in user, you can create articles yourself, and don't have to post a request. However, you may continue submitting work to Articles for Creation if you prefer.\n\nIf you have any questions, you are welcome to ask at the help desk.\nIf you would like to help us improve this process, please consider leaving us some feedback.\nThank you for helping improve Wikipedia!\n\nGbawden (talk) 13:36, 21 July 2016 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Writers in Oxford for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Writers in Oxford is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Writers in Oxford until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Largoplazo (talk) 12:23, 25 July 2016 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Tessthepuppy"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/AFC-Logo_Decline.svg/50px-AFC-Logo_Decline.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/AFC-Logo.svg/50px-AFC-Logo.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Kathleen_Shaljean","external_links_name":"Articles for creation help desk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Onel5969&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:Afc_decline/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Draft:Kathleen_Shaljean","external_links_name":"reviewer's talk page"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/Help_desk&action=edit&section=new&nosummary=1&preload=Template:AfC_talk/HD_preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=The_Campaign_for_Oxford","external_links_name":"help desk"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation/feedback&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template:Feedback_editintro/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation&preload=Template:Feedback_preload/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Articles_for_creation&preloadtitle=Feedback+from+%5B%5BUser%3A%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%7C%7B%7Bsubst%3AREVISIONUSER%7D%7D%5D%5D+%28%7B%7Bsubst%3A%23time%3Aj+F+Y%7D%7D%29","external_links_name":"leaving us some feedback"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Esser	Robin Esser	["1 Personal life","2 References"]	Robin Charles Esser (6 May 1933 – 6 November 2017) was a British newspaper executive and former editor. After doing National Service and studying at Wadham College, Oxford University, where he edited the Cherwell newspaper, Esser began his career as a reporter with the Daily Express and Daily Sketch in 1957. He edited the Express' "Hickey" column, and gave both Nigel Dempster and Paul Dacre their first jobs on a national newspaper. By 1969, he was the newspaper's New York editor, and was the first British journalist to interview the Apollo 11 astronauts. He later became consultant editor of the London Evening News, before in 1985 returning to the Daily Express. In 1986, he became editor of the Sunday Express, a post he held until 1989. A great supporter and friend of Margaret Thatcher, Esser was due to receive a knighthood in 1990 but declined the honour on the grounds that it was not appropriate for a serving editor to accept it. Esser moved to the Daily Mail in 1991, where he introduced an arts and entertainment supplement, published on Fridays. He subsequently became the paper's Executive Managing Editor and oversaw the launch of its website MailOnline. He was an active member of the Society of Editors, for which he chaired the Parliamentary & Legal Committee, and the Commonwealth Press Union Media Trust. Esser published three books, The Hot Potato (1969), The Paper Chase (1971), and Crusaders In Chains (2015). Personal life He was married to Shirley Clough and had 4 children with her. After an accident in 1972 while on holiday Shirley died and Robin was left a widower. He Met Tui France his second wife and remarried in 1981 and went on to have 2 more children with her. He died a father of 6, a grandfather of 10 and a great grandfather of 4. References ^ "Robin Esser, newspaper executive – obituary". The Telegraph. 9 November 2017. ^ "Robin Esser Obituary, Telegraph Court and Social". The Telegraph. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Robin Esser, Express Newspapers". Express.co.uk. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ a b "Robin Esser: No plans to retire as he marks 50 years in press", Press Gazette, 27 December 2007. ^ "Robin Esser Obituary, Times Register". TheTimes.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ "Society of Editors, Fighting for media freedom". Societyofeditors.co.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ "Alumni News, Wadham College". Wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2017. ^ Who's Who 2017 Burke's Peerage Who's Who 2009 Media offices Preceded byJohn Junor Editor of the Sunday Express 1986–1989 Succeeded byRobin Morgan vteExpress newspapersDaily Expresseditors 1900: Arthur Pearson 1901: Fletcher Robinson 1909: R. D. Blumenfeld 1929: Beverley Baxter 1933: Arthur Christiansen 1957: Edward Pickering 1961: Bob Edwards 1962: Roger Wood 1963: Bob Edwards 1965: Derek Marks 1971: Ian McColl 1974: Alastair Burnet 1976: Roy Wright 1977: Derek Jameson 1980: Arthur Firth 1981: Christopher Ward 1983: Larry Lamb 1986: Nicholas Lloyd 1995: Richard Addis 1998: Rosie Boycott 2001: Chris Williams 2003: Peter Hill 2011: Hugh Whittow 2018: Gary Jones Sunday Expresseditors 1920: James Douglas 1928: James Douglas and John Gordon 1931: John Gordon 1952: Harold Keeble 1954: John Junor 1986: Robin Esser 1989: Robin Morgan 1991: Eve Pollard 1994: Brian Hitchen 1995: Sue Douglas 1996: Richard Addis 1998: Amanda Platell 1999: Michael Pilgrim 2001: Martin Townsend 2018: Michael Booker Other topics Daily Express Building, London Daily Express Building, Manchester James Bond comic strip Northern & Shell Richard Desmond Rupert Bear Sunday Express Dunblane controversy The Sunday Express Book of the Year	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Service"},{"link_name":"Wadham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadham_College"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherwell_newspaper"},{"link_name":"Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"Daily Sketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Sketch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nigel Dempster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Dempster"},{"link_name":"Paul Dacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dacre"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"London Evening News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Evening_News"},{"link_name":"Sunday Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Express"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no-4"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighthood"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Daily Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Press Union Media Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Press_Union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After doing National Service and studying at Wadham College, Oxford University, where he edited the Cherwell newspaper, Esser began his career as a reporter with the Daily Express and Daily Sketch in 1957.[2] He edited the Express' \"Hickey\" column, and gave both Nigel Dempster and Paul Dacre their first jobs on a national newspaper. By 1969, he was the newspaper's New York editor, and was the first British journalist to interview the Apollo 11 astronauts.[3]He later became consultant editor of the London Evening News, before in 1985 returning to the Daily Express. In 1986, he became editor of the Sunday Express,[4] a post he held until 1989. A great supporter and friend of Margaret Thatcher, Esser was due to receive a knighthood in 1990 but declined the honour on the grounds that it was not appropriate for a serving editor to accept it.[5]Esser moved to the Daily Mail in 1991, where he introduced an arts and entertainment supplement, published on Fridays. He subsequently became the paper's Executive Managing Editor and oversaw the launch of its website MailOnline.[4]He was an active member of the Society of Editors, for which he chaired the Parliamentary & Legal Committee,[6] and the Commonwealth Press Union Media Trust.Esser published three books, The Hot Potato (1969), The Paper Chase (1971), and Crusaders In Chains (2015).[7]","title":"Robin Esser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"full citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include"}],"text":"He was married to Shirley Clough and had 4 children with her. After an accident in 1972 while on holiday Shirley died and Robin was left a widower. He Met Tui France his second wife and remarried in 1981 and went on to have 2 more children with her. He died a father of 6, a grandfather of 10 and a great grandfather of 4.[8][full citation needed]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Robin Esser, newspaper executive – obituary\". The Telegraph. 9 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/11/09/robin-esser-newspaper-executive-obituary/","url_text":"\"Robin Esser, newspaper executive – obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Esser Obituary, Telegraph Court and Social\". The Telegraph. 9 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/11/09/robin-esser-newspaper-executive-obituary/","url_text":"\"Robin Esser Obituary, Telegraph Court and Social\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Esser, Express Newspapers\". Express.co.uk. 8 November 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/876848/Robin-Esser-Sunday-Express-editor-press-freedom-campaigner-dies-aged-84","url_text":"\"Robin Esser, Express Newspapers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Esser Obituary, Times Register\". TheTimes.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robin-esser-obituary-s92jcvzrq","url_text":"\"Robin Esser Obituary, Times Register\""}]},{"reference":"\"Society of Editors, Fighting for media freedom\". Societyofeditors.co.uk. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.societyofeditors.co.uk/page-view.php?pagename=RobinEsser","url_text":"\"Society of Editors, Fighting for media freedom\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumni News, Wadham College\". Wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/news/2015/june/wadham-journalist-speaks-out","url_text":"\"Alumni News, Wadham College\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/11/09/robin-esser-newspaper-executive-obituary/","external_links_name":"\"Robin Esser, newspaper executive – obituary\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2017/11/09/robin-esser-newspaper-executive-obituary/","external_links_name":"\"Robin Esser Obituary, Telegraph Court and Social\""},{"Link":"https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/876848/Robin-Esser-Sunday-Express-editor-press-freedom-campaigner-dies-aged-84","external_links_name":"\"Robin Esser, Express Newspapers\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=39797&sectioncode=6","external_links_name":"Robin Esser: No plans to retire as he marks 50 years in press"},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/robin-esser-obituary-s92jcvzrq","external_links_name":"\"Robin Esser Obituary, Times Register\""},{"Link":"http://www.societyofeditors.co.uk/page-view.php?pagename=RobinEsser","external_links_name":"\"Society of Editors, Fighting for media freedom\""},{"Link":"https://www.wadham.ox.ac.uk/news/2015/june/wadham-journalist-speaks-out","external_links_name":"\"Alumni News, Wadham College\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_in_art	1873 in art	["1 Events","2 Works","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]	Overview of the events of 1873 in art This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1873 in art" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Overview of the events of 1873 in art List of years in art (table) … 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 … Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... Events from the year 1873 in art. Events Early – Pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon is arrested in a public urinal in London and convicted and fined for gross indecency. May – Vincent van Gogh is re-located to London by his employer, the art dealers Goupil & Cie. World exhibition in Vienna. Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organize the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. for the purpose of exhibiting artworks independently. The collection forming the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria is moved to the Palazzo dei Priori, Perugia. New Accademia delle Arti del Disegno established in Florence. Leslie Ward, as "Spy", begins producing caricatures for the British magazine Vanity Fair. Michelangelo's statue of David is removed from the Piazza della Signoria in Florence to the Galleria dell'Accademia. Works Degas – A Cotton Office in New Orleans William-Adolphe Bouguereau – Nymphs and Satyr Edward Burne-Jones – Love Among the Ruins (original watercolour version) Alexandre Cabanel – La Comtesse de Keller Gustave Caillebotte – Nude woman lying on a couch Philip Hermogenes Calderon – Letter From Daddy Walter Crane – Shelley's Tomb in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville – The Last Cartridges (Les dernières cartouches) Edgar Degas – A Cotton Office in New Orleans Hans Gude – Nødhavn Ved Norskekysten Winslow Homer – The Boat Builders William Holman Hunt – The Shadow of Death Rudolf Koller – Gotthardpost Ivan Kramskoi Ivan Shishkin Leo Tolstoy Édouard Manet Le Bon Bock ("The Good Pint") (Philadelphia Museum of Art) The Railway ("The Gare Saint-Lazare") (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.) Jan Matejko – Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God Pál Szinyei Merse – Picnic in May (National Gallery of Hungary, Budapest) Claude Monet The Artist's House at Argenteuil Camille Monet on a Garden Bench Poppies Blooming Albert Joseph Moore – Follow-my-Leader Camille Pissarro – Self-portrait Ilya Repin – Barge Haulers on the Volga John Roddam Spencer Stanhope – The Gentle Music of a Bygone Day Heinrich Strack – Berlin Victory Column James McNeill Whistler – Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle Births January 28 – Charles Sims, English painter (suicide 1928) February 14 – Albert Guillaume, French painter and caricaturist (died 1942) March 13 – Léon Delagrange, French sculptor and aviator (died 1910) April 3 – Rista Vukanović, Serbian Impressionist painter and husband of painter Beta Vukanović (died 1918) April 4 – Élie Faure, French art historian (died 1937) April 24 – André Bauchant, French painter (died 1958) May 10 – Carl Eldh, Swedish painter and sculptor (died 1954) July 6 – Ethel Sands, American-born painter (died 1962) July 7 – Albert Moulton Foweraker, English painter (died 1942) October 12 – Nadežda Petrović, Serbian Fauvist painter (died 1915) December 5 – Julian Smith Australian surgeon and photographer was born in England (died 1947) date unknown – Jane Emmet de Glehn, American painter (died 1961) approximate date – Olowe of Ise, Yoruba wood sculptor (died c. 1938) Deaths March 25 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (born 1810) April 17 – Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, Russian painter, engraver and silhouettist (born 1783) April 28 – Giovanni Maria Benzoni, Italian sculptor (born 1809) May 13 – Konstantin Danil, renowned Serbian painter (born 1798) May 19 – Charles Lucy, English painter (born 1814) July 8 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter (born 1805) October 2 – Cornelius Varley, English watercolor painter (born 1881) October 9 – John Evan Thomas, Welsh sculptor (born 1810) November 25 – Hans Harder, Danish painter and drawing master (born 1792) November 27 – Edmund Thomas Parris, English historical, portrait, subject, and panorama painter, book illustrator, designer and art restorer (born 1793) December 9 – William Bent Berczy, painter and political figure in Upper Canada (born 1791) date unknown Nikola Aleksić, Serbian portraitist in both the Biedermeier and Nazarene movement (born 1808) Thomas Frank Heaphy, English miniature painter (born 1813) Ignatius Josephus van Regemorter, Flemish historical, landscape, and genre painter and engraver (born 1785) References ^ Peniston, William A. (2004). Pederasts and Others. Haworth gay & lesbian studies. London: Routledge. pp. 77–78. ISBN 1-56023-486-5. ^ "Delagrange, Ferdinand Marie Léon". National Archives - Léonore Database (in French). France. 21 July 1909. p. 1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021. Alt URL ^ The American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. D. Appleton. 1881. p. 203.	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1873 in artEvents from the year 1873 in art.","title":"1873 in art"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pre-Raphaelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"Simeon Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Solomon"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"gross indecency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"Goupil & Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goupil_%26_Cie"},{"link_name":"World exhibition in Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltausstellung_1873_Wien"},{"link_name":"Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"Renoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir"},{"link_name":"Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Sisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sisley"},{"link_name":"Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism#Beginnings"},{"link_name":"Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Nazionale_dell%27Umbria"},{"link_name":"Palazzo dei Priori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_dei_Priori"},{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia"},{"link_name":"Accademia delle Arti del Disegno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_delle_Arti_del_Disegno"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"caricatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caricature"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)"},{"link_name":"Piazza della Signoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Galleria dell'Accademia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia"}],"text":"Early – Pre-Raphaelite painter Simeon Solomon is arrested in a public urinal in London and convicted and fined for gross indecency.[1]\nMay – Vincent van Gogh is re-located to London by his employer, the art dealers Goupil & Cie.\nWorld exhibition in Vienna.\nMonet, Renoir, Pissarro, and Sisley organize the Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, etc. for the purpose of exhibiting artworks independently.\nThe collection forming the Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria is moved to the Palazzo dei Priori, Perugia.\nNew Accademia delle Arti del Disegno established in Florence.\nLeslie Ward, as \"Spy\", begins producing caricatures for the British magazine Vanity Fair.\nMichelangelo's statue of David is removed from the Piazza della Signoria in Florence to the Galleria dell'Accademia.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cottonexchange1873-Degas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"A Cotton Office in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cotton_Office_in_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"William-Adolphe Bouguereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William-Adolphe_Bouguereau"},{"link_name":"Nymphs and Satyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphs_and_Satyr"},{"link_name":"Edward Burne-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones"},{"link_name":"Love Among the Ruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Among_the_Ruins_(Burne-Jones)"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Cabanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Cabanel"},{"link_name":"Gustave Caillebotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Caillebotte"},{"link_name":"Nude woman lying on a couch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caillebotte_Gustave_Femme_Nue_Etendue_Sur_Un_Divan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip Hermogenes Calderon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hermogenes_Calderon"},{"link_name":"Letter From Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Calderon_Philip_Hermogenes,_Letter_From_Daddy.jpg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Crane"},{"link_name":"Shelley's Tomb in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crane_Protestant_Cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe_de_Neuville"},{"link_name":"The Last Cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Cartridges_(painting)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"A Cotton Office in New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cotton_Office_in_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Hans Gude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Gude"},{"link_name":"Nødhavn Ved Norskekysten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B8dhavn_Ved_Norskekysten"},{"link_name":"Winslow Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winslow_Homer"},{"link_name":"The Boat Builders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Builders_(painting)"},{"link_name":"William Holman Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt"},{"link_name":"The Shadow of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shadow_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Koller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Koller"},{"link_name":"Gotthardpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koller_Gotthardpost_1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kramskoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kramskoi"},{"link_name":"Ivan Shishkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iwan_Nikolajewitsch_Kramskoj_004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Édouard Manet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"The Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Jan Matejko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matejko"},{"link_name":"Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomer_Copernicus,_or_Conversations_with_God"},{"link_name":"Pál Szinyei Merse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Szinyei_Merse"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Claude Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Monet"},{"link_name":"The Artist's House at Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_-_The_Artist%27s_House_at_Argenteuil.jpg"},{"link_name":"Camille Monet on a Garden Bench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Camille_Monet_on_a_Garden_Bench_by_Claude_Monet.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poppies Blooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Monet_037.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albert Joseph Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Moore"},{"link_name":"Camille Pissarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Pissarro"},{"link_name":"Self-portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Camille_Pissarro_040.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ilya Repin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Repin"},{"link_name":"Barge Haulers on the Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge_Haulers_on_the_Volga"},{"link_name":"John Roddam Spencer Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roddam_Spencer_Stanhope"},{"link_name":"The Gentle Music of a Bygone Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Roddam_Spencer_Stanhope_-_The_gentle_music_of_a_bygone_day,_1873.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Strack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Strack"},{"link_name":"Berlin Victory Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Victory_Column"},{"link_name":"James McNeill Whistler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler"},{"link_name":"Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement_in_Grey_and_Black,_No._2:_Portrait_of_Thomas_Carlyle"}],"text":"Degas – A Cotton Office in New OrleansWilliam-Adolphe Bouguereau – Nymphs and Satyr\nEdward Burne-Jones – Love Among the Ruins (original watercolour version)\nAlexandre Cabanel – La Comtesse de Keller\nGustave Caillebotte – Nude woman lying on a couch\nPhilip Hermogenes Calderon – Letter From Daddy\nWalter Crane – Shelley's Tomb in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome\nAlphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville – The Last Cartridges (Les dernières cartouches)\nEdgar Degas – A Cotton Office in New Orleans\nHans Gude – Nødhavn Ved Norskekysten\nWinslow Homer – The Boat Builders\nWilliam Holman Hunt – The Shadow of Death\nRudolf Koller – Gotthardpost\nIvan Kramskoi\nIvan Shishkin\nLeo Tolstoy\nÉdouard Manet\nLe Bon Bock (\"The Good Pint\") (Philadelphia Museum of Art)\nThe Railway (\"The Gare Saint-Lazare\") (National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.)\nJan Matejko – Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God\nPál Szinyei Merse – Picnic in May (National Gallery of Hungary, Budapest)\nClaude Monet\nThe Artist's House at Argenteuil\nCamille Monet on a Garden Bench\nPoppies Blooming\nAlbert Joseph Moore – Follow-my-Leader\nCamille Pissarro – Self-portrait\nIlya Repin – Barge Haulers on the Volga\nJohn Roddam Spencer Stanhope – The Gentle Music of a Bygone Day\nHeinrich Strack – Berlin Victory Column\nJames McNeill Whistler – Arrangement in Grey and Black, No. 2: Portrait of Thomas Carlyle","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_28"},{"link_name":"Charles Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sims_(painter)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_in_art"},{"link_name":"February 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_14"},{"link_name":"Albert Guillaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Guillaume"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_in_art"},{"link_name":"March 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_13"},{"link_name":"Léon Delagrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delagrange"},{"link_name":"1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_in_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"April 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_3"},{"link_name":"Rista Vukanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rista_Vukanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"Beta Vukanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Vukanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_in_art"},{"link_name":"April 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_4"},{"link_name":"Élie Faure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Faure"},{"link_name":"art historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_historian"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_in_art"},{"link_name":"April 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_24"},{"link_name":"André Bauchant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Bauchant"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_in_art"},{"link_name":"May 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_10"},{"link_name":"Carl Eldh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Eldh"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_in_art"},{"link_name":"July 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_6"},{"link_name":"Ethel Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Sands"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_in_art"},{"link_name":"July 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_7"},{"link_name":"Albert Moulton Foweraker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Moulton_Foweraker"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_in_art"},{"link_name":"October 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_12"},{"link_name":"Nadežda Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nade%C5%BEda_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"Fauvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauvist"},{"link_name":"December 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_5"},{"link_name":"Julian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Smith_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_in_art"},{"link_name":"Jane Emmet de Glehn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Emmet_de_Glehn"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_in_art"},{"link_name":"Olowe of Ise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olowe_of_Ise"}],"text":"January 28 – Charles Sims, English painter (suicide 1928)\nFebruary 14 – Albert Guillaume, French painter and caricaturist (died 1942)\nMarch 13 – Léon Delagrange, French sculptor and aviator (died 1910)[2]\nApril 3 – Rista Vukanović, Serbian Impressionist painter and husband of painter Beta Vukanović (died 1918)\nApril 4 – Élie Faure, French art historian (died 1937)\nApril 24 – André Bauchant, French painter (died 1958)\nMay 10 – Carl Eldh, Swedish painter and sculptor (died 1954)\nJuly 6 – Ethel Sands, American-born painter (died 1962)\nJuly 7 – Albert Moulton Foweraker, English painter (died 1942)\nOctober 12 – Nadežda Petrović, Serbian Fauvist painter (died 1915)\nDecember 5 – Julian Smith Australian surgeon and photographer was born in England (died 1947)\ndate unknown – Jane Emmet de Glehn, American painter (died 1961)\napproximate date – Olowe of Ise, Yoruba wood sculptor (died c. 1938)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"March 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_25"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Marstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand"},{"link_name":"1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810_in_art"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"April 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_17"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Petrovich_Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"1783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1783_in_art"},{"link_name":"April 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_28"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Maria Benzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Benzoni"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"1809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1809_in_art"},{"link_name":"May 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_13"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Danil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Danil"},{"link_name":"1798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1798_in_art"},{"link_name":"May 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_19"},{"link_name":"Charles Lucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucy"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"1814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814_in_art"},{"link_name":"July 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_8"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Winterhalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"1805","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1805_in_art"},{"link_name":"October 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_2"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Varley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Varley"},{"link_name":"watercolor painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1781_in_art"},{"link_name":"October 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_9"},{"link_name":"John Evan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810_in_art"},{"link_name":"November 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_25"},{"link_name":"Hans Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Harder"},{"link_name":"1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_in_art"},{"link_name":"November 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_27"},{"link_name":"Edmund Thomas Parris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Thomas_Parris"},{"link_name":"1793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793_in_art"},{"link_name":"December 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_9"},{"link_name":"William Bent Berczy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bent_Berczy"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1791_in_art"},{"link_name":"Nikola Aleksić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Aleksi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_people"},{"link_name":"portraitist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portraitist"},{"link_name":"Biedermeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedermeier"},{"link_name":"Nazarene movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazarene_movement"},{"link_name":"1808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1808_in_art"},{"link_name":"Thomas Frank Heaphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frank_Heaphy"},{"link_name":"1813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1813_in_art"},{"link_name":"Ignatius Josephus van Regemorter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Josephus_van_Regemorter"},{"link_name":"1785","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1785_in_art"}],"text":"March 25 – Wilhelm Marstrand, Danish painter (born 1810)[3]\nApril 17 – Fyodor Petrovich Tolstoy, Russian painter, engraver and silhouettist (born 1783)\nApril 28 – Giovanni Maria Benzoni, Italian sculptor (born 1809)\nMay 13 – Konstantin Danil, renowned Serbian painter (born 1798)\nMay 19 – Charles Lucy, English painter (born 1814)\nJuly 8 – Franz Xaver Winterhalter, German painter (born 1805)\nOctober 2 – Cornelius Varley, English watercolor painter (born 1881)\nOctober 9 – John Evan Thomas, Welsh sculptor (born 1810)\nNovember 25 – Hans Harder, Danish painter and drawing master (born 1792)\nNovember 27 – Edmund Thomas Parris, English historical, portrait, subject, and panorama painter, book illustrator, designer and art restorer (born 1793)\nDecember 9 – William Bent Berczy, painter and political figure in Upper Canada (born 1791)\ndate unknown\nNikola Aleksić, Serbian portraitist in both the Biedermeier and Nazarene movement (born 1808)\nThomas Frank Heaphy, English miniature painter (born 1813)\nIgnatius Josephus van Regemorter, Flemish historical, landscape, and genre painter and engraver (born 1785)","title":"Deaths"}]	[{"image_text":"Degas – A Cotton Office in New Orleans","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cottonexchange1873-Degas.jpg/220px-Cottonexchange1873-Degas.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Peniston, William A. (2004). Pederasts and Others. Haworth gay & lesbian studies. London: Routledge. pp. 77–78. ISBN 1-56023-486-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56023-486-5","url_text":"1-56023-486-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Delagrange, Ferdinand Marie Léon\". National Archives - Léonore Database (in French). France. 21 July 1909. p. 1. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/105977","url_text":"\"Delagrange, Ferdinand Marie Léon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730065638/https://www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/ui/notice/105977","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The American Cyclopædia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. D. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Transylvania	SS Transylvania	[]	SS Transylvania may refer to: SS Transylvania (1914), an ocean liner sunk by German submarine U-63 on 4 May 1917 while serving as a troopship RMS Transylvania (1925), an ocean liner torpedoed by U-56 on 10 August 1940; sank from damage while under tow List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Transylvania (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Transylvania_(1914)"},{"link_name":"RMS Transylvania (1925)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Transylvania_(1925)"},{"link_name":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/SS_Transylvania&namespace=0"}],"text":"SS Transylvania (1914), an ocean liner sunk by German submarine U-63 on 4 May 1917 while serving as a troopship\nRMS Transylvania (1925), an ocean liner torpedoed by U-56 on 10 August 1940; sank from damage while under towList of ships with the same or similar names\nThis article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.","title":"SS Transylvania"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/SS_Transylvania&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Regional_Four_Day_Competition	2013–14 Regional Four Day Competition	["1 Points Table"]	Cricket tournament Cricket tournament 2013–14 Regional Four Day CompetitionDates28 February 2014 – 29 April 2014Administrator(s)WICBCricket formatFirst-class (four-day)Tournament format(s)Round-robin, followed by Knock-outChampions JamaicaParticipants7Matches24Most runs Jermaine Blackwood (611)Most wicketsKeon Peters (40)← 2012–132014-15 → The 2013–14 Regional Four Day Competition was the 48th edition of the Regional Four Day Competition, the domestic first-class cricket competition for the countries of the West Indies Cricket Board(WICB). The competition started on 28 February 2014 and Final finished on 29 April 2014. Points Table TEAMS P W L T D N/R PTS Barbados 6 4 1 0 1 0 82 Trinidad and Tobago 6 4 1 0 1 0 80 Windward Islands 6 3 2 0 1 0 65 Jamaica 6 3 3 0 0 0 59 Combined Campuses and Colleges 6 2 3 0 1 0 49 Leeward Islands 6 2 4 0 0 0 42 Guyana 6 0 4 0 2 0 29 Source: ESPNcricinfo. Regional Four Day Competition seasons. This article about a West Indies cricket competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a West Indies cricket competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional Four Day Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Four_Day_Competition"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"West Indies Cricket Board(WICB)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies_Cricket_Board"}],"text":"Cricket tournamentThe 2013–14 Regional Four Day Competition was the 48th edition of the Regional Four Day Competition, the domestic first-class cricket competition for the countries of the West Indies Cricket Board(WICB). The competition started on 28 February 2014 and Final finished on 29 April 2014.","title":"2013–14 Regional Four Day Competition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPNcricinfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.espncricinfo.com/series/regional-four-day-competition-2013-14-721717/points-table-standings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cricketball.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Regional_Four_Day_Competition&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WestIndies-cricket-competition-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WestIndies-cricket-competition-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WestIndies-cricket-competition-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cricketball.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Regional_Four_Day_Competition&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:WestIndies-cricket-competition-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:WestIndies-cricket-competition-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WestIndies-cricket-competition-stub"}],"text":"Source: ESPNcricinfo. Regional Four Day Competition seasons.This article about a West Indies cricket competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a West Indies cricket competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Points Table"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/regional-four-day-competition-2013-14-721717/points-table-standings","external_links_name":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Regional_Four_Day_Competition&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2013%E2%80%9314_Regional_Four_Day_Competition&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Group_Corporation	SoftBank Group	["1 History","1.1 Founding and early years","1.2 1995–2009 expansion","1.3 2010–2016 acquisitions","1.4 2017–2018","1.5 2019–2021","1.6 2022–present","2 Institutional ownership","2.1 2020","2.2 2022","3 Business units","3.1 SoftBank Corp.","3.2 J-PHONE","3.3 Vodafone","3.4 SoftBank Mobile","3.5 Technology","3.6 Timeline","3.7 Gallery","4 Marketing","4.1 Sponsorship","5 Baby bonus","6 Vision fund investments","7 SoftBank Ventures Asia","8 See also","9 References","10 Additional sources","11 External links"]	Japanese investment holding company "SoftBank" redirects here. For the venture capital fund, see SoftBank Vision Fund. For the Japanese professional baseball team, see Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. SoftBank Group Corp.Headquarters in Kaigan, Minato, TokyoNative nameソフトバンクグループ株式会社Romanized nameSofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki gaishaCompany typePublic KKTraded as TYO: 9984 TOPIX Core30 component Nikkei 225 component ISINJP3436100006IndustryConglomerateFounded3 September 1981; 42 years ago (1981-09-03)FounderMasayoshi SonHeadquartersTokyo PortCity Takeshiba, Minato-ku, Tokyo, JapanKey peopleMasayoshi Son(Chairman and CEO)ProductsInvestmentTelecommunicationsInternet serviceInternet of ThingsArtificial IntelligenceRoboticsE-commerceRevenue ¥6.57 trillion (2022)Operating income ¥−469.13 billion (2022)Net income ¥−789.8 billion (2022)AUM ¥79.24 billion (2022)Total assets ¥43.94 trillion (2022)Total equity ¥10.65 trillion (2022)OwnerMasayoshi Son (29.16%)Number of employees 63,339 (2022)Subsidiaries SoftBank Group Capital Limited SoftBank Group Japan SB Pan Pacific Corporation Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks SB Investment Advisers (UK) SB Global Advisers SB Energy WeWork 45% 2023-2024 present ASN17676 Websitegroup.softbank SoftBank Group Corp. (ソフトバンクグループ株式会社, SofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational investment holding company headquartered in Minato, Tokyo which focuses on investment management. The group primarily invests in companies operating in technology that offer goods and services to customers in a multitude of markets and industries ranging from the internet to automation. With over $100 billion in capital at its onset, SoftBank's Vision Fund is the world's largest technology-focused venture capital fund. Fund investors included sovereign wealth funds from countries in the Middle East. The company is known for the leadership of its controversial founder and largest shareholder Masayoshi Son. Its investee companies, subsidiaries and divisions, including several unprofitable unicorns, operate in robotics, artificial intelligence, software, logistics, transportation, biotechnology, robotic process automation, proptech, real estate, hospitality, broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, information technology, finance, media and marketing, and other areas. Among its most internationally recognizable current stockholdings are stakes in Arm (semiconductors), Alibaba (e-commerce), OYO Rooms (hospitality), WeWork (coworking) and Deutsche Telekom (telecommunications). SoftBank Corporation, its spun-out affiliate and former flagship business, is the third-largest wireless carrier in Japan, with 45.621 million subscribers as of March 2021. Poor investment decisions of Masayoshi Son’s SoftBank Group led to a panoply of losing investments across the history of the company. SoftBank was ranked in the 2017 Forbes Global 2000 list as the 36th largest public company in the world and the second-largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota. The logo of SoftBank is based on the flag of the Kaientai, a naval trading company founded in 1865, near the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, by Sakamoto Ryōma. Although SoftBank does not affiliate itself to any traditional keiretsu, it has close ties with Mizuho Financial Group, its primary lender. History Founding and early years SoftBank was founded in September 1981 as SOFTBANK Corp by then-24-year-old Masayoshi Son, initially as a software distributor. The company entered the publishing business in May 1982 with the launches of the Oh! PC and Oh! MZ magazines, about NEC and Sharp computers respectively. Oh!PC had a circulation of 140,000 copies by 1989. It would go on to become Japan's largest publisher of computer and technology magazines and trade shows. In 1994, the company went public, valued at $3 billion. In September 1995, SoftBank agreed to purchase US-based Ziff Davis publishing for $2.1 billion. 1995–2009 expansion In the 1990s, Son made large investments in Internet services and the so-called new economy in general. SoftBank bought COMDEX from The Interface Group on 1 April 1995 for $800 million and ZDI on 29 February 1996. SoftBank sold COMDEX to Key3Media, a spin-off of Ziff Davis, in 2001. In 1996, SoftBank formed a joint venture with American internet company Yahoo!, creating Yahoo! Japan, which would become a dominant site in the country. In another highly publicized investment, SoftBank bought 80% of memory manufacturers Kingston Technology in 1996. When the owners-founders (John Tu and David Sun) announced plans to distribute $100,000,000 of the $1.5B windfall to Kingston employees, it created a very high-profile media stir that lasted well through the 1996 Christmas season; it was on all US networks, as well as international media. A few years later, in 1999, after the market for memory softened substantially, SoftBank sold the company back at a loss to the original owners for about a third of the original price. In October 1999, SoftBank became a holding company. In 2000, SoftBank made its most successful investment – $20 million to a then-fledgling Chinese Internet venture called Alibaba. This investment turned into $60 billion when Alibaba went public in September 2014. In February 2000, SoftBank Ventures Asia was founded under the leadership of Masayoshi Son to focus on investment in Korean-based Internet companies.SoftBank store in Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan On 28 January 2005, SoftBank became the owner of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Nippon Professional Baseball team. On 17 March 2006, SoftBank announced its agreement to buy Vodafone Japan, giving it a stake in Japan's $78 billion mobile markets. In April 2006, SoftBank purchased a 23% stake in Betfair, an Internet betting exchange. In August 2006, SoftBank sold all its shares of SBI Group to a subsidiary of SBI's holding company, making SBI independent. On 1 October 2006, Vodafone Japan changed its corporate name and service brand name to "SoftBank Mobile" and "SoftBank" respectively. On 28 January 2008, it was announced that SoftBank and Tiffany & Co. collaborated in making a limited 10 model-only phone. This phone contains more than 400 platinum diamonds, totaling more than 20 carats. The cost is said to be more than 100,000,000 yen. 2010–2016 acquisitions On 3 February 2010, SoftBank acquired 13.7% in Ustream. On 1 October 2010, Ayumi Hamasaki became the commercial spokesperson. On 3 October 2012, the takeover of competitor eAccess was announced. On 1 July 2013, SoftBank announced that Willcom was a wholly-owned subsidiary, after the termination of rehabilitation proceedings. eAccess was merged with Willcom, which resulted in a new subsidiary and brand from Yahoo! Japan, Ymobile Corporation. On 15 October 2012, SoftBank announced plans to take control of American Sprint Nextel by purchasing a 70% stake for $20 billion. On 6 July 2013, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved SoftBank's acquisition for $22.2 billion for a 78% ownership interest in Sprint. On 6 August 2013, SoftBank bought 2% more shares of Sprint Corporation, increasing its ownership stake to 80%. SoftBank store in Sendai, with decorations for the Tanabata In October 2013, SoftBank acquired a 51% stake in Supercell for a reported $2.1 billion. Later on 25 October 2014, they invested $210 million in OlaCabs, $627 million in Snapdeal with a 30% stake in the company on 28 October 2014, and a $100 million investment in Housing.com for a 30% stake in November 2014. In 2013, the company bought a controlling stake in French company Aldebaran Robotics, which was rebranded SoftBank Robotics. In 2014, teams from both companies co-designed Pepper, a humanoid robot. In 2015, SoftBank increased its stake to 95%. In 2015, SoftBank acquired DramaFever. In May 2015, Masayoshi Son said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, a former Google executive, as Representative Director and President of SoftBank. Arora had been heading SoftBank's investment arm. On 1 June 2015, SoftBank acquired an additional 22.7% stake in Supercell, increasing its total stake to 73.2% and becoming the sole external shareholder of the company. In June 2015, SoftBank announced it would invest US$1 billion in the Korean e-commerce website Coupang as part of its overseas expansion plans. In July 2015, SoftBank announced the renaming of the company from SoftBank Corp to SoftBank Group Corp. Meanwhile, SoftBank Mobile was renamed to SoftBank Corp, the now-former name of the company as a whole. On 16 February 2016, SoftBank announced they would repurchase a record 14.2% of shares, valued at $4.4bn, to boost investor confidence. On 31 March 2016, they announced they would sell shares worth $7.9 billion of their stake in Alibaba Group. On 21 June 2016, SoftBank sold its 84% stake in Supercell for a reported US$7.3 billion to Tencent. On 3 June 2016, Softbank agreed to sell most of its stake in GungHo Online Entertainment (approximately 23.47%) for about $685 million, ending Softbank's majority ownership. The offer was completed by 22 June. In June 2016, Nikesh Arora stepped down amidst pressure from investors. Board member Ron Fisher and Baer Capital Partners founder Alok Sama undertook Arora's overseas investment duties. One month later, Son announced the company's largest deal ever to buy British chip designer Arm Holdings for more than US$32 billion. This acquisition was completed on 5 September 2016. On 6 December 2016, after meeting with the then United States President-elect Donald Trump, chief executive Masayoshi Son announced SoftBank would be investing US$50 billion in the United States toward businesses creating 50,000 new jobs. 2017–2018 On 30 January 2017, the Wall Street Journal wrote that SoftBank Group was "weighing an investment of well over $1 billion in shared-office space company WeWork, in what could be among the first deals from its new $100 billion technology fund." On 20 March, SoftBank bought a $300m stake in WeWork. On 14 February 2017, SoftBank Group agreed to buy Fortress Investment Group LLC for $3.3 billion. In February 2017, it was announced that Social Finance Inc. was close to raising $500 million from an investor group led by Silver Lake, including Softbank. On 28 March 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that SoftBank Group Corporation had approached Didi Chuxing Technology Co. about investing $6 billion to help the ride-hailing firm expand in self-driving car technologies, with the bulk of the money to come from SoftBank's planned $100 billion Vision Fund. On 18 May 2017, it was reported that Softbank had completed its single largest investment in India to date, investing $1.4 billion in Paytm. At the time, Softbank was also working on a takeover of Snapdeal by Flipkart. On 10 August 2017, Softbank invested $2.5 billion in Flipkart. On 27 May 2017, Softbank and the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF), the kingdom's main sovereign wealth fund, partnered to create the Softbank Vision Fund, the world's largest private equity fund with a capital of $93 billion. Softbank Group contributed $28 billion to the investment fund, of which $8.2 billion came from the sale of approximately 25% of British multinational Arm Holdings shares. Saudi Arabia is the principal investor in the fund, its Public Investment Fund (PIF) agreed to inject $45 billion into the Vision Fund over 5 years, becoming its largest investor. Other investors include Apple, Qualcomm, Arm, Foxconn, Sharp, Larry Ellison and Mubadala. The latter agreed to invest $15 billion dollars in the fund, targeting artificial intelligence, communications infrastructure, financial technology, consumer internet, mobile computing and robotics. Through Softbank Vision Fund, CEO Masayoshi Son explained his intent to invest in all companies developing technologies emphasizing global artificial intelligence, including sectors such as finance or transportation. In July 2019, SoftBank announced creating of a "Vision Fund 2", excluding participation from the Saudi Arabia government and including investors Apple, Foxconn, Microsoft and others. The fund is reported to focus on AI-based technology and invest approximately $108 billion, including $38 billion of its own funds. In February 2020, however, a report from Wall Street Journal stated the fund would only up with less than half of that capital. On 8 June 2017, Alphabet Inc. announced the sale of Boston Dynamics (robotics companies whose products include BigDog) to SoftBank Group for an undisclosed sum. On 25 August 2017, SoftBank finalized a $4.4 billion investment in WeWork. On 24 October 2017, Son announced the group would collaborate with Saudi Arabia to develop Neom, the new high-tech business and industrial city of the Saudi Kingdom. On 14 November 2017, Softbank agreed to invest $10 billion into Uber. On 29 December 2017, it was reported that a SoftBank-led consortium had invested $9 billion into Uber. The deal, to close in January 2018, would leave SoftBank as Uber's biggest shareholder, with a 15 percent stake. The deal was secured after Uber shareholders voted to "sell their shares to the Japanese conglomerate at a discounted price." Beyond SoftBank, consortium members included Dragoneer, Tencent, TPG and Sequoia. On 14 January 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund announced to invest $560 million in the German used-car sales portal Auto1. On 1 March 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund led a $535 million investment in DoorDash. In May 2018, CEO Masayoshi Son revealed during an earnings presentation that Walmart had reached a deal to buy Flipkart. On 27 September 2018, Softbank announced the investment of $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor. In September 2018, Saudi government officials announced that a planned $200 billion project with SoftBank Group to build the world's biggest solar-power-generation project would be put on hold. In November 2018, SoftBank announced it would make an IPO of SoftBank Corp., the telecommunications operator, with the cost of share of $13.22 (which is 1,500 yen). The offer of the shares was going to last for a month. Regarding the number of shares, the total value of SoftBank Corp. will reach $21.15 billion, which would be the second-largest IPO ever made. In December 2018, SoftBank invested in ParkJockey. The startup attempts to monetize parking lots. After the investment round, general valuation of the ParkJourney reached $1 billion. In December 2018, SoftBank announced its intention to invest $1 billion on ride-hailing startup Grab. Some sources said that the total amount of investment could reach $1.5 billion. 2019–2021 On 25 September 2019, Softbank Robotics launched Whiz robotic vacuum cleaner in Singapore. In September 2019, WeWork's IPO was canceled. In December 2019, Softbank sold its interest in dog-walking startup Wag at a loss. Tadashi Yanai, Fast Retailing's CEO and Japan's richest man at the time, left the board after 18 years. In January 2020, multiple Softbank-funded startups started cutting their staff, including Getaround, Oyo, Rappi, Katerra and Zume. In February 2020, Elliott Management, an activist hedge fund, bought a $2.5 billion stake in Softbank and pushed for restructuring and more transparency, especially regarding its Vision Fund. Consequently, plans for a second Vision Fund were pushed back. In November 2019, it was announced that Line Corp. and Z Holdings were going to be a new subsidiary under Naver Corporation and SoftBank Group, their respective owners. The closing was delayed until March 2021 due to COVID-19. In March 2020, SoftBank announced that it was launching an emergency ¥4.5tn ($41bn) asset sale to fund a share buyback and debt reduction. The effort was initiated by Son in order to stem a collapse in the company’s share price due to the pandemic, "This programme will be the largest share buyback and will result in the largest increase in cash balance in the history of SBG , reflecting the firm and unwavering confidence we have in our business.". After the programme was unveiled, Softbank share price rose almost 19%. The program included a plan to repurchase ¥2tn of its shares in addition to the ¥500bn buyback it promised 10 days prior. Combined, SoftBank would be repurchasing 45% of its stock. On 1 April 2020, Sprint completed its merger with T-Mobile US, which was majority-owned by Deutsche Telekom, leaving T-Mobile the parent company. The merger also led to Softbank holding 24% of the new T-Mobile's shares, while 43% of shares are held by Deutsche Telekom. The remaining 33% will be held by others. In May 2020, Alibaba's co-founder and former CEO Jack Ma resigned from the board. In July 2020, SoftBank announced that it is considering to sell or IPO British chip designer Arm Holdings, which has been in a feud with the Chinese over control of its local subsidiary, but it did not have the majority ownership due to a decision made by Softbank to sell off the stake to the local partner. For Q2 of 2020, the company revenues were $12 billion. The firm announced that it would be arranging a new fund worth $555 million. The fund will be used to invest in various companies, including Amazon, Apple and Facebook. In September 2020, SoftBank Vision Fund 2 led a $100 million Series C round in Biofourmis. Also in September 2020, Softbank was identified as the Nasdaq whale where it bought stock options valued in the billions, betting on higher prices for the biggest technology companies. That month SoftBank sold Brightstar Corporation to Brightstar Capital Partners for an undisclosed amount. American chip designing company Nvidia announced plans on 13 September 2020 to acquire ARM from SoftBank, pending regulatory approval, for a value of US $40 billion in stock and cash. This would become the largest semiconductor acquisition to date. SoftBank Group would retain a 10% share in the company while ARM would maintain its headquarters in Cambridge. But this deal collapsed due to regulatory hurdles. In December 2020, Hyundai Motor Group acquired an 80% stake of Boston Dynamics from SoftBank for approximately $880 million. SoftBank retains about 20% through an affiliate. In January 2021, SoftBank sold $2 billion in Uber Technologies shares through affiliate firm SB Cayman. In March 2021, SoftBank made a record $36.99 billion profit from its Vision Fund unit and investment gains via the public market debut of Coupang. SoftBank Group's net profit was $45.88 billion (¥4.99 trillion). It was the largest recorded annual profit by a Japanese company in history. The same month, Softbank's Vision Fund 2 announced investment in the eToro SPAC merger PIPE funding of $650 million. In April 2021 Softbank announced plans to acquire a 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion and in July 2021 it announced it would invest $870 million in the Korean hotel booking platform Yanolja. In May 2021, Softbank stated it would sell SB Energy India, to Adani Green Energy, valuing the unit at $3.5 billion. The sale is speculated to mark a shift in the company's trajectory, moving away from investments in solar energy towards companies dealing with artificial intelligence. Later that month, Bloomberg reported, Vision Fund could go public via a $300 million SPAC in 2021, listing in Amsterdam. In July 2021, Softbank announced that it would acquire the Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion. In August 2021, Son said he would begin to make personal investments alongside Softbank Group's Vision Fund 2. In September 2021, Softbank agreed to sell most of its shares in T-Mobile US to Deutsche Telekom in exchange for a 4.5% stake in the latter. 2022–present In August 2022, Softbank said that it sold its entire Uber holdings in April–July 2022. It was also reported that Softbank exited Opendoor in that quarter. Five years after Masayoshi Son’s $100 billion fund entered the financial world to much fanfare, Softbank’s venture firm was crumbling and on the verge of collapse. Its large venture vehicles struggled badly, performing in the bottom of the asset class, and many of Son’s closest associates in the effort had departed from the company. In February 2023, Toyota Tsusho announced that it had bought the controlling interest in SB Energy, which would become a subsidiary, alongside Toyota Tsusho subsidiary Eurus Energy. In April 2023, SoftBank Group Corp. announced it was selling to a Singapore-based company run by Masayoshi Son’s youngest brother its Korea-based early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia Corp. after suffering billions of dollars in losses from failed startup bets. In May 2023, the SoftBank Group announced that losses from the SoftBank Vision Fund had widened 70 percent to a record $32 billion from a year ago. In another divestiture of assets, SoftBank Group also sold the stake in Fortress Investment Group to Mubadala and Fortress' management. SoftBank Group's Arm filed for an IPO on 21 August 2023 on the Nasdaq. A few days earlier, SoftBank bought back the 25% stake from Vision Fund for around $16 billion, valuing Arm at over $64 billion. Arm went public on 14 September 2023 raising $4.87 billion at a $54.5 billion valuation, with SoftBank continuing to own 90.6% of the company following the offering. In December 2023, telecommunication and networking company SoftBank Corp, a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp, paid 513 million dollars for a controlling stake in Irish technology company Cubic Telecom, in a deal that will net the company’s founders and its private backers a multimillion-euro payout. Institutional ownership 2020 As of 30 September 2020, SoftBank ownership is as follows: Masayoshi Son (21.25%) The Master Trust Bank of Japan investment trusts (10.25%) Japan Trustee Services Bank main investment trusts (5.87%) JPMorgan Chase (7.45%) Citibank (1.4%) The Vanguard Group (2.19%) Capital Group Companies (2.4%) Baillie Gifford (1.36%) 2022 By December 2022, Masayoshi Son’s stake in the company he founded had risen to 34.2% from 32.2% as of the end of September. Business units This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021) SoftBank's corporate profile includes various other companies such as Japanese broadband company SoftBank BB, data center company IDC Frontier and the publishing company SB Creative. SBI Group is a Japanese financial services company that began in 1999 as a branch of SoftBank. Ymobile Corporation is another telecommunications subsidiary of SoftBank, established in 2014. In 2010, SoftBank founded Wireless City Planning (WCP), a subsidiary that planned the development of TD-LTE networks throughout Japan. SoftBank also operates SoftBank Capital, a US-based venture capital company. SoftBank owns the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks professional baseball team. SoftBank also operated in the eco-power industry through subsidiary SB Energy until its sale. It has various partnerships in Japanese subsidiaries of foreign companies such as Yahoo! (which has resulted in Yahoo! Japan), E-Trade, Ustream.tv, EF Education First and Morningstar. It also has stakes in Alibaba Group and Sprint Corporation. Other holdings include Softbank Corp. , Softbank Vision Fund , Arm Holdings (90.6%), Fortress Investment Group, Boston Dynamics, T-Mobile US (3.3%), Alibaba (29.5%), Yahoo Japan (48.17%), Brightstar (87.1%), Uber (15%), Didi Chuxing (c. 20%), Ola (c. 30%), Renren (42.9%), InMobi (45%), Hike (25.8%), Snapdeal (c. 30%), Fanatics (c. 22%), Improbable Worlds (c. 50%), Paytm (c. 20%), OYO (42%), Ping An Insurance (7.41%), Slack Technologies (c. 5%), WeWork (c. 46%), ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance (5%), Compass, Inc. (c. 30.1%), AUTO1 Group (c. 20%), Wag (45%), Katerra (c. 28%), Cruise Automation (c. 19.6%), ParkJockey, Tokopedia (Indonesia), and many more companies. SoftBank Corp. SoftBank Corp. (ソフトバンク株式会社, SofutoBanku Kabushikigaisha) is SoftBank's telecommunications subsidiary, providing both mobile and fixed-line services. It was called SoftBank Mobile until July 2015, when the Group merged SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp. and Ymobile Corporation to reflect its fixed-line and ISP operations. J-PHONE Sony TH291 cellular phone for the Digital Tu-Ka operator J-PHONE store in Nagoya in 2003 SoftBank's mobile communications arm began with the formation of Japan Telecom in 1984. The Digital Phone Group (デジタルホン, DPG, three local companies) mobile phone division was formed in 1994, and J-PHONE Co., Ltd. (J-フォン) was formed in 1999 by the DGP/ Digital TU-KA Group merger (DTG, six local companies, not to be confused with TU-KA). Japan Telecom owned a stake of 45.1%. J-PHONE grew steadily for a decade by introducing new services and enhancements such as SkyWalker for PDC, SkyMelody ringtone download, the Sha-Mail picture mail introduced following camera phones developed by SHARP, the mobile multimedia data service J-Sky modeled after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, and advanced Java services based on JSCL, modeled after NTT DoCoMo's DoJa based i-appli. Vodafone In October 2001, the British mobile phone group Vodafone increased its share to 66.7% of Japan Telecom and 69.7% of J-Phone. On 1 October 2003, the company's name and the service brand changed to Vodafone, while the division was called Vodafone K.K. or Vodafone Japan. However, in January 2005, Vodafone Japan lost 58,700 customers and in February 2005 lost 53,200 customers, while competitors NTT DoCoMo gained 184,400 customers, while Au by KDDI gained 163,700, and Willcom gained 35,000. While as of February 2005, DoCoMo's FOMA 3G service had attracted 10 million subscribers and KDDI's 3G service had attracted over 17 million subscribers, Vodafone's 3G service only attracted 527,300 subscribers. Vodafone 3G failed to attract subscribers because Vodafone reduced investments in 3G services in Japan in 2002/3; handsets did not fully match the needs and preferences of Japanese customers. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone Japan had 15.1 million customers. By the end of October 2005, the number of subscribers had fallen below 15M. During the same period, NTT DoCoMo gained 1.65 million customers, and KDDI/AU gained 1.82 million customers. Vodafone-Japan had only 4.8% of Japan's 3G market. Vodafone changed the name of its multimedia data services from J-Sky to Vodafone live! and used J-Sky's principles, technologies, and business models to introduce the WAP-based Vodafone live! in Vodafone's other markets. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone live! had 12.907 million subscribers in Japan. By the end of October 2005, the number of Vodafone live! subscribers had fallen by 138,000. In March 2006, Vodafone began discussing the sale of the Vodafone Japan unit to SoftBank. Vodafone was unable to satisfy customers. Handsets had user interfaces that differed too much from the Japanese interface and lacked competitive features. SoftBank Mobile Television broadcast on a 2007 Sharp phone on SoftBank On 17 March 2006, Vodafone Group announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan to SoftBank for about US$15.1 billion. On 18 May 2006, the unit was renamed "SoftBank Mobile Corp.", effective 1 October 2006. On 4 June 2008, SoftBank Mobile announced a partnership with Apple and brought the iPhone (3G) to Japan later in 2008. SoftBank Mobile was the only official carrier of the iPhone in Japan until the release of iPhone 4S in 2011, when au by KDDI began to offer it. Technology SoftBank Corp.'s mobile network operates W-CDMA (UMTS 3G) network ("SoftBank 3G"). SoftBank's 3G network is compatible with UMTS and supports transparent global roaming for UMTS subscribers from other countries. Timeline Vodafone store in Ikebukuro, Tokyo A SoftBank mobile cell tower in Nakatsugawa, Gifu 1981: SoftBank Corp. (currently SoftBank Group Corp.) Japan (Yombancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo) established. Commenced operations as a distributor of packaged software 1984: Japan Telecom was founded. 1986: Japan Telecom launches leased circuit services. 1986: Railway Telecommunication established. 1989: Railway Telecommunication merges with Japan Telecom. 1991: Tokyo Digital Phone established. 1994: J-Phone starts PDC cellular service in the 1.5 GHz band, 10 MHz bandwidth. 1997: J-Phone launches SkyWalker SMS service designed by Aldiscon and Ericsson for PDC 1998: J-Phone launches SkyMelody ringtone download service 1999: J-Phone launches J-Sky wireless Internet service ten months after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, which was launched in February 1999. 2000: J-Phone launches Sha-Mail (写メール) picture messaging service using the world's first camera phones developed by SHARP 2001: J-Phone launches Java service with JSCL library 2002: J-Phone launches W-CDMA 3G service for the first time 2002: Company name was changed to Japan Telecom Holdings. The fixed-line telecommunications business was also separated to found a new Japan Telecom. 2003: J-Phone company name is changed to Vodafone K.K., and J-Sky name is changed to Vodafone live!. Vodafone launches a Japan-nationwide Beckham campaign 2003: Company name was changed to Vodafone Holdings K.K. 2004: Vodafone K.K. merges with Vodafone Holdings K.K. and the company name is changed to Vodafone K.K. 2004: Vodafone relaunches the 3G services in Japan a second time offering mobile phone handsets designed primarily for the European markets 2005: Vodafone changes management and relaunches 3G services in Japan a third time 2006: Vodafone officially announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan (Vodafone K.K.) to SoftBank for a total of 1.75 trillion Japanese yen (approx US$15.1 billion) in one of the largest M&A transactions in Japan to date 2006: SoftBank and Vodafone K.K. jointly announced, that the name of the company will be changed to a "new, easy-to-understand and familiar" company name and brand. Masayoshi Son became CEO and Representative Director of Vodafone K.K. 2006: Headquarters moved from Atago Hills to Shiodome to integrate operations with other SoftBank group companies. 2006: SoftBank announced that the name of the company will be changed to "SoftBank Mobile Corp." effective 1 October 2006 2006: SoftBank started rebranding "Vodafone" to "SoftBank." 2006: Vodafone Japan company name is changed to "SoftBank Mobile Corp." 2008: SoftBank Mobile releases iPhone in Japan beating NTT DoCoMo 2008: SoftBank Mobile joins Open Handset Alliance 2010: Softbank purchased 100% of the PHS mobile operator Willcom. 2012: SoftBank Mobile unveils the Pantone 5 107SH, a mobile phone with a built-in geiger counter. 2015: Investment in US-based Social Finance, Inc (SoFi) announced 2015: SoftBank Mobile was merged with SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp., and Ymobile Corporation to form a new subsidiary, SoftBank Corp., to reflect its new status of providing fixed-line and ISP operations. 2018: SoftBank Corp. (TSE: 9434) listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange On 19 December 2018. Gallery SoftBank 821SH PG SoftBank 001P by Panasonic SoftBank A202F by FUJITSU SoftBank 930CA by CASIO SoftBank 003SH Vodafone 803T by Toshiba J-PHONE J-SH07 by Sharp (2001) An evolution of J-PHONE and Vodafone cell phones, 1997–2004 A SoftBank USIM card View of Taitō, Tokyo, with a large Vodafone sign in the background (2004) Mobile Blazer (2008) Marketing Since May 2006, SoftBank's telecommunications marketing and commercials have principally revolved around "Otosan sujan karki", the canine patriarch of the otherwise human "Shirason, Kaito" family. "Otosan" translates to father, and the character, a Hokkaido dog, indeed acts as the father of the family, along with the son "Kojiro" (starred by Dante Carver), mom "Masako" (Kanako Higuchi), and daughter "Aya" (Aya Ueto). The advertising series proved to be popular: CM Research Center ranked the Otousan adverts as the most popular in Japan between 2007 and 2012, based on monthly surveys of 3,000 randomly selected adults. SoftBank partnered with the Ingress augmented reality game, supporting the branded "SoftBank Ultra Link" in-game item. Sponsorship SoftBank bought a "team" for the America's Cup. The team was named SoftBank Team Japan, and Yanmar came on board. SoftBank Team Japan raced in the 2017 races held in Bermuda. The team members come from various backgrounds, most of whom were not Japanese. The company was the official jersey sponsor of the Japanese national basketball team at the official 2017 Asian Basketball Championship in Lebanon as well as the 2019 FIBA World Cup. SoftBank has also owned the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Japanese professional baseball team based in Fukuoka, since 2005. The SoftBank logo appears on the jersey, and the team has won seven Japan Series championships under SoftBank, all of which came between 2011 and 2020. Baby bonus In 2015, SoftBank, along with some other companies in Japan, offered a baby bonus for employees who have children. The payments range from US$400 for a first child to US$40,000 for a fifth child. Vision fund investments Main article: SoftBank Vision Fund SoftBank Investment Advisers oversees SoftBank's Vision Fund, created in 2017, which invests in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics and the internet of things. It intended to develop a portfolio of 125 AI companies. According to the fund and Son, it also invested in companies to revolutionize real estate, transportation, and retail. Son claimed he would make personal connections with the CEOs of all companies funded by Vision Fund in order to boost synergies among them. Son’s original plans were to raise $100 billion for a new fund every few years, investing about $50 billion a year in startups. By 2023, after the launch of Vision Fund 1 and 2, the dismal performance of SoftBank’s funds had cast a shadow over the initial exuberance of both Masayoshi Son and his company regarding its huge, largely unprofitable intercorporate investments that had become the main mission, vision and purpose of the entire SoftBank Group. SoftBank Ventures Asia SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was the global early-stage venture capital arm of the SoftBank Group The firm focused on early-stage ICT investments – including Artificial Intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and smart robotics. By October 2021, SBVA had backed more than 250 companies in 10 countries with US$1.3 billion fund under management. SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was founded in 2000 as SoftBank Ventures Korea and began its focus on South Korean market and its early-stage ventures. SBVA’s one of the early investments in South Korea included Nexon Co, now a Korean-Japanese gaming publisher that was the largest IPO in Japan for 2011. SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) expanded its focus beyond South Korea since 2011 and made several notable investments in Southeast Asia, such as Tokopedia, an Indonesian e-commerce platform, and Carro, Singapore's used-car platform. In 2018, SBVA launched a $300m venture fund ‘China Venture Fund I’, targeting Chinese start-ups, then immediately trailed by ‘SoftBank Acceleration Fund’ with $300M the following year. With continuous investment across Asia and beyond, the company renamed itself as SoftBank Ventures Asia to reflect its broadened focus on startups in the Asia-Pacific region beyond South Korea, and opened offices in Seoul, Singapore, and Beijing. With the company’s extended expertise in ICT investment, SBVA is aiming towards two investment themes, which were ‘technology innovation’ in AI, Robotics, Semiconductor, Mobility, and AR/VR, and ‘market innovation’ in consumer, enterprise, shared economy, healthcare, etc. SBVA created $160M ‘future innovation fund’ in March 2021, focusing on AI start-ups and made investment in AI sector including VoyagerX, AI software developer, Upstage AI, AI solution provider, and MarqVision, AI-powered intellectual property (IP) protection platform. In April 2023, it was known that Masayoshi Son's SoftBank Group would sell its early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia to Singapore-based The Edgeof, a newly formed investment firm led by Son's youngest brother, Taizo Son, as SoftBank Group grappled with steep losses in a myriad of investments made around the world. The operation raised governance concerns. 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Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. ^ "Israel's eToro to go public through $10.4 bln SPAC deal backed by SoftBank, others". Financial Post. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "SoftBank Group to acquire 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion". The Japan Times. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "India's Adani Green to buy SoftBank-backed SB Energy in $3.5 billion deal". Reuters. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ Dvorak, Phred (19 May 2021). "SoftBank Sells Renewable-Energy Unit in India". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ Burgos, Jonathan. "Adani Green To Buy SB Energy India For $3.5 Billion From SoftBank, Bharti". Forbes. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ "Softbank's Vision Fund could go public in a $300 million SPAC deal, report says". markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "Softbank buys Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion". RCR Wireless News. 7 July 2021. 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Morningstar. ^ Giang, Vivian (13 September 2023). "Arm, the Chip Designer, Raises $4.87 Billion in the Year's Largest I.P.O." The New York Times. ^ Nick, Carey. "SoftBank Corp buys $514 mln majority stake in car software firm Cubic Telecom". Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ "EY Ireland advises Cubic Telecom on Investment from Softbank". www.ey.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023. ^ "Ownership". ^ "SOFTBANK GROUP CORP. : Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile \| JP3436100006 \| MarketScreener". ^ Lee, Ming Jeong; Hyuga, Takahiko; Mak, Pei Yi (8 December 2022). "SoftBank's Masayoshi Son quietly lifts stake to 34%, edging toward buyout". The Japan Times. Retrieved 21 February 2023. ^ Corporate history, JP: SBI. ^ "SoftBank aims at 97% coverage for TD-LTE network, says CTO Yoshioki Chika - Global Telecoms Business". Archived from the original on 17 March 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2016. ^ "Chinese online medical platform Ping An Healthcare and Technology to raise US$1b from Hong Kong IPO". scmp.com. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2019. ^ C, Priyamvada; Deka, Kannaki (17 March 2023). "WeWork reaches deals to cut debt, extend maturities". Reuters. ^ "Softbank Invests in a New-Age Cloud Company". Fortune. Retrieved 11 May 2018. ^ "Tokopedia raises $1.1b from SoftBank, Alibaba to evolve into infrastructure-as-a-service". TechinAsia. Retrieved 29 July 2019. ^ a b "Changes of Corporate Names - SoftBank Corp. - Group Companies - About Us - SoftBank Group". Retrieved 7 December 2016. ^ "Bill Morrow, Vodafone's turnaround guru, Walks Away". Cellular-news.com. 24 June 2006. Retrieved 9 November 2007. ^ "念願のiPhoneを獲得した舞台裏ソフトバンク、トラウマ乗り越える" (in Japanese). 6 June 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2008. 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Fast Company. Retrieved 16 January 2019. ^ Sherman, Alex (1 August 2018). "Masayoshi Son building Vision Fund into family, say founders". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. ^ Ghurye, Shruti (7 February 2019). "Masayoshi Son: Betting big and winning". Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ Linares, Maria Gracia Santillana. "SoftBank Puts Blockchain Investments On Ice As Part Of Startup Pullback". Forbes. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ "Accounting for Intercorporate Investments: What You Need to Know". Investopedia. Retrieved 23 February 2023. ^ "Breakingviews - SoftBank is paying for Son's past exuberance". Reuters. 7 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ "SoftBank CEO to Skip Earnings Call for First Time as Tech Slumps". Bloomberg.com. 5 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023. ^ "SoftBank's future rests on Arm". Financial Times. 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023. ^ a b c d "SoftBank's Son finds more love for early-stage investing, new fund planned". Reuters. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ a b c d e Ji-young, Sohn (28 January 2019). " Rebranded SoftBank Ventures Asia to form new fund for AI startups in Asia". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ a b "Funding, talent & decision-making are the biggest challenges for innovators, says SoftBank Ventures Asia's JP Lee ". TechNode Global. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "SoftBank Ventures Asia hits $341m second close for early-stage fund". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ Horwitz, Josh (12 June 2013). "Tokopedia Lands Funding To Help It Become Indonesia's Alibaba". TNW \| Asia. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Asia Solutions". www.businesstimes.com.sg. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ Sender, Henny (25 September 2018). "TPG partners with SoftBank Ventures Korea for $300m China fund". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ Min-kyung, Jung (3 January 2019). "Softbank Ventures Korea rebrands as Softbank Ventures Asia". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "소프트뱅크벤처스, AI 스타트업 투자 1천800억 펀드 조성". hankyung.com (in Korean). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ a b Byung-wook, Kim (23 June 2021). "Local AI startup VoyagerX raises $27m from SoftBank, others". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ "Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ Park, Kate (13 April 2023). "As tech slumps, SoftBank sells VC unit to Singapore-based firm led by Masayoshi Son's brother". TechCrunch. Retrieved 18 April 2023. ^ "SoftBank unit's sale to founder's brother raises governance concerns". Financial Times. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023. Additional sources Annual Report (PDF), JP: SoftBank, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to SoftBank. 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network operators au by KDDI NTT Docomo SoftBank Mobile Y!Mobile Minor and regional network operators Okinawa Cellular Telephone Mobile virtual network operators Disney Mobile bitWarp Internet Initiative Japan Japan Communications J:COM MOBILE KWINS Line Mobile mobile+ NTT Communications Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SoftBank Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"},{"link_name":"investment holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_company"},{"link_name":"Minato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"investment 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For the venture capital fund, see SoftBank Vision Fund. For the Japanese professional baseball team, see Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks.SoftBank Group Corp. (ソフトバンクグループ株式会社, SofutoBanku Gurūpu Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese multinational investment holding company headquartered in Minato, Tokyo which focuses on investment management.[3] The group primarily invests in companies operating in technology that offer goods and services to customers in a multitude of markets and industries ranging from the internet to automation.[4] With over $100 billion in capital at its onset, SoftBank's Vision Fund is the world's largest technology-focused venture capital fund. Fund investors included sovereign wealth funds from countries in the Middle East.[5][6][7]The company is known for the leadership of its controversial[8][9][10][11] founder and largest shareholder Masayoshi Son.[12][13][14] Its investee companies, subsidiaries and divisions, including several unprofitable unicorns,[15][16] operate in robotics, artificial intelligence, software, logistics, transportation, biotechnology, robotic process automation, proptech, real estate, hospitality, broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, information technology, finance, media and marketing, and other areas.[17] Among its most internationally recognizable current stockholdings are stakes in Arm[18] (semiconductors), Alibaba[19] (e-commerce), OYO Rooms[20] (hospitality), WeWork[21] (coworking) and Deutsche Telekom[22] (telecommunications). SoftBank Corporation, its spun-out affiliate and former flagship business, is the third-largest wireless carrier in Japan, with 45.621 million subscribers as of March 2021.[23] Poor investment decisions of Masayoshi Son’s SoftBank Group led to a panoply of losing investments across the history of the company.[24][25]SoftBank was ranked in the 2017 Forbes Global 2000 list as the 36th largest public company in the world[26] and the second-largest publicly traded company in Japan after Toyota.[27]The logo of SoftBank is based on the flag of the Kaientai, a naval trading company founded in 1865, near the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, by Sakamoto Ryōma.[28]Although SoftBank does not affiliate itself to any traditional keiretsu, it has close ties with Mizuho Financial Group, its primary lender.[29]","title":"SoftBank Group"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technobuffalo.com-31"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technobuffalo.com-31"},{"link_name":"Ziff Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Founding and early years","text":"SoftBank was founded in September 1981 as SOFTBANK Corp by then-24-year-old Masayoshi Son, initially as a software distributor. The company entered the publishing business in May 1982 with the launches of the Oh! PC and Oh! MZ magazines, about NEC and Sharp computers respectively.[30] Oh!PC had a circulation of 140,000 copies by 1989.[31] It would go on to become Japan's largest publisher of computer and technology magazines and trade shows.In 1994, the company went public, valued at $3 billion.[31] In September 1995, SoftBank agreed to purchase US-based Ziff Davis publishing for $2.1 billion.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_services"},{"link_name":"new economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_economy"},{"link_name":"COMDEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMDEX"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Ziff Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"joint venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_venture"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Kingston Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Technology"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoftBank_Hankyu-Ibaraki.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ibaraki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibaraki,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Nippon Professional Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Vodafone Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_Japan"},{"link_name":"Betfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betfair"},{"link_name":"SBI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBI_Group"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Tiffany & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"1995–2009 expansion","text":"In the 1990s, Son made large investments in Internet services and the so-called new economy in general. SoftBank bought COMDEX from The Interface Group on 1 April 1995 for $800 million and ZDI on 29 February 1996.[33][34] SoftBank sold COMDEX to Key3Media, a spin-off of Ziff Davis, in 2001.[35] In 1996, SoftBank formed a joint venture with American internet company Yahoo!, creating Yahoo! Japan, which would become a dominant site in the country.[36]In another highly publicized investment, SoftBank bought 80% of memory manufacturers Kingston Technology in 1996. When the owners-founders (John Tu and David Sun) announced plans to distribute $100,000,000 of the $1.5B windfall to Kingston employees, it created a very high-profile media stir that lasted well through the 1996 Christmas season; it was on all US networks, as well as international media. A few years later, in 1999, after the market for memory softened substantially, SoftBank sold the company back at a loss to the original owners for about a third of the original price.[37]In October 1999, SoftBank became a holding company.[38] In 2000, SoftBank made its most successful investment – $20 million to a then-fledgling Chinese Internet venture called Alibaba.[39] This investment turned into $60 billion when Alibaba went public in September 2014.[40][41]In February 2000, SoftBank Ventures Asia was founded under the leadership of Masayoshi Son to focus on investment in Korean-based Internet companies.[42]SoftBank store in Ibaraki, Osaka, JapanOn 28 January 2005, SoftBank became the owner of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Nippon Professional Baseball team. On 17 March 2006, SoftBank announced its agreement to buy Vodafone Japan, giving it a stake in Japan's $78 billion mobile markets. In April 2006, SoftBank purchased a 23% stake in Betfair, an Internet betting exchange. In August 2006, SoftBank sold all its shares of SBI Group to a subsidiary of SBI's holding company, making SBI independent. On 1 October 2006, Vodafone Japan changed its corporate name and service brand name to \"SoftBank Mobile\" and \"SoftBank\" respectively.[43]On 28 January 2008, it was announced that SoftBank and Tiffany & Co. collaborated in making a limited 10 model-only phone. This phone contains more than 400 platinum diamonds, totaling more than 20 carats. The cost is said to be more than 100,000,000 yen.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ustream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustream"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ayumi Hamasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayumi_Hamasaki"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"eAccess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAccess"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ymobile Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Sprint Nextel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank_in_Sendai_%26_the_decorations_of_Sendai_Star_Festival.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sendai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendai"},{"link_name":"Tanabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanabata"},{"link_name":"Supercell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercell_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"OlaCabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OlaCabs"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Snapdeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdeal"},{"link_name":"Housing.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing.com"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Pepper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper_(robot)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"DramaFever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DramaFever"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Nikesh Arora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikesh_Arora"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Representative Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_Director_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSJ-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Coupang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupang"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Tencent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tencent"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"GungHo Online Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GungHo_Online_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-softbank-fortress-68"},{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"President-elect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"}],"sub_title":"2010–2016 acquisitions","text":"On 3 February 2010, SoftBank acquired 13.7% in Ustream.[45] On 1 October 2010, Ayumi Hamasaki became the commercial spokesperson.[46]On 3 October 2012, the takeover of competitor eAccess was announced.[47] On 1 July 2013, SoftBank announced that Willcom was a wholly-owned subsidiary, after the termination of rehabilitation proceedings. eAccess was merged with Willcom, which resulted in a new subsidiary and brand from Yahoo! Japan, Ymobile Corporation.[48]On 15 October 2012, SoftBank announced plans to take control of American Sprint Nextel by purchasing a 70% stake for $20 billion.[49] On 6 July 2013, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved SoftBank's acquisition for $22.2 billion for a 78% ownership interest in Sprint.[50] On 6 August 2013, SoftBank bought 2% more shares of Sprint Corporation, increasing its ownership stake to 80%.SoftBank store in Sendai, with decorations for the TanabataIn October 2013, SoftBank acquired a 51% stake in Supercell for a reported $2.1 billion. Later on 25 October 2014, they invested $210 million in OlaCabs,[51] $627 million in Snapdeal with a 30% stake in the company on 28 October 2014, and a $100 million investment in Housing.com for a 30% stake in November 2014.[52]In 2013, the company bought a controlling stake in French company Aldebaran Robotics, which was rebranded SoftBank Robotics. In 2014, teams from both companies co-designed Pepper, a humanoid robot. In 2015, SoftBank increased its stake to 95%.[53][54]In 2015, SoftBank acquired DramaFever.[55] In May 2015, Masayoshi Son said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, a former Google executive, as Representative Director and President of SoftBank. Arora had been heading SoftBank's investment arm.[56] On 1 June 2015, SoftBank acquired an additional 22.7% stake in Supercell, increasing its total stake to 73.2% and becoming the sole external shareholder of the company.[57] In June 2015, SoftBank announced it would invest US$1 billion in the Korean e-commerce website Coupang as part of its overseas expansion plans.[58]In July 2015, SoftBank announced the renaming of the company from SoftBank Corp to SoftBank Group Corp. Meanwhile, SoftBank Mobile was renamed to SoftBank Corp, the now-former name of the company as a whole.[59] On 16 February 2016, SoftBank announced they would repurchase a record 14.2% of shares, valued at $4.4bn, to boost investor confidence.[60] On 31 March 2016, they announced they would sell shares worth $7.9 billion of their stake in Alibaba Group. On 21 June 2016, SoftBank sold its 84% stake in Supercell for a reported US$7.3 billion to Tencent.[61] On 3 June 2016, Softbank agreed to sell most of its stake in GungHo Online Entertainment (approximately 23.47%) for about $685 million, ending Softbank's majority ownership.[62][63][64] The offer was completed by 22 June.[65][66]In June 2016, Nikesh Arora stepped down amidst pressure from investors. Board member Ron Fisher and Baer Capital Partners founder Alok Sama undertook Arora's overseas investment duties.[67] One month later,[68] Son announced the company's largest deal ever to buy British chip designer Arm Holdings for more than US$32 billion.[69][70] This acquisition was completed on 5 September 2016.[71]On 6 December 2016, after meeting with the then United States President-elect Donald Trump, chief executive Masayoshi Son announced SoftBank would be investing US$50 billion in the United States toward businesses creating 50,000 new jobs.[72][73][74]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-76"},{"link_name":"Fortress Investment Group LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-softbank-fortress-68"},{"link_name":"Social Finance Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFi"},{"link_name":"Silver Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rudegeair-77"},{"link_name":"Didi Chuxing Technology Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Chuxing"},{"link_name":"self-driving car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-driving_car"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-didi-78"},{"link_name":"Paytm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paytm"},{"link_name":"Snapdeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdeal"},{"link_name":"Flipkart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flipkart"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-patym-new-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"Foxconn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxconn"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Larry Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Mubadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubadala"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Alphabet Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_Inc."},{"link_name":"Boston Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"BigDog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BigDog"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Neom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neom"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-stake-93"},{"link_name":"Dragoneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoneer_Investment_Group"},{"link_name":"TPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TPG_Capital"},{"link_name":"Sequoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-discount-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"DoorDash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoorDash"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Opendoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opendoor"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Saudi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia#National_government"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"ParkJockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParkJockey"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Grab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grab_(company)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"2017–2018","text":"On 30 January 2017, the Wall Street Journal wrote that SoftBank Group was \"weighing an investment of well over $1 billion in shared-office space company WeWork, in what could be among the first deals from its new $100 billion technology fund.\"[75] On 20 March, SoftBank bought a $300m stake in WeWork.[76] On 14 February 2017, SoftBank Group agreed to buy Fortress Investment Group LLC for $3.3 billion.[68] In February 2017, it was announced that Social Finance Inc. was close to raising $500 million from an investor group led by Silver Lake, including Softbank.[77] On 28 March 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported that SoftBank Group Corporation had approached Didi Chuxing Technology Co. about investing $6 billion to help the ride-hailing firm expand in self-driving car technologies, with the bulk of the money to come from SoftBank's planned $100 billion Vision Fund.[78]On 18 May 2017, it was reported that Softbank had completed its single largest investment in India to date, investing $1.4 billion in Paytm. At the time, Softbank was also working on a takeover of Snapdeal by Flipkart.[79] On 10 August 2017, Softbank invested $2.5 billion in Flipkart.[80]On 27 May 2017, Softbank and the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia (PIF), the kingdom's main sovereign wealth fund, partnered to create the Softbank Vision Fund, the world's largest private equity fund with a capital of $93 billion.[81] Softbank Group contributed $28 billion to the investment fund, of which $8.2 billion came from the sale of approximately 25% of British multinational Arm Holdings shares.[82] Saudi Arabia is the principal investor in the fund, its Public Investment Fund (PIF) agreed to inject $45 billion into the Vision Fund over 5 years, becoming its largest investor.[83] Other investors include Apple, Qualcomm, Arm, Foxconn, Sharp, Larry Ellison and Mubadala.[84] The latter agreed to invest $15 billion dollars in the fund, targeting artificial intelligence, communications infrastructure, financial technology, consumer internet, mobile computing and robotics.[85] Through Softbank Vision Fund, CEO Masayoshi Son explained his intent to invest in all companies developing technologies emphasizing global artificial intelligence, including sectors such as finance or transportation.[86] In July 2019, SoftBank announced creating of a \"Vision Fund 2\", excluding participation from the Saudi Arabia government and including investors Apple, Foxconn, Microsoft and others. The fund is reported to focus on AI-based technology and invest approximately $108 billion, including $38 billion of its own funds.[87] In February 2020, however, a report from Wall Street Journal stated the fund would only up with less than half of that capital.[88]On 8 June 2017, Alphabet Inc. announced the sale of Boston Dynamics (robotics companies whose products include BigDog) to SoftBank Group for an undisclosed sum.[89] On 25 August 2017, SoftBank finalized a $4.4 billion investment in WeWork.[90] On 24 October 2017, Son announced the group would collaborate with Saudi Arabia to develop Neom, the new high-tech business and industrial city of the Saudi Kingdom.[91] On 14 November 2017, Softbank agreed to invest $10 billion into Uber.[92] On 29 December 2017, it was reported that a SoftBank-led consortium had invested $9 billion into Uber. The deal, to close in January 2018, would leave SoftBank as Uber's biggest shareholder, with a 15 percent stake.[93] The deal was secured after Uber shareholders voted to \"sell their shares to the Japanese conglomerate at a discounted price.\" Beyond SoftBank, consortium members included Dragoneer, Tencent, TPG and Sequoia.[94]On 14 January 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund announced to invest $560 million in the German used-car sales portal Auto1.[95] On 1 March 2018, Softbank's Vision Fund led a $535 million investment in DoorDash.[96] In May 2018, CEO Masayoshi Son revealed during an earnings presentation that Walmart had reached a deal to buy Flipkart.[97] On 27 September 2018, Softbank announced the investment of $400 Million in Home-Selling Startup Opendoor.[98]In September 2018, Saudi government officials announced that a planned $200 billion project with SoftBank Group to build the world's biggest solar-power-generation project would be put on hold.[99] In November 2018, SoftBank announced it would make an IPO of SoftBank Corp., the telecommunications operator, with the cost of share of $13.22 (which is 1,500 yen). The offer of the shares was going to last for a month. Regarding the number of shares, the total value of SoftBank Corp. will reach $21.15 billion, which would be the second-largest IPO ever made.[100]In December 2018, SoftBank invested in ParkJockey. The startup attempts to monetize parking lots. After the investment round, general valuation of the ParkJourney reached $1 billion.[101]In December 2018, SoftBank announced its intention to invest $1 billion on ride-hailing startup Grab. Some sources said that the total amount of investment could reach $1.5 billion.[102]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Wag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_(company)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Tadashi Yanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashi_Yanai"},{"link_name":"Fast Retailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Retailing"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Getaround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaround"},{"link_name":"Rappi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappi"},{"link_name":"Katerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerra"},{"link_name":"Zume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zume"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Elliott Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Management"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Line Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Z Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Holdings"},{"link_name":"Naver Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"merger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merger_of_Sprint_Corporation_and_T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Jack Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Ma"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Brightstar Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightstar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Nvidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NVIDIA_bought-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nvidia_details-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Motor Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Group"},{"link_name":"Boston Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Coupang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupang"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-profit-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-profit-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-record-profit-130"},{"link_name":"eToro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EToro"},{"link_name":"SPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"},{"link_name":"PIPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_investment_in_public_equity"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Adani Green Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adani_Green_Energy"},{"link_name":"solar energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"SPAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special-purpose_acquisition_company"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Verizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Communications"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Softbank Group's Vision Fund 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"2019–2021","text":"On 25 September 2019, Softbank Robotics launched Whiz robotic vacuum cleaner in Singapore.[103]In September 2019, WeWork's IPO was canceled.[104]In December 2019, Softbank sold its interest in dog-walking startup Wag at a loss.[105] Tadashi Yanai, Fast Retailing's CEO and Japan's richest man at the time, left the board after 18 years.[106]In January 2020, multiple Softbank-funded startups started cutting their staff, including Getaround, Oyo, Rappi, Katerra and Zume.[107] In February 2020, Elliott Management, an activist hedge fund, bought a $2.5 billion stake in Softbank and pushed for restructuring and more transparency, especially regarding its Vision Fund.[108] Consequently, plans for a second Vision Fund were pushed back.[109]In November 2019, it was announced that Line Corp. and Z Holdings were going to be a new subsidiary under Naver Corporation and SoftBank Group, their respective owners.[110] The closing was delayed until March 2021 due to COVID-19.[111]In March 2020, SoftBank announced that it was launching an emergency ¥4.5tn ($41bn) asset sale to fund a share buyback and debt reduction. The effort was initiated by Son in order to stem a collapse in the company’s share price due to the pandemic, \"This programme will be the largest share buyback and will result in the largest increase in cash balance in the history of SBG [SoftBank Group], reflecting the firm and unwavering confidence we have in our business.\". After the programme was unveiled, Softbank share price rose almost 19%. The program included a plan to repurchase ¥2tn of its shares in addition to the ¥500bn buyback it promised 10 days prior. Combined, SoftBank would be repurchasing 45% of its stock.[112]On 1 April 2020, Sprint completed its merger with T-Mobile US, which was majority-owned by Deutsche Telekom, leaving T-Mobile the parent company. The merger also led to Softbank holding 24% of the new T-Mobile's shares, while 43% of shares are held by Deutsche Telekom. The remaining 33% will be held by others. In May 2020, Alibaba's co-founder and former CEO Jack Ma resigned from the board.[113]In July 2020, SoftBank announced that it is considering to sell or IPO British chip designer Arm Holdings, which has been in a feud with the Chinese over control of its local subsidiary, but it did not have the majority ownership due to a decision made by Softbank to sell off the stake to the local partner.[114][115] For Q2 of 2020, the company revenues were $12 billion. The firm announced that it would be arranging a new fund worth $555 million. The fund will be used to invest in various companies, including Amazon, Apple and Facebook.[116]In September 2020, SoftBank Vision Fund 2 led a $100 million Series C round in Biofourmis.[117] Also in September 2020, Softbank was identified as the Nasdaq whale where it bought stock options valued in the billions, betting on higher prices for the biggest technology companies.[118][119][120][121] That month SoftBank sold Brightstar Corporation to Brightstar Capital Partners for an undisclosed amount.[122][123]American chip designing company Nvidia announced plans on 13 September 2020 to acquire ARM from SoftBank, pending regulatory approval, for a value of US $40 billion in stock and cash. This would become the largest semiconductor acquisition to date. SoftBank Group would retain a 10% share in the company while ARM would maintain its headquarters in Cambridge.[124][125][126] But this deal collapsed due to regulatory hurdles.[127]In December 2020, Hyundai Motor Group acquired an 80% stake of Boston Dynamics from SoftBank for approximately $880 million. SoftBank retains about 20% through an affiliate.[128]In January 2021, SoftBank sold $2 billion in Uber Technologies shares through affiliate firm SB Cayman.[129]In March 2021, SoftBank made a record $36.99 billion profit from its Vision Fund unit and investment gains via the public market debut of Coupang.[130] SoftBank Group's net profit was $45.88 billion (¥4.99 trillion).[130] It was the largest recorded annual profit by a Japanese company in history.[130] The same month, Softbank's Vision Fund 2 announced investment in the eToro SPAC merger PIPE funding of $650 million.[131]In April 2021 Softbank announced plans to acquire a 40% stake in AutoStore for $2.8 billion and in July 2021 it announced it would invest $870 million in the Korean hotel booking platform Yanolja.[132]In May 2021, Softbank stated it would sell SB Energy India, to Adani Green Energy, valuing the unit at $3.5 billion. The sale is speculated to mark a shift in the company's trajectory, moving away from investments in solar energy towards companies dealing with artificial intelligence.[133][134][135] Later that month, Bloomberg reported, Vision Fund could go public via a $300 million SPAC in 2021, listing in Amsterdam.[136]In July 2021, Softbank announced that it would acquire the Yahoo Japan brand from Verizon for $1.6 billion.[137][138]In August 2021, Son said he would begin to make personal investments alongside Softbank Group's Vision Fund 2.[139]In September 2021, Softbank agreed to sell most of its shares in T-Mobile US to Deutsche Telekom in exchange for a 4.5% stake in the latter.[140]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Opendoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opendoor"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Toyota Tsusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Tsusho"},{"link_name":"controlling interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_interest"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Eurus Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurus_Energy"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"SoftBank Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"divestiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divestment"},{"link_name":"Mubadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mubadala_Investment_Company"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"sub_title":"2022–present","text":"In August 2022, Softbank said that it sold its entire Uber holdings in April–July 2022.[141] It was also reported that Softbank exited Opendoor in that quarter.[142] Five years after Masayoshi Son’s $100 billion fund entered the financial world to much fanfare, Softbank’s venture firm was crumbling and on the verge of collapse. Its large venture vehicles struggled badly, performing in the bottom of the asset class, and many of Son’s closest associates in the effort had departed from the company.[143]In February 2023, Toyota Tsusho announced that it had bought the controlling interest in SB Energy, which would become a subsidiary, alongside Toyota Tsusho subsidiary Eurus Energy.[144]In April 2023, SoftBank Group Corp. announced it was selling to a Singapore-based company run by Masayoshi Son’s youngest brother its Korea-based early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia Corp. after suffering billions of dollars in losses from failed startup bets.[145]In May 2023, the SoftBank Group announced that losses from the SoftBank Vision Fund had widened 70 percent to a record $32 billion from a year ago.[146] In another divestiture of assets, SoftBank Group also sold the stake in Fortress Investment Group to Mubadala and Fortress' management.[147]SoftBank Group's Arm filed for an IPO on 21 August 2023 on the Nasdaq.[148][149] A few days earlier, SoftBank bought back the 25% stake from Vision Fund for around $16 billion, valuing Arm at over $64 billion.[150] Arm went public on 14 September 2023 raising $4.87 billion at a $54.5 billion valuation, with SoftBank continuing to own 90.6% of the company following the offering.[151][152][153]In December 2023, telecommunication and networking company SoftBank Corp, a subsidiary of SoftBank Group Corp, paid 513 million dollars for a controlling stake in Irish technology company Cubic Telecom, in a deal that will net the company’s founders and its private backers a multimillion-euro payout.[154][155]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Institutional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Masayoshi Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masayoshi_Son"},{"link_name":"The Master Trust Bank of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Master_Trust_Bank_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"investment trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_trust"},{"link_name":"Japan Trustee Services Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Trustee_Services_Bank"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Citibank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citibank"},{"link_name":"The Vanguard Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vanguard_Group"},{"link_name":"Capital Group Companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies"},{"link_name":"Baillie Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillie_Gifford"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"As of 30 September 2020, SoftBank ownership is as follows:[156][157]Masayoshi Son (21.25%)\nThe Master Trust Bank of Japan investment trusts (10.25%)\nJapan Trustee Services Bank main investment trusts (5.87%)\nJPMorgan Chase (7.45%)\nCitibank (1.4%)\nThe Vanguard Group (2.19%)\nCapital Group Companies (2.4%)\nBaillie Gifford (1.36%)","title":"Institutional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"By December 2022, Masayoshi Son’s stake in the company he founded had risen to 34.2% from 32.2% as of the end of September.[158]","title":"Institutional ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SB Creative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Creative"},{"link_name":"SBI Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBI_Group"},{"link_name":"financial services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_services"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Ymobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile"},{"link_name":"TD-LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD-LTE"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"SoftBank Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Capital"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Yahoo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan"},{"link_name":"E-Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Trade"},{"link_name":"Ustream.tv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustream.tv"},{"link_name":"EF Education First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EF_Education_First"},{"link_name":"Morningstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morningstar,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Alibaba Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Sprint Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-76"},{"link_name":"Softbank Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbank_Corp."},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF"},{"link_name":"Softbank Vision Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbank_Vision_Fund"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89"},{"link_name":"Arm Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm_(company)"},{"link_name":"Fortress Investment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_Investment_Group"},{"link_name":"Boston Dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Dynamics"},{"link_name":"T-Mobile US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_US"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"Yahoo Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Japan"},{"link_name":"Brightstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightstar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Uber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uber"},{"link_name":"Didi Chuxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didi_Chuxing"},{"link_name":"Ola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_Cabs"},{"link_name":"Renren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renren"},{"link_name":"InMobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InMobi"},{"link_name":"Hike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hike_Messenger"},{"link_name":"Snapdeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snapdeal"},{"link_name":"Fanatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanatics_(sports_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Improbable Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improbable_(company)"},{"link_name":"Paytm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paytm"},{"link_name":"OYO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyo_Rooms"},{"link_name":"Ping An Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_An_Insurance"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Slack Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_Technologies"},{"link_name":"WeWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WeWork"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZhongAn"},{"link_name":"Compass, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Wag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wag_(company)"},{"link_name":"Katerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerra"},{"link_name":"Cruise Automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_Automation"},{"link_name":"ParkJockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkjockey"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Tokopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokopedia"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"}],"text":"SoftBank's corporate profile includes various other companies such as Japanese broadband company SoftBank BB, data center company IDC Frontier and the publishing company SB Creative. SBI Group is a Japanese financial services company that began in 1999 as a branch of SoftBank.[159] Ymobile Corporation is another telecommunications subsidiary of SoftBank, established in 2014. In 2010, SoftBank founded Wireless City Planning (WCP), a subsidiary that planned the development of TD-LTE networks throughout Japan.[160] SoftBank also operates SoftBank Capital, a US-based venture capital company. SoftBank owns the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks professional baseball team. SoftBank also operated in the eco-power industry through subsidiary SB Energy until its sale.It has various partnerships in Japanese subsidiaries of foreign companies such as Yahoo! (which has resulted in Yahoo! Japan), E-Trade, Ustream.tv, EF Education First and Morningstar. It also has stakes in Alibaba Group and Sprint Corporation.[76]Other holdings include Softbank Corp. [ja], Softbank Vision Fund [ja], Arm Holdings (90.6%), Fortress Investment Group, Boston Dynamics, T-Mobile US (3.3%), Alibaba (29.5%), Yahoo Japan (48.17%), Brightstar (87.1%), Uber (15%), Didi Chuxing (c. 20%), Ola (c. 30%), Renren (42.9%), InMobi (45%), Hike (25.8%), Snapdeal (c. 30%), Fanatics (c. 22%), Improbable Worlds (c. 50%), Paytm (c. 20%), OYO (42%), Ping An Insurance (7.41%),[161] Slack Technologies (c. 5%), WeWork (c. 46%),[162] ZhongAn Online P&C Insurance (5%), Compass, Inc. (c. 30.1%), AUTO1 Group (c. 20%), Wag (45%), Katerra (c. 28%), Cruise Automation (c. 19.6%), ParkJockey,[163] Tokopedia (Indonesia),[164] and many more companies.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ymobile Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mobile_merge-165"}],"sub_title":"SoftBank Corp.","text":"SoftBank Corp. (ソフトバンク株式会社, SofutoBanku Kabushikigaisha) is SoftBank's telecommunications subsidiary, providing both mobile and fixed-line services. It was called SoftBank Mobile until July 2015, when the Group merged SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp. and Ymobile Corporation to reflect its fixed-line and ISP operations.[165]","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SONY_TH291_(1999)_1_(2759751822).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan14_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Japan Telecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftBank_Telecom"},{"link_name":"TU-KA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDDI"},{"link_name":"PDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_Digital_Cellular"},{"link_name":"Sha-Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha-Mail"},{"link_name":"camera phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phones"},{"link_name":"SHARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"J-Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Sky"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"i-mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mode"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_platform"},{"link_name":"JSCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSCL"},{"link_name":"DoJa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoJa"}],"sub_title":"J-PHONE","text":"Sony TH291 cellular phone for the Digital Tu-Ka operatorJ-PHONE store in Nagoya in 2003SoftBank's mobile communications arm began with the formation of Japan Telecom in 1984. The Digital Phone Group (デジタルホン, DPG, three local companies) mobile phone division was formed in 1994, and J-PHONE Co., Ltd. (J-フォン) was formed in 1999 by the DGP/ Digital TU-KA Group merger (DTG, six local companies, not to be confused with TU-KA). Japan Telecom owned a stake of 45.1%.J-PHONE grew steadily for a decade by introducing new services and enhancements such as SkyWalker for PDC, SkyMelody ringtone download, the Sha-Mail picture mail introduced following camera phones developed by SHARP, the mobile multimedia data service J-Sky modeled after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, and advanced Java services based on JSCL, modeled after NTT DoCoMo's DoJa based i-appli.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"K.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bill_Morrow_Article-166"},{"link_name":"Au by KDDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_by_KDDI"},{"link_name":"Willcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willcom"},{"link_name":"FOMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOMA"},{"link_name":"Vodafone live!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone_live!"},{"link_name":"WAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol"}],"sub_title":"Vodafone","text":"In October 2001, the British mobile phone group Vodafone increased its share to 66.7% of Japan Telecom and 69.7% of J-Phone. On 1 October 2003, the company's name and the service brand changed to Vodafone, while the division was called Vodafone K.K. or Vodafone Japan.[166]However, in January 2005, Vodafone Japan lost 58,700 customers and in February 2005 lost 53,200 customers, while competitors NTT DoCoMo gained 184,400 customers, while Au by KDDI gained 163,700, and Willcom gained 35,000. While as of February 2005, DoCoMo's FOMA 3G service had attracted 10 million subscribers and KDDI's 3G service had attracted over 17 million subscribers, Vodafone's 3G service only attracted 527,300 subscribers. Vodafone 3G failed to attract subscribers because Vodafone reduced investments in 3G services in Japan in 2002/3; handsets did not fully match the needs and preferences of Japanese customers. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone Japan had 15.1 million customers. By the end of October 2005, the number of subscribers had fallen below 15M. During the same period, NTT DoCoMo gained 1.65 million customers, and KDDI/AU gained 1.82 million customers. Vodafone-Japan had only 4.8% of Japan's 3G market.Vodafone changed the name of its multimedia data services from J-Sky to Vodafone live! and used J-Sky's principles, technologies, and business models to introduce the WAP-based Vodafone live! in Vodafone's other markets. At the end of February 2005, Vodafone live! had 12.907 million subscribers in Japan. By the end of October 2005, the number of Vodafone live! subscribers had fallen by 138,000.In March 2006, Vodafone began discussing the sale of the Vodafone Japan unit to SoftBank. Vodafone was unable to satisfy customers. Handsets had user interfaces that differed too much from the Japanese interface and lacked competitive features.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Real)_TV_on_Mobile_(397712891).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPhone 4S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_4S"},{"link_name":"au by KDDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_(mobile_phone_company)"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iht-168"}],"sub_title":"SoftBank Mobile","text":"Television broadcast on a 2007 Sharp phone on SoftBankOn 17 March 2006, Vodafone Group announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan to SoftBank for about US$15.1 billion. On 18 May 2006, the unit was renamed \"SoftBank Mobile Corp.\", effective 1 October 2006.On 4 June 2008, SoftBank Mobile announced a partnership with Apple and brought the iPhone (3G) to Japan later in 2008.[167] SoftBank Mobile was the only official carrier of the iPhone in Japan until the release of iPhone 4S in 2011, when au by KDDI began to offer it.[168]","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W-CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W-CDMA"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"SoftBank Corp.'s mobile network operates W-CDMA (UMTS 3G) network (\"SoftBank 3G\"). SoftBank's 3G network is compatible with UMTS and supports transparent global roaming for UMTS subscribers from other countries.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vodafone_Mobile_SHOP_ikebukuro_japan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ikebukuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikebukuro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank_celltower01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nakatsugawa, Gifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakatsugawa,_Gifu"},{"link_name":"GHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHz"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"Beckham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Beckham"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"Open Handset Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Handset_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"geiger counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Ymobile Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymobile_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mobile_merge-165"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange"}],"sub_title":"Timeline","text":"Vodafone store in Ikebukuro, TokyoA SoftBank mobile cell tower in Nakatsugawa, Gifu1981: SoftBank Corp. (currently SoftBank Group Corp.) Japan (Yombancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo) established. Commenced operations as a distributor of packaged software\n1984: Japan Telecom was founded.\n1986: Japan Telecom launches leased circuit services.\n1986: Railway Telecommunication established.\n1989: Railway Telecommunication merges with Japan Telecom.\n1991: Tokyo Digital Phone established.\n1994: J-Phone starts PDC cellular service in the 1.5 GHz band, 10 MHz bandwidth.\n1997: J-Phone launches SkyWalker SMS service designed by Aldiscon and Ericsson for PDC\n1998: J-Phone launches SkyMelody ringtone download service\n1999: J-Phone launches J-Sky wireless Internet service ten months after NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, which was launched in February 1999.\n2000: J-Phone launches Sha-Mail (写メール) picture messaging service using the world's first camera phones developed by SHARP\n2001: J-Phone launches Java service with JSCL library\n2002: J-Phone launches W-CDMA 3G service for the first time\n2002: Company name was changed to Japan Telecom Holdings. The fixed-line telecommunications business was also separated to found a new Japan Telecom.\n2003: J-Phone company name is changed to Vodafone K.K., and J-Sky name is changed to Vodafone live!. Vodafone launches a Japan-nationwide Beckham campaign\n2003: Company name was changed to Vodafone Holdings K.K.\n2004: Vodafone K.K. merges with Vodafone Holdings K.K. and the company name is changed to Vodafone K.K.\n2004: Vodafone relaunches the 3G services in Japan a second time offering mobile phone handsets designed primarily for the European markets\n2005: Vodafone changes management and relaunches 3G services in Japan a third time\n2006: Vodafone officially announced it had agreed to sell Vodafone Japan (Vodafone K.K.) to SoftBank for a total of 1.75 trillion Japanese yen (approx US$15.1 billion) in one of the largest M&A transactions in Japan to date\n2006: SoftBank and Vodafone K.K. jointly announced, that the name of the company will be changed to a \"new, easy-to-understand and familiar\" company name and brand. Masayoshi Son became CEO and Representative Director of Vodafone K.K.\n2006: Headquarters moved from Atago Hills to Shiodome to integrate operations with other SoftBank group companies.\n2006: SoftBank announced that the name of the company will be changed to \"SoftBank Mobile Corp.\" effective 1 October 2006\n2006: SoftBank started rebranding \"Vodafone\" to \"SoftBank.\"\n2006: Vodafone Japan company name is changed to \"SoftBank Mobile Corp.\"\n2008: SoftBank Mobile releases iPhone in Japan beating NTT DoCoMo\n2008: SoftBank Mobile joins Open Handset Alliance[169]\n2010: Softbank purchased 100% of the PHS mobile operator Willcom.\n2012: SoftBank Mobile unveils the Pantone 5 107SH, a mobile phone with a built-in geiger counter.[170]\n2015: Investment in US-based Social Finance, Inc (SoFi) announced\n2015: SoftBank Mobile was merged with SoftBank BB Corp., SoftBank Telecom Corp., and Ymobile Corporation to form a new subsidiary, SoftBank Corp., to reflect its new status of providing fixed-line and ISP operations.[165]\n2018: SoftBank Corp. (TSE: 9434) listed on the First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange On 19 December 2018.","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:THE_PREMIUM_SoftBank_821SH_PG_open.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoftBank_001P_Gold01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARROWS_A_202F_SoftBank_(2013_.08.17).jpg"},{"link_name":"FUJITSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SoftBank_930CA_BK001.jpg"},{"link_name":"CASIO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank_003sh.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vodafone_803T_Soul_Black_open.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toshiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_mobile_phone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sharp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_evolution_Japan1997-2004.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Softbank-usim-card-003-ap0wc.jpg"},{"link_name":"USIM card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module#USIM"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Straatbeeld_Tokyo_juli_2004.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tait%C5%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_Blazer_(2724270785).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Gallery","text":"SoftBank 821SH PG\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank 001P by Panasonic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank A202F by FUJITSU\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank 930CA by CASIO\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSoftBank 003SH\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVodafone 803T by Toshiba\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJ-PHONE J-SH07 by Sharp (2001)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn evolution of J-PHONE and Vodafone cell phones, 1997–2004\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA SoftBank USIM card\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of Taitō, Tokyo, with a large Vodafone sign in the background (2004)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMobile Blazer (2008)","title":"Business units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patriarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido_dog"},{"link_name":"Dante Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Carver"},{"link_name":"Kanako Higuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanako_Higuchi"},{"link_name":"Aya Ueto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aya_Ueto"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT1-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Ingress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingress_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"augmented reality game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality_game"},{"link_name":"item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"}],"text":"Since May 2006, SoftBank's telecommunications marketing and commercials have principally revolved around \"Otosan sujan karki\", the canine patriarch of the otherwise human \"Shirason, Kaito\" family.[171] \"Otosan\" translates to father, and the character, a Hokkaido dog, indeed acts as the father of the family, along with the son \"Kojiro\" (starred by Dante Carver), mom \"Masako\" (Kanako Higuchi), and daughter \"Aya\" (Aya Ueto).[172] The advertising series proved to be popular: CM Research Center ranked the Otousan adverts as the most popular in Japan between 2007 and 2012, based on monthly surveys of 3,000 randomly selected adults.[173][174]SoftBank partnered with the Ingress augmented reality game, supporting the branded \"SoftBank Ultra Link\" in-game item.[175]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"Yanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmar"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Japanese national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2017 Asian Basketball Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Asian_Basketball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"2019 FIBA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FIBA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka_SoftBank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukuoka"},{"link_name":"Japan Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Series"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Nippon_Professional_Baseball_season"}],"sub_title":"Sponsorship","text":"SoftBank bought a \"team\" for the America's Cup. The team was named SoftBank Team Japan, and Yanmar came on board. SoftBank Team Japan raced in the 2017 races held in Bermuda. The team members come from various backgrounds, most of whom were not Japanese.[176]The company was the official jersey sponsor of the Japanese national basketball team at the official 2017 Asian Basketball Championship in Lebanon[177] as well as the 2019 FIBA World Cup.SoftBank has also owned the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, a Japanese professional baseball team based in Fukuoka, since 2005. The SoftBank logo appears on the jersey, and the team has won seven Japan Series championships under SoftBank, all of which came between 2011 and 2020.","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"}],"text":"In 2015, SoftBank, along with some other companies in Japan,[178] offered a baby bonus for employees who have children. The payments range from US$400 for a first child to US$40,000 for a fifth child.[179][180][181]","title":"Baby bonus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internet of things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"text":"SoftBank Investment Advisers oversees SoftBank's Vision Fund, created in 2017, which invests in emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, robotics and the internet of things.[182] It intended to develop a portfolio of 125 AI companies.[183] According to the fund and Son, it also invested in companies to revolutionize real estate, transportation, and retail. Son claimed he would make personal connections with the CEOs of all companies funded by Vision Fund in order to boost synergies among them.[184] Son’s original plans were to raise $100 billion for a new fund every few years, investing about $50 billion a year in startups.[185] By 2023, after the launch of Vision Fund 1 and 2, the dismal performance[186] of SoftBank’s funds had cast a shadow over the initial exuberance of both Masayoshi Son and his company regarding its huge, largely unprofitable intercorporate investments[187] that had become the main mission, vision and purpose of the entire SoftBank Group.[188][189][190]","title":"Vision fund investments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"early-stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"Artificial Intelligence (AI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"the internet of things (IoT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"smart robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technode.global-193"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"South Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"Nexon Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexon"},{"link_name":"IPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Tokopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokopedia"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters-191"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"ICT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"AI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ji-young-192"},{"link_name":"Robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technode.global-193"},{"link_name":"start-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startup_company"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byung-wook-200"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Byung-wook-200"},{"link_name":"intellectual property (IP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Taizo Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taizo_Son"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"}],"text":"SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was the global early-stage venture capital arm of the SoftBank Group[191] The firm focused on early-stage ICT investments – including Artificial Intelligence (AI), the internet of things (IoT), and smart robotics.[192] By October 2021, SBVA had backed more than 250 companies in 10 countries with US$1.3 billion fund under management.[193]SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) was founded in 2000 as SoftBank Ventures Korea[192] and began its focus on South Korean market[192] and its early-stage ventures.[191] SBVA’s one of the early investments in South Korea included Nexon Co, now a Korean-Japanese gaming publisher that was the largest IPO in Japan for 2011.[191]SoftBank Ventures Asia (SBVA) expanded its focus beyond South Korea since 2011 and made several notable investments in Southeast Asia,[194] such as Tokopedia,[195] an Indonesian e-commerce platform, and Carro, Singapore's used-car platform.[196] In 2018, SBVA launched a $300m venture fund ‘China Venture Fund I’,[192] targeting Chinese start-ups,[197] then immediately trailed by ‘SoftBank Acceleration Fund’ with $300M the following year.[191] With continuous investment across Asia and beyond, the company renamed itself as SoftBank Ventures Asia to reflect its broadened focus on startups in the Asia-Pacific region beyond South Korea, and opened offices in Seoul,[198] Singapore, and Beijing.With the company’s extended expertise in ICT investment, SBVA is aiming towards two investment themes, which were ‘technology innovation’ in AI,[192] Robotics, Semiconductor, Mobility, and AR/VR, and ‘market innovation’ in consumer, enterprise, shared economy, healthcare, etc.[193] SBVA created $160M ‘future innovation fund’ in March 2021, focusing on AI start-ups[199] and made investment in AI sector including VoyagerX, AI software developer,[200] Upstage AI, AI solution provider,[200] and MarqVision, AI-powered intellectual property (IP) protection platform.[201]In April 2023, it was known that Masayoshi Son's SoftBank Group would sell its early-stage venture capital arm SoftBank Ventures Asia to Singapore-based The Edgeof, a newly formed investment firm led by Son's youngest brother, Taizo Son, as SoftBank Group grappled with steep losses in a myriad of investments made around the world.[202] The operation raised governance concerns.[203]","title":"SoftBank Ventures Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090419084807/http://www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.softbank.co.jp/en/irinfo/shared/data/annual_report/2008/softbank_annual_report_2008_001.pdf"}],"text":"Annual Report (PDF), JP: SoftBank, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.","title":"Additional sources"}]	[{"image_text":"SoftBank store in Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/SoftBank_Hankyu-Ibaraki.JPG/250px-SoftBank_Hankyu-Ibaraki.JPG"},{"image_text":"SoftBank store in Sendai, with decorations for the Tanabata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Softbank_in_Sendai_%26_the_decorations_of_Sendai_Star_Festival.JPG/220px-Softbank_in_Sendai_%26_the_decorations_of_Sendai_Star_Festival.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sony TH291 cellular phone for the Digital Tu-Ka operator","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SONY_TH291_%281999%29_1_%282759751822%29.jpg/150px-SONY_TH291_%281999%29_1_%282759751822%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"J-PHONE store in Nagoya in 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jan14_01.JPG/220px-Jan14_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Television broadcast on a 2007 Sharp phone on SoftBank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%28Real%29_TV_on_Mobile_%28397712891%29.jpg/220px-%28Real%29_TV_on_Mobile_%28397712891%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vodafone store in Ikebukuro, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vodafone_Mobile_SHOP_ikebukuro_japan.jpg/220px-Vodafone_Mobile_SHOP_ikebukuro_japan.jpg"},{"image_text":"A SoftBank mobile cell tower in Nakatsugawa, Gifu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Softbank_celltower01.jpg/220px-Softbank_celltower01.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"List of conglomerates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conglomerates"}]	[{"reference":"\"Consolidated financial report for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_book	Pitch book	["1 Components of a pitch deck","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Type of marketing presentation A pitch book (or pitch deck), also called a Confidential Information Memorandum, is a marketing presentation (information layout) used by investment banks, entrepreneurs, corporate finance firms, business brokers and other M&A intermediaries advising on the sale or disposal of the shares or assets of a business. It consists of a careful arrangement and analysis of the investment considerations of the client business and is presented to investors and potential investors with the intent of providing them the information necessary for them to make a decision to buy or invest in the client business. There are many contributors to an intermediary's pitch book. In an investment bank contributors may include anyone from an analyst to an associate, a vice-president or even the managing director. See Financial analyst § Investment Banking. Key areas covered in a typical pitch book include information on the investment highlights, key financial figures, the company's core customers and diversification of the customer base, barriers to entry for competitors, ability and plan to achieve future projections, future growth opportunities, strength of management team, scalability of operations, opportunities in the external market place and known risks, not to mention disclaimers. As an example, a table of contents or outline will open the pitch book for discussion. Name, title, and department present a management description of the deal team and other contributors within the firm's internal wealth of resources. An "overview", "financing requirements" (such as satisfying Capex and capital budgeting), and finally as mentioned a description of the company's universe, the "comparable company analysis" are all essential elements to an investment banking pitch book. The pitch book may employ a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). "Comps", or Comparable Company Analysis may also be presented. In a comp, an investment bank presents industry specific details, trends, macro- and microeconomic and company specific analyses, which support reasoning for a particular valuation. (Comp has an alternate meaning: It's used as code for "comparative price" or the multiple of earnings at which similar businesses have sold.) Full-service investment banking conglomerates, a.k.a. Bulge Bracket banks, compete to win the business of established clients as either the lead or co-manager of a syndicate. If a firm is less established, the firm, and not the investment bank, tends to make the pitch to secure the relationship. (See Regulation D of the United States Securities Act of 1933.) The pitch book is also used by investment banks to market themselves to potential clients. It provides the bank with a chance to show and prove why the client should instruct them instead of any competitor. The pitch book is not to be confused with a public information book ("PIB"), which is an internal resource for the investment bankers to glean transactional and historic information on a particular company. There are several types of pitch books, from general pitch books providing an overview of a firm to pitch books designed to best present the firm to potential service partners or, in M&A, to investors. This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Components of a pitch deck A pitch deck plays a critical role in your startup's investment journey. It's the most important document, a Startup prepares in its early stages for fundraising and thus has a direct impact on its long term success. A pitch deck should contain the most important information to convince an investor, client or partner. So there should not be too many texts, but limit yourself to the most important points. There are 10 important elements that belong in every deck. Introduction to you and your business idea Problem that you want to solve Solution you discovered Opportunity you identified in the current market Product with all the details Traction to win first clients Team to found your business Competition you have to beat Financials and goals for the next years Investment Usage and targets References ^ "What is a CIM". 23 September 2015. ^ "How to impress investors to buy your business". 29 December 2016. ^ "What is a Public Information Book (PIB)?". ^ a b Bbinhhani, Nitn (May 20, 2020). "Role of a Pitch Deck in Fundraising!". Jasaro. Retrieved 2021-09-28. Further reading Monkey Business: Swinging Through the Wall Street Jungle (ISBN 0-446-67695-0) Downes, John & Goodman, Jordan Elliot; Barron's Financial Guides, 1995 vteCorporate finance and investment bankingCapital structure Convertible debt Exchangeable debt Mezzanine debt Pari passu Preferred equity Second lien debt Senior debt Senior secured debt Shareholder loan Stock Subordinated debt Warrant Transactions(terms/conditions)Equity offerings At-the-market offering Book building Bookrunner Bought deal Bought out deal Corporate spin-off Direct public offering Equity carve-out Follow-on offering Greenshoe Reverse Initial public offering Pre-IPO Private placement Public offering Rights issue Seasoned equity offering Secondary market offering Underwriting Mergers andacquisitions Buy side Contingent value rights Control premium Demerger Divestment Drag-along right Management due diligence Managerial entrenchment Mandatory offer Minority discount Pitch book Pre-emption right Proxy fight Post-merger integration Sell side Shareholder rights plan Special-purpose entity Special situation Squeeze-out Staggered board of directors Stock swap Super-majority amendment Synergy Tag-along right Takeover Reverse Tender offer Leverage Debt restructuring Debtor-in-possession financing Dividend recapitalization Financial sponsor Leveraged buyout Leveraged recapitalization High-yield debt Private equity Project finance Valuation Accretion/dilution analysis Adjusted present value Associate company Business valuation Conglomerate discount Cost of capital Weighted average Discounted cash flow Economic value added Enterprise value Fairness opinion Financial modeling Free cash flow Free cash flow to equity Market value added Minority interest Mismarking Modigliani–Miller theorem Net present value Pure play Real options Residual income Stock valuation Sum-of-the-parts analysis Tax shield Terminal value Valuation using multiples List of investment banks Outline of finance	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"investment banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_bank"},{"link_name":"business brokers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_brokers"},{"link_name":"M&A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions"},{"link_name":"Financial analyst § Investment Banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analyst#Investment_Banking"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Capex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_expenditures"},{"link_name":"SWOT analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWOT_analysis"},{"link_name":"Comparable Company Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparable_company_analysis"},{"link_name":"investment bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_bank"},{"link_name":"Bulge Bracket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulge_Bracket"},{"link_name":"Regulation D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_D_(SEC)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Securities Act of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"investment banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_bank"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A pitch book (or pitch deck), also called a Confidential Information Memorandum, is a marketing presentation (information layout) used by investment banks, entrepreneurs, corporate finance firms, business brokers and other M&A intermediaries advising on the sale or disposal of the shares or assets of a business. It consists of a careful arrangement and analysis of the investment considerations of the client business and is presented to investors and potential investors with the intent of providing them the information necessary for them to make a decision to buy or invest in the client business. \nThere are many contributors to an intermediary's pitch book. In an investment bank contributors may include anyone from an analyst to an associate, a vice-president or even the managing director. \nSee Financial analyst § Investment Banking.Key areas covered in a typical pitch book include information on the investment highlights, key financial figures, the company's core customers and diversification of the customer base, barriers to entry for competitors, ability and plan to achieve future projections, future growth opportunities, strength of management team, scalability of operations, opportunities in the external market place and known risks, not to mention disclaimers.[1][2]\nAs an example, a table of contents or outline will open the pitch book for discussion. Name, title, and department present a management description of the deal team and other contributors within the firm's internal wealth of resources. An \"overview\", \"financing requirements\" (such as satisfying Capex and capital budgeting), and finally as mentioned a description of the company's universe, the \"comparable company analysis\" are all essential elements to an investment banking pitch book.The pitch book may employ a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats). \"Comps\", or Comparable Company Analysis may also be presented. In a comp, an investment bank presents industry specific details, trends, macro- and microeconomic and company specific analyses, which support reasoning for a particular valuation. (Comp has an alternate meaning: It's used as code for \"comparative price\" or the multiple of earnings at which similar businesses have sold.)Full-service investment banking conglomerates, a.k.a. Bulge Bracket banks, compete to win the business of established clients as either the lead or co-manager of a syndicate. If a firm is less established, the firm, and not the investment bank, tends to make the pitch to secure the relationship. (See Regulation D of the United States Securities Act of 1933.)\nThe pitch book is also used by investment banks to market themselves to potential clients. It provides the bank with a chance to show and prove why the client should instruct them instead of any competitor.The pitch book is not to be confused with a public information book (\"PIB\"), which is an internal resource for the investment bankers to glean transactional and historic information on a particular company. There are several types of pitch books, from general pitch books providing an overview of a firm to pitch books designed to best present the firm to potential service partners or, in M&A, to investors.[3]","title":"Pitch book"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"promotional source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS#Questionable_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"promotional source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS#Questionable_sources"}],"text":"A pitch deck plays a critical role in your startup's investment journey. It's the most important document, a Startup prepares in its early stages for fundraising and thus has a direct impact on its long term success.[4][promotional source?] A pitch deck should contain the most important information to convince an investor, client or partner. So there should not be too many texts, but limit yourself to the most important points. There are 10 important elements that belong in every deck.[4][promotional source?]Introduction to you and your business idea\nProblem that you want to solve\nSolution you discovered\nOpportunity you identified in the current market\nProduct with all the details\nTraction to win first clients\nTeam to found your business\nCompetition you have to beat\nFinancials and goals for the next years\nInvestment Usage and targets","title":"Components of a pitch deck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-446-67695-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-67695-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Corporate_finance_and_investment_banking"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_finance_and_investment_banking"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_finance_and_investment_banking"},{"link_name":"Corporate finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_finance"},{"link_name":"investment banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_banking"},{"link_name":"Capital structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_structure"},{"link_name":"Convertible debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convertible_bond"},{"link_name":"Exchangeable 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buyout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveraged_buyout"},{"link_name":"Leveraged recapitalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveraged_recapitalization"},{"link_name":"High-yield debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-yield_debt"},{"link_name":"Private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"Project finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_finance"},{"link_name":"Valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Accretion/dilution analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion/dilution_analysis"},{"link_name":"Adjusted present value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjusted_present_value"},{"link_name":"Associate company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_company"},{"link_name":"Business valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_valuation"},{"link_name":"Conglomerate discount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_discount"},{"link_name":"Cost of capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital"},{"link_name":"Weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average_cost_of_capital"},{"link_name":"Discounted cash flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounted_cash_flow"},{"link_name":"Economic value added","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_value_added"},{"link_name":"Enterprise value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_value"},{"link_name":"Fairness opinion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairness_opinion"},{"link_name":"Financial modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_modeling"},{"link_name":"Free cash flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_cash_flow"},{"link_name":"Free cash flow to equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_cash_flow_to_equity"},{"link_name":"Market value added","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_value_added"},{"link_name":"Minority interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_interest"},{"link_name":"Mismarking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mismarking"},{"link_name":"Modigliani–Miller theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modigliani%E2%80%93Miller_theorem"},{"link_name":"Net present value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_present_value"},{"link_name":"Pure play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_play#Pure_play_method"},{"link_name":"Real options","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_options_valuation"},{"link_name":"Residual income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_income_valuation"},{"link_name":"Stock valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_valuation"},{"link_name":"Sum-of-the-parts analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum-of-the-parts_analysis"},{"link_name":"Tax shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_shield"},{"link_name":"Terminal value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_value_(finance)"},{"link_name":"Valuation using multiples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_using_multiples"},{"link_name":"List of investment banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_investment_banks"},{"link_name":"Outline of finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_finance"}],"text":"Monkey Business: Swinging Through the Wall Street Jungle (ISBN 0-446-67695-0)\nDownes, John & Goodman, Jordan Elliot; Barron's Financial Guides, 1995vteCorporate finance and investment bankingCapital structure\nConvertible debt\nExchangeable debt\nMezzanine debt\nPari passu\nPreferred equity\nSecond lien debt\nSenior debt\nSenior secured debt\nShareholder loan\nStock\nSubordinated debt\nWarrant\nTransactions(terms/conditions)Equity offerings\nAt-the-market offering\nBook building\nBookrunner\nBought deal\nBought out deal\nCorporate spin-off\nDirect public offering\nEquity carve-out\nFollow-on offering\nGreenshoe\nReverse\nInitial public offering\nPre-IPO\nPrivate placement\nPublic offering\nRights issue\nSeasoned equity offering\nSecondary market offering\nUnderwriting\nMergers andacquisitions\nBuy side\nContingent value rights\nControl premium\nDemerger\nDivestment\nDrag-along right\nManagement due diligence\nManagerial entrenchment\nMandatory offer\nMinority discount\nPitch book\nPre-emption right\nProxy fight\nPost-merger integration\nSell side\nShareholder rights plan\nSpecial-purpose entity\nSpecial situation\nSqueeze-out\nStaggered board of directors\nStock swap\nSuper-majority amendment\nSynergy\nTag-along right\nTakeover\nReverse\nTender offer\nLeverage\nDebt restructuring\nDebtor-in-possession financing\nDividend recapitalization\nFinancial sponsor\nLeveraged buyout\nLeveraged recapitalization\nHigh-yield debt\nPrivate equity\nProject finance\nValuation\nAccretion/dilution analysis\nAdjusted present value\nAssociate company\nBusiness valuation\nConglomerate discount\nCost of capital\nWeighted average\nDiscounted cash flow\nEconomic value added\nEnterprise value\nFairness opinion\nFinancial modeling\nFree cash flow\nFree cash flow to equity\nMarket value added\nMinority interest\nMismarking\nModigliani–Miller theorem\nNet present value\nPure play\nReal options\nResidual income\nStock valuation\nSum-of-the-parts analysis\nTax shield\nTerminal value\nValuation using multiples\n\n List of investment banks\n Outline of finance","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"What is a CIM\". 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mergersandinquisitions.com/confidential-information-memorandum/","url_text":"\"What is a CIM\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to impress investors to buy your business\". 29 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ukbusinessbrokers.com/how-to-impress-investors-to-finance-or-buy-your-business/","url_text":"\"How to impress investors to buy your business\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is a Public Information Book (PIB)?\".","urls":[{"url":"https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/deals/public-information-book/","url_text":"\"What is a Public Information Book (PIB)?\""}]},{"reference":"Bbinhhani, Nitn (May 20, 2020). \"Role of a Pitch Deck in Fundraising!\". Jasaro. Retrieved 2021-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jasaro.in/post/role-of-pitch-deck","url_text":"\"Role of a Pitch Deck in Fundraising!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.mergersandinquisitions.com/confidential-information-memorandum/","external_links_name":"\"What is a CIM\""},{"Link":"http://ukbusinessbrokers.com/how-to-impress-investors-to-finance-or-buy-your-business/","external_links_name":"\"How to impress investors to buy your business\""},{"Link":"https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/deals/public-information-book/","external_links_name":"\"What is a Public Information Book (PIB)?\""},{"Link":"https://www.jasaro.in/post/role-of-pitch-deck","external_links_name":"\"Role of a Pitch Deck in Fundraising!\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Jayaraman	C. S. Jayaraman	["1 Early life","2 Career life","3 Discography","4 Citations","5 General references","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Indian Tamil singer, actor, and music director This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "C. S. Jayaraman" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) C. S. Jayaramanசி. எஸ். ஜெயராமன்Born6 January 1917Chidambaram,Madras Presidency,British India(now Tamil Nadu, India)Died29 January 1995(1995-01-29) (aged 78)GenresFilmOccupation(s)Actor, playback singer, music directorInstrument(s)VocalistMusical artist Chidambaram Sundaram Jayaraman or C. S. Jayaraman (Tamil: சி. எஸ். ஜெயராமன்) (6 January 1917 – 29 January 1995) was a noted actor, music director and a successful playback singer, whose numerous songs were featured in many Tamil films from 1940s and 1960s. Early life Jayaraman hailed from the temple town Chidambaram and his father was the noted traditional Tamil music vocalist Sundaram Pillai. Jayaraman was a brother in law of M. Karunanidhi, then the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, India. It was through the courtesy of Jayaraman, who had solicited a movie-industry career to Karunanidhi as a good script writer to the senior script writer-cum-director Arul Soosai Arokiya Sami, popularly known as A. S. A. Sami. M. Karunanidhi entered the Tamil movie world in 1947 in the A. S. A. Sami directed movie Rajakumari, which starred M. G. Ramachandran in the hero role. Career life Jayaraman was born on 6 January 1917. He had begun acting in Tamil movies in 1934. The names of movies he had starred in include Krishna Leela (1934), Bhakta Duruvan (1935), Nalla Thangaal (1935), Leelavathi Sulochana (1936), Izhantha Kaadhal (1941), Poompaavai (1944) and Krishna Bakthi (1948). In addition, he was the sole music director for the Tamil movies Udayanan Vaasavathatha (1946) and Ratha Kanneer (1954). For two movies, Vijayakumari (1950) and Krishna Vijayam (1950), he functioned as a co-music director as well. Jayaraman's gifted tremolo voice and his enunciation of Tamil words had a mystic charm and grace, to the point that he had the title "Tamil Isai Chittar" (Tamil: தமிழ் இசை சித்தர்), which reads as Tamil Music Mystic. Jayaraman also had sung a number of songs in Kannada. One of his Kannada songs, Shivappa Kayo thande, from Bedara Kannappa starring Rajkumar, became a huge hit and is played even today. Jayaraman is one of those singers who have performed full-fledged Tirukkural concerts. Jayaraman died on 29 January 1995, just 23 days after his 78th birthday. Discography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2011) Year Film Language Song Music Lyrics Co-singer Actor 1949 Krishna Bakthi Tamil Aattam Enna Solluven S. V. Venkatraman, G. Ramanathan & Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer Udumalai Narayana Kavi Himself Edhu Vendumn 1951 Manamagal Tamil Villambu Patta Pun C. R. Subburaman Udumalai Narayana Kavi Kaka Radhakrishnan 1952 Parasakthi Tamil Desam Gnanam Kalvi R. Sudarsanam Udumalai Narayana Kavi Sivaji Ganesan Kaa Kaa Kaa Udumalai Narayana Kavi Nenju Porukkuthillaiyae Mahakavi Bharathiyar 1952 Andhaman Kaidhi Tamil Kaani Nilam Vendum Parasakthi G. Govindarajulu Naidu Mahakavi Bharathiyar M. L. Vasanthakumari MGR Inbam Illadha Illara Vaazhvil Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy dialogues by P. K. Saraswathi & K. Sarangapani Echo Song 1952 Velaikaran Tamil Paadupadupavarke R. Sudarsanam Kavimani Desigavinayagam Pillai Manidhaa Nee Seidha Vinaithaane K. P. Kamatchisundaram 1953 Ponni Tamil Mazhaiyai Nambi Uyir Vaazhum S. M. Subbaiah Naidu Title Song 1953 Manidhanum Mirugamum Tamil Kalamenum Chirpi Seidha G. Govindarajulu Naidu S. D. Sundharam Sivaji Ganesan 1953 Naam Tamil Paappaa Eppodhum Bayame C. S. Jayaraman M. Karunanidhi T. R. Gajalakshmi Edhaiyum Thaangum Idhayam M. Karunanidhi 1954 Ratha Kanneer Tamil Kutram Purinthavan Vazhkaiyil C. S. Jayaraman Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy M. R. Radha (dialogues) Echo Song Valayathagi Azhagagi Madhanagi M. R. Radha Thannai Arindhu Echo Song 1954 Bedara Kannappa Kannada Shivappa Kaayotande R. Sudarsanam S. Nanjappa Rajkumar Shivane Endodane Kaayo Tandeye Seva Karunisee En Manavu Chanchalada 1954 Penn Tamil Eliyor Manam Paadum Paattile... Aandavan Aagaasamadhil Thoongukinraare R. Sudarsanam Udumalai Narayana Kavi Echo Song 1955 Needhipathi Tamil Thaayum Seiyum Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy A. Maruthakasi Echo Song Thaayum Seiyum (pathos) Echo Song Annan Thambi Echo Song Aneedhiyile Urundadhada Echo Song 1955 Kaveri Tamil Kaalai Thookki Nindru Aadum G. Ramanathan Marimutthu Pillai Sivaji Ganesan Manjal Veyil Malayile Udumalai Narayana Kavi M. L. Vasanthakumari Maangaai Paal Undu Malai Mele Udumalai Narayana Kavi Anbe En Aaruyire Angu Nirpatheno Udumalai Narayana Kavi Jikki Sinthai Arinthu Vadi Selva Kumaran Udumalai Narayana Kavi 1956 Paasavalai Tamil Anbinalaae Undaagum 1 Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram Title Song Anbinalaae Undaagum 2 M. K. Radha Intha Aattukkum Namma Naattukkum Unakkethu Sondham Enakkethu Sondham Yaarukku Theenggu Seithen.... Kann Illaiyo Manam Illaiyo Idhu Than Ulagamada 1956 Rangoon Radha Tamil Pothu Nalam Endrum Pothu Nalam T. R. Pappa M. Karunanidhi S. S. Rajendran Endruthaan Thirunthuvadho Udumalai Narayana Kavi Echo Song 1956 Kula Dheivam Tamil Saaththiram Paarkkaadhe R. Sudarsanam Echo Song Inba Vargamellaam.... Vetkamillai Vetkamillai Bharathidasan Echo Song 1956 Aaravalli Tamil Iruttaraiyil.... Uyirodu Poradum Velai G. Ramanathan Echo Song 1956 Vazhvile Oru Naal Tamil Mannilum Vinnilum.... Ezhai Vaazhvil Endrum Thunbam T. G. Lingappa Ku. Sa Krishnamoorthi 1957 Pudhaiyal Tamil Vinnodum Mukilodum Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy M. K. Athmanathan P. Susheela Sivaji Ganesan 1957 Rani Lalithangi Tamil Kadhalukku Kann Illai G. Ramanathan Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram Echo Song 1957 Pudhumai Pithan Tamil Ullamrendum Ondru G. Ramanathan Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass Jikki MGR Melam Kotti Thaali Katti Karumbum Erumbum.... Maane Un Mel Pittham Theliya Marundhonrikkudhu Yaaradi Nee Ingu Vandhaval Naadhar Mudi Mel Irukkum 1957 Baagyavathi Tamil Vaazhvedhu Nal Vaazhvedhu S. Dakshinamurthy A. Maruthakasi Echo Song 1957 Ambikapathy Tamil Andho Paridhaabam G. Ramanathan Echo Song 1958 Baktha Ravana Tamil Jeya Jeya Mahadeva..... Chandrasekara R. Sudarsanam & R. Govardhanam M. K. Athmanathan N. T. Rama Rao Deva Mahadeva Mamu Brovumu Siva Iraivaa Vaa Varan Thaa 1958 Bhookailasa Kannada Jeya Jeya Mahadeva..... Bhaktha Vatsala R. Sudarsanam & R. Govardhanam Ku Ra See Rajkumar Deva Deva Thava Tharave Varadaanaa 1958 Sampoorna Ramayanam Tamil Indru Poi Naalai Vaaraai K. V. Mahadevan A. Maruthakasi T. K. Baghvathi Sangeetha Soubhagyame T. K. Baghavathi Thennadudiya Sivane Potri.... Kanpaarum T. K. Baghavathi Thavamuni Viswamithran Echo Song 1958 Thanga Padhumai Tamil Aarambamae Avathu Kannukulae Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram Padmini (dialogues) Sivaji Ganesan 1958 Vanjikottai Valiban Tamil Amma Amma C. Ramchandra Kothamangalam Subbu Echo Song 1958 Avan Amaran Tamil Aniyayam Indha Ulagile T. M. Ibrahim A. Maruthakasi Echo Song 1958 Annaiyin Aanai Tamil Kollathe Idhu Pole Pollatha Ulagame S. M. Subbaiah Naidu A. Maruthakasi A. P. Komala Echo Song 1958 Kaathavaraayan Tamil Vidhiyaa Sadhiyaa G. Ramanathan Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass Echo Song 1959 Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam Tamil Annam Aval Nadai Karpana S. Hanumantha Rao Kannadasan K. Balaji Bothai Tharum Sugatthil Vetri Vandha Podhum Kannil Pirandhu Vandha 1959 Orey Vazhi Tamil unknown R. Govardhanam Kannadasan Echo Song 1959 Ponnu Vilayum Bhoomi Tamil Kudumba Vandi Kudukudu Endru K. H. Reddy Thiruchi Thiyagarajan Echo Song 1959 Pennkulathin Ponvilakku Tamil Maalai Itta Mangai.... Needhi Onnu Thalaikku Mele Master Venu Villiputhan Echo Song 1960 Sivagangai Seemai Tamil Vaigai Perugi Vara Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy Kannadasan P. Leela 1960 Deivapiravi Tamil Anbalae Thediya En R. Sudarsanam Udumalai Narayana Kavi S. Janaki Sivaji Ganesan Thanaithanae Nambathathu Echo Song 1960 Paavai Vilakku Tamil Aayiram Kann Pothathu K. V. Mahadevan A. Maruthakasi Sivaji Ganesan Kaviyama Nenjil Oviyama A. Maruthakasi P. Susheela Mangiyathor Nilavinilae Mahakavi Bharathiyar Vannathamizh Pennoruthi A. Maruthakasi L. R. Eswari 1960 Thangarathinam Tamil Chandanap Pothikaiyin K. V. Mahadevan Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy S. S. Rajendran 1960 Kuravanji Tamil Kadhal Kadal Karai T. R. Pappa Kannadasan P. Susheela & P. Leela Sivaji Ganesan Nee Sollavidil Yaar Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy Thanneeril Meen Irukkum.... Unakku Puriyuthu Enakku Puriyuthu Kannadasan P. Leela Padi Alappen Endru Ra. Krittinamurthi Sengkayal Vandu Rasappa Kavirayar P. Leela, A. P. Komala &A. G. Rathnamala Aalaiyitta Karumbaagi Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass 1960 Raja Desingu Tamil Sarasa Raani Kalyaani G. Ramanathan Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass P. Bhanumathi MGR Iyalodu Isaipole P. Bhanumathi 1960 Petra Manam Tamil Kadhal Karumbu Kandaen S. Rajeswara Rao Kannadasan Jikki 1960 Kalathur Kannamma Tamil Sirithalum Azhuthalum Nilai Ondruthaan R. Sudarsanam Kannadasan Echo Song 1960 Ellorum Innaattu Mannar Tamil Pinju Manadhil.... Kodi Kodi Uyirgal Vandhu T. G. Lingappa Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram Echo Song 1960 Naan Kanda Sorgam Tamil Thaamarai Kannaaa Kann Kadal Vannaa G. Aswathama T. K. Sundara Vadhyar P. V. Narasimha Bharathi 1961 Mamiyarum Oru Veetu Marumagale Tamil Selvamelaam Kodukkum Thirumagalaam Pendyala Nageswara Rao A. Maruthakasi Pillai Kutti Petruviddaal Bhudhdhiyum Vandhathaa Sollu 1962 Ellorum Vazhavendum Tamil Aarambamae Inikum Manathu Rajan–Nagendra Villiputhan Mohana M. R. Radha Vichithirame Manithan Charithirame 1963 Kaanchi Thalaivan Tamil Velga Naadu Velga Naadu K. V. Mahadevan M. Karunanidhi Echo Song 1965 Poomalai Tamil Ulagame Ethirthaalum....Penne Un Gathi Idhuthana 1 R. Sudarsanam Mayavanathan Echo Song Ulagame Ethirthaalum....Penne Un Gathi Idhuthana 2 1972 Yaar Jambulingam Tamil Nallavar Kaiyil Nanayam T. R. Pappa Echo Song ? ? Tamil Kariyathil Kai Veiyada Citations ^ Rangan, The Hindu, 19 March 2016. General references Rangan, Baradwaj (19 March 2016). "A musical bridge across eras". The Hindu. Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 29 July 2018. Further reading "C. S. Jayaraman". The Hub. Retrieved 12 September 2009. "C S Jayaraman". SmasHits.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009. External links Three Gifted Voices of a Golden Era in My Movie Minutes Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"playback singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playback_singer"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"}],"text":"Musical artistChidambaram Sundaram Jayaraman or C. S. Jayaraman (Tamil: சி. எஸ். ஜெயராமன்) (6 January 1917 – 29 January 1995) was a noted actor, music director and a successful playback singer, whose numerous songs were featured in many Tamil films from 1940s and 1960s.","title":"C. S. Jayaraman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"M. Karunanidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Karunanidhi"},{"link_name":"A. S. A. Sami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._S._A._Sami"},{"link_name":"Rajakumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajakumari_(1947_film)"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"}],"text":"Jayaraman hailed from the temple town Chidambaram and his father was the noted traditional Tamil music vocalist Sundaram Pillai. Jayaraman was a brother in law of M. Karunanidhi, then the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, India. It was through the courtesy of Jayaraman, who had solicited a movie-industry career to Karunanidhi as a good script writer to the senior script writer-cum-director Arul Soosai Arokiya Sami, popularly known as A. S. A. Sami. M. Karunanidhi entered the Tamil movie world in 1947 in the A. S. A. Sami directed movie Rajakumari, which starred M. G. Ramachandran in the hero role.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poompaavai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poompaavai"},{"link_name":"Krishna Bakthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Bakthi"},{"link_name":"Ratha Kanneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratha_Kanneer"},{"link_name":"Vijayakumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayakumari_(film)"},{"link_name":"Krishna Vijayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Vijayam"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Tirukkural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkural"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERangan,_''The_Hindu'',_19_March_2016-1"}],"text":"Jayaraman was born on 6 January 1917. He had begun acting in Tamil movies in 1934. The names of movies he had starred in include Krishna Leela (1934), Bhakta Duruvan (1935), Nalla Thangaal (1935), Leelavathi Sulochana (1936), Izhantha Kaadhal (1941), Poompaavai (1944) and Krishna Bakthi (1948).In addition, he was the sole music director for the Tamil movies Udayanan Vaasavathatha (1946) and Ratha Kanneer (1954). For two movies, Vijayakumari (1950) and Krishna Vijayam (1950), he functioned as a co-music director as well. Jayaraman's gifted tremolo voice and his enunciation of Tamil words had a mystic charm and grace, to the point that he had the title \"Tamil Isai Chittar\" (Tamil: தமிழ் இசை சித்தர்), which reads as Tamil Music Mystic. Jayaraman also had sung a number of songs in Kannada. One of his Kannada songs, Shivappa Kayo thande, from Bedara Kannappa starring Rajkumar, became a huge hit and is played even today.Jayaraman is one of those singers who have performed full-fledged Tirukkural concerts.[1]Jayaraman died on 29 January 1995, just 23 days after his 78th birthday.","title":"Career life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERangan,_''The_Hindu'',_19_March_2016_1-0"},{"link_name":"Rangan, The Hindu, 19 March 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRangan,_The_Hindu,_19_March_2016"}],"text":"^ Rangan, The Hindu, 19 March 2016.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A musical bridge across eras\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-how-chitravina-n-ravikiran-is-setting-the-tirukkural-to-tune/article8374601.ece"}],"text":"Rangan, Baradwaj (19 March 2016). \"A musical bridge across eras\". The Hindu. Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","title":"General references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"C. S. Jayaraman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//forumhub.mayyam.com/hub/viewtopic.php?t=1917&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0"},{"link_name":"\"C S Jayaraman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091002101703/http://ww.smashits.com/music/tamil/songs/3506/c-s-jayaraman.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ww.smashits.com/music/tamil/songs/3506/c-s-jayaraman.html"}],"text":"\"C. S. Jayaraman\". The Hub. Retrieved 12 September 2009.\n\"C S Jayaraman\". SmasHits.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rangan, Baradwaj (19 March 2016). \"A musical bridge across eras\". The Hindu. Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-how-chitravina-n-ravikiran-is-setting-the-tirukkural-to-tune/article8374601.ece","url_text":"\"A musical bridge across eras\""}]},{"reference":"\"C. S. Jayaraman\". The Hub. Retrieved 12 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://forumhub.mayyam.com/hub/viewtopic.php?t=1917&postdays=0&postorder=asc&start=0","url_text":"\"C. S. Jayaraman\""}]},{"reference":"\"C S Jayaraman\". SmasHits.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009. Retrieved 12 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091002101703/http://ww.smashits.com/music/tamil/songs/3506/c-s-jayaraman.html","url_text":"\"C S Jayaraman\""},{"url":"http://ww.smashits.com/music/tamil/songs/3506/c-s-jayaraman.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22C.+S.+Jayaraman%22","external_links_name":"\"C. S. 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S. Jayaraman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091002101703/http://ww.smashits.com/music/tamil/songs/3506/c-s-jayaraman.html","external_links_name":"\"C S Jayaraman\""},{"Link":"http://ww.smashits.com/music/tamil/songs/3506/c-s-jayaraman.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://mymovieminutes.blogspot.sg/2013/01/three-gifted-voices-of-golden-era.html","external_links_name":"Three Gifted Voices of a Golden Era in My Movie Minutes"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/06f7885b-23d6-43a6-890e-d3be8be642d8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perregaux	Jean-Frédéric Perregaux	["1 References"]	Neuchâtel banker You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Jean-Frédéric Perregaux}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Jean-Frédéric Perregaux (1744–1808) was a banker from Neuchâtel (now in Switzerland). References ^ Jean-Frédéric Perregaux, in the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. ^ DARNTON, Robert; Darnton, Robert (2009-06-30). The Business of Enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800. Harvard University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-674-03018-3. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC IdRef This business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perr%C3%A9gaux_(1744-1808).png"},{"link_name":"Neuchâtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Jean-Frédéric Perregaux (1744–1808) was a banker from Neuchâtel (now in Switzerland).[1][2]","title":"Jean-Frédéric Perregaux"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perr%C3%A9gaux_%281744-1808%29.png/220px-Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perr%C3%A9gaux_%281744-1808%29.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"DARNTON, Robert; Darnton, Robert (2009-06-30). The Business of Enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800. Harvard University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-674-03018-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q-8SyRez1gwC&dq=Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Perregaux&pg=PA41","url_text":"The Business of Enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03018-3","url_text":"978-0-674-03018-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perregaux&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028605/2011-01-11/","external_links_name":"Jean-Frédéric Perregaux"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q-8SyRez1gwC&dq=Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Perregaux&pg=PA41","external_links_name":"The Business of Enlightenment: a publishing history of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119513445","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/77259335","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRgCdMqykPVcKD9hx4bd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177791545","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb177791545","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/124857728","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97845816","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124857728.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/028605","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6475gx8","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/152098046","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Perregaux&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Buck_(anthropologist)	Peter Buck (anthropologist)	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Medical school and practice","1.3 Parliament and war","1.4 Bishop Museum","1.5 Death","2 Awards and tributes","3 Bibliography","4 Footnotes","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	New Zealand physician and anthropologist (1877–1951) Sir Peter BuckKCMG DSOTe Rangi HīroaTe Rangi Hīroa in 1927BornPeter Henry Buckc. October 1877Urenui, Taranaki, New ZealandDied1 December 1951(1951-12-01) (aged 74)Honolulu, Hawaii, USANationalityNew ZealandOccupation(s)Anthropologist, politician, doctor Sir Peter Henry Buck KCMG DSO (c. October 1877 – 1 December 1951), also known as Te Rangi Hīroa or Te Rangihīroa, was a New Zealand doctor and a prominent anthropologist who served many roles through his life. Buck was accomplished in many fields including, in his younger years, as an athlete. At Te Aute College he captained the high school's athletics and rugby teams and while at University of Otago's medical school he was national long jump champion in 1900 and 1903. Buck served as a medical officer to Māori in the years following his medical training in 1905, before completing a doctor of medicine with a thesis on contemporary and traditional Māori medicine in 1910. In 1909 he was thrust into politics, serving as MP for the Northern Maori electorate until 1914. On recesses from parliament, Buck travelled to the Cook Islands and to Niue as a medical officer, where he developed his interests in anthropology. In 1921, following service in World War I, Buck was made director of the Māori Hygiene Division of the Department of Health. He continued to make a name for himself as an accomplished anthropologist of Pacific peoples—including as the leading authority on Māori material culture—and eventually served as director of the Bishop Museum in Hawaii, from 1936 until his death in 1951. Biography Early life Peter Henry Buck was born in Urenui, in northern Taranaki, the only child of an Anglo-Irish immigrant, William Henry Buck. William's wife Ngārongo-ki-tua, whom he met at Urenui, had been unable to have children and, in line with Māori custom, Rina, one of Ngārongo's close relatives, became part of the household and produced a child for the couple. Rina died soon after Peter was born, and Ngārongo raised him as her own. He claimed to have been born in 1880, but the register of the primary school he attended records October 1877, which is likely to be correct. Rangi Hiroa in 1904 Buck's paternal ancestry was Anglo-Irish. Though he was largely brought up within the Pākehā community at Urenui, Ngārongo-ki-tua and his great-aunt Kapuakore instilled a love of Māori tradition and language in him. Buck was descended on his maternal side from the Taranaki tribe of Ngāti Mutunga. In his teens, his elders gave him the name Te Rangi Hīroa (also written Te Rangihiroa) in honour of an uncle of Ngārongo's, an earlier notable ancestor. He would later use it as a pen-name. After Ngārongo's death in 1892 he moved with his father to the Wairarapa. In 1896 he enrolled at Te Aute College, a school that produced many Māori leaders of the time. In 1899 he was named dux and passed a medical preliminary examination entitling him to attend medical school at University of Otago. Buck was later associated with the Young Māori Party. Medical school and practice Buck did well at Otago Medical School, where he also succeeded in sport, becoming national long jump champion in 1900 and 1903. He completed his MB ChB in 1904, and an MD six years later. His doctoral thesis, completed in 1910, was titled Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times. During this time, in 1905, he married Irish-born Margaret Wilson. Their long marriage was often fiery, but was strong, and it was Margaret who often gave the impetus to Peter's career. In November 1905 Buck was appointed as a medical officer to Māori, working under Māui Pōmare, initially in the southern North Island, then in the far north. Between them, Pōmare and Buck campaigned successfully to improve sanitation in the small Māori communities around the country. Parliament and war New Zealand Parliament Years Term Electorate Party 1909–1911 17th Northern Maori Liberal 1911–1914 18th Northern Maori Liberal Te Rangi Hīroa holding a taiaha, circa 1930 In 1909, Hone Heke Ngapua, Member of Parliament for Northern Maori died suddenly. Buck was singled out by Native Minister James Carroll to be his replacement. Buck accepted and was elected in the subsequent by-election. He became a member of the Native Affairs Committee. He did not seek re-election to the seat in 1914, but stood for the Bay of Islands electorate, where he lost by a narrow margin. By this time, Buck had developed an interest in Pacific Island peoples, working briefly as a medical officer in both the Cook Islands and Niue during parliamentary breaks. During the First World War, Buck helped in the recruitment of a Māori volunteer contingent. Buck joined this contingent as medical officer, travelling to the Middle East in 1915. He took part at Gallipoli, later being awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his heroism. He later saw action in France and Belgium, before being posted to the No 3 New Zealand General Hospital at Codford, England, in 1918. Returning to New Zealand, Buck was appointed as Chief Maori Medical Officer, and in 1921 was named director of the Maori Hygiene Division in the Department of Health. Buck participated in the 1919–1923 Dominion Museum ethnological expeditions alongside Elsdon Best, James McDonald, Johannes Carl Andersen and Āpirana Ngata. Bishop Museum Peter and Margaret Buck passport application (1927) Buck gained a five-year research fellowship at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1927. At the end of the fellowship in 1932 he was appointed the Bishop Museum visiting professor of anthropology at Yale University. He was promoted to Director of the Bishop Museum in 1936, a position he held until his death in 1951. He also served as a trustee and president of the board of trustees of the museum. During his directorship, Buck applied for U.S. Citizenship, which was denied. According to Buck, he “could not become an American citizen under the ... law for an applicant has to be over 50% Caucasian. The Polynesians are classed as Orientals in spite of anthropological evidence of their Caucasian origin so I could only show 50%.” Death Buck died in Honolulu, on 1 December 1951 after some years with cancer. His ashes were returned to New Zealand in 1953 and he was honoured with a ceremony at Ōkoki, near his hometown of Urenui, on 8 August 1954. Awards and tributes In 1925, ethnologist Harry Skinner recommended that the inaugural Percy Smith Medal be awarded to Buck, but the University of Otago decided to award the medal to Skinner himself that year. Buck was awarded the following medal, in 1929. In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1946 King's Birthday Honours, Buck was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to science and literature. The Te Rangi Hiroa Medal is a social sciences award established in 1996 given biennially by the Royal Society of New Zealand. It is awarded for work in one of four disciplines: historical approaches to societal transformation and change; current issues in cultural diversity and cohesion; social and economic policy and development; and medical anthropology. One of the residential colleges of the University of Otago was named Te Rangi Hīroa College in 2013 in his honour. Bibliography Buck, Peter (1910), Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times: a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (N.Z.) Buck, Peter (1911), Takiwa pooti o te Tai-Tokerau, Wellington, N.Z.: N.Z. Times Print Buck, Peter (1923), Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 1, Mats, baskets, and burden-carriers, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer Buck, Peter (1924), Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 2, Belts and bands, fire-fans and fly-flaps, sandals and sails, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer Buck, Peter (1925), The coming of the Maori, Nelson, N.Z.: R. W. Stiles Buck, Peter (1926), The evolution of Maori clothing (Memoirs of the Polynesian Society ; v. 7), New Plymouth, N.Z.: Printed by Thomas Avery, under the authority of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research Buck, Peter (1926), The Maori craft of netting, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer Buck, Peter (1927), The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) , New Plymouth, N.Z.: Printed by Thomas Avery, under the authority of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research Buck, Peter (1929), The coming of the Maori (2nd ed.), Nelson, N.Z. ; New Plymouth N.Z.: Cawthron Institute ; Thomas Avery & Sons Buck, Peter (1930), Samoan material culture (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 75), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Buck, Peter (1932), Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 99), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008 Buck, Peter (1932), Ethnology of Tongareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 92), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008 Buck, Peter (1938), Ethnology of Mangareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 157), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Buck, Peter (1934), Mangaian society (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 122), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Buck, Peter (1936), Regional diversity in the elaboration of sorcery in Polynesia (Yale University publications in anthropology ; no. 2), New Haven, CT.: Published for the Section of Anthropology, Dept. of the Social Sciences, Yale University by the Yale University Press Buck, Peter (1939), Anthropology and religion, New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press Buck, Peter (1940), "Native races need not die", Asia, 40 (7): 379–382 Buck, Peter (1944), Arts and crafts of the Cook Islands (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 179), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Buck, Peter (1945), An introduction to Polynesian anthropology (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 187.), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008 The voice of Sir Apirana T. Ngata ; The voices of Sir Peter (Te Rangihiroa) Buck, Bishop Frederick Augustus Bennett (Bishop of Aotearoa), Te Puea Herangi (HMV PR-9) 10-inch / 78rpm, Wellington, N.Z.: His Master's Voice, 1949 Buck, Peter (1950), Material culture of Kapingamarangi (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 200), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Buck, Peter (1950), The coming of the Maori (2nd ed.), Wellington, N.Z.: Māori Purposes Fund Board ; Whitcombe & Tombs Buck, Peter (1952), Les migrations des Polynesians: les Vikings du soleil levant (The Vikings of the sunrise) , Paris, France: Payot Buck, Peter (1953), Explorers of the Pacific: European and American discoveries in Polynesia (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 43), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum?, retrieved 27 April 2008 Buck, Peter (1954), The Vikings of the sunrise (New Zealand ed.), Christchurch, N.Z.: Whitcombe & Tombs Buck, Peter (1957), Arts and crafts of Hawaii (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 45), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press Buck, Peter (1959), The Vikings of the Pacific, Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press Buck, Peter (1970), Anthropology and religion, Hamden, CT.: Archon Books Buck, Peter (1976), The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki), New York, NY.: AMS Press Buck, Peter (1993), Mangaia and the mission, Suva, Fiji: IPS, USP in association with Bernice P. Bishop Museum, ISBN 982-315-001-X Sorrenson, M.P.K. (1986–1988), Na to hoa aroha = From your dear friend: the correspondence between Sir Āpirana Ngata and Te Rangi Hīroa, 1925–50 (3 vol.), Auckland, N.Z.: Auckland University Press in association with the Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust and the Māori Purposes Fund Board Footnotes ^ a b c d Sorrenson, M. P. K. (1 September 2010). "Buck, Peter Henry - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 11 December 2010. ^ Beaglehole, Ernest (1966). "Buck, Sir Peter Henry (Te Rangihiroa), K.C.M.G., D.S.O.". In McLintock, A.H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2019 – via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. ^ "Athletics New Zealand: National Champions" (PDF). ^ Buck, Peter (1910). Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times (Doctoral thesis). OUR Archive, University of Otago. hdl:10523/10413. ^ Photograph by kind permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand, reference number: 1/2-078259-F ^ Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103. ^ "Other contests". The Evening Post. Vol. LXXXVIII, no. 141. 11 December 1914. p. 3. Retrieved 11 December 2010. ^ Arvin, Maile (November 2019). Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4780-0633-6. OCLC 1089781629.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Wayne Ngata; Arapata Hakiwai; Anne Salmond; et al. (November 2021). Treasures for the Rising Generation: The Dominion Museum Ethnological Expeditions 1919–1923 (in English and Māori). Te Papa Press. pp. 1–368. ISBN 978-0-9951031-0-8. OL 33957253M. Wikidata Q124738173. ^ Arvin, Maile (November 2019). Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4780-0633-6. OCLC 1089781629.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Buck, Peter Henry (1985). Vikings of the sunrise. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-313-24522-3. OCLC 11316496. ^ Davidson, Janet (1978). "The Percy Smith Medal". NZ Archaeological Association. Retrieved 25 November 2023. ^ "Official jubilee medals". The Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 2 July 2013. ^ "No. 37601". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1946. p. 2835. ^ "Te Rangi Hiroa Medal". Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2019. ^ "Te Rangi Hiroa College – History". University of Otago. Retrieved 4 September 2019. Further reading Boon, Kevin (c. 1996), Peter Buck, Wellington,N.Z: Kotuku Pub., ISBN 0-908947-16-X Condliffe, J. B. (1971), Te Rangi Hiroa: the life of Sir Peter Buck, Christchurch, N.Z.: Whitcombe & Tombs, ISBN 0-7233-0316-9 Ramsden, Eric (1954), A memoir -- Te Rangihiroa: memorial to Sir Peter Buck, Wellington, N.Z.: Dept. of Maori Affairs Sorrenson, M. P. K., Buck, Peter Henry 1877?-1951 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006., retrieved 27 April 2008 "Weekly Review No. 395 - Interview...Sir Peter Buck \| Short Film \| NZ On Screen", www.nzonscreen.com, National Film Unit, retrieved 8 October 2023 External links eTexts of books (5) by Te Rangi Hīroa Otago University: Te Rangi Hīroa (alumni profile) Military Personnel File online; digitised record at Archives New Zealand. New Zealand Parliament Preceded byHone Heke Ngapua Member of Parliament for Northern Maori 1909–1914 Succeeded byTaurekareka Henare vteRecipients of the Hector Medal of the Royal Society of New Zealand Leonard Cockayne (1912) Thomas Easterfield (1913) Elsdon Best (1914) Patrick Marshall (1915) Ernest Rutherford (1916) Charles Chilton (1917) Thomas Cheeseman (1918) Philip Robertson (1919) Percy Smith (1920) Robert Speight (1921) Coleridge Farr (1922) George Hudson (1923) Donald Petrie (1924) Bernard Aston (1925) Harry Skinner (1926) Charles Cotton (1927) Duncan Sommerville (1928) George Thomson (1929) John Holloway (1930) William Percival Evans (1931) Te Rangi Hiroa (Peter H. Buck) (1932) John Marwick, Noel Benson (1933) Charles Ernest Weatherburn (1934) William Benham (1935) Walter Oliver (1936) John Reader Hosking (1937) Herbert Williams (1938) Arthur Bartrum (1939) Donald Macleod (1940) Harold Finlay (1941) Harry Allan (1942) Bob Briggs (1943) Johannes C. Andersen (1944) John Henderson (1945) Henry Forder (1946) Baden Powell (1947) G. H. Cunningham (1948) Robert Anthony Robinson (1949) Ernest Beaglehole (1950) Francis John Turner (1951) Keith Bullen (1952) Lance Richdale (1953) Lucy Cranwell (1954) Brian Shorland (1955) Roger Duff (1956) Harold Wellman (1957) Alister McLellan (1958) Barry Fell (1959) Ted Chamberlain (1960) Harry Bloom (1961) Ralph Piddington (1962) Charles Fleming (1963) Derek Lawden (1964) Richard Dell (1965) Jack Holloway (1966) Con Cambie (1967) Gilbert Archey (1968) Doug Coombs (1969) Brian Wybourne (1970) Ira Cunningham (1971) Ted Bollard (1972) Michael Hartshorn (1973) Herbert Purves (1974) Robert Hayes (1975) Jack Dodd (1976) Cam Reid (1977) Richard Matthews (1978) Leon Phillips (1979) Graham Liggins (1980) Trevor Hatherton (1981) Roy Kerr (1982) Ray Forster (1983) Rod Bieleski (1984) Peter de la Mare (1985) Robin Carrell (1986) Jim Ellis (1987) Dan Walls (1988) Patricia Bergquist (1989) Peter Wardle (1990) Warren Roper (1991) Roger Green (1992) Dick Walcott (1993) Geoff Stedman (1994) Bob Jolly (1995) John C. Butcher (1996) Ted Baker (1997) Paul Callaghan, Jeff Tallon (1998) George Seber (1999) Peter Schwerdtfeger (2001) Ken MacKenzie (2003) Ian Witten (2005) Richard Furneaux (2006) Timothy Haskell (2007) Gaven Martin (2008) Peter Steel (2009) Grant Williams (2010) Rod Downey (2011) Margaret Brimble (2012) Richard Blaikie (2013) Marston Conder (2014) Ian Brown (2015) Stéphane Coen (2016) Sally Brooker (2017) Matt Visser (2018) Jadranka Travaš-Sejdić (2019) Eamonn O'Brien (2020) Eric Le Ru (2021) Murray Cox (2022) Niels Kjærgaard (2023) vteNew Zealand national champions in men's long jump 1888: Thomas Harman 1889: Leonard Cuff 1890: Thomas Harman 1891–1892: Thomas Frederick Upfill 1893: Ross Gore 1894: Wally Mendelson 1895: Jack Ryan 1896–1897: Leonard Cuff 1898: Alan Good 1899: Robert Brownlee 1900: Peter Buck 1901: Matthew Roseingrave 1902: Cuthbert Harper 1903: Peter Buck 1904: Morrie Wood 1905: Matthew Roseingrave 1906: Gerald Keddell 1907–1908: Len McKay 1909: Gerald Keddell 1910: Frederick Cecil Hubbard 1911–1913: Gerald Keddell 1914: A. McLeod 1915: Frederick Cecil Hubbard 1916–1919: not held 1920: Ernest Sutherland 1921: William Christopher John Perry 1922: Ernest Sutherland 1923: Wilfred Buckhurst 1924: Charles Eugene Low 1925: Walter Wilton 1926: Jack Shirley 1927–1928: Ernest Sutherland 1929: R.H. Neville 1930: Douglas William Ashley Barker 1931: George Sullivan 1932–1934: Alister Cameron 1935: Tim Crowe 1936: Alister Cameron 1937: Kenshi Togami (JPN) 1938–1940: Harry Wilkins 1941–1944: not held 1945: Max Carr 1946–1947: Pat Vaughan Goddard 1948: Dave Dephoff 1949: Bevin Hough 1952–1953: Dave Dephoff 1954: R. Webb 1955: R Wilkinson 1956: P. Price 1957: A. Bell 1958: Roy Williams 1959: Lawrence Croxson 1960–1961: Dave Norris 1962: Lawrence Croxson 1963–1964: Dave Norris 1965: Bob Thomas 1966: Dave Norris 1967: Bob Thomas 1968: Dave Norris 1969: Bob Thomas 1970–1971: Dave Norris 1972: David Dewe 1973–1975: Kerry Hill 1976–1977: Ronald Davis 1978: Roger Knaggs 1979: Kenneth Youngson 1980–1986: Steve Walsh 1987–1988: Simon Poelman 1989–1990: Will Hinchcliff 1991–1992: Jon Moyle 1993: Nigel Park 1994: Jon Moyle 1995–1998: Aaron Langdon 1999: Jon Moyle 2000–2001: Aaron Langdon 2002: François Coetzee (RSA) 2003: Nigel Park 2004: François Coetzee (RSA) 2005: Brent Newdick 2006: François Coetzee (RSA) 2007: Brent Newdick 2008–2011: Frédéric Erin (NCL) 2012: Brent Newdick 2013–2014: Matthew Wyatt 2015: Jordan Peters 2016: Matthew Wyatt 2017: Jesse Bryant 2018–2019: Jordan Peters 2020: Felix McDonald 2021: Shay Veitch 2022: Felix McDonald 2023: Shay Veitch 2024: Felix McDonald Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Trove Other SNAC IdRef Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Most_Distinguished_Order_of_Saint_Michael_and_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Te Aute College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Aute_College"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"University of Otago's medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago_Dunedin_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"doctor of medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Northern Maori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Maori"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"material culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"}],"text":"Sir Peter Henry Buck KCMG DSO (c. October 1877 – 1 December 1951), also known as Te Rangi Hīroa or Te Rangihīroa, was a New Zealand doctor and a prominent anthropologist who served many roles through his life.Buck was accomplished in many fields including, in his younger years, as an athlete. At Te Aute College he captained the high school's athletics and rugby teams and while at University of Otago's medical school he was national long jump champion in 1900 and 1903.Buck served as a medical officer to Māori in the years following his medical training in 1905, before completing a doctor of medicine with a thesis on contemporary and traditional Māori medicine in 1910. In 1909 he was thrust into politics, serving as MP for the Northern Maori electorate until 1914. On recesses from parliament, Buck travelled to the Cook Islands and to Niue as a medical officer, where he developed his interests in anthropology.In 1921, following service in World War I, Buck was made director of the Māori Hygiene Division of the Department of Health. He continued to make a name for himself as an accomplished anthropologist of Pacific peoples—including as the leading authority on Māori material culture—and eventually served as director of the Bishop Museum in Hawaii, from 1936 until his death in 1951.","title":"Peter Buck (anthropologist)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urenui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urenui"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_updateme-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RangiHiroa1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_updateme-1"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_(iwi)"},{"link_name":"Ngāti Mutunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Mutunga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wairarapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairarapa"},{"link_name":"Te Aute College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Aute_College"},{"link_name":"dux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux#Education"},{"link_name":"University of Otago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago"},{"link_name":"Young Māori Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_M%C4%81ori_Party"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Peter Henry Buck was born in Urenui, in northern Taranaki, the only child of an Anglo-Irish immigrant, William Henry Buck. William's wife Ngārongo-ki-tua, whom he met at Urenui, had been unable to have children and, in line with Māori custom, Rina, one of Ngārongo's close relatives, became part of the household and produced a child for the couple. Rina died soon after Peter was born, and Ngārongo raised him as her own. He claimed to have been born in 1880, but the register of the primary school he attended records October 1877, which is likely to be correct.[1]Rangi Hiroa in 1904Buck's paternal ancestry was Anglo-Irish. Though he was largely brought up within the Pākehā community at Urenui, Ngārongo-ki-tua and his great-aunt Kapuakore instilled a love of Māori tradition and language in him.[1] Buck was descended on his maternal side from the Taranaki tribe of Ngāti Mutunga. In his teens,[2] his elders gave him the name Te Rangi Hīroa (also written Te Rangihiroa) in honour of an uncle of Ngārongo's, an earlier notable ancestor. He would later use it as a pen-name.After Ngārongo's death in 1892 he moved with his father to the Wairarapa. In 1896 he enrolled at Te Aute College, a school that produced many Māori leaders of the time. In 1899 he was named dux and passed a medical preliminary examination entitling him to attend medical school at University of Otago.Buck was later associated with the Young Māori Party.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"MB ChB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Māui Pōmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ui_P%C5%8Dmare"},{"link_name":"North Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island"}],"sub_title":"Medical school and practice","text":"Buck did well at Otago Medical School, where he also succeeded in sport, becoming national long jump champion in 1900 and 1903.[3] He completed his MB ChB in 1904, and an MD six years later. His doctoral thesis, completed in 1910, was titled Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times.[4] During this time, in 1905, he married Irish-born Margaret Wilson. Their long marriage was often fiery, but was strong, and it was Margaret who often gave the impetus to Peter's career.In November 1905 Buck was appointed as a medical officer to Māori, working under Māui Pōmare, initially in the southern North Island, then in the far north. Between them, Pōmare and Buck campaigned successfully to improve sanitation in the small Māori communities around the country.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RangiHiroa1930s.jpg"},{"link_name":"taiaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiaha"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Hone Heke Ngapua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hone_Heke_Ngapua"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Northern Maori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Maori"},{"link_name":"James Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Carroll_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"subsequent by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909_Northern_Maori_by-election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson-6"},{"link_name":"1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Bay of Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Islands_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1914_results-7"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Codford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codford"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"1919–1923 Dominion Museum ethnological expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919%E2%80%931923_Dominion_Museum_ethnological_expeditions"},{"link_name":"Elsdon Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsdon_Best"},{"link_name":"James McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McDonald_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Johannes Carl Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Carl_Andersen"},{"link_name":"Āpirana Ngata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ngata2021-9"}],"sub_title":"Parliament and war","text":"Te Rangi Hīroa holding a taiaha, circa 1930[5]In 1909, Hone Heke Ngapua, Member of Parliament for Northern Maori died suddenly. Buck was singled out by Native Minister James Carroll to be his replacement. Buck accepted and was elected in the subsequent by-election.[6] He became a member of the Native Affairs Committee. He did not seek re-election to the seat in 1914, but stood for the Bay of Islands electorate, where he lost by a narrow margin.[7] By this time, Buck had developed an interest in Pacific Island peoples, working briefly as a medical officer in both the Cook Islands and Niue during parliamentary breaks.During the First World War, Buck helped in the recruitment of a Māori volunteer contingent. Buck joined this contingent as medical officer, travelling to the Middle East in 1915.[8] He took part at Gallipoli, later being awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his heroism. He later saw action in France and Belgium, before being posted to the No 3 New Zealand General Hospital at Codford, England, in 1918.Returning to New Zealand, Buck was appointed as Chief Maori Medical Officer, and in 1921 was named director of the Maori Hygiene Division in the Department of Health.Buck participated in the 1919–1923 Dominion Museum ethnological expeditions alongside Elsdon Best, James McDonald, Johannes Carl Andersen and Āpirana Ngata.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_and_Margaret_Buck_passport_application_(1927).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_Museum"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_updateme-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Bishop Museum","text":"Peter and Margaret Buck passport application (1927)Buck gained a five-year research fellowship at the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1927. At the end of the fellowship in 1932 he was appointed the Bishop Museum visiting professor of anthropology at Yale University. He was promoted to Director of the Bishop Museum in 1936, a position he held until his death in 1951. He also served as a trustee and president of the board of trustees of the museum.[1] During his directorship, Buck applied for U.S. Citizenship, which was denied.[10] According to Buck, he “could not become an American citizen under the ... law for an applicant has to be over 50% Caucasian. The Polynesians are classed as Orientals in spite of anthropological evidence of their Caucasian origin so I could only show 50%.”[11]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNZB_updateme-1"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Buck died in Honolulu, on 1 December 1951 after some years with cancer. His ashes were returned to New Zealand in 1953 and he was honoured with a ceremony at Ōkoki, near his hometown of Urenui, on 8 August 1954.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Skinner_(ethnologist)"},{"link_name":"Percy Smith Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Smith_Medal"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"King George V Silver Jubilee Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V_Silver_Jubilee_Medal"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-13"},{"link_name":"1946 King's Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Birthday_Honours_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Te Rangi Hiroa Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Rangi_Hiroa_Medal"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medal-15"},{"link_name":"Te Rangi Hīroa College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Te_Rangi_H%C4%ABroa_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 1925, ethnologist Harry Skinner recommended that the inaugural Percy Smith Medal be awarded to Buck, but the University of Otago decided to award the medal to Skinner himself that year. Buck was awarded the following medal, in 1929.[12]In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.[13]In the 1946 King's Birthday Honours, Buck was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George for services to science and literature.[14]The Te Rangi Hiroa Medal is a social sciences award established in 1996 given biennially by the Royal Society of New Zealand. It is awarded for work in one of four disciplines: historical approaches to societal transformation and change; current issues in cultural diversity and cohesion; social and economic policy and development; and medical anthropology.[15]One of the residential colleges of the University of Otago was named Te Rangi Hīroa College in 2013 in his honour.[16]","title":"Awards and tributes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times: a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (N.Z.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMedi.html"},{"link_name":"Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 1, Mats, baskets, and burden-carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_54/rsnz_54_00_007750.html"},{"link_name":"Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 2, Belts and bands, fire-fans and fly-flaps, sandals and sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_55/rsnz_55_00_003720.html"},{"link_name":"The coming of the Maori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC.html"},{"link_name":"The Maori craft of netting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_56/rsnz_56_00_007290.html"},{"link_name":"The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) [Memoirs of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research ; v. 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMate.html"},{"link_name":"Samoan material culture (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 75)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucSamo.html"},{"link_name":"Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 99)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMani.html"},{"link_name":"Ethnology of Tongareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 92)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTong.html"},{"link_name":"Mangaian society (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 122)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMangi.html"},{"link_name":"Anthropology and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucAnth.html"},{"link_name":"Arts and crafts of the Cook Islands (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 179)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucArts.html"},{"link_name":"An introduction to Polynesian anthropology (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 187.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucIntr.html"},{"link_name":"The coming of the Maori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC.html"},{"link_name":"Explorers of the Pacific: European and American discoveries in Polynesia (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 43)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucExpl.html"},{"link_name":"The Vikings of the sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucViki.html"},{"link_name":"Anthropology and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucAnth.html"},{"link_name":"The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMate.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"982-315-001-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-315-001-X"},{"link_name":"Sir Āpirana Ngata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata"}],"text":"Buck, Peter (1910), Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times: a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (N.Z.)\nBuck, Peter (1911), Takiwa pooti o te Tai-Tokerau, Wellington, N.Z.: N.Z. Times Print\nBuck, Peter (1923), Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 1, Mats, baskets, and burden-carriers, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer\nBuck, Peter (1924), Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 2, Belts and bands, fire-fans and fly-flaps, sandals and sails, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer\nBuck, Peter (1925), The coming of the Maori, Nelson, N.Z.: R. W. Stiles\nBuck, Peter (1926), The evolution of Maori clothing (Memoirs of the Polynesian Society ; v. 7), New Plymouth, N.Z.: Printed by Thomas Avery, under the authority of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research\nBuck, Peter (1926), The Maori craft of netting, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer\nBuck, Peter (1927), The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) [Memoirs of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research ; v. 1], New Plymouth, N.Z.: Printed by Thomas Avery, under the authority of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research\nBuck, Peter (1929), The coming of the Maori (2nd ed.), Nelson, N.Z. ; New Plymouth N.Z.: Cawthron Institute ; Thomas Avery & Sons\nBuck, Peter (1930), Samoan material culture (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 75), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum\nBuck, Peter (1932), Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 99), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008\nBuck, Peter (1932), Ethnology of Tongareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 92), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008\nBuck, Peter (1938), Ethnology of Mangareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 157), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum\nBuck, Peter (1934), Mangaian society (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 122), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum\nBuck, Peter (1936), Regional diversity in the elaboration of sorcery in Polynesia (Yale University publications in anthropology ; no. 2), New Haven, CT.: Published for the Section of Anthropology, Dept. of the Social Sciences, Yale University by the Yale University Press\nBuck, Peter (1939), Anthropology and religion, New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press\nBuck, Peter (1940), \"Native races need not die\", Asia, 40 (7): 379–382\nBuck, Peter (1944), Arts and crafts of the Cook Islands (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 179), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum\nBuck, Peter (1945), An introduction to Polynesian anthropology (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 187.), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008\nThe voice of Sir Apirana T. Ngata ; The voices of Sir Peter (Te Rangihiroa) Buck, Bishop Frederick Augustus Bennett (Bishop of Aotearoa), Te Puea Herangi [sound recording] (HMV PR-9) 10-inch / 78rpm, Wellington, N.Z.: His Master's Voice, 1949\nBuck, Peter (1950), Material culture of Kapingamarangi (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 200), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum\nBuck, Peter (1950), The coming of the Maori (2nd ed.), Wellington, N.Z.: Māori Purposes Fund Board ; Whitcombe & Tombs\nBuck, Peter (1952), Les migrations des Polynesians: les Vikings du soleil levant (The Vikings of the sunrise) [Bibliotheque scientifique], Paris, France: Payot\nBuck, Peter (1953), Explorers of the Pacific: European and American discoveries in Polynesia (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 43), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum?, retrieved 27 April 2008\nBuck, Peter (1954), The Vikings of the sunrise (New Zealand ed.), Christchurch, N.Z.: Whitcombe & Tombs\nBuck, Peter (1957), Arts and crafts of Hawaii (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 45), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press\nBuck, Peter (1959), The Vikings of the Pacific, Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press\nBuck, Peter (1970), Anthropology and religion, Hamden, CT.: Archon Books\nBuck, Peter (1976), The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki), New York, NY.: AMS Press\nBuck, Peter (1993), Mangaia and the mission, Suva, Fiji: IPS, USP in association with Bernice P. Bishop Museum, ISBN 982-315-001-X\nSorrenson, M.P.K. (1986–1988), Na to hoa aroha = From your dear friend: the correspondence between Sir Āpirana Ngata and Te Rangi Hīroa, 1925–50 (3 vol.), Auckland, N.Z.: Auckland University Press in association with the Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust and the Māori Purposes Fund Board","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNZB_updateme_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNZB_updateme_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNZB_updateme_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DNZB_updateme_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"Buck, Peter Henry - Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3b54/1"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Buck, Sir Peter Henry (Te Rangihiroa), K.C.M.G., D.S.O.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//teara.govt.nz/en/1966/buck-sir-peter-henry"},{"link_name":"An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Athletics New Zealand: National Champions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.anzrankings.org.nz/userfiles/file/National_Champions.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/10413"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10523/10413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10523%2F10413"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Wilson_6-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154283103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1914_results_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Other contests\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19141211.2.20"},{"link_name":"The Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4780-0633-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0633-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1089781629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ngata2021_9-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9951031-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9951031-0-8"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"33957253M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL33957253M"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Q124738173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124738173"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4780-0633-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0633-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1089781629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Vikings of the sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11316496"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-24522-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24522-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11316496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/11316496"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Percy Smith Medal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzarchaeology.org/download/the-percy-smith-medal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EP_13-0"},{"link_name":"\"Official jubilee medals\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12"},{"link_name":"The Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"No. 37601\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37601/supplement/2835"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-medal_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Te Rangi Hiroa Medal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//royalsociety.org.nz/what-we-do/medals-and-awards/te-rangi-hiroa-medal/"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Te Rangi Hiroa College – History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.otago.ac.nz/accommodation/colleges/terangihiroa.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d Sorrenson, M. P. K. (1 September 2010). \"Buck, Peter Henry - Biography\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 11 December 2010.\n\n^ Beaglehole, Ernest (1966). \"Buck, Sir Peter Henry (Te Rangihiroa), K.C.M.G., D.S.O.\". In McLintock, A.H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2019 – via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.\n\n^ \"Athletics New Zealand: National Champions\" (PDF).\n\n^ Buck, Peter (1910). Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times (Doctoral thesis). OUR Archive, University of Otago. hdl:10523/10413.\n\n^ Photograph by kind permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, New Zealand, reference number: 1/2-078259-F\n\n^ Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.\n\n^ \"Other contests\". The Evening Post. Vol. LXXXVIII, no. 141. 11 December 1914. p. 3. Retrieved 11 December 2010.\n\n^ Arvin, Maile (November 2019). Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4780-0633-6. OCLC 1089781629.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Wayne Ngata; Arapata Hakiwai; Anne Salmond; et al. (November 2021). Treasures for the Rising Generation: The Dominion Museum Ethnological Expeditions 1919–1923 (in English and Māori). Te Papa Press. pp. 1–368. ISBN 978-0-9951031-0-8. OL 33957253M. Wikidata Q124738173.\n\n^ Arvin, Maile (November 2019). Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4780-0633-6. OCLC 1089781629.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Buck, Peter Henry (1985). Vikings of the sunrise. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-313-24522-3. OCLC 11316496.\n\n^ Davidson, Janet (1978). \"The Percy Smith Medal\". NZ Archaeological Association. Retrieved 25 November 2023.\n\n^ \"Official jubilee medals\". The Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 2 July 2013.\n\n^ \"No. 37601\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1946. p. 2835.\n\n^ \"Te Rangi Hiroa Medal\". Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2019.\n\n^ \"Te Rangi Hiroa College – History\". University of Otago. Retrieved 4 September 2019.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-908947-16-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908947-16-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7233-0316-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7233-0316-9"},{"link_name":"Buck, Peter Henry 1877?-1951 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=3B54"},{"link_name":"\"Weekly Review No. 395 - Interview...Sir Peter Buck \| Short Film \| NZ On Screen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nzonscreen.com/title/weekly-review-no-395-1949"}],"text":"Boon, Kevin (c. 1996), Peter Buck, Wellington,N.Z: Kotuku Pub., ISBN 0-908947-16-X\nCondliffe, J. B. (1971), Te Rangi Hiroa: the life of Sir Peter Buck, Christchurch, N.Z.: Whitcombe & Tombs, ISBN 0-7233-0316-9\nRamsden, Eric (1954), A memoir -- Te Rangihiroa: memorial to Sir Peter Buck, Wellington, N.Z.: Dept. of Maori Affairs\nSorrenson, M. P. K., Buck, Peter Henry 1877?-1951 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006., retrieved 27 April 2008\n\"Weekly Review No. 395 - Interview...Sir Peter Buck \| Short Film \| NZ On Screen\", www.nzonscreen.com, National Film Unit, retrieved 8 October 2023","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Rangi Hiroa in 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/RangiHiroa1904.jpg/220px-RangiHiroa1904.jpg"},{"image_text":"Te Rangi Hīroa holding a taiaha, circa 1930[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/RangiHiroa1930s.jpg/260px-RangiHiroa1930s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peter and Margaret Buck passport application (1927)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Peter_and_Margaret_Buck_passport_application_%281927%29.jpg/220px-Peter_and_Margaret_Buck_passport_application_%281927%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1910), Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times: a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (N.Z.)","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMedi.html","url_text":"Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times: a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (N.Z.)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1911), Takiwa pooti o te Tai-Tokerau, Wellington, N.Z.: N.Z. Times Print","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1923), Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 1, Mats, baskets, and burden-carriers, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_54/rsnz_54_00_007750.html","url_text":"Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 1, Mats, baskets, and burden-carriers"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1924), Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 2, Belts and bands, fire-fans and fly-flaps, sandals and sails, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_55/rsnz_55_00_003720.html","url_text":"Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 2, Belts and bands, fire-fans and fly-flaps, sandals and sails"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1925), The coming of the Maori, Nelson, N.Z.: R. W. Stiles","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC.html","url_text":"The coming of the Maori"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1926), The evolution of Maori clothing (Memoirs of the Polynesian Society ; v. 7), New Plymouth, N.Z.: Printed by Thomas Avery, under the authority of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1926), The Maori craft of netting, Wellington, N.Z.: Government Printer","urls":[{"url":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_56/rsnz_56_00_007290.html","url_text":"The Maori craft of netting"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1927), The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) [Memoirs of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research ; v. 1], New Plymouth, N.Z.: Printed by Thomas Avery, under the authority of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMate.html","url_text":"The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) [Memoirs of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research ; v. 1]"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1929), The coming of the Maori (2nd ed.), Nelson, N.Z. ; New Plymouth N.Z.: Cawthron Institute ; Thomas Avery & Sons","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1930), Samoan material culture (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 75), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucSamo.html","url_text":"Samoan material culture (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 75)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1932), Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 99), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMani.html","url_text":"Ethnology of Manihiki and Rakahanga (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 99)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1932), Ethnology of Tongareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 92), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTong.html","url_text":"Ethnology of Tongareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 92)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1938), Ethnology of Mangareva (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 157), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1934), Mangaian society (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 122), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMangi.html","url_text":"Mangaian society (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 122)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1936), Regional diversity in the elaboration of sorcery in Polynesia (Yale University publications in anthropology ; no. 2), New Haven, CT.: Published for the Section of Anthropology, Dept. of the Social Sciences, Yale University by the Yale University Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1939), Anthropology and religion, New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucAnth.html","url_text":"Anthropology and religion"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1940), \"Native races need not die\", Asia, 40 (7): 379–382","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1944), Arts and crafts of the Cook Islands (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 179), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucArts.html","url_text":"Arts and crafts of the Cook Islands (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 179)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1945), An introduction to Polynesian anthropology (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 187.), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, retrieved 27 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucIntr.html","url_text":"An introduction to Polynesian anthropology (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 187.)"}]},{"reference":"The voice of Sir Apirana T. Ngata ; The voices of Sir Peter (Te Rangihiroa) Buck, Bishop Frederick Augustus Bennett (Bishop of Aotearoa), Te Puea Herangi [sound recording] (HMV PR-9) 10-inch / 78rpm, Wellington, N.Z.: His Master's Voice, 1949","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1950), Material culture of Kapingamarangi (Bernice P. Bishop Museum bulletin ; 200), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1950), The coming of the Maori (2nd ed.), Wellington, N.Z.: Māori Purposes Fund Board ; Whitcombe & Tombs","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC.html","url_text":"The coming of the Maori"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1952), Les migrations des Polynesians: les Vikings du soleil levant (The Vikings of the sunrise) [Bibliotheque scientifique], Paris, France: Payot","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1953), Explorers of the Pacific: European and American discoveries in Polynesia (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 43), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum?, retrieved 27 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucExpl.html","url_text":"Explorers of the Pacific: European and American discoveries in Polynesia (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 43)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1954), The Vikings of the sunrise (New Zealand ed.), Christchurch, N.Z.: Whitcombe & Tombs","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucViki.html","url_text":"The Vikings of the sunrise"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1957), Arts and crafts of Hawaii (Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication ; 45), Honolulu, HI.: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1959), The Vikings of the Pacific, Chicago, IL.: University of Chicago Press","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1970), Anthropology and religion, Hamden, CT.: Archon Books","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucAnth.html","url_text":"Anthropology and religion"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1976), The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki), New York, NY.: AMS Press","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMate.html","url_text":"The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki)"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1993), Mangaia and the mission, Suva, Fiji: IPS, USP in association with Bernice P. Bishop Museum, ISBN 982-315-001-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/982-315-001-X","url_text":"982-315-001-X"}]},{"reference":"Sorrenson, M.P.K. (1986–1988), Na to hoa aroha = From your dear friend: the correspondence between Sir Āpirana Ngata and Te Rangi Hīroa, 1925–50 (3 vol.), Auckland, N.Z.: Auckland University Press in association with the Alexander Turnbull Library Endowment Trust and the Māori Purposes Fund Board","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80pirana_Ngata","url_text":"Sir Āpirana Ngata"}]},{"reference":"Sorrenson, M. P. K. (1 September 2010). \"Buck, Peter Henry - Biography\". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 11 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/3b54/1","url_text":"\"Buck, Peter Henry - Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of New Zealand Biography"}]},{"reference":"Beaglehole, Ernest (1966). \"Buck, Sir Peter Henry (Te Rangihiroa), K.C.M.G., D.S.O.\". In McLintock, A.H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2019 – via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/buck-sir-peter-henry","url_text":"\"Buck, Sir Peter Henry (Te Rangihiroa), K.C.M.G., D.S.O.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics New Zealand: National Champions\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anzrankings.org.nz/userfiles/file/National_Champions.pdf","url_text":"\"Athletics New Zealand: National Champions\""}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter (1910). Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times (Doctoral thesis). OUR Archive, University of Otago. hdl:10523/10413.","urls":[{"url":"https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/10413","url_text":"Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10523%2F10413","url_text":"10523/10413"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","url_text":"154283103"}]},{"reference":"\"Other contests\". The Evening Post. Vol. LXXXVIII, no. 141. 11 December 1914. p. 3. Retrieved 11 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19141211.2.20","url_text":"\"Other contests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"Arvin, Maile (November 2019). Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-4780-0633-6. OCLC 1089781629.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629","url_text":"Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0633-6","url_text":"978-1-4780-0633-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629","url_text":"1089781629"}]},{"reference":"Wayne Ngata; Arapata Hakiwai; Anne Salmond; et al. (November 2021). Treasures for the Rising Generation: The Dominion Museum Ethnological Expeditions 1919–1923 (in English and Māori). Te Papa Press. pp. 1–368. ISBN 978-0-9951031-0-8. OL 33957253M. Wikidata Q124738173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9951031-0-8","url_text":"978-0-9951031-0-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL33957253M","url_text":"33957253M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124738173","url_text":"Q124738173"}]},{"reference":"Arvin, Maile (November 2019). Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4780-0633-6. OCLC 1089781629.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629","url_text":"Possessing Polynesians : the science of settler colonial whiteness in Hawaiʹi and Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-0633-6","url_text":"978-1-4780-0633-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089781629","url_text":"1089781629"}]},{"reference":"Buck, Peter Henry (1985). Vikings of the sunrise. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 15. ISBN 0-313-24522-3. OCLC 11316496.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11316496","url_text":"Vikings of the sunrise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24522-3","url_text":"0-313-24522-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11316496","url_text":"11316496"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Janet (1978). \"The Percy Smith Medal\". NZ Archaeological Association. Retrieved 25 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzarchaeology.org/download/the-percy-smith-medal","url_text":"\"The Percy Smith Medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official jubilee medals\". The Evening Post. 6 May 1935. p. 4. Retrieved 2 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19350506.2.12","url_text":"\"Official jubilee medals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evening_Post_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"The Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 37601\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 13 June 1946. p. 2835.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37601/supplement/2835","url_text":"\"No. 37601\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Te Rangi Hiroa Medal\". Royal Society of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsociety.org.nz/what-we-do/medals-and-awards/te-rangi-hiroa-medal/","url_text":"\"Te Rangi Hiroa Medal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Royal Society of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Te Rangi Hiroa College – History\". University of Otago. Retrieved 4 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.otago.ac.nz/accommodation/colleges/terangihiroa.html","url_text":"\"Te Rangi Hiroa College – History\""}]},{"reference":"Boon, Kevin (c. 1996), Peter Buck, Wellington,N.Z: Kotuku Pub., ISBN 0-908947-16-X","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908947-16-X","url_text":"0-908947-16-X"}]},{"reference":"Condliffe, J. B. (1971), Te Rangi Hiroa: the life of Sir Peter Buck, Christchurch, N.Z.: Whitcombe & Tombs, ISBN 0-7233-0316-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7233-0316-9","url_text":"0-7233-0316-9"}]},{"reference":"Ramsden, Eric (1954), A memoir -- Te Rangihiroa: memorial to Sir Peter Buck, Wellington, N.Z.: Dept. of Maori Affairs","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sorrenson, M. P. K., Buck, Peter Henry 1877?-1951 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006., retrieved 27 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=3B54","url_text":"Buck, Peter Henry 1877?-1951 Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, updated 7 April 2006."}]},{"reference":"\"Weekly Review No. 395 - Interview...Sir Peter Buck \| Short Film \| NZ On Screen\", www.nzonscreen.com, National Film Unit, retrieved 8 October 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzonscreen.com/title/weekly-review-no-395-1949","url_text":"\"Weekly Review No. 395 - Interview...Sir Peter Buck \| Short Film \| NZ On Screen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMedi.html","external_links_name":"Medicine amongst the Maoris in ancient and modern times: a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Medicine (N.Z.)"},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_54/rsnz_54_00_007750.html","external_links_name":"Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 1, Mats, baskets, and burden-carriers"},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_55/rsnz_55_00_003720.html","external_links_name":"Maori plaited basketry and plaitwork. 2, Belts and bands, fire-fans and fly-flaps, sandals and sails"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC.html","external_links_name":"The coming of the Maori"},{"Link":"http://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_56/rsnz_56_00_007290.html","external_links_name":"The Maori craft of netting"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucMate.html","external_links_name":"The material culture of the Cook Islands (Aitutaki) [Memoirs of the Board of Maori Ethnological Research ; v. 1]"},{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucSamo.html","external_links_name":"Samoan material culture (Bernice P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_tie	Collar tie	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]	Grappling clinch hold For a member in roof framing, see collar beam. Collar tieThe wrestler on the left has a collar tie.ClassificationClinch holdStyleWrestling Collar tie is a grappling clinch hold that is used to control the opponent. It is performed from the front of the opponent by grabbing the opponent by the collar, behind the neck, or behind the trapezius muscle. A collar tie using one hand is called a single collar tie, and a collar tie with both hands is called a double collar tie. See also Clinch fighting Notes ^ Dariel W. Daniel (May 2013). Developing Wrestling Champions. AuthorHouse. p. 17. ISBN 9781477221211. ^ Grant, T. P. (11 November 2014). "So Meta Roundtable: Where Have All The Collar Ties Gone?". Bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 3 March 2022. ^ Robert Hill (September 2010). World of Martial Arts !. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 9780557016631. References Hewitson, Nick. The Sophistication of the Muay Thai Clinch. Fighttimes.com. URL last accessed July 13, 2008. Pedreira, Roberto. The Subtle Science of the Muay Thai Clinch. last accessed July 13, 2008.	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Daniel (May 2013). Developing Wrestling Champions. AuthorHouse. p. 17. ISBN 9781477221211.\n\n^ Grant, T. P. (11 November 2014). \"So Meta Roundtable: Where Have All The Collar Ties Gone?\". Bloodyelbow.com. Retrieved 3 March 2022.\n\n^ Robert Hill (September 2010). World of Martial Arts !. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. ISBN 9780557016631.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Clinch fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_fighting"}]	[{"reference":"Dariel W. Daniel (May 2013). Developing Wrestling Champions. AuthorHouse. p. 17. ISBN 9781477221211.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr1VPoCejbwC&dq=double+collar+tie&pg=PA17","url_text":"Developing Wrestling Champions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477221211","url_text":"9781477221211"}]},{"reference":"Grant, T. P. (11 November 2014). \"So Meta Roundtable: Where Have All The Collar Ties Gone?\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pana_Wave	Pana Wave	["1 Origin","2 Incidents in 2003","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Pana Wave" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Japanese new religious group The Pana-Wave Laboratory (Japanese: パナウェーブ研究所) is a Japanese new religious group or "Shinshūkyō". Estimates of membership range from several hundred to 1,200. Origin Pana-Wave is an offshoot of a religious group called Chino-Shoho ("True Law of Chino") based in Shibuya, Tokyo, founded by a woman called Yuko Chino in 1977 and combining elements of Christianity, Buddhism and New Age doctrines. In the mid-1980s, members calling themselves the "scientific faction", and warning of the evils of electromagnetic waves (which the group claimed were causing catastrophic environmental destruction and climate change) built the Pana-Wave Laboratory in Fukui Prefecture in an area they believed was less at risk from electromagnetic pollution. Members started to dress only in white in the mid-1990s, in the belief that this would protect them from harmful "scalar electromagnetic waves", which they claimed were being used against them by communists to try to kill their leader. In 1994 the group formed a convoy of white vans which traveled around rural Japan searching for a place least at risk from harmful electromagnetic radiation and away from power lines, and setting up camp in remote locations for months on end and covering everything in white. They also took their leader Chino when she was ill with cancer into the mountains of Japan to search for a safe place where waves couldn't harm her anymore. They believed that if the waves got to their leader that all of mankind would all at once be destroyed. Incidents in 2003 They first attracted attention in March 2003, when they attempted (and failed) to capture Tama-chan, an Arctic seal which had become a national celebrity in Japan since showing up in Tama River in Tokyo the previous year. The group believed that the seal had been led astray by electromagnetic waves, and claimed that doomsday would somehow be averted if the seal was returned to Arctic waters. They had even built two swimming pools, lined in white, in a compound in Yamanashi Prefecture in which to hold the seal until it could be transferred to the Arctic. The group made national headlines in April when the convoy was ordered by police to move on from a road in Gifu Prefecture and refused, resulting in a stand-off which was reported in the national media. Pana-Wave alleged that a close encounter with an undiscovered 10th planet, predicted for 15 May that year, would cause the Earth's poles to flip over and lead to catastrophic earthquakes and tsunamis which would destroy most of humankind, and that they were looking for a safe location to ride out the catastrophe. TV images showed members dressed completely in white, complete with white hoods, surgical masks and white boots. Their vehicles were decorated with swirl patterns which they believed neutralised the invisible waves, and even the steering wheel was covered in white plaster. Nearby trees, bushes and crash barriers were also covered in white fabric. TV crews were first shunned by members who feared that TV cameras were emitting harmful waves, but were later allowed closer as long as they covered themselves and their equipment in white material. This camp was eventually broken up by three hundred police, some in riot gear, who threatened to arrest them for obstructing traffic. The convoy moved on, setting up camp intermittently, but many in Japan were unnerved by the group, which evoked memories of Aum Shinrikyo, a religious terrorist group which carried out the deadly sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, and the convoy continued being turned away from village after village. In the lead-up to the supposed doomsday, some one hundred riot police and TV crew followed the highly photogenic convoy around rural Japan for several weeks to keep tabs on their activities. On 14 May, the day before the predicted doomsday, police raided twelve locations associated with the group on the pretext of minor vehicle registration offences. However, nothing was found which suggested that they posed a danger to society. When the May 15 doomsday passed with nothing more serious than a minor earthquake in Tokyo which injured one boy who fell off his bed and broke an arm, a member thought to be Chino's second-in-command made a statement that they believed that they had miscalculated the date, and a new date of May 22 was set. However, as this date again passed without incident, media attention faded and the group sank back into obscurity. On 25 October 2006, Chino died aged 72. See also Electromagnetic hypersensitivity Notes ^ Metropolis, "Fortean Japan", 27 June 2008, p. 12. External links Pana-Wave Laboratory homepage NY Times article The Age - Doomsday cult misses the call Photo collection Authority control databases VIAF	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Japanese new religious group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_new_religions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Japanese new religious groupThe Pana-Wave Laboratory (Japanese: パナウェーブ研究所) is a Japanese new religious group or \"Shinshūkyō\". Estimates of membership range from several hundred to 1,200.[1]","title":"Pana Wave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chino-Shoho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E4%B9%83%E6%AD%A3%E6%B3%95"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves"},{"link_name":"Fukui Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukui_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(physics)"},{"link_name":"communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist"}],"text":"Pana-Wave is an offshoot of a religious group called Chino-Shoho (\"True Law of Chino\") based in Shibuya, Tokyo, founded by a woman called Yuko Chino in 1977 and combining elements of Christianity, Buddhism and New Age doctrines.In the mid-1980s, members calling themselves the \"scientific faction\", and warning of the evils of electromagnetic waves (which the group claimed were causing catastrophic environmental destruction and climate change) built the Pana-Wave Laboratory in Fukui Prefecture in an area they believed was less at risk from electromagnetic pollution. Members started to dress only in white in the mid-1990s, in the belief that this would protect them from harmful \"scalar electromagnetic waves\", which they claimed were being used against them by communists to try to kill their leader.In 1994 the group formed a convoy of white vans which traveled around rural Japan searching for a place least at risk from harmful electromagnetic radiation and away from power lines, and setting up camp in remote locations for months on end and covering everything in white. They also took their leader Chino when she was ill with cancer into the mountains of Japan to search for a safe place where waves couldn't harm her anymore. They believed that if the waves got to their leader that all of mankind would all at once be destroyed.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tama-chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama-chan"},{"link_name":"seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinniped"},{"link_name":"Tama River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama_River"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"doomsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology"},{"link_name":"Yamanashi Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamanashi_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Gifu Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"tsunamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami"},{"link_name":"Aum Shinrikyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum_Shinrikyo"},{"link_name":"sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin_gas_attack_on_the_Tokyo_subway"}],"text":"They first attracted attention in March 2003, when they attempted (and failed) to capture Tama-chan, an Arctic seal which had become a national celebrity in Japan since showing up in Tama River in Tokyo the previous year. The group believed that the seal had been led astray by electromagnetic waves, and claimed that doomsday would somehow be averted if the seal was returned to Arctic waters. They had even built two swimming pools, lined in white, in a compound in Yamanashi Prefecture in which to hold the seal until it could be transferred to the Arctic.The group made national headlines in April when the convoy was ordered by police to move on from a road in Gifu Prefecture and refused, resulting in a stand-off which was reported in the national media. Pana-Wave alleged that a close encounter with an undiscovered 10th planet, predicted for 15 May that year, would cause the Earth's poles to flip over and lead to catastrophic earthquakes and tsunamis which would destroy most of humankind, and that they were looking for a safe location to ride out the catastrophe. TV images showed members dressed completely in white, complete with white hoods, surgical masks and white boots. Their vehicles were decorated with swirl patterns which they believed neutralised the invisible waves, and even the steering wheel was covered in white plaster. Nearby trees, bushes and crash barriers were also covered in white fabric. TV crews were first shunned by members who feared that TV cameras were emitting harmful waves, but were later allowed closer as long as they covered themselves and their equipment in white material.This camp was eventually broken up by three hundred police, some in riot gear, who threatened to arrest them for obstructing traffic. The convoy moved on, setting up camp intermittently, but many in Japan were unnerved by the group, which evoked memories of Aum Shinrikyo, a religious terrorist group which carried out the deadly sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, and the convoy continued being turned away from village after village. In the lead-up to the supposed doomsday, some one hundred riot police and TV crew followed the highly photogenic convoy around rural Japan for several weeks to keep tabs on their activities.On 14 May, the day before the predicted doomsday, police raided twelve locations associated with the group on the pretext of minor vehicle registration offences. However, nothing was found which suggested that they posed a danger to society.When the May 15 doomsday passed with nothing more serious than a minor earthquake in Tokyo which injured one boy who fell off his bed and broke an arm, a member thought to be Chino's second-in-command made a statement that they believed that they had miscalculated the date, and a new date of May 22 was set. However, as this date again passed without incident, media attention faded and the group sank back into obscurity.On 25 October 2006, Chino died aged 72.","title":"Incidents in 2003"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(free_magazine)"}],"text":"^ Metropolis, \"Fortean Japan\", 27 June 2008, p. 12.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"Electromagnetic hypersensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pana+Wave%22","external_links_name":"\"Pana Wave\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pana+Wave%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pana+Wave%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pana+Wave%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pana+Wave%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pana+Wave%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.pana-wave.com/","external_links_name":"Pana-Wave Laboratory homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/14/international/asia/14PANA.html","external_links_name":"NY Times article"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/16/1052885400260.html","external_links_name":"The Age - Doomsday cult misses the call"},{"Link":"http://panawave.easter.ne.jp/pw-1/syasin030512.htm","external_links_name":"Photo collection"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/253338384","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsfield_Bridge	Architecture of Limerick	["1 Ecclesiastical architecture","2 Medieval Limerick","3 Georgian architecture","4 Victorian and Edwardian architecture","5 20th century","6 Bridges","6.1 Thomond Bridge","6.2 Sarsfield Bridge","6.3 Shannon Bridge","6.4 Baal's Bridge","6.5 Other bridges and the tunnel","7 Architecture lost and found","8 Modern architecture","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Architecture of Limerick" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) King John's Castle sits on the southern bank of the River Shannon. Alongside is Thomond Bridge. As with other cities in Ireland, Limerick has a history of great architecture. A 1574 document prepared for the Spanish ambassador attests to its wealth and fine architecture: Limerick is stronger and more beautiful than all the other cities of Ireland, well walled with stout walls of hewn marble... There is no entrance except by stone bridges, one of the two of which has 14 arches, and the other 8 ... for the most part the houses are of square stone of black marble and built in the form of towers and fortresses. Many examples remain in the city to the present day – though much has been lost also, through wars, decay and modern development. Present-day Limerick has perhaps not as extensive historical architecture as other Irish cities, though some very notable examples remain, such as the 800-year-old St. Mary's Cathedral and King John's Castle. Ecclesiastical architecture St. Mary's Cathedral St Mary's Cathedral is the older of Limerick's two cathedrals and dates from the 12th century. The cathedral has elements of both Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecture with Romanesque arches and doorways and Gothic windows. The plan and elevation of the cathedral show signs of the design being an altered over the years. The original plan of the church was in the form of a Latin cross. Additions were made to the cathedral during the episcopate of Stephen Wall, Bishop of Limerick. The Romanesque doorway on the west side is an impressive carving of chevrons and patterns. Like many medieval churches in Ireland, the building has been heavily restored by the Victorians. The cathedral plays a dominant role in this medieval area within Limerick City showing the amalgamation of the architectural styles of Romanesque and Gothic. The tower of St. Mary's Cathedral was added in the 14th century, and it rises to 120 feet St. John's Cathedral St John's Cathedral The main body of St. John's Cathedral was designed by English architect Philip Charles Hardwick, and constructed between 1856 and 1861. It has the tallest spire in Ireland at 94m (a later addition, designed by M.A. Hennessy and completed in 1883). The exterior of St. John's was completely refurbished in 2004, with new roofing and repointing of all stonework. The cathedral today cuts an imposing presence on an otherwise undeveloped side of the city centre. An important historical Protestant church sits near the cathedral also, and although in need of some repair, is now in use today by Dance Limerick. St. Munchin's Church, Englishtown The church was constructed by architect James Pain in 1837 replacing an earlier structure. The church is Gothic in design. St. John's Church, Irishtown Constructed in 1851 by architect Joseph Welland the church replaced an earlier dating from the 11th century. This important historic site is adjacent to the former John's Gate and the town walls where the existing Citadel is located and incorporated within St. John's Hospital. The church has Romanesque features. Franciscan Church, Henry Street Designed by William Corbett, the church is a fine example of classical architecture with an imposing portico in a similar fashion to the GPO in O'Connell Street, Dublin and the Bank of Ireland in College Green. The church dates from 1826. Sacred Heart Church, The Crescent Designed by William Corbett, the church dates from 1832. Built in the classical style the facade is a centrepiece to The Crescent area of Georgian Limerick. The very fine classical interior, with a wealth of quality materials and craftsmanship, adds to the overall architectural importance of this ecclesiastical site. St Saviour's Church (Dominicans) The existing church in Glentworth Street was built in 1815, under the leadership of Fr Joseph Harrigan on land donated by Edward Henry, the Earl of Limerick. It replaced a church on Fish Lane. In 1973 it was elevated to a parish church. It as renjuvated in the 1860s by the architect John Wallace. The priory was built in 1943. Medieval Limerick St Mary's Cathedral, Limerick The medieval city of Limerick is largely concentrated on the southern section of Kings Island known as Englishtown and south of the Abbey river in an area known as Irishtown, just to the north of the present day city center. The island contains some of Limerick's main attractions including King John's Castle which was completed in around 1200. The walls, towers and fortifications remain today. The remains of a Viking settlement was also uncovered during the construction of the visitor centre at the site. St. Mary's Cathedral was founded in 1168 and is recorded as the oldest building in Limerick. It was built on an earlier castle belonging to the King of Munster. Nicholas street and Mary Street the medieval center of Limerick contained many examples of medieval buildings including tall gabled houses in the Flemish or Dutch fashion. Unfortunately, very little, if any of this streetscape remains today. Following the development of Newtown Pery this area of the city went into decline. Today both the Englishtown and Irishtown areas remain neglected and dilapidated in appearance. Castle Lane beside King Johns Castle includes a reconstruction of some medieval buildings including a granary, labourers cottage, and gabled houses. The development is mainly for tourism purposes. Georgian architecture Georgian Period Townhouses on Mallow Street in the city centre Much Georgian architecture was evident in the city from about the 1800s onwards. Although some has since been demolished, much of the city centre area is built in the Georgian fashion. John's Square, in front of St. John's Cathedral, towards the city centre, is an example of this. Stone-faced Georgian offices and townhouses were built in a planned fashion around this square. The development of Georgian Limerick was driven by Edmund Sexton Pery, speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and his name has been retained in the Georgian city centre; Newtown Pery. This development extended the city south of the Abbey river and the ancient medieval city. During this time most of the walls of the medieval city were torn down to facilitate the expansion of the city. The new city, Newtown Pery was built completely in Georgian style with long wide and elegant streets in grid plan design with O'Connell Street (previously Georges street) as its centre. The new Georgian town became the new economic and cultural centre of Limerick as the medieval city along with its main street, Nicholas street, fell largely into decline. Much of the Georgian architecture is still largely intact with the Crescent area of O' Connell street and Pery Square being among some of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in Ireland. One publicly accessible example of exquisite Georgian architecture is the People's Museum of Limerick at Pery Square. However much of the area is now in a neglected or decaying state while much of the more ornate styles around the retail areas of O' Connell street, William street and Sarsfield street has sadly been lost and replaced with more disappointing modern styles of architecture. The Hunt Museum One of Ireland's most celebrated museums, the Hunt Museum is based in the historic 18th-century former Custom House. The museum was established to house an internationally important collection of approximately 2,000 works of art and antiquities formed by John and Gertrude Hunt during their lifetimes. On display are the 9th-century Antrim Cross, a sketch by Picasso and a bronze sculpture of a horse, said to be from a design by Leonardo da Vinci. Victorian and Edwardian architecture From the 19th century much Victorian and Edwardian architecture was evident in Limerick. Unified terraces, detached or semi detached dwellings were built by the middle classes on roads protruding from the city centre as can be seen today in O' Connell Avenue, South and North Circular Roads, Ennis Road, Shelbourne Road and Mulgrave Street. Typical features of this style of architecture in Limerick include arched or bay windows with brick detailing around doorways and elaborate railings enclosing long front gardens. Features of buildings dating from the Edwardian period also include balconies, porched and timbered gables, and horizontal mullioned windows. 20th century Council housing in Limerick developed from the 1940s onwards. Today Council housing comprises about 40% of housing within the city boundary (excl suburbs. From the period of Irish Independence right up to the 1960s there was very little development in Limerick. Housing had become a major problem as many of the city's poorer residents lived in overcrowded slums, streets and laneways in the oldest parts of the city. Life in these parts of the city in the early 20th century are perhaps best described in the worldwide best seller Angelas Ashes written by Frank McCourt. During the 1960s Limerick Corporation began to clear the slums and laneways by relocating families to new large council estates on the edge of the city. The estates were built primarily in Moyross, Southill, the Island Field (St. Marys Park) and Ballinacurra Weston. Initially seen to be a success these estates began to experience high levels of disadvantage, unemployment, poverty and crime as was replicated in other parts of Ireland such as Ballymun. However, since the early 21st century, the inner-city areas have experienced regeneration and revitalisation with funding and development from the City and County Council, as well as the Government. The city also expanded during this time with much development outside the city boundary creating new city suburbs. The most notable development is the University of Limerick in the suburb of Castletroy towards the eastern end of the city. UL is the location of the University Concert Hall, a 1000-seat venue on the university campus which is suitable for holding a wide variety of events. The UL arena, which opened in 2002 is Ireland's largest indoor complex. It consists of the National 50m Swimming Pool which is the only water facility in Ireland which has the approval of FINA, the international swimming body, and is the first in the country to be built to Olympic standards. The Arena's Indoor Sports Hall comprises 3,600 square metres laid out with four wood-sprung courts, catering for a variety of sports, a sprint track, an international 400m athletics track, and a 200m three-lane suspended jogging track. The facility also has a state-of-the-art cardiovascular and strength training centre, a weight-training room, team rooms, an aerobics studio and classroom areas. The Arena is often used by the Munster rugby team. On the southside of the city the Crescent Shopping Centre the largest shopping centre in Ireland outside Dublin was built in the suburb of Dooradoyle. It has a retail space of 100,000m squared with over 90 shops. By the end of the 20th century and early 21st century Limerick's trend towards suburbanisation continued which has led to many concerns of the development of the city during this time, particularly in relation to the amount of out-of-town retail developments which has reduced footfall on city centre streets. Since the early 2010s, significant efforts have been made to increase footfall in the city centre and to reduce ongoing surburbanisation, with streets seeing facelifts, community events arranged by the Council and the restricted development of retail outside of the city centre and city boundaries. A notable example is the Crescent S.C. Bridges As a city situated on a river (the Shannon), and at a crossing point, Limerick's bridges are of vital importance to the region. They connect the northern bank of the river, and County Clare, to the southern bank and County Limerick. Apart from forming part of the Limerick to Galway route, the crossings are important today in connecting Shannon Airport to the city and beyond. Thomond Bridge Thomond Bridge The earliest bridge, Thomond Bridge, was built near a fording point. It was the scene of a failed defending of the city during the Siege of Limerick. At one ends sits the Treaty Stone, which stands as a symbol of the signed treaty. The treaty itself was probably signed in a campaign tent. The current bridge was built in 1836, replacing the earlier bridge which was also alongside King John's Castle. The bridge now forms part of the R445 (formerly N7), carrying traffic on the Northern Relief Road. Sarsfield Bridge The second of Limerick's River Shannon crossings is now called Sarsfield Bridge, to commemorate Patrick Sarsfield, the Earl of Lucan, who is renowned in Limerick for his role in the Williamite War and the 1691 siege and Treaty of Limerick in particular. The bridge was opened as Wellesley Bridge on 5 August 1835, following 11 years of construction. It was designed by the Scottish engineer Alexander Nimmo and based on the Pont de Neuilly in Paris. It was a particularly important development for the city as it allowed expansion to the northern shore of the river. The bridge itself consists of five large and elegant elliptical arches with an open balustrade, running from a man-made island, originally called Wellesley Pier but now known as Shannon Island, to the northern shore, and a simple flat, swivel deck with iron lattice railings crossing a canal and road from the island to what was known as Brunswick Street, now Sarsfield Street. The swivel end is no longer functional, although some of its heavy machinery is still intact underneath the roadway. A lock system has replaced the swivel section to allow for the passage of smaller boats. Apart from this, the bridge has remained largely unchanged since it opened and still has its original lamp standards. 1916 Monument on Sarsfield Bridge Rowing clubhouses sit on Shannon Island at either side of the bridge. The Shannon Rowing Club was founded by Sir Peter Tait in 1866 and has a very elegant clubhouse on the northern side. Limerick Boat Club was founded in 1870 and has a simpler structure on the southern side. A monument by sculptor James Power located on the bridge just above the Limerick Boat Club building, commemorates the 1916 Rising. An earlier monument on this site was a statue of Viscount Fitzgibbon of Mountshannon House, who was killed in The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava in 1854, flanked by two Russian cannon captured in the Crimean War. This statue was blown up by the Irish Republican Army in 1930. The War of Independence memorial is located at the northern end of the bridge, commemorating two former mayors of Limerick (George Clancy and Michael O'Callaghan), among others, who were killed by the British in 1921. The quays on the northern shore are called Clancy Strand and O'Callaghan Strand in their honour. Shannon Bridge "Shannon Bridge" redirects here. For the village in Co. Offaly, see Shannonbridge. Dedication plaque on Shannon Bridge The Shannon Bridge is by far the newest River Shannon crossing in Limerick city centre. It was built in the late 1980s, officially opening on 30 May 1988, and connects to a relief road that passes through a bird sanctuary and runs around the north of the city. The bridge is still at times referred to as "The New Bridge", although the Abbey Bridge across the Abbey River is newer. For some time after its construction, the bridge was also termed "The Whistling Bridge" — the fencing on the bridge resonated with the winds coming up the Shannon Estuary, producing a shrill whistling sound. In extreme winds, the sound was quite deafening. Simple grills were added, and the effect was ceased. Baal's Bridge This is one of the oldest bridges in the city. The current structure was built in between 1830 and 1831 and is a single-arched hump-back limestone bridge. It replaced an earlier four-arched bridge that formed the only link before the mid-18th century crossing the Abbey river between Englishtown and Irishtown. Early drawings show a row of houses on the bridge before it was replaced. During the construction of the new bridge in 1830 a significant archaeological object was found in the foundations of the old bridge. A brass Square of Freemasonry symbolism was found in the foundations with an inscription dating from 1507. Also inscribed on the square is the text I will strive to live with love and care upon the level, by the square. It is reputed to be one of the earliest Masonic items to be found in the world. Other bridges and the tunnel Another bridge at the northern end of King's Island, connects to Corbally on the north of the city. This is a simpler bridge, further up the Shannon. The only other road bridge across the Shannon near the city is the "University Bridge", at the University of Limerick. Opened in 2004 by then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, this fashionable modern bridge connects the recently commenced north bank campus (includes student villages/accommodation and Health Science building) to the main southern campus, but it does not serve as a public crossing point as there is no north bank entrance from the Clare side. The university is also home to one of the longest footbridges in Europe – The Living Bridge. Another bridge is named after Dr. Sylvester O'Halloran, which opened in 1987. The Limerick Tunnel opened in July 2010 as part of the Limerick Southern Road. The tunnel forms a fourth river crossing of the Shannon. It is a 675m long, twin-bore road tunnel underneath the River Shannon on the outskirts of the city. Architecture lost and found O'Connell Street in the 1950s with uniform Georgian terraces showing old AIB and Royal George Hotel all since rebuilt in more modern design Much of Limerick's architectural heritage has changed over the past few decades. The main streets in the city centre were originally fronted by mostly uniform Georgian townhouses. Today, gaps and oddities may be found, with a fusion of modern-style and Georgian architecture in one building. The most recent example of a controversial demolition was the Cruises Hotel. This was the oldest hotel in Limerick; Daniel O'Connell himself stayed in it. It was demolished in 1990 to allow the construction of the Cruises Street pedestrian area, which opened in 1992. The site of what was Cruise's Hotel is now home to a Costa Coffee shop on the right-hand corner of the street entrance. Other examples of lost architecture include the facade of the old Cannock's Department Store (now Penney's), which was demolished in the 1960s and replaced with a more modern styled building. However, the landmark clock on top of the building remains, and was subject to a major restoration project in 2024. The facade of Todd's Department Store (now Brown Thomas) which was destroyed by a fire in the late 1950s has also been replaced with a more modern design. Since the late 1990s, Ireland has had somewhat tougher development requirements. This has resulted in an increasing number of Georgian and other historical buildings being refurbished rather than demolished. Examples include the conversion of a historic bank to a pub and the conversion of old stone-built warehouses, with some Georgian townhouses changed to become up-market apartments. These recent refurbishments of Georgian townhouses include cleaned brickwork, replica railings outside sash windows with brass catches, and new replica street railings. Many areas of the city have experienced restoration projects, such as on Mallow Street, Catherine Street, The Crescent and historical areas of King's Island, which has seen a significant uplift in the 21st century. King John's castle was redeveloped between 2011 and 2013 to become a major tourist attraction for the city. Modern architecture RiverpointAlthough a lot of developments in Limerick were concentrated in suburban areas of the city in the early 21st century, there has been notable modern architectural developments and improvements in the appearance of city centre in recent years. Most developments have been along the banks of the river Shannon and are facing onto the river. The most prominent are the 60m high Riverpoint building completed in 2008 and the 200ft four-star Clayton Hotel on Steamboat Quay, completed in 2002. Other developments include apartments and office blocks along the quay's and in areas such as Mount Kenneth Place, Harvey's Quay, Lower Cecil Street and Steamboat Quay. Other developments in the city centre include the successful redevelopment of Bedford Row, Henry Street, Thomas Street and Catherine Street. In 2007, Thomond Park underwent a redevelopment project which included the construction of two large stands to accommodate a capacity attendance of 26,500 with 15,100 seated. The stadium has become an icon for Limerick City and in 2009, the design of the stadium won the people's choice award from the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. In 2023, a new International Rugby Experience attraction, built on the corner of O'Connell Street and Cecil Street in the city centre, opened to the public. The building's architecture is built based on the neighbouring Georgian architecture on O'Connell Street. The JP McManus charitable foundation donated €30 million for the building's development. The foundation gifted the building to the people of Limerick (Limerick City and County Council) in April 2024. The building was crowned 'Ireland's Favourite Building' in 2023 by the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland through the Public Choice awards. See also Architecture portal Architecture Architecture of Ireland Limerick History of Limerick Newtown Pery, Limerick References ^ FUSIO. "Saint Mary's Church of Ireland Cathedral, Nicholas Street, Athlunkard Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK". Buildings of Ireland. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021. ^ "Church of the Sacred Heart, the Crescent, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2012. ^ A Topographical Dictionary of Ireland pg505 ^ a b "Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage". Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2011. ^ Hurley, David (20 October 2020). "New plan targets Limerick shopping centre - no new floorspace will be allowed at the Crescent". www.limerickleader.ie. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ^ Spellissy, S., The History of Limerick City, Celtic Bookshop, Limerick, 1998. p.295. ^ Spellissy, p.242 ^ "Limerick's Link to the Crimean War, Liam O'Brien • Guest Posts". 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015. ^ Spellissy, p.297. ^ "Limerick Bridges • Limerick Places". 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013. ^ "Baal's Bridge, Mary Street, Broad Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2012. ^ a b "Baal's Bridge Square". Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-22. ^ "Arup wins award for Living Bridge". irishconstruction.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2008. ^ "LM085 Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering". University of Limerick. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2008. ^ "Direct Route". Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010. ^ Rabbitts, Nick (25 March 2024). "'Penneys' from heaven as landmark Limerick clock being repaired". www.limerickleader.ie. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ^ Halloran, Cathy (3 May 2023). "International Rugby Experience opens in Limerick". RTÉ News.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ O'Donovan, Katie (16 April 2024). "International Rugby Experience to be gifted to people of Limerick". Limerick Post Newspaper. Retrieved 13 June 2024. ^ "International Rugby Experience is crowned Ireland's favourite building at architecture awards". Irish Independent. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2024. Further reading Shannonside sells itself as Europe's new Riverside City Wednesday, 10 November 2004 The Irish Times vteCity of LimerickTopics People History Architecture Education University of Limerick TUS: Midlands Midwest - Limerick campus (LIT) Mary Immaculate College School of Art and Design Griffith College College of Further Education Crescent College St. Clement's College Laurel Hill College St Munchin's College Ardscoil Rís Villiers Castletroy College St. Enda's Community School St. Nessan's Community School Regions Centre (Newtown Pery) Annacotty Ballynanty Castletroy Caherdavin Coonagh Dooradoyle Garryowen Irishtown King's Island Mayorstone Moyross North Circular Road Parteen Plassey Raheen Rhebogue Roxborough Shannon Banks Singland Thomondgate Westbury Streets Athlunkard Street O'Connell Street William Street Cruises Street Thomas Street Bedford Row Henry Street Sarsfield Street Rutland Street Patrick Street Landmarks Fanning's Castle St Mary's Cathedral King John's Castle St John's Cathedral Hunt Museum Georgian Limerick St Michael's Church (Catholic) Thomond Bridge Thomond Park Gaelic Grounds Riverpoint Kilrush Church Clayton Hotel The Crescent Pery Square People's Park River Shannon Abbey River Milk Market Politics Mayor (list) City and County Council Limerick City (Dáil constituency, 2011–present) Limerick East (Dáil constituency, 1948–2011) South (EU constituency) History Thomond Sieges 1642 1650–51 1690 1691 1922) Treaty of Limerick Flight of the Wild Geese Patrick Sarsfield Limerick boycott Limerick Soviet Media Live 95 SPIN South West West Limerick 102 Limerick Leader Limerick Post Limerick Chronicle RTÉ lyric fm Sport Munster Rugby Limerick GAA Limerick FC Garryowen Shannon RFC Young Munster UL Bohemian RFC Old Crescent RFC Limerick Cricket Club Limerick Sport Eagles Na Piarsaigh Catholic Institute Athletic Club Limerick Racecourse Markets Field Culture & Venues University Concert Hall Lime Tree Theatre Belltable Limerick Civic Trust Millennium Theatre Athenaeum (Theatre Royal) City Gallery of Art Limerick Museum Live at the Big Top Public art People's Museum Richard Harris International Film Festival Transport Shannon Airport Colbert station Suburban Rail Western Railway Corridor Citylink vteRiver Shannon, Ireland (Basin)Counties Cavan Leitrim Roscommon Longford Westmeath Offaly Galway Tipperary Clare Limerick Settlements Dowra Ballinaglera Drumshanbo Carrick-on-Shannon Jamestown Drumsna Dromod Roosky Tarmonbarry Lanesborough-Ballyleague Athlone Shannonbridge Banagher Killaloe Limerick City Major tributaries Abbey Boyle Brosna Deel Inny Maigue Mulkear Nenagh Suck Flows into Shannon Estuary Atlantic Ocean Linked canals Shannon–Erne Waterway Jamestown Canal River Suck canal Boyle canal Lecarrow Canal Royal Canal Grand Canal Headrace canal (Ardnacrusha) Major crossings Dowra Bridge Carrick Bridge Jamestown Bridge Drumsna Bridge Roosky Bridge Termonbarry Bridge N6 Athlone bypass Shannonbridge Banagher bridge Portumna bridge Killaloe Bridge The Living Bridge University Bridge O'Briensbridge Shannon Bridge Limerick Tunnel Shannon Ferry All crossings of the River Shannon	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Castle_Limerick-seabhcan.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"King John's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John%27s_Castle_(Limerick)"}],"text":"King John's Castle sits on the southern bank of the River Shannon. Alongside is Thomond Bridge.As with other cities in Ireland, Limerick has a history of great architecture. A 1574 document prepared for the Spanish ambassador attests to its wealth and fine architecture:Limerick is stronger and more beautiful than all the other cities of Ireland, well walled with stout walls of hewn marble... There is no entrance except by stone bridges, one of the two of which has 14 arches, and the other 8 ... for the most part the houses are of square stone of black marble and built in the form of towers and fortresses.Many examples remain in the city to the present day – though much has been lost also, through wars, decay and modern development. Present-day Limerick has perhaps not as extensive historical architecture as other Irish cities, though some very notable examples remain, such as the 800-year-old St. Mary's Cathedral and King John's Castle.","title":"Architecture of Limerick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LimerickRCCathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. John's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Philip Charles Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Charles_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"spire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire"},{"link_name":"St. John's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_Hospital,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Romanesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Georgian Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"St. Mary's CathedralSt Mary's Cathedral is the older of Limerick's two cathedrals and dates from the 12th century. The cathedral has elements of both Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecture with Romanesque arches and doorways and Gothic windows. The plan and elevation of the cathedral show signs of the design being an altered over the years. The original plan of the church was in the form of a Latin cross. Additions were made to the cathedral during the episcopate of Stephen Wall, Bishop of Limerick. The Romanesque doorway on the west side is an impressive carving of chevrons and patterns. Like many medieval churches in Ireland, the building has been heavily restored by the Victorians. The cathedral plays a dominant role in this medieval area within Limerick City showing the amalgamation of the architectural styles of Romanesque and Gothic.[1] The tower of St. Mary's Cathedral was added in the 14th century, and it rises to 120 feetSt. John's CathedralSt John's CathedralThe main body of St. John's Cathedral was designed by English architect Philip Charles Hardwick, and constructed between 1856 and 1861. It has the tallest spire in Ireland at 94m (a later addition, designed by M.A. Hennessy and completed in 1883). The exterior of St. John's was completely refurbished in 2004, with new roofing and repointing of all stonework. The cathedral today cuts an imposing presence on an otherwise undeveloped side of the city centre. An important historical Protestant church sits near the cathedral also, and although in need of some repair, is now in use today by Dance Limerick.St. Munchin's Church, EnglishtownThe church was constructed by architect James Pain in 1837 replacing an earlier structure. The church is Gothic in design.St. John's Church, IrishtownConstructed in 1851 by architect Joseph Welland the church replaced an earlier dating from the 11th century. This important historic site is adjacent to the former John's Gate and the town walls where the existing Citadel is located and incorporated within St. John's Hospital. The church has Romanesque features.Franciscan Church, Henry StreetDesigned by William Corbett, the church is a fine example of classical architecture with an imposing portico in a similar fashion to the GPO in O'Connell Street, Dublin and the Bank of Ireland in College Green. The church dates from 1826.Sacred Heart Church, The CrescentDesigned by William Corbett, the church dates from 1832. Built in the classical style the facade is a centrepiece to The Crescent area of Georgian Limerick. The very fine classical interior, with a wealth of quality materials and craftsmanship, adds to the overall architectural importance of this ecclesiastical site.[2]St Saviour's Church (Dominicans)The existing church in Glentworth Street was built in 1815, under the leadership of Fr Joseph Harrigan on land donated by Edward Henry, the Earl of Limerick. It replaced a church on Fish Lane. In 1973 it was elevated to a parish church. It as renjuvated in the 1860s by the architect John Wallace. The priory was built in 1943.","title":"Ecclesiastical architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LimerickCICathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Kings Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Island,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"King John's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John%27s_Castle_(Limerick)"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topo-3"}],"text":"St Mary's Cathedral, LimerickThe medieval city of Limerick is largely concentrated on the southern section of Kings Island known as Englishtown and south of the Abbey river in an area known as Irishtown, just to the north of the present day city center. The island contains some of Limerick's main attractions including King John's Castle which was completed in around 1200. The walls, towers and fortifications remain today. The remains of a Viking settlement was also uncovered during the construction of the visitor centre at the site. St. Mary's Cathedral was founded in 1168 and is recorded as the oldest building in Limerick. It was built on an earlier castle belonging to the King of Munster. Nicholas street and Mary Street the medieval center of Limerick contained many examples of medieval buildings including tall gabled houses in the Flemish or Dutch fashion. Unfortunately, very little, if any of this streetscape remains today. Following the development of Newtown Pery this area of the city went into decline.[3] Today both the Englishtown and Irishtown areas remain neglected and dilapidated in appearance.Castle Lane beside King Johns Castle includes a reconstruction of some medieval buildings including a granary, labourers cottage, and gabled houses. The development is mainly for tourism purposes.","title":"Medieval Limerick"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sr_Maigh_Eala.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georgian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Edmund Sexton Pery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Sexton_Pery"},{"link_name":"Newtown Pery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"grid plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_plan"},{"link_name":"O'Connell Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connell_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"People's Museum of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People%27s_Museum_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Pery Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pery_Square"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunt_Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hunt Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hunt Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Museum"},{"link_name":"John and Gertrude Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunt_(antiquarian)"},{"link_name":"Antrim Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antrim_Cross&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"}],"text":"Georgian Period Townhouses on Mallow Street in the city centreMuch Georgian architecture was evident in the city from about the 1800s onwards. Although some has since been demolished, much of the city centre area is built in the Georgian fashion. John's Square, in front of St. John's Cathedral, towards the city centre, is an example of this. Stone-faced Georgian offices and townhouses were built in a planned fashion around this square. The development of Georgian Limerick was driven by Edmund Sexton Pery, speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and his name has been retained in the Georgian city centre; Newtown Pery. This development extended the city south of the Abbey river and the ancient medieval city. During this time most of the walls of the medieval city were torn down to facilitate the expansion of the city. The new city, Newtown Pery was built completely in Georgian style with long wide and elegant streets in grid plan design with O'Connell Street (previously Georges street) as its centre. The new Georgian town became the new economic and cultural centre of Limerick as the medieval city along with its main street, Nicholas street, fell largely into decline. Much of the Georgian architecture is still largely intact with the Crescent area of O' Connell street and Pery Square being among some of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in Ireland. One publicly accessible example of exquisite Georgian architecture is the People's Museum of Limerick at Pery Square. However much of the area is now in a neglected or decaying state while much of the more ornate styles around the retail areas of O' Connell street, William street and Sarsfield street has sadly been lost and replaced with more disappointing modern styles of architecture.The Hunt MuseumOne of Ireland's most celebrated museums, the Hunt Museum is based in the historic 18th-century former Custom House. The museum was established to house an internationally important collection of approximately 2,000 works of art and antiquities formed by John and Gertrude Hunt during their lifetimes. On display are the 9th-century Antrim Cross, a sketch by Picasso and a bronze sculpture of a horse, said to be from a design by Leonardo da Vinci.","title":"Georgian architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"Edwardian architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingsofireland.ie-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingsofireland.ie-4"}],"text":"From the 19th century much Victorian and Edwardian architecture was evident in Limerick. Unified terraces, detached or semi detached dwellings were built by the middle classes on roads protruding from the city centre as can be seen today in O' Connell Avenue, South and North Circular Roads, Ennis Road, Shelbourne Road and Mulgrave Street.[4] Typical features of this style of architecture in Limerick include arched or bay windows with brick detailing around doorways and elaborate railings enclosing long front gardens. Features of buildings dating from the Edwardian period also include balconies, porched and timbered gables, and horizontal mullioned windows.[4]","title":"Victorian and Edwardian architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cill_Inion_Leinn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frank McCourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_McCourt"},{"link_name":"council estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_estates"},{"link_name":"Moyross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyross"},{"link_name":"Southill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southill,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Ballymun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymun"},{"link_name":"City and County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_and_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"University of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Castletroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletroy"},{"link_name":"Crescent Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Dooradoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooradoyle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Council housing in Limerick developed from the 1940s onwards. Today Council housing comprises about 40% of housing within the city boundary (excl suburbs.From the period of Irish Independence right up to the 1960s there was very little development in Limerick. Housing had become a major problem as many of the city's poorer residents lived in overcrowded slums, streets and laneways in the oldest parts of the city. Life in these parts of the city in the early 20th century are perhaps best described in the worldwide best seller Angelas Ashes written by Frank McCourt. During the 1960s Limerick Corporation began to clear the slums and laneways by relocating families to new large council estates on the edge of the city. The estates were built primarily in Moyross, Southill, the Island Field (St. Marys Park) and Ballinacurra Weston. Initially seen to be a success these estates began to experience high levels of disadvantage, unemployment, poverty and crime as was replicated in other parts of Ireland such as Ballymun. However, since the early 21st century, the inner-city areas have experienced regeneration and revitalisation with funding and development from the City and County Council, as well as the Government.The city also expanded during this time with much development outside the city boundary creating new city suburbs. The most notable development is the University of Limerick in the suburb of Castletroy towards the eastern end of the city. UL is the location of the University Concert Hall, a 1000-seat venue on the university campus which is suitable for holding a wide variety of events. The UL arena, which opened in 2002 is Ireland's largest indoor complex. It consists of the National 50m Swimming Pool which is the only water facility in Ireland which has the approval of FINA, the international swimming body, and is the first in the country to be built to Olympic standards. The Arena's Indoor Sports Hall comprises 3,600 square metres laid out with four wood-sprung courts, catering for a variety of sports, a sprint track, an international 400m athletics track, and a 200m three-lane suspended jogging track. The facility also has a state-of-the-art cardiovascular and strength training centre, a weight-training room, team rooms, an aerobics studio and classroom areas. The Arena is often used by the Munster rugby team. On the southside of the city the Crescent Shopping Centre the largest shopping centre in Ireland outside Dublin was built in the suburb of Dooradoyle. It has a retail space of 100,000m squared with over 90 shops.By the end of the 20th century and early 21st century Limerick's trend towards suburbanisation continued which has led to many concerns of the development of the city during this time, particularly in relation to the amount of out-of-town retail developments which has reduced footfall on city centre streets. Since the early 2010s, significant efforts have been made to increase footfall in the city centre and to reduce ongoing surburbanisation, with streets seeing facelifts, community events arranged by the Council and the restricted development of retail outside of the city centre and city boundaries. A notable example is the Crescent S.C.[5]","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"County Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"Shannon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Airport"}],"text":"As a city situated on a river (the Shannon), and at a crossing point, Limerick's bridges are of vital importance to the region. They connect the northern bank of the river, and County Clare, to the southern bank and County Limerick. Apart from forming part of the Limerick to Galway route, the crossings are important today in connecting Shannon Airport to the city and beyond.","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Limerick_-_Thomond_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_331738.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomond Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond_Bridge"},{"link_name":"fording point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(river)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)"},{"link_name":"Treaty Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Stone"},{"link_name":"R445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R445_road"},{"link_name":"N7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N7_road_(Ireland)"}],"sub_title":"Thomond Bridge","text":"Thomond BridgeThe earliest bridge, Thomond Bridge, was built near a fording point. It was the scene of a failed defending of the city during the Siege of Limerick. At one ends sits the Treaty Stone, which stands as a symbol of the signed treaty. The treaty itself was probably signed in a campaign tent. The current bridge was built in 1836, replacing the earlier bridge which was also alongside King John's Castle. The bridge now forms part of the R445 (formerly N7), carrying traffic on the Northern Relief Road.","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patrick Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield"},{"link_name":"Williamite War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamite_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Pont de Neuilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_de_Neuilly"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1916MonumentLimerick.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Memorial,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"James Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Power_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"1916 Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_Rising"},{"link_name":"Mountshannon House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountshannon_House"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Charge of the Light Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Balaclava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava"},{"link_name":"Crimean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"George Clancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clancy_(politician)"}],"sub_title":"Sarsfield Bridge","text":"The second of Limerick's River Shannon crossings is now called Sarsfield Bridge, to commemorate Patrick Sarsfield, the Earl of Lucan, who is renowned in Limerick for his role in the Williamite War and the 1691 siege and Treaty of Limerick in particular. The bridge was opened as Wellesley Bridge on 5 August 1835, following 11 years of construction. It was designed by the Scottish engineer Alexander Nimmo and based on the Pont de Neuilly in Paris. It was a particularly important development for the city as it allowed expansion to the northern shore of the river. The bridge itself consists of five large and elegant elliptical arches with an open balustrade, running from a man-made island, originally called Wellesley Pier but now known as Shannon Island, to the northern shore, and a simple flat, swivel deck with iron lattice railings crossing a canal and road from the island to what was known as Brunswick Street, now Sarsfield Street. The swivel end is no longer functional, although some of its heavy machinery is still intact underneath the roadway. A lock system has replaced the swivel section to allow for the passage of smaller boats. Apart from this, the bridge has remained largely unchanged since it opened and still has its original lamp standards.[6]1916 Monument on Sarsfield BridgeRowing clubhouses sit on Shannon Island at either side of the bridge. The Shannon Rowing Club was founded by Sir Peter Tait in 1866 and has a very elegant clubhouse on the northern side. Limerick Boat Club was founded in 1870 and has a simpler structure on the southern side.[7]A monument by sculptor James Power located on the bridge just above the Limerick Boat Club building, commemorates the 1916 Rising. An earlier monument on this site was a statue of Viscount Fitzgibbon of Mountshannon House,[8] who was killed in The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava in 1854, flanked by two Russian cannon captured in the Crimean War. This statue was blown up by the Irish Republican Army in 1930.[9] The War of Independence memorial is located at the northern end of the bridge, commemorating two former mayors of Limerick (George Clancy and Michael O'Callaghan), among others, who were killed by the British in 1921. The quays on the northern shore are called Clancy Strand and O'Callaghan Strand in their honour.","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannonbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannonbridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shannon_Bridge_dedication_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Shannon Bridge","text":"\"Shannon Bridge\" redirects here. For the village in Co. Offaly, see Shannonbridge.Dedication plaque on Shannon BridgeThe Shannon Bridge is by far the newest River Shannon crossing in Limerick city centre. It was built in the late 1980s, officially opening on 30 May 1988, and connects to a relief road that passes through a bird sanctuary and runs around the north of the city. The bridge is still at times referred to as \"The New Bridge\", although the Abbey Bridge across the Abbey River is newer. For some time after its construction, the bridge was also termed \"The Whistling Bridge\" — the fencing on the bridge resonated with the winds coming up the Shannon Estuary, producing a shrill whistling sound. In extreme winds, the sound was quite deafening. Simple grills were added, and the effect was ceased.[10]","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_and_Compasses"},{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freemasonsnorthmunster.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freemasonsnorthmunster.com-12"}],"sub_title":"Baal's Bridge","text":"This is one of the oldest bridges in the city. The current structure was built in between 1830 and 1831 and is a single-arched hump-back limestone bridge. It replaced an earlier four-arched bridge that formed the only link before the mid-18th century crossing the Abbey river between Englishtown and Irishtown.[11] Early drawings show a row of houses on the bridge before it was replaced. During the construction of the new bridge in 1830 a significant archaeological object was found in the foundations of the old bridge. A brass Square of Freemasonry symbolism was found in the foundations with an inscription dating from 1507. Also inscribed on the square is the text I will strive to live with love and care upon the level, by the square.[12] It is reputed to be one of the earliest Masonic items to be found in the world.[12]","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Island,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"University of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"Bertie Ahern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Ahern"},{"link_name":"Health Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Science"},{"link_name":"The Living Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Living_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sylvester O'Halloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_O%27Halloran"},{"link_name":"Limerick Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"}],"sub_title":"Other bridges and the tunnel","text":"Another bridge at the northern end of King's Island, connects to Corbally on the north of the city. This is a simpler bridge, further up the Shannon. The only other road bridge across the Shannon near the city is the \"University Bridge\", at the University of Limerick. Opened in 2004 by then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, this fashionable modern bridge connects the recently commenced north bank campus (includes student villages/accommodation and Health Science building) to the main southern campus, but it does not serve as a public crossing point as there is no north bank entrance from the Clare side.The university is also home to one of the longest footbridges in Europe – The Living Bridge.[13]\n[14]Another bridge is named after Dr. Sylvester O'Halloran, which opened in 1987.The Limerick Tunnel opened in July 2010 as part of the Limerick Southern Road. The tunnel forms a fourth river crossing of the Shannon. It is a 675m long,[15] twin-bore road tunnel underneath the River Shannon on the outskirts of the city.","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OConnell_Street,_Limerick_(5587139288).jpg"},{"link_name":"townhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townhouse"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Cruises Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruises_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Costa Coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Coffee"},{"link_name":"Penney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penney%27s"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brown Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Thomas"},{"link_name":"pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"The Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crescent,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"King's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Island,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"King John's castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John%27s_Castle_(Limerick)"}],"text":"O'Connell Street in the 1950s with uniform Georgian terraces showing old AIB and Royal George Hotel all since rebuilt in more modern designMuch of Limerick's architectural heritage has changed over the past few decades. The main streets in the city centre were originally fronted by mostly uniform Georgian townhouses. Today, gaps and oddities may be found, with a fusion of modern-style and Georgian architecture in one building. The most recent example of a controversial demolition was the Cruises Hotel. This was the oldest hotel in Limerick; Daniel O'Connell himself stayed in it. It was demolished in 1990 to allow the construction of the Cruises Street pedestrian area, which opened in 1992. The site of what was Cruise's Hotel is now home to a Costa Coffee shop on the right-hand corner of the street entrance. Other examples of lost architecture include the facade of the old Cannock's Department Store (now Penney's), which was demolished in the 1960s and replaced with a more modern styled building. However, the landmark clock on top of the building remains, and was subject to a major restoration project in 2024.[16] The facade of Todd's Department Store (now Brown Thomas) which was destroyed by a fire in the late 1950s has also been replaced with a more modern design.Since the late 1990s, Ireland has had somewhat tougher development requirements. This has resulted in an increasing number of Georgian and other historical buildings being refurbished rather than demolished. Examples include the conversion of a historic bank to a pub and the conversion of old stone-built warehouses, with some Georgian townhouses changed to become up-market apartments. These recent refurbishments of Georgian townhouses include cleaned brickwork, replica railings outside sash windows with brass catches, and new replica street railings. Many areas of the city have experienced restoration projects, such as on Mallow Street, Catherine Street, The Crescent and historical areas of King's Island, which has seen a significant uplift in the 21st century. King John's castle was redeveloped between 2011 and 2013 to become a major tourist attraction for the city.","title":"Architecture lost and found"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverPoint.JPG"},{"link_name":"river Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Riverpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverpoint"},{"link_name":"Clayton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarion_Hotel"},{"link_name":"Thomond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond_Park"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_the_Architects_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Limerick City and County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_and_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"RiverpointAlthough a lot of developments in Limerick were concentrated in suburban areas of the city in the early 21st century, there has been notable modern architectural developments and improvements in the appearance of city centre in recent years. Most developments have been along the banks of the river Shannon and are facing onto the river. The most prominent are the 60m high Riverpoint building completed in 2008 and the 200ft four-star Clayton Hotel on Steamboat Quay, completed in 2002. Other developments include apartments and office blocks along the quay's and in areas such as Mount Kenneth Place, Harvey's Quay, Lower Cecil Street and Steamboat Quay. Other developments in the city centre include the successful redevelopment of Bedford Row, Henry Street, Thomas Street and Catherine Street.In 2007, Thomond Park underwent a redevelopment project which included the construction of two large stands to accommodate a capacity attendance of 26,500 with 15,100 seated. The stadium has become an icon for Limerick City and in 2009, the design of the stadium won the people's choice award from the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland. \nIn 2023, a new International Rugby Experience attraction, built on the corner of O'Connell Street and Cecil Street in the city centre, opened to the public. The building's architecture is built based on the neighbouring Georgian architecture on O'Connell Street. The JP McManus charitable foundation donated €30 million for the building's development.[17] The foundation gifted the building to the people of Limerick (Limerick City and County Council) in April 2024.[18] The building was crowned 'Ireland's Favourite Building' in 2023 by the Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland through the Public Choice awards.[19]","title":"Modern architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannonside sells itself as Europe's new Riverside City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2004/1110/1099561047162.html"},{"link_name":"The Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Limerick"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Limerick"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Limerick"},{"link_name":"City of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Limerick_people"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"University of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"TUS: Midlands Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_University_of_the_Shannon:_Midlands_Midwest"},{"link_name":"Limerick campus (LIT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Mary Immaculate College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate_College"},{"link_name":"School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Griffith College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_College_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Crescent College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_College"},{"link_name":"St. Clement's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Clement%27s_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laurel Hill College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laurel_Hill_College&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"St Munchin's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Munchin%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Ardscoil Rís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardscoil_R%C3%ADs,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villiers_School"},{"link_name":"Castletroy College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletroy_College"},{"link_name":"Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"(Newtown Pery)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Annacotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annacotty"},{"link_name":"Ballynanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballynanty"},{"link_name":"Castletroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castletroy"},{"link_name":"Caherdavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caherdavin"},{"link_name":"Coonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonagh,_Limerick_City"},{"link_name":"Dooradoyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dooradoyle"},{"link_name":"Garryowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garryowen,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Irishtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irishtown,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"King's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Island,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Mayorstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayorstone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moyross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyross"},{"link_name":"North Circular Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Circular_Road,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Parteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parteen"},{"link_name":"Plassey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plassey,_County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Raheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raheen,_County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Rhebogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhebogue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roxborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxboro,_County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Shannon Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Singland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomondgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomondgate"},{"link_name":"Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Athlunkard Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlunkard_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"O'Connell Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Connell_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"William Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Cruises Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruises_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Thomas Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Bedford Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Row,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Henry Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Sarsfield Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarsfield_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Rutland Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Patrick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Street,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Fanning's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanning%27s_Castle"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"King John's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John%27s_Castle_(Limerick)"},{"link_name":"St John's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral_(Limerick)"},{"link_name":"Hunt Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_Museum"},{"link_name":"Georgian Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"St Michael's Church (Catholic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Michael%27s_Catholic_Church_(Limerick)"},{"link_name":"Thomond Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Thomond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond_Park"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Riverpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverpoint"},{"link_name":"Kilrush Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilrush_Church"},{"link_name":"Clayton Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Hotel,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"The Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crescent,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Pery Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pery_Square"},{"link_name":"People's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Park,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Abbey River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_River,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Milk Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milk_Market"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"City and County Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_and_County_Council"},{"link_name":"Limerick City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Limerick East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_East_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_(European_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Thomond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomond"},{"link_name":"1642","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1642)"},{"link_name":"1650–51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1650%E2%80%9351)"},{"link_name":"1690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1690)"},{"link_name":"1691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1691)"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1922)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Flight of the Wild Geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sarsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sarsfield,_1st_Earl_of_Lucan"},{"link_name":"Limerick boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_boycott"},{"link_name":"Limerick Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Live 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_95"},{"link_name":"SPIN South West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPIN_South_West"},{"link_name":"West Limerick 102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Limerick_102"},{"link_name":"Limerick Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Leader"},{"link_name":"Limerick Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Post"},{"link_name":"RTÉ lyric fm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_lyric_fm"},{"link_name":"Munster Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Limerick GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_GAA"},{"link_name":"Limerick FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_F.C."},{"link_name":"Garryowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garryowen_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Shannon RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_RFC"},{"link_name":"Young Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Munster"},{"link_name":"UL Bohemian RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UL_Bohemians_R.F.C."},{"link_name":"Old Crescent RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Crescent_RFC"},{"link_name":"Limerick Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Limerick Sport Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Sport_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Na Piarsaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Piarsaigh_GAA_(Limerick)"},{"link_name":"Limerick Racecourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"Markets Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markets_Field"},{"link_name":"University Concert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Concert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lime Tree Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Immaculate_College"},{"link_name":"Belltable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belltable"},{"link_name":"Limerick Civic Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Civic_Trust"},{"link_name":"Millennium Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Athenaeum (Theatre Royal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Athenaeum"},{"link_name":"City Gallery of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City_Gallery_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Limerick Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Museum"},{"link_name":"Live at the Big Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milk_Market"},{"link_name":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Limerick"},{"link_name":"People's Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_People%27s_Museum_of_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Richard Harris International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Harris_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Shannon Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Airport"},{"link_name":"Colbert station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Colbert_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Suburban Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Suburban_Rail"},{"link_name":"Western Railway Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railway_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Citylink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Citylink"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Shannon"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_River_Basin"},{"link_name":"Cavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cavan"},{"link_name":"Leitrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"Roscommon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Roscommon"},{"link_name":"Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Longford"},{"link_name":"Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"Offaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Offaly"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Dowra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowra"},{"link_name":"Ballinaglera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinaglera"},{"link_name":"Drumshanbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumshanbo"},{"link_name":"Carrick-on-Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick-on-Shannon"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_County_Leitrim"},{"link_name":"Drumsna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumsna"},{"link_name":"Dromod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromod"},{"link_name":"Roosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosky"},{"link_name":"Tarmonbarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmonbarry"},{"link_name":"Lanesborough-Ballyleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanesborough-Ballyleague"},{"link_name":"Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone"},{"link_name":"Shannonbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannonbridge"},{"link_name":"Banagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banagher"},{"link_name":"Killaloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killaloe,_County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Limerick City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_City"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_River,_Limerick"},{"link_name":"Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle_River_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Brosna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Brosna"},{"link_name":"Deel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Deel"},{"link_name":"Inny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Inny,_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"Maigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Maigue"},{"link_name":"Mulkear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulkear_River"},{"link_name":"Nenagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenagh_River"},{"link_name":"Suck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suck"},{"link_name":"Shannon Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Estuary"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Shannon–Erne Waterway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon%E2%80%93Erne_Waterway"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown_Canal"},{"link_name":"River Suck canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Suck"},{"link_name":"Boyle canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyle,_County_Roscommon#Transport"},{"link_name":"Lecarrow Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecarrow_Canal"},{"link_name":"Royal Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canal"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Headrace canal (Ardnacrusha)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_hydroelectric_scheme#Navigation"},{"link_name":"Dowra Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowra"},{"link_name":"Carrick Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrick-on-Shannon#Carrick_Bridge_and_Quay"},{"link_name":"Jamestown Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_County_Leitrim#River_crossings"},{"link_name":"Drumsna Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumsna"},{"link_name":"Roosky Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosky"},{"link_name":"Termonbarry Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmonbarry"},{"link_name":"N6 Athlone bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N6_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Shannonbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannonbridge"},{"link_name":"Banagher bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banagher_bridge"},{"link_name":"Portumna bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portumna_bridge"},{"link_name":"Killaloe Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killaloe_Bridge"},{"link_name":"The Living Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick#Expansion"},{"link_name":"University Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick#Expansion"},{"link_name":"O'Briensbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Brien%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Shannon Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shannon_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Limerick Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Shannon Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Ferry"},{"link_name":"All crossings of the River Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Shannon"}],"text":"Shannonside sells itself as Europe's new Riverside City Wednesday, 10 November 2004 The Irish TimesvteCity of LimerickTopics\nPeople\nHistory\nArchitecture\nEducation\nUniversity of Limerick\nTUS: Midlands Midwest - Limerick campus (LIT)\nMary Immaculate College\nSchool of Art and Design\nGriffith College\nCollege of Further Education\nCrescent College\nSt. Clement's College\nLaurel Hill College\nSt Munchin's College\nArdscoil Rís\nVilliers\nCastletroy College\nSt. Enda's Community School\nSt. Nessan's Community School\nRegions\nCentre (Newtown Pery)\nAnnacotty\nBallynanty\nCastletroy\nCaherdavin\nCoonagh\nDooradoyle\nGarryowen\nIrishtown\nKing's Island\nMayorstone\nMoyross\nNorth Circular Road\nParteen\nPlassey\nRaheen\nRhebogue\nRoxborough\nShannon Banks\nSingland\nThomondgate\nWestbury\nStreets\nAthlunkard Street\nO'Connell Street\nWilliam Street\nCruises Street\nThomas Street\nBedford Row\nHenry Street\nSarsfield Street\nRutland Street\nPatrick Street\nLandmarks\nFanning's Castle\nSt Mary's Cathedral\nKing John's Castle\nSt John's Cathedral\nHunt Museum\nGeorgian Limerick\nSt Michael's Church (Catholic)\nThomond Bridge\nThomond Park\nGaelic Grounds\nRiverpoint\nKilrush Church\nClayton Hotel\nThe Crescent\nPery Square\nPeople's Park\nRiver Shannon\nAbbey River\nMilk Market\nPolitics\nMayor (list)\nCity and County Council\nLimerick City (Dáil constituency, 2011–present)\nLimerick East (Dáil constituency, 1948–2011)\nSouth (EU constituency)\nHistory\nThomond\nSieges\n1642\n1650–51\n1690\n1691\n1922)\nTreaty of Limerick\nFlight of the Wild Geese\nPatrick Sarsfield\nLimerick boycott\nLimerick Soviet\nMedia\nLive 95\nSPIN South West\nWest Limerick 102\nLimerick Leader\nLimerick Post\nLimerick Chronicle\nRTÉ lyric fm\nSport\nMunster Rugby\nLimerick GAA\nLimerick FC\nGarryowen\nShannon RFC\nYoung Munster\nUL Bohemian RFC\nOld Crescent RFC\nLimerick Cricket Club\nLimerick Sport Eagles\nNa Piarsaigh\nCatholic Institute Athletic Club\nLimerick Racecourse\nMarkets Field\nCulture & Venues\nUniversity Concert Hall\nLime Tree Theatre\nBelltable\nLimerick Civic Trust\nMillennium Theatre\nAthenaeum (Theatre Royal)\nCity Gallery of Art\nLimerick Museum\nLive at the Big Top\nPublic art\nPeople's Museum\nRichard Harris International Film Festival\nTransport\nShannon Airport\nColbert station\nSuburban Rail\nWestern Railway Corridor\nCitylinkvteRiver Shannon, Ireland (Basin)Counties\nCavan\nLeitrim\nRoscommon\nLongford\nWestmeath\nOffaly\nGalway\nTipperary\nClare\n\nLimerick\nSettlements\nDowra\nBallinaglera\nDrumshanbo\nCarrick-on-Shannon\nJamestown\nDrumsna\nDromod\nRoosky\nTarmonbarry\nLanesborough-Ballyleague\nAthlone\nShannonbridge\nBanagher\nKillaloe\nLimerick City\nMajor tributaries\nAbbey\nBoyle\nBrosna\nDeel\nInny\nMaigue\nMulkear\nNenagh\nSuck\nFlows into\nShannon Estuary\nAtlantic Ocean\nLinked canals\nShannon–Erne Waterway\nJamestown Canal\nRiver Suck canal\nBoyle canal\nLecarrow Canal\nRoyal Canal\nGrand Canal\nHeadrace canal (Ardnacrusha)\nMajor crossings\nDowra Bridge\nCarrick Bridge\nJamestown Bridge\nDrumsna Bridge\nRoosky Bridge\n Termonbarry Bridge\nN6 Athlone bypass\nShannonbridge\nBanagher bridge\nPortumna bridge\nKillaloe Bridge\nThe Living Bridge\nUniversity Bridge\nO'Briensbridge\nShannon Bridge\nLimerick Tunnel\nShannon Ferry\nAll crossings of the River Shannon","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"King John's Castle sits on the southern bank of the River Shannon. Alongside is Thomond Bridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_Castle_Limerick-seabhcan.jpg/250px-John_Castle_Limerick-seabhcan.jpg"},{"image_text":"St John's Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/LimerickRCCathedral.jpg/220px-LimerickRCCathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Mary's Cathedral, Limerick","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LimerickCICathedral.jpg/225px-LimerickCICathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georgian Period Townhouses on Mallow Street in the city centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sr_Maigh_Eala.jpg/225px-Sr_Maigh_Eala.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Hunt Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hunt_Museum.jpg/220px-Hunt_Museum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Council housing in Limerick developed from the 1940s onwards. Today Council housing comprises about 40% of housing within the city boundary (excl suburbs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cill_Inion_Leinn.jpg/225px-Cill_Inion_Leinn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thomond Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Limerick_-_Thomond_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_331738.jpg/220px-Limerick_-_Thomond_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_331738.jpg"},{"image_text":"1916 Monument on Sarsfield Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1916MonumentLimerick.jpg/220px-1916MonumentLimerick.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dedication plaque on Shannon Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Shannon_Bridge_dedication_plaque.jpg/220px-Shannon_Bridge_dedication_plaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"O'Connell Street in the 1950s with uniform Georgian terraces showing old AIB and Royal George Hotel all since rebuilt in more modern design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/OConnell_Street%2C_Limerick_%285587139288%29.jpg/220px-OConnell_Street%2C_Limerick_%285587139288%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Riverpoint","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/RiverPoint.JPG/220px-RiverPoint.JPG"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg"},{"title":"Architecture portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Architecture"},{"title":"Architecture of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"title":"History of Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Limerick"},{"title":"Newtown Pery, Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_Pery,_Limerick"}]	[{"reference":"FUSIO. \"Saint Mary's Church of Ireland Cathedral, Nicholas Street, Athlunkard Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\". Buildings of Ireland. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/21508014/saint-marys-church-of-ireland-cathedral-nicholas-street-athlunkard-street-limerick-municipal-borough-limerick-limerick","url_text":"\"Saint Mary's Church of Ireland Cathedral, Nicholas Street, Athlunkard Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210721195358/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/21508014/saint-marys-church-of-ireland-cathedral-nicholas-street-athlunkard-street-limerick-municipal-borough-limerick-limerick","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Church of the Sacred Heart, the Crescent, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21517113","url_text":"\"Church of the Sacred Heart, the Crescent, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606193116/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21517113","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage\". Archived from the original on 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/highlights.jsp?county=LI&list=true","url_text":"\"Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510220327/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/highlights.jsp?county=LI&list=true","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hurley, David (20 October 2020). \"New plan targets Limerick shopping centre - no new floorspace will be allowed at the Crescent\". www.limerickleader.ie. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/582611/new-plan-targets-limerick-shopping-centre-no-new-floorspace-will-be-allowed-at-the-crescent.html","url_text":"\"New plan targets Limerick shopping centre - no new floorspace will be allowed at the Crescent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limerick's Link to the Crimean War, Liam O'Brien • Guest Posts\". 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://limerickslife.com/crimean-war/","url_text":"\"Limerick's Link to the Crimean War, Liam O'Brien • Guest Posts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610171136/http://limerickslife.com/crimean-war/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Limerick Bridges • Limerick Places\". 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://limerickslife.com/limerick-bridges/#shanb","url_text":"\"Limerick Bridges • Limerick Places\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227095609/http://limerickslife.com/limerick-bridges/#shanb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baal's Bridge, Mary Street, Broad Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21513031","url_text":"\"Baal's Bridge, Mary Street, Broad Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193942/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21513031","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Baal's Bridge Square\". Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2012-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121205043740/http://www.freemasonsnorthmunster.com/Baal%27s_Bridge_Square.htm","url_text":"\"Baal's Bridge Square\""},{"url":"http://www.freemasonsnorthmunster.com/Baal's_Bridge_Square.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Arup wins award for Living Bridge\". irishconstruction.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090402063431/http://www.irishconstruction.com/page/889","url_text":"\"Arup wins award for Living Bridge\""},{"url":"http://www.irishconstruction.com/page/889","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LM085 Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering\". University of Limerick. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918202404/http://www.ul.ie/courses/LM085.shtml","url_text":"\"LM085 Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering\""},{"url":"http://www.ul.ie/courses/LM085.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Direct Route\". Archived from the original on 14 May 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.limericktunnel.com/index.html","url_text":"\"Direct Route\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100514083305/http://limericktunnel.com/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rabbitts, Nick (25 March 2024). \"'Penneys' from heaven as landmark Limerick clock being repaired\". www.limerickleader.ie. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/1459336/penneys-from-heaven-as-landmark-limerick-clock-being-repaired.html","url_text":"\"'Penneys' from heaven as landmark Limerick clock being repaired\""}]},{"reference":"Halloran, Cathy (3 May 2023). \"International Rugby Experience opens in Limerick\". RTÉ News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/munster/2023/0502/1380180-rugby-limerick/","url_text":"\"International Rugby Experience opens in Limerick\""}]},{"reference":"O'Donovan, Katie (16 April 2024). \"International Rugby Experience to be gifted to people of Limerick\". Limerick Post Newspaper. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.limerickpost.ie/2024/04/16/international-rugby-experience-to-be-gifted-to-people-of-limerick/","url_text":"\"International Rugby Experience to be gifted to people of Limerick\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Rugby Experience is crowned Ireland's favourite building at architecture awards\". Irish Independent. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/international-rugby-experience-is-crowned-irelands-favourite-building-at-architecture-awards/a1814947134.html","url_text":"\"International Rugby Experience is crowned Ireland's favourite building at architecture awards\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Architecture+of+Limerick%22","external_links_name":"\"Architecture of Limerick\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Architecture+of+Limerick%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Architecture+of+Limerick%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Architecture+of+Limerick%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Architecture+of+Limerick%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Architecture+of+Limerick%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/21508014/saint-marys-church-of-ireland-cathedral-nicholas-street-athlunkard-street-limerick-municipal-borough-limerick-limerick","external_links_name":"\"Saint Mary's Church of Ireland Cathedral, Nicholas Street, Athlunkard Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210721195358/https://www.buildingsofireland.ie/buildings-search/building/21508014/saint-marys-church-of-ireland-cathedral-nicholas-street-athlunkard-street-limerick-municipal-borough-limerick-limerick","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21517113","external_links_name":"\"Church of the Sacred Heart, the Crescent, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140606193116/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21517113","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/highlights.jsp?county=LI&list=true","external_links_name":"\"Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120510220327/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/highlights.jsp?county=LI&list=true","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/582611/new-plan-targets-limerick-shopping-centre-no-new-floorspace-will-be-allowed-at-the-crescent.html","external_links_name":"\"New plan targets Limerick shopping centre - no new floorspace will be allowed at the Crescent\""},{"Link":"http://limerickslife.com/crimean-war/","external_links_name":"\"Limerick's Link to the Crimean War, Liam O'Brien • Guest Posts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610171136/http://limerickslife.com/crimean-war/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://limerickslife.com/limerick-bridges/#shanb","external_links_name":"\"Limerick Bridges • Limerick Places\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227095609/http://limerickslife.com/limerick-bridges/#shanb","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21513031","external_links_name":"\"Baal's Bridge, Mary Street, Broad Street, LIMERICK MUNICIPAL BOROUGH, Limerick, LIMERICK\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193942/http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=LI&regno=21513031","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121205043740/http://www.freemasonsnorthmunster.com/Baal%27s_Bridge_Square.htm","external_links_name":"\"Baal's Bridge Square\""},{"Link":"http://www.freemasonsnorthmunster.com/Baal's_Bridge_Square.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090402063431/http://www.irishconstruction.com/page/889","external_links_name":"\"Arup wins award for Living Bridge\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishconstruction.com/page/889","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918202404/http://www.ul.ie/courses/LM085.shtml","external_links_name":"\"LM085 Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering\""},{"Link":"http://www.ul.ie/courses/LM085.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.limericktunnel.com/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Direct Route\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100514083305/http://limericktunnel.com/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.limerickleader.ie/news/home/1459336/penneys-from-heaven-as-landmark-limerick-clock-being-repaired.html","external_links_name":"\"'Penneys' from heaven as landmark Limerick clock being repaired\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/news/munster/2023/0502/1380180-rugby-limerick/","external_links_name":"\"International Rugby Experience opens in Limerick\""},{"Link":"https://www.limerickpost.ie/2024/04/16/international-rugby-experience-to-be-gifted-to-people-of-limerick/","external_links_name":"\"International Rugby Experience to be gifted to people of Limerick\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/international-rugby-experience-is-crowned-irelands-favourite-building-at-architecture-awards/a1814947134.html","external_links_name":"\"International Rugby Experience is crowned Ireland's favourite building at architecture awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2004/1110/1099561047162.html","external_links_name":"Shannonside sells itself as Europe's new Riverside City"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Molesworth	Helen Molesworth	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 ICA Boston, 2010–2014","2.3 MOCA LA, 2014–2018","2.4 Recent career","3 Other activities","4 Personal life","5 Selected exhibitions","6 Selected publications","7 References"]	American curator of contemporary art (born 1966) Helen Anne Molesworth (born 1966, Chickasaw, Alabama) is an American curator of contemporary art based in Los Angeles. From 2014 to 2018, she was the Chief Curator at The Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) in Los Angeles. Early life and education Raised in Flushing, Queens, and Forest Hills, Queens, by a textile artist mother, who worked in the menswear industry, and an English professor father, who taught at Queens College, Molesworth graduated from Stuyvesant High School. After graduating from the State University of New York at Albany, Molesworth entered the Whitney Museum’s Independent Study Program. In 1997, she earned a Ph.D. in Art History from Cornell University. Career Early career As head of the Department of Modern and Contemporary Art at the Harvard University Art Museums, she presented an exhibition of photographs by Moyra Davey and ACT UP NY: Activism, Art, and the AIDS Crisis 1987–1993. While Curator of Contemporary Art at the Baltimore Museum of Art from 2000 to 2002, she arranged Work Ethic, which traced the problem of artistic labor in post-1960s art. From 2002 to 2007 she was the Chief Curator of Exhibitions at the Wexner Center for the Arts where she organized the first U.S. retrospectives of Louise Lawler and Luc Tuymans, as well as Part Object Part Sculpture, which examined the influence of Marcel Duchamp's erotic objects. ICA Boston, 2010–2014 From 2010 to 2014 Molesworth was the Barbara Lee Chief Curator at the Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) Boston, where she assembled one person exhibitions of artists Steve Locke, Catherine Opie, Josiah McElheny, and Amy Sillman, and the group exhibitions Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957, Dance/Draw, and This Will Have Been: Art, Love & Politics in the 1980s. MOCA LA, 2014–2018 Molesworth was the Chief Curator at The Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles, 2014–2018. After her arrival in Los Angeles in 2014 she reinstalled MOCA's permanent collection galleries, co-organized a survey exhibition of Kerry James Marshall that traveled to Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles, organized Anna Maria Maiolino’s first US retrospective, and forged a partnership between MOCA and The Underground Museum. Her final exhibition at MOCA was a 2018 exhibition One Day at a Time: Manny Farber and Termite Art, which traced the legacy of Farber's "termite art" ideology on a wide range of contemporary artists, including many from Molesworth's own curatorial history. In March 2018, Molesworth was abruptly fired from MOCA, due to what the museum called "creative differences." Catherine Opie, a MOCA board member, reported that museum director Philippe Vergne had said he fired Molesworth for "undermining the museum." Molesworth has long spoken publicly about the lack of diversity and equity in art institutions and the difficulties she has encountered in mounting exhibitions by non-male artists and artists of color—in a lecture to the UCLA Design Media Arts department on January 18, 2018, she said: “I don’t think there’s any way for MOCA to not be a white space. Not gonna happen. The DNA is too deep. We don’t have anyone of color on our board. Let’s start right there.” In a 2019 Cultured Magazine article by Sarah Thornton, Moleswoth said of the incident: “It was a total debacle." Recent career Since 2019, Molesworth has been the Curator in Residence at Anderson Ranch Arts Center in Colorado. Molesworth has organized shows about the artists Noah Davis in 2020 and Ruth Asawa in 2021 at David Zwirner Gallery. Also in 2021, she curated the exhibition "Feedback" at the Jack Shainman Gallery's The School space in Kinderhook, housed in a former high school. The 21-artist show examined the history taught in American schools through the issues left insufficiently addressed in educational curricula, most notably race, and continues Molesworth's critique of institutional spaces and power structures. In 2022, Molesworth was awarded the Clark Prize for Excellence in Arts Writing alongside Hilton Als by the Clark Art Institute. There were two winners that year, the most in a single year since the prize's founding, due to the societal shutdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, Molesworth curated "Face to Face: Portraits of Artists by Tacita Dean, Brigitte Lacombe, and Catherine Opie" at the International Center of Photography, which focused on intimate portrait photography of various cultural figures by the three artists. Later that same year, a collection of her essays, Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art, curated from various exhibition catalogues and publications such as Artforum, was published by Phaidon Press. Other activities Molesworth is the author of numerous catalogue essays and her writing has appeared in publications such as Artforum, Art Journal, Documents, and October. The recipient of the Bard Center for Curatorial Studies’s 2011 Audrey Irmas Award for Curatorial Excellence, she is currently at work on a book about "what art does." Molesworth was a jury member for the College Art Association’s Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement (2012), The New School’s Vera List Prize for Art and Politics (2014), the Prix Canson (2016), the Suzanne Deal Booth / FLAG Art Foundation Prize (2018), and the PinchukArtCentre’s Future Generation Art Prize (2018). In 2016, she was a member of the jury which selected Njideka Akunyili Crosby as recipient of the Prix Canson. Molesworth was the commencement speaker for the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture in June 2018. In 2022, she hosted the six-part podcast, Death of an Artist, about the death of Cuban-American artist Ana Mendieta, wife of Carl Andre; the series made several “best of 2022” lists, including those of The Economist and The Atlantic. She has since interviewed artists and thinkers for David Zwirner Gallery's “Dialogues” podcast. She also leads art conversations as the host of the gallery's video series “Program”. Personal life On August 13, 2006 Molesworth married her wife, art historian, Susan Dackerman in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Selected exhibitions Kerry James Marshall: Mastry. 2016, Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago; 2016–2017, Met Breuer; 2017, Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles. Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957. 2015–2016, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; 2016, Hammer Museum. Curated by Helen Molesworth with Ruth Erickson. The Hammer Museum's presentation organized by Anne Ellegood with MacKenzie Stevens and January Parkos Arnall. MOCA: The Art of Our Time. 2015, Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles. Amy Sillman: One Lump or Two. 2013–2014, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. This Will Have Been: Art, Love & Politics in the 1980s. 2012, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. Helen Molesworth guest curator. Catherine Opie: Empty and Full. 2011, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. Luc Tuymans. 2009, Wexner Center for the Arts; 2010, Dallas Museum of Art; 2010–2011, Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. Curated by Madeleine Grynsztejn and Helen Molesworth Selected publications Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art (Donna Wingate, editor.) London: Phaidon, 2023. ISBN 978-1838666057 DEATH OF AN ARTIST. A podcast in conjunction with Pushkin Industries and Somethin' else and Sony evaluating the significance of women and non-white persons in modern art through the life and tragic death of artist Ana Mendieta. One Day at a Time: Manny Farber and Termite Art, Molesworth, Helen. Prestel, 2018. ISBN 978-3791357669 Duchamp—By Hand, Even, Molesworth, Helen. Wien Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2017. ISBN 978-3903153981 Leap Before you Look : Black Mountain College, 1933–1957, Molesworth, Helen. Boston: Institute of Contemporary Art in association with Yale University Press, 2015. ISBN 9780300211917 Molesworth, Helen. "How to Install Art as a Feminist." Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art. Ed. Connie Butler, Ed. Alexandra Schwartz. Published by The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 2014. Amy Sillman: One Lump or Two, Molesworth, Helen. New York: DelMonico Books Prestel, 2013. Louise Lawler, Molesworth, Helen. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0262518352 Klara Lidén Bodies of Society, Molesworth, Helen. New York: New Museum, 2012. This Will Have Been: Art, Love & Politics in the 1980s, Molesworth, Helen. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012. Catherine Opie: Empty and Full, Molesworth, Helen, ed. Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz, 2011. Dance/Draw: The Institute of Contemporary Art Boston, Molesworth, Helen. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2011. Luc Tuymans exh. cat. Palais des beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 18 février-8 mai 2011, Molesworth, Helen. Bruxelles: Ludion, DL 2011. Part Object Part Sculpture, Molesworth, Helen, ed., Penn State Press, 2005. Body Space, Molesworth, Helen. Baltimore Museum of Art, 2001. Work Ethic, Molesworth, Helen. Baltimore Museum of Art, 2003. References ^ Cascone, Sarah (2014-05-30). "Helen Molesworth Hired as Chief Curator of LA MOCA". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ Robin Pogrebin (25 January 2023), A Curator Unbound: First She Was Fired. Then She Found Freedom New York Times. ^ Robin Pogrebin (25 January 2023), A Curator Unbound: First She Was Fired. Then She Found Freedom New York Times. ^ "Helen Molesworth Appointed Curator of Contemporary Art". ^ Helen Anne Molesworth and Susan Dackerman New York Times, 13 August 2006. ^ "Richard Deming on "Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957"". www.artforum.com. March 2016. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ ""Dance/Draw" at ICA - Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston". www.artforum.com. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Burton, Johanna; Grace, Claire, Museum of Contemporary Art (Chicago, Ill.), Institute of Contemporary Art (Boston, Mass.), Walker Art Center (2012). This will have been: art, love & politics in the 1980s. Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. ISBN 978-0-300-18110-4. OCLC 759174324.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Cascone, Sarah (2014-05-30). "Helen Molesworth Hired as Chief Curator of LA MOCA". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "An unassuming storefront. A major museum. A collaboration that takes museum art to the people of L.A." Los Angeles Times. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ Almino, Elisa Wouk (2018-11-14). "Helen Molesworth's Last MOCA Exhibition Is an Act of Love". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "MOCA fires its chief curator". Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "MOCA fires its chief curator". Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ Douglas, Sarah (2018-03-21). "Prior to Her Firing, Curator Helen Molesworth Made Public Statements Critical of Museum Practices, MOCA". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "Curator Helen Molesworth Returns to the Stage With Something to Say". Cultured Magazine. 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-03-17. ^ "ANDERSON RANCH ARTS CENTER NAMES HELEN MOLESWORTH AS NEW CURATOR-IN-RESIDENCE". Anderson Ranch Arts Center. 2019-02-26. ^ Robin Pogrebin (25 January 2023), A Curator Unbound: First She Was Fired. Then She Found Freedom New York Times. ^ Heinrich, Will (2021-08-12). "Teaching a New Inclusiveness at The School". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-30. ^ "Clark Institute Names Helen Molesworth and Hilton Als as Recipients of 2022 Clark Prize for Excellence in Arts Writing". The Clark. Retrieved 2024-03-28. ^ "Face to Face: Portraits of Artists by Tacita Dean, Brigitte Lacombe, and Catherine Opie". Retrieved 2024-04-02. ^ "Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art". Retrieved 2024-03-28. ^ Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement College Art Association. ^ Syrian cinema collective Abounaddara awarded 2014 Vera List Center Prize for Art and Politic The New School, press release of 28 October 2014. ^ Prix Canson 2016, June 22–July 1, 2016 Drawing Center. ^ Robin Pogrebin (2 May 2018), Collectors Join Forces to Create $800,000 Art Prize New York Times. ^ PinchukArtCentre announces the jury for the 5th edition of the Future Generation Art Prize Future Generation Art Prize, press release of 29 May 2018. ^ Andrew Russeth (22 June 2016), Njideka Akunyili Crosby Wins 2016 Prix Canson ARTnews. ^ "UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture". UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture. Retrieved 2019-04-20. ^ "The Tragic Story of Ana Mendieta is Uncovered in Death of an Artist". Vanity Fair. 29 August 2022. ^ Robin Pogrebin (25 January 2023), A Curator Unbound: First She Was Fired. Then She Found Freedom New York Times. ^ Robin Pogrebin (25 January 2023), A Curator Unbound: First She Was Fired. Then She Found Freedom New York Times. ^ "Helen Anne Molesworth and Susan Dackerman". The New York Times. 2006-08-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-21. ^ Steadman, Ryan (February 2, 2016). "One of the Great American Artists Gets an American Retrospective". Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ Miranda, Carolina A (January 8, 2016). "9 ways in which Helen Molesworth's permanent collection show at MOCA is upending the story of art". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ Westin, Monica (February 16, 2012). "The MCA's "This Will Have Been" and the Subjectivity of History". Art21. Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ "SFMOMA AND WEXNER CENTER TO PRESENT FIRST U.S. RETROSPECTIVE OF THE WORK OF LUC TUYMANS". SF MoMA. Retrieved 10 April 2016. ^ MOLESWORTH, HELEN (2018). ONE DAY AT A TIME: manny farber and termite art. S.l.: PRESTEL ART. ISBN 978-3791357669. OCLC 1020312076. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Banz, Stefan; Edition KMD (2017). Helen Molesworth Duchamp: By hand, even. Verlag für Moderne Kunst. ISBN 9783903153981. OCLC 1008599377. ^ Molesworth, Helen Anne; Erickson, Ruth (2016). Leap before you look: Black Mountain College, 1933-1957. Boston; Boston, Mass.; New Haven, Conn.; London: Institute of contemporary art in association with Yale University press(IS) Institute of contemporary art; Yale University press. ISBN 9780300211917. OCLC 982274467. ^ Butler, Cornelia H; Schwartz, Alexandra (2010). Modern women: women artists at the Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art : Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers. ISBN 9780870707711. ^ Molesworth, Helen (2013). Amy Sillman: one lump or two. New York: DelMonico Books (Prestel). OCLC 950233366. ^ Molesworth, Helen (2013). Louise Lawler. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262018814. OCLC 858000815. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Gioni, Massimiliano; Moore, Jenny; Rist, Pipilotti; New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York, N.Y.) (2012). Klara Lidén bodies of society. New York, N.Y: New Museum. ISBN 9780985448523. OCLC 901443271. ^ Molesworth, Helen Anne; Ward, Frazer; Mercer, Kobena; Burton, Johanna; Lebovici, Elisabeth; Horrigan, Bill; Schulman, Sarah (2012). This will have been: art, love, & politics in the 1980s. Chicago; London; New Haven (Conn.): Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago; Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300181104. ^ Opie, Catherine (2011). Empty and full. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verl. ISBN 9783775730150. OCLC 741701119. ^ Molesworth, Helen (2011). Dance/Draw: the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN 9783775731638. OCLC 972017383. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Grynsztein, Madeleine; Palais des beaux-arts (Bruxelles) (2011). Luc Tuymans [exposition, Palais des beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 18 février-8 mai 2011 (in French). Bruxelles: Ludion. ISBN 9789055447725. OCLC 758373350. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Wexner Center for the Arts (Columbus, OH) (2005). Part object, part sculpture. Columbus, OH; University Park, PA: Wexner Center for the Arts, The Ohio State University; Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271028556. OCLC 907144433. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Baltimore Museum of Art (2001). Bodyspace. Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art. OCLC 272520549. ^ Molesworth, Helen; Alexander, M. Darsie; Bryan-Wilson, Julia; Baltimore Museum of Art (2003). Work ethic. Baltimore [etc: Baltimore Museum of Art [etc. ISBN 0271023341. OCLC 932548046. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel Belgium Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Helen Anne Molesworth (born 1966, Chickasaw, Alabama) is an American curator of contemporary art based in Los Angeles. From 2014 to 2018, she was the Chief Curator at The Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA) in Los Angeles.[1]","title":"Helen Molesworth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flushing, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Stuyvesant High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"State University of New York at Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Albany,_SUNY"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Raised in Flushing, Queens, and Forest Hills, Queens, by a textile artist mother, who worked in the menswear industry, and an English professor father, who taught at Queens College, Molesworth graduated from Stuyvesant High School.[2]After graduating from the State University of New York at Albany, Molesworth entered the Whitney Museum’s Independent Study Program.[3] In 1997, she earned a Ph.D. in Art History from Cornell University.[4][5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University Art Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Art_Museums"},{"link_name":"Moyra Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyra_Davey"},{"link_name":"ACT UP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_UP"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Wexner Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexner_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Louise Lawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Lawler"},{"link_name":"Luc Tuymans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Tuymans"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"As head of the Department of Modern and Contemporary Art at the Harvard University Art Museums, she presented an exhibition of photographs by Moyra Davey and ACT UP NY: Activism, Art, and the AIDS Crisis 1987–1993. While Curator of Contemporary Art at the Baltimore Museum of Art from 2000 to 2002, she arranged Work Ethic, which traced the problem of artistic labor in post-1960s art. From 2002 to 2007 she was the Chief Curator of Exhibitions at the Wexner Center for the Arts where she organized the first U.S. retrospectives of Louise Lawler and Luc Tuymans, as well as Part Object Part Sculpture, which examined the influence of Marcel Duchamp's erotic objects.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbara Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_F._Lee"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Steve Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Locke"},{"link_name":"Catherine Opie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Opie"},{"link_name":"Josiah McElheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_McElheny"},{"link_name":"Amy Sillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Sillman"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"ICA Boston, 2010–2014","text":"From 2010 to 2014 Molesworth was the Barbara Lee Chief Curator at the Institute of Contemporary Art (ICA) Boston, where she assembled one person exhibitions of artists Steve Locke, Catherine Opie, Josiah McElheny, and Amy Sillman, and the group exhibitions Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957,[6] Dance/Draw,[7] and This Will Have Been: Art, Love & Politics in the 1980s.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kerry James Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_James_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Anna Maria Maiolino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Maiolino"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Manny Farber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Farber"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Catherine Opie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Opie"},{"link_name":"Philippe Vergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Vergne"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"MOCA LA, 2014–2018","text":"Molesworth was the Chief Curator at The Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCA), Los Angeles, 2014–2018.[9] After her arrival in Los Angeles in 2014 she reinstalled MOCA's permanent collection galleries, co-organized a survey exhibition of Kerry James Marshall that traveled to Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles, organized Anna Maria Maiolino’s first US retrospective, and forged a partnership between MOCA and The Underground Museum.[10] Her final exhibition at MOCA was a 2018 exhibition One Day at a Time: Manny Farber and Termite Art, which traced the legacy of Farber's \"termite art\" ideology on a wide range of contemporary artists, including many from Molesworth's own curatorial history.[11]In March 2018, Molesworth was abruptly fired from MOCA, due to what the museum called \"creative differences.\"[12] Catherine Opie, a MOCA board member, reported that museum director Philippe Vergne had said he fired Molesworth for \"undermining the museum.\"[13] Molesworth has long spoken publicly about the lack of diversity and equity in art institutions and the difficulties she has encountered in mounting exhibitions by non-male artists and artists of color—in a lecture to the UCLA Design Media Arts department on January 18, 2018, she said: “I don’t think there’s any way for MOCA to not be a white space. Not gonna happen. The DNA is too deep. We don’t have anyone of color on our board. Let’s start right there.”[14] In a 2019 Cultured Magazine article by Sarah Thornton, Moleswoth said of the incident: “It was a total debacle.\"[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson Ranch Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Ranch_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Noah Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Davis_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Ruth Asawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Asawa"},{"link_name":"David Zwirner Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zwirner_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jack Shainman Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Shainman_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Kinderhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinderhook_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hilton Als","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Als"},{"link_name":"Clark Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"International Center of Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Center_of_Photography"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"Phaidon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaidon_Press"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Recent career","text":"Since 2019, Molesworth has been the Curator in Residence at Anderson Ranch Arts Center in Colorado.[16]Molesworth has organized shows about the artists Noah Davis in 2020 and Ruth Asawa in 2021 at David Zwirner Gallery.[17] Also in 2021, she curated the exhibition \"Feedback\" at the Jack Shainman Gallery's The School space in Kinderhook, housed in a former high school. The 21-artist show examined the history taught in American schools through the issues left insufficiently addressed in educational curricula, most notably race, and continues Molesworth's critique of institutional spaces and power structures.[18]In 2022, Molesworth was awarded the Clark Prize for Excellence in Arts Writing alongside Hilton Als by the Clark Art Institute.[19] There were two winners that year, the most in a single year since the prize's founding, due to the societal shutdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.In 2023, Molesworth curated \"Face to Face: Portraits of Artists by Tacita Dean, Brigitte Lacombe, and Catherine Opie\" at the International Center of Photography, which focused on intimate portrait photography of various cultural figures by the three artists.[20] Later that same year, a collection of her essays, Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art, curated from various exhibition catalogues and publications such as Artforum, was published by Phaidon Press.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Bard Center for Curatorial Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Curatorial_Studies,_Bard_College"},{"link_name":"College Art Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Art_Association"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The New School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School"},{"link_name":"Vera List Prize for Art and Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_List_Center_for_Art_and_Politics"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Deal Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Deal_Booth"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"PinchukArtCentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PinchukArtCentre"},{"link_name":"Future Generation Art Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Generation_Art_Prize"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Njideka Akunyili Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njideka_Akunyili_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Prix Canson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_School_of_the_Arts_and_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ana Mendieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Mendieta"},{"link_name":"Carl Andre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Andre"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"David Zwirner Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zwirner_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Molesworth is the author of numerous catalogue essays and her writing has appeared in publications such as Artforum, Art Journal, Documents, and October. The recipient of the Bard Center for Curatorial Studies’s 2011 Audrey Irmas Award for Curatorial Excellence, she is currently at work on a book about \"what art does.\"Molesworth was a jury member for the College Art Association’s Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement (2012),[22] The New School’s Vera List Prize for Art and Politics (2014),[23] the Prix Canson (2016),[24] the Suzanne Deal Booth / FLAG Art Foundation Prize (2018),[25] and the PinchukArtCentre’s Future Generation Art Prize (2018).[26] In 2016, she was a member of the jury which selected Njideka Akunyili Crosby as recipient of the Prix Canson.[27]Molesworth was the commencement speaker for the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture in June 2018.[28] In 2022, she hosted the six-part podcast, Death of an Artist, about the death of Cuban-American artist Ana Mendieta, wife of Carl Andre;[29] the series made several “best of 2022” lists, including those of The Economist and The Atlantic.[30] She has since interviewed artists and thinkers for David Zwirner Gallery's “Dialogues” podcast. She also leads art conversations as the host of the gallery's video series “Program”.[31]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Susan Dackerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Dackerman"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"On August 13, 2006 Molesworth married her wife, art historian, Susan Dackerman in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[32]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kerry James Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_James_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Met Breuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Breuer"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Observer-33"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_College"},{"link_name":"Hammer Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Museum"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Time-34"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art21-35"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Wexner Center for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wexner_Center_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Dallas Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Kerry James Marshall: Mastry. 2016, Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago; 2016–2017, Met Breuer; 2017, Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles.[33]\nLeap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957. 2015–2016, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; 2016, Hammer Museum. Curated by Helen Molesworth with Ruth Erickson. The Hammer Museum's presentation organized by Anne Ellegood with MacKenzie Stevens and January Parkos Arnall.\nMOCA: The Art of Our Time. 2015, Museum of Contemporary Art Los Angeles.[34]\nAmy Sillman: One Lump or Two. 2013–2014, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston.\nThis Will Have Been: Art, Love & Politics in the 1980s. 2012, Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago. Helen Molesworth guest curator.[35]\nCatherine Opie: Empty and Full. 2011, Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston.\nLuc Tuymans. 2009, Wexner Center for the Arts; 2010, Dallas Museum of Art; 2010–2011, Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago. Curated by Madeleine Grynsztejn and Helen Molesworth[36]","title":"Selected exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.moma.org/explore/publications/modern_women/book"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Hatje Cantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatje_Cantz_Verlag"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art (Donna Wingate, editor.) London: Phaidon, 2023. ISBN 978-1838666057\nDEATH OF AN ARTIST. A podcast in conjunction with Pushkin Industries and Somethin' else and Sony evaluating the significance of women and non-white persons in modern art through the life and tragic death of artist Ana Mendieta.\nOne Day at a Time: Manny Farber and Termite Art, Molesworth, Helen. Prestel, 2018.[37] ISBN 978-3791357669\nDuchamp—By Hand, Even, Molesworth, Helen. Wien Verlag für moderne Kunst, 2017.[38] ISBN 978-3903153981\nLeap Before you Look : Black Mountain College, 1933–1957, Molesworth, Helen. Boston: Institute of Contemporary Art in association with Yale University Press, 2015.[39] ISBN 9780300211917\nMolesworth, Helen. \"How to Install Art as a Feminist.\" Modern Women: Women Artists at The Museum of Modern Art. Ed. Connie Butler, Ed. Alexandra Schwartz. Published by The Museum of Modern Art, New York. 2014.[40]\nAmy Sillman: One Lump or Two, Molesworth, Helen. New York: DelMonico Books Prestel, 2013.[41]\nLouise Lawler, Molesworth, Helen. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2013.[42] ISBN 978-0262518352\nKlara Lidén Bodies of Society, Molesworth, Helen. New York: New Museum, 2012.[43]\nThis Will Have Been: Art, Love & Politics in the 1980s, Molesworth, Helen. Chicago: Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago; New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012.[44]\nCatherine Opie: Empty and Full, Molesworth, Helen, ed. Stuttgart: Hatje Cantz, 2011.[45]\nDance/Draw: The Institute of Contemporary Art Boston, Molesworth, Helen. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2011.[46]\nLuc Tuymans exh. cat. Palais des beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 18 février-8 mai 2011, Molesworth, Helen. Bruxelles: Ludion, DL 2011.[47]\nPart Object Part Sculpture, Molesworth, Helen, ed., Penn State Press, 2005.[48]\nBody Space, Molesworth, Helen. Baltimore Museum of Art, 2001.[49]\nWork Ethic, Molesworth, Helen. Baltimore Museum of Art, 2003.[50]","title":"Selected publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Cascone, Sarah (2014-05-30). \"Helen Molesworth Hired as Chief Curator of LA MOCA\". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/helen-molesworth-hired-as-chief-curator-of-la-moca-30461","url_text":"\"Helen Molesworth Hired as Chief Curator of LA MOCA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Molesworth Appointed Curator of Contemporary Art\".","urls":[{"url":"https://artdaily.cc/news/18057/Helen-Molesworth-Appointed-Curator-of-Contemporary-Art#.Y1zZvOzMLAM","url_text":"\"Helen Molesworth Appointed Curator of Contemporary Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Deming on \"Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957\"\". www.artforum.com. March 2016. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/201603/leap-before-you-look-black-mountain-college-1933-1957-58117","url_text":"\"Richard Deming on \"Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933–1957\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dance/Draw\" at ICA - Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston\". www.artforum.com. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/picks/dance-draw-29756","url_text":"\"\"Dance/Draw\" at ICA - Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston\""}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Burton, Johanna; Grace, Claire, Museum of Contemporary Art (Chicago, Ill.), Institute of Contemporary Art (Boston, Mass.), Walker Art Center (2012). This will have been: art, love & politics in the 1980s. Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago. ISBN 978-0-300-18110-4. OCLC 759174324.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759174324","url_text":"This will have been: art, love & politics in the 1980s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18110-4","url_text":"978-0-300-18110-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/759174324","url_text":"759174324"}]},{"reference":"Cascone, Sarah (2014-05-30). \"Helen Molesworth Hired as Chief Curator of LA MOCA\". Artnet News. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/art-world/helen-molesworth-hired-as-chief-curator-of-la-moca-30461","url_text":"\"Helen Molesworth Hired as Chief Curator of LA MOCA\""}]},{"reference":"\"An unassuming storefront. A major museum. A collaboration that takes museum art to the people of L.A.\" Los Angeles Times. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-underground-museum-noah-davis-showcases-works-from-mocas-collection-20150717-column.html","url_text":"\"An unassuming storefront. A major museum. A collaboration that takes museum art to the people of L.A.\""}]},{"reference":"Almino, Elisa Wouk (2018-11-14). \"Helen Molesworth's Last MOCA Exhibition Is an Act of Love\". Hyperallergic. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://hyperallergic.com/471079/one-day-at-a-time-manny-farber-and-termite-art-helen-molesworth-moca-la/","url_text":"\"Helen Molesworth's Last MOCA Exhibition Is an Act of Love\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOCA fires its chief curator\". Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-moca-fires-molesworth-vergne-20180313-story.html","url_text":"\"MOCA fires its chief curator\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOCA fires its chief curator\". Los Angeles Times. 2018-03-13. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-moca-fires-molesworth-vergne-20180313-story.html","url_text":"\"MOCA fires its chief curator\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Sarah (2018-03-21). \"Prior to Her Firing, Curator Helen Molesworth Made Public Statements Critical of Museum Practices, MOCA\". ARTnews.com. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/prior-firing-curator-helen-molesworth-made-public-statements-critical-museum-practices-moca-10009/","url_text":"\"Prior to Her Firing, Curator Helen Molesworth Made Public Statements Critical of Museum Practices, MOCA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curator Helen Molesworth Returns to the Stage With Something to Say\". Cultured Magazine. 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2019-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culturedmag.com/helen-molesworth-curator/","url_text":"\"Curator Helen Molesworth Returns to the Stage With Something to Say\""}]},{"reference":"\"ANDERSON RANCH ARTS CENTER NAMES HELEN MOLESWORTH AS NEW CURATOR-IN-RESIDENCE\". Anderson Ranch Arts Center. 2019-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.andersonranch.org/blog/anderson-ranch-arts-center-names-helen-molesworth-as-new-curator-in-residence/","url_text":"\"ANDERSON RANCH ARTS CENTER NAMES HELEN MOLESWORTH AS NEW CURATOR-IN-RESIDENCE\""}]},{"reference":"Heinrich, Will (2021-08-12). \"Teaching a New Inclusiveness at The School\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/arts/design/feedback-review.html","url_text":"\"Teaching a New Inclusiveness at The School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Clark Institute Names Helen Molesworth and Hilton Als as Recipients of 2022 Clark Prize for Excellence in Arts Writing\". The Clark. Retrieved 2024-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clarkart.edu/About/Press-Room/Press-Room-Archives/2022-Archives/Clark-Prize-2022","url_text":"\"Clark Institute Names Helen Molesworth and Hilton Als as Recipients of 2022 Clark Prize for Excellence in Arts Writing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Face to Face: Portraits of Artists by Tacita Dean, Brigitte Lacombe, and Catherine Opie\". Retrieved 2024-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/face-to-face-portraits-of-artists-by-tacita-dean-brigitte-lacombe-and-catherine-opie","url_text":"\"Face to Face: Portraits of Artists by Tacita Dean, Brigitte Lacombe, and Catherine Opie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art\". Retrieved 2024-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phaidon.com/store/art/open-questions-thirty-years-of-writing-about-art-9781838666057/","url_text":"\"Open Questions: Thirty Years of Writing about Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture\". UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture. Retrieved 2019-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://arts.ucla.edu/","url_text":"\"UCLA Arts: School of the Arts and Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Tragic Story of Ana Mendieta is Uncovered in Death of an Artist\". Vanity Fair. 29 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/08/death-of-an-artist-podcast-trailer-interview","url_text":"\"The Tragic Story of Ana Mendieta is Uncovered in Death of an Artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"}]},{"reference":"\"Helen Anne Molesworth and Susan Dackerman\". The New York Times. 2006-08-13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/fashion/weddings/13mole.html","url_text":"\"Helen Anne Molesworth and Susan Dackerman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Steadman, Ryan (February 2, 2016). \"One of the Great American Artists Gets an American Retrospective\". Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2016/02/black-power-kerry-james-marshall-prepares-for-major-3-city-retrospective/","url_text":"\"One of the Great American Artists Gets an American Retrospective\""}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Carolina A (January 8, 2016). \"9 ways in which Helen Molesworth's permanent collection show at MOCA is upending the story of art\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160109184629/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-tour-of-moca-permanent-collection-helen-molesworth-20160107-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"9 ways in which Helen Molesworth's permanent collection show at MOCA is upending the story of art\""},{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-tour-of-moca-permanent-collection-helen-molesworth-20160107-htmlstory.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Westin, Monica (February 16, 2012). \"The MCA's \"This Will Have Been\" and the Subjectivity of History\". Art21. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.art21.org/2012/02/16/the-mcas-this-will-have-been-and-the-subjectivity-of-history/#.VwrIZDYrJmB","url_text":"\"The MCA's \"This Will Have Been\" and the Subjectivity of History\""}]},{"reference":"\"SFMOMA AND WEXNER CENTER TO PRESENT FIRST U.S. RETROSPECTIVE OF THE WORK OF LUC TUYMANS\". SF MoMA. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfmoma.org/press/release/sfmoma-and-wexner-center-to-present-first-us-retr/","url_text":"\"SFMOMA AND WEXNER CENTER TO PRESENT FIRST U.S. RETROSPECTIVE OF THE WORK OF LUC TUYMANS\""}]},{"reference":"MOLESWORTH, HELEN (2018). ONE DAY AT A TIME: manny farber and termite art. S.l.: PRESTEL ART. ISBN 978-3791357669. OCLC 1020312076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3791357669","url_text":"978-3791357669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1020312076","url_text":"1020312076"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Banz, Stefan; Edition KMD (2017). Helen Molesworth Duchamp: By hand, even. Verlag für Moderne Kunst. ISBN 9783903153981. OCLC 1008599377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783903153981","url_text":"9783903153981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1008599377","url_text":"1008599377"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen Anne; Erickson, Ruth (2016). Leap before you look: Black Mountain College, 1933-1957. Boston; Boston, Mass.; New Haven, Conn.; London: Institute of contemporary art in association with Yale University press(IS) Institute of contemporary art; Yale University press. ISBN 9780300211917. OCLC 982274467.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300211917","url_text":"9780300211917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982274467","url_text":"982274467"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Cornelia H; Schwartz, Alexandra (2010). Modern women: women artists at the Museum of Modern Art. New York: Museum of Modern Art : Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by D.A.P./Distributed Art Publishers. ISBN 9780870707711.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernwomenwomen0000unse","url_text":"Modern women: women artists at the Museum of Modern Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870707711","url_text":"9780870707711"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen (2013). Amy Sillman: one lump or two. New York: DelMonico Books (Prestel). OCLC 950233366.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/950233366","url_text":"950233366"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen (2013). Louise Lawler. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262018814. OCLC 858000815.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262018814","url_text":"9780262018814"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/858000815","url_text":"858000815"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Gioni, Massimiliano; Moore, Jenny; Rist, Pipilotti; New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York, N.Y.) (2012). Klara Lidén bodies of society. New York, N.Y: New Museum. ISBN 9780985448523. OCLC 901443271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780985448523","url_text":"9780985448523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/901443271","url_text":"901443271"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen Anne; Ward, Frazer; Mercer, Kobena; Burton, Johanna; Lebovici, Elisabeth; Horrigan, Bill; Schulman, Sarah (2012). This will have been: art, love, & politics in the 1980s. Chicago; London; New Haven (Conn.): Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago; Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300181104.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/thiswillhavebeen0000mole","url_text":"This will have been: art, love, & politics in the 1980s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300181104","url_text":"9780300181104"}]},{"reference":"Opie, Catherine (2011). Empty and full. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verl. ISBN 9783775730150. OCLC 741701119.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783775730150","url_text":"9783775730150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741701119","url_text":"741701119"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen (2011). Dance/Draw: the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN 9783775731638. OCLC 972017383.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783775731638","url_text":"9783775731638"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/972017383","url_text":"972017383"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Grynsztein, Madeleine; Palais des beaux-arts (Bruxelles) (2011). Luc Tuymans [exposition, Palais des beaux-arts de Bruxelles, 18 février-8 mai 2011 (in French). Bruxelles: Ludion. ISBN 9789055447725. OCLC 758373350.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789055447725","url_text":"9789055447725"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/758373350","url_text":"758373350"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Wexner Center for the Arts (Columbus, OH) (2005). Part object, part sculpture. Columbus, OH; University Park, PA: Wexner Center for the Arts, The Ohio State University; Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0271028556. OCLC 907144433.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271028556","url_text":"0271028556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907144433","url_text":"907144433"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Baltimore Museum of Art (2001). Bodyspace. Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art. OCLC 272520549.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/272520549","url_text":"272520549"}]},{"reference":"Molesworth, Helen; Alexander, M. Darsie; Bryan-Wilson, Julia; Baltimore Museum of Art (2003). Work ethic. Baltimore [etc: Baltimore Museum of Art [etc. ISBN 0271023341. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Devils	War Devils	["1 Plot","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	For the Chainsaw Man character, see War Devil. 1969 Italian filmWar DevilsFilm posterDirected byBitto AlbertiniWritten byBitto AlbertiniValentín Fernández TubauRenato InfascelliProduced byJack SchwarzStarringGuy MadisonAnthony SteelCinematographyJaime Deu CasasEdited byGiacinto SolitoMusic byStelvio CiprianiRelease date 19 December 1969 (1969-12-19) (Italy) Running time99 minutesCountriesItalySpainLanguageEnglish War Devils, also known in Italy as I Diavoli Della Guerra, is a 1969 war / action film written and directed by Bitto Albertini starring Guy Madison, Venantino Venantini, and Anthony Steel. Plot The action begins in Tunisia 1943. An allied commando unit commanded by Captain George Vincent (Guy Madison) parachutes into the Tunisia desert to carry out a dangerous mission behind German lines. Captain Vincent and a German officer (Venantino Venantini) must help each other in order to make it across the desert to safety. After completing their trip, the German officer releases his American prisoner but pledges to kill him if they ever meet again. One year later, the two officers find themselves facing each other again but this time in occupied France when Vincent and his US Rangers are sent to rescue a British officer, Colonel James Steele (Anthony Steel), an expert on secret arms and V2 rockets. Notes The film was released in colour and is rated PG. It was included in a compilation of classic war films titled Combat Classics: 50 Movie Megapack, distributed by Mill Creek Entertainment in 2008. References ^ Hughes, Howard When Eagles Dared: The Filmgoers' History of World War II I.B. Tauris; 1st edition (30 January 2012) External links War Devils at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Devil"},{"link_name":"Bitto Albertini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitto_Albertini"},{"link_name":"Guy Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Madison"},{"link_name":"Venantino Venantini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venantino_Venantini"},{"link_name":"Anthony Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Steel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Chainsaw Man character, see War Devil.1969 Italian filmWar Devils, also known in Italy as I Diavoli Della Guerra, is a 1969 war / action film written and directed by Bitto Albertini starring Guy Madison, Venantino Venantini, and Anthony Steel.[1]","title":"War Devils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"The action begins in Tunisia 1943. An allied commando unit commanded by Captain George Vincent (Guy Madison) parachutes into the Tunisia desert to carry out a dangerous mission behind German lines. Captain Vincent and a German officer (Venantino Venantini) must help each other in order to make it across the desert to safety. After completing their trip, the German officer releases his American prisoner but pledges to kill him if they ever meet again.One year later, the two officers find themselves facing each other again but this time in occupied France when Vincent and his US Rangers are sent to rescue a British officer, Colonel James Steele (Anthony Steel), an expert on secret arms and V2 rockets.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification#Current_certificates"},{"link_name":"Combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat"},{"link_name":"Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"}],"text":"The film was released in colour and is rated PG. It was included in a compilation of classic war films titled Combat Classics: 50 Movie Megapack, distributed by Mill Creek Entertainment in 2008.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0064235/","external_links_name":"War Devils"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosaku-hanga	Sōsaku-hanga	["1 Origins and early years","2 Wartime","3 Postwar creative print movement","4 Contemporary Japanese prints","5 Notable sōsaku hanga artists","6 See also","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Japanese art movement Kanae Yamamoto's "Fisherman" (1904) Sōsaku-hanga (創作版画, "creative prints") was an art movement of woodblock printing which was conceived in early 20th-century Japan. It stressed the artist as the sole creator motivated by a desire for self-expression, and advocated principles of art that is "self-drawn" (自画 jiga), "self-carved" (自刻 jikoku) and "self-printed" (自摺 jizuri). As opposed to the parallel shin-hanga ("new prints") movement that maintained the traditional ukiyo-e collaborative system where the artist, carver, printer, and publisher engaged in division of labor. The birth of the sōsaku-hanga movement was signaled by Kanae Yamamoto's (1882–1946) small print Fisherman in 1904. Departing from the ukiyo-e collaborative system, Yamamoto made the print solely on his own: drawing, carving, and printing the image. Such principles of "self-drawn", "self-carved" and "self-printed" became the foundation of the movement, which struggled for existence in prewar Japan, and gained its momentum and flourished in postwar Japan as the genuine heir to the ukiyo-e tradition. In practice, however, the distinction of sosaku-hanga to other movements was not so distinct. For example, one of the leading artists, Kōshirō Onchi, commissioned carvers, such as Yamagishi Kazue, and printers, such as his student Jun'ichirō Sekino, to produce his work. The 1951 São Paulo Art Biennial witnessed the success of the creative print movement. Both of the Japanese winners, Yamamoto and Kiyoshi Saitō (1907–1997) were printmakers, who outperformed Japanese paintings (nihonga), Western-style paintings (yōga), sculptures and avant-garde. Other sōsaku-hanga artists such as Kōshirō Onchi (1891–1955), Un'ichi Hiratsuka (1895–1997), Sadao Watanabe (1913–1996) and Maki Haku (1924–2000) are also well known in the West. Origins and early years The creative print movement was one of the many manifestations of the rise of the individual after decades of modernization. In both artistic and literary circles, there emerged at the turn of the century expressions of the "self". In 1910, Kōtarō Takamura's (1883–1956) "A Green Sun" encouraged artists' individual expression: "I desire absolute freedom of art. Consequently I recognize the limitless authority of individuality of the artist ... Even if two or three artists should paint a "green sun", I would never criticize them for I myself may see a green sun". In 1912, in "Bunten and the Creative Arts" (Bunten to Geijutsu), Natsume Sōseki (1867–1916) states that "art begins with the expression of the self and ends with the expression of the self". These two essays marked the beginning of the intellectual discussion of the "self", which immediately found echo in the art scene. 1910 witnessed the first publication of a monthly magazine called White Birch (Shirakaba), the most important magazine shaping the thought of the Taishō period. Aspiring young artists organized its first exhibition in the same year. Shirakaba also sponsored exhibitions of Western art. In its formative years, the sōsaku-hanga movement, like many others such as the shin-hanga, futurism and proletarian art movements, struggled to survive, experiment and find a voice in an art scene dominated by those mainstream arts that were well received by the Bunten (Japan Art Academy). Hanga in general (including shin-hanga) did not achieve the status of Western oil paintings (yōga) in Japan. Hanga was considered a craft that was inferior to paintings and sculptures. Ukiyo-e woodblock prints had always been considered as mere reproductions for mass commercial consumption, as opposed to the European view of ukiyo-e as art, during the climax of Japonisme. It was impossible for sōsaku-hanga artists to make a living by just doing creative prints. Many of the later renowned sōsaku-hanga artists, such as Kōshirō Onchi (also known as the father of the creative print movement), were book illustrators and wood carvers. It was not until 1927 that hanga was accepted by the Teiten (the former Bunten). In 1935, extracurricular classes on hanga were finally permitted. Wartime The wartime years from 1939 to 1945 was a time of metamorphosis for the creative print movement. The First Thursday Society, which was crucial to the postwar revival of Japanese prints, was formed in 1939 through the groups of people who gathered once a month in the house of Kōshirō Onchi in Tokyo to discuss subjects of woodblock prints. First initial members included Gen Yamaguchi (1896–1976) and Jun'ichirō Sekino (1914–1988). American connoisseurs Ernst Hacker, William Hartnett and Oliver Statler also attended and helped revive Western interest in Japanese prints. The First Thursday Collection (Ichimoku-shū), a collection of prints by members to circulate among each other, was produced in 1944. The group provided comradeship and a venue for artistic exchange and nourishment during the difficult war years when resources were scarce and censorship severe. Postwar creative print movement Portrait of Hagiwara Sakutarô (Onchi Kôshirô, 1943) The rebirth of the Japanese print coincided with the rebirth of Japan after World War II. During the islands' occupation, American soldiers and their wives bought and collected Japanese prints as souvenirs. It can be said that Japanese prints became one of the components of postwar economic reconstruction. With the aim of promoting "democratic art", American patronage shifted from the more traditional shin-hanga to the modern-leaning sōsaku-hanga. Abstract art had been banned by the military government during wartime, but postwar, artists such as Kōshirō Onchi turned completely to abstract art. By 1950 abstraction was the primary mode of the creative print movement, and Japanese prints were perceived as a genuine blending of East and West. The 1951 São Paulo Art Biennial was Japan’s first postwar submission to an international exhibition. Notable artists such as Shikō Munakata (1903–1975) and Naoko Matsubara (b. 1937) worked in the folk art tradition (mingei), and held solo shows in the United States. Contemporary Japanese prints Contemporary Japanese prints have a rich diversity in subject matter and style. Tetsuya Noda (b. 1940) employs photography and produces everyday qualities in his prints in the form of photographic diaries. Artists such as Maki Haku (1924–2000) and Shinoda Toko (1913–2021) synthesize calligraphy and abstract expression and produce strikingly beautiful and serene images. Sadao Watanabe worked in the mingei (folk art) tradition, synthesizing Buddhist figure portrayal and Western Christianity in his unique Biblical prints. From the 1960s onwards, the line between fine art and commercial media became blurred. Pop and conceptual artists work with professional technicians, and possibilities for innovation are endless. Notable sōsaku hanga artists Okiie Hashimoto Azechi Umetarō Eiichi Kotozuka Un'ichi Hiratsuka Itow Takumi Kitaoka Fumio Koizumi Kishio Yasuhide Kobashi Sakuichi Fukazawa Masao Maeda Toshirō Maeda Senpan Maekawa Maki Haku Matsubara Naoko Yoshitoshi Mori Shikō Munakata Hajime Namiki Tetsuya Noda Gihachiro Okuyama Kōshirō Onchi Saitō Kiyoshi Kihei Sasajima Sekino Jun'ichirō Takumi Shinagawa Toko Shinoda Hiroyuki Tajima Tomikichirō Tokuriki Sadao Watanabe Gen Yamaguchi Kanae Yamamoto Hodaka Yoshida Tōshi Yoshida Ansei Uchima Suwa Kanenori Fujimori Shizuo Kiichi Okamoto Tadashige Ono See also One Hundred Views of New Tokyo Further reading Ajioka, Chiaki, Kuwahara, Noriko and Nishiyama, Junko. Hanga: Japanese creative prints. Sydney: Art Gallery of New South Wales, c2000. ISBN 0-7347-6313-1 Blakemore, Frances. Who’s Who in Modern Japanese Prints. New York: Weatherhill, 1975. Fujikake, Shizuya. Japanese Woodblock Prints. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau, 1957. Jenkins, Donald, and Gilkey, Gordon, and Klemperer, Louise. Images of a Changing World - Japanese Prints of the Twentieth Century, 1983. Portland Art Museum, Oregon. Kawakita, Michiaki. Contemporary Japanese Prints. Tokyo and Palo Alto: Kodansha, 1967. Keyes, Roger. Break with the Past: The Japanese Creative Print Movement, 1910-1960. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1988. Michener, James. The Modern Japanese Print: An Appreciation. Rutland & Tokyo: Tuttle, 1968. Milone, Marco. La xilografia giapponese moderno-contemporanea, Edizioni Clandestine, 2023, ISBN 88-6596-746-3 Petit G. and Arboleda A. Evolving Techniques in Japanese Woodblock Prints. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1977. Statler, Oliver. Modern Japanese Prints: An Art Reborn. Rutland & Tokyo: Tuttle, 1956. Smith, Lawrence. Japanese Prints During the Allied Occupation 1945–1952: Onchi Koshiro, Ernst Hacker and the First Thursday Society. Art Media Resources, 2002. ISBN 0-7567-8527-8 Volk, Alicia. Made in Japan: The Postwar Creative Print Movement. Milwaukee Art Museum and University of Washington Press, 2005. ISBN 0-295-98502-X External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sōsaku-hanga. SŌSAKU-HANGA - 創作版画 - Japanese Twentieth-Century Creative Prints, from The Bowdoin College Museum of Art Sōsaku hanga — Viewing Japanese Prints website by John Fiorillo Suzaka Hanga Museum in Suzaka, Nagano Nihon no Hanga Museum in Amsterdam vteUkiyo-eGeneral List of ukiyo-e terms Woodblock printing in Japan Themes Aka-e Beni-e Bijin-ga Boshi-e Egoyomi Fushiga Hanshita-e Hashira-e Jōge-e Kachō-e Kage-e Kaika-e Kodomo-e Komochi-e Kuchi-e Megane-e Meisho-e Mitate-e Moji-e Monogatari-e Monozukushi-e Musha-e Muzan-e Namazu-e Ogao-e Ōkubi-e Omocha-e Senso-e Shini-e Shita-e Shunga Sumo-e Surimono Uchiwa-e Uki-e Yakusha-e Yūrei-zu Region specific themes Kamigata-e Nagasaki-e Yokohama-e Techniques Aizuri-e Benizuri-e Bokashi Ishizuri-e Kappazuri-e Kirazuri-e Nishiki-e Sumizuri-e Tan-e Urushi-e Schools Kaigetsudō school Katsukawa school Torii school Utagawa school List of Utagawa school members Related traditions E-hon Nikuhitsu-ga Shin-hanga Sōsaku-hanga Tosa-ha vteUkiyo-e schools and artistsGeneral Ukiyo-e Japanese woodblock printing List of ukiyo-e terms Schools and artistsof 17–19th centuries Asayama school Gigadō Ashiyuki Eishi school Chōbunsai Eishi Chōkōsai Eishō Furuyama school Furuyama Moromasa Harukawa Eizan school Harukawa Eizan Harunobu school Suzuki Harunobu Isoda Koryūsai Shiba Kōkan Hasegawa school Hasegawa Settan Hishikawa school Hishikawa Moronobu Hokusai school Katsushika Hokusai Katsushika Ōi Yanagawa Shigenobu Yanagawa Nobusada Totoya Hokkei Ippitsusai Bunchō school Ippitsusai Bunchō Ishikawa Toyonobu school Ishikawa Toyonobu Kaigetsudō school Kaigetsudō Ando Kaigetsudō Anchi Hasegawa Eishun Matsuno Chikanobu Katsukawa school Katsukawa Shunshō Katsukawa Shun'ei Katsukawa Shunsen Katsukawa Shunchō Katsukawa Shunkō I Kawamata school Kawamata Tsuneyuki Kawamata Tsunemasa Keisai Eisen school Keisai Eisen Kitagawa school Kitagawa Utamaro Tsukimaro Eishōsai Chōki Kitao school Kitao Shigemasa Miyagawa school Miyagawa Chōshun Miyagawa Isshō Miyagawa Shunsui Nishikawa school Nishikawa Sukenobu Nishimura school Nishimura Shigenaga Ishikawa Toyonobu Suzuki Harunobu Okumura school Okumura Masanobu Ōoka school Ōoka Shunboku Osaka school Ryūkōsai Jokei Shunkōsai Hokushū Ashiyuki Yoshida Hanbei Hirosada I Hirosada II Shunbaisai Hokuei Kunimasu Yanagawa Nobusada Shunshi Yoshitaki Ryūkōsai school Ryūkōsai Jokei Urakusai Nagahide Shigenobu school Yanagawa Shigenobu I Shunkōsai Fukushū school Shunshosai Hokucho Gatōken Shunshi Shunbaisai Hokuei Torii school Torii Kiyomoto Torii Kiyonobu I Torii Kiyonobu II Torii Kiyomasu I Torii Kiyomasu II Torii Kiyomitsu I Torii Kiyotsune Torii Kiyohiro Torii Kiyonaga Torii Kotondo Toyohara school Toyohara Kunichika Yōshū Chikanobu Utagawa school Utagawa Toyoharu Utagawa Toyohiro Utagawa Toyokuni I Utagawa Kunimasa Utagawa Kunisada Utagawa Kunisada II Utagawa Kunisada III Utagawa Sadahide Utagawa Kunimasu I Utagawa Toyokuni II Utagawa Kuniyasu Utagawa Kuniyoshi Ryusai Shigeharu Utagawa Yoshitsuya Utagawa Yoshitora Kawanabe Kyōsai Utagawa Yoshiiku Utagawa Yoshitoshi Utagawa Yoshifuji Utagawa Yoshifusa Utagawa Kuniteru I Utagawa Hiroshige Utagawa Hiroshige II Utagawa Hiroshige III Utagawa Hirokage Utagawa Sadafusa Adachi Ginkō List of Utagawa school members Not associated with any school Kanbun Master Sharaku Sawa Sekkyō Toriyama Sekien Ogata Gekkō Sugimura Jihei Kobayashi Eitaku Kobayashi Kiyochika Kikukawa Eizan By region Kamigata-e Nagasaki-e Yokohama-e 20th centuryartists and movements Shin-hanga Hashiguchi Goyō Itō Shinsui Kiyokata Kaburagi Hasui Kawase Elizabeth Keith Kojima Gyokuhō Natori Shunsen Ohara Koson Ota Masamitsu Shiro Kasamatsu Takahashi Shōtei Torii Kotondo Tsuchiya Koitsu Yamakawa Shūhō Yoshida Hiroshi Sosaku-hanga Azechi Umetarō Eiichi Kotozuka Un'ichi Hiratsuka Itow Takumi Kitaoka Fumio Yasuhide Kobashi Sakuichi Fukazawa Masao Maeda Senpan Maekawa Maki Haku Matsubara Naoko Yoshitoshi Mori Shikō Munakata Tetsuya Noda Gihachiro Okuyama Kōshirō Onchi Kiichi Okamoto Saitō Kiyoshi Sekino Jun'ichirō Toko Shinoda Hiroyuki Tajima Sadao Watanabe Kanae Yamamoto Shōzaburō Watanabe Hodaka Yoshida Tōshi Yoshida Suwa Kanenori Fujimori Shizuo Reika Iwami Tadashige Ono Chosei Kawakami Others Kohno Michisei Tadashi Nakayama Fujio Yoshida Related Japanese painting Rinpa school Kanō school Akita ranga Hara school Hasegawa school Kyoto school Nanpin school Nanga Nihonga Shijō school Mochizuki school Yōga Ukiyo-e influenced non-Japanese art Japonisme Japonaiserie (Van Gogh) Impressionism Anglo-Japanese style Post-impressionism Art Nouveau Ligne claire	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamamoto_1904.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanae Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanae_Yamamoto_(artist)"},{"link_name":"art movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_movement"},{"link_name":"woodblock printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"shin-hanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-hanga"},{"link_name":"ukiyo-e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukiyo-e"},{"link_name":"Kanae Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanae_Yamamoto_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Kōshirō Onchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshir%C5%8D_Onchi"},{"link_name":"Jun'ichirō Sekino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Sekino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Kiyoshi Saitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Sait%C5%8D_(artist)"},{"link_name":"nihonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonga"},{"link_name":"yōga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga_(art)"},{"link_name":"Un'ichi Hiratsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un%27ichi_Hiratsuka"},{"link_name":"Sadao Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Watanabe_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Maki Haku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_Haku"}],"text":"Kanae Yamamoto's \"Fisherman\" (1904)Sōsaku-hanga (創作版画, \"creative prints\") was an art movement of woodblock printing which was conceived in early 20th-century Japan. It stressed the artist as the sole creator motivated by a desire for self-expression, and advocated principles of art that is \"self-drawn\" (自画 jiga), \"self-carved\" (自刻 jikoku) and \"self-printed\" (自摺 jizuri). As opposed to the parallel shin-hanga (\"new prints\") movement that maintained the traditional ukiyo-e collaborative system where the artist, carver, printer, and publisher engaged in division of labor.The birth of the sōsaku-hanga movement was signaled by Kanae Yamamoto's (1882–1946) small print Fisherman in 1904. Departing from the ukiyo-e collaborative system, Yamamoto made the print solely on his own: drawing, carving, and printing the image. Such principles of \"self-drawn\", \"self-carved\" and \"self-printed\" became the foundation of the movement, which struggled for existence in prewar Japan, and gained its momentum and flourished in postwar Japan as the genuine heir to the ukiyo-e tradition. In practice, however, the distinction of sosaku-hanga to other movements was not so distinct. For example, one of the leading artists, Kōshirō Onchi, commissioned carvers, such as Yamagishi Kazue, and printers, such as his student Jun'ichirō Sekino, to produce his work.The 1951 São Paulo Art Biennial witnessed the success of the creative print movement. Both of the Japanese winners, Yamamoto and Kiyoshi Saitō (1907–1997) were printmakers, who outperformed Japanese paintings (nihonga), Western-style paintings (yōga), sculptures and avant-garde. Other sōsaku-hanga artists such as Kōshirō Onchi (1891–1955), Un'ichi Hiratsuka (1895–1997), Sadao Watanabe (1913–1996) and Maki Haku (1924–2000) are also well known in the West.","title":"Sōsaku-hanga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual"},{"link_name":"modernization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kōtarō Takamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dtar%C5%8D_Takamura"},{"link_name":"Natsume Sōseki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsume_S%C5%8Dseki"},{"link_name":"futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism_(art)"},{"link_name":"proletarian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proletarian_art&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bunten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunten"},{"link_name":"oil paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paintings"},{"link_name":"craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintings"},{"link_name":"sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptures"},{"link_name":"woodblock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Japonisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonisme"},{"link_name":"Kōshirō Onchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshir%C5%8D_Onchi"}],"text":"The creative print movement was one of the many manifestations of the rise of the individual after decades of modernization. In both artistic and literary circles, there emerged at the turn of the century expressions of the \"self\". In 1910, Kōtarō Takamura's (1883–1956) \"A Green Sun\" encouraged artists' individual expression: \"I desire absolute freedom of art. Consequently I recognize the limitless authority of individuality of the artist ... Even if two or three artists should paint a \"green sun\", I would never criticize them for I myself may see a green sun\". In 1912, in \"Bunten and the Creative Arts\" (Bunten to Geijutsu), Natsume Sōseki (1867–1916) states that \"art begins with the expression of the self and ends with the expression of the self\". These two essays marked the beginning of the intellectual discussion of the \"self\", which immediately found echo in the art scene. 1910 witnessed the first publication of a monthly magazine called White Birch (Shirakaba), the most important magazine shaping the thought of the Taishō period. Aspiring young artists organized its first exhibition in the same year. Shirakaba also sponsored exhibitions of Western art.In its formative years, the sōsaku-hanga movement, like many others such as the shin-hanga, futurism and proletarian art movements, struggled to survive, experiment and find a voice in an art scene dominated by those mainstream arts that were well received by the Bunten (Japan Art Academy). Hanga in general (including shin-hanga) did not achieve the status of Western oil paintings (yōga) in Japan. Hanga was considered a craft that was inferior to paintings and sculptures. Ukiyo-e woodblock prints had always been considered as mere reproductions for mass commercial consumption, as opposed to the European view of ukiyo-e as art, during the climax of Japonisme. It was impossible for sōsaku-hanga artists to make a living by just doing creative prints. Many of the later renowned sōsaku-hanga artists, such as Kōshirō Onchi (also known as the father of the creative print movement), were book illustrators and wood carvers. It was not until 1927 that hanga was accepted by the Teiten (the former Bunten). In 1935, extracurricular classes on hanga were finally permitted.","title":"Origins and early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Thursday Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Thursday_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kōshirō Onchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshir%C5%8D_Onchi"},{"link_name":"Gen Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gen_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jun'ichirō Sekino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Sekino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Hacker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oliver Statler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Statler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan"}],"text":"The wartime years from 1939 to 1945 was a time of metamorphosis for the creative print movement. The First Thursday Society, which was crucial to the postwar revival of Japanese prints, was formed in 1939 through the groups of people who gathered once a month in the house of Kōshirō Onchi in Tokyo to discuss subjects of woodblock prints. First initial members included Gen Yamaguchi (1896–1976) and Jun'ichirō Sekino (1914–1988). American connoisseurs Ernst Hacker, William Hartnett and Oliver Statler also attended and helped revive Western interest in Japanese prints. The First Thursday Collection (Ichimoku-shū), a collection of prints by members to circulate among each other, was produced in 1944. The group provided comradeship and a venue for artistic exchange and nourishment during the difficult war years when resources were scarce and censorship severe.","title":"Wartime"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Portrait_of_Hagiwara_Sakutar%C3%B4%27,_woodblock_print_by_Onchi_K%C3%B4shir%C3%B4,_1943,_1st_edition,_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Tokyo.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"economic reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"Abstract art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_art"},{"link_name":"Kōshirō Onchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshir%C5%8D_Onchi"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Shikō Munakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shik%C5%8D_Munakata"},{"link_name":"Naoko Matsubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Matsubara"},{"link_name":"folk art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art"},{"link_name":"mingei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingei"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Portrait of Hagiwara Sakutarô (Onchi Kôshirô, 1943)The rebirth of the Japanese print coincided with the rebirth of Japan after World War II. During the islands' occupation, American soldiers and their wives bought and collected Japanese prints as souvenirs. It can be said that Japanese prints became one of the components of postwar economic reconstruction. With the aim of promoting \"democratic art\", American patronage shifted from the more traditional shin-hanga to the modern-leaning sōsaku-hanga. Abstract art had been banned by the military government during wartime, but postwar, artists such as Kōshirō Onchi turned completely to abstract art. By 1950 abstraction was the primary mode of the creative print movement, and Japanese prints were perceived as a genuine blending of East and West. The 1951 São Paulo Art Biennial was Japan’s first postwar submission to an international exhibition. Notable artists such as Shikō Munakata (1903–1975) and Naoko Matsubara (b. 1937) worked in the folk art tradition (mingei), and held solo shows in the United States.","title":"Postwar creative print movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tetsuya Noda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Noda"},{"link_name":"photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"Maki Haku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_Haku"},{"link_name":"Shinoda Toko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinoda_Toko"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Sadao Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Watanabe_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_art"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"fine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_art"}],"text":"Contemporary Japanese prints have a rich diversity in subject matter and style. Tetsuya Noda (b. 1940) employs photography and produces everyday qualities in his prints in the form of photographic diaries. Artists such as Maki Haku (1924–2000) and Shinoda Toko (1913–2021) synthesize calligraphy and abstract expression and produce strikingly beautiful and serene images. Sadao Watanabe worked in the mingei (folk art) tradition, synthesizing Buddhist figure portrayal and Western Christianity in his unique Biblical prints.From the 1960s onwards, the line between fine art and commercial media became blurred. Pop and conceptual artists work with professional technicians, and possibilities for innovation are endless.","title":"Contemporary Japanese prints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okiie Hashimoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okiie_Hashimoto"},{"link_name":"Azechi Umetarō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azechi_Umetar%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Eiichi Kotozuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiichi_Kotozuka"},{"link_name":"Un'ichi Hiratsuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un%27ichi_Hiratsuka"},{"link_name":"Itow Takumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itow_Takumi"},{"link_name":"Kitaoka Fumio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaoka_Fumio"},{"link_name":"Koizumi Kishio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koizumi_Kishio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yasuhide Kobashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuhide_Kobashi"},{"link_name":"Sakuichi Fukazawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakuichi_Fukazawa"},{"link_name":"Masao Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masao_Maeda"},{"link_name":"Toshirō Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toshir%C5%8D_Maeda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Senpan Maekawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senpan_Maekawa"},{"link_name":"Maki Haku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_Haku"},{"link_name":"Matsubara Naoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsubara_Naoko"},{"link_name":"Yoshitoshi Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshitoshi_Mori"},{"link_name":"Shikō Munakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shik%C5%8D_Munakata"},{"link_name":"Hajime Namiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajime_Namiki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetsuya Noda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Noda"},{"link_name":"Gihachiro Okuyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihachiro_Okuyama"},{"link_name":"Kōshirō Onchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dshir%C5%8D_Onchi"},{"link_name":"Saitō Kiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_Sait%C5%8D_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Kihei Sasajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kihei_Sasajima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sekino Jun'ichirō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekino_Jun%27ichir%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Takumi Shinagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takumi_Shinagawa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Toko Shinoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toko_Shinoda"},{"link_name":"Hiroyuki Tajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroyuki_Tajima"},{"link_name":"Tomikichirō Tokuriki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomikichir%C5%8D_Tokuriki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sadao Watanabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadao_Watanabe_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Gen Yamaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gen_Yamaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kanae Yamamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanae_Yamamoto_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Hodaka Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodaka_Yoshida"},{"link_name":"Tōshi Yoshida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dshi_Yoshida"},{"link_name":"Ansei Uchima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansei_Uchima"},{"link_name":"Suwa Kanenori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwa_Kanenori"},{"link_name":"Fujimori Shizuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujimori_Shizuo"},{"link_name":"Kiichi Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiichi_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"Tadashige Ono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadashige_Ono"}],"text":"Okiie Hashimoto\nAzechi Umetarō\nEiichi Kotozuka\nUn'ichi Hiratsuka\nItow Takumi\nKitaoka Fumio\nKoizumi Kishio\nYasuhide Kobashi\nSakuichi Fukazawa\nMasao Maeda\nToshirō Maeda\nSenpan Maekawa\nMaki Haku\nMatsubara Naoko\nYoshitoshi Mori\nShikō Munakata\nHajime Namiki\nTetsuya Noda\nGihachiro Okuyama\nKōshirō Onchi\nSaitō Kiyoshi\nKihei Sasajima\nSekino Jun'ichirō\nTakumi Shinagawa\nToko Shinoda\nHiroyuki Tajima\nTomikichirō Tokuriki\nSadao Watanabe\nGen Yamaguchi\nKanae Yamamoto\nHodaka Yoshida\nTōshi Yoshida\nAnsei Uchima\nSuwa Kanenori\nFujimori Shizuo\nKiichi Okamoto\nTadashige Ono","title":"Notable sōsaku hanga artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7347-6313-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7347-6313-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-6596-746-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-6596-746-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7567-8527-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7567-8527-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-295-98502-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98502-X"}],"text":"Ajioka, Chiaki, Kuwahara, Noriko and Nishiyama, Junko. Hanga: Japanese creative prints. Sydney: Art Gallery of New South Wales, c2000. ISBN 0-7347-6313-1\nBlakemore, Frances. Who’s Who in Modern Japanese Prints. New York: Weatherhill, 1975.\nFujikake, Shizuya. Japanese Woodblock Prints. Tokyo: Japan Travel Bureau, 1957.\nJenkins, Donald, and Gilkey, Gordon, and Klemperer, Louise. Images of a Changing World - Japanese Prints of the Twentieth Century, 1983. Portland Art Museum, Oregon.\nKawakita, Michiaki. Contemporary Japanese Prints. Tokyo and Palo Alto: Kodansha, 1967.\nKeyes, Roger. Break with the Past: The Japanese Creative Print Movement, 1910-1960. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1988.\nMichener, James. The Modern Japanese Print: An Appreciation. Rutland & Tokyo: Tuttle, 1968.\nMilone, Marco. La xilografia giapponese moderno-contemporanea, Edizioni Clandestine, 2023, ISBN 88-6596-746-3\nPetit G. and Arboleda A. Evolving Techniques in Japanese Woodblock Prints. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1977.\nStatler, Oliver. Modern Japanese Prints: An Art Reborn. Rutland & Tokyo: Tuttle, 1956.\nSmith, Lawrence. Japanese Prints During the Allied Occupation 1945–1952: Onchi Koshiro, Ernst Hacker and the First Thursday Society. Art Media Resources, 2002. ISBN 0-7567-8527-8\nVolk, Alicia. Made in Japan: The Postwar Creative Print Movement. Milwaukee Art Museum and University of Washington Press, 2005. ISBN 0-295-98502-X","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Kanae Yamamoto's \"Fisherman\" (1904)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Yamamoto_1904.jpg/220px-Yamamoto_1904.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Hagiwara Sakutarô (Onchi Kôshirô, 1943)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%27Portrait_of_Hagiwara_Sakutar%C3%B4%27%2C_woodblock_print_by_Onchi_K%C3%B4shir%C3%B4%2C_1943%2C_1st_edition%2C_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo.jpg/220px-%27Portrait_of_Hagiwara_Sakutar%C3%B4%27%2C_woodblock_print_by_Onchi_K%C3%B4shir%C3%B4%2C_1943%2C_1st_edition%2C_National_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Tokyo.jpg"}]	[{"title":"One Hundred Views of New Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hundred_Views_of_New_Tokyo"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://courses.bowdoin.edu/sosaku-hanga-2016/","external_links_name":"SŌSAKU-HANGA - 創作版画 - Japanese Twentieth-Century Creative Prints, from The Bowdoin College Museum of Art"},{"Link":"https://viewingjapaneseprints.net/texts/sosaku_hanga/intro_sosaku.html","external_links_name":"Sōsaku hanga — Viewing Japanese Prints"},{"Link":"https://www.culture-suzaka.or.jp/hanga/about_museum/index.html","external_links_name":"Suzaka Hanga Museum"},{"Link":"https://www.nihon-no-hanga.nl/","external_links_name":"Nihon no Hanga Museum"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Nylon	Judy Nylon	["1 References","2 External links"]	American artist based in London, known for her work in punk scenes Judy Nylon in London (1971) Judy Nylon (born Judith Anne Niland in 1948) is a multidisciplinary American artist who moved to London in 1970. She was half of the punk rock music group Snatch, which also featured fellow American expat Patti Palladin. She had an influence on glam, punk and no wave music in New York City and London, although the bulk of this has not been preserved in any record. NME's Paul Tickell described her LP Pal Judy (1982), coproduced by Nylon and Adrian Sherwood, as "a classic rainy day bit of sound and song to drift away to." Nylon is the subject of Brian Eno's song "Back in Judy's Jungle" and appeared in the video for the song song "China My China", from his 1974 LP Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy). Eno also credits Nylon as an influence in the genesis of ambient music on the back cover of his 1975 LP Discreet Music. In 1978, Eno and Snatch made "R.A.F." (b/w "Kings Lead Hat"), which involves sound elements from a Baader Meinhof ransom message as part of Nylon's sound montage/cut-up practice. During the '70s she often collaborated with Welsh musician/producer John Cale. In 1974 she added spoken sections to the song "The Man Who Couldn't Afford to Orgy" on his album Fear. She subsequently performed with him at concerts and on other recordings, including his 1987 live album Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. Along with Patti Palladin, she also sang backing vocals with Johnny Thunders' All Stars on his early 1978 shows. Since 2007 Nylon has periodically contributed to the collective Aether9, who collaborate on public art performances . Her multi-disciplinary work focuses on international co-authorship and decentralized many-to-many style video storytelling. In 2010, Nylon contributed guest vocals to the Babylon By Car album by the French electronica group Bot'Ox. References ^ Unger, M., "Superhero Sessions: A Conversation with Judy Nylon", Seymour Projects, Apr. 11, 2015. ^ a b c Plantenga, Bart (2001). "Literature: Interview with Judy Nylon". 3AM Magazine. Retrieved 2024-01-12. ^ Strong, M. C., The Great Indie Discography (New York: Canongate U.S., 2003), p. 72. ^ Metzger, R., "All I want is some Snatch" Archived 2015-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, Dangerous Minds, March 29, 2012. ^ Boch, Richard.The Mudd Club, Feral House, 2017, p. 28 ^ Eno, B., "China My China" (London: Island Records, 1974). ^ Cale, J., & Bockris, V., What's Welsh for Zen (New York: Bloomsbury, 2000). ^ Beck, Matt (2009-02-27). "Brian Eno and Discreet Music". The Curator. Retrieved 2024-01-12. ^ Yablonsky, L., "Now and Then: Marrakech", Artforum, Mar. 31, 2014. ^ "Bot'Ox: Babylon By Car". PopMatters.com. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2020. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz External links Snatch, "Joey" (live at Hurrah, 1980) on YouTube, Jan. 16, 2016. Snatch, "Black Market" (live at Hurrah, 1980) on YouTube, Feb. 13, 2016. Judy Nylon Collection on New York City Tenants' Rights, Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Judy_Nylon.jpg"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"punk rock music group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Patti Palladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Palladin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"glam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glam_rock"},{"link_name":"no wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_wave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Pal Judy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Judy"},{"link_name":"Adrian Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taking_Tiger_Mountain_(By_Strategy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ambient music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_music"},{"link_name":"Discreet Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discreet_Music"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Baader Meinhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baader_Meinhof"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"John Cale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cale"},{"link_name":"Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_(John_Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"Even Cowgirls Get the Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_Cowgirls_Get_the_Blues_(John_Cale_album)"},{"link_name":"Johnny Thunders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Thunders"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Judy Nylon in London (1971)Judy Nylon (born Judith Anne Niland in 1948) is a multidisciplinary American artist[1] who moved to London in 1970.[2] She was half of the punk rock music group Snatch,[3] which also featured fellow American expat Patti Palladin.[4] She had an influence on glam, punk and no wave[5] music in New York City and London, although the bulk of this has not been preserved in any record. NME's Paul Tickell described her LP Pal Judy (1982), coproduced by Nylon and Adrian Sherwood, as \"a classic rainy day bit of sound and song to drift away to.\"[citation needed]Nylon is the subject of Brian Eno's song \"Back in Judy's Jungle\" and appeared in the video for the song song \"China My China\", from his 1974 LP Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy).[2][6] Eno also credits Nylon as an influence in the genesis of ambient music on the back cover of his 1975 LP Discreet Music.[7][8] In 1978, Eno and Snatch made \"R.A.F.\" (b/w \"Kings Lead Hat\"), which involves sound elements from a Baader Meinhof ransom message as part of Nylon's sound montage/cut-up practice.[2]During the '70s she often collaborated with Welsh musician/producer John Cale. In 1974 she added spoken sections to the song \"The Man Who Couldn't Afford to Orgy\" on his album Fear. She subsequently performed with him at concerts and on other recordings, including his 1987 live album Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. Along with Patti Palladin, she also sang backing vocals with Johnny Thunders' All Stars on his early 1978 shows.Since 2007 Nylon has periodically contributed to the collective Aether9, who collaborate on public art performances .[9] Her multi-disciplinary work focuses on international co-authorship and decentralized many-to-many style video storytelling. In 2010, Nylon contributed guest vocals to the Babylon By Car album by the French electronica group Bot'Ox.[10]","title":"Judy Nylon"}]	[{"image_text":"Judy Nylon in London (1971)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Judy_Nylon.jpg/220px-Judy_Nylon.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Plantenga, Bart (2001). \"Literature: Interview with Judy Nylon\". 3AM Magazine. Retrieved 2024-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.3ammagazine.com/litarchives/oct2001/interview_judy_nylon.html","url_text":"\"Literature: Interview with Judy Nylon\""}]},{"reference":"Beck, Matt (2009-02-27). \"Brian Eno and Discreet Music\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ashbee	Charles Robert Ashbee	["1 Early life","2 Guild and School of Handicraft","3 Architecture and design in Europe","4 Survey of London","5 Book author and publisher","6 Jerusalem (1918–1923)","7 Personal life","8 Death","9 Personal archive and legacy","10 See also","11 References","12 Further reading","13 External links"]	English architect and designer Charles Robert AshbeeC. R. Ashbee by William Strang, 1903Born17 May 1863Isleworth, United KingdomDied23 May 1942 (1942-05-24) (aged 79)Sevenoaks, United KingdomResting placeSt Peter and St Paul Churchyard, Seal, Kent, United KingdomEducationWellington College, King's College, CambridgeSpouseJanet Elizabeth Forbes (1877–1961)Children4 Charles Robert Ashbee (17 May 1863 – 23 May 1942) was an English architect and designer who was a prime mover of the Arts and Crafts movement, which took its craft ethic from the works of John Ruskin and its co-operative structure from the socialism of William Morris. Ashbee was defined by one source as "designer, architect, entrepreneur, and social reformer". His disciplines included metalwork, textile design, furniture, jewellery and other objects in the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) and Arts and Crafts genres. He became an elected member of the Art Workers' Guild in 1892, and was elected as its Master in 1929. Early life Ashbee was born in 1863 in Isleworth, then just West of the Victorian sprawl of London and now a suburb. He was the first child and only son of businessman Henry Spencer Ashbee, the senior partner in the London branch of the firm of Charles Lavy & Co., and Elizabeth Jenny Lavi (1842–1919), daughter of his German business partner. His parents had married in Elizabeth's hometown of Hamburg, Germany on 27 June 1862. His mother's brother Charles Lavy (1842-1928) inherited the German firm and became a politician. Charles Robert had three sisters Frances Mary (1866–1926), Agnes Jenny (1869–1926) and Elsa (1873–1944) Family life was not happy. As the father became more conservative, his family followed the progressive movement of the era. "The 'excessive education' of his daughters irritated him, his Jewish wife's pro-suffragism infuriated him, and he became estranged from his socialist homosexual son, Charles". Henry Spencer was, like his son after him, well travelled and a writer. He also became a notable erotic bibliophile. Charles Robert Ashbee went to Wellington College and read History at King's College, Cambridge, from 1883 to 1886, and studied under the architect George Frederick Bodley. Henry and Elisabeth separated in 1893. Guild and School of Handicraft Covered bowl, designed by Ashbee, 1900 Ashbee set up his Guild and School of Handicraft in 1888 in London, while a resident at Toynbee Hall, one of the original settlements set up to alleviate inner city poverty, in this case, in the slums of Whitechapel. The fledgling venture was first housed in temporary space but by 1890 had workshops at Essex House, Mile End Road, in the East End, with a retail outlet in the heart of the West End in fashionable Brook Street, Mayfair, more accessible to the Guild's patrons. The School closed in 1895, which Ashbee blamed on "the failure of the Technical Education Board of the L.C.C. to keep its word with the School Committee and the impossibility of carrying on costly educational work in the teeth of state aided competition." The following year the L.C.C. opened the Central School of Arts and Crafts. One of Ashbee's pupils in Mile End was Frank Baines, later Sir Frank, who was enormously influential in keeping Arts and Crafts alive in 20th-century architecture. In 1902 the Guild moved to Chipping Campden, in the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, where a sympathetic community provided local patrons, but where the market for craftsman-designed furniture and metalwork was saturated by 1905. The Guild was liquidated in 1907. The Guild of Handicraft specialised in metalworking, producing jewellery and enamels as well as hand-wrought copper and wrought ironwork, and furniture. (A widely illustrated suite of furniture was made by the Guild to designs of M. H. Baillie Scott for Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse at Darmstadt.) The School attached to the Guild taught crafts. The Guild operated as a co-operative, and its stated aim was to: seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest beyond his weekly wage. Ashbee himself often designed objects to be made of silver and other metals: belt buckles, jewellery, cutlery and tableware, for example. Architecture and design in Europe The Uplands in Ledbury, Herefordshire, an 1870 home extended by Ashbee in 1905 As an architect, he was willing to do complete house design, including interior furniture and decoration, as well as items such as fireplaces. In the 1890s he renovated The Wodehouse near Wombourne in Staffordshire for Colonel Thomas Shaw-Hellier, commandant of the Royal Military School of Music, adding a billiard room and chapel, amid many external changes. Shaw-Hellier commissioned him in 1907 to build the Villa San Giorgio in Taormina, Sicily, as a little island of England in Italy, hence the name of the patron saint (see History of Taormina). His biographer Fiona MacCarthy judges it "the most impressive of Ashbee's remaining buildings"; it is run as the Hotel Ashbee. He also designed buildings in Budapest and London, including several studios in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea and his own family home at 37 Cheyne Walk. Survey of London Ashbee also founded the Survey of London. The Oxford Reference (Oxford University Press) provides this summary: "Mindful of the huge losses of historic buildings through redevelopment, he began a process of surveying London buildings that led to the important Survey of London volumes." Book author and publisher Ashbee was involved in book production and literary work. He set up the Essex House Press after Morris's Kelmscott Press closed in 1897, taking on many of the displaced printers and craftsmen. Between 1898 and 1910 the Essex House Press produced more than 70 titles. Ashbee designed two type faces for the Press, Endevour (1901) and Prayer Book (1903), both of which are based on Morris's Golden Type. In 1906, Ashbee published "A Book of Cottages and Little Houses" and, in 1909, "Modern English Silverwork". In 1924, after concluding a job as civic advisor to the city of Jerusalem, Ashbee wrote a report titled Jerusalem, 1920-1922, Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council During the First Two Years of the Civil Administration. Ashbee wrote two utopian novels influenced by Morris, From Whitechapel to Camelot (1892) and The Building of Thelema (1910), the latter named after the abbey in François Rabelais' book Gargantua and Pantagruel. Jerusalem (1918–1923) Title page to Ashbee's Jerusalem 1920–1922, London, 1924 In 1918 Ashbee was appointed civic adviser to the British Administration for Palestine, within the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, later Mandatory Palestine, overseeing building works and the protection of historic sites and monuments as the chairman of the Pro-Jerusalem Society. His official title was Honorary Secretary to the Council, which was the leading board of the Society. He summoned his family to Jerusalem, where they lived until 1923. Ashbee served as Civic Adviser to the City of Jerusalem (1919-1922) and as a professional adviser to the Town Planning Commission. Described as "the most pro-Arab and anti-Zionist" of the six British planners, Ashbee's view of the city "was colored by a romantic sense of the vernacular." Aiming to protect this Palestinian vernacular and the city's secular and traditional fabric, Ashbee oversaw conservation and repair work in the city, and revived the craft industry there to repair the damaged Dome of the Rock. Personal life Ashbee has been described as "half-Jewish, Anglican, bisexual, married, Socialist, conservationist, romantic, rebel, fop, and self-described "practical idealist"". Ashbee was homosexual at a time when sex between men was a criminal offence. He is thought to have been a member of the Order of Chaeronea, a secret society founded in 1897 by the poet and penal reformer George Ives for the cultivation of a homosexual ethos. He certainly belonged to groups that provided support and understanding to homosexuals. In 1898, seemingly to cover his homosexuality, Ashbee married the daughter of a wealthy London stockbroker, Janet Elizabeth Forbes (1877–1961), to whom he admitted his sexual orientation soon after she accepted his proposal. During thirteen years of rocky marriage, which included a serious affair of his wife's, they had four children: Mary, Helen, Prudence, and Felicity. Mary Ashbee, later Ames-Lewis (1911–2004) was born at Chipping Campden; Jane Felicity Ashbee (1913–2008), Helen Christabel Ashbee, later Cristofanetti (1915–1998) and Prudence Margaret Ashbee (1917–1979) were all born at Broad Campden. Ashbee was influenced in his life by the theories of homosexuality developed by Edward Carpenter. Death Ashbee died in 1942 at Sevenoaks and was buried at St Peter and St Paul's Church in Seal, Kent, where he was church architect. The internal screen for the church tower was designed by Ashbee. Personal archive and legacy His papers and journals are at King's College, Cambridge. Ashbee's unpublished personal memoirs, all 7 volumes, are held at the London Library. The East End Preservation Society has presented an annual CR Ashbee Memorial Lecture since 2015: 2015 - Oliver Wainwright on the Seven Dark Arts of Developers 2016 - Rowan Moore on The Future of London 2017 - Maria Brenton, Rachel Bagenal and Kareem Dayes on Hope in the Housing Crisis. 2018 - The Gentle Author of the Spitalfields Life blog on CR Ashbee in the East End. 2020 - Peter Barber on Hundred mile city & other stories See also Birmingham Guild and School of Handicrafts, which was modelled on Ashbee's Guild and School of Handicraft. Clifford Holliday, town planner and architect, followed Ashbee in Palestine (1922-1935) Ernest Tatham Richmond, British architect, Consulting Architect to the Haram ash-Sharif (1918–20) References ^ a b Kramer, Elizabeth (2016). "Charles Robert Ashbee". The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design. Bloomsbury Academic. ^ "Charles Robert Ashbee". Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ Steven Marcus (1969) The Other Victorians: 36 ^ "Janus". janus.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2019. ^ a b "Sign in to Ancestry". Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ a b A. James Hammerton, "Cruelty and companionship: conflict in nineteenth-century married life", Routledge, 1992, ISBN 0-415-03622-4, pp.144-145 ^ Hammerton, A. James (1992). Cruelty and companionship: conflict in nineteenth-century married life. Routledge. pp. 117–121. ISBN 0-415-03622-4. ^ Rachel Holmes, "Sexual intercourse began in 1863..." a review of Gibson's biography, The Observer, 25 February 2001 ^ Review by Rachel Holmes of a biography of his father, 25 February 2001. The Erotomaniac by Ian Gibson, Faber, The Observer ^ "Ashbee, Charles Robert (ASBY8.83 billion)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ Stuart MacDonald, A Century of Art and Design Education, Lutterworth Press, 2005 ^ "Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942) and Guild and School of Handicraft". Archived from the original on 20 September 2005. Retrieved 15 September 2005. ^ a b c "Charles R. Ashbee". www.charles-robert-ashbee.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ "RIBA archive drawings". Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2010. ^ MacCarthy, Fiona. The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds. University of California Press, 1981. Most of chapter 7, "The death of Conradin" ^ MacCarthy, Fiona. The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds. University of California Press, 1981. p 161 ^ https://www.theashbeehotel.com/history/, History ^ "Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102-106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea". British History Online. Victoria County History, 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Charles Robert Ashbee (1863—1942) architect, designer, and social reformer". Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ Macmillan, Neil (2006). An A-Z of Type Designers. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780300111514. ^ Ashbee, Charles Robert (1924). Jerusalem, 1920-1922, being the records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the first two years of the civil administration. ^ MacCarthy, Fiona. The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds. University of California Press, 1981 (pg. 140) ^ Jerusalem, 1918–1920: being the records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the period of the British military Administration. London: J. Murray, 1921. ^ Jerusalem, 1920–1922: being the records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the period of the British military Administration. London: J. Murray, 1924. ^ Rapaport, Raquel (2007). "The City of the Great Singer: C. R. Ashbee's Jerusalem". Architectural History. 50. Cambridge University Press: 171-210 . doi:10.1017/S0066622X00002926. S2CID 195011405. Retrieved 11 November 2020. ^ a b c King, Anthony D. (2004). Spaces of global cultures: architecture, urbanism, identity. New York: Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 0-415-19619-1. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ Hoffman, Adina (2016). Till We Have Built Jerusalem: Architects of a New City. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 270. ISBN 978-0374709785. Retrieved 29 November 2021. ^ Alan Crawford, C.R. Ashbee: Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist (Yale University Press, 1 Jan 2005), page 56 ^ a b Stummer, Robin (8 August 2008). "Felicity Ashbee: Memoirist of the Arts and Crafts era". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2019. ^ "Sign in to Ancestry". Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ MacCarthy, Fiona. The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds. University of California Press, 1981 (pg. 23) ^ "St Peter and St Paul, Seal". www.sealpeterandpaul.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023. ^ Janus: at janus.lib.cam.ac.uk ^ "East End Preservation Society". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 10 October 2018. ^ "The CR Ashbee Lecture 2018 \| Spitalfields Life". spitalfieldslife.com. Retrieved 10 October 2018. ^ "The CR Ashbee Lecture 2020 \| Spitalfields Life". spitalfieldslife.com. Retrieved 8 August 2023. Further reading Crawford, A. 1986. C.R. Ashbee, Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist (Yale University Press) Fiona MacCarthy. 1981. Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds (University of California Press) External links Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Robert Ashbee Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Robert Ashbee. Victorian Web: C. R. Ashbee, an overview Charles Robert Ashbee on-line; guide to illustrations Court Barn Museum in Chipping Camden: Life and works of Ashbee and other members of the Guild "Archival material relating to Charles Robert Ashbee". UK National Archives. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Vatican Artists South Australia KulturNav Museum of Modern Art Musée d'Orsay Victoria RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"William Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris"},{"link_name":"Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kramer-1"},{"link_name":"Art Workers' Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Workers%27_Guild"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Charles Robert Ashbee (17 May 1863 – 23 May 1942) was an English architect and designer who was a prime mover of the Arts and Crafts movement, which took its craft ethic from the works of John Ruskin and its co-operative structure from the socialism of William Morris.Ashbee was defined by one source as \"designer, architect, entrepreneur, and social reformer\". His disciplines included metalwork, textile design, furniture, jewellery and other objects in the Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style) and Arts and Crafts genres.[1] He became an elected member of the Art Workers' Guild in 1892, and was elected as its Master in 1929.[2]","title":"Charles Robert Ashbee"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleworth"},{"link_name":"Henry Spencer Ashbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Spencer_Ashbee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavi-5"},{"link_name":"Charles Lavy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lavy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammerton-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lavi-5"},{"link_name":"pro-suffragism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wellington College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_College,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"George Frederick Bodley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_Bodley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hammerton-6"}],"text":"Ashbee was born in 1863 in Isleworth, then just West of the Victorian sprawl of London and now a suburb. He was the first child and only son of businessman Henry Spencer Ashbee, the senior partner in the London branch of the firm of Charles Lavy & Co.,[3] and Elizabeth Jenny Lavi (1842–1919), daughter of his German business partner.[4][5] His parents had married in Elizabeth's hometown of Hamburg, Germany on 27 June 1862. His mother's brother Charles Lavy (1842-1928) inherited the German firm and became a politician.Charles Robert had three sisters[6][7] Frances Mary (1866–1926), Agnes Jenny (1869–1926) and Elsa (1873–1944)[5] Family life was not happy. As the father became more conservative, his family followed the progressive movement of the era. \"The 'excessive education' of his daughters irritated him, his Jewish wife's pro-suffragism infuriated him, and he became estranged from his socialist homosexual son, Charles\".[8][9] Henry Spencer was, like his son after him, well travelled and a writer. He also became a notable erotic bibliophile.Charles Robert Ashbee went to Wellington College and read History at King's College, Cambridge, from 1883 to 1886,[10] and studied under the architect George Frederick Bodley.Henry and Elisabeth separated in 1893.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Covered_bowl_by_Charles_Robert_Ashbee,_Guild_of_Handicraft_London,_1900,_silver,_enamel,_mother-of-pearl_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt,_Germany_-_DSC01079.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guild and School of Handicraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_and_School_of_Handicraft"},{"link_name":"Toynbee Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toynbee_Hall"},{"link_name":"settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_movement"},{"link_name":"inner city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_city"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"Mile End Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End_Road"},{"link_name":"East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_of_London"},{"link_name":"Brook Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Street"},{"link_name":"Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfair"},{"link_name":"L.C.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_County_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Central School of Arts and Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Frank Baines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Baines"},{"link_name":"Chipping Campden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Campden"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Cotswolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswolds"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"M. H. Baillie Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._H._Baillie_Scott"},{"link_name":"Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Louis,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRAcom-13"}],"text":"Covered bowl, designed by Ashbee, 1900Ashbee set up his Guild and School of Handicraft in 1888 in London, while a resident at Toynbee Hall, one of the original settlements set up to alleviate inner city poverty, in this case, in the slums of Whitechapel. The fledgling venture was first housed in temporary space but by 1890 had workshops at Essex House, Mile End Road, in the East End, with a retail outlet in the heart of the West End in fashionable Brook Street, Mayfair, more accessible to the Guild's patrons. The School closed in 1895, which Ashbee blamed on \"the failure of the Technical Education Board of the L.C.C. to keep its word with the School Committee and the impossibility of carrying on costly educational work in the teeth of state aided competition.\"[11] The following year the L.C.C. opened the Central School of Arts and Crafts.One of Ashbee's pupils in Mile End was Frank Baines, later Sir Frank, who was enormously influential in keeping Arts and Crafts alive in 20th-century architecture.In 1902 the Guild moved to Chipping Campden, in the Gloucestershire Cotswolds, where a sympathetic community provided local patrons, but where the market for craftsman-designed furniture and metalwork was saturated by 1905.[citation needed] The Guild was liquidated in 1907.The Guild of Handicraft specialised in metalworking, producing jewellery and enamels as well as hand-wrought copper and wrought ironwork, and furniture. (A widely illustrated suite of furniture was made by the Guild to designs of M. H. Baillie Scott for Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse at Darmstadt.) The School attached to the Guild taught crafts. The Guild operated as a co-operative, and its stated aim was to:seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest beyond his weekly wage.[12]Ashbee himself often designed objects to be made of silver and other metals: belt buckles, jewellery, cutlery and tableware, for example.[13]","title":"Guild and School of Handicraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Uplands,_Ledbury.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ledbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledbury"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"The Wodehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wodehouse"},{"link_name":"Wombourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wombourne"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Thomas Shaw-Hellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Shaw-Hellier"},{"link_name":"Royal Military School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"San Giorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George"},{"link_name":"Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taormina"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"patron saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_saint"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"History of Taormina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Taormina"},{"link_name":"Fiona MacCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRAcom-13"},{"link_name":"Cheyne Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyne_Walk"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-18"}],"text":"The Uplands in Ledbury, Herefordshire, an 1870 home extended by Ashbee in 1905As an architect, he was willing to do complete house design, including interior furniture and decoration, as well as items such as fireplaces. In the 1890s he renovated The Wodehouse near Wombourne in Staffordshire for Colonel Thomas Shaw-Hellier, commandant of the Royal Military School of Music, adding a billiard room and chapel, amid many external changes. Shaw-Hellier commissioned him in 1907 to build the Villa San Giorgio in Taormina, Sicily,[14] as a little island of England in Italy, hence the name of the patron saint[15] (see History of Taormina). His biographer Fiona MacCarthy judges it \"the most impressive of Ashbee's remaining buildings\";[16] it is run as the Hotel Ashbee.[17]He also designed buildings in Budapest and London,[13] including several studios in Cheyne Walk, Chelsea and his own family home at 37 Cheyne Walk.[18]","title":"Architecture and design in Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Survey of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_of_London"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Ashbee also founded the Survey of London. The Oxford Reference (Oxford University Press) provides this summary: \"Mindful of the huge losses of historic buildings through redevelopment, he began a process of surveying London buildings that led to the important Survey of London volumes.\"[19]","title":"Survey of London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelmscott Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelmscott_Press"},{"link_name":"Golden Type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Type"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRAcom-13"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Pro-Jerusalem Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Jerusalem_Society"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"utopian novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction"},{"link_name":"François Rabelais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais"},{"link_name":"Gargantua and Pantagruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Ashbee was involved in book production and literary work. He set up the Essex House Press after Morris's Kelmscott Press closed in 1897, taking on many of the displaced printers and craftsmen. Between 1898 and 1910 the Essex House Press produced more than 70 titles. Ashbee designed two type faces for the Press, Endevour (1901) and Prayer Book (1903), both of which are based on Morris's Golden Type.[20]In 1906, Ashbee published \"A Book of Cottages and Little Houses\" and, in 1909, \"Modern English Silverwork\".[13]In 1924, after concluding a job as civic advisor to the city of Jerusalem, Ashbee wrote a report titled Jerusalem, 1920-1922, Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council During the First Two Years of the Civil Administration.[21]Ashbee wrote two utopian novels influenced by Morris, From Whitechapel to Camelot (1892) and The Building of Thelema (1910), the latter named after the abbey in François Rabelais' book Gargantua and Pantagruel.[22]","title":"Book author and publisher"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C.R._Ashbee,_Jerusalem_1920-1922_(title_page).jpg"},{"link_name":"Occupied Enemy Territory Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration"},{"link_name":"Mandatory Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Pro-Jerusalem Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Jerusalem_Society"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BibleSoc-25"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingp168-26"},{"link_name":"anti-Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Zionist"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingp168-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingp168-26"}],"text":"Title page to Ashbee's Jerusalem 1920–1922, London, 1924In 1918 Ashbee was appointed civic adviser to the British Administration for Palestine, within the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration, later Mandatory Palestine, overseeing building works and the protection of historic sites and monuments as the chairman of the Pro-Jerusalem Society.[23][24] His official title was Honorary Secretary to the Council, which was the leading board of the Society.[25] He summoned his family to Jerusalem, where they lived until 1923.Ashbee served as Civic Adviser to the City of Jerusalem (1919-1922) and as a professional adviser to the Town Planning Commission.[26] Described as \"the most pro-Arab and anti-Zionist\" of the six British planners, Ashbee's view of the city \"was colored by a romantic sense of the vernacular.\"[26] Aiming to protect this Palestinian vernacular and the city's secular and traditional fabric, Ashbee oversaw conservation and repair work in the city, and revived the craft industry there to repair the damaged Dome of the Rock.[26]","title":"Jerusalem (1918–1923)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fop"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hoffman-27"},{"link_name":"sex between men was a criminal offence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment"},{"link_name":"Order of Chaeronea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Chaeronea"},{"link_name":"secret society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society"},{"link_name":"George Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cecil_Ives"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"to cover his homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender_marriage"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-felix-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-felix-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Edward Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Ashbee has been described as \"half-Jewish, Anglican, bisexual, married, Socialist, conservationist, romantic, rebel, fop, and self-described \"practical idealist\"\".[27]Ashbee was homosexual at a time when sex between men was a criminal offence. He is thought to have been a member of the Order of Chaeronea, a secret society founded in 1897 by the poet and penal reformer George Ives for the cultivation of a homosexual ethos. He certainly belonged to groups that provided support and understanding to homosexuals.[28]In 1898, seemingly to cover his homosexuality, Ashbee married the daughter of a wealthy London stockbroker, Janet Elizabeth Forbes (1877–1961), to whom he admitted his sexual orientation soon after she accepted his proposal.[29] During thirteen years of rocky marriage, which included a serious affair of his wife's,[29] they had four children: Mary, Helen, Prudence, and Felicity. Mary Ashbee, later Ames-Lewis (1911–2004) was born at Chipping Campden; Jane Felicity Ashbee (1913–2008), Helen Christabel Ashbee, later Cristofanetti (1915–1998) and Prudence Margaret Ashbee (1917–1979) were all born at Broad Campden.[30]Ashbee was influenced in his life by the theories of homosexuality developed by Edward Carpenter.[31]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sevenoaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks"},{"link_name":"Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Ashbee died in 1942 at Sevenoaks and was buried at St Peter and St Paul's Church in Seal, Kent, where he was church architect.[32] The internal screen for the church tower was designed by Ashbee.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"London Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Library"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Oliver Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Rowan Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Moore"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"His papers and journals are at King's College, Cambridge.[33] Ashbee's unpublished personal memoirs, all 7 volumes, are held at the London Library.The East End Preservation Society has presented an annual CR Ashbee Memorial Lecture since 2015:[34]2015 - Oliver Wainwright on the Seven Dark Arts of Developers\n2016 - Rowan Moore on The Future of London\n2017 - Maria Brenton, Rachel Bagenal and Kareem Dayes on Hope in the Housing Crisis.\n2018 - The Gentle Author of the Spitalfields Life blog on CR Ashbee in the East End.[35]\n2020 - Peter Barber on Hundred mile city & other stories [36]","title":"Personal archive and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiona MacCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy"}],"text":"Crawford, A. 1986. C.R. Ashbee, Architect, Designer & Romantic Socialist (Yale University Press)\nFiona MacCarthy. 1981. Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds (University of California Press)","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Covered bowl, designed by Ashbee, 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Covered_bowl_by_Charles_Robert_Ashbee%2C_Guild_of_Handicraft_London%2C_1900%2C_silver%2C_enamel%2C_mother-of-pearl_-_Hessisches_Landesmuseum_Darmstadt_-_Darmstadt%2C_Germany_-_DSC01079.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Uplands in Ledbury, Herefordshire, an 1870 home extended by Ashbee in 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_Uplands%2C_Ledbury.jpg/280px-The_Uplands%2C_Ledbury.jpg"},{"image_text":"Title page to Ashbee's Jerusalem 1920–1922, London, 1924","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/C.R._Ashbee%2C_Jerusalem_1920-1922_%28title_page%29.jpg/220px-C.R._Ashbee%2C_Jerusalem_1920-1922_%28title_page%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Birmingham Guild and School of Handicrafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Guild_and_School_of_Handicrafts"},{"title":"Clifford Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Holliday"},{"title":"Ernest Tatham Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Tatham_Richmond"}]	[{"reference":"Kramer, Elizabeth (2016). \"Charles Robert Ashbee\". The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design. Bloomsbury Academic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomsburydesignlibrary.com/person?docid=person_charlesRobertAshbee","url_text":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee\". Mapping the Practice and Profession of Sculpture in Britain and Ireland 1851-1951, University of Glasgow History of Art and HATII. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sculpture.gla.ac.uk/view/person.php?id=msib2_1206481367","url_text":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Janus\". janus.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0272%2FPP%2FCRA%2F30","url_text":"\"Janus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sign in to Ancestry\". Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/65692969/person/48143131684/story","url_text":"\"Sign in to Ancestry\""}]},{"reference":"Hammerton, A. James (1992). Cruelty and companionship: conflict in nineteenth-century married life. Routledge. pp. 117–121. ISBN 0-415-03622-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crueltycompanion00hamm","url_text":"Cruelty and companionship: conflict in nineteenth-century married life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/crueltycompanion00hamm/page/n127","url_text":"117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03622-4","url_text":"0-415-03622-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Ashbee, Charles Robert (ASBY8.83 billion)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=ASBY8.83%C2%A0billion&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"Ashbee, Charles Robert (ASBY8.83 billion)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942) and Guild and School of Handicraft\". Archived from the original on 20 September 2005. Retrieved 15 September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050920200033/http://www.speel.demon.co.uk/artists2/ashbee.htm","url_text":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee (1863-1942) and Guild and School of Handicraft\""},{"url":"http://www.speel.demon.co.uk/artists2/ashbee.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Charles R. Ashbee\". www.charles-robert-ashbee.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charles-robert-ashbee.com/","url_text":"\"Charles R. Ashbee\""}]},{"reference":"\"RIBA archive drawings\". Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150611000131/http://www.ribapix.com/index.php?a=wordsearch&s=item&key=Wczo4OiJ0YW9ybWluYSI7&pg=1","url_text":"\"RIBA archive drawings\""},{"url":"http://www.ribapix.com/index.php?a=wordsearch&s=item&key=Wczo4OiJ0YW9ybWluYSI7&pg=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102-106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea\". British History Online. Victoria County History, 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol12/pp102-106","url_text":"\"Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102-106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee (1863—1942) architect, designer, and social reformer\". Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095428112,","url_text":"\"Charles Robert Ashbee (1863—1942) architect, designer, and social reformer\""}]},{"reference":"Macmillan, Neil (2006). An A-Z of Type Designers. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780300111514.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300111514","url_text":"9780300111514"}]},{"reference":"Ashbee, Charles Robert (1924). Jerusalem, 1920-1922, being the records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the first two years of the civil administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft","url_text":"Jerusalem, 1920-1922, being the records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the first two years of the civil administration"}]},{"reference":"Rapaport, Raquel (2007). \"The City of the Great Singer: C. R. Ashbee's Jerusalem\". Architectural History. 50. Cambridge University Press: 171-210 [see footnote 37 available online]. doi:10.1017/S0066622X00002926. S2CID 195011405. Retrieved 11 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/architectural-history/article/city-of-the-great-singer-c-r-ashbees-jerusalem/85280A9C7CAF09C44F2A29E58B67DE1E","url_text":"\"The City of the Great Singer: C. R. Ashbee's Jerusalem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066622X00002926","url_text":"10.1017/S0066622X00002926"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195011405","url_text":"195011405"}]},{"reference":"King, Anthony D. (2004). Spaces of global cultures: architecture, urbanism, identity. New York: Routledge. p. 168. ISBN 0-415-19619-1. Retrieved 29 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/spacesofglobalcu0000king/page/168","url_text":"Spaces of global cultures: architecture, urbanism, identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19619-1","url_text":"0-415-19619-1"}]},{"reference":"Hoffman, Adina (2016). Till We Have Built Jerusalem: Architects of a New City. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 270. ISBN 978-0374709785. Retrieved 29 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adina_Hoffman","url_text":"Hoffman, Adina"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F9OLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA270","url_text":"Till We Have Built Jerusalem: Architects of a New City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux","url_text":"Farrar, Straus and Giroux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374709785","url_text":"978-0374709785"}]},{"reference":"Stummer, Robin (8 August 2008). \"Felicity Ashbee: Memoirist of the Arts and Crafts era\". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/felicity-ashbee-memoirist-of-the-arts-and-crafts-era-889306.html","url_text":"\"Felicity Ashbee: Memoirist of the Arts and Crafts era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"Sign in to Ancestry\". Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.co.uk/family-tree/person/tree/65692969/person/48143131653/story","url_text":"\"Sign in to Ancestry\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Peter and St Paul, Seal\". www.sealpeterandpaul.com. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sealpeterandpaul.com/","url_text":"\"St Peter and St Paul, Seal\""}]},{"reference":"\"East End Preservation Society\". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 10 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/EastEndPSociety/","url_text":"\"East End Preservation Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"The CR Ashbee Lecture 2018 \| Spitalfields Life\". spitalfieldslife.com. Retrieved 10 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://spitalfieldslife.com/2018/10/10/the-cr-ashbee-lecture-2018/","url_text":"\"The CR Ashbee Lecture 2018 \| Spitalfields Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"The CR Ashbee Lecture 2020 \| Spitalfields Life\". spitalfieldslife.com. Retrieved 8 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://spitalfieldslife.com/2020/01/06/the-cr-ashbee-lecture-2020/","url_text":"\"The CR Ashbee Lecture 2020 \| Spitalfields Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archival material relating to Charles Robert Ashbee\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Monument_(Tolyatti)	Victory Monument (Tolyatti)	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Sources","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°30′38″N 49°16′31″E / 53.5105°N 49.2752°E / 53.5105; 49.2752This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Victory Monument" Tolyatti – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Memorial in Honor of the 40th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (Russian: Мемориал в честь 40-летия Победы в Великой Отечественной войне) or simply Victory Monument is a 1985 monument in the Avtozavodsky (Auto Factory) District of Tolyatti dedicated to the Soviet victory in World War II (called the Great Patriotic War in Russia). History The 1941-1942 stela The memorial complex was built in Victory Park as part of the 1985 remembrance of the 40th anniversary of the 1945 victory over Nazi Germany. The memorial was officially opened on June 7, 1985. The designer was Simon Winograd, and VAZ undertook the construction. Later additions were made to the memorial in 1987–1988: bas-reliefs were installed, and in the center a star with an eternal flame was installed. On March 9, 1995, a capsule of earth brought from Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow (the site of Moscow's Victory Park) was placed in one of the monument's wreaths (the one on the side facing Jubilee Street). In April 2007, hooligans stole part of the framing of the eternal flame, but the vandals were soon arrested and the items recovered. Architecture Victims of Fascism The monument consists of four 10-metre (33 ft) stelae formed in a ring. The four stelae represent the four years of the war (1941–1942, 1942–1943, 1943–1944, and 1944–1945) and each has one of the designated years displayed at its top. On the outer face of the foot of each stela are ledges with stylized wreaths cast from aluminum. On the inner faces of each stela is a bas–relief: ("Partisans", "Victims of Fascism", "Home Front" and "Battle Front") all sculpted by Sandor Zicherman. The ring connecting the stelae is faced with stainless steel. On its inner side is an inscription of aluminum letters: "Eternal Honor to the People's Heroism". In the center of the monument is a star with the eternal flame, framed by five bronze sections. Sources The Home Front R. Markov Forever in the People's Memory: in Victory Park will be Built a Memorial in Honor of the 40th Anniversary of Victory. Волжский автостроитель (Volga Car Builder), April 25, 1985 (N 47, S. 1) (in Russian) T. Krymchuzhina Victory Park: Reporting from the Opening of the Memorial in Victory Park in the Avtozavodsky District of Togliatti. За коммунизм (For Communism), May 11, 1988 (N 90, S. 1) (in Russian) References ^ "Ничего святого!" . TLT Times. April 28, 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011. External links Victory Monument page at Monuments of Tolyatti (in Russian) 53°30′38″N 49°16′31″E / 53.5105°N 49.2752°E / 53.5105; 49.2752	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victory_Memorial_in_Victory_Park_in_Toyatti_in_Russia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Tolyatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolyatti"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Great Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)"}],"text":"Memorial in Honor of the 40th Anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War (Russian: Мемориал в честь 40-летия Победы в Великой Отечественной войне) or simply Victory Monument is a 1985 monument in the Avtozavodsky (Auto Factory) District of Tolyatti dedicated to the Soviet victory in World War II (called the Great Patriotic War in Russia).","title":"Victory Monument (Tolyatti)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day,_Togliatti,_Russia,_years_on_stelas.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victory Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Park_(Tolyatti)"},{"link_name":"VAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AvtoVAZ"},{"link_name":"bas-reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-relief"},{"link_name":"eternal flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_flame"},{"link_name":"Poklonnaya Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poklonnaya_Hill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1941-1942 stelaThe memorial complex was built in Victory Park as part of the 1985 remembrance of the 40th anniversary of the 1945 victory over Nazi Germany. The memorial was officially opened on June 7, 1985. The designer was Simon Winograd, and VAZ undertook the construction.Later additions were made to the memorial in 1987–1988: bas-reliefs were installed, and in the center a star with an eternal flame was installed.On March 9, 1995, a capsule of earth brought from Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow (the site of Moscow's Victory Park) was placed in one of the monument's wreaths (the one on the side facing Jubilee Street).In April 2007, hooligans stole part of the framing of the eternal flame, but the vandals were soon arrested and the items recovered.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day,_Victims_of_nacizm,_Togliatti,_Russia.JPG"},{"link_name":"stelae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele"},{"link_name":"Sandor Zicherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandor_Zicherman"}],"text":"Victims of FascismThe monument consists of four 10-metre (33 ft) stelae formed in a ring. The four stelae represent the four years of the war (1941–1942, 1942–1943, 1943–1944, and 1944–1945) and each has one of the designated years displayed at its top.On the outer face of the foot of each stela are ledges with stylized wreaths cast from aluminum. On the inner faces of each stela is a bas–relief: (\"Partisans\", \"Victims of Fascism\", \"Home Front\" and \"Battle Front\") all sculpted by Sandor Zicherman.The ring connecting the stelae is faced with stainless steel. On its inner side is an inscription of aluminum letters: \"Eternal Honor to the People's Heroism\".In the center of the monument is a star with the eternal flame, framed by five bronze sections.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day,_Home_front,_Togliatti,_Russia.JPG"}],"text":"The Home FrontR. Markov Forever in the People's Memory: in Victory Park will be Built a Memorial in Honor of the 40th Anniversary of Victory. Волжский автостроитель (Volga Car Builder), April 25, 1985 (N 47, S. 1) (in Russian)\nT. Krymchuzhina Victory Park: Reporting from the Opening of the Memorial in Victory Park in the Avtozavodsky District of Togliatti. За коммунизм (For Communism), May 11, 1988 (N 90, S. 1) (in Russian)","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Victory_Memorial_in_Victory_Park_in_Toyatti_in_Russia.jpg/220px-Victory_Memorial_in_Victory_Park_in_Toyatti_in_Russia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 1941-1942 stela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day%2C_Togliatti%2C_Russia%2C_years_on_stelas.JPG/220px-Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day%2C_Togliatti%2C_Russia%2C_years_on_stelas.JPG"},{"image_text":"Victims of Fascism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day%2C_Victims_of_nacizm%2C_Togliatti%2C_Russia.JPG/220px-Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day%2C_Victims_of_nacizm%2C_Togliatti%2C_Russia.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Home Front","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day%2C_Home_front%2C_Togliatti%2C_Russia.JPG/220px-Memorial_to_40_years_of_Victory_day%2C_Home_front%2C_Togliatti%2C_Russia.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ничего святого!\" [Nothing is sacred!]. TLT Times. April 28, 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2012. Retrieved April 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120805182650/http://www.tlttimes.ru/news.php/~/news=187754/data=/","url_text":"\"Ничего святого!\""},{"url":"http://www.tlttimes.ru/news.php/~/news=187754/data=/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victory_Monument_(Tolyatti)&params=53.5105_N_49.2752_E_type:landmark_region:RU","external_links_name":"53°30′38″N 49°16′31″E / 53.5105°N 49.2752°E / 53.5105; 49.2752"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Victory+Monument%22+Tolyatti","external_links_name":"\"Victory Monument\" Tolyatti"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Victory+Monument%22+Tolyatti+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Victory+Monument%22+Tolyatti&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Victory+Monument%22+Tolyatti+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Victory+Monument%22+Tolyatti","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Victory+Monument%22+Tolyatti&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120805182650/http://www.tlttimes.ru/news.php/~/news=187754/data=/","external_links_name":"\"Ничего святого!\""},{"Link":"http://www.tlttimes.ru/news.php/~/news=187754/data=/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://citytlt.narod.ru/alfmpobed.htm","external_links_name":"Victory Monument page at Monuments of Tolyatti"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Victory_Monument_(Tolyatti)&params=53.5105_N_49.2752_E_type:landmark_region:RU","external_links_name":"53°30′38″N 49°16′31″E / 53.5105°N 49.2752°E / 53.5105; 49.2752"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Marcello_Barberini	Antonio Marcello Barberini	["1 Biography","2 Episcopal succession","3 References"]	Italian Cardinal (1569–1646) Not to be confused with his nephew Antonio Barberini. His EminenceAntonio Marcello BarberiniMajor Penitentiary of the Apostolic PenitentiaryLibrarian of the Vatican LibraryPortrait of Antonio Marcello Barberini by Antonio Alberti, ca. 1629-1631.ChurchRoman Catholic ChurchOrdersConsecration2 February 1625by Laudivio ZacchiaCreated cardinal7 October 1624by Urban VIIIPersonal detailsBorn18 November 1569Florence, Grand Duchy of TuscanyDied11 September 1646 (aged 76)Rome, Papal StatesPrevious post(s)Cardinal-Priest of San Pietro in Vincoli (1637-1642)Secretary of the Congregation for the Universal Inquisition(1629-1633)Bishop of Senigallia(1625-1628)Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Onofrio(1624-1637) Antonio Marcello Barberini, OFMCap (18 November 1569 – 11 September 1646) was an Italian cardinal and the younger brother of Maffeo Barberini, later Pope Urban VIII. He is sometimes referred to as Antonio the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew Antonio Barberini. Biography Born Marcello Barberini in Florence 1569 into the Barberini family, he entered the Order of Capuchins in 1585. In 1592 he changed his baptismal name to Antonio. Bust of Antonio Barberini by Bernini. He served as a priest until the election of his brother Maffeo to the papal throne as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. He traveled to Rome with a group of Capuchin brothers to serve his brother and was elevated to cardinal in 1624. On 26 January 1625 he was appointed Bishop of Senigallia. On 2 February 1625 he was consecrated bishop by Laudivio Zacchia, Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone, with Antonio Díaz (bishop), Bishop of Caserta, and Lorenzo Azzolini, Bishop of Ripatransone, serving as co-consecrators. Later he was appointed Grand Inquisitor of the Roman Inquisition between 1629 and 1633, Librarian of the Holy Roman Church between 1633 and 1646 and Major Penitentiary between 1633 and 1646. He served as the Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals twice. He participated in the papal conclave of 1644 which elected his brother's successor, Pope Innocent X. After the Wars of Castro Innocent X launched an investigation into the Barberini family which forced Antonio Barberini's nephews, Francesco Barberini (Senior), Antonio Barberini (Antonio the Younger) and Prince Taddeo Barberini, into exile. Barberini died in Rome, at the age of 77 and was buried at the Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini which he helped to found. Episcopal succession Episcopal succession of Antonio Marcello Barberini While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of: Bartolomeo Giustiniani, Bishop of Avellino e Frigento (1626); Giovanni Delfino, Bishop of Belluno (1626); Benedetto Landi, Bishop of Fossombrone (1628); Giovanni Tommaso Malloni (Mallono), Bishop of Šibenik (1628); Pietro Carpegna, Bishop of Gubbio (1629); Pietro Bonaventura, Bishop of Cesena (1629); Urbano Felicio, Bishop of Policastro (1629); Girolamo Parisani, Bishop of Polignano (1629); Luca Castellini, Bishop of Catanzaro (1629); Marcantonio Bragadin (cardinal), Bishop of Crema (1629); Gaspar de Borja y Velasco, Cardinal-Bishop of Albano (1630); Arcasio Ricci, Bishop of Gravina di Puglia (1630); Sigismondo Taddei, Bishop of Bitetto (1631); Carlo Antonio Ripa, Bishop of Mondovi (1632); Ippolito Franconi, Bishop of Nocera de' Pagani (1632); Giovanni Battista Pontano (Montano), Bishop of Oppido Mamertina (1632); Pietro Niccolini, Archbishop of Florence (1632); Cesare Raccagna, Bishop of Città di Castello (1632); Marco Antonio Cornaro, Bishop of Padua (1632); Amico Panici, Bishop of Sarsina (1632); Girolamo Colonna, Archbishop of Bologna (1632); Marco Gradenigo, Patriarch of Aquileia (1633); Lorenzo Massimi, Bishop of Marsi (1633); Francesco Gonzaga, Bishop of Cariati e Cerenzia (1633); Honoratus Caetani, Titular Patriarch of Alexandria (1633); Faustus Poli, Titular Archbishop of Amasea (1633); Torquato Perotti, Bishop of Amelia (1633); Agostino Oreggi (Oregius), Archbishop of Benevento (1633); Benedetto Ubaldi, Bishop of Perugia (1634); Francesco Maria Merlini, Bishop of Cervia (1635); Alessandro Cesarini (iuniore), Bishop of Viterbo e Tuscania (1636); Antonio Tornielli, Bishop of Novara (1637); Girolamo Lanfranchi, Bishop of Cava de' Tirreni (1637); Bernardino Scala, Bishop of Bisceglie (1637); Marcantonio Franciotti, Bishop of Lucca (1637); Aegidius Ursinus de Vivere, Titular Patriarch of Jerusalem (1641); Ascanio Filomarino, Archbishop of Naples (1642); Vincenzo Maculani, Archbishop of Benevento (1642); Girolamo Verospi, Bishop of Osimo (1642); Giulio Gabrielli (seniore), Bishop of Ascoli Piceno (1642); Guglielmo Gaddi, Bishop of Bisceglie (1643); Giulio Rospigliosi, Titular Archbishop of Tarsus (1644); and Nicolò Guidi di Bagno, Titular Archbishop of Athenae (1644). References ^ a b c d Miranda, Salvador. "BARBERINI, seniore, OFMCap, Antonio (1569-1646)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. OCLC 53276621. Retrieved 24 August 2016. ^ a b c d "Antonio (Marcello) Cardinal Barberini (Sr.), OFMCap" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved August 12, 2016 ^ Carmel in England by B. Zimmerman (pre. 1900s (Italian), pub. 2010 (English).) Catholic Church titles Preceded byAntaldo degli Antaldi Bishop of Senigallia 1625–1628 Succeeded byDesiderio Scaglia Preceded byGuido Bentivoglio d'Aragona Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 1632 Succeeded byLorenzo Campeggi Preceded byScipione Borghese Major Penitentiary 1633–1646 Succeeded byOrazio Giustiniani Preceded byAlfonso de la Cueva-Benavides y Mendoza-Carrillo Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 1636–1637 Succeeded byLuigi Caetani Portals: Biography Catholicism Italy Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Poland Vatican Artists RKD Artists People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antonio Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Barberini"},{"link_name":"OFMCap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AntMarBarb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAntMarBarb-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Antonio Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Barberini"}],"text":"Not to be confused with his nephew Antonio Barberini.Antonio Marcello Barberini, OFMCap (18 November 1569 – 11 September 1646) was an Italian cardinal[1][2] and the younger brother of Maffeo Barberini, later Pope Urban VIII. He is sometimes referred to as Antonio the Elder to distinguish him from his nephew Antonio Barberini.","title":"Antonio Marcello Barberini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Barberini family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberini"},{"link_name":"Order of Capuchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"baptismal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_name"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gianlorenzo_bernini,_busto_di_antonio_barberini.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bernini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernini"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_VIII"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Senigallia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Senigallia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AntMarBarb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAntMarBarb-2"},{"link_name":"Laudivio Zacchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudivio_Zacchia"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Corneto_e_Montefiascone"},{"link_name":"Antonio Díaz (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_D%C3%ADaz_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Azzolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Azzolini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ripatransone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ripatransone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AntMarBarb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CathHierAntMarBarb-2"},{"link_name":"Roman Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Major Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_penitentiary"},{"link_name":"Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Sacred_College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AntMarBarb-1"},{"link_name":"papal conclave of 1644","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1623"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X"},{"link_name":"Wars of Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Castro"},{"link_name":"Francesco Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Barberini_(seniore)"},{"link_name":"Antonio Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Barberini"},{"link_name":"Taddeo Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taddeo_Barberini"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Concezione_dei_Cappuccini"}],"text":"Born Marcello Barberini in Florence 1569 into the Barberini family, he entered the Order of Capuchins in 1585.[3] In 1592 he changed his baptismal name to Antonio.Bust of Antonio Barberini by Bernini.He served as a priest until the election of his brother Maffeo to the papal throne as Pope Urban VIII in 1623. He traveled to Rome with a group of Capuchin brothers to serve his brother and was elevated to cardinal in 1624.On 26 January 1625 he was appointed Bishop of Senigallia.[1][2] On 2 February 1625 he was consecrated bishop by Laudivio Zacchia, Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone, with Antonio Díaz (bishop), Bishop of Caserta, and Lorenzo Azzolini, Bishop of Ripatransone, serving as co-consecrators.[1][2] Later he was appointed Grand Inquisitor of the Roman Inquisition between 1629 and 1633, Librarian of the Holy Roman Church between 1633 and 1646 and Major Penitentiary between 1633 and 1646. He served as the Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals twice.[1] He participated in the papal conclave of 1644 which elected his brother's successor, Pope Innocent X. After the Wars of Castro Innocent X launched an investigation into the Barberini family which forced Antonio Barberini's nephews, Francesco Barberini (Senior), Antonio Barberini (Antonio the Younger) and Prince Taddeo Barberini, into exile.Barberini died in Rome, at the age of 77 and was buried at the Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini which he helped to found.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episcopal succession"}]	[{"image_text":"Bust of Antonio Barberini by Bernini.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Gianlorenzo_bernini%2C_busto_di_antonio_barberini.JPG/150px-Gianlorenzo_bernini%2C_busto_di_antonio_barberini.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"BARBERINI, seniore, OFMCap, Antonio (1569-1646)\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. OCLC 53276621. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_(Georgia)	Gori, Georgia	["1 Geography and climate","2 History","2.1 2008 conflict","3 Demographics","4 Landmarks","5 Administrative divisions","6 Notable people","7 Important sights","8 References","9 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°58′N 44°06′E / 41.967°N 44.100°E / 41.967; 44.100City and Municipality in Shida Kartli, Georgia For other uses, see Gori (disambiguation). City in Shida Kartli, GeorgiaGori გორიCity From top: Town Hall, Gori Fortress, Gori Cathedral, FC Dila Stadium, Panoramic view to Gori FlagSealGoriLocation of Gori in GeorgiaShow map of GeorgiaGoriGori (Shida Kartli)Show map of Shida KartliCoordinates: 41°58′0″N 44°06′0″E / 41.96667°N 44.10000°E / 41.96667; 44.10000Country GeorgiaRegionShida KartliMunicipalityGoriArea • Total16.85 km2 (6.51 sq mi)Elevation588 m (1,929 ft)Population (January 1, 2024) • Total42,596 • Density2,500/km2 (6,500/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+4 (Georgian Time)Postal code1400ClimateCfbWebsitewww.gori.gov.ge Gori (Georgian: გორი ) is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional capital of Shida Kartli and is located at the confluence of two rivers, the Mtkvari and the Liakhvi. Gori is the fifth most populous city in Georgia. Its name comes from the Georgian word gora (გორა), meaning "heap", "hill", or "mountain". A settlement known here from the Hellenistic period, with the Gori Fortress built at least in 7th century, it received town status in the 12th century. Gori was an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages and maintains a strategic importance due to its location on the principal highway connecting eastern and western parts of Georgia. In the course of its history, Gori has been invaded by the armies of regional powers several times. The city was occupied by Russian troops during the 2008 Russo–Georgian War. Gori is also known as the birthplace of Soviet Leader and politician Joseph Stalin, ballistic missile designer Aleksandr Nadiradze, and philosopher Merab Mamardashvili. Geography and climate Gori is located 86 kilometres west of Georgia's capital Tbilisi, at the confluence of the rivers Mtkvari and Greater Liakhvi, 588 meters (1,929 ft) above sea level. The climate is humid subtropical, transitioning to humid continental climate, with warm and moderately humid weather. Summer is usually hot. The average annual temperature is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F), minimal in January (−0.4 °C or 31.3 °F) and maximal in July and August (22.1 °C or 71.8 °F). The maximum precipitation falls in May (65.8 mm or 2.6 in) and minimum in February (28.2 mm or 1.1 in). Precipitation here averages 507 mm (20.0 in). Highest recorded temperature: 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 13 August 2006 Lowest recorded temperature: −22.2 °C (−8.0 °F) on 16 December 2004 Climate data for Gori (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981-2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 15.6(60.1) 20.5(68.9) 26.0(78.8) 30.5(86.9) 32.0(89.6) 36.8(98.2) 37.4(99.3) 38.0(100.4) 36.6(97.9) 30.9(87.6) 25.0(77.0) 20.0(68.0) 38.0(100.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 5.4(41.7) 7.1(44.8) 12.2(54.0) 17.5(63.5) 22.2(72.0) 26.3(79.3) 29.1(84.4) 29.7(85.5) 25.0(77.0) 19.1(66.4) 11.8(53.2) 6.5(43.7) 17.7(63.9) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3(26.1) −2.7(27.1) 1.0(33.8) 5.1(41.2) 9.9(49.8) 14.0(57.2) 17.2(63.0) 17.0(62.6) 12.8(55.0) 7.4(45.3) 1.4(34.5) −2.2(28.0) 6.5(43.7) Record low °C (°F) −19.6(−3.3) −19.9(−3.8) −15.1(4.8) −10.5(13.1) −1.0(30.2) 2.8(37.0) 7.7(45.9) 6.1(43.0) −0.2(31.6) −4.8(23.4) −11.5(11.3) −22.2(−8.0) −22.2(−8.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 29.0(1.14) 28.2(1.11) 35.7(1.41) 53.1(2.09) 65.8(2.59) 58.7(2.31) 41.3(1.63) 36.6(1.44) 35.2(1.39) 41.9(1.65) 47.4(1.87) 33.7(1.33) 506.6(19.94) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.4 6 6.8 8.3 10.1 8.5 5.6 5.1 5.3 6.8 6.8 6.6 82.3 Source: NCEI History Gori Fortress as of 1642, by an Italian missionary, Cristoforo Castelli The territory of Gori has been populated since the early Bronze Age. According to medieval Georgian chronicles, the town of Gori was founded by King David IV (r. 1089–1125) who settled refugees from Armenia there. However, the fortress of Gori (Goris-Tsikhe) appears to have been in use already in the 7th century, and archaeological evidence indicates the existence of an urban community in Classical Antiquity. In 1299, Gori was captured by the Alan tribesmen fleeing the Mongol conquest of their original homeland in the North Caucasus. The Georgian king George V recovered the town in 1320, pushing the Alans back over the Caucasus mountains. Gori Fortress on the hilltop With the downfall of the medieval Georgian kingdom, Gori – strategically located at the crossroads of major transit routes – was frequently targeted by foreign invaders, and changed its masters on several occasions. It was first taken and sacked by Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu in 1477, followed by Tahmasp I of Persia in the mid-16th century. By the end of that century, Gori briefly passed to the Ottomans through the 1578–90 Ottoman–Persian War, and became their major outpost in Georgia until being recovered by the Georgians under Simon I of Kartli after heavy fighting in 1599. The town was once again garrisoned by the Persians under Shah Abbas I in 1614. Following successive occupations by the Ottomans (1723–35) and Persians (1735–40s), Gori returned to Georgian control under the kings Teimuraz II and Erekle II whose efforts helped to advance economy and culture in the town. Following the Russian annexation of Georgia, Gori was granted the status of a town within the Gori Uyezd of the Tiflis Governorate in 1801. It grew in size and population throughout the 19th century. A plan of 1824 shows the town on the hill slopes below the citadel, and a moat around it. The town was destroyed in the 1920 earthquake, and almost completely rebuilt in the Soviet period. An important industrial center in Soviet times, Gori suffered from an economic collapse and the outflow of the population during the years of a post-Soviet crisis of the 1990s. Gori is close to the Georgian–Ossetian conflict zone. It is connected to breakaway South Ossetia's capital Tskhinvali via a railroad spur which has been defunct since the early 1990s. Since the 2000s, Georgia has increased the military infrastructure in and around the city. Thus, the Central Military Hospital was relocated from Tbilisi to Gori and re-equipped in October 2006. On January 18, 2008, Georgia's second NATO-standard base to accommodate the 1st Infantry Brigade (Georgia) of the Georgian Ground Forces was established at Gori. The Georgian Agrarian Science Academy Branch was established in the city in 1995; this became Sukhishvili University in 2003. 2008 conflict Main article: Occupation of Gori A damaged apartment building in Gori. In the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, the town came under aerial attack by the Russian Air Force from the outset of the conflict. Military targets and residential districts of Gori were hit by the airstrikes, resulting in civilian injuries and deaths. Human Rights Watch (HRW) claimed that Russian forces had indiscriminately deployed cluster bombs in civilian areas around Gori. According to HRW, on August 12 Russian forces dropped cluster bombs in the centre of Gori, killing 11 civilians and wounding dozens more. Russian military officials deny using cluster munitions in the conflict, calling the HRW assertion "slanderous" and questioning the HRW's objectivity. Numerous unexploded "bomblets" have been found by locals and HRW employees. By August 11, Georgian military personnel, government, and most residents had fled the city, which was then captured and occupied by the Russian military and South Ossetian separatist militia. HRW accused the militia of unleashing a campaign of looting, arson, kidnapping and other attacks against the remaining civilian population. The Russian and South Ossetian forces withdrew from the city on August 22, 2008. The following day Units of the Georgian Army returned to Gori. However, Russian checkpoints remained near Gori as well as in so-called buffer zones near the borders with Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Demographics View of Gori Akaki Tsereteli street Year 1865 1897 1914 1916 1977 1989 2002 2014 2022 2023 Population 5,100 10,269 25,355 18,454 54,100 68,924 49,522 48,143 44,524 44,387 Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. Landmarks Statue of Stalin stood outside the Town Hall until being removed in 2010 as part of the country's de-Sovietization process Gori train station Akaki Tsereteli street in Gori Gori and its environs house several notable cultural and historical landmarks. Although for many foreigners Gori is principally known as the birthplace of Joseph Stalin, in Georgian historical memory the city has long been associated with its citadel, the Gori Fortress, which is built on a cliffy hill overlooking the central part of the modern city. On another hill stands the 18th century St. George's church of Gorijvari, a popular place of pilgrimage. The famous ancient rock-hewn town of Uplistsikhe and the 7th century Ateni Sioni Church are located not far from Gori. Stalin's association with the city is emphasized by the Joseph Stalin Museum in downtown Gori and, until recently, the Stalin monument in front of the Gori City Hall, one of the few such monuments to survive Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program. The monument was a source of controversy in a newly independent Georgia in the 1990s, but for several years the post-communist government acceded to the Gori citizens' request and left the statue untouched. It was ultimately removed on June 25, 2010. However, on 20 December 2012, the municipal assembly of Gori voted to reinstate the monument. Administrative divisions The city is divided into 11 administrative districts, they are: No. District No. District No. District No. District 1 Kvernaki Settlement 4 Tsmindatskali 2nd Locality 7 Chala-Tskarosubani Settlement 10 Central Settlement 1st Locality 2 Verkhvebi Settlement 5 IDPs Settlement 8 Kombinati Settlement 1st Locality 11 Central Settlement 2nd Locality 3 Tsmindatskali 1st Locality 6 Sadguri-Elektripikatsia Settlement 9 Kombinati Settlement 2nd Locality Notable people Joseph Stalin Anastasia Eristavi-Khoshtaria (1868-1951), novelist Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), 2nd Leader of the Soviet Union and 4th Premier of the Soviet Union Simon Arshaki Ter-Petrosian (1882–1922), revolutionary Vano Muradeli (1908–1970), composer Aleksandre Machavariani (1913–1995), composer Aleksandr Nadiradze (1914–1987), inventor Edvard Mirzoyan (1921–2012), composer Sulkhan Tsintsadze (1925–1991), composer Merab Mamardashvili (1930–1990), philosopher Giorgi Tenadze (born 1962), wrestler Vazha Tarkhnishvili (born 1971), footballer Georgi Kandelaki (born 1974), boxer Lasha Shavdatuashvili (born 1992), judoka Geno Petriashvili (born 1994), wrestler Oto Nemsadze (born 1989), singer Vladimer Khinchegashvili (born 1991), wrestler, Olympic & World Champion Important sights Joseph Stalin Museum Gori Fortress Gori Cathedral of Saint Mary Gori State Historical-Ethnographic Museum Joseph Stalin State Museum House of Amilakhvris Monument to Nikoloz Baratashvili Monument to Iakob Gogebashvili Gori Pedagogical Institute Gori State Drama Theater Gori State Historical-Ethnographic Museum Gorijvari Erekle Baths Monument to Giorgi Eristavi Monument to Nico Lomouri Military city Theological School References ^ "Population by regions". National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ E.M. Pospelov, Geograficheskie nazvaniya mira (Moscow, 1998), p. 121. ^ a b c "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gori-37531" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 17 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1981–2010 - Georgia". National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. p. 5. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021. ^ Sempad the Constable. Chronicle ^ Закарая, П. (1983) Памятники Восточной Грузии. Искусство, Москва, 376 с. (In Russian) ^ Georgia Today: "Georgian Armed Forces modernize infrastructure" Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, October 4, 2007. ^ New military base in Gori Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine. Ministry of Defense of Georgia, January 18, 2008. ^ "Russian jets attack Georgian town", BBC News, 9 August 2008 ^ "Georgia conflict: Screams of the injured rise from residential streets", The Telegraph, 10 Aug 2008 ^ "Georgia: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians. Stop Using Weapon Banned by 107 Nations" Human Rights Watch, August 15, 2008, ^ Александр Брод: западных правозащитников не интересует трагедия Южной Осетии // Полит.ру, 21 августа 2008 ^ "Georgia: Civilians Killed by Russian Cluster Bomb ‘Duds’. More Attacks Confirmed; Unexploded Ordnance Threatens Many", Human Rights Watch, August 21, 2008 ^ Russia/Georgia: Militias Attack Civilians in Gori Region; Russia Should Curb Militias and Allow in Humanitarian Aid, Human Rights Watch, August 17, 2008, ^ Civil Georgia: "Police Back in Gori", 23 August 2008 ^ Schwirtz, Michael (24 August 2008). "Georgia Prepares for Refugees; Russians Declare Pullback Finished". The New York Times. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-29. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1915 год (in Russian) (70th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1915. p. 245. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. ^ (in Georgian) Kakabadze, V., Gvasalia, J., Gagoshidze I., Menabde, L., Zakaria, P. (1978), გორი ("Gori"). Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 3, p. 226. Tbilisi. ^ a b "2002 General Population Census Major Findings" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 10 May 2016. ^ "Population Census 2014". www.geostat.ge. National Statistics Office of Georgia. November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2021. ^ "Population by cities and boroughs, as of 1 January 2022". www.geostat.ge. GeoStat. Retrieved 18 May 2022. ^ "Population - National Statistics Office of Georgia". www.geostat.ge. Retrieved 2023-06-28. ^ Will Lasky. Selling Stalin. Georgian Business Magazine, Issue 4, August 2007. ^ Salome Asatiani. Great Terror: In Stalin's Birthplace, Forgiving And Forgetting. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 14, 2007. ^ "Stalin statue removed in Georgian town of Gori", BBC News, 25 June 2010 ^ "Georgia: A Stalinist Restoration", The New York Times, 20 December 2012 ^ "Georgia to Reinstate Stalin Monument", RIA Novosti, 21 December 2012 ^ "Administrative Entities". gori.gov.ge. Retrieved 9 May 2019. ^ "Gorijvari". visitingeorgia.com. 17 July 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gori, Georgia. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gori. Official Site Map of Gori Live Web Cam 41°58′N 44°06′E / 41.967°N 44.100°E / 41.967; 44.100 vteCities, towns and townlets in GeorgiaAutonomous Republic of Abkhazia Sukhumi Akhali Atoni Gagra Gali Gudauta Ochamchire Tkvarcheli Bichvinta Gantiadi Gulripshi Leselidze Miusera Autonomous Republic of Adjara Batumi Kobuleti Chakvi Keda Khulo Ochkhamuri Shuakhevi Guria Ozurgeti Lanchkhuti Chokhatauri Bakhmaro Gomismta Laituri Naruja Kveda Nasakirali Ureki Imereti Kutaisi Baghdati Chiatura Khoni Sachkhere Samtredia Terjola Tkibuli Tsqaltubo Vani Zestaponi Kharagauli Kakheti Telavi Akhmeta Dedoplistsqaro Gurjaani Kvareli Lagodekhi Sagarejo Sighnaghi Tsnori Mtskheta-Mtianeti Mtskheta Dusheti Akhalgori Pasanauri Sioni Stepantsminda Tianeti Zhinvali Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Zugdidi Abasha Jvari Khobi Martvili Poti Senaki Tsalenjikha Chkhorotsqu Mestia Samtskhe-Javakheti Akhaltsikhe Akhalkalaki Borjomi Ninotsminda Vale Abastumani Adigeni Aspindza Bakuriani Tsagveri Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Ambrolauri Oni Tsageri Lentekhi Kvaisa Kvemo Kartli Rustavi Bolnisi Gardabani Dmanisi Tetritsqaro Marneuli Tsalka Bediani Kazreti Khramhesi Manglisi Tamarisi Trialeti Shida Kartli Gori Kaspi Kareli Tskhinvali Khashuri Agara Java Surami Kornisi Cities with local government Tbilisi Batumi Kutaisi Poti Rustavi Capital city Tbilisi vteSettlements in Gori MunicipalityCities Gori Villages Achabeti Avkveti Albiri Andisi Andoreti Arashenda Arbo Ardisi Arkinareti Adzvi Adzvistavi Akhaldaba Akhalisa Akhali Khurvaleti Akhalubani Akhrisi Akhsargina Akhalsheni Akhalkhiza Bagata Benderi Berbuki Berijvari Bershueti Bnavisi Bieti Biisi Bobnevi Bortsvana Bisoita Brili Brotsleti Gagluantubani Galuanta Gaichaantubani Gardateni Gardanta Geri Goiata Gozo Gugutiantkari Gudzhabauri Gulkhandisi Gudisi Guchmasta Dampaleti Dmenisi Degeula Dvaliantkari Didtavi Didi Ateni Didi Mejvriskhevi Didi Ghromi Didi Tsereti Didi Chvarebi Dre Didi Garejvari Didi Gorijvari Didi Khurvaleti Ditsi Didkhevi Dzartsemi Eltura Ergneti Variani Valita Velebi Zalda Zardiantkari Zemo Akhalsopeli Zemo Bikari Zemo Boshuri Zemo Goreti Zemo Dodoti Zemo Vilda Zemo Korkula Zemo Otrevi Zemo Rekha Zemo Sarabuki Zemo Snekvi Zemo Sobisi Zemo Prisi Zemo Kere Zemo Klivana Zemo Ksovrisi Zemo Khviti Zerti Zeghduleti Tedotsminda Telagina Tergvisi Tibilaani Tliakana Tortiza Tkhinala Ikvnevi Ikorta Inauri Ipnara Isroliskhevi Ivreti Karaleti Karbi Kekhvi Kheiti Kvarkhiti Kverneti Kirbali Klarsi Koshka Koshkebi Kokhati Kroza Kulbiti Kusireti Latsauri Levitana Luli Mamita Mamisaantubani Maldzigata Meghvrekisi Marana Marmazeti Maraleti Mebrune Mereti Mipareti Mumlaantkari Mejudispiri Mghebriani Nadarbazi Nadarbazevi Naniauri Natsreti Nikozi Nishi Nogkau Otarsheni Olozi Ormotsi Okiani Pantnauri Patara Ateni Patara Mejvriskhevi Patara Khurvaleti Patara Ghromi Patara Gorijvari Patara Garejvari Patara Tsereti Patara Chvarebi Pitnara Sabatsminda Satemo Saboloke Sakasheti Sveneti Sveri Sakvireti Skra Sakhortse Sakavre Tami Tiniskhidi Tirdznisi Tusrebi Tbeti Tkviavi Uplistsikhe Peli Pitsesi Petviskhevi Plavi Plavismani Pkhvenisi Karchiti Kekhvi Kemerti Kere Kvasatali Kvakhvreli Kvemo Arcevi Kvemo Akhalsopeli Kvemo Bikari Kvemo Boshuri Kvemo Goreti Kvemo Dodoti Kvemo Vilda Kvemo Korkula Kvemo Makhisi Kvemo Otrevi Kvemo Rekha Kvemo Rieti Kvemo Sarabuki Kvemo Sobisi Kvemo Klivana Kvemo Shavshvebi Kvemo Khviti Kirtsina Kitsnisi Kveshi Knogho Kordi Ghvarebi Ghvedreti Ghvria Ghortevi Ghrubela Kelktseuli Kvelaantubani Kurta Shavshvebi Shambieti Sheleuri Shertuli Shulauri Shindisi Shua Makhisi Chelekhsata Chkharauli Tsitsagiantkari Dzari Dzevera Dziki Tamarasheni Tsedisi Tsiara Tsiteltskaro Tsitelubani Tsipori Tskaltsminda Chalisubani Chalisubani Chanchakha Chechelaantubani Khandisi Kheltubani Khidistavi Khodi Khugasta Jabita Jariasheni Jebiri Jvareti Jojiani Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gori (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈɡoɾi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkhare"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)"},{"link_name":"Shida Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shida_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Mtkvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtkvari"},{"link_name":"Liakhvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liakhvi_River"},{"link_name":"fifth most populous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Gori Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Fortress"},{"link_name":"occupied by Russian troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Gori"},{"link_name":"Russo–Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo%E2%80%93Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Nadiradze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Nadiradze"},{"link_name":"Merab Mamardashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merab_Mamardashvili"}],"text":"City and Municipality in Shida Kartli, GeorgiaFor other uses, see Gori (disambiguation).City in Shida Kartli, GeorgiaGori (Georgian: გორი [ˈɡoɾi]) is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional capital of Shida Kartli and is located at the confluence of two rivers, the Mtkvari and the Liakhvi. Gori is the fifth most populous city in Georgia. Its name comes from the Georgian word gora (გორა), meaning \"heap\", \"hill\",[2] or \"mountain\".A settlement known here from the Hellenistic period, with the Gori Fortress built at least in 7th century, it received town status in the 12th century. Gori was an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages and maintains a strategic importance due to its location on the principal highway connecting eastern and western parts of Georgia. In the course of its history, Gori has been invaded by the armies of regional powers several times. The city was occupied by Russian troops during the 2008 Russo–Georgian War.Gori is also known as the birthplace of Soviet Leader and politician Joseph Stalin, ballistic missile designer Aleksandr Nadiradze, and philosopher Merab Mamardashvili.","title":"Gori, Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Mtkvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtkvari"},{"link_name":"Greater Liakhvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Liakhvi_River"},{"link_name":"above sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"humid continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-3"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NCEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCEI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clino81-4"}],"text":"Gori is located 86 kilometres west of Georgia's capital Tbilisi, at the confluence of the rivers Mtkvari and Greater Liakhvi, 588 meters (1,929 ft) above sea level. The climate is humid subtropical, transitioning to humid continental climate, with warm and moderately humid weather. Summer is usually hot. The average annual temperature is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F), minimal in January (−0.4 °C or 31.3 °F) and maximal in July and August (22.1 °C or 71.8 °F). The maximum precipitation falls in May (65.8 mm or 2.6 in) and minimum in February (28.2 mm or 1.1 in). Precipitation here averages 507 mm (20.0 in).Highest recorded temperature: 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) on 13 August 2006[3]Lowest recorded temperature: −22.2 °C (−8.0 °F) on 16 December 2004[3]Climate data for Gori (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981-2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n30.5(86.9)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n36.8(98.2)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n12.2(54.0)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n26.3(79.3)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n1.4(34.5)\n\n−2.2(28.0)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−19.6(−3.3)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n−15.1(4.8)\n\n−10.5(13.1)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n7.7(45.9)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n−4.8(23.4)\n\n−11.5(11.3)\n\n−22.2(−8.0)\n\n−22.2(−8.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n29.0(1.14)\n\n28.2(1.11)\n\n35.7(1.41)\n\n53.1(2.09)\n\n65.8(2.59)\n\n58.7(2.31)\n\n41.3(1.63)\n\n36.6(1.44)\n\n35.2(1.39)\n\n41.9(1.65)\n\n47.4(1.87)\n\n33.7(1.33)\n\n506.6(19.94)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n6.4\n\n6\n\n6.8\n\n8.3\n\n10.1\n\n8.5\n\n5.6\n\n5.1\n\n5.3\n\n6.8\n\n6.8\n\n6.6\n\n82.3\n\n\nSource: NCEI[3][4]","title":"Geography and climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelli._Gori,_Georgia-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gori Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Cristoforo Castelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teramo_Castelli"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"David IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Goris-Tsikhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goris-Tsikhe"},{"link_name":"Classical Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"Alan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alania"},{"link_name":"Mongol conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Caucasus mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_mountains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gori_Fortress.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gori Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Georgian kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Mongol_invasion_and_decline_of_the_Georgian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Uzun Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzun_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Ak Koyunlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu"},{"link_name":"Tahmasp I of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_I"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"1578–90 Ottoman–Persian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1578%E2%80%931590)"},{"link_name":"Simon I of Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_I_of_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Shah Abbas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Abbas_I"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Teimuraz II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teimuraz_II_of_Kakheti"},{"link_name":"Erekle II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erekle_II"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gori Uyezd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Uyezd"},{"link_name":"Tiflis Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis_Governorate"},{"link_name":"the 19th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1920 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Gori_earthquake"},{"link_name":"Soviet period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"economic collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_collapse"},{"link_name":"Georgian–Ossetian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Tskhinvali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tskhinvali"},{"link_name":"Central Military Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Military_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Georgian Ground Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Ground_Forces"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sukhishvili University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhishvili_University"}],"text":"Gori Fortress as of 1642, by an Italian missionary, Cristoforo CastelliThe territory of Gori has been populated since the early Bronze Age. According to medieval Georgian chronicles, the town of Gori was founded by King David IV (r. 1089–1125) who settled refugees from Armenia there.[5] However, the fortress of Gori (Goris-Tsikhe) appears to have been in use already in the 7th century, and archaeological evidence indicates the existence of an urban community in Classical Antiquity. In 1299, Gori was captured by the Alan tribesmen fleeing the Mongol conquest of their original homeland in the North Caucasus. The Georgian king George V recovered the town in 1320, pushing the Alans back over the Caucasus mountains.Gori Fortress on the hilltopWith the downfall of the medieval Georgian kingdom, Gori – strategically located at the crossroads of major transit routes – was frequently targeted by foreign invaders, and changed its masters on several occasions. It was first taken and sacked by Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu in 1477, followed by Tahmasp I of Persia in the mid-16th century. By the end of that century, Gori briefly passed to the Ottomans through the 1578–90 Ottoman–Persian War, and became their major outpost in Georgia until being recovered by the Georgians under Simon I of Kartli after heavy fighting in 1599. The town was once again garrisoned by the Persians under Shah Abbas I in 1614. Following successive occupations by the Ottomans (1723–35) and Persians (1735–40s), Gori returned to Georgian control under the kings Teimuraz II and Erekle II whose efforts helped to advance economy and culture in the town. Following the Russian annexation of Georgia, Gori was granted the status of a town within the Gori Uyezd of the Tiflis Governorate in 1801. It grew in size and population throughout the 19th century. A plan of 1824 shows the town on the hill slopes below the citadel, and a moat around it.[6] The town was destroyed in the 1920 earthquake, and almost completely rebuilt in the Soviet period. An important industrial center in Soviet times, Gori suffered from an economic collapse and the outflow of the population during the years of a post-Soviet crisis of the 1990s.Gori is close to the Georgian–Ossetian conflict zone. It is connected to breakaway South Ossetia's capital Tskhinvali via a railroad spur which has been defunct since the early 1990s. Since the 2000s, Georgia has increased the military infrastructure in and around the city. Thus, the Central Military Hospital was relocated from Tbilisi to Gori and re-equipped in October 2006.[7] On January 18, 2008, Georgia's second NATO-standard base to accommodate the 1st Infantry Brigade (Georgia) of the Georgian Ground Forces was established at Gori.[8] The Georgian Agrarian Science Academy Branch was established in the city in 1995; this became Sukhishvili University in 2003.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruins_of_a_burnt_apartment_building_in_Gori.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russo-Georgian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War"},{"link_name":"Russian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"cluster bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_bombs"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"captured and occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Gori"},{"link_name":"Russian military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"South Ossetian separatist militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"looting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looting"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civicge-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2008 conflict","text":"A damaged apartment building in Gori.In the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, the town came under aerial attack by the Russian Air Force from the outset of the conflict. Military targets and residential districts of Gori were hit by the airstrikes, resulting in civilian injuries and deaths.[9][10] Human Rights Watch (HRW) claimed that Russian forces had indiscriminately deployed cluster bombs in civilian areas around Gori. According to HRW, on August 12 Russian forces dropped cluster bombs in the centre of Gori, killing 11 civilians and wounding dozens more.[11] Russian military officials deny using cluster munitions in the conflict, calling the HRW assertion \"slanderous\" and questioning the HRW's objectivity.[12] Numerous unexploded \"bomblets\" have been found by locals and HRW employees.[13]By August 11, Georgian military personnel, government, and most residents had fled the city, which was then captured and occupied by the Russian military and South Ossetian separatist militia. HRW accused the militia of unleashing a campaign of looting, arson, kidnapping and other attacks against the remaining civilian population.[14] The Russian and South Ossetian forces withdrew from the city on August 22, 2008.[15] The following day Units of the Georgian Army returned to Gori. However, Russian checkpoints remained near Gori as well as in so-called buffer zones near the borders with Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Gori.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akaki_Tsereteli_street,_Gori,_Georgia.jpg"}],"text":"View of GoriAkaki Tsereteli street","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goristatue.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gori_railway_station_(Photo_A._Muhranoff,_2011).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Akaki_Tsereteli_street_in_Gori.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Gori Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Fortress"},{"link_name":"St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George"},{"link_name":"Uplistsikhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uplistsikhe"},{"link_name":"Ateni Sioni Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateni_Sioni_Church"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_Museum,_Gori"},{"link_name":"Gori City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"de-Stalinization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinization"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Statue of Stalin stood outside the Town Hall until being removed in 2010 as part of the country's de-Sovietization processGori train stationAkaki Tsereteli street in GoriGori and its environs house several notable cultural and historical landmarks. Although for many foreigners Gori is principally known as the birthplace of Joseph Stalin, in Georgian historical memory the city has long been associated with its citadel, the Gori Fortress, which is built on a cliffy hill overlooking the central part of the modern city. On another hill stands the 18th century St. George's church of Gorijvari, a popular place of pilgrimage. The famous ancient rock-hewn town of Uplistsikhe and the 7th century Ateni Sioni Church are located not far from Gori.Stalin's association with the city is emphasized by the Joseph Stalin Museum in downtown Gori and, until recently, the Stalin monument in front of the Gori City Hall, one of the few such monuments to survive Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization program. The monument was a source of controversy in a newly independent Georgia in the 1990s, but for several years the post-communist government acceded to the Gori citizens' request and left the statue untouched.[25][26] It was ultimately removed on June 25, 2010.[27] However, on 20 December 2012, the municipal assembly of Gori voted to reinstate the monument.[28][29]","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The city is divided into 11 administrative districts, they are:[30]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stalin_Full_Image.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Eristavi-Khoshtaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Eristavi-Khoshtaria"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Premier of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Simon Arshaki Ter-Petrosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamo_(Bolshevik)"},{"link_name":"Vano Muradeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vano_Muradeli"},{"link_name":"Aleksandre Machavariani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandre_Machavariani"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Nadiradze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Nadiradze"},{"link_name":"Edvard Mirzoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Mirzoyan"},{"link_name":"Sulkhan Tsintsadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulkhan_Tsintsadze"},{"link_name":"Merab Mamardashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merab_Mamardashvili"},{"link_name":"Giorgi Tenadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgi_Tenadze"},{"link_name":"Vazha Tarkhnishvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazha_Tarkhnishvili"},{"link_name":"Georgi Kandelaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi_Kandelaki"},{"link_name":"Lasha Shavdatuashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasha_Shavdatuashvili"},{"link_name":"Geno Petriashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geno_Petriashvili"},{"link_name":"Oto Nemsadze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto_Nemsadze"},{"link_name":"Vladimer Khinchegashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimer_Khinchegashvili"}],"text":"Joseph StalinAnastasia Eristavi-Khoshtaria (1868-1951), novelist\nJoseph Stalin (1878–1953), 2nd Leader of the Soviet Union and 4th Premier of the Soviet Union\nSimon Arshaki Ter-Petrosian (1882–1922), revolutionary\nVano Muradeli (1908–1970), composer\nAleksandre Machavariani (1913–1995), composer\nAleksandr Nadiradze (1914–1987), inventor\nEdvard Mirzoyan (1921–2012), composer\nSulkhan Tsintsadze (1925–1991), composer\nMerab Mamardashvili (1930–1990), philosopher\nGiorgi Tenadze (born 1962), wrestler\nVazha Tarkhnishvili (born 1971), footballer\nGeorgi Kandelaki (born 1974), boxer\nLasha Shavdatuashvili (born 1992), judoka\nGeno Petriashvili (born 1994), wrestler\nOto Nemsadze (born 1989), singer\nVladimer Khinchegashvili (born 1991), wrestler, Olympic & World Champion","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stalin_Museum,_Gori_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gori Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gori_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin State Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_Museum,_Gori"},{"link_name":"Nikoloz Baratashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili"},{"link_name":"Iakob Gogebashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iakob_Gogebashvili"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Giorgi Eristavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgi_Eristavi"},{"link_name":"Nico Lomouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niko_Lomouri"}],"text":"Joseph Stalin MuseumGori FortressGori Cathedral of Saint Mary\nGori State Historical-Ethnographic Museum\nJoseph Stalin State Museum\nHouse of Amilakhvris\nMonument to Nikoloz Baratashvili\nMonument to Iakob Gogebashvili\nGori Pedagogical Institute\nGori State Drama Theater\nGori State Historical-Ethnographic Museum\nGorijvari[31]\nErekle Baths\nMonument to Giorgi Eristavi\nMonument to Nico Lomouri\nMilitary city\nTheological School","title":"Important sights"}]	[{"image_text":"Gori Fortress as of 1642, by an Italian missionary, Cristoforo Castelli","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Castelli._Gori%2C_Georgia-2.jpg/200px-Castelli._Gori%2C_Georgia-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gori Fortress on the hilltop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Gori_Fortress.jpg/200px-Gori_Fortress.jpg"},{"image_text":"A damaged apartment building in Gori.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ruins_of_a_burnt_apartment_building_in_Gori.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_a_burnt_apartment_building_in_Gori.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Gori","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2018_Gori.jpg/250px-2018_Gori.jpg"},{"image_text":"Akaki Tsereteli street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Akaki_Tsereteli_street%2C_Gori%2C_Georgia.jpg/250px-Akaki_Tsereteli_street%2C_Gori%2C_Georgia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Stalin stood outside the Town Hall until being removed in 2010 as part of the country's de-Sovietization process","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Goristatue.JPG/250px-Goristatue.JPG"},{"image_text":"Gori train station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gori_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg/250px-Gori_railway_station_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Akaki Tsereteli street in Gori","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Akaki_Tsereteli_street_in_Gori.jpg/250px-Akaki_Tsereteli_street_in_Gori.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Stalin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Stalin_Full_Image.jpg/100px-Stalin_Full_Image.jpg"},{"image_text":"Joseph Stalin Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stalin_Museum%2C_Gori_04.jpg/250px-Stalin_Museum%2C_Gori_04.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Population by regions\". National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://geostat.ge/media/61960/1-3-population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx","url_text":"\"Population by regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gori-37531\" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 17 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Georgia/CSV/Gori_37531.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gori-37531\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1981–2010 - Georgia\". National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. p. 5. Archived from the original on 9 October 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211009215740/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1981–2010 - Georgia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration"},{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schwirtz, Michael (24 August 2008). \"Georgia Prepares for Refugees; Russians Declare Pullback Finished\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/24/world/europe/24georgia.html","url_text":"\"Georgia Prepares for Refugees; Russians Declare Pullback Finished\""}]},{"reference":"\"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей\". www.demoscope.ru. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php","url_text":"\"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей\""}]},{"reference":"Кавказский календарь на 1915 год [Caucasian calendar for 1915] (in Russian) (70th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1915. p. 245. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104234033/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320","url_text":"Кавказский календарь на 1915 год"},{"url":"https://www.prlib.ru/item/417320","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 206–213. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322","url_text":"Кавказский календарь на 1917 год"},{"url":"https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2002 General Population Census Major Findings\" (PDF). National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 10 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2002/01_Population_By_Municipalities_and_sex.pdf","url_text":"\"2002 General Population Census Major Findings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population Census 2014\". www.geostat.ge. National Statistics Office of Georgia. November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2153&lang=eng","url_text":"\"Population Census 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population by cities and boroughs, as of 1 January 2022\". www.geostat.ge. GeoStat. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/41/population","url_text":"\"Population by cities and boroughs, as of 1 January 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population - National Statistics Office of Georgia\". www.geostat.ge. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/41/population","url_text":"\"Population - National Statistics Office of Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Administrative Entities\". gori.gov.ge. Retrieved 9 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gori.gov.ge/administraciuli-erteulebi/page/1","url_text":"\"Administrative Entities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gorijvari\". visitingeorgia.com. 17 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitingeorgia.com/en/tag/gorijvari/","url_text":"\"Gorijvari\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gori,_Georgia&params=41_58_N_44_06_E_","external_links_name":"41°58′N 44°06′E / 41.967°N 44.100°E / 41.967; 44.100"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gori,_Georgia&params=41_58_0_N_44_06_0_E_region:GE_type:city(42596)","external_links_name":"41°58′0″N 44°06′0″E / 41.96667°N 44.10000°E / 41.96667; 44.10000"},{"Link":"http://www.gori.gov.ge/","external_links_name":"www.gori.gov.ge"},{"Link":"https://geostat.ge/media/61960/1-3-population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Population by regions\""},{"Link":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Georgia/CSV/Gori_37531.csv","external_links_name":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Gori-37531\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211009215740/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls","external_links_name":"\"World Meteorological Organisation Climate Normals for 1981–2010 - Georgia\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=3663","external_links_name":"Georgia Today: \"Georgian Armed Forces modernize infrastructure\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170304/http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=3663","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.mod.gov.ge/?l=E&m=11&sm=3&st=15&id=839","external_links_name":"New military base in Gori"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721030546/http://www.mod.gov.ge/?l=E&m=11&sm=3&st=15&id=839","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7550804.stm","external_links_name":"\"Russian jets attack Georgian town\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/2529986/Georgia-conflict-Screams-of-the-injured-rise-from-residential-streets.html","external_links_name":"\"Georgia conflict: Screams of the injured rise from residential streets\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080817074112/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/14/georgi19625.htm","external_links_name":"\"Georgia: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Donald_Two-Rivers	E. Donald Two-Rivers	["1 Bibliography","1.1 Plays","1.2 Short story collections","1.3 Poetry anthologies","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American dramatist E. Donald "Ed" Two-Rivers, sometimes known as Donald Two-River, was an Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) poet, playwright and spoken-word performer. Brought up first on the reservation and then in the urban Native community in Chicago, Two-Rivers has been an activist for Native rights since the 1970s, for which he was awarded the Iron Eyes Cody Award for Peace in 1992. He is also an accomplished poet, who has, among other honours, been awarded the American Book Award in 1992. A critic of "victim politics", Two-Rivers is a strong supporter of programs that give disadvantaged Native peoples the chance to stand on their own two feet. He had been critical of Euro-American directors and actors in the past, saying that "I believe that for non-Natives to perform a Native American play, they would first have to undergo a certain level of sensitivity training. In fact, I would require it for any of my plays." E. Donald Two-Rivers was the founding (Artistic Director) of the Chicago-based Red Path Theater Company. In 2007, he returned to Chicago, to work on his last book In the Spirit of the Coyote. He died December 27, 2008. In 2009, a mosaic inspired by his poem "Indian Land Dancing" was dedicated in the Uptown neighborhood of Chicago. Bibliography Plays Chili Corn Coyote Sits In Judgement Forked Tongues I Aint Tonto No Honors Today Old Indian Trick Peeking Out Of Ameriks Museums Pow-Wow Posse Red Requiem - A Political Intrigue On City Streets Shattered Dream Sunka Cheslie (The Urban Pile) Survivors Medicine Whats Buzzin Cousin? Winter Summit Briefcase Warriors Short story collections Survivors' Medicine Poetry anthologies Pow-Wows and Fat Cats Mammoth 2003, available at www.mammothpublications.com A Dozen Cold Ones by Two Rivers: Native American Poetry in an Urban Setting March Abrazo 1992 See also Poetry portal List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas Native American Studies References ^ Cayton, Andrew R. L.; Sisson, Richard; Zacher, Chris (2006-11-08). The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-253-00349-2. ^ American Indian Culture and Research Journal. American Indian Culture and Research Center, University of California. 2009. ^ "Indian Land Dancing - Chicago - LocalWiki". localwiki.org. Retrieved 2023-07-23. ^ Krasner, David (2008-04-15). A Companion to Twentieth-Century American Drama. John Wiley & Sons. p. 347. ISBN 978-1-4051-3734-8. External links Author's own website Archived 2006-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Audio clips of Two-Rivers reading his own work Obituary in Chicago Tribune Obituary vteAmerican Book Awards winners (1980–1999)1980 Douglas Woolf Edward Dorn Jayne Cortez Leslie Marmon Silko Mei-mei Berssenbrugge Milton Murayama Quincy Troupe Rudolfo Anaya 1981 Alta Alan Chong Lau Bienvenido N. Santos Helen Adam Lionel Mitchell Miguel Algarín Nicholasa Mohr Peter Blue Cloud Robert Kelly Rose Drachler Susan Howe Toni Cade Bambara 1982 Al Young Duane Niatum E. L. Mayo Frank Chin Hilton Obenzinger Him Mark Lai / Genny Lim / Judy Yung Jerome Rothenberg Joyce Carol Thomas Leroy Quintana Lorna Dee Cervantes Ronald Phillip Tanaka Russell Banks Tato Laviera 1983 Barbara Christian Cecilia Liang Evangelina Vigil-Piñón Harriet Rohmer James D. Houston Jessica Tarahata Hagedorn John A. Williams Joy Kogawa Judy Grahn Nash Candelaria Peter Guralnick Seán Ó Tuama 1984 Cecil Brown Gary Snyder Howard Schwartz/ Mark Podwal Imamu Amiri Baraka Jesús Colón Joseph Bruchac Maurice Kenny Mei-mei Berssenbrugge Miné Okubo Paule Marshall Ruthanne Lum McCunn / You-shan Tang / Ellen Lai-shan Yeung Thomas McGrath Venkatesh Kulkarni William J. Kennedy 1985 Angela Jackson Arnold Genthe / John Kuo Wei Tchen Colleen J. McElroy Gary Soto Peter Irons Keiho Soga / Taisanboku Mori / Sojin Takei / Muin Ozaki Louise Erdrich Maureen Owen May Sarton Robert Edward Duncan Ron Jones Sandra Cisneros Sonia Sanchez Julia Vinograd William Oandasan 1986 Anna Lee Walters Cherríe Moraga / Gloria E. Anzaldúa Helen Barolini Jeff Hannusch Linda Hogan Miguel Algarín Natasha Borovsky Raymond Federman Susan Howe Terence Winch Toshio Mori 1987 Ai Ana Castillo Cyn Zarco Daniel McGuire Dorothy Bryant Etheridge Knight Gary Giddins Harvey Pekar James Welch John Wieners Juan Felipe Herrera Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum Michael Mayo Septima Poinsette Clark / Cynthia Stokes Brown Terry McMillan 1988 Allison Blakely Charles Olson Daisy Bates David Halberstam Edward Sanders Gerald Vizenor Jimmy Santiago Baca Kesho Y. Scott / Cherry Muhanji / Egyirba High Marlon K. Hom Benjamin Hoff Ronald Sukenick Salvatore La Puma Toni Morrison Wing Tek Lum / Tek Lum Lum 1989 Alma Luz Villanueva Askia M. Touré Audre Lorde Carolyn Lau Emory Elliott Eduardo Galeano Frank Chin Henry Louis Gates Isabel Allende J. California Cooper Jennifer Stone Josephine Gattuso Hendin Leslie Scalapino Shuntaro Tanikawa Charles Fanning William Minoru Hohri 1990 Adrienne Kennedy Barbara Grizzuti Harrison Daniela Gioseffi Elizabeth Woody Hualing Nieh Itabari Njeri James M. Freeman John C. Walter / J. Raymond Jones John Norton José Emilio González Sergei Kan Lloyd A. Thompson Martin Bernal Michelle T. Clinton / Sesshu Foster Miles Davis Paula Gunn Allen Shirley Geok-lin Lim / Mayumi Tsutakawa / Margarita Donnelly 1991 Alejandro Murguía bell hooks Bruce Wright Charley Trujillo D. H. Melhem Deborah Keenan Jessica Hagedorn John Edgar Wideman Joy Harjo Karen Tei Yamashita Lucia Berlin Mary Crow Dog Meridel Le Sueur Mill Hunk Herald Collective Nora Marks Dauenhauer / Richard Dauenhauer R. Baxter Miller Thomas Centolella 1992 A'Lelia Perry Bundles Art Spiegelman Benjamin Alire Sáenz Donna J. Haraway Fritjof Capra José Antonio Burciaga Keith Gilyard Lucy Thompson Norma Field Peter Bacho Peter Kalifornsky Raymond Andrews Sandra Scofield Sheila Hamanaka Stephen R. Fox Verlyn Klinkenborg William B. Branch / Amiri Baraka / August Wilson 1993 Asake Bomani / Belvie Rooks Christopher Mogil / Peter Woodrow Cornel West Denise Giardina Diane Glancy Eugene B. Redmond Francisco X. Alarcón Gerald Graff Jack Beatty Leroy V. Quintana Katherine Peter Nelson George Ninotchka Rosca 1994 Giose Rimanelli Eric Drooker Graciela Limón Gregory J. Reed Janet Campbell Hale Jill Nelson Lawson Fusao Inada Nicole Blackman Paul Gilroy Ronald Takaki Rose L. Glickman Tino Villanueva Virginia L. Kroll 1995 Abraham Rodriguez Herb Boyd / Robert L. Allen Denise Chavez John Egerton John Ross Thomas Avena Linda Raymond Li-Young Lee Marianna De Marco Torgovnick Marnie Mueller Peter Quinn Sandra Martz Gordon Henry Jr. Tricia Rose 1996 Agate Nesaule Arthur Sze Chang-Rae Lee Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni E.J. Miller Laino Glenn C. Loury James W. Loewen Joe Sacco / Edward Said Kimiko Hahn Maria Espinosa Robert Viscusi Sherman Alexie Ron Sakolsky / Fred Weihan Ho Stephanie Cowell William H. Gass 1997 Alurista Derrick Bell Dorothy Barresi Guillermo Gómez-Peña Louis Owens Martín Espada Montserrat Fontes Noel Ignatiev Shirley Geok-lin Lim Sunaina Maira Thulani Davis Tom De Haven William M. Banks Brenda Knight 1998 Allison Adelle Hedge Coke Angela Y. Davis Brenda Marie Osbey Don DeLillo Jim Barnes John A. Williams Nancy Rawles Nora Okja Keller Sandra Benitez Scott DeVeaux Thomas Lynch 1999 Alice McDermott Anna Linzer Brian Ward Chiori Santiago E. Donald Two-Rivers Edwidge Danticat Judith Roche / Meg McHutchison' Gioia Timpanelli Gloria Naylor James D. Houston Jerry Lipka / Gerald V. Mohatt / Ciulistet Group Trey Ellis Josip Novakovich Lauro Flores Luís Alberto Urrea Nelson George Speer Morgan Gary Gach Chiori Santiago / Judith Lowry Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anishinaabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe"},{"link_name":"Ojibwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwa"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"spoken-word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_word"},{"link_name":"performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performer"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"Iron Eyes Cody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Eyes_Cody"},{"link_name":"American Book Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Book_Award"},{"link_name":"victim politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimology"},{"link_name":"Native peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Euro-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_American"},{"link_name":"sensitivity training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitivity_training"},{"link_name":"Artistic Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_director"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"E. Donald \"Ed\" Two-Rivers, sometimes known as Donald Two-River, was an Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) poet, playwright and spoken-word performer.Brought up first on the reservation and then in the urban Native community in Chicago, Two-Rivers has been an activist for Native rights since the 1970s, for which he was awarded the Iron Eyes Cody Award for Peace in 1992. He is also an accomplished poet, who has, among other honours, been awarded the American Book Award in 1992. A critic of \"victim politics\", Two-Rivers is a strong supporter of programs that give disadvantaged Native peoples the chance to stand on their own two feet.[1]He had been critical of Euro-American directors and actors in the past, saying that \"I believe that for non-Natives to perform a Native American play, they would first have to undergo a certain level of sensitivity training. In fact, I would require it for any of my plays.\"E. Donald Two-Rivers was the founding (Artistic Director) of the Chicago-based Red Path Theater Company.In 2007, he returned to Chicago, to work on his last book In the Spirit of the Coyote.He died December 27, 2008.[2]In 2009, a mosaic inspired by his poem \"Indian Land Dancing\" was dedicated in the Uptown neighborhood of Chicago.[3]","title":"E. Donald Two-Rivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Chili Corn\nCoyote Sits In Judgement\nForked Tongues\nI Aint Tonto\nNo Honors Today\nOld Indian Trick\nPeeking Out Of Ameriks Museums\nPow-Wow Posse\nRed Requiem - A Political Intrigue On City Streets\nShattered Dream\nSunka Cheslie (The Urban Pile)\nSurvivors Medicine\nWhats Buzzin Cousin?\nWinter Summit\nBriefcase Warriors[4]","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short story collections","text":"Survivors' Medicine","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poetry anthologies","text":"Pow-Wows and Fat Cats Mammoth 2003, available at www.mammothpublications.com\nA Dozen Cold Ones by Two Rivers: Native American Poetry in an Urban Setting March Abrazo 1992","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quill_and_ink.svg"},{"title":"Poetry portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Poetry"},{"title":"List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_writers_from_peoples_indigenous_to_the_Americas"},{"title":"Native American Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_Studies"}]	[{"reference":"Cayton, Andrew R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_activity_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus	Political activity of the Knights of Columbus	["1 Background","1.1 Political philosophy","1.2 Leadership","2 Military and war","2.1 Spanish–American War and American imperialism","2.2 First World War","2.3 Cristero War","2.4 Spanish Civil War","2.5 World War II","2.6 Middle East","2.7 Exhibits and media","3 Social justice issues","3.1 Trade unionism","3.2 Social justice","3.3 Anti-communism","4 Support of immigrants and refugees","4.1 Early efforts","4.2 21st century","5 Protection of civil rights","5.1 Religious and racial discrimination","5.2 Pierce v. Society of Sisters","6 Social issues","6.1 Marriage and family life","6.2 Culture of Life","7 United States domestic policy","7.1 Pledge of Allegiance","7.2 Promotion of Christopher Columbus","7.3 US Senate confirmations","8 Foreign policy","9 Other countries","10 See also","11 Notes","12 References","13 Bibliography","14 Further reading"]	Main article: Knights of Columbus One of the placards handed out by the Knights of Columbus placards at the March For Life in Washington D.C. The political activity of the Knights of Columbus deals with the involvement of the fraternal order in efforts to influence public policy. The Knights of Columbus has played an active role in politics ever since its formation. In the years following the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, the earlier focus on protesting discrimination against Catholics shifted to more activity to promote social issues. During much of the 20th century and particularly during the era of the Cold War, the Order was politically active in opposing anarchism, communism and socialism, especially within the United States. It was also supportive of trade unionism, the protection of civil rights, and efforts to address racism. More recently, it has taken an active stance on social issues and causes, supporting religious freedom and opposing efforts to introduce or promote same-sex marriage, abortion, and mandates that require employers to pay for artificial birth control, even if they violate their religious beliefs. The Order has also taken an interest in the rights of immigrants and refugees, especially those immigrants and refugees who come from Catholic-majority countries. Background The Knights of Columbus were politically active from an early date. In the years following the Second Vatican Council, however, according to Christopher Kauffman, the Catholic anti-defamation character of the order began to diminish as Catholics became more accepted, and the leadership of the order attempted to stimulate the order's membership to become more aware of the religious and moral issues which the Church was confronting. That led to the creation of a "variety of new programs which reflected the proliferation of the new social ministries of the church." The Knights of Columbus is classified as a 501(c)(8) fraternal benefit society by the IRS. Unlike the more common 501(c)(3) nonprofits, 501(c)(8)s are allowed to engage in limited direct political activities without jeopardizing their tax exempt status. However, Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson has said "One of our most important traditions throughout our 125-year history is that we do not, as an organization, become involved in partisan politics." Political philosophy As a non-profit charitable organization, the order is legally prohibited from endorsing political candidates in the United States, but it is permitted to engage in issue-specific political campaigns. Its political activities are therefore limited to such campaigns, the campaigns typically deal with issues that touch upon Catholic social teaching or insurance issues. Kauffman has described the Knights as "progressive on social issues but conservative on cultural issues," positions that are "a reflection of those expressed by the papacy and the majority of the American hierarchy." At the 1968 Supreme Convention, Supreme Knight John W. McDevitt posed the question of whether the Knights were conservative or liberal. He answered by saying that the order was "both progressive and conservative and we are neither." The Knights' progressive credentials were rooted in their "efforts to shake the country free from any prejudice ... to create conditions which will give every American a chance to obtain decent money ... to eliminate poverty ... interreligious dialogue and interracial understanding." Their conservative efforts consisted of their promotion of a Judeo-Christian morality, anti-secularism, patriotism, and their loyalty to the pope and the bishops. Leadership At times, the leadership of the order has been both liberal and conservative. Martin H. Carmody and Luke E. Hart were both political conservatives, but John J. Phelan was a Democratic politician prior to becoming Supreme Knight, John Swift's "strong support for economic democracy and social-welfare legislation marks him as a fairly representative New Deal anti-communist," and Francis P. Matthews was a civil rights official and a member of Harry Truman's cabinet. Anderson previously served in the Office of Public Liaison under Ronald Reagan. Military and war Spanish–American War and American imperialism The Order supported the entrance of the United States into the Spanish–American War. They were critical of the era of American imperialism that followed. First World War A Knights of Columbus poster from WWI On 14 April 1917, soon after the United States entered World War I, the board of directors of the Knights passed a resolution which called "for the active cooperation and patriotic zeal" of its members as part of the US war effort. The Order subsequently instituted a per capita tax on the membership to raise $1 million to provide for the welfare of troops fighting in Europe. Local councils also undertook their own fundraising drives which resulted in an additional $14 million. Canadian knights took up the cause even earlier, reflecting their closer links to Britain. In 1918, just before the war ended, the Knights joined other organizations which were raising funds to support the welfare of the troops, both in the US and overseas, which along with the contribution by the National Catholic War Council, totaled $30 million. Staff and Catholic chaplains were sent to all Army camps and cantonments. A total of 260 buildings were erected and 1,134 secretaries (of which 1,075 were overseas), staffed them. In Europe, the headquarters of the Order were established in London and Paris under the motto "Everyone welcome, everything free." This continued until November 1919, at which point the federal government took over. The remaining $19 million were used to establish educational programs for returning servicemen. According to Supreme Knight Flaherty, the war provided an opportunity to present the Order "in a most favorable light," and to show that Catholics could also be good patriots - avoiding the suspicion that their loyalty lay with the Holy See in Rome. Cristero War Main article: Cristero War Following the Mexican Revolution, the new government started to persecute the Catholic Church. Statutes were inserted into the national Constitution, triggering a 10-year-long struggle with Catholic leaders. During this period, thousands of people died, including several priests who were later canonized. The leaders of the Order began to speak out against the Mexican government. Columbia, the official magazine of the Knights, published articles critical of the regime. After the November 1926 cover showed some knights carrying a banner of liberty and warning of "The Red Peril of Mexico," the Mexican legislature banned both the Order and the magazine. In 1926, both the Supreme Council and the Massachusetts State Council passed resolutions opposing the Mexican government and in defense of human rights. Ten days later, State Deputy Edmund J. Brandon sent a telegram to President Calvin Coolidge and Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg opposing the deportation of a Mexican archbishop. That same year, a delegation of Supreme Council officers met with President Coolidge to share with him their concerns about the persecution of Catholics in Mexico. The delegation did not ask for a military involvement in Mexico, but did express their concerns that the present situation was a result of actions taken by previous American administrations, including the provision of arms to Mexican president Plutarco Elías Calles. As a result, the delegation said, the United States government had a responsibility to aid oppressed Mexicans. The order subsequently smuggled into Mexico pamphlets in English and Spanish denouncing the anti-clerical Mexican government and its policies, provoking efforts at the border to stop the flow. So much printed material was smuggled into Mexico that the government directed border guards be aware of women bringing Catholic propaganda into the country hidden in their clothes. Twenty-five martyrs from the conflict would eventually be canonized, including six knights. Supreme Treasurer Daniel J. Callahan persuaded Senator William E. Borah to launch an investigation in 1935 into Mexican human rights violations. Pope Pius XI in his encyclical Iniquis afflictisque praised the efforts of the Knights in their resistance. The Knights opposed the Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin Roosevelt due to the continued suppression of the Catholic Church in Mexico. Spanish Civil War During the Spanish Civil War, the Catholic Church in the United States supported General Francisco Franco and the other rebels. The Knights, and other Catholic groups, took the same stance. When a group of American intellectuals formed the Board of Guardians for Basque Refugee Children and proposed shipping children from Spain to the United States, the Knights with others opposed the plan. They appealed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to keep the children with their families in France, though they were ready to assist those coming to the United States. The Knights supported the embargo on all arms into Spain, and appealed to Will H. Hays, chairman of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, to ban or label as propaganda (pro-Marxist and anti-Catholic) loyalist films. World War II Shortly after entering the Second World War, the Order established a War Activities Committee to keep track of all activities undertaken during the war. They also, in January 1943, established a Peace Program Committee to develop a "program for shaping and educating public opinion to the end that Catholic principles and Catholic philosophy will be properly represented at the peace table at the conclusion of the present war." The committee conferred with scholars, theologians, philosophers, and sociologists and proposed a program adopted at the 1943 Supreme Convention. Middle East See also: Charitable activities of the Knights of Columbus § Persecuted Christians During the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars, the Knights lobbied Congress to provide humanitarian relief to persecuted Christians and victims of genocide under the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, and to declare the atrocities a genocide. Testimony provided by Supreme Knight Anderson before Congress in 2016 formed the "blueprint" for the Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018. Between 2014 and 2017, the Knights' Refugee Relief Fund gave over $20 million for humanitarian relief work in the area. That includes $2 million to rebuild the primarily Christian town of Karamles in Iraq. Such efforts of the Knights have been recognized by church and civil leaders. Exhibits and media Shortly after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Knights' museum showcased Vatican artifacts highlighting the efforts of Pope John Paul II for world peace. The Order also produced the 2018 film, John Paul II in Ireland: A Plea for Peace. Social justice issues Trade unionism US President Harry S. Truman supported the Crusade for the Preservation and Promotion of American Ideals In 1914, the order paid the salaries of David Goldstein, who was born Jewish but converted to Catholicism after reading the pro-labor papal encyclical Rerum novarum, and Peter W. Collins, the general secretary of the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, to lecture around North America. The pair traveled more than 27,000 miles. Local councils were instructed to open up the lectures to the public free of charge. More than 2,000,000 people attended the lectures, and more than 800,000 questions were answered. In 1946, in his first address to the Supreme Convention as Supreme Knight, Swift proposed a new program eventually called The Knights of Columbus Crusade for the Preservation and Promotion of American Ideals. It was similar to the 1943 Peace Program, except it highlighted Catholic philosophy and Catholic social teaching regarding the working man. This was one part of a larger Catholic anti-communist effort. The crusade listed the workingman's rights as including the right "to a job, to a family living wage, to collective bargaining and to strike, to Joint-Management, enroute to Joint Ownership of Industry." Until joint ownership happened, workers were also entitled to all forms of social security, including unemployment, disability, and old-age insurance, according to the crusade. The crusade's plan also listed 10 "Abuses of Unrestrained Capitalism." The crusade officially launched in December 1946 and was endorsed by Harry Truman. By August 1948, over 1,300 local councils had established discussion groups based on the topics. As part of the crusade, several hundred radio stations played segments produced by the order on the alleged evils of communism and the harshness of life in Russia. It also took out advertisements in newspapers and distributed copies of Fulton Sheen's Communism and the Conscience of the West. Social justice In the early 1920s, Supreme Knight James Flaherty gave speeches in which he "lashed out at the social irresponsibility of the moneyed classes." During the Great Depression, when Herbert Hoover established a Commission on Employment, Supreme Knight Martin Carmody wrote to him pledging the services of the Knights. Carmody had already encouraged the 2,600 councils to have "strong and active employment committees." By the end of July 1931, a total of 43,128 unemployed people had been placed into jobs, in addition to those placements made by local councils who were working under the auspices of other organizations. In October of that year, Hoover appointed Carmody to the President's Organization for Unemployment Relief. The order launched a Crusade for Social Justice in 1938 as an outgrowth of their anti-communist efforts. It was declared that "the public must be aroused to realize that only by the application of Christian principles, in private and public affairs, will there be eliminated, so far as humanly possible, the distress and suffering upon which these forces thrive." Among the social justice issues the Supreme Council recommended local councils take on were a living wage, credit unions, and the cooperative and social responsibilities of employers, bankers, and property owners. The Supreme Council also supplied local councils with a great deal of material to encourage members to study the social encyclicals. In 1965, the order co-sponsored a conference on human rights with the Archdiocese of Hartford at Yale University. In collaboration with the John LaFarge Institute, the Knights worked on programs to promote social justice and ecumenical outreach in the 1960s. Through the collaboration, they held high level conferences and then passed the findings down to local council to hold their own study groups. At the end of the decade, in 1969, the Knights donated $75,000 to the US Conference of Catholic Bishops' Task Force on Urban Problems. The task force was founded to provide a Catholic response to issues of racism and poverty in America's large cities. Anti-communism In the early 1950s, the Supreme Convention adopted several anti-communist resolutions. However, Columbia magazine also published thinly veiled critiques of McCarthyism and the techniques of Senator Joseph McCarthy. The Order also ran a publicicity campaign and organized a speakers bureau to oppose communism. Support of immigrants and refugees Early efforts From the founding of the order to roughly the time of the First World War, "the Order's goals were most visibly expressed in its assertion of the social legitimacy and patriotic loyalty of Catholic immigrants." This opposition to immigration restrictionists would continue through the middle of the 20th century In the years prior to World War I, Canadian Knights established an immigrant aid bureau. After the war, and with the Catholic Women's League, they promoted a "Canadianization of the Newcomer" program. The Knights have also promoted the idea that being a good Catholic can be reconciled with being a good Canadian, and have helped Catholic immigrants assimilate into wider society. In 1921, Edward F. McSweeney, a former Assistant Commissioner of Immigration at Ellis Island and pro-immigrant activist and author, set up the Knights of Columbus Historical Commission to more clearly present the role of Catholic immigrants in particular in the founding and history of the United States. The Commission published the works of intellectuals including George Schuster, Samuel Flagg Bemis, Allan Nevins, and W. E. B. Du Bois. The Knights called the tendency to set up a caste system based on when your ancestors arrived in the country "a travesty of democracy." James Malone, then-Kansas State Deputy, argued that those who claimed that immigrants and Catholics were inferior to native-born Americans and protestants were "bigots." At the request of the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, Supreme Knight Martin Carmody wrote to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938 to support Jewish refugees seeking refuge in Palestine. 21st century On 9 April 2006 the board of directors commented on the "U.S. immigration policy has become an intensely debated and divisive issue on both sides of the border between the U.S. and Mexico." They called upon the President and the U.S. Congress to agree upon immigration legislation that not only gains control over the process of immigration, but also rejects any effort to criminalize those who provide humanitarian assistance to illegal immigrants, and provides these immigrants an avenue by which they can emerge from the shadows of society and seek legal residency and citizenship in the U.S. During the 2008 International Eucharistic Congress, a donation was made by the Order in Canada to Marc Ouellet's foundation to support long-term programs to aid immigrants and refugees. At the Supreme Convention in 2011, Los Angeles Archbishop José Gómez criticized the United States' immigration policy as not being "worthy of our national character," and told the delegates to approach the immigration issue as Catholics, not through political affiliation. "Our perspective on this issue will change if you begin to see these 'illegals' for who they really are—mothers and fathers, sons and daughters—not much different from yourselves," Gomez said. In 2013, at the 131st Supreme Convention, Archbishop Gustavo Garcia-Siller of San Antonio, Texas, the site of the convention, quoted Anderson in saying that the city was special because the city's history of "evangelization, immigration, and the quest for freedom." He called on the Knights to bring the light of the Gospel to the "desolate places" such as immigrant detention centers. Also at the 2013 convention, Supreme Chaplain William Lori said that the Knights' mission in regards to immigration is "definitely growing." He cited their involvement in Ecclesia en America, a summit held in the Vatican in 2012, as a way they protect, love and help immigrants. The Knights see the issue, according to Lori, as "a partnership of the North and South Church." He said the order was working to enact "immigration laws that are truly just, and truly merciful." In 2016, the Knights provided funding to the dioceses of Ciudad Juárez and El Paso to facilitate Pope Francis' visit to the US-Mexican border which highlighted the plight of migrants from majority-Catholic Mexico, and the need therefore to work for "just immigration laws." At the 2017 convention, Cardinal Daniel DiNardo of Galveston-Houston, president of the U.S. bishops’ conference, said that Christ teaches that "there is no more boundary when it comes to 'who are you neighbor to?'" DiNardo added that the Knights live this teaching by helping anyone in need, including immigrants, refugees, and Christians displaced from their homes. At the 136th Supreme Convention in 2018, the Order adopted a resolution criticizing the Trump administration family separation policy. The Supreme Council called on the administration to "equitably balance the legitimate rights of persons to emigrate in order to seek better lives for themselves and their children, with the duty of governments to control migration into their countries so that immigration policy serves the common good." The Order has also supported the creation of by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of an Arab Christian Council within Canada as adding "new meaning to the international fraternal organization’s outreach and support of immigrant communities." The council is largely made up of first-generation Canadians from Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq. Protection of civil rights Up until the First World War, the Order were active to reassure that Catholic immigrants to the US could nevertheless be loyal to their new home, and would opposed restrictions to immigration throughout the middle of the 20th century During the nadir of American race relations in the 1920s, the state councils initiated letter-writing campaigns and established lobbyists in state capitals and in Washington, D.C., to protect the civil rights of all Catholics within the United States. Religious and racial discrimination From 1914 until the United States' entrance into the First World War, the Order sponsored the Knights of Columbus Commission on Religious Prejudice. A similar organization, the Knights of Columbus Historical Commission, was created in 1921 to counter racial discrimination and nativism. The Commission published one pamphlet a month for two years to explain historical events that had not, in the view of the Commission, been treated fairly. The "Knights of Columbus Racial Contributions Series" of books included three titles: The Gift of Black Folk, by W. E. B. Du Bois, The Jews in the Making of America by George Cohen, and The Germans in the Making of America by Frederick Schrader. During the First World War, the order established a series of "huts" to offer rest and recreational facilities for Allied servicemen under the banner of "Everyone Welcome, Everything Free." Civil rights activist and author Emmett Jay Scott praised the Order, saying that "to its credit," and "unlike the other social welfare organizations operating in the war, it never drew the color line. ... The Negro soldier needs no other countersign than his khaki uniform to gain for him every advantage offered by the Knights service." In the 1950s, though the Order officially did not discriminate on race, most knights and most councils were white. Given the history of slavery and early development in the U.S., most African-Americans were Protestant, but Church officials and organizations encouraged integration and criticized the segregationist practices within the Order. As membership questions were handled at the local level, black candidates were routinely denied membership in the Order. At the 1964 Supreme Convention, membership rules were overhauled after the blackballing of a black applicant led to national news coverage the previous year. Six council officers resigned in protest, and rules were changed to require a third of members to vote to deny membership, instead of just five or more. That convention was scheduled to be held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans. A few days before the Convention, new Supreme Knight John W. McDevitt learned the hotel admitted only white guests. After he threatened to move the Convention to another venue, the hotel changed its policy. The Order participated in the Civil Rights Movement and, in the spring of 1963, Hart attended a conference at the White House led by Knight and President John F. Kennedy to discuss civil rights. In 2017, at a time of rising racial tensions in the United States, Anderson, Rev. Eugene Rivers, and others began calling on Americans to adopt Martin Luther King's principles of non-violence. Anderson and Rivers co-authored a piece in Time, and the Knights and Rivers' Seymour Institute for Black Church and Policy Studies sent out letters to religious leaders around the country promoting non-violence. The pair also asked them "to help lead our country away from the precipice of violence and toward a future of honest and open civil discourse and respect for the dignity of each person." The two also spoke at a Knights-sponsored gathering of Christian leaders at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the need for racial harmony. That same year, the Knights began funding the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Ad Hoc Committee Against Racism, and continued to do so during its second three year term. Pierce v. Society of Sisters Main article: Pierce v. Society of Sisters The ACLU joined with the Knights to oppose the Oregon Compulsory Education Act After the First World War, many American organizations (including, influentially, the Ku Klux Klan) expressed fears of immigrants and their differences from mainstream America; they wanted public schools to teach children their specific way of being American. Numerous states drafted laws designed to use schools to promote a selected American culture, and in 1922, the voters of Oregon passed the Oregon Compulsory Education Act. The law was primarily aimed at eliminating parochial schools, including Catholic schools. It was promoted by groups such as the Knights of Pythias, the Federation of Patriotic Societies, the Oregon Good Government League, the Orange Order, and the Ku Klux Klan. The Oregon Compulsory Education Act required almost all children in Oregon between eight and sixteen years of age to attend public school by 1926. Roger Nash Baldwin, an associate director of the American Civil Liberties Union and a personal friend of then–Supreme Advocate and future Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart, offered to join forces with the order to challenge the law. The Knights of Columbus pledged an immediate $10,000 to fight the law and any additional funds necessary to defeat it. The case became known as Pierce v. Society of Sisters, a seminal United States Supreme Court decision that significantly expanded coverage of the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment. In a unanimous decision, the court held that the act was unconstitutional and that parents, not the state, had the authority to educate children as they thought best. It upheld the right of parents to send their children to religious schools. Social issues Marriage and family life The Knights of Columbus "promotes the dignity and the irreplaceable value of the family founded on the Church's understanding of marriage as the faithful, exclusive, and lifelong union of one man and one woman joined in an intimate partnership of life and love." Since 2005, the Knights have given at least $14 million to legally retain this definition in the United States. In 2008, they were the largest single donor in support of California's Proposition 8. In 2012, the Knights and its local councils contributed $1 million to support similar ballot campaigns to effectively block same-sex marriage in Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, and Washington. In Massachusetts, it led the drive to collect the 170,000 petition signatures to amend the Massachusetts Constitution to include this definition. Likewise in Canada, in 2005, it attempted to stop the Canadian parliament from legalizing same-sex marriage with the Civil Marriage Act, the Order funded a campaign that included 800,000 postcards encouraging members of parliament to reject the measure. The Order also supports the church's teaching on divorce, and the Supreme Council gave their "strong support" to a 1976 address by Bishop Daniel A. Cronin in which he denounced the "increasing practice" of divorce. The Order has a number of initiatives to support and strengthen families as part of their Building the Domestic Church program. The promotion of fatherhood and marital harmony dates back to the founding era of the Order. Culture of Life Main article: Culture of Life See also: Charitable_activities_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus § Health_initiatives The Order has been active in promoting a culture of life and opposing any government action or legislation that promotes the destruction of human life at any stage, including abortion, euthanasia, and capital punishment. Those "who do not support the legal protection of unborn children" cannot be invited to events, or have honors bestowed upon them. Additionally the Order has donated significant funds to help women in crisis pregnancies either keep their children or put them up for adoption. For example, as part of their Ultrasound Initiative in the US and Canada, 1,000 ultrasound machines were donated to pregnancy centers between 2009 and 2018. This was done on the basis of research that suggested women would subsequently be less willing to go through with an abortion if they had seen ultrasound images, particularly as part of fetal development. In the wake of killings of two men, Alton Sterling and Philando Castile, by police officers in Louisiana and Minnesota, and the subsequent shooting of Dallas police officers, the Order has campaigned for peace. After multiple mass shootings in 2019, the Knights were among a group of Catholic leaders who decried the shootings and urged policy changes. , United States domestic policy During the early part of the 20th century, both the Supreme and local councils found themselves in agreement with the principles of the Progressive movement. Senator Albert J. Beveridge, an intellectual leader of the Progressive movement, was the featured speaker at "a grand patriotic demonstration" at Carnegie Hall in 1906, and James C. Monaghan, the Supreme Lecturer, frequently spoke out in favor of progressive causes in Columbiad and elsewhere. The Massachusetts State Council was supportive of New Deal policies in 1933. In the 1980s, the Knights supported an amendment to the United States Constitution permitting prayer in public school. When president Ronald Reagan attempted to tax fraternal insurance companies such as the Knights of Columbus, then–Supreme Knight Virgil Dechant used White House connections to scuttle the effort. In addition, local councils set up phone banks and letter writing campaigns to oppose the measure, which would have diminished the Knights' ability to make charitable contributions. They also ran anti-pornography campaigns and promoted tax breaks for families that sent their children to private schools. Pledge of Allegiance The Order played a role in the early stages of the movement that eventually led to the decision by the US Congress to add the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954. Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was actually the first to suggest this addition and it was used in the 1940s at meetings of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution However, the Knights also adopted the practice following the Fourth Degree Assemblies in April 1951. Though the words had not yet officially been added nationally, the Order added the phrase to their recitations, the first group to voluntarily do so on a regular basis. Doing so, the Order believed, would acknowledge "the dependence of our Nation and its people upon the Creator of the Universe." The Knights forwarded a resolution advocating for the addition to New York Congressman Edmund Radwan, and Radwan entered it into the Congressional Record on 25 March 1953. Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill into Congress adding the words in 1954. After signing the change into law, President Dwight Eisenhower wrote to Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart thanking the Knights for their part. In 2014, when the American Humanist Association sued to reverse the decision, lawyers from the Knights and other organizations successfully supported schools that used the phrase in the pledge. Promotion of Christopher Columbus At the behest of the Knights, the US Congress appropriated $100,000 to construct the Columbus Fountain in front of Union Station in Washington, D.C., in 1912. Similar lobbying convinced many state legislatures to adopt 12 October as Columbus Day, confirmed by President F. D. Roosevelt as a federal holiday in 1937. US Senate confirmations In December 2018, during the confirmation process of nominee Brian C. Buescher to the U.S. District Court, Senator Mazie K. Hirono characterized the position the Knights of Columbus have taken on social issues as "extreme" and asked Buescher, "If confirmed, do you intend to end your membership with this organization to avoid any appearance of bias?" Senator Kamala Harris also asked about opinions held by the organization and asked Buescher if he was aware these views when he joined the Knights of Columbus. Buescher replied that he was eighteen years old when he joined and did not recall if the Knights had at that time taken any position on those issues with which the Senator now disagreed. Writing in the Los Angeles Times, Rabbi Mitchell Rocklin said that the senators approach amounted to a "religious test" such as is precluded by Article VI of the Constitution. Rabbi Rocklin said: "The line of questioning Buescher faced about his affiliation with the Knights of Columbus sets a troubling precedent of intolerance—one that is unconscionable in principle and terrible in practice for people of all faiths who seek a role in public service. ...For centuries, many Jews have suffered a similar 'dual loyalty' smear: the anti-Semitic lie that, faced with a choice between country and religion, a Jewish public official will put his faith before his country." Micklin noted the anti-Semitism experienced by Justices Louis Brandeis and Benjamin N. Cardozo, and further state, "It is even more absurd for senators to imply that a judge, who cannot propose or enact legislation, would be incapable of setting aside his religious beliefs when interpreting our written laws. ...If sitting lawmakers are allowed to make such assumptions of Catholic nominees, religious minorities could very well be next." Foreign policy During the Cold War, the foreign policy of the United States and the Knights' promotion of Catholic Social Teaching frequently intersected. The Knights urged the UN to restrain the Soviet Union during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. In the 1950s, the Knights successfully lobbied President Eisenhower to not invite Josip Broz Tito, leader of Yugoslavia, to visit the United States in view of his jailing of Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac. At the 1953 Supreme Convention, the delegates adopted a resolution calling for a united Ireland. The Supreme Council adopted a resolution in 1969 endorsing the aims and justice of the Vietnam War, but as the war progressed Columbia magazine began to question the effectiveness of the United States' military effort. In Massachusetts, the State Council passed resolutions in the early 1960s calling on the Catholic Church to prevent the spread of communism in Latin America and opposing communist China from joining the United Nations. Other countries In Canada, by 1910 the Knights were seen as "those laymen who could successfully defend the Church from external opposition when required and, more importantly, could voice the opinions and teachings of the Church, bringing them to bear of the problems of Canadian society." Toronto Council 1388 established a public affairs committee in 1912 that was mandated to increase the interest of Catholics in public affairs and to promote their participation in political life. In the Philippines, local Knights campaigned against government sponsored birth control and condom advocacy. See also Confirmation hearings of judge Brian C. Buescher Notes ^ The delegation included Supreme Knight James A. Flaherty, Deputy Supreme Knight Martin H. Carmody]], Supreme Secretary William J. McGinley, Supreme Advocate Luke E. Hart, Supreme Director William C. Prout, and assistant Supreme Secretary John S. Conway. ^ The other funders were the Black and Indian Missions Office and the Catholic Campaign for Human Development. ^ "More than a rhetorical flourish," the phrase "culture of life" refers the belief that human life at all stages from conception through natural death is sacred, and in practice has emphasized birth and death issues. It encompasses opposition to a number of bio-ethical practices that are destructive of human life, including physician assisted suicide, embryonic stem cell research, and abortion, and the promotion of policies that "lift up the human spirit with compassion and love." The term was made popular by Pope John Paul II. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Djupe, Paul A; Olson, Laura R, eds. (2014). Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Infobase Publishing. p. 243-4. ISBN 9781438130200. ^ a b Kauffman 1982. ^ a b Kauffman 1982, pp. 364–365. ^ a b c Kauffman 1982, pp. 366–367. ^ IRC 501(c)(8) Fraternal Benefit Societies. 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Retrieved 12 September 2018. ^ a b Santillo-Raimondo, Vanessa (27 January 2011). "First Arab Knights council created at Markham parish". The Catholic Register. ^ Dumenil 1991, p. 37. ^ "Keep Cool!". The Catholic Telegraph. Vol. LXXXXII, no. 6. 8 February 1923. ^ Kauffman 1982, pp. 153–154. ^ "Things Irish and Roman Catholic". The New Age Magazine. p. 419. Retrieved 28 August 2022. ^ Kauffman 1982, pp. 269–270. ^ a b Mark Newman (4 October 2018). Desegregating Dixie: The Catholic Church in the South and Desegregation, 1945-1992. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-4968-1889-8. OCLC 1110255087. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 396. ^ a b "Interracial". The Tablet. 21 November 1963. p. 3. Retrieved 27 August 2022. ^ a b c Kauffman 1982, p. 400. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 397. ^ a b Rivers, Eugene F.; Anderson, Carl A. (18 October 2017). "MLK's Example Holds the Answers to Both Racism and Political Violence". Time. Retrieved 22 January 2019. ^ Pattison, Mark (3 October 2017). "Rev. King's words on nonviolence need to be lived today, speakers say". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 27 August 2022. ^ a b Pattison, Mark (17 November 2020). "Bishops reauthorize anti-racism ad hoc committee for three more years". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 27 August 2022. ^ 268 U.S. 510 (1925) ^ "Pierce v. Society of Sisters". University of Chicago Kent School of Law. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ a b Abrams, Paula (2003). "The Little Red Schoolhouse: Pierce, State Monopoly of Education and the Politics of Intolerance". Constitutional Commentary (841). Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 282. ^ a b Bunting, Robert. "Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925)". Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 283. ^ Direct Democracy and the Courts, p. 128, at Google Books ^ a b c Alley 1999, pp. 41–44. ^ "Catholic Citizenship and Public Policy" (PDF). Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ Roberts, Tom (15 May 2017). "Knights of Columbus' Financial Forms Show Wealth, Influence". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ O'Loughlin, Michael (28 January 2014). "Report: Knights of Columbus Spends Millions to Fight LGBT Rights". Advocate.com. Here Publishing. Retrieved 29 March 2018. ^ Kurwitz, Darrin (12 March 2013). "Knights of Columbus: Standing on the Wrong Side of History, for a Change". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2018. ^ Krauss, Clifford (31 January 2005). "Church Fights Gay Marriage Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2013. ^ Kaufman, Louis (18 August 1976). "Bishop Warns of Euthanasia". The Boston Globe. p. 20. ^ "Joseph Francis, State K.C. Head, Honored at Dinner". The Daily Boston Globe. 27 September 1946. p. 11. ^ Bauernschub 1949, pp. 62–63; Kauffman 1982, pp. 228, 400. ^ Kaufman, Louis (18 August 1976). "Bishop Cronin hits euthansia (sic), abortion at K. of C. parley". The Boston Globe. ^ "CIS – Building the Domestic Church Series". Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ "Domestic Church". Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ Koehlinger 2004. ^ Rider, David (8 August 2001). "Bush urges Knights of Columbs to continue anti-abortion fight". The Ottawa Citizen. p. 4. ^ a b Barry, Vincent (2011). Bioethics in a Cultural Context. Cengage Learning. p. 192. ISBN 9780495814085. ^ Leonard, Mary (9 October 2000). "Bush woos Catholics on abortion". The Boston Globe. p. 1. ^ "Knights of Columbus Resolution Defends 'Gift of Life'". Knights of Columbus. 3 August 2006. Retrieved 28 January 2018. ^ a b c "In Support of a Culture of Life". Knights of Columbus. 133rd Supreme Convention Resolutions. Philadelphia: Supreme Council, Knights of Columbus. 4–6 August 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2016. ^ "Culture of Life". Retrieved 12 March 2018. ^ "Building a Culture of Life". Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 6 March 2018. ^ a b "The Lives You Have Saved". Columbia. Vol. 99, no. 1. The Knights of Columbus. January 2019. p. 8. ^ "Knights of Columbus – Ultrasound Initiative – Frequently Asked Questions" (PDF). Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ "Councils Provide Funds to Pregnancy Care Centers for New Medical Technology". Knights of Columbus. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017. ^ Gatter, Mary; Kimport, Katrina; Foster, Diana Greene; Weitz, Tracy A.; Upadhyay, Ushma D. (2014). "Relationship Between Ultrasound Viewing and Proceeding to Abortion". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 123 (1): 81–87. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000000053. ISSN 0029-7844. PMID 24463667. S2CID 33334996. ^ Knights of Columbus Issue Call to Prayer in Wake of Violence, National Catholic Register. ^ Amid year's violence, Catholic leaders decry shootings, urge policy changes National Catholic Reporter ^ Lapomarda 1992, p. 43. ^ Austin, Charles (16 August 1982). "Religious Right Growing Impatient with Reagan". The New York Times. p. A13. Retrieved 29 March 2018. ^ a b Franklin, James L.; Vaillancourt, Meg; Wen, Patricia (3 April 1995). "Fraternal Group Uses Clout to Safeguard Its Interests". The Boston Globe. ^ a b Broadway, Bill (6 July 2002). "How 'Under God' Got in There". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2018. ^ John Baer, The Pledge of Allegiance: A Revised History and Analysis, 1892–2007, 2007 ^ a b c Canipe, Lee (2003). "Under God and Anit-Communist: How the Pledge of Allegiance Got Religion in Cold War America". Journal of Church and State. 45 (Spring 2003): 305–323. doi:10.1093/jcs/45.2.305. ^ b Pub.L. 83-396, Chap. 297, 68 Stat. 249, H.J.Res. 243, enacted 14 June 1954. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 385. ^ Hopkins, Kathleen (19 November 2014). "Lawsuit challenges 'under God' in Pledge of Allegiance". USA Today. Retrieved 3 October 2018. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 162. ^ Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 59–267, H.R. 13304, 34 Stat. 1413, enacted March 4, 1907 ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 164; Sale, p. 359 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFSale (help). ^ United States House of Representatives (April 30, 1934). "36 USC 107, ch. 184, 48 Stat. 657". United States Code. Office of the Law Revision Counsel. Archived from the original (text) on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2012. ^ American Memory (October 6, 2010). "Today in History: October 12". Today in History. Library of Congress (National Digital Library). Archived from the original on 27 November 1999. Retrieved 19 October 2012. ^ "Mazie Hirono on the Issues". On the Issues. Retrieved 18 November 2018.] ^ a b "Nomination of Brian Buescher to the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska Questions for the Record December 5, 2018", Judiciary.senate.gov. ^ a b "Op-Ed: Keep religious tests out of the Senate". Los Angeles Times. 16 January 2019. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ a b Kauffman 1982, p. 386. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 386-87. ^ Lapomarda 1992, p. 73. ^ Kauffman 1982, p. 412. ^ Lapomarda 1992, p. 92. ^ McGowan 1999, p. 177. ^ "Knights of Columbus rallying against 'immoral' Philippines contraception campaign". Catholic News Agency. 21 March 2010. Bibliography Alley, Robert S. (1999). The Constitution & Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-703-1. Bauernschub, John P. (1949). Fifty Years of Columbianism in Maryland. Wildside Press (published 2008). ISBN 978-1-4344-7427-8. Ceplair, Larry (2011). Anti-Communism in Twentieth-Century America: A Critical History. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 978-1-4408-0048-1. Crosby, Donald F. (1971). "Boston's Catholics and the Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939". The New England Quarterly. 44 (1): 82–100. doi:10.2307/364944. JSTOR 364944. Dumenil, Lynn (Fall 1991). "The tribal Twenties: "Assimilated" Catholics' response to Anti-Catholicism in the 1920s". Journal of American Ethnic History. 11 (1): 21–49. JSTOR 27500903. Kauffman, Christopher J. (1982). Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982. Harper and Row. ISBN 978-0-06-014940-6. Kazin, Michael (1995). The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press (published 1998). ISBN 978-0-8014-8558-9. Koehlinger, Amy (2004). "'Let Us Live for Those Who Love Us': Faith, Family, and the Contours of Manhood among the Knights of Columbus in Late Nineteenth-Century Connecticut". Journal of Social History. 38 (2): 455–469. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0126. ISSN 1527-1897. JSTOR 3790447. S2CID 144647069. Lapomarda, Vincent A. (1992). The Knights of Columbus in Massachusetts (second ed.). Norwood, Massachusetts: Knights of Columbus Massachusetts State Council. McGowan, Mark G. (1999). Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-1789-9. Meyer, Jean (1976). The Cristero Rebellion: The Mexican People between Church and State, 1926–1929. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Robé, Christopher (2010). "The Good Fight: The Spanish Civil War and U.S. Left Film Criticism". Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media. 51 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1353/frm.0.0057. JSTOR 41552568. S2CID 159438369. Sale, Kirkpatrick (1992). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Papermac. ISBN 978-0-333-57479-9. Scott, Emmett J. (1919). Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War. Chicago: Homewood Press. Retrieved 17 August 2018. Sweany, Mark J. (1923). Educational Work of the Knights of Columbus. Bureau of Education Bulletin. Vol. 22. Washington: Government Printing Office. hdl:2346/60378. Young, Julia G. (2015a). Mexican Exodus: Emigrants, Exiles, and Refugees of the Cristero War. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190205003.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-020500-3. Young, Julia G. (23 July 2015). "Smuggling for Christ the King". OUPblog. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) Further reading Kauffman, Christopher J. (2001). Patriotism and Fraternalism in the Knights of Columbus: A History of the Fourth Degree. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 978-0-8245-1885-1. Portals: Catholicism Politics	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:March_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"March For Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_for_Life_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"fraternal order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_order"},{"link_name":"Knights of Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982-2"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"anarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"socialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982364%E2%80%93365-3"},{"link_name":"trade unionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_unionism"},{"link_name":"civil rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982366%E2%80%93367-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982366%E2%80%93367-4"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"artificial birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_birth_control"},{"link_name":"immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"text":"One of the placards handed out by the Knights of Columbus placards at the March For Life in Washington D.C.The political activity of the Knights of Columbus deals with the involvement of the fraternal order in efforts to influence public policy.The Knights of Columbus has played an active role in politics ever since its formation.[1] In the years following the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s, the earlier focus on protesting discrimination against Catholics shifted to more activity to promote social issues.[2]During much of the 20th century and particularly during the era of the Cold War, the Order was politically active in opposing anarchism, communism and socialism, especially within the United States.[3] It was also supportive of trade unionism, the protection of civil rights,[4] and efforts to address racism.[4]More recently, it has taken an active stance on social issues and causes, supporting religious freedom and opposing efforts to introduce or promote same-sex marriage, abortion, and mandates that require employers to pay for artificial birth control, even if they violate their religious beliefs. The Order has also taken an interest in the rights of immigrants and refugees, especially those immigrants and refugees who come from Catholic-majority countries.","title":"Political activity of the Knights of Columbus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knights of Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Second Vatican Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982-2"},{"link_name":"501(c)(8)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)_organization#501(c)(8)"},{"link_name":"benefit society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_society"},{"link_name":"IRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRS-5"},{"link_name":"Supreme Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Knight_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus"},{"link_name":"Carl A. Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_A._Anderson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-issues-6"}],"text":"The Knights of Columbus were politically active from an early date. In the years following the Second Vatican Council, however, according to Christopher Kauffman, the Catholic anti-defamation character of the order began to diminish as Catholics became more accepted, and the leadership of the order attempted to stimulate the order's membership to become more aware of the religious and moral issues which the Church was confronting. That led to the creation of a \"variety of new programs which reflected the proliferation of the new social ministries of the church.\"[2]The Knights of Columbus is classified as a 501(c)(8) fraternal benefit society by the IRS. Unlike the more common 501(c)(3) nonprofits, 501(c)(8)s are allowed to engage in limited direct political activities without jeopardizing their tax exempt status.[5] However, Supreme Knight Carl A. Anderson has said \"One of our most important traditions throughout our 125-year history is that we do not, as an organization, become involved in partisan politics.\"[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic social teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982166-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982405-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982415-9"},{"link_name":"John W. McDevitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._McDevitt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982405-8"},{"link_name":"prejudice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982405-8"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Christian"},{"link_name":"secularism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982405-8"}],"sub_title":"Political philosophy","text":"As a non-profit charitable organization, the order is legally prohibited from endorsing political candidates in the United States, but it is permitted to engage in issue-specific political campaigns. Its political activities are therefore limited to such campaigns, the campaigns typically deal with issues that touch upon Catholic social teaching or insurance issues.[7] Kauffman has described the Knights as \"progressive on social issues but conservative on cultural issues,\"[8] positions that are \"a reflection of those expressed by the papacy and the majority of the American hierarchy.\"[9]At the 1968 Supreme Convention, Supreme Knight John W. McDevitt posed the question of whether the Knights were conservative or liberal. He answered by saying that the order was \"both progressive and conservative and we are neither.\"[8] The Knights' progressive credentials were rooted in their \"efforts to shake the country free from any prejudice ... to create conditions which will give every American a chance to obtain decent money ... to eliminate poverty ... [and to foster] interreligious dialogue and interracial understanding.\"[8] Their conservative efforts consisted of their promotion of a Judeo-Christian morality, anti-secularism, patriotism, and their loyalty to the pope and the bishops.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism"},{"link_name":"Martin H. Carmody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_H._Carmody"},{"link_name":"Luke E. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_E._Hart"},{"link_name":"John J. Phelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Phelan"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman198262-10"},{"link_name":"John Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Swift"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982367-11"},{"link_name":"Francis P. Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_P._Matthews"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"Office of Public Liaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Public_Liaison"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nancy-12"}],"sub_title":"Leadership","text":"At times, the leadership of the order has been both liberal and conservative. Martin H. Carmody and Luke E. Hart were both political conservatives, but John J. Phelan was a Democratic politician prior to becoming Supreme Knight,[10] John Swift's \"strong support for economic democracy and social-welfare legislation marks him as a fairly representative New Deal anti-communist,\"[11] and Francis P. Matthews was a civil rights official and a member of Harry Truman's cabinet. Anderson previously served in the Office of Public Liaison under Ronald Reagan.[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"American imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_imperialism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"}],"sub_title":"Spanish–American War and American imperialism","text":"The Order supported the entrance of the United States into the Spanish–American War.[1] They were critical of the era of American imperialism that followed.[1]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:See_him_through--Help_us_to_help_the_boys.jpg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19232-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999180-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"cantonments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonment"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1919407%E2%80%93408-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESweany19233-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumenil199123-17"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999180-15"}],"sub_title":"First World War","text":"A Knights of Columbus poster from WWIOn 14 April 1917, soon after the United States entered World War I, the board of directors of the Knights passed a resolution which called \"for the active cooperation and patriotic zeal\" of its members as part of the US war effort.[13] The Order subsequently instituted a per capita tax on the membership to raise $1 million to provide for the welfare of troops fighting in Europe.[14] Local councils also undertook their own fundraising drives which resulted in an additional $14 million.[14] Canadian knights took up the cause even earlier, reflecting their closer links to Britain.[15]In 1918, just before the war ended, the Knights joined other organizations which were raising funds to support the welfare of the troops, both in the US and overseas, which along with the contribution by the National Catholic War Council, totaled $30 million.[14] Staff and Catholic chaplains were sent to all Army camps and cantonments.[14][1]A total of 260 buildings were erected and 1,134 secretaries (of which 1,075 were overseas), staffed them.[14][1] In Europe, the headquarters of the Order were established in London and Paris[14] under the motto \"Everyone welcome, everything free.\"[14][16] This continued until November 1919, at which point the federal government took over.[14] The remaining $19 million were used to establish educational programs for returning servicemen.[14][1]According to Supreme Knight Flaherty, the war provided an opportunity to present the Order \"in a most favorable light,\"[17] and to show that Catholics could also be good patriots - avoiding the suspicion that their loyalty lay with the Holy See in Rome.[15]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"several priests who were later canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Knights_of_Columbus#Saints"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pelowski-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heads-19"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda199237-20"},{"link_name":"Edmund J. Brandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_J._Brandon"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Frank B. Kellogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda199237-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heads-19"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Plutarco Elías Calles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heads-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heads-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015b108%E2%80%93109-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invoke-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2015b108%E2%80%93109-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invoke-24"},{"link_name":"martyrs from the conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martyr-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1976-26"},{"link_name":"William E. Borah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Borah"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982301%E2%80%93302-27"},{"link_name":"Pius XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Iniquis afflictisque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniquis_afflictisque"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-columbia-28"},{"link_name":"Good Neighbor Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy"},{"link_name":"Franklin Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"}],"sub_title":"Cristero War","text":"Following the Mexican Revolution, the new government started to persecute the Catholic Church. Statutes were inserted into the national Constitution, triggering a 10-year-long struggle with Catholic leaders. During this period, thousands of people died, including several priests who were later canonized. The leaders of the Order began to speak out against the Mexican government. Columbia, the official magazine of the Knights, published articles critical of the regime. After the November 1926 cover showed some knights carrying a banner of liberty and warning of \"The Red Peril of Mexico,\" the Mexican legislature banned both the Order and the magazine.[18]In 1926, both the Supreme Council[19] and the Massachusetts State Council passed resolutions opposing the Mexican government and in defense of human rights.[20] Ten days later, State Deputy Edmund J. Brandon sent a telegram to President Calvin Coolidge and Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg opposing the deportation of a Mexican archbishop.[20] That same year, a delegation of Supreme Council officers met with President Coolidge to share with him their concerns about the persecution of Catholics in Mexico.[19][a] The delegation did not ask for a military involvement in Mexico, but did express their concerns that the present situation was a result of actions taken by previous American administrations, including the provision of arms to Mexican president Plutarco Elías Calles.[19] As a result, the delegation said, the United States government had a responsibility to aid oppressed Mexicans.[19]The order subsequently smuggled into Mexico pamphlets in English and Spanish denouncing the anti-clerical Mexican government and its policies,[21] provoking efforts at the border to stop the flow.[22][23] So much printed material was smuggled into Mexico that the government directed border guards be aware of women bringing Catholic propaganda into the country hidden in their clothes.[22][23] Twenty-five martyrs from the conflict would eventually be canonized, including six knights.[24][25] Supreme Treasurer Daniel J. Callahan persuaded Senator William E. Borah to launch an investigation in 1935 into Mexican human rights violations.[26] Pope Pius XI in his encyclical Iniquis afflictisque praised the efforts of the Knights in their resistance.[27] The Knights opposed the Good Neighbor Policy of President Franklin Roosevelt due to the continued suppression of the Catholic Church in Mexico.[1]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby197195-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby197195-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby197197-30"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrosby197197-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tierney2007-31"},{"link_name":"Will H. Hays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_H._Hays"},{"link_name":"Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Producers_and_Distributors_of_America"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERob%C3%A9201083-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERob%C3%A9201097-33"}],"sub_title":"Spanish Civil War","text":"During the Spanish Civil War, the Catholic Church in the United States supported General Francisco Franco and the other rebels.[28] The Knights, and other Catholic groups, took the same stance.[28] When a group of American intellectuals formed the Board of Guardians for Basque Refugee Children and proposed shipping children from Spain to the United States, the Knights with others opposed the plan.[29] They appealed to President Franklin D. Roosevelt to keep the children with their families in France, though they were ready to assist those coming to the United States.[29]The Knights supported the embargo on all arms into Spain,[30] and appealed to Will H. Hays, chairman of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America, to ban or label as propaganda (pro-Marxist and anti-Catholic) loyalist films.[31][32]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982349-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982349%E2%80%93350-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982350-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peace-37"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Shortly after entering the Second World War, the Order established a War Activities Committee to keep track of all activities undertaken during the war.[33] They also, in January 1943, established a Peace Program Committee to develop a \"program for shaping and educating public opinion to the end that Catholic principles and Catholic philosophy will be properly represented at the peace table at the conclusion of the present war.\"[34] The committee conferred with scholars, theologians, philosophers, and sociologists and proposed a program adopted at the 1943 Supreme Convention.[35][36]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charitable activities of the Knights of Columbus § Persecuted Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus#Persecuted_Christians"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Civil Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isis-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lobby17-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continues-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-praises-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aid-42"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continues-40"},{"link_name":"Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_and_Syria_Genocide_Relief_and_Accountability_Act_of_2018"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-applaud-43"},{"link_name":"gave over $20 million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus#Persecuted_Christians"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continues-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-praises-41"},{"link_name":"Karamles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamles"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-praises-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continues-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-praises-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-continues-40"}],"sub_title":"Middle East","text":"See also: Charitable activities of the Knights of Columbus § Persecuted ChristiansDuring the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars, the Knights lobbied Congress to provide humanitarian relief to persecuted Christians and victims of genocide under the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant,[37][38][39][40] and to declare the atrocities a genocide.[41][39]Testimony provided by Supreme Knight Anderson before Congress in 2016 formed the \"blueprint\" for the Iraq and Syria Genocide Relief and Accountability Act of 2018.[42]Between 2014 and 2017, the Knights' Refugee Relief Fund gave over $20 million for humanitarian relief work in the area.[39][40] That includes $2 million to rebuild the primarily Christian town of Karamles in Iraq.[40][39] Such efforts of the Knights have been recognized by church and civil leaders.[40][39]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"world peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_peace"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conn-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ind-45"}],"sub_title":"Exhibits and media","text":"Shortly after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the Knights' museum showcased Vatican artifacts highlighting the efforts of Pope John Paul II for world peace.[43] The Order also produced the 2018 film, John Paul II in Ireland: A Plea for Peace.[44]","title":"Military and war"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Social justice issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman,_bw_half-length_photo_portrait,_facing_front,_1945-crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rerum novarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_novarum"},{"link_name":"Brotherhood of Electrical Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Electrical_Workers"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982178-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debra-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usch-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982178-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usch-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radical-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982360%E2%80%93361-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kazin2017-51"},{"link_name":"Catholic social teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching"},{"link_name":"working man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982360%E2%80%93361-50"},{"link_name":"anti-communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazin1995174-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982361-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982361-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982361%E2%80%93362-54"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982362%E2%80%93363-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982363-56"},{"link_name":"Fulton Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_Sheen"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeplair2011114-57"}],"sub_title":"Trade unionism","text":"US President Harry S. Truman supported the Crusade for the Preservation and Promotion of American IdealsIn 1914, the order paid the salaries of David Goldstein, who was born Jewish but converted to Catholicism after reading the pro-labor papal encyclical Rerum novarum, and Peter W. Collins, the general secretary of the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, to lecture around North America.[45][46] The pair traveled more than 27,000 miles.[47] Local councils were instructed to open up the lectures to the public free of charge.[45][47] More than 2,000,000 people attended the lectures, and more than 800,000 questions were answered.[48]In 1946, in his first address to the Supreme Convention as Supreme Knight, Swift proposed a new program eventually called The Knights of Columbus Crusade for the Preservation and Promotion of American Ideals.[49][50] It was similar to the 1943 Peace Program, except it highlighted Catholic philosophy and Catholic social teaching regarding the working man.[49] This was one part of a larger Catholic anti-communist effort.[51]The crusade listed the workingman's rights as including the right \"to a job, to a family living wage, to collective bargaining and to strike, to Joint-Management, enroute to Joint Ownership of Industry.\"[52] Until joint ownership happened, workers were also entitled to all forms of social security, including unemployment, disability, and old-age insurance, according to the crusade.[52] The crusade's plan also listed 10 \"Abuses of Unrestrained Capitalism.\"[53]The crusade officially launched in December 1946 and was endorsed by Harry Truman.[54] By August 1948, over 1,300 local councils had established discussion groups based on the topics. As part of the crusade, several hundred radio stations played segments produced by the order on the alleged evils of communism and the harshness of life in Russia.[55] It also took out advertisements in newspapers and distributed copies of Fulton Sheen's Communism and the Conscience of the West.[56]","title":"Social justice issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Flaherty"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982320-58"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"Martin Carmody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Carmody"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982320-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982320-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982320-58"},{"link_name":"President's Organization for Unemployment Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Organization_for_Unemployment_Relief"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982321-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982336-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982336-60"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"},{"link_name":"living wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_wage"},{"link_name":"credit unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_union"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982336-60"},{"link_name":"social encyclicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching#Encyclicals_and_other_official_documents"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982336-60"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Hartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Hartford"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-archbishop-61"},{"link_name":"John LaFarge Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_LaFarge_Jr."},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-breaking-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-task-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-task-63"},{"link_name":"US Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-task-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-task-63"}],"sub_title":"Social justice","text":"In the early 1920s, Supreme Knight James Flaherty gave speeches in which he \"lashed out at the social irresponsibility of the moneyed classes.\"[57] During the Great Depression, when Herbert Hoover established a Commission on Employment, Supreme Knight Martin Carmody wrote to him pledging the services of the Knights.[57] Carmody had already encouraged the 2,600 councils to have \"strong and active employment committees.\"[57] By the end of July 1931, a total of 43,128 unemployed people had been placed into jobs, in addition to those placements made by local councils who were working under the auspices of other organizations.[57] In October of that year, Hoover appointed Carmody to the President's Organization for Unemployment Relief.[58]The order launched a Crusade for Social Justice in 1938 as an outgrowth of their anti-communist efforts.[59] It was declared that \"the public must be aroused to realize that only by the application of Christian principles, in private and public affairs, will there be eliminated, so far as humanly possible, the distress and suffering upon which these forces thrive.\"[59] Among the social justice issues the Supreme Council recommended local councils take on were a living wage, credit unions, and the cooperative and social responsibilities of employers, bankers, and property owners.[59] The Supreme Council also supplied local councils with a great deal of material to encourage members to study the social encyclicals.[59]In 1965, the order co-sponsored a conference on human rights with the Archdiocese of Hartford at Yale University.[60] In collaboration with the John LaFarge Institute, the Knights worked on programs to promote social justice and ecumenical outreach in the 1960s.[61][62] Through the collaboration, they held high level conferences and then passed the findings down to local council to hold their own study groups.[62] At the end of the decade, in 1969, the Knights donated $75,000 to the US Conference of Catholic Bishops' Task Force on Urban Problems.[62] The task force was founded to provide a Catholic response to issues of racism and poverty in America's large cities.[62]","title":"Social justice issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982364%E2%80%93365-3"},{"link_name":"McCarthyism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism"},{"link_name":"Joseph McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982365-64"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"}],"sub_title":"Anti-communism","text":"In the early 1950s, the Supreme Convention adopted several anti-communist resolutions.[3] However, Columbia magazine also published thinly veiled critiques of McCarthyism and the techniques of Senator Joseph McCarthy.[63] The Order also ran a publicicity campaign and organized a speakers bureau to oppose communism.[1]","title":"Social justice issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Support of immigrants and refugees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982xiii-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982373-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999178-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999178-67"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999178-67"},{"link_name":"Ellis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982262%E2%80%93263-68"},{"link_name":"George Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ernest_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Samuel Flagg Bemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis"},{"link_name":"Allan Nevins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Nevins"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982366%E2%80%93367-4"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumenil199131-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumenil199132-70"},{"link_name":"Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_War_Veterans_of_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982335-71"}],"sub_title":"Early efforts","text":"From the founding of the order to roughly the time of the First World War, \"the Order's goals were most visibly expressed in its assertion of the social legitimacy and patriotic loyalty of Catholic immigrants.\"[64] This opposition to immigration restrictionists would continue through the middle of the 20th century [65]In the years prior to World War I, Canadian Knights established an immigrant aid bureau.[66] After the war, and with the Catholic Women's League, they promoted a \"Canadianization of the Newcomer\" program.[66] The Knights have also promoted the idea that being a good Catholic can be reconciled with being a good Canadian, and have helped Catholic immigrants assimilate into wider society.[66]In 1921, Edward F. McSweeney, a former Assistant Commissioner of Immigration at Ellis Island and pro-immigrant activist and author, set up the Knights of Columbus Historical Commission to more clearly present the role of Catholic immigrants in particular in the founding and history of the United States.[67] The Commission published the works of intellectuals including George Schuster, Samuel Flagg Bemis, Allan Nevins, and W. E. B. Du Bois.[4]The Knights called the tendency to set up a caste system based on when your ancestors arrived in the country \"a travesty of democracy.\"[68] James Malone, then-Kansas State Deputy, argued that those who claimed that immigrants and Catholics were inferior to native-born Americans and protestants were \"bigots.\"[69]At the request of the Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America, Supreme Knight Martin Carmody wrote to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938 to support Jewish refugees seeking refuge in Palestine.[70]","title":"Support of immigrants and refugees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. immigration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_immigration_debate"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eyes-73"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_residency"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-immigration-72"},{"link_name":"International Eucharistic Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Eucharistic_Congress"},{"link_name":"Marc Ouellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ouellet"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iec-74"},{"link_name":"José Gómez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Horacio_G%C3%B3mez"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kris-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kris-75"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kris-75"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Garcia-Siller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Garcia-Siller"},{"link_name":"San Antonio, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-76"},{"link_name":"Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-76"},{"link_name":"William Lori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lori"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-76"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harris-76"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"visit to the US-Mexican border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis#2016"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lori17-77"},{"link_name":"Daniel DiNardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_DiNardo"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missionary-78"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-missionary-78"},{"link_name":"Trump administration family separation policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trump-79"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trump-79"},{"link_name":"Melkite Greek Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santillo-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santillo-80"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"On 9 April 2006 the board of directors commented on the \"U.S. immigration policy [which] has become an intensely debated and divisive issue on both sides of the border between the U.S. and Mexico.\"[71][72] They calledupon the President and the U.S. Congress to agree upon immigration legislation that not only gains control over the process of immigration, but also rejects any effort to criminalize those who provide humanitarian assistance to illegal immigrants, and provides these immigrants an avenue by which they can emerge from the shadows of society and seek legal residency and citizenship in the U.S.[71]During the 2008 International Eucharistic Congress, a donation was made by the Order in Canada to Marc Ouellet's foundation to support long-term programs to aid immigrants and refugees.[73]At the Supreme Convention in 2011, Los Angeles Archbishop José Gómez criticized the United States' immigration policy as not being \"worthy of our national character,\"[74] and told the delegates to approach the immigration issue as Catholics, not through political affiliation.[74] \"Our perspective on this issue will change if you begin to see these 'illegals' for who they really are—mothers and fathers, sons and daughters—not much different from yourselves,\" Gomez said.[74]In 2013, at the 131st Supreme Convention, Archbishop Gustavo Garcia-Siller of San Antonio, Texas, the site of the convention, quoted Anderson in saying that the city was special because the city's history of \"evangelization, immigration, and the quest for freedom.\"[75] He called on the Knights to bring the light of the Gospel to the \"desolate places\" such as immigrant detention centers.[75]Also at the 2013 convention, Supreme Chaplain William Lori said that the Knights' mission in regards to immigration is \"definitely growing.\"[75] He cited their involvement in Ecclesia en America, a summit held in the Vatican in 2012, as a way they protect, love and help immigrants.[75] The Knights see the issue, according to Lori, as \"a partnership of the North and South Church.\"[75] He said the order was working to enact \"immigration laws that are truly just, and truly merciful.\"[75]In 2016, the Knights provided funding to the dioceses of Ciudad Juárez and El Paso to facilitate Pope Francis' visit to the US-Mexican border which highlighted the plight of migrants from majority-Catholic Mexico, and the need therefore to work for \"just immigration laws.\"[76]At the 2017 convention, Cardinal Daniel DiNardo of Galveston-Houston, president of the U.S. bishops’ conference, said that Christ teaches that \"there is no more boundary when it comes to 'who are you neighbor to?'\"[77] DiNardo added that the Knights live this teaching by helping anyone in need, including immigrants, refugees, and Christians displaced from their homes.[77]At the 136th Supreme Convention in 2018, the Order adopted a resolution criticizing the Trump administration family separation policy.[78] The Supreme Council called on the administration to \"equitably balance the legitimate rights of persons to emigrate in order to seek better lives for themselves and their children, with the duty of governments to control migration into their countries so that immigration policy serves the common good.\"[78]The Order has also supported the creation of by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church of an Arab Christian Council within Canada as adding \"new meaning to the international fraternal organization’s outreach and support of immigrant communities.\"[79] The council is largely made up of first-generation Canadians from Palestine, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, and Iraq.[79]","title":"Support of immigrants and refugees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982xiii-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982373-66"},{"link_name":"nadir of American race relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumenil199137-81"}],"text":"Up until the First World War, the Order were active to reassure that Catholic immigrants to the US could nevertheless be loyal to their new home,[64] and would opposed restrictions to immigration throughout the middle of the 20th century [65]During the nadir of American race relations in the 1920s, the state councils initiated letter-writing campaigns and established lobbyists in state capitals and in Washington, D.C., to protect the civil rights of all Catholics within the United States.[80]","title":"Protection of civil rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cool-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982153%E2%80%93154-83"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982262%E2%80%93263-68"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newage-84"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982269%E2%80%93270-85"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumenil199131-69"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Emmett Jay Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Jay_Scott"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott1919407%E2%80%93408-16"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman2018-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982396-87"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newman2018-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interracial-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interracial-88"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982400-89"},{"link_name":"John W. McDevitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._McDevitt"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982400-89"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982400-89"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982397-90"},{"link_name":"rising racial tensions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_views_of_Donald_Trump#Impact"},{"link_name":"Eugene Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timemag-91"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timemag-91"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invoke-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invoke-24"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rev-92"},{"link_name":"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adhoc-93"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Religious and racial discrimination","text":"From 1914 until the United States' entrance into the First World War, the Order sponsored the Knights of Columbus Commission on Religious Prejudice.[81][82] A similar organization, the Knights of Columbus Historical Commission, was created in 1921 to counter racial discrimination and nativism.[67][1] The Commission published one pamphlet a month for two years to explain historical events that had not, in the view of the Commission, been treated fairly.[83] The \"Knights of Columbus Racial Contributions Series\" of books included three titles: The Gift of Black Folk, by W. E. B. Du Bois, The Jews in the Making of America by George Cohen, and The Germans in the Making of America by Frederick Schrader.[84][68][1]During the First World War, the order established a series of \"huts\" to offer rest and recreational facilities for Allied servicemen under the banner of \"Everyone Welcome, Everything Free.\" Civil rights activist and author Emmett Jay Scott praised the Order, saying that \"to its credit,\" and \"unlike the other social welfare organizations operating in the war, it never drew the color line. ... The Negro soldier needs no other countersign than his khaki uniform to gain for him every advantage offered by the Knights service.\"[16]In the 1950s, though the Order officially did not discriminate on race, most knights and most councils were white.[85] Given the history of slavery and early development in the U.S., most African-Americans were Protestant, but Church officials and organizations encouraged integration and criticized the segregationist practices within the Order.[86][1] As membership questions were handled at the local level, black candidates were routinely denied membership in the Order.[85] At the 1964 Supreme Convention, membership rules were overhauled after the blackballing of a black applicant led to national news coverage the previous year.[87] Six council officers resigned in protest, and rules were changed to require a third of members to vote to deny membership, instead of just five or more.[87][1]That convention was scheduled to be held at the Roosevelt Hotel in New Orleans.[88] A few days before the Convention, new Supreme Knight John W. McDevitt learned the hotel admitted only white guests.[88] After he threatened to move the Convention to another venue, the hotel changed its policy.[88] The Order participated in the Civil Rights Movement[1] and, in the spring of 1963, Hart attended a conference at the White House led by Knight and President John F. Kennedy to discuss civil rights.[89]In 2017, at a time of rising racial tensions in the United States, Anderson, Rev. Eugene Rivers, and others began calling on Americans to adopt Martin Luther King's principles of non-violence.[90] Anderson and Rivers co-authored a piece in Time,[90] and the Knights and Rivers' Seymour Institute for Black Church and Policy Studies sent out letters to religious leaders around the country promoting non-violence.[23] The pair also asked them \"to help lead our country away from the precipice of violence and toward a future of honest and open civil discourse and respect for the dignity of each person.\"[23] The two also spoke at a Knights-sponsored gathering of Christian leaders at the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the need for racial harmony.[91] That same year, the Knights began funding the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Ad Hoc Committee Against Racism, and continued to do so during its second three year term.[92][b]","title":"Protection of civil rights"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_ACLU_Logo_2017.svg"},{"link_name":"Oregon Compulsory Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"Oregon Compulsory Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"parochial schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_school"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pierce-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregon-96"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paula-97"},{"link_name":"Knights of Pythias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Pythias"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982282-98"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclo-99"},{"link_name":"Oregon Compulsory Education Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclo-99"},{"link_name":"Roger Nash Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nash_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"Luke E. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_E._Hart"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982283-100"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paula-97"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-direct-101"},{"link_name":"Pierce v. Society of Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters"},{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Due Process Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_Process_Clause"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlley199941%E2%80%9344-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlley199941%E2%80%9344-102"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlley199941%E2%80%9344-102"}],"sub_title":"Pierce v. Society of Sisters","text":"The ACLU joined with the Knights to oppose the Oregon Compulsory Education ActAfter the First World War, many American organizations (including, influentially, the Ku Klux Klan) expressed fears of immigrants and their differences from mainstream America; they wanted public schools to teach children their specific way of being American. Numerous states drafted laws designed to use schools to promote a selected American culture, and in 1922, the voters of Oregon passed the Oregon Compulsory Education Act. The law was primarily aimed at eliminating parochial schools, including Catholic schools.[93][94][95] It was promoted by groups such as the Knights of Pythias, the Federation of Patriotic Societies, the Oregon Good Government League, the Orange Order, and the Ku Klux Klan.[96][97]The Oregon Compulsory Education Act required almost all children in Oregon between eight and sixteen years of age to attend public school by 1926.[97] Roger Nash Baldwin, an associate director of the American Civil Liberties Union and a personal friend of then–Supreme Advocate and future Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart, offered to join forces with the order to challenge the law. The Knights of Columbus pledged an immediate $10,000 to fight the law and any additional funds necessary to defeat it.[98][95][99]The case became known as Pierce v. Society of Sisters, a seminal United States Supreme Court decision that significantly expanded coverage of the Due Process Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment.[100] In a unanimous decision, the court held that the act was unconstitutional and that parents, not the state, had the authority to educate children as they thought best.[100] It upheld the right of parents to send their children to religious schools.[100]","title":"Protection of civil rights"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Social issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policy-103"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-financial-104"},{"link_name":"Proposition 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advocate-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darrin-106"},{"link_name":"Canadian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Civil Marriage Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postcard-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-louis-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-francis-109"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauernschub194962%E2%80%9363Kauffman1982228,_400-110"},{"link_name":"Daniel A. Cronin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_A._Cronin"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cronin-111"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdc-112"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dc-113"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehlinger2004-114"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and family life","text":"The Knights of Columbus \"promotes the dignity and the irreplaceable value of the family founded on the Church's understanding of marriage as the faithful, exclusive, and lifelong union of one man and one woman joined in an intimate partnership of life and love.\"[101] Since 2005, the Knights have given at least $14 million to legally retain this definition in the United States.[102] In 2008, they were the largest single donor in support of California's Proposition 8.[103]In 2012, the Knights and its local councils contributed $1 million to support similar ballot campaigns to effectively block same-sex marriage in Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, and Washington. In Massachusetts, it led the drive to collect the 170,000 petition signatures to amend the Massachusetts Constitution to include this definition.[104] Likewise in Canada, in 2005, it attempted to stop the Canadian parliament from legalizing same-sex marriage with the Civil Marriage Act, the Order funded a campaign that included 800,000 postcards encouraging members of parliament to reject the measure.[105]The Order also supports the church's teaching on divorce,[106][107][108] and the Supreme Council gave their \"strong support\" to a 1976 address by Bishop Daniel A. Cronin in which he denounced the \"increasing practice\" of divorce.[109] The Order has a number of initiatives to support and strengthen families as part of their Building the Domestic Church program.[110][111] The promotion of fatherhood and marital harmony dates back to the founding era of the Order.[112]","title":"Social issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charitable_activities_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus § Health_initiatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_activities_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus#Health_initiatives"},{"link_name":"culture of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_life"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rider-115"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gift-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regalia2-120"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coflife-121"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regalia2-120"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culturelife-122"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lives-123"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uic-124"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultra-125"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regalia2-120"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cali-126"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lives-123"},{"link_name":"Alton Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Alton_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Philando Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Philando_Castile"},{"link_name":"shooting of Dallas police officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"}],"sub_title":"Culture of Life","text":"See also: Charitable_activities_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus § Health_initiativesThe Order has been active in promoting a culture of life[113][c] and opposing any government action or legislation that promotes the destruction of human life at any stage, including abortion, euthanasia, and capital punishment.[116][117][118][1] Those \"who do not support the legal protection of unborn children\" cannot be invited to events, or have honors bestowed upon them.[117]Additionally the Order has donated significant funds to help women in crisis pregnancies either keep their children or put them up for adoption.[119] For example, as part of their Ultrasound Initiative in the US and Canada, 1,000 ultrasound machines were donated to pregnancy centers between 2009 and 2018.[120][121][122][117] This was done on the basis of research that suggested women would subsequently be less willing to go through with an abortion if they had seen ultrasound images, particularly as part of fetal development.[123][120]In the wake of killings of two men, Alton Sterling and Philando Castile, by police officers in Louisiana and Minnesota, and the subsequent shooting of Dallas police officers, the Order has campaigned for peace.[124] After multiple mass shootings in 2019, the Knights were among a group of Catholic leaders who decried the shootings and urged policy changes.[125]\n,","title":"Social issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progressive movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982166-7"},{"link_name":"Albert J. Beveridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"James C. Monaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_C._Monaghan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982166-7"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda199243-129"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-right-130"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Virgil Dechant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Dechant"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franklin-131"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-franklin-131"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"}],"text":"During the early part of the 20th century, both the Supreme and local councils found themselves in agreement with the principles of the Progressive movement.[7] Senator Albert J. Beveridge, an intellectual leader of the Progressive movement, was the featured speaker at \"a grand patriotic demonstration\" at Carnegie Hall in 1906, and James C. Monaghan, the Supreme Lecturer, frequently spoke out in favor of progressive causes in Columbiad and elsewhere.[7] The Massachusetts State Council was supportive of New Deal policies in 1933.[126]In the 1980s, the Knights supported an amendment to the United States Constitution permitting prayer in public school.[127][1] When president Ronald Reagan attempted to tax fraternal insurance companies such as the Knights of Columbus, then–Supreme Knight Virgil Dechant used White House connections to scuttle the effort.[128] In addition, local councils set up phone banks and letter writing campaigns to oppose the measure, which would have diminished the Knights' ability to make charitable contributions.[128] They also ran anti-pornography campaigns and promoted tax breaks for families that sent their children to private schools.[1]","title":"United States domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Pledge of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under-132"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sga-1"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baer-133"},{"link_name":"Fourth Degree Assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus#Fourth_degree"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canipe-134"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-under-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canipe-134"},{"link_name":"Edmund Radwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Radwan"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canipe-134"},{"link_name":"Charles Oakman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oakman"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Mich.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-res243-135"},{"link_name":"Luke E. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_E._Hart"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982385-136"},{"link_name":"American Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Humanist_Association"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hopkins-137"}],"sub_title":"Pledge of Allegiance","text":"The Order played a role in the early stages of the movement that eventually led to the decision by the US Congress to add the phrase \"under God\" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954.[129][1] Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was actually the first to suggest this addition and it was used in the 1940s at meetings of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution[130] However, the Knights also adopted the practice following the Fourth Degree Assemblies in April 1951.[131] Though the words had not yet officially been added nationally, the Order added the phrase to their recitations, the first group to voluntarily do so on a regular basis.[129] Doing so, the Order believed, would acknowledge \"the dependence of our Nation and its people upon the Creator of the Universe.\"[131] The Knights forwarded a resolution advocating for the addition to New York Congressman Edmund Radwan, and Radwan entered it into the Congressional Record on 25 March 1953.[131]Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill into Congress adding the words in 1954.[132] After signing the change into law, President Dwight Eisenhower wrote to Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart thanking the Knights for their part.[133] In 2014, when the American Humanist Association sued to reverse the decision, lawyers from the Knights and other organizations successfully supported schools that used the phrase in the pledge.[134]","title":"United States domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbus Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Union_Station"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982162-138"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59th_Congress-139"},{"link_name":"state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Columbus Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Day"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982164Sale359-140"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat657-141"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oct12-142"}],"sub_title":"Promotion of Christopher Columbus","text":"At the behest of the Knights, the US Congress appropriated $100,000 to construct the Columbus Fountain in front of Union Station in Washington, D.C., in 1912.[135][136] Similar lobbying convinced many state legislatures to adopt 12 October as Columbus Day, confirmed by President F. D. Roosevelt as a federal holiday in 1937.[137][138][139]","title":"United States domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian C. Buescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_C._Buescher"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_district_court"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazie_Hirono_on_the_Issues-143"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jud-144"},{"link_name":"Kamala Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jud-144"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocklin-145"},{"link_name":"Louis Brandeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Brandeis"},{"link_name":"Benjamin N. Cardozo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocklin-145"}],"sub_title":"US Senate confirmations","text":"In December 2018, during the confirmation process of nominee Brian C. Buescher to the U.S. District Court, Senator Mazie K. Hirono[140] characterized the position the Knights of Columbus have taken on social issues as \"extreme\" and asked Buescher, \"If confirmed, do you intend to end your membership with this organization to avoid any appearance of bias?\"[141] Senator Kamala Harris also asked about opinions held by the organization and asked Buescher if he was aware these views when he joined the Knights of Columbus. Buescher replied that he was eighteen years old when he joined and did not recall if the Knights had at that time taken any position on those issues with which the Senator now disagreed.[141]Writing in the Los Angeles Times, Rabbi Mitchell Rocklin said that the senators approach amounted to a \"religious test\" such as is precluded by Article VI of the Constitution. Rabbi Rocklin said: \"The line of questioning Buescher faced about his affiliation with the Knights of Columbus sets a troubling precedent of intolerance—one that is unconscionable in principle and terrible in practice for people of all faiths who seek a role in public service. ...For centuries, many Jews have suffered a similar 'dual loyalty' smear: the anti-Semitic lie that, faced with a choice between country and religion, a Jewish public official will put his faith before his country.\"[142] Micklin noted the anti-Semitism experienced by Justices Louis Brandeis and Benjamin N. Cardozo, and further state, \"It is even more absurd for senators to imply that a judge, who cannot propose or enact legislation, would be incapable of setting aside his religious beliefs when interpreting our written laws. ...If sitting lawmakers are allowed to make such assumptions of Catholic nominees, religious minorities could very well be next.\"[142]","title":"United States domestic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"foreign policy of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Catholic Social Teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Social_Teaching"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982386-146"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982386-146"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Aloysius Stepinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982386-87-147"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda199273-148"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffman1982412-149"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapomarda199292-150"}],"text":"During the Cold War, the foreign policy of the United States and the Knights' promotion of Catholic Social Teaching frequently intersected.[143] The Knights urged the UN to restrain the Soviet Union during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.[143]In the 1950s, the Knights successfully lobbied President Eisenhower to not invite Josip Broz Tito, leader of Yugoslavia, to visit the United States in view of his jailing of Cardinal Aloysius Stepinac.[144]At the 1953 Supreme Convention, the delegates adopted a resolution calling for a united Ireland.[145] The Supreme Council adopted a resolution in 1969 endorsing the aims and justice of the Vietnam War, but as the war progressed Columbia magazine began to question the effectiveness of the United States' military effort.[146] In Massachusetts, the State Council passed resolutions in the early 1960s calling on the Catholic Church to prevent the spread of communism in Latin America and opposing communist China from joining the United Nations.[147]","title":"Foreign policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999177-151"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGowan1999178-67"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phil-152"}],"text":"In Canada, by 1910 the Knights were seen as \"those laymen who could successfully defend the Church from external opposition when required and, more importantly, could voice the opinions and teachings of the Church, bringing them to bear of the problems of Canadian society.\"[148] Toronto Council 1388 established a public affairs committee in 1912 that was mandated to increase the interest of Catholics in public affairs and to promote their participation in political life.[66] In the Philippines, local Knights campaigned against government sponsored birth control and condom advocacy.[149]","title":"Other countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"James A. Flaherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Flaherty"},{"link_name":"William J. McGinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._McGinley"},{"link_name":"Luke E. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_E._Hart"},{"link_name":"William C. Prout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Prout"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heads-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-94"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adhoc-93"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barry-116"},{"link_name":"bio-ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics"},{"link_name":"physician assisted suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician_assisted_suicide"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cell research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell_research"},{"link_name":"abortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barry-116"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leonard-117"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"^ The delegation included Supreme Knight James A. Flaherty, Deputy Supreme Knight Martin H. Carmody]], Supreme Secretary William J. McGinley, Supreme Advocate Luke E. Hart, Supreme Director William C. Prout, and assistant Supreme Secretary John S. Conway.[19]\n\n^ The other funders were the Black and Indian Missions Office and the Catholic Campaign for Human Development.[92]\n\n^ \"More than a rhetorical flourish,\"[114] the phrase \"culture of life\" refers the belief that human life at all stages from conception through natural death is sacred, and in practice has emphasized birth and death issues. It encompasses opposition to a number of bio-ethical practices that are destructive of human life, including physician assisted suicide, embryonic stem cell research, and abortion,[114] and the promotion of policies that \"lift up the human spirit with compassion and love.\"[115] The term was made popular by Pope John Paul II.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Constitution & Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/constitutionreli0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57392-703-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-703-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4344-7427-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4344-7427-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4408-0048-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-0048-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/364944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F364944"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"364944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/364944"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27500903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/27500903"},{"link_name":"Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/faithfraternalis00kauf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-014940-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014940-6"},{"link_name":"Kazin, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kazin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8014-8558-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8558-9"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/jsh.2004.0126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0126"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1527-1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1897"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3790447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3790447"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144647069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144647069"},{"link_name":"Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ehDrpqSKK6UC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7735-1789-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1789-9"},{"link_name":"Meyer, Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Meyer"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/frm.0.0057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Ffrm.0.0057"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"41552568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/41552568"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"159438369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159438369"},{"link_name":"Sale, Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-333-57479-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-57479-9"},{"link_name":"Scott, Emmett J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Jay_Scott"},{"link_name":"Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/scottsofficialhi00scot_0"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2346/60378","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2346%2F60378"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190205003.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190205003.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-020500-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020500-3"},{"link_name":"\"Smuggling for Christ the King\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//blog.oup.com/2015/07/mexican-catholics-cristero-war/"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"}],"text":"Alley, Robert S. (1999). The Constitution & Religion: Leading Supreme Court Cases on Church and State. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-703-1.\nBauernschub, John P. (1949). Fifty Years of Columbianism in Maryland. Wildside Press (published 2008). ISBN 978-1-4344-7427-8.\nCeplair, Larry (2011). Anti-Communism in Twentieth-Century America: A Critical History. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. ISBN 978-1-4408-0048-1.\nCrosby, Donald F. (1971). \"Boston's Catholics and the Spanish Civil War: 1936-1939\". The New England Quarterly. 44 (1): 82–100. doi:10.2307/364944. JSTOR 364944.\nDumenil, Lynn (Fall 1991). \"The tribal Twenties: \"Assimilated\" Catholics' response to Anti-Catholicism in the 1920s\". Journal of American Ethnic History. 11 (1): 21–49. JSTOR 27500903.\nKauffman, Christopher J. (1982). Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982. Harper and Row. ISBN 978-0-06-014940-6.\nKazin, Michael (1995). The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press (published 1998). ISBN 978-0-8014-8558-9.\nKoehlinger, Amy (2004). \"'Let Us Live for Those Who Love Us': Faith, Family, and the Contours of Manhood among the Knights of Columbus in Late Nineteenth-Century Connecticut\". Journal of Social History. 38 (2): 455–469. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0126. ISSN 1527-1897. JSTOR 3790447. S2CID 144647069.\nLapomarda, Vincent A. (1992). The Knights of Columbus in Massachusetts (second ed.). Norwood, Massachusetts: Knights of Columbus Massachusetts State Council.\nMcGowan, Mark G. (1999). Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-1789-9.\nMeyer, Jean (1976). The Cristero Rebellion: The Mexican People between Church and State, 1926–1929. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.\nRobé, Christopher (2010). \"The Good Fight: The Spanish Civil War and U.S. Left Film Criticism\". Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media. 51 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1353/frm.0.0057. JSTOR 41552568. S2CID 159438369.\nSale, Kirkpatrick (1992). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Papermac. ISBN 978-0-333-57479-9.\nScott, Emmett J. (1919). Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War. Chicago: Homewood Press. Retrieved 17 August 2018.\nSweany, Mark J. (1923). Educational Work of the Knights of Columbus. Bureau of Education Bulletin. Vol. 22. Washington: Government Printing Office. hdl:2346/60378.\nYoung, Julia G. (2015a). Mexican Exodus: Emigrants, Exiles, and Refugees of the Cristero War. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190205003.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-020500-3.\nYoung, Julia G. (23 July 2015). \"Smuggling for Christ the King\". OUPblog. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8245-1885-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8245-1885-1"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"link_name":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"}],"text":"Kauffman, Christopher J. (2001). Patriotism and Fraternalism in the Knights of Columbus: A History of the Fourth Degree. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 978-0-8245-1885-1.Portals: Catholicism Politics","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"One of the placards handed out by the Knights of Columbus placards at the March For Life in Washington D.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/March_sign.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Knights of Columbus poster from WWI","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/See_him_through--Help_us_to_help_the_boys.jpg/220px-See_him_through--Help_us_to_help_the_boys.jpg"},{"image_text":"US President Harry S. Truman supported the Crusade for the Preservation and Promotion of American Ideals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg/220px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ACLU joined with the Knights to oppose the Oregon Compulsory Education Act","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/New_ACLU_Logo_2017.svg/220px-New_ACLU_Logo_2017.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Brian C. Buescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_C._Buescher#Federal_judicial_service"}]	[{"reference":"Djupe, Paul A; Olson, Laura R, eds. (2014). Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics. Infobase Publishing. p. 243-4. ISBN 9781438130200.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=frt7RDOT1PUC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of American Religion and Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438130200","url_text":"9781438130200"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights will keep up the fight on life, marriage issues\". The Catholic Review. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archbalt.org/knights-will-keep-up-the-fight-on-life-marriage-issues/","url_text":"\"Knights will keep up the fight on life, marriage issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nancy Reagan Turned Down Rock Hudson's Plea For Help Nine Weeks Before He Died\". BuzzFeed News. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/chrisgeidner/nancy-reagan-turned-down-rock-hudsons-plea-for-help-seven-we","url_text":"\"Nancy Reagan Turned Down Rock Hudson's Plea For Help Nine Weeks Before He Died\""}]},{"reference":"Pelowski, Alton J. (June 2014). \"Remembering Mr. Blue\". Columbia. Knights of Columbia. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/remember-mr-blue.html","url_text":"\"Remembering Mr. Blue\""}]},{"reference":"\"K. Of C. Heads See Coolidge On Mexico\". Hartford Courant. 2 September 1926. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/368981801/","url_text":"\"K. Of C. Heads See Coolidge On Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Growing Legacy\". Columbus. Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 28 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kofc.org/un/en/columbia/detail/2012_08_legacy.html","url_text":"\"A Growing Legacy\""}]},{"reference":"Hadro, Matt (4 October 2017). \"Christian leaders invoke Martin Luther King Jr against violence, racism\". Herald Malaysia. Retrieved 27 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/christian-leaders-invoke-martin-luther-king-jr-against-violence-racism/38610/1","url_text":"\"Christian leaders invoke Martin Luther King Jr against violence, racism\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Knights of Columbus: Priest Martyrs of Mexico\" (PDF). Knights of Columbus. Retrieved 28 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kofc.org/un/en/resources/communications/martyrs_booklet.pdf","url_text":"\"History of the Knights of Columbus: Priest Martyrs of Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Growing Legacy\". Columbia. Vol. 92, no. 8. April 2012. p. 2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tierney, Dominic (2 July 2007). FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America. Duke University Press. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-8223-4076-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LgkuIcArK6sC&pg=PA128","url_text":"FDR and the Spanish Civil War: Neutrality and Commitment in the Struggle that Divided America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-4076-8","url_text":"978-0-8223-4076-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Peace Program Proposed by the Knights of Columbus\" (PDF). Knights of Columbus. 19 August 1943. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.library.nd.edu/view/371/838983.pdf","url_text":"\"Peace Program Proposed by the Knights of Columbus\""}]},{"reference":"Von Dohlen, Josephine (9 June 2017). \"House OKs bill to aid genocide victims; Senate urged to act quickly on it\". Catholic News Service. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170608023539/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/house-oks-bill-to-aid-genocide-victims-senate-urged-to-act-quickly-on-it.cfm","url_text":"\"House OKs bill to aid genocide victims; Senate urged to act quickly on it\""},{"url":"http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2017/house-oks-bill-to-aid-genocide-victims-senate-urged-to-act-quickly-on-it.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights of Columbus\". Open Secrets. Retrieved 12 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientbills.php?id=D000044955&year=2017","url_text":"\"Knights of Columbus\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Carl A. \"Our Work Continues\". Columbia. No. September 2018. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Knights of Columbus CEO praises plan for U.S. aid to persecuted Christians\". America. 30 October 2017. 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JSTOR 27500903.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27500903","url_text":"27500903"}]},{"reference":"Kauffman, Christopher J. (1982). Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982. Harper and Row. ISBN 978-0-06-014940-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/faithfraternalis00kauf","url_text":"Faith and Fraternalism: The History of the Knights of Columbus, 1882–1982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-014940-6","url_text":"978-0-06-014940-6"}]},{"reference":"Kazin, Michael (1995). The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press (published 1998). ISBN 978-0-8014-8558-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kazin","url_text":"Kazin, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8558-9","url_text":"978-0-8014-8558-9"}]},{"reference":"Koehlinger, Amy (2004). \"'Let Us Live for Those Who Love Us': Faith, Family, and the Contours of Manhood among the Knights of Columbus in Late Nineteenth-Century Connecticut\". Journal of Social History. 38 (2): 455–469. doi:10.1353/jsh.2004.0126. ISSN 1527-1897. JSTOR 3790447. S2CID 144647069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2004.0126","url_text":"10.1353/jsh.2004.0126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-1897","url_text":"1527-1897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3790447","url_text":"3790447"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144647069","url_text":"144647069"}]},{"reference":"Lapomarda, Vincent A. (1992). The Knights of Columbus in Massachusetts (second ed.). Norwood, Massachusetts: Knights of Columbus Massachusetts State Council.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McGowan, Mark G. (1999). Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-1789-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ehDrpqSKK6UC","url_text":"Waning of the Green: Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Toronto, 1887-1922"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-1789-9","url_text":"978-0-7735-1789-9"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Jean (1976). The Cristero Rebellion: The Mexican People between Church and State, 1926–1929. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Meyer","url_text":"Meyer, Jean"}]},{"reference":"Robé, Christopher (2010). \"The Good Fight: The Spanish Civil War and U.S. Left Film Criticism\". Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media. 51 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1353/frm.0.0057. JSTOR 41552568. S2CID 159438369.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ffrm.0.0057","url_text":"10.1353/frm.0.0057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41552568","url_text":"41552568"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159438369","url_text":"159438369"}]},{"reference":"Sale, Kirkpatrick (1992). The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. Papermac. ISBN 978-0-333-57479-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale","url_text":"Sale, Kirkpatrick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-57479-9","url_text":"978-0-333-57479-9"}]},{"reference":"Scott, Emmett J. (1919). Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War. Chicago: Homewood Press. Retrieved 17 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_Jay_Scott","url_text":"Scott, Emmett J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scottsofficialhi00scot_0","url_text":"Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War"}]},{"reference":"Sweany, Mark J. (1923). Educational Work of the Knights of Columbus. Bureau of Education Bulletin. Vol. 22. Washington: Government Printing Office. hdl:2346/60378.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2346%2F60378","url_text":"2346/60378"}]},{"reference":"Young, Julia G. (2015a). Mexican Exodus: Emigrants, Exiles, and Refugees of the Cristero War. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190205003.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-020500-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190205003.001.0001","url_text":"10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190205003.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-020500-3","url_text":"978-0-19-020500-3"}]},{"reference":"Young, Julia G. (23 July 2015). \"Smuggling for Christ the King\". OUPblog. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.oup.com/2015/07/mexican-catholics-cristero-war/","url_text":"\"Smuggling for Christ the King\""}]},{"reference":"Kauffman, Christopher J. (2001). Patriotism and Fraternalism in the Knights of Columbus: A History of the Fourth Degree. New York: Crossroad. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Programs	Creative Programs	["1 Channel distribution","1.1 Owned and operated channels","1.2 Local channels owned & operated by ABS-CBN","1.3 International channels","1.4 Pay per view","1.5 Live streaming","1.6 Others","1.7 Defunct channels","2 References","3 External links"]	Philippine media company, subsidiary of ABS-CBN Corporation Creative ProgramsCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryPay televisionFoundedJanuary 1, 1995; 29 years ago (1995-01-01)HeadquartersABS-CBN Broadcasting Center, Sgt. Esguerra Avenue corner Mother Ignacia Street, Diliman, Quezon City, Metro Manila, PhilippinesArea servedPhilippinesKey peopleErnie Lopez(President, ABS-CBN Creative Programs Inc.)Teresita Villareal(Officer in Charge, ABS-CBN Creative Programs Inc.)ProductsPay TV channelsPay-per-viewRevenuePhp 1.8 billion (FY 2014)OwnerABS-CBN CorporationParentABS-CBN CorporationSubsidiariesABS-CBN PublishingWebsitecablechannels.abs-cbn.com Creative Programs, Inc. (CPI) is a subsidiary of ABS-CBN Corporation that operates and distributes pay TV channels and provides pay-per-view services to direct-to-home satellite and cable television providers in the Philippines. Since 2019, CPI also engages in book and magazine publishing through its subsidiary ABS-CBN Publishing, following their merger. Channel distribution Owned and operated channels Cinema One – a channel that shows Filipino films both mainstream and independent. Jeepney TV – a channel that shows classic TV programs of ABS-CBN. Metro Channel – a channel targeted to upscale women and formerly known as Lifestyle. Metro Channel HD – a high-definition simulcast of Metro Channel. Myx – a music channel targeted to Filipinos. Local channels owned & operated by ABS-CBN ANC – an English language news and business channel targeted to Filipinos. ANC HD – a high-definition simulcast of ANC. Cine Mo! - an all-day Filipino movie and entertainment channel. Kapamilya Channel – a channel that set up as an interim replacement of the main terrestrial network. Kapamilya Channel HD – a high-definition simulcast of Kapamilya Channel. Knowledge Channel – an educational channel owned by ABS-CBN and Knowledge Channel Foundation, Inc. TeleRadyo Serbisyo – a Filipino language news channel targeted to Filipino masses. International channels Asian Food Network Cartoon Network Cartoonito Celestial Classic Movies Chinese Entertainment Channel CinemaWorld Cinemax CNBC Asia CNN International Discovery Asia DreamWorks Channel FashionTV Global Trekker HBO HITS HITS Movies HLN Kix Love Nature MTV 90s MTV Live NHK World-Japan Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Outdoor Channel Paramount Network Rock Entertainment Rock Action Thrill tvN Warner TV ZooMoo Pay per view Cinema One Premium HD (inactive) Kapamilya Box Office (inactive) KBO on Sky PPV (inactive) Super KBO (inactive) Star Cinema PPV (inactive) Sky Movies PPV Sky Sports PPV Live streaming Kapamilya Online Live Pinoy Big Brother 24/7 live streaming (inactive) (2005-2015) Others Sky Freeview Defunct channels ABS-CBN HD (2015–2020) – a high-definition simulcast of ABS-CBN. ABS-CBN Regional Channel (2016–2018) – programming produced regionally by ABS-CBN Regional stations. S+A HD (2016–2020) – a high-definition simulcast of S+A. Asianovela Channel (2018–2020) – a channel that airs Filipino-Dubbed drama series and movies from South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, China and Japan. Balls (2008–2015) – a premium sports channel targeted to upscale men. Balls HD (2009; 2013–2015) – a high-definition feed of Balls. CgeTV (2010–2012) – an interactive user-generated channel. Hero (2005–2018) – a channel that shows Tagalog-dubbed anime; now a pop culture web portal under ABS-CBN Digital Media Lifestyle (1999–2018) – a channel targeted to upscale women. Liga (2018-2020; also on HD) – a sports channel that airs international football and local sporting events. Maxxx (2008–2010) – a channel targeted to upscale men. Movie Central (2018-2020) – a digital English movie channel from ABS-CBN TV Plus, now a programming block on Kapamilya Channel during overnight hours. PIE (2022–2023) – an interactive channel owned by ABS-CBN and BEAM TV, now online platform. O Shopping (16:9 widescreen) (2013–2020) – a shopping channel owned by ABS-CBN and CJ Group of Korea; now a shopping digital web portal under ABS-CBN Digital Media. Tag (2016–2018) – a channel that shows Tagalog-dubbed foreign movies. Velvet (2008–2014) – a channel targeted to upscale women. Yey! (2011–2020) - a digital children's channel from ABS-CBN TV Plus, now a programming block on Kapamilya Channel, Jeepney TV, and A2Z. References ^ P. Valdueza, Rolando (April 24, 2015). 2014 Annual Report (17-A). Philippine Stock Exchange (Report). ^ "Cable and Print". ABS-CBN Investor Relation. Retrieved April 16, 2012. ^ "Tiger Gate Launches KIX and Thrill in the Philippines with CPI" (Press release). Tiger Gate Entertainment. April 13, 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012. External links Official website vte Pay-TV channels and networks based in the PhilippinesDomesticABS-CBN Corporation ANC Cine Mo! Kapamilya Channel Knowledge Channel TeleRadyo Serbisyo1 The Filipino Channel Creative Programs Cinema One Jeepney TV Metro Channel Myx America Solar Entertainment Corporation Shop TV Solar All Access Solar Learning Solar Sports Viva Communications PBO TMC Viva Cinema PLDT(MediaQuest Holdings)TV5 Network AksyonTV International5 Kapatid Channel Cignal TV BuKo2 NBA TV Philippines1 PBA Rush Sari-Sari Channel1 TVUP2 UAAP Varsity Channel2 One Network Media Group One News2 One PH2 One Sports+2 GMA Network, Inc. GMA Life TV GMA News TV International5 GMA Pinoy TV Government of the Philippines(PCOO) PCOO TV (RTVM) Salaam TV G Sat(Global Satellite Technology Services) Golden Nation Network Music Quest Manila Jockey Club Gametime TV SLBN Sportsnet TAP Digital Media Ventures Premier Football Premier Sports Premier Sports 2 TAP Action Flix TAP EDGE TAP Movies TAP Sports TAP TV InternationalThe Walt Disney Company Star Bharat3 Star Gold3 StarPlus3 Paramount Global(PIN Philippines) MTV 90s MTV Live Nickelodeon3 Nick Jr.3 Paramount Network3 Rock Entertainment Holdings CinemaWorld Global Trekker Love Nature Rock Action1 Rock Entertainment1 Rock Extreme1 ZooMoo3 A&E Networks Philippines Crime & Investigation Network1 History1 Lifetime1 Celestial Tiger Entertainment Philippines Celestial Classic Movies3 Celestial Movies Pinoy1 Kix3 Thrill3 Warner Bros. Discovery(Warner Bros. Discovery Philippines)WarnerMedia Cartoon Network3 Cartoonito3 Cinemax3 CNN3 HBO3 HBO Family3 HBO Hits3 HBO Signature3 HLN Warner TV3 Discovery Philippines Animal Planet3 Asian Food Network3 Discovery Asia3 Discovery Channel3 Discovery Science DMAX Eurosport3 Eve Food Network HGTV3 Rugby Pass TV3 TLC3 JJ MediaWorks(Plus Media Networks) Aniplus3 K-Plus3 Comcast(NBCUniversal Philippines) CNBC Asia DreamWorks Channel3 Golf Channel2 Sky News KC Global Media Animax3 AXN3 Gem TV3 One TV beIN Media Group beIN Sports 1 beIN Sports 2 beIN Sports 3 BBC Studios BBC Earth BBC Lifestyle BBC News CBeebies Jungo TV Front Row Channel2 Hallypop2 Scream Flix2 Mediahouse/Club TV Health & Wellness3 Ginx TV3 Luxe & Life3 Motorvision TV3 My Cinema Europe3 Pet & Pal3 Rewind Networks HITS3 HITS Movies3 HITS Now3 Mimyuni Media Entertainment Chillayo Cinemachi Action Cinemachi Docu Cinemachi Family Cinemachi Xtra Homey's Lolly Kids Planet Fun Sportyfy Wow! Eclat Entertainment SPOTV SPOTV2 MiscellaneousReligious 3ABN CMN Radio Daystar TV EWTN GOOD TV Great Commission Television LifeTV Mensahe TV Oras Ng Himala Channel SMNI The Edge Radio TBN Asia TBN Inspire TOP Channel Truth Channel TV Maria Word of God Network Regional APM TV (Davao) Bandera News TV (Palawan) Brigada News TV (General Santos) Cebu Living Channel (Cebu) PEP TV (Pampanga) Digicast Negros (Western Visayas) DXDD Radio-Television (Ozamiz) Forerunners Network (Davao) Island Living Channel (Bacolod) Lahi TV (Batangas, Quezon, Zambales) Lambo MisOr TV (Cagayan de Oro) My TV (Cebu) Newsline Philippines (Davao and General Santos) RNG (Luzon) Royal Cable TV6 (Laguna) Sibya TV (Cebu) Others Chinese Entertainment Channel3 DZRH News Television DZRJ RadioVision EZ Shop Filipino TV Karera Channel MJCI-SLBN Sportsnet (San Lazaro) PRCI (Santa Ana Park) MetroTurf KPOP HD Living Asia Channel Locale NAIA Pinoy Xtreme Pilipinas HD Pop Life TV STV Rock of Manila TV RPN USA SLTV Telenovela Channel TV Shop Philippines tvQ2 ZIQ TeleVshop Philippine-only feed ANTV Astro BOO3 eGG Network BabyFirst3 Bloomberg Asia3 CNA3 Da Vinci Kids3 Euronews FashionTV3 Gone Viral TV Mezzo Live HD Moonbug Kids Outdoor Channel3 Stingray Group Stingray CMusic3 Stingray iConcerts3 Techstorm3 Trace Partners Trace Sport Stars Trace Urban tvN3 Global-based feed ABC Australia ABP News3 Abu Dhabi TV Al Jazeera English Arirang TV B4U Movies3 BabyTV CCTV CCTV-4 CGTN China Times CTI CTV CNC World CTS Doordarshan DD National DD Sports DW-TV EBC Taiwan EBC Asia EBC Drama EBC Movie EBC News English Club TV3 Fox News FTV FTV News Fight Sports3 France 24 Hunan Television KBS World Lotus Macau NHK NHK World-Japan NHK World Premium Phoenix Chinese Channel Rai Italia RT Saudi 1 TRT World TTV TV5Monde TVBS-Asia TVE Internacional Tzu Chi USA Today USA Today News3 USA Today Sports3 Voice of America Xing Kong YTN Zee TV Defunct/inactive 2nd Avenue 8TriTV 9TV ABN ABS-CBN HD ABS-CBN Regional Channel ANteve Asianovela Channel AXN Beyond Balls BTV BBC World News BeTV Bloomberg TV Philippines Boomerang3 Bro Blink Cinema/My Movie Channel Catsup CgeTV CGMA Chase Channel V Philippines Colours Comedy Central CT Cube iTV C/S C/S Origin DepEd TV2 Discovery Turbo Disney Channel3 Disney Junior3 Disney XD Diva Diva Universal DYAB TeleRadyo (Cebu) DXAB TeleRadyo (Davao) E! E! Philippines EDGEsport ESPN Philippines Flip TV Fox Fox Action Movies3 Fox Crime Fox Family Movies3 Fox Filipino Fox Life Fox Movies Fox Sports FX FYI Global Pinoy Cinema GNN H2 Hallmark Channel Hero Hillsong Channel Home Popcorn Channel Hyper iChannel Inquirer 990 Television Isla Jack City Jack TV Juan Sports Channel K Movies Pinoy Kapamilya Box Office Karaoke Channel English Karaoke Channel Filipino Karaoke Channel Lakbay TV Lifestyle Liga Link TV Makisig Network MaxTV Maxxx Metro TV MMDA TeleRadyo Movie Central MTV Asia3 MTVph MTV Philippines MTV Pinoy National Geographic3 Nat Geo People3 Nat Geo Wild3 NBA Premium TV O Shopping1 One Screen Pinoy Blockbuster Channel Pinoy Central TV Premier Tennis Real Cebu Television Red by HBO3 S+A HD Global Setanta Sports Sarimanok Channel 37 Sarimanok News Network Setanta Sports SineBox Shop @ Home Shop Japan Sky 1 Sky News Sony Channel Solar News Channel Solar TV Southspot Sports Illustrated TV Sports Plus Star Chinese Channel3 Star Chinese Movies3 Star Movies Star Sports Star World Stingray Classica Tag Talk TV TAP Sports 1 TAP Sports 2 TAP W TCM TeleAsia TGC Toonami Travelxp TV Window Shop Universal Channel Value Vision Velvet VID-OK Viva Prime Channel Viva TV WakuWaku Japan Weather Information Network Winner TV Shopping WINS Channel Yey! Zee Sine 1 Joint venture.2 Partnership.3 Distribution.4 Continued broadcast on international and online. vteABS-CBN Corporation Headquarters ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center, Quezon City Key figuresFounders James Lindenberg Antonio R. Quirino Eugenio H. López, Sr. Fernando H. López, Sr. Senior management/executives Martin L. López (Chairman) Carlo L. Katigbak (President and CEO) Cory Vidanes (COO for Broadcast) Charo Santos-Concio (CCO) Board of directors Martin L. López (Chairman) Charo Santos-Concio (CCO) Federico R. López Federico M. García Randolf S. David Mario L. Bautista Emmanuel S. de Dios Honorio G. Poblador IV Salvador G. Tirona Former Eugenio L. López III Johnny Manahan Media and entertainmentBroadcastTerrestrial channels A2Z (blocktime with ZOE Broadcasting Network) Knowledge Channel PIE (co-owned with Kroma Entertainment and 917Ventures) Philippine cable channels ANC Cine Mo! Cinema One Jeepney TV Kapamilya Channel Metro Channel Myx TeleRadyo Serbisyo (under joint venture with Prime Media Holdings Inc./Philippine Collective Media Corporation) International channels ANC Cine Mo! Cinema One Myx America TeleRadyo Serbisyo (under joint venture with Prime Media Holdings Inc./Philippine Collective Media Corporation) The Filipino Channel RadioTerrestrial DWPM Radyo 630 (under joint venture with Prime Media Holdings Inc./Philippine Collective Media Corporation) Online MOR Entertainment MyxRadio Productions Star Cinema Bayan Productions Dreamscape Entertainment iWantTFC Star Music Niche marketDivisions/subsidiaries ABS-CBN Publishing Cinema One Originals Creative Programs Telecommunications ABS-CBN Convergence ABS-CBN TV Plus Sky Cable Corporation Destiny Cable Sky Cable Online, digital and interactive ABS-CBN Digital Media ABS-CBNnews.com iWantTFC Kapamilya Online Live One Music PH Other assets ABS-CBN Broadcasting Center Dolphy Theater Bantay Bata ELJ Communications Center Millennium Transmitter (land/site and facility leased to Advanced Media Broadcasting System) ABS-CBN Film Archives ABS-CBN News ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra ABS-CBN Soundstage Star Magic Rise Artists Studio Related articlesControversies PhilSports Stadium stampede Hello Pappy scandal AGB Nielsen Philippine TV ratings controversy ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy Festivals 1MX Former assetsBroadcast ABS-CBN DWWX-TV HD ABS-CBN Regional Channel Asianovela Channel Balls CgeTV DZMM TeleRadyo/TeleRadyo Hero TV Lifestyle Liga Maxxx Movie Central O Shopping S+A Studio 23 Tag Velvet Yey! Radio DZMM Radyo Patrol 630 MOR 101.9 Manila MOR Philippines Radyo Patrol Divisions/subsidiaries ABS-CBN Regional ABS-CBN Sports GMO Entertainment Unit Skylight Films ASAP Music Telecommunications ABS-CBN Mobile Kapamilya Box Office Sky Direct Online, digital and interactive Adober Studios Hero (digital) Sky On Demand Consumer products and experiences KidZania Manila O Shopping Other assets Restaurant 9501	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation"},{"link_name":"pay TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_TV"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Publishing"}],"text":"Creative Programs, Inc. (CPI) is a subsidiary of ABS-CBN Corporation that operates and distributes pay TV channels and provides pay-per-view services to direct-to-home satellite and cable television providers in the Philippines.[2][3] Since 2019, CPI also engages in book and magazine publishing through its subsidiary ABS-CBN Publishing, following their merger.","title":"Creative Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinema One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_One"},{"link_name":"Jeepney TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney_TV"},{"link_name":"Metro Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Channel"},{"link_name":"Lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Metro Channel HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Channel"},{"link_name":"Metro Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Channel"},{"link_name":"Myx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myx"}],"sub_title":"Owned and operated channels","text":"Cinema One – a channel that shows Filipino films both mainstream and independent.\nJeepney TV – a channel that shows classic TV programs of ABS-CBN.\nMetro Channel – a channel targeted to upscale women and formerly known as Lifestyle.\nMetro Channel HD – a high-definition simulcast of Metro Channel.\nMyx – a music channel targeted to Filipinos.","title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"ANC HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"ANC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Channel"},{"link_name":"Cine Mo!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cine_Mo!"},{"link_name":"Kapamilya Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Channel"},{"link_name":"Kapamilya Channel HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Channel"},{"link_name":"Kapamilya Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Channel"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Channel"},{"link_name":"TeleRadyo Serbisyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleRadyo_Serbisyo"}],"sub_title":"Local channels owned & operated by ABS-CBN","text":"ANC – an English language news and business channel targeted to Filipinos.\nANC HD – a high-definition simulcast of ANC.\nCine Mo! - an all-day Filipino movie and entertainment channel.\nKapamilya Channel – a channel that set up as an interim replacement of the main terrestrial network.\nKapamilya Channel HD – a high-definition simulcast of Kapamilya Channel.\nKnowledge Channel – an educational channel owned by ABS-CBN and Knowledge Channel Foundation, Inc.\nTeleRadyo Serbisyo – a Filipino language news channel targeted to Filipino masses.","title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asian Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Food_Network"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Philippine_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Cartoonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoonito_(Asian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Celestial Classic Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Movies#Celestial_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"Cinemax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemax_(Asian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"CNBC Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNBC_Asia"},{"link_name":"CNN International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_International"},{"link_name":"Discovery Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Asia"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Channel"},{"link_name":"FashionTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FashionTV"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Asia"},{"link_name":"HLN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLN_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Kix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kix_(Asian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Love Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Nature"},{"link_name":"MTV 90s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_90s"},{"link_name":"MTV Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Live_(International_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"NHK World-Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHK_World-Japan"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_(Philippine_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Nick Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jr._(Southeast_Asian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Outdoor 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World-Japan\nNickelodeon\nNick Jr.\nOutdoor Channel\nParamount Network\nRock Entertainment\nRock Action\nThrill\ntvN\nWarner TV\nZooMoo","title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinema One Premium HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_One"},{"link_name":"Kapamilya Box Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Box_Office"},{"link_name":"Star Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Cinema"}],"sub_title":"Pay per view","text":"Cinema One Premium HD (inactive)\nKapamilya Box Office (inactive)\nKBO on Sky PPV (inactive)\nSuper KBO (inactive)\nStar Cinema PPV (inactive)\nSky Movies PPV\nSky Sports PPV","title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kapamilya Online Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Online_Live"},{"link_name":"Pinoy Big Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinoy_Big_Brother"}],"sub_title":"Live streaming","text":"Kapamilya Online Live\nPinoy Big Brother 24/7 live streaming (inactive) (2005-2015)","title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Sky Freeview","title":"Channel distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABS-CBN HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_HD"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Regional Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Regional_Channel"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Regional"},{"link_name":"S+A HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Sports_and_Action"},{"link_name":"Asianovela Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianovela_Channel"},{"link_name":"Balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Balls HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balls_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"CgeTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CgeTV"},{"link_name":"Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Digital Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN_Digital_Media"},{"link_name":"Lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Maxxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxxx"},{"link_name":"Movie Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_Central_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Kapamilya Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapamilya_Channel"},{"link_name":"PIE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIE_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"BEAM TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Enterprises_and_Affiliated_Media#BEAM_TV"},{"link_name":"O Shopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Shopping"},{"link_name":"CJ Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CJ_Group"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN Digital 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upscale men.\nBalls HD (2009; 2013–2015) – a high-definition feed of Balls.\nCgeTV (2010–2012) – an interactive user-generated channel.\nHero (2005–2018) – a channel that shows Tagalog-dubbed anime; now a pop culture web portal under ABS-CBN Digital Media\nLifestyle (1999–2018) – a channel targeted to upscale women.\nLiga (2018-2020; also on HD) – a sports channel that airs international football and local sporting events.\nMaxxx (2008–2010) – a channel targeted to upscale men.\nMovie Central (2018-2020) – a digital English movie channel from ABS-CBN TV Plus, now a programming block on Kapamilya Channel during overnight hours.\nPIE (2022–2023) – an interactive channel owned by ABS-CBN and BEAM TV, now online platform.\nO Shopping (16:9 widescreen) (2013–2020) – a shopping channel owned by ABS-CBN and CJ Group of Korea; now a shopping digital web portal under ABS-CBN Digital Media.\nTag (2016–2018) – a channel that shows Tagalog-dubbed foreign movies.\nVelvet (2008–2014) – a channel targeted to upscale women.\nYey! (2011–2020) - a digital children's channel from ABS-CBN TV Plus, now a programming block on Kapamilya Channel, Jeepney TV, and A2Z.","title":"Channel distribution"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"P. Valdueza, Rolando (April 24, 2015). 2014 Annual Report (17-A). Philippine Stock Exchange (Report).","urls":[{"url":"http://edge.pse.com.ph/openDiscViewer.do?edge_no=3b0812427b9ec00bb15effbf9088d1ab#download","url_text":"2014 Annual Report (17-A)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange","url_text":"Philippine Stock Exchange"}]},{"reference":"\"Cable and Print\". ABS-CBN Investor Relation. Retrieved April 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ir.abs-cbn.com/Portals/_default/Skins/IR/businesses/cableandprint.html?iframe=true&width=700&height=400","url_text":"\"Cable and Print\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiger Gate Launches KIX and Thrill in the Philippines with CPI\" (Press release). Tiger Gate Entertainment. April 13, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakull	Frakull	["1 Notable people","2 References"]	Coordinates: 40°39′N 19°30′E / 40.650°N 19.500°E / 40.650; 19.500Municipal unit in Fier, AlbaniaFrakullMunicipal unitFrakullCoordinates: 40°39′N 19°30′E / 40.650°N 19.500°E / 40.650; 19.500Country AlbaniaCountyFierMunicipalityFierPopulation (2011) • Municipal unit6,820Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Frakull is a former municipality in the Fier County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Fier. The population at the 2011 census was 6,820. One of the villages in the municipal unit is Frakull e Madhe. Notable people Nezim Frakulla famous bejtexhi References ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6370. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ "2011 census results" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-31. vteSubdivisions of Fier CountyCounty Seat: FierMunicipality of Divjakë Divjakë Grabjan Gradishtë Remas Tërbuf Municipality of Fier Cakran Dërmenas Fier Frakull Levan Libofshë Mbrostar Ura Portëz Qendër Topojë Municipality of Lushnjë Allkaj Ballagat Bubullimë Dushk Fier-Shegan Golem Hysgjokaj Karbunarë Kolonjë Krutje Lushnjë Municipality of Mallakastër Aranitas Ballsh Fratar Greshicë Hekal Kutë Ngraçan Qendër Dukas Selitë Municipality of Patos Patos Ruzhdie Zharrëz Municipality of Roskovec Kuman Kurjan Roskovec Strum vteSubdivisions of Fier MunicipalityMunicipal Seat: FierAdministrative Unit of Cakran Buz Madh Cakran Cakran i Ri Floq Gjonç Gjorgos Gorishovë Hambar Kreshpan Varibop Vjosë Vreshtas Administrative Unit of Dërmenas Baltëz Darëzezë e Re Dërmenas Hamil Havaleas Hoxharë Kryegjatë Muçaj Pojan Povelçë Radostinë Sulaj Administrative Unit of Fier Fier Administrative Unit of Frakull Adë Çerven Frakull e Madhe Frakull e Vogël Kafaraj Kashishtë Peshtan Bregas Sheq Musalala Administrative Unit of Levan Bashkim Bishan Boçovë Ferras Levan Martinë Peshtan i Madh Peshtan i Vogël Pishë Poro Qarr Shtyllas Administrative Unit of Libofshë Adriatik Agimi Daullas Gozhdaras Hasturkas Havaleas Libofshë Metaj Ndërnënas Rreth Libofshë Vanaj Administrative Unit of Mbrostar Kallmi i Madh Kallmi i Vogël Mbrostar Petov Vajkan Verri Administrative Unit of Portëz Kraps Lalar Mbyet Patos Fshat Plyk Portëz Administrative Unit of Qendër Afrim i Ri Çlirim Daullas Drizë Drizë Myrteza Grecalli Mujalli Romët Vadhizë Zhupan Administrative Unit of Topojë Fushë Gjokalli Grykë Kavaklli Seman Seman i Ri Sheq Sheq Marinas Topojë This article about a specific location in Fier County, Albania, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fier County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier_County"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Fier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census11-2"},{"link_name":"Frakull e Madhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakull_e_Madhe"}],"text":"Municipal unit in Fier, AlbaniaFrakull is a former municipality in the Fier County, western Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Fier.[1] The population at the 2011 census was 6,820.[2] One of the villages in the municipal unit is Frakull e Madhe.","title":"Frakull"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nezim Frakulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezim_Frakulla"},{"link_name":"bejtexhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejtexhi"}],"text":"Nezim Frakulla famous bejtexhi","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6370. Retrieved 25 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 census results\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053428/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf#","url_text":"\"2011 census results\""},{"url":"http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf#","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frakull&params=40_39_N_19_30_E_type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000","external_links_name":"40°39′N 19°30′E / 40.650°N 19.500°E / 40.650; 19.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frakull&params=40_39_N_19_30_E_type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000","external_links_name":"40°39′N 19°30′E / 40.650°N 19.500°E / 40.650; 19.500"},{"Link":"https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Law nr. 115/2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053428/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf#","external_links_name":"\"2011 census results\""},{"Link":"http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195820/5__fier.pdf#","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frakull&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Herbert_Bowes-Lyon	John Bowes-Lyon	["1 Early life","2 Marriage and children","3 World War I","4 Death","5 References"]	British noble (1886–1930) The HonourableJohn Bowes-LyonDLDeputy lieutenant of ForfarshireIn office1920–1921 Personal detailsBornJohn Herbert Bowes-Lyon1 April 1886Died7 February 1930(1930-02-07) (aged 43)Glamis Castle, Angus, ScotlandResting placeSt Paul's Walden Bury, Hertfordshire, EnglandSpouse The Hon. Fenella Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis (m. 1914)Children5 incl. Nerissa and Katherine Bowes-LyonParentsClaude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (father)Cecilia Nina Cavendish-Bentinck (mother)EducationEton CollegeAlma materNew College, OxfordOccupationStockbroker at Rowe & PitmanCricket informationBowlingfast-mediumDomestic team information YearsTeam1906-07Oxford University Military careerService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1915-18UnitBlack WatchTerritorial Army The Hon. John Herbert Bowes-Lyon (1 April 1886 – 7 February 1930) was the second son of the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and the Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and the brother of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the future Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. He was an uncle to Queen Elizabeth II, although he died when she was a small child and before her sister Princess Margaret was born. Early life John Bowes-Lyon was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford, where he played first-class cricket for the university side in three matches in 1906 and 1907, playing as a fast-medium bowler. Marriage and children On 29 September 1914, Bowes-Lyon married the Hon. Fenella Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis (19 August 1889 – 19 July 1966), the younger daughter of Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton. They had five daughters: Patricia Bowes-Lyon (6 July 1916 – 18 June 1917) died in infancy Anne Ferelith Fenella Bowes-Lyon (4 December 1917 – 26 September 1980) married, on 28 April 1938, Lt.-Col. Thomas William Arnold Anson, Viscount Anson (4 May 1913 – 8 March 1958), son of the fourth Earl of Lichfield; they were divorced in 1948. They had two children. Anne remarried Prince Georg of Denmark (16 April 1920 – 29 September 1986) on 16 September 1950. Lady Elizabeth Shakerley, nee The Hon. Elizabeth Georgiana Anson Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield Nerissa Jane Irene Bowes-Lyon (18 February 1919 – 22 January 1986) Diana Cinderella Mildred Bowes-Lyon (14 December 1923 – 20 May 1986) married Peter Gordon Colin Somervell (5 May 1910 – 14 October 1993) on 24 February 1960. They had one daughter: Katherine Somervell (23 August 1961) is a god-daughter of Queen Elizabeth II. She married Robert W. P. Lagneau in 1991. Katherine Juliet Bowes-Lyon (4 July 1926 – 23 February 2014). World War I Before the outbreak of World War I, Bowes-Lyon worked as a stockbroker in the City of London for the firm Rowe and Pitman. In 1915, he was posted with the Black Watch. Just prior to the Battle of Aubers Ridge in that year, he accidentally shot himself in his left forefinger; it was amputated the following day. While receiving treatment in the UK, he admitted having experienced a nervous breakdown in 1912 and also suffered from neurasthenia. Late that year, he was posted to the Ministry of Munitions and then in the Territorial Army in 1916. After the war, he was twice threatened with courts-martial after having failed to show on parade for demobilisation. He later returned to his job in the city. On 19 June 1920, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Forfarshire. Death Bowes-Lyon died at the family home of Glamis Castle just after midnight on the morning of 7 February 1930 of pneumonia, aged 43, leaving his widow to care for their four young children. (Two of them, Nerissa and Katherine, were severely mentally disabled.) Three days later he was buried at St Paul's Walden Bury. Bowes-Lyon's widow, Fenella Trefusis, was a leading guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten. She outlived him by thirty-six years and died on 19 July 1966, aged 76. References ^ a b Andrew Morton, "Theirs is the kingdom: the wealth of the British royal family", Publisher Summit Books, 1989, page 86) ^ BOWES-LYON, Hon. John, Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2016 (online edition, Oxford University Press, 2014) ^ "Player Profile: John Bowes-Lyon". CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ As per the inscription on the tombstone marker of her grave in Redstone cemetery ^ "Peace at last for the Queen's cousin". at The Telegraph ^ "No. 31953". The London Gazette. 25 June 1920. p. 6879. ^ "Queen Mother's niece by marriage has pauper's funeral". Telegraph, By Chris Hastings, David Bamber and Susan Bisset. 14 April 2002 ^ Vickers, Hugo, Elizabeth: The Queen Mother (Arrow Books/Random House, 2006) p.112 ^ Royal Collection: Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bowes-Lyon,_14th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne"},{"link_name":"Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Bowes-Lyon,_Countess_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton1986-1"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret"}],"text":"The Hon. John Herbert Bowes-Lyon (1 April 1886 – 7 February 1930) was the second son of the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne and the Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and the brother of Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the future Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.[1] He was an uncle to Queen Elizabeth II, although he died when she was a small child and before her sister Princess Margaret was born.","title":"John Bowes-Lyon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"New College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"first-class cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"university side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"John Bowes-Lyon was educated at Eton and New College, Oxford,[2] where he played first-class cricket for the university side in three matches in 1906 and 1907, playing as a fast-medium bowler.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis,_21st_Baron_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Anne Ferelith Fenella Bowes-Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bowes-Lyon"},{"link_name":"Earl of Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Prince Georg of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Georg_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Lady Elizabeth Shakerley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Elizabeth_Shakerley"},{"link_name":"Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Anson,_5th_Earl_of_Lichfield"},{"link_name":"Nerissa Jane Irene Bowes-Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerissa_Jane_Irene_Bowes-Lyon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Katherine Juliet Bowes-Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Juliet_Bowes-Lyon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 29 September 1914, Bowes-Lyon married the Hon. Fenella Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis (19 August 1889 – 19 July 1966), the younger daughter of Charles Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, 21st Baron Clinton. They had five daughters:Patricia Bowes-Lyon (6 July 1916 – 18 June 1917) died in infancy\nAnne Ferelith Fenella Bowes-Lyon (4 December 1917 – 26 September 1980) married, on 28 April 1938, Lt.-Col. Thomas William Arnold Anson, Viscount Anson (4 May 1913 – 8 March 1958), son of the fourth Earl of Lichfield; they were divorced in 1948. They had two children. Anne remarried Prince Georg of Denmark (16 April 1920 – 29 September 1986) on 16 September 1950.\nLady Elizabeth Shakerley, nee The Hon. Elizabeth Georgiana Anson\nPatrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield\nNerissa Jane Irene Bowes-Lyon (18 February 1919 – 22 January 1986)[4][better source needed]\nDiana Cinderella Mildred Bowes-Lyon (14 December 1923 – 20 May 1986) married Peter Gordon Colin Somervell (5 May 1910 – 14 October 1993) on 24 February 1960. They had one daughter:\nKatherine Somervell (23 August 1961) is a god-daughter of Queen Elizabeth II. She married Robert W. P. Lagneau in 1991.\nKatherine Juliet Bowes-Lyon (4 July 1926 – 23 February 2014).[5]","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morton1986-1"},{"link_name":"Black Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aubers Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aubers_Ridge"},{"link_name":"nervous breakdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_breakdown"},{"link_name":"neurasthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurasthenia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions"},{"link_name":"Territorial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"courts-martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"deputy lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Forfarshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfarshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Before the outbreak of World War I, Bowes-Lyon worked as a stockbroker in the City of London for the firm Rowe and Pitman.[1] In 1915, he was posted with the Black Watch. Just prior to the Battle of Aubers Ridge in that year, he accidentally shot himself in his left forefinger; it was amputated the following day. While receiving treatment in the UK, he admitted having experienced a nervous breakdown in 1912 and also suffered from neurasthenia. Late that year, he was posted to the Ministry of Munitions and then in the Territorial Army in 1916. After the war, he was twice threatened with courts-martial after having failed to show on parade for demobilisation. He later returned to his job in the city. On 19 June 1920, he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Forfarshire.[6]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glamis Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamis_Castle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Walden Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Walden_Bury"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Princess_Elizabeth_and_Philip_Mountbatten"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Bowes-Lyon died at the family home of Glamis Castle just after midnight on the morning of 7 February 1930 of pneumonia, aged 43, leaving his widow to care for their four young children. (Two of them, Nerissa and Katherine, were severely mentally disabled.)[7] Three days later he was buried at St Paul's Walden Bury.[8]Bowes-Lyon's widow, Fenella Trefusis, was a leading guest at the 1947 wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten.[9] She outlived him by thirty-six years and died on 19 July 1966, aged 76.","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Player Profile: John Bowes-Lyon\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/28/28047/28047.html","url_text":"\"Player Profile: John Bowes-Lyon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Peace at last for the Queen's cousin\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/10678907/Peace-at-last-for-the-Queens-cousin.html","url_text":"\"Peace at last for the Queen's cousin\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31953\". The London Gazette. 25 June 1920. p. 6879.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31953/page/6879","url_text":"\"No. 31953\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?num=50&hl=en&safe=off&tbm=bks&q=%22jock+Bowes-Lyon%22+stockbroker&oq=%22jock+Bowes-Lyon%22+stockbroker","external_links_name":"page 86"},{"Link":"http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U206452","external_links_name":"BOWES-LYON, Hon. John"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/28/28047/28047.html","external_links_name":"\"Player Profile: John Bowes-Lyon\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mandrake/10678907/Peace-at-last-for-the-Queens-cousin.html","external_links_name":"\"Peace at last for the Queen's cousin\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31953/page/6879","external_links_name":"\"No. 31953\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1390809/Queen-Mothers-niece-by-marriage-has-paupers-funeral.html","external_links_name":"\"Queen Mother's niece by marriage has pauper's funeral\"."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233635/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/microsites/royalwedding1947/object.asp?grouping=&exhibs=NONE&object=9000366&row=82&detail=magnify","external_links_name":"Royal Collection: Seating plan for the Ball Supper Room"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disodium_prephenate	Prephenic acid	["1 Stereochemistry","2 See also","3 References"]	Prephenic acid Names Preferred IUPAC name (1s,4s)-1-(2-Carboxy-2-oxoethyl)-4-hydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1-carboxylic acid Other names Prephenate; cis-1-Carboxy-4-hydroxy-α-oxo-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1-propanoic acid Identifiers CAS Number 126-49-8 (unspecified) Y87664-40-2 (cis) Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:84387 N ChemSpider 16735981 Y MeSH Prephenic+acid PubChem CID 1028 (unspecified) UNII Z66B98Z97I (unspecified) Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID60894109 InChI InChI=1S/C10H10O6/c11-6-1-3-10(4-2-6,9(15)16)5-7(12)8(13)14/h1-4,6,11H,5H2,(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t6-,10+ YKey: FPWMCUPFBRFMLH-XGAOUMNUSA-N YInChI=1/C10H10O6/c11-6-1-3-10(4-2-6,9(15)16)5-7(12)8(13)14/h1-4,6,11H,5H2,(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t6-,10+Key: FPWMCUPFBRFMLH-XGAOUMNUBN SMILES O=C(O)/1(CC(=O)C(O)=O)\C=C/(O)\C=C\1 Properties Chemical formula C10H10O6 Molar mass 226.184 g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Prephenic acid, commonly also known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as of a large number of secondary metabolites of the shikimate pathway. It is biosynthesized by a -sigmatropic Claisen rearrangement of chorismate. Stereochemistry Prephenic acid is an example of achiral (optically inactive) molecule which has two pseudoasymmetric atoms (i.e. stereogenic but not chirotopic centers), the C1 and the C4 cyclohexadiene ring atoms. It has been shown that of the two possible diastereoisomers, the natural prephenic acid is one that has both substituents at higher priority (according to CIP rules) on the two pseudoasymmetric carbons, i.e. the carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, in the cis configuration, or (1s,4s) according to the new IUPAC stereochemistry rules (2013). The other stereoisomer, i.e. trans or, better, (1r,4r), is called epiprephenic. See also C10H10O6 References ^ Helmut Goerisch (1978). "On the mechanism of the chorismate mutase reaction". Biochemistry. 17 (18): 3700–3705. doi:10.1021/bi00611a004. PMID 100134. ^ Peter Kast, Yadu B. Tewari, Olaf Wiest, Donald Hilvert, Kendall N. Houk, and Robert N. Goldberg (1997). "Thermodynamics of the Conversion of Chorismate to Prephenate: Experimental Results and Theoretical Predictions". J. Phys. Chem. B. 101 (50): 10976–10982. doi:10.1021/jp972501l.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Danishefsky, Samuel; Hirama, Masahiro; Fritsch, Nancy; Clardy, Jon (1979-11-01). "Synthesis of disodium prephenate and disodium epiprephenate. Stereochemistry of prephenic acid and an observation on the base-catalyzed rearrangement of prephenic acid to p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 101 (23): 7013–7018. doi:10.1021/ja00517a039. ISSN 0002-7863. ^ Favre, Henri A; Powell, Warren H (2013-12-17). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. doi:10.1039/9781849733069. ISBN 9780854041824.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"biosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"phenylalanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"secondary metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_metabolites"},{"link_name":"shikimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikimic_acid"},{"link_name":"sigmatropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmatropic_reaction"},{"link_name":"Claisen rearrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claisen_rearrangement"},{"link_name":"chorismate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorismate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prephenate_biosynthesis.png"}],"text":"Chemical compoundPrephenic acid, commonly also known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as of a large number of secondary metabolites of the shikimate pathway.It is biosynthesized by a [3,3]-sigmatropic Claisen rearrangement of chorismate.[1][2]","title":"Prephenic acid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudoasymmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoasymmetric"},{"link_name":"stereogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereocenter"},{"link_name":"chirotopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirotopic"},{"link_name":"cyclohexadiene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclohexadiene"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"diastereoisomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastereomer"},{"link_name":"CIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn%E2%80%93Ingold%E2%80%93Prelog_priority_rules"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Prephenic acid is an example of achiral (optically inactive) molecule which has two pseudoasymmetric atoms (i.e. stereogenic but not chirotopic centers), the C1 and the C4 cyclohexadiene ring atoms. It has been shown[3] that of the two possible diastereoisomers, the natural prephenic acid is one that has both substituents at higher priority (according to CIP rules) on the two pseudoasymmetric carbons, i.e. the carboxyl and the hydroxyl groups, in the cis configuration, or (1s,4s) according to the new IUPAC stereochemistry rules (2013).[4]The other stereoisomer, i.e. trans or, better, (1r,4r), is called epiprephenic.","title":"Stereochemistry"}]	[]	[{"title":"C10H10O6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C10H10O6"}]	[{"reference":"Helmut Goerisch (1978). \"On the mechanism of the chorismate mutase reaction\". Biochemistry. 17 (18): 3700–3705. doi:10.1021/bi00611a004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taibus_Banner	Taibus Banner	["1 Demographics","2 Administrative divisions","3 Climate","4 References"]	Coordinates: 41°52′44″N 115°16′59″E / 41.87889°N 115.28306°E / 41.87889; 115.28306Banner in Inner Mongolia, ChinaTaibus Banner 太仆寺旗 • ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠤᠰᠧ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤTaipus, TaipusiBannerTaibus in Xilin GolXilin Gol in Inner MongoliaTaibusLocation in Inner MongoliaShow map of Inner MongoliaTaibusTaibus (China)Show map of ChinaCoordinates: 41°52′44″N 115°16′59″E / 41.87889°N 115.28306°E / 41.87889; 115.28306CountryChinaAutonomous regionInner MongoliaLeagueXilin GolBanner seatBaochangArea • Total3,426.14 km2 (1,322.84 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total109,370 • Density32/km2 (83/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Websitewww.tpsq.gov.cn Taibus BannerChinese nameSimplified Chinese太仆寺旗Traditional Chinese太僕寺旗TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinTàipúsì QíMongolian nameMongolian CyrillicТайвас хошууMongolian scriptᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠤᠰᠧ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤTranscriptionsSASM/GNCTaiwas hoshuupronounced Taibus Banner or Taipus Banner (Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠤᠰᠧ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ pronounced ; Chinese: 太仆寺旗) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Hebei province to the southeast, south, and west. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League and is its southernmost county-level division. Demographics Taibus Banner has a population of 109.370. The proportion of nationalities in Taibus Banner (2020) Nationality Percentage Han 92.9% Mongols 4.1% Manchus 2.6% Hui People 0.3% Others 0.1% Source of the population statistics : Administrative divisions Taibus Banner is divided into 5 towns, 1 township, and 1 sum. Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Mongolian (Hudum Script) Mongolian (Cyrillic) Administrative division code Towns Baochang Town 宝昌镇 Bǎochāng Zhèn ᠪᠣᠣᠴᠠᠩ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Бууцан балгас 152527100 Qianjingou Town 千斤沟镇 Qiānjīngōu Zhèn ᠴᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠵᠢᠨ ᠭᠧᠦ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Чонгийн гүү балгас 152527101 Hongqi Town 红旗镇 Hóngqí Zhèn ᠬᠤᠩ ᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Хон чи балгас 152527102 Luotuoshan Town 骆驼山镇 Luòtuóshān Zhèn ᠯᠦᠸᠧ ᠲᠦᠸᠧ ᠱᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Лүве түве шин балгас 152527103 Yongfeng Town 永丰镇 Yǒngfēng Zhèn ᠶᠦᠩ ᠹᠧᠩ ᠪᠠᠯᠭᠠᠰᠤ Юн фен балгас 152527104 Township Xingfu Township 幸福乡 Xìngfú Xiāng ᠰᠢᠩ ᠹᠦ᠋ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠩ Шин фү шиян 152527200 Township Gun Bulag Sum 贡宝拉格苏木 Gòngbǎolāgé Sūmù ᠭᠦᠨᠪᠤᠯᠠᠭ ᠰᠤᠮᠤ Хнбулаг сум 152527201 Other: Wanshoutan Seed Farm (万寿滩良种场)(ᠸᠠᠨ ᠱᠧᠦ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ) Climate Climate data for Taibus Banner, elevation 1,469 m (4,820 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 4.3(39.7) 10.8(51.4) 19.7(67.5) 27.6(81.7) 31.8(89.2) 33.5(92.3) 36.4(97.5) 32.0(89.6) 31.2(88.2) 23.2(73.8) 16.2(61.2) 9.6(49.3) 36.4(97.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −10.0(14.0) −5.0(23.0) 2.8(37.0) 11.6(52.9) 18.4(65.1) 22.9(73.2) 25.0(77.0) 23.6(74.5) 18.4(65.1) 10.2(50.4) 0.2(32.4) −8.1(17.4) 9.2(48.5) Daily mean °C (°F) −16.2(2.8) −11.8(10.8) −3.8(25.2) 4.7(40.5) 11.8(53.2) 16.6(61.9) 19.1(66.4) 17.5(63.5) 11.7(53.1) 3.6(38.5) −6.1(21.0) −14.0(6.8) 2.8(37.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −21.0(−5.8) −17.4(0.7) −9.7(14.5) −1.8(28.8) 5.0(41.0) 10.4(50.7) 13.6(56.5) 11.9(53.4) 5.7(42.3) −2.0(28.4) −11.3(11.7) −18.7(−1.7) −2.9(26.7) Record low °C (°F) −34.2(−29.6) −32.2(−26.0) −26.6(−15.9) −14.6(5.7) −7.4(18.7) −2.7(27.1) 5.6(42.1) 1.9(35.4) −6.0(21.2) −18.8(−1.8) −27.7(−17.9) −30.2(−22.4) −34.2(−29.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 3.4(0.13) 4.6(0.18) 7.8(0.31) 20.0(0.79) 39.2(1.54) 63.8(2.51) 98.7(3.89) 73.5(2.89) 51.1(2.01) 21.1(0.83) 10.3(0.41) 4.5(0.18) 398(15.67) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.8 5.7 5.4 6.4 8.3 12.1 13.5 10.7 9.6 6.6 6.2 6.6 96.9 Average snowy days 10.7 9.8 8.3 5.6 1.3 0 0 0 0.8 4.5 9.2 12.1 62.3 Average relative humidity (%) 69 62 50 42 44 56 67 67 60 57 62 68 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 207.3 215.2 258.0 263.5 284.3 265.1 260.9 259.7 238.9 234.0 200.3 192.4 2,879.6 Percent possible sunshine 70 71 69 65 63 58 57 61 65 69 69 68 65 Source: China Meteorological Administration References ^ Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties ^ "Inner Mongolia music festival promises to be a natural success". China Daily. 2023-07-10. Taibus Banner ^ Department of Commerce of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (内蒙古自治区商务厅). "Investment environment". Retrieved July 30, 2023. Xilingol League ... The 13 banners, counties, cities (districts) are respectively Xilinhot City, Erenhot City, Sunid Left Banner, Sunid Right Banner, Abag Banner, East Ujimqin Banner, West Ujimqin Banner, Bordered Yellow Banner, Plain and Bordered White Banner, Taipus Banner, Plain Blue Banner, Duolun County and Wulagai Administrative Area. ^ a b 内蒙古自治区第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室、内蒙古自治区统计局. "内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020". ^ 1991-2020 normals "Climate averages from 1991 to 2020". China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17. ^ 1981-2010 extremes 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023. www.xzqh.org (in Chinese) vteCounty-level divisions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionHohhot (capital)Prefecture-level citiesHohhot Huimin District Xincheng District Yuquan District Saihan District Togtoh County Wuchuan County Horinger County Qingshuihe County Tumed Left Banner Baotou Hondlon District Donghe District Qingshan District Shiguai District Bayan'obo Mining District Jiuyuan District Guyang County Tumed Right Banner Darhan'muminggan United Banner Wuhai Haibowan District Hainan District Wuda District Chifeng Hongshan District Yuanbaoshan District Songshan District Ningcheng County Linxi County Ar'horqin Banner Bairin Left Banner Bairin Right Banner Hexigten Banner Ongniud Banner Harqin Banner Aohan Banner Tongliao Horqin District Holingol city Kailu County Hure Banner Naiman Banner Jarud Banner Horqin Left Middle Banner Horqin Left Rear Banner Ordos Dongsheng District Kangbashi District Dalad Banner Jungar Banner Otog Front Banner Otog Banner Hanggin Banner Uxin Banner Ejin'horo Banner Hulunbuir Hailar District Zhalainuo'er District Manzhouli city Zalantun city Yakeshi city Genhe city Ergun city Arun Banner New Barag Right Banner New Barag Left Banner Old Barag Banner Oroqin Banner Evenk Banner Morin'dawa Daur Banner Bayannur Linhe District Wuyuan County Dengkou County Urad Front Banner Urad Middle Banner Urad Rear Banner Hanggin Rear Banner Ulanqab Jining District Fengzhen city Zhuozi County Huade County Shangdu County Xinghe County Liangcheng County Qahar Right Front Banner Qahar Right Middle Banner Qahar Right Rear Banner Dorbod Banner LeaguesHinggan Ulanhot city Arxan city Tuquan County Horqin Right Front Banner Horqin Right Middle Banner Jalaid Banner Xilingol Xilinhot city Erenhot city Duolun County Abag Banner Sonid Left Banner Sonid Right Banner East Ujimqin Banner West Ujimqin Banner Taibus Banner Bordered Yellow Banner Plain and Bordered White Banner Plain Blue Banner Alxa Alxa Left Banner Alxa Right Banner Ejin Banner This Inner Mongolia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈtʰɛːw̜əs χɞˈʃʊː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_(Inner_Mongolia)"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Xilin Gol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilin_Gol"},{"link_name":"county-level division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_division"}],"text":"Banner in Inner Mongolia, ChinaTaibus Banner[2] or Taipus Banner[3] (Mongolian: ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠫᠤᠰᠧ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ pronounced [ˈtʰɛːw̜əs χɞˈʃʊː]; Chinese: 太仆寺旗) is a banner of Inner Mongolia, China, bordering Hebei province to the southeast, south, and west. It is under the administration of Xilin Gol League and is its southernmost county-level division.","title":"Taibus Banner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop2020-4"}],"text":"Taibus Banner has a population of 109.370.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towns_of_China"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_China"},{"link_name":"sum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)"}],"text":"Taibus Banner is divided into 5 towns, 1 township, and 1 sum.Other: Wanshoutan Seed Farm (万寿滩良种场)(ᠸᠠᠨ ᠱᠧᠦ ᠲᠠᠨ ᠦᠷ᠎ᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ)","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical_extreme-6"}],"text":"Climate data for Taibus Banner, elevation 1,469 m (4,820 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n10.8(51.4)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n33.5(92.3)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n32.0(89.6)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n36.4(97.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n25.0(77.0)\n\n23.6(74.5)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−8.1(17.4)\n\n9.2(48.5)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−16.2(2.8)\n\n−11.8(10.8)\n\n−3.8(25.2)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n11.7(53.1)\n\n3.6(38.5)\n\n−6.1(21.0)\n\n−14.0(6.8)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−21.0(−5.8)\n\n−17.4(0.7)\n\n−9.7(14.5)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n−2.0(28.4)\n\n−11.3(11.7)\n\n−18.7(−1.7)\n\n−2.9(26.7)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−34.2(−29.6)\n\n−32.2(−26.0)\n\n−26.6(−15.9)\n\n−14.6(5.7)\n\n−7.4(18.7)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n1.9(35.4)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−27.7(−17.9)\n\n−30.2(−22.4)\n\n−34.2(−29.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n3.4(0.13)\n\n4.6(0.18)\n\n7.8(0.31)\n\n20.0(0.79)\n\n39.2(1.54)\n\n63.8(2.51)\n\n98.7(3.89)\n\n73.5(2.89)\n\n51.1(2.01)\n\n21.1(0.83)\n\n10.3(0.41)\n\n4.5(0.18)\n\n398(15.67)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n5.8\n\n5.7\n\n5.4\n\n6.4\n\n8.3\n\n12.1\n\n13.5\n\n10.7\n\n9.6\n\n6.6\n\n6.2\n\n6.6\n\n96.9\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n10.7\n\n9.8\n\n8.3\n\n5.6\n\n1.3\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.8\n\n4.5\n\n9.2\n\n12.1\n\n62.3\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n69\n\n62\n\n50\n\n42\n\n44\n\n56\n\n67\n\n67\n\n60\n\n57\n\n62\n\n68\n\n59\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n207.3\n\n215.2\n\n258.0\n\n263.5\n\n284.3\n\n265.1\n\n260.9\n\n259.7\n\n238.9\n\n234.0\n\n200.3\n\n192.4\n\n2,879.6\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n70\n\n71\n\n69\n\n65\n\n63\n\n58\n\n57\n\n61\n\n65\n\n69\n\n69\n\n68\n\n65\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[5][6]","title":"Climate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Inner Mongolia music festival promises to be a natural success\". China Daily. 2023-07-10. Taibus Banner","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202307/10/WS64ab9ec7a310bf8a75d6e40c.html","url_text":"\"Inner Mongolia music festival promises to be a natural success\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Daily","url_text":"China Daily"}]},{"reference":"Department of Commerce of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (内蒙古自治区商务厅). \"Investment environment\". Retrieved July 30, 2023. Xilingol League ... The 13 banners, counties, cities (districts) are respectively Xilinhot City, Erenhot City, Sunid Left Banner, Sunid Right Banner, Abag Banner, East Ujimqin Banner, West Ujimqin Banner, Bordered Yellow Banner, Plain and Bordered White Banner, Taipus Banner, Plain Blue Banner, Duolun County and Wulagai Administrative Area.","urls":[{"url":"https://swt.nmg.gov.cn/ztzl/wstz/zwb_2/zjnmg/zwbspzl/202212/t20221212_2190305.html","url_text":"\"Investment environment\""}]},{"reference":"内蒙古自治区第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室、内蒙古自治区统计局. \"内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020\".","urls":[{"url":"http://tj.nmg.gov.cn/files_pub/content/PAGEPACK/zk2020/indexce.htm","url_text":"\"内蒙古人口普查年鉴-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Climate averages from 1991 to 2020\". China Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417040201/https://ago-item-storage.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/3636403912fb48768c38a9aa065c5733/9120%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%80%BC.xlsx?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEQaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCID22NX7erCYRM9Fkxg1w0nhBFgZZbV4yKwMtVum7Z7TwAiAJ0xcMU0Y1TULPXcLY%2F%2BbzeWlYe0Yn04KfQkRa2LnTwSq0BQg8EAAaDDYwNDc1ODEwMjY2NSIMU7FgJxyc3VhxR2SjKpEFaFcPDLeZIgzWOx%2B3T6HuuvhSnAryK4zHu7%2BxoknrFkuZy2fIwuWHjXsGsO0hoCmICzXPd9BnYGQm36YMSPu60fETnz75emhP5u%2B9etUN%2BRZBoYUZoKBBebzG2cbMhep7cn06j5PIUv78KeKhPdhVyQ0zPq3wmtlI6Rjrsy1Mv49mT2%2FUQ8l45gNiB56pQRtbrRtHCr4fv8Z1fIbm160oR7Jm6Hzh6UUZUUUwi8jDzbOhAulfHnRutOEK2XJgbLgKwk%2BVY5Pn1ohekhLQKIvuVyUHzoqKCjGAra%2BaQPLYl53Zc8ML5YphiUlK850qW0pyz4%2BP7xGFkszOrRFQC58yvjz6sETTPiyKdrKeuk823Nxq7G0BC9uW9TXFMb%2FOV%2FEI47wS%2F9ejBbUuI4taYRKiwzxKxH%2BF9iwit9iXBZDNChaRro%2F3XhBdhaU%2FW97Ng110w5cyGHgav%2FvJT0O2YszhBSX7KqYl3rvDLY6P4mhMpAuOehtdV4jGcJny%2FapXCUmaOa2q5EW3h7CiNHTa8bP8Hlw4oEYMzGmH7E4WZyYoQzJkX90MkpLH4hq0Vi5z7PZDBJeZk7piP1xgglfa4aJc3JudV1Z%2FCXDKv%2F9qEzo9ka7N61MAOvzVUFx0ErAHYWADS9Rq0QIyqfNQ14agfWdY8ZI%2Fw3lfWitCKnyH92dQPJamqNVDF8Bxt%2FEniS5USDtmqeUjCaJB09Zi%2FiF31snrlvh9yfEMhIXnx9JB8mBW8bqi8TH8LCsk9UWZ4AEFC%2F9ll9sZPXkAMxH6FuyXWztWjpav7BfsWBCzt3mpySlfBrak51l2%2FDxxosgZ9VtWjRC5ZqGxkse3bTuUKiPVQjINpF9Fh7spFHtoIt%2BmoAM8iNGsMPfy8qEGOrIBtjGbZMOIO3jDPF629RkGC4WnDg2q2a0sPT52w0rYyPmQZmCwv%2FVgIgeKfWletaww%2BULguo78PBi6l0WYY9%2BBjLWLtLqvWV9fX1b%2FpicykjaQZ0KBDhZ1HE25xk4VsRMkW5D1D3UHRZAj8EVz%2BWnQHEiYEhxx7dy8Ehs7P7P%2B1wx0ZlkCxk4BKFRBmirCq8QJ9ivEKedet7e9%2BOj7znBQPNUEDXQAPm7JWMPiZ1GOXIE4Mw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20230417T040201Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAYZTTEKKEUL4HKGDI%2F20230417%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=3b1298b85a2224623f81dfca29ac09b883ba667c07ab2d6b16adf955d2b56277","url_text":"\"Climate averages from 1991 to 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"},{"url":"https://ago-item-storage.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/3636403912fb48768c38a9aa065c5733/9120%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%80%BC.xlsx?X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEEQaCXVzLWVhc3QtMSJGMEQCID22NX7erCYRM9Fkxg1w0nhBFgZZbV4yKwMtVum7Z7TwAiAJ0xcMU0Y1TULPXcLY%2F%2BbzeWlYe0Yn04KfQkRa2LnTwSq0BQg8EAAaDDYwNDc1ODEwMjY2NSIMU7FgJxyc3VhxR2SjKpEFaFcPDLeZIgzWOx%2B3T6HuuvhSnAryK4zHu7%2BxoknrFkuZy2fIwuWHjXsGsO0hoCmICzXPd9BnYGQm36YMSPu60fETnz75emhP5u%2B9etUN%2BRZBoYUZoKBBebzG2cbMhep7cn06j5PIUv78KeKhPdhVyQ0zPq3wmtlI6Rjrsy1Mv49mT2%2FUQ8l45gNiB56pQRtbrRtHCr4fv8Z1fIbm160oR7Jm6Hzh6UUZUUUwi8jDzbOhAulfHnRutOEK2XJgbLgKwk%2BVY5Pn1ohekhLQKIvuVyUHzoqKCjGAra%2BaQPLYl53Zc8ML5YphiUlK850qW0pyz4%2BP7xGFkszOrRFQC58yvjz6sETTPiyKdrKeuk823Nxq7G0BC9uW9TXFMb%2FOV%2FEI47wS%2F9ejBbUuI4taYRKiwzxKxH%2BF9iwit9iXBZDNChaRro%2F3XhBdhaU%2FW97Ng110w5cyGHgav%2FvJT0O2YszhBSX7KqYl3rvDLY6P4mhMpAuOehtdV4jGcJny%2FapXCUmaOa2q5EW3h7CiNHTa8bP8Hlw4oEYMzGmH7E4WZyYoQzJkX90MkpLH4hq0Vi5z7PZDBJeZk7piP1xgglfa4aJc3JudV1Z%2FCXDKv%2F9qEzo9ka7N61MAOvzVUFx0ErAHYWADS9Rq0QIyqfNQ14agfWdY8ZI%2Fw3lfWitCKnyH92dQPJamqNVDF8Bxt%2FEniS5USDtmqeUjCaJB09Zi%2FiF31snrlvh9yfEMhIXnx9JB8mBW8bqi8TH8LCsk9UWZ4AEFC%2F9ll9sZPXkAMxH6FuyXWztWjpav7BfsWBCzt3mpySlfBrak51l2%2FDxxosgZ9VtWjRC5ZqGxkse3bTuUKiPVQjINpF9Fh7spFHtoIt%2BmoAM8iNGsMPfy8qEGOrIBtjGbZMOIO3jDPF629RkGC4WnDg2q2a0sPT52w0rYyPmQZmCwv%2FVgIgeKfWletaww%2BULguo78PBi6l0WYY9%2BBjLWLtLqvWV9fX1b%2FpicykjaQZ0KBDhZ1HE25xk4VsRMkW5D1D3UHRZAj8EVz%2BWnQHEiYEhxx7dy8Ehs7P7P%2B1wx0ZlkCxk4BKFRBmirCq8QJ9ivEKedet7e9%2BOj7znBQPNUEDXQAPm7JWMPiZ1GOXIE4Mw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20230417T040201Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=300&X-Amz-Credential=ASIAYZTTEKKEUL4HKGDI%2F20230417%2Fus-east-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=3b1298b85a2224623f81dfca29ac09b883ba667c07ab2d6b16adf955d2b56277","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 14 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taibus_Banner&params=41_52_44_N_115_16_59_E_region:CN-15_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"41°52′44″N 115°16′59″E / 41.87889°N 115.28306°E / 41.87889; 115.28306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taibus_Banner&params=41_52_44_N_115_16_59_E_region:CN-15_type:adm3rd_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"41°52′44″N 115°16′59″E / 41.87889°N 115.28306°E / 41.87889; 115.28306"},{"Link":"http://www.tpsq.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.tpsq.gov.cn"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/neimenggu/admin/","external_links_name":"Inner Mongolia: Prefectures, Cities, Districts and 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%27i	Aliʻi	["1 Background","2 Social designations of noho aliʻi (ruling line)","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]	Hereditary nobles of ancient Hawai'i For the plant known as ʻaʻaliʻi or aalii, see Dodonaea viscosa. The aliʻi were the traditional nobility of the Hawaiian islands. They were part of a hereditary line of rulers, the noho aliʻi. Cognates of the word aliʻi have a similar meaning in other Polynesian languages; in Māori it is pronounced "ariki" and in Tahitian ari'i. Background In ancient Hawaiian society, the aliʻi were hereditary nobles (a social class or caste). The aliʻi consisted of the higher and lesser chiefs of the various levels on the islands. The noho aliʻi were the ruling chiefs. The aliʻi were believed to be descended from the deities. There were eleven classes of aliʻi, of both men and women. These included the kahuna (priestesses and priests, experts, craftsmen, and canoe makers) as part of four professions practiced by the nobility. Each island had its own aliʻi nui, who governed their individual systems. Aliʻi continued to play a role in the governance of the Hawaiian islands until 1893, when Queen Liliʻuokalani was overthrown by a coup d'état backed by the United States government. Aliʻi nui were ruling chiefs (in Hawaiian, nui means grand, great, or supreme.). The nui title could be passed on by right of birth. Social designations of noho aliʻi (ruling line) Historians David Malo, Samuel M. Kamakau and Abraham Fornander wrote extensively about the different aliʻi lines and their importance to Hawaiian history. The distinctions between the aliʻi ranks and lines comes from their writings. Aliʻi nui were supreme high chiefs of an island and no others were above them (during the Kingdom period this title would come to mean "Governor"). The four largest Hawaiian islands (Hawaiʻi proper, Maui, Kauaʻi, and Oʻahu) were usually ruled each by their own aliʻi nui. Molokaʻi also had a line of island rulers, but was later subjected to the superior power of nearby Maui and Oʻahu during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Mōʻī was a special title for the highest chief of the island of Maui. Later, the title was used for all rulers of the Hawaiian Islands and the Hawaiian monarchs. Aliʻi nui kapu were sacred rulers with special taboos. Aliʻi Nīʻaupiʻo were a rank of chiefs who were considered the very highest in descent and power. Nīʻaupiʻo chiefs can be from Piʻo or Naha unions. Aliʻi Piʻo were a rank of chiefs who were products of full blood sibling unions. Famous Piʻo chiefs were the royal twins, Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa. Aliʻi Naha were a rank of chiefs who were products of either half-blood sibling unions or the unions of uncle and niece or father and daughter. The exact definition is disputed amongst Malo, Kamakau and Fornander. Chiefs of this rank traditionally possessed the kapu noho (sitting kapu). Famous Naha chiefs include Keōpūolani. Aliʻi Wohi were a rank of chiefs who were products of marriage of close relatives other than siblings; one famous Wohi chief was Kamehameha I. These chiefs possessed the kapu wohi, exempting them from kapu moe (prostration taboo). Papa were chiefs born to mother of the nīʻaupiʻo, piʻo, or naha rank with a lower-ranking male chief. Lōkea were chiefs born to high-ranked father with a mother who was a relative through younger siblings. Lāʻau aliʻi were chiefs born to parents who are children of high chiefs through secondary unions. Kaukaualiʻi were lesser chiefs who served the aliʻi nui. It is a relative term and not a fixed level of aliʻi nobility. The expression is elastic in terms of how it is used. In general, it means a relative who is born from a lesser ranking parent. A kaukaualiʻi son's own children, if born of a lesser ranking aliʻi mother, would descend to a lower rank. Eventually the line descends, leading to makaʻāinana (commoner). Kaukaualiʻi gain rank through marriage with higher-ranking aliʻi. Aliʻi noanoa were chiefs born to a high chief and a commoner. One kaukaualiʻi line descended from Moana Kāne, son of Keākealanikāne, became secondary aliʻi to the Kamehameha rulers of the kingdom and were responsible for various hana lawelawe (service tasks). Members of this line married into the Kamehamehas, including Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa. Some bore Kāhili, royal standards made of feathers, and were attendants of the higher-ranking aliʻi. During the monarchy some of these chiefs were elevated to positions within the primary political bodies of the Hawaiian legislature and the king's Privy Council. All Hawaiian monarchs after Kamehameha III were the children of Kaukaualiʻi fathers who married higher ranking wives. See also Ruling chiefs of Hawaiʻi Ancient Hawaiʻi Kingdom of Hawaiʻi Aliʻi nui of Hawaiʻi Aliʻi nui of Maui Aliʻi nui of Oʻahu Aliʻi nui of Kauaʻi List of monarchs of Tonga List of monarchs of Tahiti List of monarchs of Huahine List of monarchs of Mangareva References ^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1 January 1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of aliʻi". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved 19 September 2010. ^ Sharon Henderson Callahan (20 May 2013). Religious Leadership: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4522-7612-0. ^ "Aliʻi". Wehewehe. Ulukau. Retrieved 21 February 2022. ^ Juri Mykkänen (January 2003). Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8248-1486-1. ^ John F. McDermott; Wen-Shing Tseng; Thomas W. Maretzki (1 January 1980). People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8248-0706-1. ^ Stephen Dando-Collins (1 April 2014). Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff. Open Road Media. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4976-1429-1. ^ Barbara A. West (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. ^ Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). "lookup of nui". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved 19 September 2010. ^ Kamakau 1992, p. iii. ^ Valeri 2009, pp. 211–244. ^ a b c d Fornander 1920, pp. 307–311. ^ a b c d e f Kirch 2010, p. 36. ^ Valeri 2009, pp. 227–230. ^ Valeri 2009, pp. 230–236. ^ a b c Young 1998, p. 58. ^ Malo 1903, p. 82. ^ Kauanui 2008, p. 44. ^ Young 1998, p. 112. ^ Osorio 2002, pp. 80, 11, 147. Further reading Fornander, Abraham (1920). Thrum, Thomas G. (ed.). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History. Vol. 6. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. OCLC 3354092. Hommon, Robert J. (2013). The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991612-2. Kamakau, Samuel (1992) . Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1. Kamakau, Samuel (1993). Tales and Traditions of the People of Old: Na Moʻolelo a ka Poʻe Kahiko. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2010). How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawaiʻi. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94784-9. Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani (2008). Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9149-4. OCLC 308649636. Linnekin, Jocelyn (1990). Sacred Queens and Women of Consequence: Rank, Gender, and Colonialism in the Hawaiian Islands. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06423-1. Malo, Davida (1903). Hawaiian Antiquities: (Moolelo Hawaii). Translated by Nathaniel Bright Emerson. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. OCLC 317073334. Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2549-2. Stokes, John F. G. (1932). "The Hawaiian King". Hawaiian Historical Society Papers (19). Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 1–28. hdl:10524/975. Tuimalealiifano, Morgan (2006). O Tama a ʻāiga: The Politics of Succession to Sāmoa's Paramount Titles. Suva: University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9789820203778. Valeri, Valerio (2009). "Marriage, Rank, and Politics in Hawaii". In Rio, Knut Mikjel; Smedal, Olaf H. (eds.). Hierarchy: Persistence and Transformation in Social Formations. Berghahn Books. pp. 211–244. ISBN 978-1-84545-493-7. Young, Kanalu G. Terry (1998). Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8153-3120-9. OCLC 0815331207.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodonaea viscosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodonaea_viscosa"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language"},{"link_name":"ariki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariki"},{"link_name":"Tahitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahitian_language"}],"text":"For the plant known as ʻaʻaliʻi or aalii, see Dodonaea viscosa.The aliʻi were the traditional nobility of the Hawaiian islands. They were part of a hereditary line of rulers, the noho aliʻi.Cognates of the word aliʻi have a similar meaning in other Polynesian languages; in Māori it is pronounced \"ariki\" and in Tahitian ari'i.","title":"Aliʻi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PukuiElbert1986-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Callahan2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ruling chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mykk%C3%A4nen2003-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDermottTseng1980-6"},{"link_name":"kahuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuna"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dando-Collins2014-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West2009-8"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Liliʻuokalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani"},{"link_name":"overthrown by a coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In ancient Hawaiian society, the aliʻi were hereditary nobles (a social class or caste).[1][2] The aliʻi consisted of the higher and lesser chiefs of the various levels on the islands.[3][4] The noho aliʻi were the ruling chiefs.[5] The aliʻi were believed to be descended from the deities.[6]There were eleven classes of aliʻi, of both men and women. These included the kahuna (priestesses and priests, experts, craftsmen, and canoe makers) as part of four professions practiced by the nobility.[7] Each island had its own aliʻi nui, who governed their individual systems.[8] Aliʻi continued to play a role in the governance of the Hawaiian islands until 1893, when Queen Liliʻuokalani was overthrown by a coup d'état backed by the United States government.Aliʻi nui were ruling chiefs (in Hawaiian, nui means grand, great, or supreme.[9]). The nui title could be passed on by right of birth.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Malo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malo"},{"link_name":"Samuel M. Kamakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kamakau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamakau1992iii-10"},{"link_name":"Abraham Fornander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Fornander"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeri2009211%E2%80%93244-11"},{"link_name":"Hawaiʻi proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Kauaʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai"},{"link_name":"Oʻahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornander1920307%E2%80%93311-12"},{"link_name":"full blood sibling unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornander1920307%E2%80%93311-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirch201036-13"},{"link_name":"Kameʻeiamoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame%CA%BBeiamoku"},{"link_name":"Kamanawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamanawa"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornander1920307%E2%80%93311-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeri2009227%E2%80%93230-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirch201036-13"},{"link_name":"Keōpūolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C5%8Dp%C5%ABolani"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValeri2009230%E2%80%93236-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirch201036-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirch201036-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirch201036-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199858-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFornander1920307%E2%80%93311-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalo190382-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauanui200844-18"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirch201036-13"},{"link_name":"kaukaualiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaukauali%CA%BBi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Moana Kāne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Moana"},{"link_name":"Keākealanikāne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C4%81kealanik%C4%81ne"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha"},{"link_name":"Charles Kanaʻina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kana%CA%BBina"},{"link_name":"Kekūanaōʻa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kek%C5%ABana%C5%8D%CA%BBa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199858-16"},{"link_name":"Kāhili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81hili"},{"link_name":"feathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung199858-16"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_III"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1998112-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsorio200280,_11,_147-20"}],"text":"Historians David Malo, Samuel M. Kamakau[10] and Abraham Fornander wrote extensively about the different aliʻi lines and their importance to Hawaiian history. The distinctions between the aliʻi ranks and lines comes from their writings.[11]Aliʻi nui were supreme high chiefs of an island and no others were above them (during the Kingdom period this title would come to mean \"Governor\"). The four largest Hawaiian islands (Hawaiʻi proper, Maui, Kauaʻi, and Oʻahu) were usually ruled each by their own aliʻi nui. Molokaʻi also had a line of island rulers, but was later subjected to the superior power of nearby Maui and Oʻahu during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Mōʻī was a special title for the highest chief of the island of Maui. Later, the title was used for all rulers of the Hawaiian Islands and the Hawaiian monarchs.\nAliʻi nui kapu were sacred rulers with special taboos.\nAliʻi Nīʻaupiʻo were a rank of chiefs who were considered the very highest in descent and power. Nīʻaupiʻo chiefs can be from Piʻo or Naha unions.[12]\nAliʻi Piʻo were a rank of chiefs who were products of full blood sibling unions.[12][13] Famous Piʻo chiefs were the royal twins, Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa.\nAliʻi Naha were a rank of chiefs who were products of either half-blood sibling unions or the unions of uncle and niece or father and daughter. The exact definition is disputed amongst Malo, Kamakau and Fornander.[12][14] Chiefs of this rank traditionally possessed the kapu noho (sitting kapu).[13] Famous Naha chiefs include Keōpūolani.\nAliʻi Wohi were a rank of chiefs who were products of marriage of close relatives other than siblings; one famous Wohi chief was Kamehameha I. These chiefs possessed the kapu wohi, exempting them from kapu moe (prostration taboo).[15]\nPapa were chiefs born to mother of the nīʻaupiʻo, piʻo, or naha rank with a lower-ranking male chief.[13]\nLōkea were chiefs born to high-ranked father with a mother who was a relative through younger siblings.[13]\nLāʻau aliʻi were chiefs born to parents who are children of high chiefs through secondary unions.[13]\nKaukaualiʻi were lesser chiefs who served the aliʻi nui.[16] It is a relative term and not a fixed level of aliʻi nobility. The expression is elastic in terms of how it is used. In general, it means a relative who is born from a lesser ranking parent.[12][17] A kaukaualiʻi son's own children, if born of a lesser ranking aliʻi mother, would descend to a lower rank. Eventually the line descends, leading to makaʻāinana (commoner).[18] Kaukaualiʻi gain rank through marriage with higher-ranking aliʻi.\nAliʻi noanoa were chiefs born to a high chief and a commoner.[13]One kaukaualiʻi line descended from Moana Kāne, son of Keākealanikāne, became secondary aliʻi to the Kamehameha rulers of the kingdom and were responsible for various hana lawelawe (service tasks). Members of this line married into the Kamehamehas, including Charles Kanaʻina and Kekūanaōʻa.[16] Some bore Kāhili, royal standards made of feathers, and were attendants of the higher-ranking aliʻi.[16] During the monarchy some of these chiefs were elevated to positions within the primary political bodies of the Hawaiian legislature and the king's Privy Council. All Hawaiian monarchs after Kamehameha III were the children of Kaukaualiʻi fathers who married higher ranking wives.[19][20]","title":"Social designations of noho aliʻi (ruling line)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=j8MqAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA311"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3354092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3354092"},{"link_name":"The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D8p2K6cbR7cC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-991612-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991612-2"},{"link_name":"Kamakau, Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kamakau"},{"link_name":"Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=chiefs&l=en"},{"link_name":"Kamehameha Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87336-014-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87336-014-1"},{"link_name":"Kamakau, Samuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kamakau"},{"link_name":"How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wuqxd88MLYkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-94784-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94784-9"},{"link_name":"Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K%C4%93haulani_Kauanui"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Iq7PEFMI2GcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8223-9149-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9149-4"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"308649636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/308649636"},{"link_name":"Sacred Queens and Women of Consequence: Rank, Gender, and Colonialism in the Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=obTDDKJ-vRwC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-472-06423-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-06423-1"},{"link_name":"Malo, Davida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malo"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Antiquities: (Moolelo Hawaii)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=o8XiAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"317073334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/317073334"},{"link_name":"Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8248-2549-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2549-2"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10524/975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10524%2F975"},{"link_name":"O Tama a ʻāiga: The Politics of Succession to Sāmoa's Paramount Titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uzuEU21y9zsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789820203778","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820203778"},{"link_name":"Hierarchy: Persistence and Transformation in Social Formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=O0gxBuqf9toC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84545-493-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-493-7"},{"link_name":"Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Swvdd0kLCSYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8153-3120-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-3120-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0815331207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/0815331207"}],"text":"Fornander, Abraham (1920). Thrum, Thomas G. (ed.). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History. Vol. 6. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. OCLC 3354092.\nHommon, Robert J. (2013). The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991612-2.\nKamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1.\nKamakau, Samuel (1993). Tales and Traditions of the People of Old: Na Moʻolelo a ka Poʻe Kahiko. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.\nKirch, Patrick Vinton (2010). How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawaiʻi. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94784-9.\nKauanui, J. Kēhaulani (2008). Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9149-4. OCLC 308649636.\nLinnekin, Jocelyn (1990). Sacred Queens and Women of Consequence: Rank, Gender, and Colonialism in the Hawaiian Islands. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06423-1.\nMalo, Davida (1903). Hawaiian Antiquities: (Moolelo Hawaii). Translated by Nathaniel Bright Emerson. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd. OCLC 317073334.\nOsorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2549-2.\nStokes, John F. G. (1932). \"The Hawaiian King\". Hawaiian Historical Society Papers (19). Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 1–28. hdl:10524/975.\nTuimalealiifano, Morgan (2006). O Tama a ʻāiga: The Politics of Succession to Sāmoa's Paramount Titles. Suva: University of the South Pacific. ISBN 9789820203778.\nValeri, Valerio (2009). \"Marriage, Rank, and Politics in Hawaii\". In Rio, Knut Mikjel; Smedal, Olaf H. (eds.). Hierarchy: Persistence and Transformation in Social Formations. Berghahn Books. pp. 211–244. ISBN 978-1-84545-493-7.\nYoung, Kanalu G. Terry (1998). Rethinking the Native Hawaiian Past. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8153-3120-9. OCLC 0815331207.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Ruling chiefs of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchs_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands"},{"title":"Ancient Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii"},{"title":"Kingdom of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom"},{"title":"Aliʻi nui of Hawaiʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi_nui_of_Hawaii"},{"title":"Aliʻi nui of Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi_nui_of_Maui"},{"title":"Aliʻi nui of Oʻahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi_nui_of_Oahu"},{"title":"Aliʻi nui of Kauaʻi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%CA%BBi_nui_of_Kauai"},{"title":"List of monarchs of Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga"},{"title":"List of monarchs of Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tahiti"},{"title":"List of monarchs of Huahine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Huahine"},{"title":"List of monarchs of Mangareva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mangareva"}]	[{"reference":"Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel H. Elbert (1 January 1986). Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian. University of Hawaii Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-8248-0703-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bHdRhjL9Y9EC&pg=PA20","url_text":"Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian-English, English-Hawaiian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0703-0","url_text":"978-0-8248-0703-0"}]},{"reference":"Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). \"lookup of aliʻi\". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved 19 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukui","url_text":"Mary Kawena Pukui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hoyt_Elbert","url_text":"Samuel Hoyt Elbert"},{"url":"http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&j=pk&l=en&q=alii","url_text":"\"lookup of aliʻi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"}]},{"reference":"Sharon Henderson Callahan (20 May 2013). Religious Leadership: A Reference Handbook. SAGE Publications. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4522-7612-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252","url_text":"Religious Leadership: A Reference Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-7612-0","url_text":"978-1-4522-7612-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Aliʻi\". Wehewehe. Ulukau. Retrieved 21 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q-11000-00---off-0hdict--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10-ED--4--textpukuielbert%2ctextmamaka%2ctextandrew%2ctextparker%2ctextpeplace%2ctextclark%2ctextchd%2ctexthllt-----0-1l--11-haw-Zz-1---Zz-1-home-alii--00-4-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-00-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&d=D96765","url_text":"\"Aliʻi\""}]},{"reference":"Juri Mykkänen (January 2003). Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom. University of Hawaii Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8248-1486-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h-tNi3xClv0C&pg=PA172","url_text":"Inventing Politics: A New Political Anthropology of the Hawaiian Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1486-1","url_text":"978-0-8248-1486-1"}]},{"reference":"John F. McDermott; Wen-Shing Tseng; Thomas W. Maretzki (1 January 1980). People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile. University of Hawaii Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-8248-0706-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peopleandcul_xxxx_1980_000_6351968","url_text":"People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/peopleandcul_xxxx_1980_000_6351968/page/n23","url_text":"8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0706-1","url_text":"978-0-8248-0706-1"}]},{"reference":"Stephen Dando-Collins (1 April 2014). Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff. Open Road Media. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-4976-1429-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pmMkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9","url_text":"Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-1429-1","url_text":"978-1-4976-1429-1"}]},{"reference":"Barbara A. West (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA270","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7","url_text":"978-1-4381-1913-7"}]},{"reference":"Mary Kawena Pukui; Samuel Hoyt Elbert (2003). \"lookup of nui\". in Hawaiian Dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii Press. Retrieved 19 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kawena_Pukui","url_text":"Mary Kawena Pukui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hoyt_Elbert","url_text":"Samuel Hoyt Elbert"},{"url":"http://wehewehe.org/gsdl2.85/cgi-bin/hdict?a=q&j=pk&l=en&q=nui","url_text":"\"lookup of nui\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press","url_text":"University of Hawaii Press"}]},{"reference":"Fornander, Abraham (1920). Thrum, Thomas G. (ed.). Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore. Memoirs of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum of Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History. Vol. 6. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press. OCLC 3354092.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j8MqAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA311","url_text":"Fornander Collection of Hawaiian Antiquities and Folk-lore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3354092","url_text":"3354092"}]},{"reference":"Hommon, Robert J. (2013). The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-991612-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D8p2K6cbR7cC","url_text":"The Ancient Hawaiian State: Origins of a Political Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991612-2","url_text":"978-0-19-991612-2"}]},{"reference":"Kamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kamakau","url_text":"Kamakau, Samuel"},{"url":"http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=chiefs&l=en","url_text":"Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamehameha_Schools","url_text":"Kamehameha Schools"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87336-014-1","url_text":"0-87336-014-1"}]},{"reference":"Kamakau, Samuel (1993). Tales and Traditions of the People of Old: Na Moʻolelo a ka Poʻe Kahiko. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Kamakau","url_text":"Kamakau, Samuel"}]},{"reference":"Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2010). How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawaiʻi. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94784-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wuqxd88MLYkC","url_text":"How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawaiʻi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94784-9","url_text":"978-0-520-94784-9"}]},{"reference":"Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani (2008). Hawaiian Blood: Colonialism and the Politics of Sovereignty and Indigeneity. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-9149-4. OCLC 308649636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K%C4%93haulani_Kauanui","url_text":"Kauanui, J. 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ISBN 9789820203778.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uzuEU21y9zsC","url_text":"O Tama a ʻāiga: The Politics of Succession to Sāmoa's Paramount Titles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820203778","url_text":"9789820203778"}]},{"reference":"Valeri, Valerio (2009). \"Marriage, Rank, and Politics in Hawaii\". In Rio, Knut Mikjel; Smedal, Olaf H. (eds.). Hierarchy: Persistence and Transformation in Social Formations. Berghahn Books. pp. 211–244. ISBN 978-1-84545-493-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O0gxBuqf9toC","url_text":"Hierarchy: Persistence and Transformation in Social Formations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-493-7","url_text":"978-1-84545-493-7"}]},{"reference":"Young, Kanalu G. Terry (1998). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics	Italy at the 1896 Summer Olympics	["1 Competitors","2 Shooting","3 References"]	Sporting event delegationItaly at the1896 Summer OlympicsIOC codeITANOCItalian National Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.coni.it (in Italian)in Athens, GreeceApril 6, 1896 – April 15, 1896Competitors1 in 1 sport and 1 eventMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games One competitor from Italy was present at the 1896 Summer Olympics. He competed in shooting. Italy was one of four nations present that won no medals; Sweden, Chile and Bulgaria were the others. Italy's competitor, Rivabella, entered one event in the shooting program. A second Italian was present in Athens. Carlo Airoldi had walked most of the way from Milan, but was disqualified because he had received prize money in athletics events and was therefore not an amateur. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Sport Men Women Total Shooting 1 0 1 Total 1 0 1 Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 1896 Summer Olympics Rivabella was somewhere between 14th and 41st place, with a score less than 845. Athlete Event Hits Score Rank Giuseppe Rivabella 200 m military rifle Unknown Unknown 14–41 References Lampros, S.P.; Polites, N.G.; De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, P.J.; Anninos, C. (1897). The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896. Athens: Charles Beck. (Digitally available at ) Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (1998). The 1896 Olympic Games. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9. (Excerpt available at ) Smith, Michael Llewellyn (2004). Olympics in Athens 1896. The Invention of the Modern Olympic Games. London: Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-342-X. vteItaly at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022Intercalated Games1906Italy hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, as well as the 1956 and 2006 Winter Olympics. vte National Olympic Committees at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece Australia Austria Bulgaria Chile Denmark France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Italy Sweden Switzerland United States Mixed teams	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"1896 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_sports"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_at_the_1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rivabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivabella"},{"link_name":"Carlo Airoldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Airoldi"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"}],"text":"One competitor from Italy was present at the 1896 Summer Olympics. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Treasures	Nine Treasures	["1 History","1.1 Origin","1.2 International breakthrough","1.3 Rebirth","2 Music and lyrics","3 Members","3.1 Current","3.2 Former","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]	Mongolian folk metal group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nine Treasures" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nine TreasuresNine Treasures at Woodstock 2016 in PolandBackground informationOriginInner Mongolia, ChinaGenresFolk metal, Heavy metalYears active2010–presentLabelsIndependentMembersAskhanTsogOrgilSainaNamraPast membersBaisalAlenDing KaiWiilsWebsitewww.ninetreasures.net Nine Treasures (Chinese: 九宝 or 九大圣器; pinyin: jiǔ bǎo or jiǔ dà shèng qì) is a folk metal group with members mostly from the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Founded in 2010, the group combines traditional Mongolian music with heavy metal, notably using traditional instruments and overtone singing techniques. History Origin Hailar district in Hulunbuir region of Inner Mongolia The group was formed in 2010 in Hailar District of Inner Mongolia in China. The name of the group refers to the nine materials evoked in ancient Mongolian poems as favoring luck (gold, silver, bronze, iron, agate, amber, jade, pearl and coral). The name was proposed by a former member of the group who currently plays in the group Hanggai; the group considers the name auspicious. In May 2012, the band released their first album 十丈铜嘴 Arvan Ald Guulin Honshoor at Mort Productions Beijing, an extreme metal record label created in 2001 and located in Shijingshan District, China. The album was reissued in 2015 under the title Arvan Ald Guulin Hunshoor for easy export. The reissue was done independently through Bandcamp. International breakthrough In August 2013, the group made a notable appearance at the Wacken Open Air festival where it won the Wacken Metal Battle in China and came second in the Wacken Metal Battle. In December of that year the group released their second work Nine Treasures under an independent label. During 2014 and 2015, the group spent most of their time on the road for an Asian tour, traveling north to Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, south to Taiwan, and east to Vladivostok in Russia. In January 2015 they released their first EP titled Galloping White Horse, produced independently with two new songs and three live tracks. A few days later they released their first live album entitled Live in Beijing recorded from a concert in Beijing a few months before. This album contained the same live tracks as those included in the EP. In October of that year, the group was invited to WOMEX in Budapest and then went on tour in Europe for the first time, performing in the Czech Republic, Poland, Latvia, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Austria. Nine Treasures at WOMEX 2015 In July 2016, Nine Treasures completed their second tour in Europe, visiting Latvia, Poland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Slovenia. In January 2017, the band released their third album titled Wisdom Eyes. It is distributed independently like their other albums on the platform Bandcamp. The band went on tour in Europe between June and July through Austria, Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Drummer Namra replaced Ding Kai in 2019. Nine Treasures released the single "Bodhicitta" on 27 February 2019. Rebirth The band were unsatisfied with the recording quality of their previous albums, and opted to re-record songs from all three of their previous albums for the new album Awakening from Dukkha which was released on 19 March 2021. Askhan expressed a wish for a new beginning for the band, similar to Pantera. Askhan stated that he would begin writing new material after the album's release in March 2021. With the new album forthcoming, the band removed all of their previous releases from the internet, feeling "ashamed" of their quality. The band subsequently made all of their releases available as free wave file downloads. Awakening from Dukkha was reviewed by Metal Hammer and received a rating of 9/10. Music and lyrics The group creates a fusion between heavy metal and traditional Mongolian music by introducing specific sounds related to the use of traditional instruments such as the morin khuur, the Russian balalaika, or the Jaw harp. Depending on the songs, the genre of the music can vary from folk to folk rock to folk metal and even punk according to reviewers. The lyrics of the songs evoke Mongolian nature, history, tales, legends and mythologies (especially those of Tengri, the chief Mongolian deity). The lyricist of the group, Askhan, also draws on family stories in some songs. According to Askhan, while the first album is quite raw with no frills, the following are more mature and better worked with sequences, transitions and integration of traditional instruments. The lyrics are written in Mongolian even when the titles are in English. The group also uses techniques of Tuvan throat singing. Members Current Askhan Avagchuud – guitars, vocals (2010–present), balalaika (2010–2015), drum programming (2010–2019), tovshuur (2023–present) Orgil – bass, backing vocals (2011–present) Saina (also of M-Survivor) – balalaika, backing vocals (2015–present), guitars (2019–present) Namra – drums (2019–present) Nars – morin khuur, backing vocals (2023–present) Former Baisal (also on Suld as Baisile) – drums (2010–2011) Alen (also on Hanggai as Allen) – balalaika (2010–2012) 萨其尔 – samples (2012, only live) Wiils – balalaika (2012–2014) Ding Kai (also on Tengger Cavalry) – drums (2012–2019) Tsog – morin khuur, mouth harp, backing vocals (2010–2022) Discography Studio albums 十丈铜嘴 Arvan Ald Guulin Honshoor (2012) Nine Treasures (2013) Wisdom Eyes (2017) Awakening from Dukkha (Compilation) (2021) Live albums Live in Beijing (2015) Singles and EPs Galloping White Horse (EP, 2015) "Bodhicitta" (2019) "Three-Year-Old Warrior" (2021) References ^ Travers, Paul (1 March 2021). "How Mongolian metal became a cultural phenomenon". Kerrang!. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ Nolan, Matt (31 March 2015). "Nine Treasures – Mongolian Nomadic Folk Metal". AudioPhix. Fansided. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ a b Ruan Fan (25 November 2015). "Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans ". China Daily. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ Ruan Fan (25 November 2015). "Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans ". China Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2017. ^ "Nine Treasures". Earthbeat. 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2017. ^ "Chinese folk metal Nine Treasures announce European tour". Unite Asia. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017. ^ "Nine Treasures – Metal-Battle 2013 finalists on tour!". Wacken Open Air. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017. ^ a b "Namra". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Ding Kai". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Bodhicitta". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b Nine Treasures. "Awakening from Dukkha". Bandcamp. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b c d e Dyer, Ryan (4 March 2021). "Nine Treasures – Mongolian Metal Maestros Delete the Past for a Brighter Future". Beijing Underground. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b "Folk Metal Band Nine Treasures Delete All Previous Material – Re-Release it For Free Download". Unite Asia. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ Hobson, Rich (6 March 2021). "Nine Treasures: Awakening from Dukkha". Metal Hammer. p. 93. Retrieved 13 March 2021 – via Facebook. ^ Ruan Fan. "Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans ". China Daily. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ a b c d e "Nine Treasures". Discogs. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Nine Treasures". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Askhan Avagchuud". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Orgil". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Saina". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Baisal". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Alen". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "萨其尔". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Ding Kai". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ "Tsog". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021. ^ a b c "Nine Treasures". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 13 March 2021. External links Nine Treasures on Metal Archives Nine Treasures on Folk-metal.nl Nine Treasures on Spirit of metal Nine Treasures on Discogs Nine Treasures on Bandcamp Nine Treasures on Facebook Rock music portalChina portal Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"folk metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_metal"},{"link_name":"Inner Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerrang-1"},{"link_name":"Mongolian music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"overtone singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone_singing"}],"text":"Nine Treasures (Chinese: 九宝 or 九大圣器; pinyin: jiǔ bǎo or jiǔ dà shèng qì) is a folk metal group with members mostly from the autonomous region of Inner Mongolia.[1] Founded in 2010, the group combines traditional Mongolian music with heavy metal, notably using traditional instruments and overtone singing techniques.","title":"Nine Treasures"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChinaHulunbuirHailar.png"},{"link_name":"Hulunbuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulunbuir"},{"link_name":"Hailar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailar_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hanggai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanggai_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China_Daily_22516841-3"},{"link_name":"extreme metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal"},{"link_name":"Shijingshan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijingshan,_Beijing"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Hailar district in Hulunbuir region of Inner MongoliaThe group was formed in 2010 in Hailar District of Inner Mongolia in China.[2]The name of the group refers to the nine materials evoked in ancient Mongolian poems as favoring luck (gold, silver, bronze, iron, agate, amber, jade, pearl and coral). The name was proposed by a former member of the group who currently plays in the group Hanggai; the group considers the name auspicious.[3]In May 2012, the band released their first album 十丈铜嘴 Arvan Ald Guulin Honshoor at Mort Productions Beijing, an extreme metal record label created in 2001 and located in Shijingshan District, China. The album was reissued in 2015 under the title Arvan Ald Guulin Hunshoor for easy export. The reissue was done independently through Bandcamp.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wacken Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ulaanbaatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaanbaatar"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"WOMEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOMEX"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nine_Treasures_-_WOMEX_15,_2015.10.22_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namra-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ding-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"International breakthrough","text":"In August 2013, the group made a notable appearance at the Wacken Open Air festival where it won the Wacken Metal Battle in China and came second in the Wacken Metal Battle.[4] In December of that year the group released their second work Nine Treasures under an independent label.During 2014 and 2015, the group spent most of their time on the road for an Asian tour, traveling north to Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, south to Taiwan, and east to Vladivostok in Russia.[5]In January 2015 they released their first EP titled Galloping White Horse, produced independently with two new songs and three live tracks. A few days later they released their first live album entitled Live in Beijing recorded from a concert in Beijing a few months before. This album contained the same live tracks as those included in the EP. In October of that year, the group was invited to WOMEX in Budapest and then went on tour in Europe for the first time, performing in the Czech Republic, Poland, Latvia, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Austria.[6]Nine Treasures at WOMEX 2015In July 2016, Nine Treasures completed their second tour in Europe, visiting Latvia, Poland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Slovenia.[7]In January 2017, the band released their third album titled Wisdom Eyes. It is distributed independently like their other albums on the platform Bandcamp. The band went on tour in Europe between June and July through Austria, Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Bulgaria, and Hungary.Drummer Namra replaced Ding Kai in 2019.[8][9] Nine Treasures released the single \"Bodhicitta\" on 27 February 2019.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcAwake-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJunderground-12"},{"link_name":"Pantera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantera"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJunderground-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJunderground-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJunderground-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UA2-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UA2-13"},{"link_name":"Metal Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Hammer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Rebirth","text":"The band were unsatisfied with the recording quality of their previous albums, and opted to re-record songs from all three of their previous albums for the new album Awakening from Dukkha which was released on 19 March 2021.[11][12] Askhan expressed a wish for a new beginning for the band, similar to Pantera.[12] Askhan stated that he would begin writing new material after the album's release in March 2021.[12] With the new album forthcoming, the band removed all of their previous releases from the internet, feeling \"ashamed\" of their quality.[12][13] The band subsequently made all of their releases available as free wave file downloads.[13]Awakening from Dukkha was reviewed by Metal Hammer and received a rating of 9/10.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morin khuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morin_khuur"},{"link_name":"balalaika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balalaika"},{"link_name":"Jaw harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_harp"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"folk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_rock"},{"link_name":"folk metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_metal"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China_Daily_22516841-3"},{"link_name":"Tuvan throat singing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_throat_singing"}],"text":"The group creates a fusion between heavy metal and traditional Mongolian music by introducing specific sounds related to the use of traditional instruments such as the morin khuur, the Russian balalaika, or the Jaw harp.Depending on the songs, the genre of the music can vary from folk to folk rock to folk metal and even punk according to reviewers.[15]The lyrics of the songs evoke Mongolian nature, history, tales, legends and mythologies (especially those of Tengri, the chief Mongolian deity). The lyricist of the group, Askhan, also draws on family stories in some songs.According to Askhan, while the first album is quite raw with no frills, the following are more mature and better worked with sequences, transitions and integration of traditional instruments.[3]The lyrics are written in Mongolian even when the titles are in English.The group also uses techniques of Tuvan throat singing.","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"balalaika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balalaika"},{"link_name":"tovshuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovshuur"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Namra-8"},{"link_name":"morin khuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morin_khuur"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Askhan Avagchuud [阿斯汗] – guitars, vocals (2010–present), balalaika (2010–2015), drum programming (2010–2019), tovshuur (2023–present)[16][17][18]\nOrgil [敖瑞峰] – bass, backing vocals (2011–present)[16][17][19]\nSaina [赛娜] (also of M-Survivor) – balalaika, backing vocals (2015–present), guitars (2019–present)[16][17][20]\nNamra – drums (2019–present)[17][8]\nNars – morin khuur, backing vocals (2023–present)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Hanggai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanggai_(band)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-16"},{"link_name":"Tengger Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengger_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Baisal [白斯樂] (also on Suld as Baisile) – drums (2010–2011)[21]\nAlen [艾伦] (also on Hanggai as Allen) – balalaika (2010–2012)[22]\n萨其尔 – samples (2012, only live)[23]\nWiils [伟力斯] – balalaika (2012–2014)[16]\nDing Kai [丁凯] (also on Tengger Cavalry) – drums (2012–2019)[24]\nTsog [朝克] – morin khuur, mouth harp, backing vocals (2010–2022)[16][17][25]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bcAwake-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-26"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-26"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB-26"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetalArchives-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJunderground-12"}],"text":"Studio albums十丈铜嘴 Arvan Ald Guulin Honshoor (2012)\nNine Treasures (2013)\nWisdom Eyes (2017)\nAwakening from Dukkha (Compilation) (2021)[11]Live albumsLive in Beijing (2015)[26][17]Singles and EPsGalloping White Horse (EP, 2015)[26][17]\n\"Bodhicitta\" (2019)[26][17]\n\"Three-Year-Old Warrior\" (2021)[12]","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Hailar district in Hulunbuir region of Inner Mongolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/ChinaHulunbuirHailar.png/220px-ChinaHulunbuirHailar.png"},{"image_text":"Nine Treasures at WOMEX 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Nine_Treasures_-_WOMEX_15%2C_2015.10.22_%281%29.JPG/220px-Nine_Treasures_-_WOMEX_15%2C_2015.10.22_%281%29.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Travers, Paul (1 March 2021). \"How Mongolian metal became a cultural phenomenon\". Kerrang!. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/how-mongolian-metal-became-a-cultural-phenomenon/","url_text":"\"How Mongolian metal became a cultural phenomenon\""}]},{"reference":"Nolan, Matt (31 March 2015). \"Nine Treasures – Mongolian Nomadic Folk Metal\". AudioPhix. Fansided. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://audiophix.com/2015/03/31/nine-treasures-mongolian-nomadic-folk-metal/","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures – Mongolian Nomadic Folk Metal\""}]},{"reference":"Ruan Fan (25 November 2015). \"Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans [2]\". China Daily. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-11/25/content_22516841_2.htm","url_text":"\"Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans [2]\""}]},{"reference":"Ruan Fan (25 November 2015). \"Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans [1]\". China Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-11/25/content_22516841.htm","url_text":"\"Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans [1]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Treasures\". Earthbeat. 2016. Archived from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820112944/http://earthbeat.nl/artist/nine-treasures/","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures\""},{"url":"http://earthbeat.nl/artist/nine-treasures/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chinese folk metal Nine Treasures announce European tour\". Unite Asia. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://uniteasia.org/chinese-folk-metal-nine-treasures-announce-european-tour/","url_text":"\"Chinese folk metal Nine Treasures announce European tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Treasures – Metal-Battle 2013 finalists on tour!\". Wacken Open Air. 6 January 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160607014541/http://www.wacken.com/en/news/news/news-detail/nine-treasures-metal-battle-2013-finalists-on-tour/","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures – Metal-Battle 2013 finalists on tour!\""},{"url":"https://www.wacken.com/en/news/news/news-detail/nine-treasures-metal-battle-2013-finalists-on-tour/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Namra\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Namra/891468","url_text":"\"Namra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ding Kai\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Ding_Kai/446342","url_text":"\"Ding Kai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bodhicitta\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/albums/Nine_Treasures/Bodhicitta/764101","url_text":"\"Bodhicitta\""}]},{"reference":"Nine Treasures. \"Awakening from Dukkha\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ninetreasures.bandcamp.com/album/awakening-from-dukkha","url_text":"\"Awakening from Dukkha\""}]},{"reference":"Dyer, Ryan (4 March 2021). \"Nine Treasures – Mongolian Metal Maestros Delete the Past for a Brighter Future\". Beijing Underground. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://beijing-underground.com/nine-treasures-mongolian-metal-maestros-delete-the-past-for-a-brighter-future/","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures – Mongolian Metal Maestros Delete the Past for a Brighter Future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Folk Metal Band Nine Treasures Delete All Previous Material – Re-Release it For Free Download\". Unite Asia. 8 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://uniteasia.org/folk-metal-band-nine-treasures-delete-previous-material-re-release-free-download/","url_text":"\"Folk Metal Band Nine Treasures Delete All Previous Material – Re-Release it For Free Download\""}]},{"reference":"Hobson, Rich (6 March 2021). \"Nine Treasures: Awakening from Dukkha\". Metal Hammer. p. 93. Retrieved 13 March 2021 – via Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/ninetreasuresofficial/photos/a.430507217032953/3759206494162992/","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures: Awakening from Dukkha\""}]},{"reference":"Ruan Fan. \"Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans [3]\". China Daily. Retrieved 20 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/culture/2015-11/25/content_22516841_3.htm","url_text":"\"Inner-Mongolian band wins over European fans [3]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Treasures\". Discogs. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/3725857","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Treasures\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Nine_Treasures/3540346384","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Askhan Avagchuud\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Askhan_Avagchuud/428172","url_text":"\"Askhan Avagchuud\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orgil\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 4 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Orgil/428173","url_text":"\"Orgil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saina\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Saina/631669","url_text":"\"Saina\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baisal\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Baisal/891467","url_text":"\"Baisal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alen\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Alen/428175","url_text":"\"Alen\""}]},{"reference":"\"萨其尔\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%B6%E5%B0%94/446341","url_text":"\"萨其尔\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ding Kai\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Ding_Kai/446342","url_text":"\"Ding Kai\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tsog\". Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives. 10 March 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Tsog/631794","url_text":"\"Tsog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Treasures\". MusicBrainz. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/170b3bcd-3f7d-4fbd-a3ed-9c2e10f550ed","url_text":"\"Nine Treasures\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nine+Treasures%22","external_links_name":"\"Nine 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland_and_Cornelius_Company	Boland and Cornelius Company	["1 Self-unloading ships","2 World War II","3 Ships","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]	Former New York Shipping Company Boland and Cornelius CompanyCompany typePrivateIndustryShippingFounded1904 (1904) in Buffalo, New York, United StatesKey people Messrs Boland Adam E. Cornelius John J. Boland SubsidiariesAmerican Steamship Company Boland and Cornelius Company was a shipping company founded in 1904 by Messrs Boland and Adam E. Cornelius in Buffalo, New York. Adam Edwards Cornelius came up with the idea of having self-unloading ships to save time and money. Adam Edwards Cornelius self-unloading ships changed the way ships were unloading. In 1907 Boland and Cornelius founded the American Steamship Company a subsidiary of Boland and Cornelius Company. American Steamship Company later became the current GATX Corporation. Boland and Cornelius Company flew a white and red flag with B&C in blue. In 1973, the Boland and Cornelius families sold Boland and Cornelius Company and American Steamship Company to the General American Transportation Corporation (GATX). GATX sold the shipping company to RAND Logistics Inc. in 2020. RAND Logistics Inc. was founded in 2006 and has purchased other shipping companies. Messrs Boland first shipping company was on the Great Lakes with his brothers. Messrs Boland, John J. Boland and Joseph Boland founded the J.J. Boland Company, also J.J. Boland Jr. Company in 1895 in Buffalo, New York. In 1901 Joseph Boland departed the shipping company. Self-unloading ships Self-unloading Lake freighter unloading limestone SS Carl D. Bradleyunloading hopper in 1958 Adam Edwards Cornelius bulk-carrier self-unloading ships used a Conveyor belt arm to unload cargo. The American Shipbuilding Company was the first to build these new ships. World War II In 1941 Boland and Cornelius Company operated as an agent for the American Steamship Company. Boland and Cornelius Company operated a fleet of ships that were used to help the World War II effort. During World War II Boland and Cornelius Company operated Merchant navy ships for the United States Shipping Board. During World War II was active with charter shipping with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration. Boland and Cornelius Company operated Liberty ships and tankers for the merchant navy. The ship was run by its Boland and Cornelius Company crew and the US Navy supplied United States Navy Armed Guards to man the deck guns and radio. Ships The launch of the SS William G. Mather Boland and Cornelius first ship, the SS Yale, shown underway prior to World War I, served as USS Yale (ID-1672), 1918–1920 and as USS Greyhound (IX-106), 1943–1944. SS Yale first steel ship Adam E. Cornelius (1) (1908) SS William G. Mather built in 1905 Adam E. Cornelius (2) Adam E. Cornelius (3), self-unloading ships, built in 1959 Hugh Kenndey 1907 laker MV John J. Boland built in 1973 MV Saginaw Built in 1953 J.J. Boland Company ships: SV Alta a 1905 Schooner 1884-1905 J.J. Boland Jr, sank Liberty ships operated: James F. Harrell Alexander Lillington SS Harold T. Andrews La Salle Seam Darel M. Ritter Mary Wilkins Freeman Francis A. Retka Thomas H. Gallaudet Pocahontas Seam Jellico Seam See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liberty ships. World War II United States Merchant Navy External links ASC website References ^ "Boland and Cornelius". CRWFlags.com. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ The Liberty Ships of World War II, By Greg H. Williams, page 255 ^ American Steamship Company ^ RAND Logistics Inc. ^ New York Court of Appeals. Records and Briefs. By New York (State). Court of Appeals, page 810. ^ Falkowski, Brendan (9 April 2020). "Adam E. Cornelius (3)". Great Lakes Ships. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "SV Alta". WreckSite.eu. Retrieved 25 June 2022. ^ "LibShipsH". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsL". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsD". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsM". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsF". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsT". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsP". www.mariners-l.co.uk. ^ "LibShipsJ". www.mariners-l.co.uk. vteWorld War II Maritime Commission ship designsCargo designs Type C1 Type C2 Type C3 Type C4 Type C5 (Type C6) (Type C7) (Type C8) (Type C9) Type N3 Emergency cargo Liberty ship ("EC2-S-C1") Victory ship ("VC2-S-AP1") Tanker T1 tanker T2 tanker T3 tanker Liberty ship ("Z-ET1-S-C3") Special-purpose Type S2 ("Tacoma-class frigate") Type S3-S2-BP ("Landing Ship, Tank") Type S3-S2-BP1 ("Neptune-class cable layer") Type S4-S2-BB3 ("Casablanca-class escort carrier") Type S4-SE2-BD1 ("Gilliam-class attack transport") Type S4-SE2-BE1 ("Artemis-class attack cargo ship") "Crane vessel-Derrick Barge" Miscellaneous-cargo Type L6 ("Lakers") Type N ("Coastal Cargo") Type P1 ("Passenger") Type P2 ("Passenger") Type R ("Refrigerated") Type B ("Barge") Tugs Type V ("Tugs") See also:- Empire ship, Fort ship, Park ship, Ocean ship. vteUnited States naval ship classes of World War IIAircraft carriers Lexington RangerS Yorktown WaspS Essex MidwayC Light aircraft carriers Independence SaipanC Escort carriers Long Island Charger Bogue Sangamon Casablanca Commencement Bay Battleships Wyoming New York Nevada Pennsylvania New Mexico Tennessee Colorado North Carolina South Dakota Iowa MontanaX Large cruisers Alaska Heavy cruisers Pensacola Northampton Portland New Orleans WichitaS Baltimore Oregon CityC Des MoinesC Light cruisers Omaha Brooklyn Atlanta Cleveland FargoC JuneauC WorcesterC CL-154X Gunboats Dubuque SacramentoS Asheville PlymouthS WilliamsburgS St. AugustineS VixenS Erie PGM-1 PGM-9 Destroyers Sampson Caldwell Wickes Clemson Farragut Porter Mahan Gridley Bagley Somers Benham Sims Benson Gleaves Fletcher Allen M. Sumner Robert H. Smith Gearing Destroyer escorts Evarts Buckley Cannon Edsall Rudderow John C. Butler Patrol frigates Asheville Tacoma Patrol boats Action PT boat Minelayers OglalaS WassucS MonadnockS MiantonomahS TerrorS KeokukS SalemS WeehawkenS Camanche Chimo Minesweepers Lapwing Raven Auk EagleS Hawk Admirable Submarines O R S Barracuda ArgonautS Narwhal DolphinS Cachalot Porpoise Salmon Sargo Tambor Mackerel Gato Balao Tench Tankers T1 tanker T2 tanker T3 tanker Cargo ships Liberty Victory Haskell Andromeda Arcturus Artemis Tolland Alstede Aldebaran Adria Acubens Arctic Denebola Hyades Mizar Auxiliary ships Ammunition Floating drydock Repair dock Barracks Collier Combat stores Destroyer tender Depot High-speed transport Hospital Ice cream barge Net laying Motor torpedo boat tender Reefer Oiler Repair Seaplane tender Submarine tender Underway replenishment C Completed after the war S Single ship of class X Cancelled vteLiberty shipsLists A-F G-Je Je-L M-R S-Z Subtypes Acubens-class general stores issue ship Armadillo class tanker Crater-class cargo ship Guardian-class radar picket ship List of Subtypes Survivors SS John W. Brown SS Jeremiah O'Brien SS Arthur M. Huddell SS Albert M. Boe Other Liberty Fleet Day Port Chicago disaster Project Liberty Ship See also Park ship (Canadian equivalent) Fort ship (British equivalent) Ocean ship (Anglo-American predecessor) Victory ship (American follow-on) Empire ship (British ships owned by the Ministry of War Transport) Category List	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam E. 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Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Boland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Boland and Cornelius Company was a shipping company founded in 1904 by Messrs Boland and Adam E. Cornelius in Buffalo, New York. Adam Edwards Cornelius came up with the idea of having self-unloading ships to save time and money. Adam Edwards Cornelius self-unloading ships changed the way ships were unloading. In 1907 Boland and Cornelius founded the American Steamship Company a subsidiary of Boland and Cornelius Company. American Steamship Company later became the current GATX Corporation. Boland and Cornelius Company flew a white and red flag with B&C in blue.[1][2]In 1973, the Boland and Cornelius families sold Boland and Cornelius Company and American Steamship Company to the General American Transportation Corporation (GATX). GATX sold the shipping company to RAND Logistics Inc. in 2020. RAND Logistics Inc. was founded in 2006 and has purchased other shipping companies.[3][4]Messrs Boland first shipping company was on the Great Lakes with his brothers. Messrs Boland, John J. Boland and Joseph Boland founded the J.J. Boland Company, also J.J. Boland Jr. Company in 1895 in Buffalo, New York. In 1901 Joseph Boland departed the shipping company.[5]","title":"Boland and Cornelius Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USEPA_GL_collection_151_DuluthHalletDockSelfunloader.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bradley_Unloading_in_Hopper_1958.jpg"},{"link_name":"SS Carl D. 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The American Shipbuilding Company was the first to build these new ships.","title":"Self-unloading ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Merchant navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_navy"},{"link_name":"United States Shipping Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Shipping_Board"},{"link_name":"charter shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartering_(shipping)"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"},{"link_name":"War Shipping Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Shipping_Administration"},{"link_name":"Liberty ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"merchant navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_United_States_Merchant_Navy"},{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Armed Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Armed_Guard"}],"text":"In 1941 Boland and Cornelius Company operated as an agent for the American Steamship Company. Boland and Cornelius Company operated a fleet of ships that were used to help the World War II effort. During World War II Boland and Cornelius Company operated Merchant navy ships for the United States Shipping Board. During World War II was active with charter shipping with the Maritime Commission and War Shipping Administration. Boland and Cornelius Company operated Liberty ships and tankers for the merchant navy. The ship was run by its Boland and Cornelius Company crew and the US Navy supplied United States Navy Armed Guards to man the deck guns and radio.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_G_Mather_launch.jpg"},{"link_name":"SS William G. 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Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Picket_(YAGR-7)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lillington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Alexander_Lillington"},{"link_name":"SS Harold T. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Harold_T._Andrews"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The launch of the SS William G. MatherBoland and Cornelius first ship, the SS Yale, shown underway prior to World War I, served as USS Yale (ID-1672), 1918–1920 and as USS Greyhound (IX-106), 1943–1944.SS Yale first steel ship\nAdam E. Cornelius (1) (1908)\nSS William G. Mather built in 1905\nAdam E. Cornelius (2)\nAdam E. Cornelius (3), self-unloading ships, built in 1959[6]\nHugh Kenndey 1907 laker\nMV John J. Boland built in 1973\nMV Saginaw Built in 1953J.J. Boland Company ships:SV Alta a 1905 Schooner 1884-1905[7]\nJ.J. Boland Jr, sankLiberty ships operated:James F. Harrell\nAlexander Lillington\nSS Harold T. Andrews [8]\nLa Salle Seam [9]\nDarel M. Ritter [10]\nMary Wilkins Freeman [11]\nFrancis A. Retka [12]\nThomas H. Gallaudet [13]\nPocahontas Seam [14]\nJellico Seam [15]","title":"Ships"}]	[{"image_text":"Self-unloading Lake freighter unloading limestone","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/USEPA_GL_collection_151_DuluthHalletDockSelfunloader.jpg/220px-USEPA_GL_collection_151_DuluthHalletDockSelfunloader.jpg"},{"image_text":"SS Carl D. Bradleyunloading hopper in 1958","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bradley_Unloading_in_Hopper_1958.jpg/220px-Bradley_Unloading_in_Hopper_1958.jpg"},{"image_text":"The launch of the SS William G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Championship	J.League Championship	["1 Results","2 Clubs who won the most points through a season","3 Suntory Cup '96 J.League Champions' Finals","4 Meiji Yasuda 2015 J.League Championship","5 Meiji Yasuda 2016 J.League Championship","6 References","7 See also"]	Two-legged championship series This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "J.League Championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The J.League Championship is a two-legged championship series which determined the season champion for the first 12 J.League seasons (1993–2004) excluding the 1996 season. In the early years, the J.League seasons were divided into two halves, the first and second stages, and the champions of each stage participated in the series. The competition did not take place in 1996, since the single season format was used in that year. Japanese beer company Suntory sponsored the championship, thus the name Suntory Championship was used in the media and among the general public. As mentioned, the winners of this competition became the champions of the respective season, while the finalist became the runners-up. As for the rest of the table, points from both stages were summed up to rank the clubs from 3rd place down. In 2000, this format created an unusual situation where the 3rd place club, Kashiwa Reysol, had more points than both the season champion and runners-up in the final standing. The series usually took place at the beginning of December, with the exception of the 1993 season, when it was held, due to the 1993 World Cup Qualifiers, in January. The league adopted a single season format starting with the 2005 season. The J.League Championship returned for the 2015 season and 2016 season in a heavily modified format to previous incarnations. Results The winners are in bold. Venues are indicated in brackets after the score line. Season 1st stagewinners Aggregate(Extra time & PK) 1st legscore 2nd legscore 2nd stagewinners Note 1993 Kashima Antlers 1–3 0–2 (National) 1–1 (National) Verdy Kawasaki 1994 Sanfrecce Hiroshima 0–2 0–1 (Hiroshima) 0–1 (National) Verdy Kawasaki 1995 Yokohama Marinos 2–0 1–0 (National) 1–0 (National) Verdy Kawasaki 1997 Kashima Antlers 2–4 2–3 (Iwata) 0–1 (Kashima) Júbilo Iwata A draw decided who would play the home game first. 1998 Júbilo Iwata 2–4 1–2 (National) 1–2 (Kashima) Kashima Antlers 1999 Júbilo Iwata 3–3 4–2 (pen.) 2–1 (Iwata) 1–2 (Nihondaira) Shimizu S-Pulse PK shoot-out was required to decide the winner.(No extra time was played) 2000 Yokohama F. Marinos 0–3 0–0 (Yokohama) 0–3 (National) Kashima Antlers 2001 Júbilo Iwata 2–2 Extra time 0–1 2–2 (Shizuoka) 0–0 (Kashima) Kashima Antlers Extra time (with the golden goal rule) was required to decide the winner. 2002 No competition because Júbilo Iwata won both stages. 2003 No competition because Yokohama F. Marinos won both stages. 2004 Yokohama F. Marinos 1–1 Extra time 0–0 4–2 (pen.) 1–0 (Yokohama) 0–1 (Saitama) Urawa Red Diamonds Extra time (with the golden goal rule) andpenalty shootout were required to decide the winner. Clubs who won the most points through a season There are only two occurrences where the club that won the most points in the season also won the championship. They are the 1993 and 1994 seasons, both won by Verdy Kawasaki. The following table shows the clubs that won the most points through a season. Season Club 1993 Verdy Kawasaki 1994 Verdy Kawasaki 1995 Verdy Kawasaki 1996 Kashima Antlers 1997 Kashima Antlers 1998 Júbilo Iwata 1999 Shimizu S-Pulse 2000 Kashiwa Reysol 2001 Júbilo Iwata 2002 Júbilo Iwata 2003 Yokohama F. Marinos 2004 Urawa Red Diamonds 2015 Sanfrecce Hiroshima In the 2000 season, although Kashiwa Reysol won the most points through the season, they could not take part in the J.League Championship because they failed to win either stage. In fact, Júbilo Iwata also won more points through the season than Yokohama F. Marinos and Kashima Antlers who qualified for the Championship. According to the regulation, the official league rankings of Kashiwa and Iwata of that season are third and fourth respectively. Suntory Cup '96 J.League Champions' Finals As the 1996 season wasn't divided into stages, the J.League Championship did not take place. Instead, the competition titled the Suntory Cup '96 J.League Champions' Finals was held. The champions and runners-up of the 1996 J.League regular season as well as the finalists of the J.League Cup took part. Nagoya Grampus Eight won and qualified for the 1997 Sanwa Bank Cup. Participating clubs Kashima Antlers (J.League champions) Nagoya Grampus Eight (J.League runners-up) Shimizu S-Pulse (J.League Cup winners) Verdy Kawasaki (J.League Cup runners-up) Results Round Home Score(Venue) Away Semi-finals Kashima Antlers 1–14–2 (pen.)(Kashima) Verdy Kawasaki Shimizu S-Pulse 0–01–3 (pen.)(Nihondaira) Nagoya Grampus Eight Final Kashima Antlers 0–1 (National) Nagoya Grampus Eight Meiji Yasuda 2015 J.League Championship The Championship stage consisted of a knockout tournament involving the champions of the First and Second Stages, and any team that finishes in the top 3 of the overall table. The team with the best aggregate record earned a bye to the final. The remaining teams playoff for the other spot in the final. Semifinal Final Sanfrecce Hiroshima 3 1 4 Urawa Red Diamonds 1 Gamba Osaka 2 1 3 Gamba Osaka (a.e.t.) 3 28 November 201514:00 Urawa Red Diamonds1 – 3 (a.e.t.)Gamba Osaka Ljubijankić 72' Report 47' Konno 117' Fujiharu 120' Patric Saitama Stadium 2002, Midori-ku, SaitamaAttendance: 40,696Referee: Hajime Matsuo 2 December 201519:30 Gamba Osaka2 – 3Sanfrecce Hiroshima Nagasawa 60'Konno 82' Report Douglas 80'Sasaki 90+1'Kashiwa 90+6' Osaka Expo '70 Stadium, SuitaAttendance: 17,844Referee: Kenji Ogiya 5 December 201519:30 Sanfrecce Hiroshima1 – 1Gamba Osaka Asano 76' Report Konno 28' Hiroshima Big Arch, HiroshimaAttendance: 36,609Referee: Yuichi Nishimura Meiji Yasuda 2016 J.League Championship Main article: 2016 J1 League § Championship stage References ^ "TOURNAMENT : MEIJI YASUDA J.LEAGUE CHAMPIONSHIP：J. LEAGUE.JP JAPAN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUE". www.jleague.jp. Archived from the original on 2015-12-25. See also Japanese football champions Apertura and Clausura for a general explanation of the format vteJ.LeagueChampions (J1 League · J2 League · J3 League) · Records and statistics · Historical goalsSeasonsJ1 League seasons(1993–present) 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 J2 League seasons(1999–present) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 J3 League seasons(2014–present) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 ClubsJ1 League Albirex Niigata Avispa Fukuoka Cerezo Osaka Gamba Osaka Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo Júbilo Iwata Kashima Antlers Kashiwa Reysol Kawasaki Frontale Kyoto Sanga FC FC Machida Zelvia Nagoya Grampus Sagan Tosu Sanfrecce Hiroshima Shonan Bellmare FC Tokyo Tokyo Verdy Urawa Red Diamonds Vissel Kobe Yokohama F. Marinos J2 League Blaublitz Akita Ehime FC Fagiano Okayama Fujieda MYFC Iwaki FC JEF United Chiba Kagoshima United FC Mito HollyHock Montedio Yamagata Oita Trinita Renofa Yamaguchi FC Roasso Kumamoto Shimizu S-Pulse Thespa Gunma Tochigi SC Tokushima Vortis V-Varen Nagasaki Vegalta Sendai Ventforet Kofu Yokohama FC J3 League AC Nagano Parceiro Azul Claro Numazu Fukushima United FC Gainare Tottori FC Gifu Giravanz Kitakyushu FC Imabari Iwate Grulla Morioka Kamatamare Sanuki Kataller Toyama Matsumoto Yamaga FC Nara Club Omiya Ardija FC Osaka FC Ryukyu SC Sagamihara Tegevajaro Miyazaki Vanraure Hachinohe YSCC Yokohama Zweigen Kanazawa Former Yokohama Flügels J.League U-22 Selection FC Tokyo U-23 Gamba Osaka U-23 Cerezo Osaka U-23 Players Designated special players (DSP) Foreign J.League players Managers J.League managers current Referees J.League referees Awards (Monthly MVP · MVP Award · Best XI · Top Scorer · Rookie of the Year · Manager of the Year) vteJapanese club footballFirst-tier club football seasons, 1965–presentJapan Soccer League1965–1992Japan Soccer League Division 1since 1972 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 J.League1993–presentJ.League Division 1/J1 Leaguesince 1999 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of champions J.League Championship Promotion / Relegation series Super Cup Second-tier club football seasons, 1972–presentJapan Soccer League Division 21972–1992 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 (former) Japan Football League1992–1998(former) Japan Football League Division 11992–1993 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 J2 League1999–present 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of champions Promotion / Relegation series Third-tier club football seasons, 1992–93, 1999–present(former) Japan Football League Division 21992–93 1992 1993 No national third tier, 1994–1998 Japan Football League 1999–2013 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 J3 League 2014–present 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of championsFourth-tier club football seasons, 2014–presentJapan Football League2014–present 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional level club football seasons, 1966–presentJapanese Regional Leagues1966–present 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Regional Champions League Shakaijin Cup Emperor's Cup seasons, 1921–presentEmperor's Cup1921–present 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 WW II 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Super CupLeague Cup seasons, 1976–presentJSL Cup1976–1991 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 J.League Cup1992–present 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Suruga Bank ChampionshipFootball clubs in Japan, 2024J1 League Albirex Niigata Avispa Fukuoka Cerezo Osaka Gamba Osaka Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo Júbilo Iwata Kashima Antlers Kashiwa Reysol Kawasaki Frontale Kyoto Sanga FC FC Machida Zelvia Nagoya Grampus Sagan Tosu Sanfrecce Hiroshima Shonan Bellmare FC Tokyo Tokyo Verdy Urawa Red Diamonds Vissel Kobe Yokohama F. Marinos J2 League Blaublitz Akita Ehime FC Fagiano Okayama Fujieda MYFC Iwaki FC JEF United Chiba Kagoshima United FC Mito HollyHock Montedio Yamagata Oita Trinita Renofa Yamaguchi FC Roasso Kumamoto Shimizu S-Pulse Thespakusatsu Gunma Tochigi SC Tokushima Vortis V-Varen Nagasaki Vegalta Sendai Ventforet Kofu Yokohama FC J3 League AC Nagano Parceiro Azul Claro Numazu FC Gifu FC Imabari Fukushima United FC Gainare Tottori Giravanz Kitakyushu Iwate Grulla Morioka Kamatamare Sanuki Kataller Toyama Matsumoto Yamaga FC Nara Club Omiya Ardija FC Osaka FC Ryukyu SC Sagamihara Tegevajaro Miyazaki Vanraure Hachinohe YSCC Yokohama Zweigen Kanazawa 100 Year Plan clubs Criacao Shinjuku Nankatsu SC Reilac Shiga Tokyo 23 Vonds Ichihara Japan Football League Briobecca Urayasu Criacao Shinjuku Honda FC Kochi United Maruyasu Okazaki Minebea Mitsumi Okinawa SV Reilac Shiga ReinMeer Aomori Sony Sendai FC Tiamo Hirakata Tochigi City Tokyo Musashino United Suzuka Point Getters Veertien Mie Verspah Oita Defunct clubs(clubs belonging tonationwide leagues only) Fukushima FC Arte Takasaki JEF Reserves Sagawa Express Tokyo NKK SC Yokohama Flügels ALO's Hokuriku Jatco SC Hagoromo Club Toyota Higashi-Fuji Seino Transportation Cosmo Oil Yokkaichi Sagawa Shiga NTT Kinki/Kansai SP Kyoto Tanabe Pharmaceutical Dainichi Cable Industries Sagawa Express Osaka Eidai SC Teijin SC Nippon Steel Yawata Tosu Futures Profesor Miyazaki J.League U-22 Selection FC Tokyo U-23 Cerezo Osaka U-23 Gamba Osaka U-23 Kagura Shimane vteFootball competitions involving Japanese clubsLeagues J1 League J2 League J3 League Japan Football League Japanese Regional Leagues promotion tournament Cups Emperor's Cup J.League Cup Japanese Super Cup Shakaijin Cup International FIFA Club World Cup AFC Champions League Defunct Suntory Championship Promotion/Relegation Series JOMO All-Star Soccer Asian Cup Winners' Cup Asian Super Cup Afro-Asian Club Championship Sanwa Bank Cup A3 Champions Cup Pan-Pacific Championship Toyota Premier Cup J.League Cup / Copa Sudamericana Championship	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League"},{"link_name":"divided into two halves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura_and_Clausura"},{"link_name":"Suntory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suntory"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"2015 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_J1_League"},{"link_name":"2016 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_J1_League"}],"text":"The J.League Championship is a two-legged championship series which determined the season champion for the first 12 J.League seasons (1993–2004) excluding the 1996 season. In the early years, the J.League seasons were divided into two halves, the first and second stages, and the champions of each stage participated in the series. The competition did not take place in 1996, since the single season format was used in that year. Japanese beer company Suntory sponsored the championship, thus the name Suntory Championship was used in the media and among the general public.As mentioned, the winners of this competition became the champions of the respective season, while the finalist became the runners-up. As for the rest of the table, points from both stages were summed up to rank the clubs from 3rd place down. In 2000, this format created an unusual situation where the 3rd place club, Kashiwa Reysol, had more points than both the season champion and runners-up in the final standing.The series usually took place at the beginning of December, with the exception of the 1993 season, when it was held, due to the 1993 World Cup Qualifiers, in January.The league adopted a single season format starting with the 2005 season. The J.League Championship returned for the 2015 season and 2016 season in a heavily modified format to previous incarnations.","title":"J.League Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The winners are in bold.\nVenues are indicated in brackets after the score line.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verdy Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Verdy_1969"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa Reysol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashiwa_Reysol"},{"link_name":"Júbilo Iwata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAbilo_Iwata"},{"link_name":"Yokohama F. Marinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_F._Marinos"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"}],"text":"There are only two occurrences where the club that won the most points in the season also won the championship. They are the 1993 and 1994 seasons, both won by Verdy Kawasaki. The following table shows the clubs that won the most points through a season.In the 2000 season, although Kashiwa Reysol won the most points through the season, they could not take part in the J.League Championship because they failed to win either stage. In fact, Júbilo Iwata also won more points through the season than Yokohama F. Marinos and Kashima Antlers who qualified for the Championship. According to the regulation, the official league rankings of Kashiwa and Iwata of that season are third and fourth respectively.","title":"Clubs who won the most points through a season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sanwa Bank Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanwa_Bank_Cup"},{"link_name":"Kashima Antlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashima_Antlers"},{"link_name":"Nagoya Grampus Eight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya_Grampus_Eight"},{"link_name":"Shimizu S-Pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu_S-Pulse"},{"link_name":"Verdy Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Verdy_1969"}],"text":"As the 1996 season wasn't divided into stages, the J.League Championship did not take place. Instead, the competition titled the Suntory Cup '96 J.League Champions' Finals was held. The champions and runners-up of the 1996 J.League regular season as well as the finalists of the J.League Cup took part. Nagoya Grampus Eight won and qualified for the 1997 Sanwa Bank Cup.Participating clubsKashima Antlers (J.League champions)\nNagoya Grampus Eight (J.League runners-up)\nShimizu S-Pulse (J.League Cup winners)\nVerdy Kawasaki (J.League Cup runners-up)Results","title":"Suntory Cup '96 J.League Champions' Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Urawa Red Diamonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urawa_Red_Diamonds"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Ljubijankić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ljubijanki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/11/28/japan/j1-league/urawa-red-diamonds/gamba-osaka/2169842/?ICID=PL_MS_01"},{"link_name":"Konno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuyuki_Konno"},{"link_name":"Fujiharu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Fujiharu"},{"link_name":"Patric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Patric_Aguiar_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Saitama Stadium 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saitama_Stadium_2002"},{"link_name":"Midori-ku, Saitama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midori-ku,_Saitama"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Sanfrecce Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanfrecce_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Nagasawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shun_Nagasawa"},{"link_name":"Konno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuyuki_Konno"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/12/02/japan/j1-league/gamba-osaka/sanfrecce-hiroshima/2169843/?ICID=PL_MS_01"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_(footballer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"Sasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sho_Sasaki_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Kashiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshifumi_Kashiwa"},{"link_name":"Osaka Expo '70 Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Expo_%2770_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Suita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suita,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Kenji Ogiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenji_Ogiya"},{"link_name":"Sanfrecce Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanfrecce_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Gamba Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamba_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Asano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuma_Asano"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/12/05/japan/j1-league/sanfrecce-hiroshima/gamba-osaka/2169844/?ICID=HP_MS_157_01"},{"link_name":"Konno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuyuki_Konno"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima Big Arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima_Big_Arch"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Yuichi Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuichi_Nishimura"}],"text":"The Championship stage consisted of a knockout tournament involving the champions of the First and Second Stages, and any team that finishes in the top 3 of the overall table. The team with the best aggregate record earned a bye to the final. The remaining teams playoff for the other spot in the final.[1]28 November 201514:00\nUrawa Red Diamonds1 – 3 (a.e.t.)Gamba Osaka\nLjubijankić 72'\nReport\n 47' Konno 117' Fujiharu 120' Patric\nSaitama Stadium 2002, Midori-ku, SaitamaAttendance: 40,696Referee: Hajime Matsuo2 December 201519:30\nGamba Osaka2 – 3Sanfrecce Hiroshima\nNagasawa 60'Konno 82'\nReport\nDouglas 80'Sasaki 90+1'Kashiwa 90+6'\nOsaka Expo '70 Stadium, SuitaAttendance: 17,844Referee: Kenji Ogiya5 December 201519:30\nSanfrecce Hiroshima1 – 1Gamba Osaka\nAsano 76'\nReport\nKonno 28'\nHiroshima Big Arch, HiroshimaAttendance: 36,609Referee: Yuichi Nishimura","title":"Meiji Yasuda 2015 J.League Championship"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Meiji Yasuda 2016 J.League Championship"}]	[]	[{"title":"Japanese football champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_football_champions"},{"title":"Apertura and Clausura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apertura_and_Clausura"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:J.League"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:J.League"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:J.League"},{"title":"J.League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League"},{"title":"J1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_football_champions"},{"title":"J2 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_J2_League_and_predecessors"},{"title":"J3 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_winners_of_J3_League_and_predecessors"},{"title":"Records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"Historical goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_historical_goals"},{"title":"Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:J.League_seasons"},{"title":"J1 League seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:J1_League_seasons"},{"title":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_J.League"},{"title":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_J.League"},{"title":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_J.League"},{"title":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_J.League"},{"title":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_J.League"},{"title":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_J.League"},{"title":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_J.League_Division_1"},{"title":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_J1_League"},{"title":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_J1_League"},{"title":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_J1_League"},{"title":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_J1_League"},{"title":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_J1_League"},{"title":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_J1_League"},{"title":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_J1_League"},{"title":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_J1_League"},{"title":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_J1_League"},{"title":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_J1_League"},{"title":"J2 League seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:J2_League_seasons"},{"title":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_J.League_Division_2"},{"title":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_J2_League"},{"title":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_J2_League"},{"title":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_J2_League"},{"title":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_J2_League"},{"title":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_J2_League"},{"title":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_J2_League"},{"title":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_J2_League"},{"title":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_J2_League"},{"title":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_J2_League"},{"title":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_J2_League"},{"title":"J3 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_image_processor	Raster image processor	["1 Stages of RIP","2 See also","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Raster image processor" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Generating the raster image data A raster image processor (RIP) is a component used in a printing system which produces a raster image also known as a bitmap. Such a bitmap is used by a later stage of the printing system to produce the printed output. The input may be a page description in a high-level page description language such as PostScript, PDF, or XPS. The input can also be or include bitmaps of higher or lower resolution than the output device, which the RIP resizes using an image scaling algorithm. Originally a RIP was a rack of electronic hardware which received the page description via some interface (e.g. RS-232) and generated a "hardware bitmap output" which was used to enable or disable each pixel on a real-time output device such as an optical film recorder, computer to film, or computer to plate. A RIP can be implemented as a software module on a general-purpose computer, or as a firmware program executed on a microprocessor inside a printer. For high-end typesetting, standalone hardware RIPs are sometimes used. Ghostscript, GhostPCL, and ColorBurst's Overdrive (for macOS) are examples of software RIPs. Every PostScript printer contains a RIP in its firmware. The RIP chip in a laser printer sends its raster image output to the laser. Earlier RIPs retained backward compatibility with phototypesetters/photosetters, so they supported the older languages. So, for example, Linotype RIPs supported CORA (RIP30). Stages of RIP Interpretation: This is the stage where the supported PDLs (page description languages) are translated into a private internal representation of each page. Most RIPs process pages serially, one page at a time, so the current machine state is only for the current page. After a page has been output, the page state is discarded to prepare for the next page. Rendering: A process through which the private internal representation is turned into a continuous-tone bitmap. In practical RIPs, interpretation and rendering are frequently done together. Simple languages were designed to work on minimal hardware, so tend to "directly drive" the renderer. Screening: In order to print, the continuous-tone image is converted into a halftone (pattern of dots). Two screening methods or types are amplitude modulation (AM) screening and stochastic or frequency modulation (FM) screening. In AM screening, dot size varies depending on object density—tonal values; dots are placed in a fixed grid. In FM screening, dot size remains constant and dots are placed in random order to create darker or lighter areas of the image; dot placement is precisely controlled by sophisticated mathematical algorithms. See also Image tracing (raster-to-vector "conversion") Laser printing Raster graphics Vector graphics References ^ "Raster Image Processor - PrintWiki". printwiki.org. Retrieved 2023-01-02. ^ "Patent US6469805 - Post raster-image processing controls for digital color image printing". Google.nl. Retrieved 30 November 2014.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RIP_Data_Flow.svg"},{"link_name":"printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"},{"link_name":"raster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics"},{"link_name":"bitmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitmap"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"page description language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_description_language"},{"link_name":"PostScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostScript"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF"},{"link_name":"XPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification"},{"link_name":"image scaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scaling"},{"link_name":"rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-inch_rack"},{"link_name":"RS-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232"},{"link_name":"pixel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel"},{"link_name":"film recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_recorder"},{"link_name":"computer to film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_to_film"},{"link_name":"computer to plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_to_plate"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Ghostscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostscript"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"firmware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware"},{"link_name":"chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"laser printer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printing"},{"link_name":"raster image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_image"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"phototypesetters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phototypesetting"}],"text":"Generating the raster image dataA raster image processor (RIP) is a component used in a printing system which produces a raster image also known as a bitmap.[1][2] Such a bitmap is used by a later stage of the printing system to produce the printed output. The input may be a page description in a high-level page description language such as PostScript, PDF, or XPS. The input can also be or include bitmaps of higher or lower resolution than the output device, which the RIP resizes using an image scaling algorithm.Originally a RIP was a rack of electronic hardware which received the page description via some interface (e.g. RS-232) and generated a \"hardware bitmap output\" which was used to enable or disable each pixel on a real-time output device such as an optical film recorder, computer to film, or computer to plate.A RIP can be implemented as a software module on a general-purpose computer, or as a firmware program executed on a microprocessor inside a printer. For high-end typesetting, standalone hardware RIPs are sometimes used. Ghostscript, GhostPCL, and ColorBurst's Overdrive (for macOS) are examples of software RIPs. Every PostScript printer contains a RIP in its firmware. The RIP chip in a laser printer sends its raster image output to the laser.Earlier RIPs retained backward compatibility with phototypesetters/photosetters, so they supported the older languages. So, for example, Linotype RIPs supported CORA (RIP30).","title":"Raster image processor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continuous-tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_tone"},{"link_name":"halftone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halftone"}],"text":"Interpretation: This is the stage where the supported PDLs (page description languages) are translated into a private internal representation of each page. Most RIPs process pages serially, one page at a time, so the current machine state is only for the current page. After a page has been output, the page state is discarded to prepare for the next page.\nRendering: A process through which the private internal representation is turned into a continuous-tone bitmap. In practical RIPs, interpretation and rendering are frequently done together. Simple languages were designed to work on minimal hardware, so tend to \"directly drive\" the renderer.\nScreening: In order to print, the continuous-tone image is converted into a halftone (pattern of dots). Two screening methods or types are amplitude modulation (AM) screening and stochastic or frequency modulation (FM) screening. In AM screening, dot size varies depending on object density—tonal values; dots are placed in a fixed grid. In FM screening, dot size remains constant and dots are placed in random order to create darker or lighter areas of the image; dot placement is precisely controlled by sophisticated mathematical algorithms.","title":"Stages of RIP"}]	[{"image_text":"Generating the raster image data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/RIP_Data_Flow.svg/300px-RIP_Data_Flow.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Image tracing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_tracing"},{"title":"Laser printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_printing"},{"title":"Raster graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics"},{"title":"Vector graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics"}]	[{"reference":"\"Raster Image Processor - PrintWiki\". printwiki.org. Retrieved 2023-01-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://printwiki.org/Raster_Image_Processor","url_text":"\"Raster Image Processor - PrintWiki\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patent US6469805 - Post raster-image processing controls for digital color image printing\". Google.nl. Retrieved 30 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.google.nl/patents/US6469805","url_text":"\"Patent US6469805 - Post raster-image processing controls for digital color image printing\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Raster+image+processor%22","external_links_name":"\"Raster image processor\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Raster+image+processor%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Raster+image+processor%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Raster+image+processor%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Raster+image+processor%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Raster+image+processor%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://printwiki.org/Raster_Image_Processor","external_links_name":"\"Raster Image Processor - PrintWiki\""},{"Link":"http://www.google.nl/patents/US6469805","external_links_name":"\"Patent US6469805 - Post raster-image processing controls for digital color image printing\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiu_Road_station	Lexiu Road station	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 31°16′02″N 121°18′35″E / 31.267270°N 121.309629°E / 31.267270; 121.309629Metro station in Shanghai, China Lexiu Road乐秀路Station platformGeneral informationLocationLexiu Road and Cao'an Highway, Jiading District, ShanghaiChinaCoordinates31°16′02″N 121°18′35″E / 31.267270°N 121.309629°E / 31.267270; 121.309629Line(s) Line 14Platforms2 (1 island platform)Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundAccessibleYesHistoryOpened30 December 2021 (2021-12-30)Previous namesJinyuanwu RoadServices Preceding station Shanghai Metro Following station FengbangTerminus Line 14 Lintao Roadtowards Guiqiao Road Lexiu Road (simplified Chinese: 乐秀路; traditional Chinese: 樂秀路; pinyin: Lèxiù Lù), formerly known as Jinyuanwu Road (simplified Chinese: 金园五路; traditional Chinese: 金園五路; pinyin: Jīnyuánwǔ Lù), is a station that is part of Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Lexiu Road and Cao'an Highway in the city's Jiading District, the station opened with the rest of Line 14 on December 30, 2021. References ^ Chen Huizhi (2020-09-11). "Pudong part of Metro Line 14 dug through". Shine.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-14. ^ Shanghai Putuo (2018-10-09). "上海三条在建地铁14/15/18号线将全部无人驾驶". Bendibao.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2018-12-31. ^ Ren Tianbao (2020-09-09). 终于！上海轨交14号线预计明年开通. Xinhuanet (in Chinese). Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved 2020-12-15. vteShanghai Metro stationsPart of Transport in ShanghaiLine 14 Fengbang Lexiu Road Lintao Road Jiayi Road Dingbian Road Zhenxin Xincun Zhenguang Road Tongchuan Road 15 Zhenru 11 Zhongning Road Caoyang Road 3 4 11 Wuning Road 13 Wuding Road Jing'an Temple 2 7 Site of the First CPC National Congress · South Huangpi Road 1 Dashijie 8 Yuyuan Garden 10 Lujiazui 2 South Pudong Road Pudong Avenue 4 Yuanshen Road Changyi Road 18 Xiepu Road Longju Road Yunshan Road 6 Lantian Road 9 Huangyang Road Yunshun Road Pudong Football Stadium Jinyue Road Guiqiao Road Stations in italics have yet to open. Further information: MuseumRolling stockStationsTimeline See also: Suburban RailMaglevMetroTramBusFerryShanghai Public Transport Card This Shanghai Metro-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shine-1"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Line 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_14_(Shanghai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Jiading District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xinhuanet-3"}],"text":"Metro station in Shanghai, ChinaLexiu Road[1] (simplified Chinese: 乐秀路; traditional Chinese: 樂秀路; pinyin: Lèxiù Lù), formerly known as Jinyuanwu Road (simplified Chinese: 金园五路; traditional Chinese: 金園五路; pinyin: Jīnyuánwǔ Lù), is a station that is part of Line 14 of the Shanghai Metro. Located at the intersection of Lexiu Road and Cao'an Highway in the city's Jiading District, the station opened with the rest of Line 14 on December 30, 2021.[2][3]","title":"Lexiu Road station"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Chen Huizhi (2020-09-11). \"Pudong part of Metro Line 14 dug through\". Shine.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shine.cn/news/metro/2009115875/","url_text":"\"Pudong part of Metro Line 14 dug through\""}]},{"reference":"Shanghai Putuo (2018-10-09). \"上海三条在建地铁14/15/18号线将全部无人驾驶\". Bendibao.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 2018-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://sh.bendibao.com/traffic/2018109/198405.shtm","url_text":"\"上海三条在建地铁14/15/18号线将全部无人驾驶\""}]},{"reference":"Ren Tianbao (2020-09-09). 终于！上海轨交14号线预计明年开通. Xinhuanet (in Chinese). Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Demets	Fernand Demets	["1 Sources"]	Belgian politician (1884–1952) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fernand Demets" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fernand DemetsBornFernand Charles Gustave Demets(1884-03-08)8 March 1884Saint-GillesDied29 September 1952(1952-09-29) (aged 68)BrusselsNationalityBelgianOccupationpolitician Fernand Charles Gustave Demets (French: ; 8 March 1884 – 29 September 1952) was a Belgian liberal politician, burgomaster, and defense minister. Demets was an industrialist and became a municipal council member (1911–1929) and burgomaster (1919–1927) in Anderlecht, then a Liberal senator (1929–1945) in the district of Brussels. Demets was co-president of the Liberal Party (1940–1945). He was minister of defense in 1944-1945 and afterwards became governor of the province of Brabant (1945–1951). Sources Presidents of the Belgian liberal party This article about a Brussels politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a mayor in Belgium is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[dəmɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"burgomaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgomaster"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)"}],"text":"Fernand Charles Gustave Demets (French: [dəmɛ]; 8 March 1884 – 29 September 1952) was a Belgian liberal politician, burgomaster, and defense minister. Demets was an industrialist and became a municipal council member (1911–1929) and burgomaster (1919–1927) in Anderlecht, then a Liberal senator (1929–1945) in the district of Brussels. Demets was co-president of the Liberal Party (1940–1945). He was minister of defense in 1944-1945 and afterwards became governor of the province of Brabant (1945–1951).","title":"Fernand Demets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidents of the Belgian liberal party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.liberaalarchief.be/vraagbaak_antwoord3.html"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region.svg"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Demets&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Brussels-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Brussels-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brussels-politician-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_personal.svg"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Demets&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Belgium-mayor-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Belgium-mayor-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgium-mayor-stub"}],"text":"Presidents of the Belgian liberal partyThis article about a Brussels politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a mayor in Belgium is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fernand+Demets%22","external_links_name":"\"Fernand Demets\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fernand+Demets%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fernand+Demets%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fernand+Demets%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fernand+Demets%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fernand+Demets%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.liberaalarchief.be/vraagbaak_antwoord3.html","external_links_name":"Presidents of the Belgian liberal party"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Demets&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernand_Demets&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Hesar	Il Hesar	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°37′43″N 59°11′00″E / 36.62861°N 59.18333°E / 36.62861; 59.18333Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranIl Hesar ايل حصارvillageIl HesarCoordinates: 36°37′43″N 59°11′00″E / 36.62861°N 59.18333°E / 36.62861; 59.18333Country IranProvinceRazavi KhorasanCountyChenaranBakhshGolbajarRural DistrictBizakiPopulation (2006) • Total33Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Il Hesar (Persian: ايل حصار, also Romanized as Īl Ḩeşār) is a village in Bizaki Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 10 families. References ^ Il Hesar can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3785699" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Chenaran CountyCapital Chenaran DistrictsCentralCities Chenaran Rural Districts and villagesBaq Mej Anjeshesh Baqmach Gah Gash Kalateh-ye Gah Chenaran Abbasabad Ahangar Akhlamad-e Olya Akhlamad-e Sofla Amirabad Bagijan Bijerk Chahar Mahan Cheshmeh Mahi Dahaneh-ye Akhlamad Deh Bagh Feyzabad Gaveh-ye Kalateh Gaveh-ye Khalseh Gol Khandan Gol Khatun Golshanabad Gonbad Zia Helal Hoseynabad Jukal Kabir Kalateh-ye Mian Kambalan Kheyrabad Khorramabad Khvajeh Jarrah Khvajeh Vali Masi Maskanlu Mazang Melli Mohammadabad Nahrabad Nowruzabad Nur ol Din Qaleh Now Qazlar Qezel Kan Qol Quchan Qom Rezaabad-e Sarhang Rezaabad-e Taheri Safiabad Samandar Sark Sarujeh Seyyedabad Shakrabad Sheykh Khanlu Sherkat-e Kharam Shotor Pa Tolki Yurd Chupan Radkan Abgahi Aliabad Aliabad-e Bahman Jan Bahman Jan-e Olya Bahman Jan-e Sofla Baru Beyram Shah Cham Gard Dalameh-ye Olya Emamzadeh Ebrahim Gavareshkan Goruh Hajjiabad Hakimabad Kalateh-ye Jafar Kalateh-ye Sadu Kharij Marichgan Moghan Muchenan Qadirabad Qezel Hesar Qiasabad Qoroq Radkan Rezaabad-e Gijan Samedi Sowhan Zingar GolbaharCities Golmakan Shahr Jadid-e Golbahar Rural Districts and villagesBizaki Aliabad Bakhtabad Bazeh Chamleh Charmi Cheshmeh Gilas Darangun Dastgerd Derakht-e Senjed Dulkhan Ebrahimabad Fallahabad Fang Fathabad Galk Ganju Golom Guri Hajj Esmaeil Hajjiabad Hakimabad Hasanabad-e Amelzadeh Hasanabad-e Manqashali Hiteh Tala Hoseyn Naju Il Hesar Jow-e Pain Juqan Kalateh Shirin Kalateh-ye Ali Khan Kalateh-ye Hasan Kalateh-ye Qanbar Ali Kalateh-ye Sheykhha Kalateh-ye Tolaki Kamalabad Karangan Karim Khan Khanabad Kortu Kusan Manqeshli Mazraeh-ye Banyad Mastazafan Mehdi Soltan Mehrabad Mirza Hasan Mohammad Hasan Beyg Mohammadabad-e Baluch Mohsenabad Momenabad Musaabad Najmabad Nasrabad Navakh Neyestan Now Bahar Now Mehan Owtan Pas Poshteh Pishavak Pushan Qarah Jangal Qarah Kuseh Qashqabad Sanqasi Sar Asiab Seyyedabad Shah Galdi Shelangerd Shirin Shurak Solugerd Taherabad Tavil Tomandar Yusefabad Zanaqol Zohab Golmakan Abqad Ahmadabad Argi Behabad Chenar Deh Now Dowlatabad Esjil Eslamabad Eyshabad Farizi Gavterna Hasan Aqeh Hashemabad Hoseynabad Jam Ab Kahu Kalateh-ye Payeh Kheyrabad Khij Kushkan Mava Nowzad Ravang Salmanabad Sang-e Sefid Iran portal This Chenaran County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bizaki Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizaki_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Golbajar District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golbajar_District"},{"link_name":"Chenaran County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenaran_County"},{"link_name":"Razavi Khorasan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Razavi Khorasan, IranIl Hesar (Persian: ايل حصار, also Romanized as Īl Ḩeşār)[1] is a village in Bizaki Rural District, Golbajar District, Chenaran County, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 33, in 10 families.[2]","title":"Il Hesar"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_the_spinal_cord	Anterior median fissure of spinal cord	["1 Anatomy","1.1 Relations","2 Clinical significance","2.1 Imaging","3 Additional images","4 References","5 References","6 External links"]	Anterior median fissure of spinal cordA spinal nerve with its anterior and posterior roots.Transverse section of the spinal cord in the mid-thoracic region.DetailsIdentifiersLatinfissura mediana anterior medullae spinalisTA98A14.1.02.007TA26053FMA83735Anatomical terminology The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord.: 486 It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two.: 487 The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord.: 453 Anatomy It has an average depth of about 3 mm, but this is increased in the lower part of the spinal cord. It contains a double fold of pia mater. Its floor is formed by a transverse band of white matter - the anterior white commissure - which is perforated by blood vessels on their way to or from the central part of the spinal cord. Relations The anterior median fissure provides a groove in which the anterior spinal artery sits. Clinical significance Imaging The anterior median fissure may be identified on computerized tomography (CT) myelograms, but more commonly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The AMF has a characteristic appearance on MRI scans that differs from the MRI appearance of the central canal. Additional images Diagrams of the medulla spinalis. References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 752 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Tomsick T, Peak E, Wang L: Fluid-Signal Structures in the Cervical Spinal Cord on MRI: Anterior Median Fissure vs. Central Canal. AJNR 2017; 38:840–45 Oichi Y, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, Minami M, Kawakoa T, et al.: Morphological patterns of the anterior median fissure in the cervical spinal cord evaluated by computed tomography after myelography. Neurospine 2018; 15:388-393 Tomsick T, Wang L, Zuccarello M, Ringer AJ. Fluid-signal structures in the cervical spinal cord on MRI in Chiari patients: Central canal or anterior median fissure? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2021 Apr;42(4):801-806. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7046. Epub 2021 Mar 11.PMID 33707286 References ^ a b c Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). ISBN 978-0-7295-3752-0. External links Atlas image: n2a5p1 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Medulla Oblongata, Anterior View" vteSpinal cordGeneral features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Central canal Terminal ventricle Grey columnsPosterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Rexed lamina V Rexed lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure White matterSensoryPosterior Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway Gracile Cuneate Lateral Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Anterior Spinoreticular tract Spino-olivary tract MotorLateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Raphespinal Reticulospinal Hypothalamospinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Raphespinal Olivospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-1"}],"text":"The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior/ventral spinal cord.[1]: 486 It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two.[1]: 487 The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord.[1]: 453","title":"Anterior median fissure of spinal cord"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"pia mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pia_mater"},{"link_name":"white matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"anterior white commissure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"It has an average depth of about 3 mm, but this is increased in the lower part of the spinal cord. It contains a double fold of pia mater. Its floor is formed by a transverse band of white matter - the anterior white commissure - which is perforated by blood vessels on their way to or from the central part of the spinal cord.[citation needed]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Relations","text":"The anterior median fissure provides a groove in which the anterior spinal artery sits.[citation needed]","title":"Anatomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Imaging","text":"The anterior median fissure may be identified on computerized tomography (CT) myelograms, but more commonly on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The AMF has a characteristic appearance on MRI scans that differs from the MRI appearance of the central canal.[citation needed]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gray663.png"}],"text":"Diagrams of the medulla spinalis.","title":"Additional images"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Herbel	Ron Herbel	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	American baseball player This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Baseball player Ron HerbelPitcherBorn: (1938-01-16)January 16, 1938Denver, Colorado, U.S.Died: January 20, 2000(2000-01-20) (aged 62)Tacoma, Washington, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 10, 1963, for the San Francisco GiantsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 19, 1971, for the Atlanta BravesMLB statisticsWin–loss record42–37Earned run average3.83Strikeouts447 Teams San Francisco Giants (1963–1969) San Diego Padres (1970) New York Mets (1970) Atlanta Braves (1971) Ronald Samuel Herbel (January 16, 1938 – January 20, 2000) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in 331 games, all but 79 in relief, for the San Francisco Giants, San Diego Padres, New York Mets and Atlanta Braves. A right-hander born in Denver, he was listed as 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and 195 pounds (88 kg). Herbel's .029 career batting average is the lowest batting average in Major League history for a player with a minimum of 100 at-bats. Herbel set another record for batting futility: He accumulated the fewest hits of any pitcher or position player in major league history, reaching his first 100 at-bats with one. He got his second hit on June 9, 1966, at the Houston Astrodome, a fifth-inning single RBI single off of Larry Dierker. He was 1-for-108 (.009) in the majors up to that point, and 0-for-12 beginning the 1966 season. It was his only safety of the season, going 1-for-38 (.026) overall. After his second MLB hit, he went 4-for-97 (.041) thereafter, completing his major league career in 1971 to finish 6-for-206. Biography Herbel was raised in Brighton, Colorado, and graduated from Brighton High School in 1956. He attended the University of Northern Colorado. After two seasons at Northern Colorado, Herbel signed as an amateur free agent with the Giants in 1958, then spent six seasons in San Francisco's farm system when he received a September call up to the Giants in 1963. He made two relief appearances with the Giants, both against the New York Mets, with his major league debut on September 10 at the Polo Grounds. Herbel was used both in relief and as a starter in 1964, as he made 22 starts and 18 appearances out of the bullpen. In his first Major League at-bat on May 6, he struck out against Larry Jackson of the Chicago Cubs. His first major league start came on May 17 in the second game of a doubleheader against the New York Mets; he allowed seven hits but no runs, picking up the win in a 1–0 Giant victory. For the season, Herbel made 54 plate appearances without getting a hit, and struck out 30 times. Herbel went 9–9 with a 3.07 earned run average and 98 strikeouts in 1964. His first Major League win was a 1–0 complete game shut out of the New York Mets on May 17. In 1965 Herbel earned a spot in the starting rotation on his way to a 12–9 record for a Giants team that won 14 straight games in September, with Herbel pitching the best ball of his career, only to lose the pennant by two games to a Dodgers team that won its last 15 games. He registered his first hit and RBI on May 21 in his first Major League game on Astroturf, while holding the Houston Astros to just five hits in the complete game victory. It was Herbel's only hit of the season, though he was credited with a second run batted in on July 28 when he walked with the bases loaded. In 1967, Herbel had three hits, two of which were doubles, two walks, three successful bunts and struck out only 14 times for a .107 batting average. It was also Herbel's first real season as a reliever. Though he made 11 starts, he made 31 appearances out of the bullpen, earning one save. Over the next two seasons, Herbel made only six starts. Following the 1969 season, Herbel was traded with Bob Barton and Bobby Etheridge to the San Diego Padres for Frank Reberger. The Padres were 50–82, 341⁄2 games behind the Cincinnati Reds when they dealt Herbel to the reigning World Series champion New York Mets, who were in the midst of a playoff drive again in 1970 (two games behind the first-place Pittsburgh Pirates in the National League East at the time of the trade), and needed to add an arm to their bullpen. Herbel went 2–2 with a 1.38 ERA and one save in 12 relief appearances for the Mets, who finished in third place, six games behind the Pirates. Combined with his 64 appearances with the Padres, Herbel's 76 appearances on the mound led the National League, and was only one fewer than Major League leader Wilbur Wood. Herbel was traded to the Atlanta Braves for Bob Aspromonte following the season on December 1, 1970. Herbel spent one season in Atlanta, where he went 0–1 with a 5.23 ERA and one save in 25 appearances for the third-place Braves. He signed with the Minnesota Twins in 1972, and spent the entire season with their Triple-A Pacific Coast League affiliate before retiring. During 1964 spring training he began wearing glasses because of nearsightedness. He died from a heart attack on January 20, 2000, in Tacoma, Washington, at 62 years old. Seasons W L PCT ERA G GS CG SHO SV IP H ER R HR BB K WP HBP Fld% Avg. RBI 9 42 37 .532 3.83 331 79 11 3 16 8941⁄3 945 380 442 81 285 447 40 20 .958 .029 3 References ^ "Ron Herbel". Historic Baseball. Retrieved 2010-01-16. ^ "Ron Herbel career statistics at retrosheet". retrosheet.org. Retrieved May 16, 2023. ^ "New York Mets 4, San Francisco Giants 2". Baseball-Reference.com. 1963-09-10. ^ "Chicago Cubs 4, San Francisco Giants 2". Baseball-Reference.com. 1964-05-06. ^ a b "Young Hurler Comes Through To Help Giants Sweep Two". The Southeast Missourian. May 18, 1964. p. 5. Retrieved September 24, 2020. ^ "San Francisco Giants 1, New York Mets 0". Baseball-Reference.com. 1964-05-17. ^ "San Francisco Giants 8, Houston Astros 1". Baseball-Reference.com. 1965-05-21. ^ "San Francisco Giants 8, St. Louis Cardinals 5". Baseball-Reference.com. 1965-07-28. ^ "Ron Herbel". Ultimate Mets Database. Retrieved 2009-01-17. ^ "Bob Aspromonte Joins New York," The New York Times, Wednesday, December 2, 1970. Retrieved March 5, 2020 External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Ron Herbel at Find a Grave	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_pitched"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"at-bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-bat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Houston Astrodome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astrodome"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Larry Dierker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Dierker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Baseball playerRonald Samuel Herbel (January 16, 1938 – January 20, 2000) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher who appeared in 331 games, all but 79 in relief, for the San Francisco Giants, San Diego Padres, New York Mets and Atlanta Braves. A right-hander born in Denver, he was listed as 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and 195 pounds (88 kg).Herbel's .029 career batting average is the lowest batting average in Major League history for a player with a minimum of 100 at-bats.[1]Herbel set another record for batting futility: He accumulated the fewest hits of any pitcher or position player in major league history, reaching his first 100 at-bats with one. He got his second hit on June 9, 1966, at the Houston Astrodome, a fifth-inning single RBI single off of Larry Dierker. He was 1-for-108 (.009) in the majors up to that point, and 0-for-12 beginning the 1966 season. It was his only safety of the season, going 1-for-38 (.026) overall. After his second MLB hit, he went 4-for-97 (.041) thereafter, completing his major league career in 1971 to finish 6-for-206.[2]","title":"Ron Herbel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"University of Northern Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Polo Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Grounds"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"starter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"bullpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullpen"},{"link_name":"at-bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-bat"},{"link_name":"Larry 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Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_started"},{"link_name":"CG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_game"},{"link_name":"SHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout"},{"link_name":"SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"IP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innings_pitched"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"HR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"BB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"WP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_pitch"},{"link_name":"HBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_by_pitch"},{"link_name":"Fld%","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"Avg.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"RBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"}],"text":"Herbel was raised in Brighton, Colorado, and graduated from Brighton High School in 1956. He attended the University of Northern Colorado. After two seasons at Northern Colorado, Herbel signed as an amateur free agent with the Giants in 1958, then spent six seasons in San Francisco's farm system when he received a September call up to the Giants in 1963. He made two relief appearances with the Giants, both against the New York Mets, with his major league debut on September 10 at the Polo Grounds.[3]Herbel was used both in relief and as a starter in 1964, as he made 22 starts and 18 appearances out of the bullpen. In his first Major League at-bat on May 6, he struck out against Larry Jackson of the Chicago Cubs.[4] His first major league start came on May 17 in the second game of a doubleheader against the New York Mets; he allowed seven hits but no runs, picking up the win in a 1–0 Giant victory.[5] For the season, Herbel made 54 plate appearances without getting a hit, and struck out 30 times.Herbel went 9–9 with a 3.07 earned run average and 98 strikeouts in 1964. His first Major League win was a 1–0 complete game shut out of the New York Mets on May 17.[6]In 1965 Herbel earned a spot in the starting rotation on his way to a 12–9 record for a Giants team that won 14 straight games in September, with Herbel pitching the best ball of his career, only to lose the pennant by two games to a Dodgers team that won its last 15 games. He registered his first hit and RBI on May 21 in his first Major League game on Astroturf, while holding the Houston Astros to just five hits in the complete game victory.[7] It was Herbel's only hit of the season, though he was credited with a second run batted in on July 28 when he walked with the bases loaded.[8]In 1967, Herbel had three hits, two of which were doubles, two walks, three successful bunts and struck out only 14 times for a .107 batting average. It was also Herbel's first real season as a reliever. Though he made 11 starts, he made 31 appearances out of the bullpen, earning one save. Over the next two seasons, Herbel made only six starts. Following the 1969 season, Herbel was traded with Bob Barton and Bobby Etheridge to the San Diego Padres for Frank Reberger.The Padres were 50–82, 341⁄2 games behind the Cincinnati Reds when they dealt Herbel to the reigning World Series champion New York Mets, who were in the midst of a playoff drive again in 1970 (two games behind the first-place Pittsburgh Pirates in the National League East at the time of the trade), and needed to add an arm to their bullpen.[9] Herbel went 2–2 with a 1.38 ERA and one save in 12 relief appearances for the Mets, who finished in third place, six games behind the Pirates. Combined with his 64 appearances with the Padres, Herbel's 76 appearances on the mound led the National League, and was only one fewer than Major League leader Wilbur Wood. Herbel was traded to the Atlanta Braves for Bob Aspromonte following the season on December 1, 1970.[10]Herbel spent one season in Atlanta, where he went 0–1 with a 5.23 ERA and one save in 25 appearances for the third-place Braves. He signed with the Minnesota Twins in 1972, and spent the entire season with their Triple-A Pacific Coast League affiliate before retiring. During 1964 spring training he began wearing glasses because of nearsightedness.[5] He died from a heart attack on January 20, 2000, in Tacoma, Washington, at 62 years old.Seasons\n\nW\n\nL\n\nPCT\n\nERA\n\nG\n\nGS\n\nCG\n\nSHO\n\nSV\n\nIP\n\nH\n\nER\n\nR\n\nHR\n\nBB\n\nK\n\nWP\n\nHBP\n\nFld%\n\nAvg.\n\nRBI\n\n\n9\n\n42\n\n37\n\n.532\n\n3.83\n\n331\n\n79\n\n11\n\n3\n\n16\n\n8941⁄3\n\n945\n\n380\n\n442\n\n81\n\n285\n\n447\n\n40\n\n20\n\n.958\n\n.029\n\n3","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ron Herbel\". Historic Baseball. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_R%C3%BChe	Volker Rühe	["1 Early political career","2 Federal Minister of Defence, 1992–1998","3 Later political career","4 Other activities","4.1 Corporate roles","4.2 Non-profit organizations","5 Political positions","5.1 Domestic policy","5.2 Foreign policy","6 References"]	German politician Volker RüheFederal Minister of DefenceIn office1 April 1992 – 26 October 1998ChancellorHelmut KohlPreceded byGerhard StoltenbergSucceeded byRudolf ScharpingGeneral Secretary of the Christian Democratic UnionIn office11 September 1989 – 27 October 1992LeaderHelmut KohlPreceded byHeiner GeißlerSucceeded byPeter HintzeMember of the Bundestag for HamburgIn office14 December 1976 – 18 October 2005ConstituencyParty List Proportional Representation Personal detailsBorn (1942-09-25) 25 September 1942 (age 81)Hamburg, Nazi GermanyPolitical partyChristian Democratic Union (1963–present)Alma materUniversity of HamburgOccupationTeacher Volker Rühe (born 25 September 1942) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as German Defence minister from 1 April 1992, succeeding Gerhard Stoltenberg during the first government of a reunified Germany in the fourth cabinet of Chancellor Kohl, to the end of the fifth Kohl Cabinet on 27 October 1998. During his time at the Defence Ministry Rühe played a central role in placing NATO enlargement on the German political agenda. He unsuccessfully ran for the office of minister-president of the German state Schleswig-Holstein in the year 2000, eventually losing against incumbent Heide Simonis. Early political career From 1976 to 2005 Rühe was a member of the German Bundestag. After the Christian Democrats returned to power in 1982, he joined the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's leadership under its new chairman Alfred Dregger. Under the leadership of CDU chairman and Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Rühe held the position of Secretary General of his party from 1989 until 1992, including during the period of German reunification. In this capacity, he succeeded Heiner Geissler and was put in charge of administrative matters and electoral tactics. At a party convention in late 1992, the CDU surprisingly replaced Rühe with Heinz Eggert, a representative from East Germany, as one of Kohl's four deputies. Federal Minister of Defence, 1992–1998 As Germany's longest-serving defense minister, Rühe oversaw the country's integration of the former East German army, expanded Germany's role within NATO and was an early proponent of NATO's expansion eastward. He also proposed more spending on defense and won public backing as well as cross-party support for a Bundeswehr role in international peacekeeping, thus overcoming a German aversion to the use of force—in any circumstances—prevalent after 1945. During his time in office, German military forces were engaged in numerous UN-linked operations outside the NATO region, including 1,700 soldiers in Somalia (logistic support); 122 in Cambodia (medical unit); two ships with combined crews totaling 420 people in the Adriatic Sea (air-navy patrol); 60 in Bosnia-Herzegovina (relief flights), and 40 in Iraq (UN monitoring staff). Rühe frequently expressed frustration with restrictions on German troops joining international peacekeeping missions and faced public criticism of the increasing deployment of German military forces abroad. In 1992, the SPD (unsuccessfully) filed a legal challenge in the Federal Constitutional Court, arguing that the deployment of German forces in the Adriatic violated their constitutional limits on their use. Later, Rühe had to inform the German public in October 1993 about the death of Sgt. Alexander Arndt, a 26-year-old army medic; Arndt had become the first German soldier to die on duty in an area of tension since World War II after he was shot by an unknown assailant in Cambodia. Under Rühe's leadership, Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in August 1992, becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. After failing narrowly to stop the Eurofighter Typhoon project when he took office in 1992, Rühe negotiated down the number of aircraft the air force ordered, as well as the cost of each. In 1993, he canceled plans to buy Lapas, a $1 billion American-designed high-altitude reconnaissance system, after it was revealed that the system's German subcontractor was at the center of a political scandal about reported bribery of Bavarian Minister-President Max Streibl. In 1997, Rühe suspended a lieutenant general and instituted disciplinary action against a colonel after it was revealed that Manfred Roeder, a neo-Nazi with a criminal record of bombings, had been invited to give a speech to the country's most prestigious military academy in 1995. Later political career Between 1998 and 2000, Rühe served as the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. By 2000, Rühe was considered a potential opponent of Angela Merkel for the CDU leadership; however, he eventually dropped out of the race. In 2004, Rühe from the opposition was named by the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to lead Germany's campaign for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. That same year, Schröder sent Rühe to Moscow for talks with President Vladimir Putin on the Orange Revolution. Between 2014 and 2015, he headed a crossparty committee to review the country's parliamentary rules on military deployments. Other activities Corporate roles Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Senior Advisor Hamburg-Mannheimer Versicherungs-AG, Member of the Advisory Board Non-profit organizations International Crisis Group, Member of the Board European Leadership Network (ELN), Member of the Advisory Board, Member of the Task Force on Cooperation in Greater Europe Atlantik-Brücke Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees German Civil Service Federation, Member Political positions Domestic policy Domestically, Rühe was an outspoken advocate of tighter immigration laws. In 2000, as part of the search for a new chair of the CDU, Rühe led an effort to stop frontrunner Angela Merkel that included overtures to Kurt Biedenkopf to serve as an interim leader. Ahead of the party's leadership election in 2018, Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Friedrich Merz to succeed Merkel as chair. Foreign policy In 1985, Rühe strongly urged that Europe's four major powers – France, Britain, Italy and West Germany – formulate a common European position on the Reagan Administration's Strategic Defense Initiative. In 1995, Rühe withdrew an invitation for his Moscow counterpart, Pavel Grachev, to visit Germany after Grachev insulted leading critics of the war in Chechnya. At the time, this was regarded as throwing into question German-Russian military cooperation on European security issues following the country's reunification. During the Grozny ballistic missile attack in 1999, Rühe called for freezing Western loans to Russia. In 2010, Rühe wrote an open letter explaining the strategy of including Russia into NATO to counter balance asian powers. In 2013, Rühe appeared alongside Russian President Vladimir Putin and François Fillon at the Valdai Discussion Club. He was quoted by Neue Presse expressing sympathy for Putin and arguing for an intensive dialogue between the German government and "the Kremlin" on the subject of the American proposed "missile defense system". "We are talking as if Iran already had nuclear weapons... we can't continue with deterrence, like during the Cold War." In 2015, he joined other foreign policy experts, including Igor Ivanov and Ana Palacio, in calling for a possible Memorandum of Understanding between NATO and the Russian Federation on the Rules of Behaviour for the Safety of Air and Maritime Encounters between the two sides. In a 2019 interview, Rühe blamed his successor Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg for "having destroyed the Bundeswehr". References ^ Hyde-Price, Adrian (2000). Germany & The European Union: Enlarging NATO and the EU. Manchester University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0719054273. ^ Members of the Commission Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative (EASI), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ^ William Tuohy (23 August 1989), Kohl Names New Party Aide Amid Flap Over Campaign Tactics Los Angeles Times. ^ Craig R. Whitney (5 November 1992), Berliners Await the Return of a Capital. And Wait. New York Times. ^ The Schleswig-Holstein Question Wall Street Journal, 28 February 2000. ^ Volker Rühe, Germany’s next foreign minister? The Economist, 20 August 1998. ^ Tyler Marshall (16 October 1993), A Death in Cambodia, an Uproar in Germany Los Angeles Times. ^ Carl Schoettler (23 July 1992), German chancellor wins vote supporting Adriatic force to monitor embargo Baltimore Sun. ^ Tyler Marshall (16 October 1993), A Death in Cambodia, an Uproar in Germany Los Angeles Times. ^ Germany Begins Cutbacks Under Weapons Treaty Los Angeles Times, 4 August 1992. ^ A new pilot? The Economist, 19 June 1997. ^ Craig R. Whitney (4 February 1993), Germans Cancel Big U.S. Purchase New York Times. ^ Alan Cowell (16 December 1997), First, Army Neo-Nazis, Now Racists on Internet Worry Germany New York Times. ^ Roger Cohen (18 March 2000), A Political Newcomer Breaks Rules in Germany New York Times. ^ Jeffrey Gedmin (15 October 2004), National interest is behind Germany's UN bid Financial Times. ^ Ralf Neukirch (16 September 2010), Germany Renews Campaign for UN Security Council Seat Der Spiegel. ^ Benjamin Bidder (20 March 2014), Ex-Verteidigungsminister Rühe: "Putin hat versagt" Der Spiegel. ^ Jan Techau (17 June 2014), Germany’s Budding Defense Debate Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ^ Andreas Förster (9 May 2012), Gazprom: Putin und seine Komplizen Frankfurter Rundschau. ^ Mathew D. Rose (7 May 2005), Unternehmensbeiräte Geschacher hinter der Mauer des Schweigens Spiegel Online. ^ Board International Crisis Group. ^ Task Force on Cooperation in Greater Europe European Leadership Network (ELN). ^ Board of Trustees Atlantik-Brücke. ^ Stephen Kinzer (2 September 1992), German Unrest Expected to Bring Tightening of Law on Immigration New York Times. ^ John Schmid (7 March 2000), 2 Kohl Party Contenders Have Strong Ties to Ex-Communist Region: German Politics Opens Up to the East New York Times. ^ Christoph von Marschall Mathias Müller von Blumencron (10 February 2019), Ex-Verteidigungsminister Volker Rühe: "Guttenberg hat die Bundeswehr zerstört" Der Tagesspiegel. ^ Stephan Detjen (4 November 2018), "Merz eröffnet der CDU wesentlich bessere Wahlchancen" Deutschlandfunk. ^ 4 Moving Up: Key German Leaders of the Postwar Generation Los Angeles Times, 8 May 1985. ^ Sonni Efron (23 January 1995), Chechen War Drives Wedge Between Russia, Germany Los Angeles Times. ^ Chechens say they downed 2 jets; Moscow denies claim CNN, 23 October 1999. ^ Valdai Conference: Russia's identity and values The Economist, 20 September 2013. ^ Urgently Wanted: A Protocol to Keep Russia and the West From Slipping Into War Newsweek, 10 October 2015. ^ Robin Emmott (26 August 2015), Russia, NATO need new rules to cut risk of war, ex-ministers say Reuters. ^ Christoph von Marschall Mathias Müller von Blumencron (10 February 2019), Ex-Verteidigungsminister Volker Rühe: "Guttenberg hat die Bundeswehr zerstört" Der Tagesspiegel. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Volker Rühe. Political offices Preceded byGerhard Stoltenberg Federal Minister of Defence (Germany) 1992 – 1998 Succeeded byRudolf Scharping Volker Rühe navigation boxes vteFourth Kohl Cabinet (1991–1994) Helmut Kohl (CDU) Hans-Dietrich Genscher (FDP) Rudolf Seiters (until 7 July 1993, CDU) Manfred Kanther (since 7 July 1993, CDU) Gerhard Stoltenberg (until 1 April 1992, CDU) Volker Rühe (since 1 April 1992, CDU) Wolfgang Schäuble (CDU) Theo Waigel (CSU) Klaus Kinkel (FDP) Jürgen Möllemann (FDP) Norbert Blüm (CDU) Ignaz Kiechle (until 21 January 1993, CSU) Jochen Borchert (since 21 January 1993, CDU) Günther Krause (CDU) Irmgard Schwaetzer (FDP) Hannelore Rönsch (CDU) Angela Merkel (CDU) Gerda Hasselfeldt (until 6 May 1992, CSU) Horst Seehofer (since 6 May 1992, CSU) Heinz Riesenhuber (until 1 April 1992, CDU) Matthias Wissmann (since 1 April 1992, CDU) Rainer Ortleb (until 4 February 1994, FDP) Karl-Hans Laermann (since 4 February 1994, FDP) Carl-Dieter Spranger (CSU) Klaus Töpfer (CDU) Christian Schwarz-Schilling (CDU) Friedrich Bohl (CDU) Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (FDP) Wolfgang Bötsch (CSU) Günter Rexrodt (FDP) Paul Krüger (CDU) vteFifth Kohl Cabinet (1994–1998) Helmut Kohl (CDU) Klaus Kinkel (FDP) Friedrich Bohl (CDU) Volker Rühe (CDU) Manfred Kanther (CDU) Theo Waigel (CSU) Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger (until 17 January 1996, FDP) Edzard Schmidt-Jortzig (since 17 January 1996, FDP) Günter Rexrodt (FDP) Norbert Blüm (CDU) Jochen Borchert (CDU) Matthias Wissmann (CDU) Klaus Töpfer (until 14 January 1998, CDU) Eduard Oswald (since 14 January 1998, CSU) Claudia Nolte (CDU) Horst Seehofer (CSU) Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU) Carl-Dieter Spranger (CSU) Angela Merkel (CDU) Wolfgang Bötsch (CSU) vteDefence Ministers of Germany Weimar Republic (1918–33) Gustav Noske Otto Gessler Wilhelm Groener Kurt von Schleicher Nazi Germany (1933–45) Werner von Blomberg (1933–1938) Karl Dönitz (1945) German Democratic Republic1 (1949–90) Willi Stoph Heinz Hoffmann Heinz Kessler Theodor Hoffmann Rainer Eppelmann Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present) Theodor Blank Franz Josef Strauss Kai-Uwe von Hassel Gerhard Schröder Helmut Schmidt Georg Leber Hans Apel Manfred Wörner Rupert Scholz Gerhard Stoltenberg Volker Rühe Rudolf Scharping Peter Struck Franz Josef Jung Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg Thomas de Maizière Ursula von der Leyen Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Christine Lambrecht Boris Pistorius 1 East Germany vteChristian Democratic UnionPresident of Germany Heinrich Lübke Karl Carstens Richard von Weizsäcker Roman Herzog Horst Köhler Christian Wulff Chancellor of Germany Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Helmut Kohl Angela Merkel Federal chairmen Konrad Adenauer Ludwig Erhard Kurt Georg Kiesinger Rainer Barzel Helmut Kohl Wolfgang Schäuble Angela Merkel Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Armin Laschet Friedrich Merz Leaders in the Bundestag Konrad Adenauer Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo Heinrich Krone Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo Rainer Barzel Karl Carstens Helmut Kohl Alfred Dregger Wolfgang Schäuble Friedrich Merz Angela Merkel Volker Kauder Ralph Brinkhaus Friedrich Merz General Secretaries Bruno Heck Konrad Kraske Kurt Biedenkopf Heiner Geißler Volker Rühe Peter Hintze Angela Merkel Ruprecht Polenz Laurenz Meyer Volker Kauder Ronald Pofalla Hermann Gröhe Peter Tauber Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer Paul Ziemiak Mario Czaja Governments Adenauer (I II III IV V) Erhard (I II) Kiesinger Kohl (I II III IV V) Merkel (I II III IV) Affiliated organisations Konrad Adenauer Foundation Young Union Association of Christian Democratic Students Christian Democratic Employees' Association Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU Economic Council Germany Centrist Democrat International International Democrat Union European People's Party European People's Party group Related articles Grand coalition Jamaica coalition Kenya coalition Category vte Members of the 8th Bundestag (1976–1980)President: Karl Carstens (CDU) until 31 May 1979; Richard Stücklen (CSU) from 31 May 1979CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Helmut Kohl CDU: Abelein Aerssen Alber Amrehn Arnold Bahner (from 12 September 1979) Barzel Bayha Becker Benedix Benz Berger (from 25 October 1977) Berger Berger Besch (from 3 July 1979) Biechele Biedenkopf Bismarck (until 6 September 1979) Blügel (from 20 July 1979) Blüm Blumenfeld Böhm Braun Breidbach Broll Bühler Burger Carstens (until 29 June 1979) Carstens Conrad Czaja Damm Daweke Dregger Dreyer Erhard (until 5 May 1977) Erhard Ernesti Erpenbeck (from 10 September 1979) Evers Ey Eymer Eyrich (until 16 October 1978) Feinendegen Fischer Francke Franke Friedmann Früh Geier Geldern George Gerstein Gerster (from 13 July 1977) Gölter (until 8 July 1977) Gradl Haase Häfele Hammans Hanz Hasinger Hassel Hauser Hauser Helmrich Hennig Heydt Hoffacker Hoffmann Hornhues Horstmeier Hubrig Hupka Hürland Hüsch Jäger Jahn Jahn Jenninger Jentsch Josten Karwatzki Katzer Kiesinger Kittelmann Klein Klepsch Klinker Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolb (from 10 June 1977) Köster Krampe Kraske Krey Kroll-Schlüter Künstler (from 11 September 1980) Kunz Lagershausen Lampersbach Landré Langguth Langner Laufs Leicht (until 24 October 1977) Lenz Lenzer Link Löher Lorenz (until 23 February 1977) Luda Luster Marx Mende Mertes Metz Meyer Mikat Miltner Milz Möller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Hermann Narjes Neuhaus Neumeister Nordlohne (until 4 September 1979) Nothhelfer (until 6 June 1977) Oldenstädt (from 11 September 1979) Pack Petersen Pfeffermann Pfeifer Pfennig (from 24 February 1977) Picard Pieroth Pieser Pinger Pohlmann Prangenberg Rawe Reddemann Reimers Riede (from 9 May 1977) Riesenhuber Ritz Rühe Russe Sauer Sauter Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein Schartz Schäuble Schetter (from 17 October 1978) Schmidt Schmitz Schmöle Schröder Schröder Schröder Schulte Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seiters Sick Spies Sprung Stahlberg Stark Stavenhagen Stercken Stommel Straßmeir Stutzer Susset Terra Tillmann Todenhöfer Tübler Unland Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Volmer Waffenschmidt Wallmann (until 14 June 1977) Walz Wartenberg Wawrzik Weber Weiskirch Weizsäcker Werner Wex Will-Feld Wilms Wimmer Windelen Wisniewski Wissebach (from 15 June 1977) Wissmann Wohlrabe (until 11 September 1979) Wörner Wrangel Wulff Würzbach Zeitel (until 3 September 1980) Zeyer (until 10 July 1979) Zink CSU: Aigner Althammer Becher Biehle Bötsch Dollinger Engelsberger Fuchs Geisenhofer Gerlach Gierenstein Glos Haberl Handlos Hartmann Höffkes Höpfinger Hösl (until 20 March 1977) Huyn Jaeger Jobst Kiechle Klein Kraus Kreile Krone-Appuhn Kunz Lemmrich Lintner Lücker Männle (from 4 October 1979) Müller Niegel Probst Rainer Regenspurger Reichold (from 4 December 1978 until 2 October 1979) Riedl Röhner Rose (from 24 March 1977) Schedl Schenk Schleicher Schmidhuber (until 6 December 1978) Schneider Spilker Spranger Starke Strauss (until 29 November 1978) Stücklen Voigt (from 8 December 1978) Voss Waigel Warnke Wittmann Ziegler Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner Members: Adams Ahlers (until 7 March 1980) Ahrens Amling Apel Arendt Augstein Baack Bahr Balser (from 14 August 1979) Bardens Batz Bayerl Becker Biermann Bindig Blank (until 23 May 1978) Böhme Bothmer Brandt Brandt Brück Büchler Büchner Buchstaller Bühling Bülow Buschfort Bußmann Collet Conradi Coppik Corterier Curdt Czempiel (from 22 January 1979) Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Diederich Dohnanyi Dübber Dürr Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Eickmeyer (from 23 May 1977) Eilers Emmerlich Enders Engholm Erler Esters Ewen FellerMayer Fiebig Fischer Flämig Focke Franke Friedrich Gansel Gerstl Gertzen Geßner Glombig Glotz (until 16 May 1977) Gobrecht Grobecker Grunenberg Gscheidle Haack Haar Haase Haehser Hansen Hartenstein Hauck Hauff Henke Heyenn Hoffmann Hofmann Höhmann (until 19 January 1979) Holtz Horn Huber Huonker Ibrügger Immer Jahn Jaunich Jens Junghans Jungmann Junker Kaffka Kirschner Klein Koblitz (until 13 October 1979) Konrad Kratz Kretkowski Kreutzmann Krockert Kühbacher Kuhlwein Lambinus (from 20 May 1977) Lange Lattmann Lauritzen (until 5 June 1980) Leber Lemp Lenders Lepsius Leuschner (from 9 June 1980) Liedtke Linde Löffler Lutz Mahne Männing Marquardt Marschall Martiny-Glotz Matthöfer Mattick Meinecke Meinike Meininghaus Menzel Möhring Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müntefering Nagel Nehm (from 13 September 1978) Neumann (from 20 June 1978) Neumann Nöbel Offergeld Oostergetelo Paterna Pawelczyk Peiter Penner Pensky Peter Polkehn Porzner Rapp Rappe Ravens (until 15 June 1978) Renger Reuschenbach Rohde Rosenthal Roth Sander (from 26 May 1978) Saxowski Schachtschabel Schäfer Schäfer Scheffler Scheu (until 20 December 1978) Schinzel (from 5 May 1980) Schirmer Schlaga Schlei Schluckebier Schmidt (from 9 January 1978) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen (until 2 August 1979) Schmude Schöfberger Schreiber Schulte Schulze Schwabe (until 4 January 1978) Schweitzer (from 11 March 1980) Schwencke Schwenk Seefeld Sieglerschmidt Sieler Simonis Simpfendörfer Sperling Spillecke (until 5 May 1977) Spöri Stahl Staudt (until 11 September 1978) Steger Steinhauer Stöckl Stockleben Sund (until 17 May 1977) Sybertz Thüsing (from 9 May 1977) Timm Tönjes (until 25 April 1980) Topmann Traupe Ueberhorst Urbaniak Vogel Vogelsang Voigt Vosen (from 18 October 1979) Walkhoff (from 31 December 1978) Waltemathe Walther Weber Wehner Weisskirchen Wendt Wernitz Westphal Wiefel Wilhelm Wimmer Wischnewski With Wittmann Wolfram Wrede Würtz Wüster Wuttke Wuwer Zander Zebisch Zeitler FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Angermeyer Bangemann Baum Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Ertl Friderichs (until 8 November 1977) Funcke (until 23 November 1979) Gallus Gärtner Gattermann Genscher Grüner Hamm-Brücher Haussmann Hoffie Hölscher Hoppe Jung Kleinert Laermann Lambsdorff Ludewig Matthäus-Mayer Mayhofer Merker (from 20 April 1978) Mischnick Möllemann Ollesch (until 16 April 1978) Paintner Peters (until 8 April 1979) Schäfer (from 9 November 1977) Schleifenbaum (from 26 November 1979) Schmidt Schoeler Schuchardt Spitzmüller Vohrer Wendig Wolfgramm Wurbs Zumpfort (from 30 April 1979) Zywietz OTHERvteIndependent Members: Gruhl List of members of the 8th Bundestag vte Members of the 9th Bundestag (1980–1983)President: Richard Stücklen (CSU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Helmut Kohl until 4 October 1982; Alfred Dregger from 4 October 1982 CDU: Abelein Aerssen Amrehn (until 4 October 1981) Arnold Austermann (from 16 April 1982) Bahner Barzel Bayha Becker (from 13 September 1982) Benedix-Engler Berger (from 19 June 1981) Berger Blüm (until 15 June 1981) Bohl Böhm Borchert Boroffka (from 6 October 1981) Braun Breuer Broll Bugl Bühler Burger (until 10 October 1981) Buschbom (from 16 June 1981) Carstens Clemens Conrad Czaja Dallmeyer Daweke Deres Diepgen (until 3 February 1981) Dolata (from 16 June 1981) Dörflinger Doss (from 20 July 1981) Dregger Echternach Eigen Erhard Eymer (from 14 January 1981) Feinendegen Fischer Fischer Francke Franke Friedmann Funk (from 16 October 1981) Ganz Geier Geißler Geldern George Gerstein Gerster Günther Haase Hackel Häfele Hanz Hauser Hauser Hellwig Helmrich Hennig Herkenrath Heydt Hoffacker (from 21 December 1982) Hoffmann Hornhues Horstmeier Hubrig (until 25 March 1982) Hupka Hürland-Büning Hüsch Jäger Jagoda Jahn Jenninger Jentsch (until 8 September 1982) Jung Kalisch Kansy Karwatzki Kiep (until 26 April 1982) Kittelmann Klein Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolb Köster Krey Kroll-Schlüter Kunz (until 15 June 1981) Lagershausen (from 29 March 1982) Lamers Lammert Lampersbach (until 16 December 1982) Landré Langner Lattmann (from 27 April 1982) Laufs Lenz Lenzer Link Löher Lorenz Louven Maaß Magin Marx Mertes Metz Meyer Michels Mikat Miltner Milz Möller Müller Müller Müller Narjes (until 9 January 1981) Nelle Neuhaus Neumeister Oldenstädt (from 5 December 1980) Olderog Pack Petersen Pfeffermann Pfeifer Picard Pieroth (until 16 July 1981) Pinger Pohlmann Pohlmeier Prangenberg Rawe Reddemann Repnik Riesenhuber Ritz (until 2 December 1980) Roitzsch Ruf Rühe Sauer Sauer Sauter Schartz Schäuble Schmitz Schmöle Schorlemer Schröder Schröder Schroeder Schulte Schulze (from 4 February 1981) Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seiters Sick Spies Sprung Stark Stavenhagen Stercken Straßmeir Stutzer Susset Tillmann Todenhöfer Unland Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Volmer Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Wartenberg Weirich Weiskirch Weiß Weizsäcker (until 15 June 1981) Werner Wex Will-Feld Wilms Wimmer Windelen Wisniewski Wissmann Wörner Wrangel (until 3 April 1982) Wulff Würzbach Zink CSU: Althammer Biehle Bötsch Brunner Dollinger Engelsberger Faltlhauser Fellner Geiger Gerlach Glos Götz (until 8 March 1983) Handlos Hartmann Hinsken Höffkes Höpfinger Huyn Jobst Keller Kiechle Klein Kraus Kreile Krone-Appuhn Kunz Lemmrich Linsmeier Lintner Lowack Männle (from 17 March 1983) Müller Niegel Probst Rainer Regenspurger Riedl Röhner (until 11 May 1982) Rose Rossmanith Sauter Schenk Schneider Seehofer Spilker Spranger Stücklen Voigt (from 14 May 1982) Voss Waigel Warnke Wittmann Zierer Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner Members: Ahrens Amling Antretter Apel Assmann (from 24 February 1983) Auch Baack Bahr Bamberg (from 2 February 1981) Bardens Becker Bernrath Berschkeit Biermann Bindig Blunck (from 30 January 1981) Böhme (until 2 December 1982) Börnsen Brandt Brandt Brück Büchler Büchner Bühling (from 6 July 1981) Bülow Buschfort Catenhusen Collet Conradi Corterier Curdt Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Diederich Dohnanyi (until 26 June 1981) Dreßler Dübber Duve Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Eickmeyer Emmerlich Enders Engholm Erler (from 6 December 1982) Esters Ewen Feile Fiebig Fischer Fischer Franke Fuchs Gansel Gerstl Geßner Gilges Ginnuttis Glombig (from 18 December 1980) Gnädinger Gobrecht Grobecker Grunenberg Haack Haar Haase Haehser Hartenstein Hauck Hauff Heistermann Herberholz Herterich Heyenn Hitzigrath (from 6 November 1981) Hoffmann Holtz Horn Huber Huonker Ibrügger Immer Jahn Jansen Jaunich Jens Junghans Jungmann Kiehm Kirschner Klein Klejdzinski Kolbow Korber (until 2 July 1981) Kretkowski Kreutzmann Kübler Kühbacher Kuhlwein Lambinus Leber Lennartz Leonhart Lepsius Leuschner Liedtke Linde Löffler Lutz Luuk Mahne Männing Marschall Martiny-Glotz Matthöfer Meinike Meininghaus Menzel Mertens Mitzscherling Möhring Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müntefering Nagel Nehm Neumann Neumann Nöbel Offergeld Oostergetelo Osswald Paterna Pauli Pawelczyk (until 18 December 1980) Penner Pensky Peter Polkehn Porzner (until 28 January 1981) Poß Purps Rapp Rappe Rayer Renger Reschke Reuschenbach Reuter Rohde Rosenthal Roth Sander Schachtschabel Schäfer Schätz Scheer Schirmer Schlaga Schlatter Schlei (until 3 November 1981) Schluckebier Schmedt Schmidt (until 10 February 1983) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schmude Schöfberger Schreiber Schreiner Schröder Schröer Schulte Schwenk Sielaff Sieler Simonis Skarpelis-Sperk Soell Sperling Spöri Stahl Steger Steiner Steinhauer Stiegler Stöckl Stockleben Struck Terborg Thüsing Tietjen Timm Topmann Traupe Ueberhorst (until 28 January 1981) Ueberschär (from 2 February 1981) Urbaniak Vogel (until 28 January 1981) Vogelsang Voigt Vosen Wallow (from 29 June 1981) Waltemathe Walther Wartenberg Wehner Weinhofer Weisskirchen Wernitz Westphal Weyel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wiefel Wiesche Wimmer Wimmer Wischnewski Witek With Wolfram Wrede Würtz Wuttke Zander Zeitler Zutt FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Adam-Schwaetzer Baum Beckmann Bergerowski Braun-Stützer Bredehorn Brunner (until 28 January 1981) Brunnstein (from 11 February 1983) Cronenberg Eimer Engel (from 26 June 1981) Engelhard Ertl Feldmann (from 29 January 1981) Fromm Funke Gallus Gärtner Gattermann Genscher Ginsberg (from 9 December 1982) Grüner Hamm-Brücher Haussmann Hirsch Hoffie (until 25 June 1981) Holsteg Hoppe Jung Kleinert Laermann Lambsdorff Matthäus-Maier (until 2 December 1982) Merker Mischnick Möllemann Neuhausen Noth Paintner Popp Rentrop Riebensahm (from 13 December 1982) Riemer Ronneburger Rösch Rumpf Schäfer Schmidt Schoeler (until 8 December 1982) Schuchardt (until 10 February 1983) Solms Timm Vohrer Wendig Wolfgramm Wurbs Zumpfort Zywietz OTHERvteIndependent Members: Coppik Hansen Hofmann Hölscher List of members of the 9th Bundestag vte Members of the 10th Bundestag (1983–1987)President: Rainer Barzel until 25 October 1984; Philipp Jenninger from 5 November 1984 (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Alfred Dregger CDU: Abelein Augustin (from 13 January 1984) Austermann Barzel Bayha Becker Berger Berger Berners (from 17 January 1986) Blank Blens Blüm Bohl Bohlsen Böhm Borchert Boroffka Braun Breuer Broll Bugl Bühler Buschbom Carstens Carstensen Clemens Conrad (until 12 September 1985) Czaja Dallmeyer (until 11 April 1983) Daniels Daweke Dempwolf (from 22 March 1984) Deres Dolata Dörflinger Doss Dregger Echternach Ehrbar Eigen Erhard Eylmann Feilcke Fischer Fischer Francke Franke (until 9 April 1984) Friedmann Funk (from 14 October 1985) Ganz Geißler Geldern George (until 5 October 1985) Gerstein Gerster Göhner Günther Haase (until 5 December 1983) Hackel (until 1 December 1985) Häfele Hammerstein (from 9 April 1984) Hanz Haungs Hauser Hauser Hedrich Heereman Hellwig Helmrich Hennig Herkenrath Hinrichs Hoffacker Hoffmann Hornhues Hornung Horstmeier (from 3 December 1986) Hupka Hürland-Büning Hüsch Jäger Jagoda Jahn Jenninger Jung Kalisch Kansy Karwatzki Kittelmann Klein (until 20 December 1983) Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolb Krey Kroll-Schlüter Kronenberg Lamers Lammert Landré Langner Lattmann Laufs Lenz (until 13 January 1984) Lenzer Link Link Lippold Löher Lohmann Lorenz Louven Maaß Magin Marschewski Marx (until 12 July 1985) Mertes (until 16 June 1985) Metz Meyer Michels Mikat Miltner Milz (until 26 November 1986) Möller Müller Müller Müller Nelle Neumeister Oldenstädt Olderog Pack (from 1 October 1985) Pesch Petersen Pfeffermann Pfeifer Pfennig (from 2 December 1985) Pinger Pohlmann Pohlmeier Rawe Reddemann Repnik Riesenhuber Rode Roitzsch Rönsch Roth Ruf Rühe Sauer Sauer Saurin (from 19 April 1983) Sauter Scharrenbroich (from 19 June 1985) Schartz Schäuble Schemken Schlottmann Schmidbauer Schmitz Schmude Schneider Schorlemer Schreiber Schröder (until 22 March 1984) Schroeder Schulhoff Schulte Schultz (from 22 July 1985) Schulze Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seesing Seiters Spies Sprung Stark Stavenhagen Stercken Stockhausen (from 6 December 1983) Stoltenberg Stommel (from 21 March 1985) Straßmeir Strube Stutzer Susset Tillmann Todenhöfer Uldall Unland Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Voigt (from 21 December 1983) Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Warrikoff Wartenberg Weirich Weiskirch (until 20 March 1985) Weiß Werner Wex (until 9 January 1986) Will-Feld Wilms Wilz Wimmer Windelen Wisniewski Wissmann Wörner Wulff Würzbach Zink CSU: Althammer (until 14 April 1985) Biehle Bötsch Brunner Dollinger Engelsberger Faltlhauser Fellner Geiger Gerlach Glos Götz Götzer (from 4 June 1984) Hartmann (until 4 June 1984) Hinsken Höffkes Höpfinger Huyn Jobst Keller Kiechle Klein Kraus Kreile Krone-Appuhn Kunz Lemmrich Linsmeier Lintner Lowack Männle Müller Niegel Pöppl (from 15 April 1985) Probst Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Sauter Schenk (until 20 November 1984) Scheu Schneider Seehofer Spilker Spranger Stücklen Voss Waigel Warnke Wittmann (from 20 November 1984) Wittmann Zierer Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel Members: Ahrens Amling Antretter Apel Bachmaier Bahr Bamberg Becker Bernrath Berschkeit Bindig Blunck Brandt Brosi (until 3 April 1984) Brück Büchler Büchner Buckpesch Bülow Buschfort Catenhusen Collet Conradi Corterier (from 13 June 1984) Curdt Czempiel (until 5 July 1984) Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Delorme Diederich Dreßler Duve Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Emmerlich Enders Esters Ewen Fiebig Fischer Fischer Franke Fuchs Fuchs Gansel Gerstl Gilges Glombig Glotz Gobrecht (until 29 June 1984) Grobecker (until 14 November 1983) Grunenberg Haack Haar Haase Haehser Hansen (from 29 June 1984) Hartenstein Hauchler Hauck Hauff Heimann Heistermann Herterich Hettling (from 15 November 1983) Heyenn Hiller Hoffmann (until 11 April 1985) Holtz Horn Huber Huonker Ibrügger Immer Jahn Jansen Jaunich Jens Jung Junghans Jungmann Kastning Kiehm Kirschner Kisslinger Klein Klejdzinski Klose Kolbow Kretkowski Kübler Kühbacher Kuhlwein Lahnstein (until 31 August 1983) Lambinus Lennartz Leonhart Lepsius (from 12 April 1984) Liedtke Linde (until 10 November 1983) Löffler Lohmann Lutz Luuk Martiny-Glotz Matthäus-Maier Matthöfer Meininghaus Menzel Mertens Mitzscherling Möhring (from 8 July 1986) Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müntefering Nagel Nehm Neumann (from 11 November 1983) Nöbel Odendahl Offergeld (until 1 June 1984) Oostergetelo Paterna Pauli Penner Peter Pfuhl Polkehn (until 16 August 1985) Porzner Poß Purps Ranker (from 11 April 1985) Rapp Rappe Reimann Renger Reschke Reuschenbach Reuter Rohde Roth Sander Schäfer Schanz Scheer Schlaga Schlatter Schluckebier Schmedt (from 1 September 1983) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schmude Schöfberger Schreiner Schröder (until 1 July 1986) Schröer Schulte Schwenk Sielaff Sieler Simonis Skarpelis-Sperk Soell Sperling Spöri Stahl Steger (until 9 July 1984) Steiner Steinhauer Stiegler Stobbe Stockleben Struck Terborg Tietjen Timm Toetemeyer Traupe Urbaniak Vahlberg Verheugen Vogel Vogelsang Voigt Vosen Waltemathe Walther Wartenberg Weinhofer Weisskirchen Wernitz Westphal Weyel Wieczorek (from 11 July 1984) Wieczorek Wiefel Wiesche Wimmer Wischnewski Witek (from 16 July 1984) With Wolfram Würtz Zander Zeitler Zutt FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Adam-Schwaetzer Baum Beckmann Bredehorn Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Ertl Feldmann Gallus Gattermann Genscher Grünbeck Grüner Hamm-Brücher Haussmann Hirsch Hoffie Hoppe Kleinert Kohn Laermann Lambsdorff Mischnick Möllemann Neuhausen Paintner Ronneburger Rumpf Schäfer Segall (from 13 December 1984) Seiler-Albring Solms Weng Wolfgramm Wurbs (until 13 December 1984) GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Marieluise Beck-Oberdorf, Petra Kelly, Otto Schily until 3 April 1984; Annemarie Borgmann, Waltraud Schoppe, Antje Vollmer until 30./31. January 1985; Sabine Bard, Hannegret Hönes, Christian Schmidt until 1 February 1986; Annemarie Borgmann, Hannegret Hönes, Ludger Volmer until 18 July 1986); Willi Hoss (8 September 1986) Die Grünen: Auhagen (from 17 April 1985) Bard (until 31 March 1985) Bastian Beck-Oberdorf (until 14 April 1985) Borgmann (from 1 April 1985) Bueb (from 1 April 1985) Burgmann (until 15 March 1985) Dann (from 2 March 1985) Drabiniok (until 31 March 1985) Ehmke (until 28 March 1985) Eid (from 17 April 1985) Fischer (until 31 March 1985) Fischer (from 20 January 1986) Fritsch (from 14 March 1986) Gottwald (until 31 March 1985) Hecker (until 31 August 1983) Hickel (until 9 March 1985) Hönes (from 13 April 1985) Horácek (from 2 September 1983 until 3 October 1985) Hoss (until 12 April 1985) Jannsen (until 1 March 1985) Kelly Kleinert (until 19 January 1986) Krizsan (until 13 March 1985) Lange (from 17 April 1985) Mann (from 1 April 1985) Müller (from 13 March 1985) Nickels (until 30 March 1985) Potthast (until 3 April 1985) Reents (until 19 March 1985) Reetz (until 16 April 1985) Rusche (from 4 October 1985) Sauermilch (until 16 April 1985) Schierholz (from 14 March 1985) Schily (until 13 March 1986) Schmidt (from 22 March 1985) Schneider (until 30 March 1985) Schoppe (until 31 March 1985) Schulte (from 13 April 1985) Schwenninger (until 16 April 1985) Senfft (from 3 April 1985) Stratmann (until 31 March 1985) Ströbele (from 31 March 1985) Suhr (from 1 April 1985) Tatge (from 18 June 1985) Verheyen (until 30 March 1985) Vogel (from 16 March 1985) Vogt (until 18 June 1985) Vollmer (until 2 April 1985) Volmer (from 10 April 1985) Wagner (from 3 April 1985) Werner (from 2 April 1985) Werner (from 16 April 1985) Zeitler (from 3 April 1985) OTHERvteIndependent Members: Eickmeyer (from 23 August 1985) Handlos Tischer (from 3 April 1985) Voigt List of members of the 10th Bundestag vte Members of the 11th Bundestag (1987–1990)President: Philipp Jenninger until 11 November 1988; Rita Süssmuth from 11 November 1988 (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Alfred Dregger CDU: Abelein Ackermann (from 3 October 1990) Albrecht (from 3 October 1990) Augustin (from 6 December 1989) Austermann Barthel (from 3 October 1990) Bauer (from 3 October 1990) Bauer Bayha Becker (from 3 October 1990) Becker Berger (until 26 September 1989) Bergmann-Pohl (from 3 October 1990) Biedenkopf (until 9 November 1990) Blank Blens Blüm Bohl Bohlsen Böhm Borchert Börnsen Breuer Brudlewsky (from 3 October 1990) Bühler Buschbom Carstens Carstensen Clemens Creter (from 3 October 1990) Czaja Daniels Daweke Dehnel (from 3 October 1990) Dempwolf Deres Dewitz (from 20 February 1990) Dorendorf (from 3 October 1990) Dörflinger Doss Dregger Echternach Ehlers (from 3 October 1990) Ehrbar Eigen Eylmann Feilcke Fell Fiedler (from 3 October 1990) Fischer (from 3 October 1990) Fischer Fischer Francke Friedmann (until 5 February 1990) Fuchtel Funk (from 20 May 1988 until 24 August 1989) Ganz Geisler (from 3 October 1990) Geißler Geldern Gerstein Gerster Göhner Goldhahn (from 3 October 1990) Göttsching (from 3 October 1990) Gries (from 3 October 1990) Grünewald Günther Häfele Harries Haschke (from 3 October 1990) Haschke (from 3 October 1990) Haungs Hauser Hauser Hedrich Hellwig Helmrich Hennig Herkenrath Hinrichs Hoffacker Hoffmann Holz (from 3 October 1990) Hönicke (from 3 October 1990) Hornhues Hornung (from 6 February 1990) Hörster Hürland-Büning Hüsch Jaffke (from 3 October 1990) Jäger (from 1 July 1988) Jahn Jenninger Jork (from 3 October 1990) Jung Jung Kalisch Kansy Kappes Karwatzki Kittelmann Kleditzsch (from 3 October 1990) Klinkert (from 3 October 1990) Koch (from 3 October 1990) Kohl Köhler (from 3 October 1990) Köhler Kolb Koslowski (from 3 October 1990) Kossendey Krause (from 3 October 1990) Krause (from 3 October 1990) Krey Kroll-Schlüter Kronenberg Krüger (from 3 October 1990) Lamers Lammert Landgraf (from 3 October 1990) Langner Lattmann Laufs Leja (from 3 October 1990) Lenzer Limbach Link Link Lippold Lohmann (from 12 November 1990) Lorenz (until 6 December 1987) Louven Lummer Maaß Magin Mahlo (from 9 December 1987) Maizière (from 3 October 1990) Marschewski Martini (from 3 October 1990) Meyer Michalk (from 3 October 1990) Michels Miltner (until 20 May 1988) Möller Müller Müller Nelle Neuling Neumann Nitsch (from 3 October 1990) Nolte (from 3 October 1990) Nowack (from 3 October 1990) Olderog Paar (from 3 October 1990) Pack (until 8 September 1989) Patzig (from 3 October 1990) Pesch Petersen Pfeffermann Pfeifer Pfeiffer (from 3 October 1990) Pfennig Pinger Pohlmeier Priebus (from 3 October 1990) Rau (from 3 October 1990) Rauber (from 3 October 1990) Rauen Rawe Reddemann Rehm (from 3 October 1990) Reichenbach (from 3 October 1990) Repnik Riesenhuber Roitzsch Rönsch Rost (from 26 September 1989 until 16 February 1990) Roth Rother (from 3 October 1990) Ruf Rühe Rüttgers Sauer Sauer Sauter Scharf (from 3 October 1990) Scharrenbroich Schartz Schätzle (from 25 August 1989) Schäuble Schemken Schmidbauer Schmidt (from 3 October 1990) Schmidt (from 3 October 1990) Schmidt (from 9 September 1989) Schmitz Schmude Schneider (from 3 October 1990) Schneider (from 8 February 1990) Schorlemer Schreiber Schroeder Schulhoff Schulte Schulze Schwalbe (from 3 October 1990) Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seesing Seiters Selke (from 3 October 1990) Sprung Stark Stavenhagen Stercken Stoltenberg Straßmeir Strube Susset Süssmuth Tamm (from 3 October 1990) Thees (from 3 October 1990) Tillmann Todenhöfer Toscher (from 3 October 1990) Uelhoff Uldall Unger (from 3 October 1990) Unland Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Voigt Vondran Waffenschmidt Wagner (from 3 October 1990) Waldburg-Zeil Wallmann (until 29 April 1987) Warrikoff Wartenberg Weirich (from 29 April 1987 until 6 December 1989) Weiß (until 6 February 1990) Werner Wetzel (from 3 October 1990) Wieczorek (from 3 October 1990) Will-Feld Wilms Wilz Wimmer Windelen Wisniewski Wissmann Wonneberger (from 3 October 1990) Wörner (until 30 June 1988) Wulff Würzbach Zimmermann (from 3 October 1990) Zink Zuydtwyck CSU: Biehle (until 27 April 1990) Bötsch Brunner (from 5 May 1990) Dollinger Engelsberger Faltlhauser Fellner Friedrich Geiger Geis Glos Götz Gröbl Hasselfeldt (from 24 March 1987) Hinsken Höffkes Höpfinger Huyn (from 2 August 1988) Jobst Kalb Keller (from 23 February 1990) Kiechle Klein Kraus Kreile (from 11 July 1988 until 22 February 1990) Kunz Lemmrich (until 28 July 1988) Linsmeier Lintner Lowack Männle Müller Niegel Oswald Probst Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Sauter (until 6 July 1988) Scheu Schneider Seehofer Spilker Spranger Strauss (until 19 March 1987) Stücklen Voss Waigel Warnke Wittmann Zeitlmann Zierer Zimmermann DSU: Gottschall (from 3 October 1994) Haschke (from 3 October 1991) Landgraf (from 3 October 1993) Schmidt (from 3 October 1990) Schmiele (from 3 October 1995) Steiner (from 3 October 1992) Tiesler (from 3 October 1996) Walther (from 3 October 1997) SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel Members: Adler Ahrens Amende (from 3 October 1990) Amling Andres Antretter Apel Bachmaier Bahr Bamberg Barbe (from 3 October 1990) Becker Becker-Inglau Bernrath Bindig Blunck Bogisch (from 3 October 1990) Böhme Börnsen Botz (from 3 October 1990) Brandt Brück Büchler Büchner Bulmahn Bülow Buschfort Catenhusen Conrad (until 31 May 1990) Conradi Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Diederich (from 12 May 1989) Diller Dobberthien (from 1 July 1987 until 29 August 1988) Dräger (from 3 October 1990) Dreßler Duve Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Elmer (from 3 October 1990) Emmerlich Erler Esters Ewen Faße Fischer Fritsch (from 3 October 1990) Fuchs Fuchs Ganseforth Gansel Gautier Gerster Gilges Glotz Götte Graf Großmann Grunenberg Gutzeit (from 3 October 1990) Haack Haack Haar Hacker (from 3 October 1990) Hämmerle Hartenstein Hasenfratz Hauchler Hauff (until 14 June 1989) Häuser (from 2 January 1990) Heimann Heistermann Heltzig (from 3 October 1989) Herberholz (from 1 September 1990) Heyenn Hiller Hilsberg (from 3 October 1990) Holtz Horn Huonker Ibrügger Jahn Jansen (until 16 June 1988) Jaunich Jens Jung Jungmann Kalz (from 3 October 1990) Kamilli (from 3 October 1990) Kastner (from 22 May 1989) Kastning Kiehm Kirschner Kisslinger Klein (until 18 December 1989) Klejdzinski Klose Kolbow Koltzsch Koschnick Krehl (from 3 October 1990) Kretkowski Kübler (from 15 June 1989) Kuessner (from 3 October 1990) Kugler (from 1 June 1990) Kühbacher Kuhlwein Lambinus Leidinger Lennartz Leonhart Lohmann Lucyga (from 3 October 1990) Lutz Luuk Martiny-Glotz (until 22 May 1989) Matthäus-Maier Menzel Mertens Meyer Misselwitz (from 3 October 1990) Mitzscherling (until 10 May 1989) Morgenstern (from 3 October 1990) Müller Müller Müller Müntefering Nagel Nehm Niehuis Niese Niggemeier Nöbel Odendahl Oesinghaus Oostergetelo Opel (from 20 June 1988) Osswald (from 6 June 1988) Paterna Pauli Penner Peter Pfuhl Pick Porzner (until 2 October 1990) Poß Purps Rappe Reimann Renger Reschke Reuschenbach Reuter Richter (from 3 October 1990) Rixe Roth Schäfer Schanz Scheer Schemmel (from 3 October 1990) Scherrer (until 31 August 1990) Schluckebier Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmude Schnell (from 3 October 1990) Schöfberger Schreiner Schröder (from 3 October 1990) Schröer Schultze (from 3 October 1990) Schütz Schwanitz (from 3 October 1990) Seeger (from 3 October 1990) Seidenthal Seuster Sielaff Sieler Simonis (until 8 June 1988) Singer Skarpelis-Sperk Soell Sonntag-Wolgast (from 14 June 1988) Sorge (from 3 October 1990) Sperling Spöri (until 5 June 1988) Stahl Steiner Steinhauer Stephan (from 3 October 1990) Stiegler Stobbe Stockmann (from 3 October 1990) Struck Terborg Thierse (from 3 October 1990) Tietjen Timm Toetemeyer Traupe Uecker (from 3 October 1990) Urbaniak Vahlberg Verheugen Vogel Voigt Voigtländer (from 3 October 1990) Vosen Waltemathe Walther Wartenberg Wegner (from 31 August 1988) Weiermann Weiler Weinhofer (from 3 October 1990) Weis (from 3 October 1990) Weißgerber (from 3 October 1990) Weisskirchen Wernitz Westphal Weyel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wiesche Wimmer Wischnewski With Wittich Würtz Zander Zeitler Zumkley Zutt (until 29 June 1987) FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Adam-Schwaetzer Annies (from 3 October 1990) Bangemann (until 5 January 1989) Baum Beckmann Bohn (from 3 October 1990) Bredehorn Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Felber (from 3 October 1990) Feldmann Folz-Steinacker Funke Gallus Gattermann Genscher Gries Grünbeck Grüner Hamm-Brücher Haussmann Heinrich Hirsch Hitschler (from 7 August 1987) Hoppe Hoyer Irmer Kleinert Kley (from 3 October 1990) Kohn Laermann Lambsdorff Lehment (from 3 October 1990) Lüder Mischnick Möllemann Neuhausen Nolting Ortleb (from 3 October 1990) Paintner Richter Rind Ronneburger Rumpf (until 6 August 1987) Schäfer Segall Seiler-Albring Solms Thomae Timm Walz (from 6 January 1989) Weng Wolfgramm Wöstenberg (from 3 October 1990) Würfel Zirkler (from 3 October 1990) Zschornack (from 3 October 1990) Zywietz GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Thomas Ebermann, Bärbel Rust, Waltraud Schoppe until 26 January 1988; Helmut Lippelt, Regula Schmidt-Bott, Christa Vennegerts until 30 January 1989, Helmut Lippelt, Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Antje Vollmer until 15 January 1990; Willi Hoss, Waltraud Schoppe (until 21 June 1990), Marianne Birthler (from 4 October 1990), Antje Vollmer AL: Frieß (from 21 February 1989) Olms (until 20 February 1989) Sellin (until 20 February 1989) Vogl (from 21 February 1989) Bündnis 90: Birthler (from 3 October 1990) Gauck (from 3 October 1990 until 4 October 1990) Schulz (from 3 October 1990) Tschiche (from 3 October 1990) Ullmann (from 3 October 1990) Die Grünen: Beck-Oberdorf Beer Brahmst-Rock Brauer Daniels Ebermann (until 18 February 1989) Eich (from 20 February 1989) Eid Flinner Garbe Häfner Hensel Hillerich Hoss Hüser Kelly Kleinert Knabe Kottwitz (from 8 November 1989) Kreuzeder Krieger (until 4 April 1989) Lippelt Mechtersheimer Nickels Oesterle-Schwerin Roske (from 22 June 1990) Rust Saibold Schilling Schily (until 7 November 1989) Schmidt (from 20 February 1989) Schmidt-Bott (until 18 February 1989) Schoppe (until 21 June 1990) Stratmann Such (from 4 April 1989) Teubner Trenz Vennegerts Vollmer Volmer Weiss Wetzel Wilms-Kegel Wollny Grüne DDR: Dörfler (from 3 October 1990) Platzeck (from 3 October 1990) Wollenberger (from 5 October 1990) PDSvtePDSSpeaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Bittner (from 3 October 1990) Deneke (from 3 October 1990) Enkelmann (from 3 October 1990) Fache (from 3 October 1990) Fischer (from 3 October 1990) Friedrich (from 3 October 1990) Fuchs (from 3 October 1990) Gysi (from 3 October 1990) Heuer (from 3 October 1990) Kaufmann (from 3 October 1990) Keller (from 3 October 1990) Kertscher (from 3 October 1990) Klein (from 3 October 1990) Modrow (from 3 October 1990) Morgenstern (from 3 October 1990) Ostrowski (from 3 October 1990) Riege (from 3 October 1990) Schönebeck (from 3 October 1990) Schumann (from 3 October 1990) Schumann (from 3 October 1990) Seifert (from 3 October 1990) Steinitz (from 3 October 1990) Stolfa (from 3 October 1990) Wegener (from 3 October 1990) OTHERvteIndependent Members: Briefs Unruh Wüppesahl List of members of the 11th Bundestag vte Members of the 12th Bundestag (1990–1994)President: Rita Süssmuth (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Alfred Dregger until 25 November 1991; Wolfgang Schäuble from 25 November 1991 CDU: Ackermann (from 22 October 1991) Adam Altherr Augustin Augustinowitz Austermann Bargfrede Bauer Baumeister Bayha (until 3 November 1993) Belle Bentrup Bergmann-Pohl Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Bohl Bohlsen Böhm Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Brähmig Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Carstens Carstensen Clemens Dehnel Dempwolf Deres Diemers Doppmeier (until 8 March 1992) Dörflinger Doss Dregger Echternach Ehlers Ehrbar Engelmann Eppelmann Erler (from 6 September 1993) Eylmann Eymer Falk Feilcke Fell Fischer Fischer Fockenberg Francke Fritz Fuchtel Ganz Geiger (from 29 September 1992) Geisler (until 12 February 1991) Geißler Geldern Gerster Gibtner Göhner Göttsching Götz Gres Grochtmann Grotz Grünewald Günther Hammerstein Handschack (from 1 July 1994) Harries Haschke Haschke Haungs Hauser Hedrich Heise Hellwig Helmrich (until 21 May 1992) Hennig (until 31 May 1992) Herkenrath Herr (from 11 November 1993) Hiebing (from 8 December 1993) Hintze Hoffacker Hornhues Hornung Hörsken Hörster Hüppe (from 1 February 1991) Jaffke Jäger Jagoda (until 7 February 1993) Jahn Janovsky Jeltsch Jork Jung Junghanns Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kappes (until 24 August 1992) Karwatzki Kauder Kittelmann Klein Klinkert Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolbe Kors Kossendey Krause Krause Krey Kriedner Kronberg Krüger Krziskewitz Lamers Lammert Lamp Lattmann Laufs Laumann Lehne (from 12 March 1992) Lehr Lenzer Lieberoth Limbach Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Löwisch (from 12 October 1991) Lummer Luther Maaß Magin Mahlo Maizière (until 15 October 1991) Marienfeld Marschewski Marten Meckelburg Meinl Merkel Meseke (until 6 December 1993) Michalk (from 13 February 1991) Michels Mildner Möller Molnar Müller Müller Müller Nelle Neuling Neumann Niedenthal (from 8 February 1993) Nitsch Nolte Olderog Ost Otto Päselt Paziorek Pesch Petzold Pfeffermann (until 6 September 1993) Pfeifer Pfeiffer Pfennig Pflüger Pinger Pofalla Pohler Priebus Pützhofen Rahardt-Vahldieck Rau Rauen Rawe Reddemann Reichenbach Reinartz Reinhardt Repnik Rieder Riegert (from 10 June 1992) Riesenhuber Ringkamp (from 1 June 1992) Rode Roitzsch Romer Rönsch Roth Rother Rühe Rüttgers Sauer Sauer Scharrenbroich (until 23 March 1994) Schartz Schätzle Schäuble Schell (from 22 July 1993) Schemken Schmalz Schmidbauer Schmidt (from 1 February 1994) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitz Schmude Schockenhoff Scholz Schönburg-Glauchau (until 30 June 1994) Schorlemer Schreiber (until 30 June 1993) Schroeder (until 20 October 1991) Schulhoff Schulte Schulz Schwalbe Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seesing Seibel Seiters Sikora (from 22 May 1992) Skowron Sopart (until 3 January 1993) Sothmann Sprung Stavenhagen (until 31 May 1992) Steinbach-Hermann Stercken Stetten Stockhausen Stoltenberg Strube Stübgen Susset Süssmuth Szwed (from 24 March 1994) Tillmann Töpfer Uelhoff Uldall Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Voigt Vondran Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Warrikoff Werner Wetzel Wiechatzek Wieczorek (until 31 January 1994) Wilms Wilz Wimmer Wisniewski Wissmann Wohlrabe (from 5 January 1993) Wonneberger Worms (until 31 January 1991) Wülfing Würzbach Yzer CSU: Blank Bötsch Dess Eichhorn Faltlhauser Frankenhauser Friedrich Geiger Geis Glos Götzer Gröbl Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hollerith Jobst Kalb Keller Kiechle Klein Koschyk Kraus Lintner Männle Mayer Müller Oswald Probst Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Schneider Seehofer Spilker Spranger Waigel Warnke Wittmann Wittmann Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Hans-Jochen Vogel until 12 November 1991; Hans-Ulrich Klose from 12 November 1991 Members: Adler Alltschekow (from 3 August 1994) Andres Antretter Bachmaier Barbe Bartsch Becker Becker-Inglau Berger Bernrath Bersch (from 22 August 1994) Beucher Bindig Blunck Bock (from 4 July 1991) Böhme Börnsen Brandt (until 8 October 1992) Brandt-Elsweier Brecht Büchler Büchner (from 10 June 1991) Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Conradi Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Dehm (from 16 August 1994) Diederich Diller Dobberthien Dreßler Duve Ebert Eckardt Ehmke Eich Elmer Erler Esters Ewen Ferner Fischer Fischer Formanski Fuchs Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gansel Gautier Gerster (until 7 June 1991) Gilges Gleicke Glotz Götte (until 7 June 1991) Graf Großmann Haack Hacker Hämmerle (until 31 July 1994) Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenstein Hasenfratz Hauchler Heistermann Heyenn Hiller Hilsberg Holtz Horn Huonker Ibrügger Iwersen Jäger Janz Janzen Jaunich Jens Jung Jungmann Kastner Kastning Kemper (from 3 May 1993) Kirschner Klappert Klejdzinski (from 30 October 1992) Klemmer Klose Knaape Kolbe Kolbow Koltzsch Körper Koschnick Kretkowski Kubatschka Kübler Kuessner Kuhlwein Küster Lambinus Lange Larcher Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lohmann Lörcher (from 3 September 1993) Lucyga Maaß Marx Mascher Matschie Matterne Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Meißner Mertens Meyer Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller Müntefering (until 8 December 1992) Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Niggemeier Niggemeyer (from 22 October 1992 until 29 October 1992) Odendahl Oesinghaus Oostergetelo Opel Ostertag Otto Palis (from 12 July 1993) Paterna Penner Peter Pfaff Pfuhl Pick Poß Purps Rappe Reimann Rempe (until 22 April 1993) Renesse Rennebach Reschke Reuschenbach Reuter Rixe Roth (until 2 September 1992) Schäfer (until 27 June 1992) Schaich-Walch Schanz Scheer Scheffler Schily Schloten Schluckebier Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmude Schnell Schöfberger Schöler (from 8 December 1992) Schreiner Schröter Schröter Schulte Schuster Schütz Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Seuster Sielaff Simm Singer Skarpelis-Sperk Soell Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Sperling Steen Steiner Stiegler Struck Tappe Terborg Thalheim Thierse Tietjen (until 7 July 1993) Titze-Stecher Toetemeyer Urbaniak Vergin Verheugen Vogel Voigt Vosen Wagner Wallow Waltemathe Walter (from 10 June 1991 until 21 August 1994) Walther Wartenberg Wegner Weiermann Weiler (until 14 August 1994) Weis Weisheit (from 29 June 1992) Weißgerber Weisskirchen Welt Wernitz Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Weyel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wimmer With Wittich Wohlleben Wolf Zapf Zöpel Zumkley (until 3 July 1991) FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Hermann Otto Solms Members: Albowitz Babel Baum Beckmann (until 27 May 1994) Blunk (from 7 August 1992) Bredehorn Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Essen Feldmann Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Funke-Schmitt-Rink Gallus Ganschow Gattermann (until 27 January 1994) Genscher Gries Grünbeck Grüner Günther Guttmacher Hansen Haussmann Heinrich Hirsch Hitschler Homburger Hoth Hoyer Hübner (until 12 May 1992) Irmer Jordan (from 8 June 1994) Kleinert Kohn Kolb Koppelin Kubicki (until 2 August 1992) Laermann Lambsdorff Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lüder Lühr Menzel Mischnick Möllemann Nolting Ortleb Otto Paintner Parr (from 1 February 1994) Peters Pohl Richter Rind Röhl Schäfer Schmalz-Jacobsen Schmidt Schmieder Schnittler (from 22 May 1992) Schüßler Schuster Schwaetzer Sehn Seiler-Albring Semper Solms Starnick Teichman Thiele Thomae Timm Türk Walz Weng Wolfgramm Würfel Zurheide Zywietz PDSvtePDSSpeaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Bläss Braband (until 2 May 1992) Enkelmann Fischer Fuchs (from 11 March 1992) Gysi Henn Heuer Höll Jelpke Keller Lederer Modrow Philipp (from 21 May 1992) Riege (until 15 February 1992) Schumann Seifert GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Werner Schulz Members: Feige Köppe Poppe Schulz Ullmann Weiß Wollenberger OTHERvteIndependent Members: Briefs Hackel Krause Lowack Schenk Stachowa List of members of the 12th Bundestag vte Members of the 13th Bundestag (1994–1998)President: Rita Süssmuth (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Wolfgang Schäuble CDU: Adam Altmaier Augustin Augustinowitz Austermann Bargfrede Basten Bauer Baumeister Belle Bergmann-Pohl Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Bohl Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Braun Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Carstens Carstensen Dehnel Deittert Dempwolf Diemers Dietzel Dörflinger Doss Dregger Engelmann Eppelmann Eßmann Eylmann Eymer Falk Feilcke Fell Fink Fischer Fischer Francke Fritz Fuchtel Geißler Glücklich Göhner Götz Gres Grill Gröhe Grotz Grund Günther Hammerstein Haschke Haungs Hauser Hedrich Heiderich Heise Helling Hellwig Hintze Holzapfel Hornhues Hornung Hörsken Hörster Hüppe Jacoby Jaffke Janovsky Jork Jung Junghanns Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kanther Karwatzki Kauder Klaeden Klaußner Klinkert Kohl Köhler Kolbe Königshofen Kors Koslowski Kossendey Kramp-Karrenbauer Krause Krautscheid Kriedner Kronberg Krüger Krziskewitz Kues Kuhn Lamers Lamers Lammert Lamp Laschet Lattmann Laufs Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Lenzer Letzgus Limbach Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Löwisch Lummer Luther Maaß Mahlo Marienfeld Marschewski Marten Meckelburg Meinl Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michels Müller Nelle Neumann Nitsch Nolte Olderog Ost Otto Päselt Paziorek Pesch Petzold Pfeifer Pfeiffer Pfennig Pflüger Philipp Pinger Pofalla Pohler Polenz Pretzlaff Pützhofen Rachel Rau Rauber Rauen Reichard Reichardt Reinartz Reinhardt Repnik Richter Richwien Rieder Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Rönsch Ronsöhr Roth Röttgen Rühe Rüttgers Sauer Schätzle Schäuble Schauerte Schemken Scherhag Schindler Schlee Schmalz Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmiedeberg Schmitz Schmude Schnieber-Jastram Schockenhoff Scholz Schorlemer Schuchardt Schulhoff Schulte Schulz Schulze Schütze Schwalbe Schwarz-Schilling Sebastian Seibel Seiffert Seiters Selle Siebert Sikora Sothmann Späte Steiger Steinbach Stetten Stoltenberg Storm Stübgen Susset Süssmuth Teiser Tiemann Töpfer Tröger Uelhoff Uldall Vogt Waffenschmidt Waldburg-Zeil Wetzel Wilhelm Willner Wilz Wimmer Wissmann Wonneberger Wülfing Würzbach Yzer CSU: Blank Bötsch Deß Eichhorn Faltlhauser Frankenhauser Friedrich Geiger Geis Glos Götzer Gröbl Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hollerith Jawurek Jobst Kalb Keller Klein Koschyk Kraus Lintner Mayer Michelbach Müller Oswald Probst Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Regenspurger Riedl Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Seehofer Seib Singhammer Spranger Straubinger Strebl Waigel Warnke Wittmann Wittmann Wöhrl Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Rudolf Scharping Members: Adler Andres Antretter Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Barthel Bauer Becker-Inglau Behrendt Berger Bernrath Bertl Beucher Bindig Blunck Böhme Börnsen Brandt-Elsweier Braune Brecht Bulmahn Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Conradi Däubler-Gmelin Deichmann Diller Dobberthien Dreßen Dreßler Duve Eich Enders Erler Ernstberger Faße Ferner Fischer Fograscher Follak Folta Formanski Freitag Fuchs Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gansel Gilges Gleicke Gloser Glotz Göllner Graf Graf Grasedieck Großmann Haack Hacker Hagemann Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenbach Hartenstein Hasenfratz Hauchler Heinzig Heistermann Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Heubaum Hiksch Hiller Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hofmann Holzhüter Horn Hovermann Ibrügger Ilte Imhof Irber Iwersen Jäger Janssen Janz Jens Jung Kaspereit Kastner Kastning Kemper Kirschner Klappert Klemmer Klose Knaape Kolbow Körper Kressl Kröning Krüger Kubatschka Kuhlwein Kühn-Mengel Kunick Kurzhals Küster Labsch Lafontaine Lange Larcher Lehn Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lohmann Lörcher Lotz Lucyga Maaß Mante Marx Mascher Matschie Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Meißner Mertens Meyer Mogg Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Odendahl Oesinghaus Onur Opel Ostertag Palis Papenroth Penner Pfaff Pfannenstein Pick Poß Purps Rappe Rehbock-Zureich Renesse Rennebach Reschke Reuter Richter Rixe Robbe Rübenkönig Rupprecht Schäfer Schaich-Walch Schanz Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schloten Schluckebier Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmitt Schnell Schöler Schreiner Schröter Schubert Schuhmann Schulte Schultz Schultz Schumann Schuster Schütz Schwall-Düren Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Seuster Sielaff Simm Singer Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Spanier Sperling Spiller Steen Stiegler Struck Tappe Tauss Teichmann Terborg Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thieser Thönnes Titze-Stecher Tröscher Urbaniak Vergin Verheugen Vogt Voigt Vosen Wagner Wallow Wegner Weiermann Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Welt Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wittich Wodarg Wohlleben Wolf Wright Zapf Zöpel Zumkley GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Joschka Fischer and Kerstin Müller Members: Altmann Altmann Beck Beck Beer Berninger Buntenbach Dietert-Scheuer Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fischer Fischer Grießhaber Häfner Hermenau Heyne Höfken Hustedt Kiper Knoche Köster-Loßack Lemke Lippelt Metzger Müller Nachtwei Nickels Nitsch Özdemir Poppe Probst Rochlitz Saibold Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schmitt Schönberger Schoppe Schulz Steenblock Steindor Sterzing Such Vollmer Volmer Wilhelm Wolf FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Hermann Otto Solms Members: Albowitz Babel Braun Bredehorn Essen Feldmann Frick Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Genscher Gerhardt Günther Guttmacher Haussmann Heinrich Hirche Hirsch Homburger Hoyer Irmer Kinkel Kleinert Kohn Kolb Koppelin Laermann Lambsdorff Lanfermann Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Lühr Möllemann Nolting Ortleb Peters Rexrodt Röhl Schäfer Schmalz-Jacobsen Schmidt-Jortzig Schwaetzer Solms Stadler Thiele Thomae Türk Weng Westerwelle PDSvtePDSSpeaker: Gregor Gysi Members: Bierstedt Bläss Böttcher Bulling-Schröter Einsiedel Elm Enkelmann Fuchs Gysi Hartmann Heuer Heym Höll Jacob Jelpke Jüttemann Knake-Werner Köhne Kutzmutz Lederer Luft Lüth Maleuda Müller Neuhäuser Rössel Schenk Tippach Warnick Wolf Zwerenz OTHERvteIndependent Members: Neumann List of members of the 13th Bundestag vte Members of the 14th Bundestag (1998–2002)President: Wolfgang Thierse (SPD)SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Peter Struck, since 25 July 2002 Ludwig Stiegler Members: Adler Andres Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Barthel Becker-Inglau Behrendt Berg Bertl Beucher Bierwirth Bindig Binding Bodewig Brandner Brandt-Elsweier Brase Brecht Brinkmann Brinkmann Bruckmann Bulmahn Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Catenhusen Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Deichmann Diller Dreßen Dreßler Dzembritzki Dzewas Eckardt Edathy Eich Elser Enders Erler Ernstberger Faße Fischer Fograscher Follak Formanski Fornahl Forster Freitag Friedrich Friedrich Friese Fuchs Fuhrmann Ganseforth Gilges Gleicke Gloser Göllner Gradistanac Graf Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Großmann Grotthaus Haack Hacker Hagemann Hampel Hanewinckel Hartenbach Hartnagel Hasenfratz Hauer Heil Hemker Hempel Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heubaum Hiksch Hilbrecht Hiller Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hoffmann Hoffmann Hofmann Holzhüter Hovermann Humme Ibrügger Imhof Irber Iwersen Jäger Janssen Janz Jens Jung Kahrs Kasparick Kaspereit Kastner Kelber Kemper Kirschner Klappert Klemmer Klose Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramme Kressl Kröning Krüger-Leißner Kubatschka Küchler Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Kunick Küster Labsch Lafontaine Lambrecht Lange Lange Larcher Lehder Lehn Leidinger Lennartz Leonhard Lewering Lohmann Lösekrug-Möller Lotz Lucyga Maaß Mante Manzewski Marhold Mark Mascher Matschie Matthäus-Maier Mattischeck Meckel Mehl Merten Mertens Meyer Mogg Moosbauer Mosdorf Müller Müller Müller Müntefering Nahles Neumann Neumann Niehuis Niese Nietan Oesinghaus Ohl Onur Opel Ortel Ostertag Palis Papenroth Penner Pfaff Pfannenstein Pflug Pick Poß Rehbock-Zureich Reimann Renesse Rennebach Reuter Richter Robbe Roos Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rübenkönig Rupprecht Sauer Schäfer Schaich-Walch Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schloten Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt-Zadel Schmitt Schneider Schnell Schöler Scholz Schönfeld Schösser Schreiner Schröder Schubert Schuhmann Schulte Schultz Schultz Schumann Schurer Werner Schuster (politician)Schuster Schütz Schwall-Düren Schwanhold Schwanitz Seidenthal Simm Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Sorge Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Steen Stiegler Stöckel Streb-Hesse Strobl Struck Stünker Tappe Tauss Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thönnes Titze-Stecher Tröscher Urbaniak Veit Verheugen Violka Vogt Wagner Wegener Wegner Weiermann Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Weizsäcker Welt Wend Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wiese Wiesehügel Wimmer Wistuba Wittig Wodarg Wohlleben Wolf Wolff Wright Zapf Zöpel Zumkley CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Wolfgang Schäuble; since 29 February 2000 Friedrich Merz CDU: Adam Altmaier Austermann Barthle Bauer Baumann Baumeister Belle Bergmann-Pohl Bernhardt Bierling Blank Blens Bleser Blüm Blumenthal Bohl Böhmer Bonitz Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brauksiepe Breuer Brudlewsky Brunnhuber Bühler Büttner Buwitt Caesar Carstens Carstensen Dautzenberg Dehnel Deittert Diemers Dietzel Dörflinger Doss Dött Eppelmann Eymer Falk Faust Feibel Fink Fischbach Fischer Fischer Francke Fritz Fromme Fuchtel Gehb Geißler Göhner Götz Grill Gröhe Grund Günther Hammerstein Haschke Hauser Hedrich Heiderich Heinen-Esser Heise Helias Helling Henke Hintze Hohmann Hornhues Hornung Hörster Hüppe Jacoby Jaffke Janovsky Jork Jüttner Kahl Kampeter Kansy Kanther Karwatzki Kauder Klaeden Klinkert Kohl Kolbe Königshofen Kors Kossendey Krogmann Krüger Kues Kuhn Lamers Lamers Lammert Lamp Laufs Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Letzgus Lietz Link Lippold Lischewski Lohmann Louven Luther Maaß Marschewski Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Michels Müller Müller Neumann Nolte Nooke Ost Otto Paziorek Pfeifer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Pretzlaff Pützhofen Rachel Rauber Rauen Reichard Reiche Reinhardt Repnik Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Rönsch Ronsöhr Roth Röttgen Rühe Rüttgers Schäfer Schäuble Schauerte Schemken Scherhag Schindler Schlee Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmitz Schmude Schnieber-Jastram Schockenhoff Scholz Schorlemer Schuchardt Schulhoff Schulz Schütze Schwalbe Schwarz-Schilling Sebastian Seiffert Seiters Siebert Siemann Sothmann Späte Steiger Steinbach Stetten Storm Störr-Ritter Strobl Stübgen Süssmuth Tiemann Töpfer Uldall Vaatz Volquartz Voßhoff Weiß Weiß Widmann-Mauz Wiese Wilhelm Willner Willsch Wilz Wimmer Wissmann Wittlich Wülfing Würzbach CSU: Aigner Blank Bötsch Deß Eichhorn Frankenhauser Friedrich Friedrich Geiger Geis Girisch Glos Götzer Hasselfeldt Hauser Hinsken Hofbauer Holetschek Hollerith Kalb Koschyk Kraus Lintner Mayer Michelbach Müller Obermeier Oswald Protzner Raidel Ramsauer Rose Rossmanith Ruck Scheu Schmidt Seehofer Seib Singhammer Spranger Straubinger Strebl Uhl Waigel Wöhrl Wolf Zeitlmann Zierer Zöller GRÜNEvteGRUENESpeaker: Rezzo Schlauch and Kerstin Müller Members: Altmann Beck Beck Beer Berninger Bettin Buntenbach Deligöz Dietert-Scheuer Dückert Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fell Fischer Fischer Göring-Eckardt Grießhaber Häfner Hermann Hermenau Heyne Höfken Hustedt Knoche Köster-Loßack Lemke Lippelt Loske Metzger Müller Müller Nachtwei Nickels Özdemir Probst Roth Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schulz Simmert Sterzing Ströbele Trittin Vollmer Volmer Voß Wilhelm Wolf FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt Members: Albowitz Braun Brüderle Burgbacher Essen Flach Frick Friedhoff Friedrich Funke Gerhardt Goldmann Günther Guttmacher Haupt Haussmann Heinrich Hirche Homburger Hoyer Irmer Kinkel Kolb Kopp Koppelin Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Möllemann Niebel Nolting Otto Parr Pieper Rexrodt Schmidt-Jortzig Schüßler Schwaetzer Sehn Serowiecki Solms Stadler Thiele Thomae Türk Westerwelle PDSvtePDSSpeaker: Gregor Gysi; since 2. October 2000 Roland Claus Members: Balt Bartsch Bierstedt Bläss Böttcher Bulling-Schröter Claus Ehlert Fink Fuchs Gebhardt Gehrcke Grehn Grygier Gysi Höll Hübner Jelpke Jünger Jüttemann Kenzler Knake-Werner Kutzmutz Lippmann Lötzer Luft Lüth Maier Marquardt Müller Neuhäuser Ostrowski Pau Rössel Schenk Schur Seifert Steinke Wolf OTHERvteIndependent Members: Lörcher List of members of the 14th Bundestag vte Members of the 15th Bundestag (2002–2005)President: Wolfgang Thierse (SPD)SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Franz Müntefering Members: Akgün Andres Arndt-Brauer Arnold Bachmaier Bahr Barnett Bartels Barthel Barthel Bartol Bätzing-Lichtenthäler Beckmeyer Benneter Berg Berg Bertl Bierwirth Bindig Binding Bodewig Bollmann Brandner Brase Brinkmann Bruckmann Bulmahn Bülow Burchardt Bürsch Bury Büttner Caspers-Merk Danckert Däubler-Gmelin Diller Dörmann Dreßen Drobinski-Weiß Dzembritzki Edathy Ehrmann Eichel Eickhoff Elser Erler Ernstberger Evers-Meyer Faße Ferner Fograscher Fornahl Forster Frechen Freitag Friedrich Gleicke Gloser Göllner Gradistanac Graf Grasedieck Griefahn Griese Groneberg Großmann Grotthaus Haack Hacker Hagedorn Hagemann Hartenbach Hartmann Hartnagel Hauer Heil Hemker Hempelmann Hendricks Herzog Heß Heubaum Hilbrecht Hiller-Ohm Hilsberg Höfer Hoffmann Hoffmann Hoffmann Hofmann Hovermann Hübner Humme Ibrügger Imhof Irber Jäger Janssen Jonas Kahrs Kasparick Kastner Kelber Kemper Kirschner Klingbeil Klose Klug Kofler Köhler Kolbow Körper Kortmann Kramer Kramme Kranz Kressl Kröning Krüger Krüger-Leißner Kubatschka Küchler Kühn-Mengel Kumpf Küster Lambrecht Lange Lehder Lehn Leonhard Lewering Lohmann Lösekrug-Möller Lotz Lucyga Manzewski Marhold Mark Marks Matschie Mattheis Meckel Mehl Merkel Merten Mertens Mogg Müller Müller) Multhaupt Müntefering Mützenich Neumann Nietan Ober Ortel Paula Pflug Poß Priesmeier Pronold Raabe Rehbock-Zureich Reichenbach Reimann Riemann-Hanewinckel Riester Robbe Röspel Rossmann Roth Roth Rübenkönig Runde Rupprecht Sauer Schaaf Schäfer Schaich-Walch Scharping Scheelen Scheer Scheffler Schild Schily Schmidbauer Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schneider Schöler Scholz Schönfeld Schösser Schreck Schreiner Schröder Schulte Schultz Schulz Schwall-Düren Schwanholz Schwanitz Simm Skarpelis-Sperk Sonntag-Wolgast Spanier Spielmann Spiller Staffelt Stiegler Stöckel Strässer Streb-Hesse Struck Stünker Tauss Teuchner Thalheim Thierse Thönnes Uhl Veit Violka Vogelsänger Vogt Volkmer Wagner Wegener Weigel Weis Weis Weisheit Weißgerber Weisskirchen Weizsäcker Welt Wend Wester Westrich Wettig-Danielmeier Wetzel Wicklein Wieczorek Wieczorek-Zeul Wiefelspütz Wimmer Wistuba Wittig Wodarg Wohlleben Wolff Wright Zapf Zöllmer Zöpel CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Angela Merkel CDU: Adam Altmaier Austermann Barthle Bauer Baumann Beck Bellmann Bergner Bernhardt Bietmann Binninger Bismarck Bleser Blumenthal Böhmer Borchert Börnsen Bosbach Brähmig Brandt Brauksiepe Braun Breuer Brüning Brunnhuber Butalikakis Büttner Caesar Carstens Carstensen Connemann Dautzenberg Deittert Dieckmann Dominke Dörflinger Dött Eppelmann Eymer Falk Faust Feibel Ferlemann Fischbach Fischer Fischer Fischer Flachsbarth Flosbach Fritz Fromme Fuchs Fuchtel Gehb Gewalt Gienger Göbel Göhner Gönner Götz Granold Grill Grindel Gröhe Grosse-Brömer Grübel Grund Gutting Haibach Hedrich Heiderich Heinen-Esser Helias Heller Hennrich Herrmann Heynemann Hintze Hochbaum Hohmann Hörster Hüppe Jaffke Jahr Jüttner Kampeter Karwatzki Kaster Kauder Kauder Klaeden Klimke Klöckner Kolbe Königshofen Kossendey Kretschmer Krichbaum Krings Krogmann Kues Kuhn Lamers Lammert Lamp Laumann Lengsfeld Lensing Letzgus Lietz Link Lippold Lips Luther Marschewski Mayer Meckelburg Meister Merkel Merz Meyer Michalk Minkel Müller Müller Neumann Nitzsche Noll Nolte Nooke Pawelski Paziorek Petzold Pfeiffer Pfeiffer Pflüger Philipp Pofalla Polenz Rachel Rauber Rauen Reichard Reiche Repnik Riegert Riesenhuber Romer Ronsöhr Röttgen Rühe Rzepka Schäfer Schäuble Schauerte Schindler Schirmbeck Schmid Schmidbauer Schmidt Schockenhoff Schröder Schröder Schulte-Drüggelte Schummer Sebastian Segner Seiffert Siebert Spahn Steinbach Stetten Storjohann Storm Störr-Ritter Strobl Strothmann Stübgen Tillmann Töpfer Vaatz Vogel Volquartz Voßhoff Wächter Wanderwitz Weiß Weiß Wellenreuther Widmann-Mauz Willsch Wimmer Wissmann Wittlich Wülfing Zylajew CSU: Aigner Auernhammer Blank Bötsch Deß Dobrindt Eichhorn Fahrenschon Frankenhauser Friedrich Gauweiler Geis Girisch Glos Göppel Götzer Guttenberg Hasselfeldt Hinsken Hofbauer Kalb Kaupa Koschyk Kraus Lanzinger Lintner Ludwig Mantel Mayer Mayer Meyer Michelbach Mortler Müller Müller Nüßlein Obermeier Oßwald Oswald Raidel Ramsauer Roedel Rose Rossmanith Ruck Rupprecht Scheuer Schmidt Seehofer Sehling Seib Silberhorn Singhammer Straubinger Strebl Uhl Wöhrl Zeitlmann Zöller GRÜNEvte GRUENESpeaker: Katrin Göring-Eckardt and Krista Sager Members: Andreae Beck Beck Behm Bender Berninger Bettin Bonde Deligöz Dückert Dümpe-Krüger Eichstädt-Bohlig Eid Fell Fischer Göring-Eckardt Hajduk Hermann Hermenau Hettlich Höfken Hoppe Hustedt Krüger-Jacob Kuhn Künast Kurth Kurth Lazar Loske Lührmann Montag Müller Nachtwei Neuforn Nickels Ostendorff Probst Roth Sager Scheel Schewe-Gerigk Schlauch Schmidt Schulz Selg Sowa Steenblock Ströbele Trittin Tritz Ulrich Vogel-Sperl Vollmer Volmer Winkler Wolf FDPvte FDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Gerhardt Members: Addicks Bahr Brüderle Brunkhorst Burgbacher Daub Eberl Essen Flach Fricke Friedrich Funke Gerhardt Goldmann Günther Guttmacher Happach-Kasan Hartmann Haupt Heinrich Homburger Hoyer Kauch Kolb Königshaus Kopp Koppelin Kubicki Laurischk Leibrecht Lenke Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger Löning Möllemann Niebel Nolting Otto Otto Parr Pieper Piltz Pinkwart Rexrodt Sehn Solms Stadler Stinner Terwiesche Thiele Thomae Türk Westerwelle Winterstein Wissing Wolf OTHERvteIndependent Members: Lötzsch Pau List of members of the 15th Bundestag Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Defence minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Minister_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Stoltenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Stoltenberg"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government"},{"link_name":"reunified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Kohl_IV"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Kohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl"},{"link_name":"Kohl Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Kohl_V"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"minister-president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister-president"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Heide Simonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_Simonis"}],"text":"German politicianVolker Rühe (born 25 September 1942) is a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He served as German Defence minister from 1 April 1992, succeeding Gerhard Stoltenberg during the first government of a reunified Germany in the fourth cabinet of Chancellor Kohl, to the end of the fifth Kohl Cabinet on 27 October 1998. During his time at the Defence Ministry Rühe played a central role in placing NATO enlargement on the German political agenda.[1] He unsuccessfully ran for the office of minister-president of the German state Schleswig-Holstein in the year 2000, eventually losing against incumbent Heide Simonis.","title":"Volker Rühe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"CDU/CSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDU/CSU"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dregger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dregger"},{"link_name":"German reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_reunification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Heiner Geissler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Geissler"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"From 1976 to 2005 Rühe was a member of the German Bundestag. After the Christian Democrats returned to power in 1982, he joined the CDU/CSU parliamentary group's leadership under its new chairman Alfred Dregger.Under the leadership of CDU chairman and Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Rühe held the position of Secretary General of his party from 1989 until 1992, including during the period of German reunification.[2] In this capacity, he succeeded Heiner Geissler and was put in charge of administrative matters and electoral tactics.[3] At a party convention in late 1992, the CDU surprisingly replaced Rühe with Heinz Eggert, a representative from East Germany, as one of Kohl's four deputies.[4]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Guard"},{"link_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Iraq%E2%80%93Kuwait_Observation_Mission"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Federal Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eurofighter Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Max Streibl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Streibl"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Manfred Roeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Roeder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"As Germany's longest-serving defense minister, Rühe oversaw the country's integration of the former East German army, expanded Germany's role within NATO and was an early proponent of NATO's expansion eastward. He also proposed more spending on defense[5] and won public backing as well as cross-party support for a Bundeswehr role in international peacekeeping, thus overcoming a German aversion to the use of force—in any circumstances—prevalent after 1945.[6]During his time in office, German military forces were engaged in numerous UN-linked operations outside the NATO region, including 1,700 soldiers in Somalia (logistic support); 122 in Cambodia (medical unit); two ships with combined crews totaling 420 people in the Adriatic Sea (air-navy patrol); 60 in Bosnia-Herzegovina (relief flights), and 40 in Iraq (UN monitoring staff).[7]Rühe frequently expressed frustration with restrictions on German troops joining international peacekeeping missions and faced public criticism of the increasing deployment of German military forces abroad. In 1992, the SPD (unsuccessfully) filed a legal challenge in the Federal Constitutional Court, arguing that the deployment of German forces in the Adriatic violated their constitutional limits on their use.[8] Later, Rühe had to inform the German public in October 1993 about the death of Sgt. Alexander Arndt, a 26-year-old army medic; Arndt had become the first German soldier to die on duty in an area of tension since World War II after he was shot by an unknown assailant in Cambodia.[9]Under Rühe's leadership, Germany began destroying stockpiles of tanks and other heavy weapons in August 1992, becoming the first country to implement the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe.[10] After failing narrowly to stop the Eurofighter Typhoon project when he took office in 1992, Rühe negotiated down the number of aircraft the air force ordered, as well as the cost of each.[11] In 1993, he canceled plans to buy Lapas, a $1 billion American-designed high-altitude reconnaissance system, after it was revealed that the system's German subcontractor was at the center of a political scandal about reported bribery of Bavarian Minister-President Max Streibl.[12]In 1997, Rühe suspended a lieutenant general and instituted disciplinary action against a colonel after it was revealed that Manfred Roeder, a neo-Nazi with a criminal record of bombings, had been invited to give a speech to the country's most prestigious military academy in 1995.[13]","title":"Federal Minister of Defence, 1992–1998"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Orange Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Between 1998 and 2000, Rühe served as the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs.By 2000, Rühe was considered a potential opponent of Angela Merkel for the CDU leadership; however, he eventually dropped out of the race.[14]In 2004, Rühe from the opposition was named by the government of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder to lead Germany's campaign for a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council.[15][16] That same year, Schröder sent Rühe to Moscow for talks with President Vladimir Putin on the Orange Revolution.[17] Between 2014 and 2015, he headed a crossparty committee to review the country's parliamentary rules on military deployments.[18]","title":"Later political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Corporate roles","text":"Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Senior Advisor[19]\nHamburg-Mannheimer Versicherungs-AG, Member of the Advisory Board[20]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Crisis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crisis_Group"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"European Leadership Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Leadership_Network"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Atlantik-Brücke Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik-Br%C3%BCcke"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"German Civil Service Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Civil_Service_Federation"}],"sub_title":"Non-profit organizations","text":"International Crisis Group, Member of the Board[21]\nEuropean Leadership Network (ELN), Member of the Advisory Board, Member of the Task Force on Cooperation in Greater Europe[22]\nAtlantik-Brücke Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees[23]\nGerman Civil Service Federation, Member","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"Kurt Biedenkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Biedenkopf"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Merz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Merz"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Domestic policy","text":"Domestically, Rühe was an outspoken advocate of tighter immigration laws.[24]In 2000, as part of the search for a new chair of the CDU, Rühe led an effort to stop frontrunner Angela Merkel that included overtures to Kurt Biedenkopf to serve as an interim leader.[25] Ahead of the party's leadership election in 2018, Biedenkopf publicly endorsed Friedrich Merz to succeed Merkel as chair.[26][27]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reagan Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Strategic Defense Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pavel Grachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Grachev"},{"link_name":"Chechnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechnya"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Grozny ballistic missile attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny_ballistic_missile_attack"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"an open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.spiegel.de/international/world/open-letter-it-s-time-to-invite-russia-to-join-nato-a-682287.html"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(government_title)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"François Fillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Fillon"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Valdai Discussion Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdai_Discussion_Club"},{"link_name":"Neue Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neue_Presse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Merkel_I"},{"link_name":"the Kremlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kremlin"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_missile_defense"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"deterrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_theory"},{"link_name":"the Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Igor Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Ivanov"},{"link_name":"Ana Palacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Palacio"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg"},{"link_name":"Bundeswehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeswehr"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Foreign policy","text":"In 1985, Rühe strongly urged that Europe's four major powers – France, Britain, Italy and West Germany – formulate a common European position on the Reagan Administration's Strategic Defense Initiative.[28]In 1995, Rühe withdrew an invitation for his Moscow counterpart, Pavel Grachev, to visit Germany after Grachev insulted leading critics of the war in Chechnya. At the time, this was regarded as throwing into question German-Russian military cooperation on European security issues following the country's reunification.[29] During the Grozny ballistic missile attack in 1999, Rühe called for freezing Western loans to Russia.[30]In 2010, Rühe wrote an open letter explaining the strategy of including Russia into NATO to counter balance asian powers.In 2013, Rühe appeared alongside Russian President Vladimir Putin and François Fillon[31] at the Valdai Discussion Club. He was quoted by Neue Presse expressing sympathy for Putin and arguing for an intensive dialogue between the German government and \"the Kremlin\" on the subject of the American proposed \"missile defense system\". \"We are talking as if Iran already had nuclear weapons... we can't continue with deterrence, like during the Cold War.\" In 2015, he joined other foreign policy experts, including Igor Ivanov and Ana Palacio, in calling for a possible Memorandum of Understanding between NATO and the Russian Federation on the Rules of Behaviour for the Safety of Air and Maritime Encounters between the two sides.[32][33]In a 2019 interview, Rühe blamed his successor Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg for \"having destroyed the Bundeswehr\".[34]","title":"Political positions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hyde-Price, Adrian (2000). Germany & The European Union: Enlarging NATO and the EU. Manchester University Press. p. 149. ISBN 0719054273.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719054273","url_text":"0719054273"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/open-letter-it-s-time-to-invite-russia-to-join-nato-a-682287.html","external_links_name":"an open letter"},{"Link":"http://carnegieendowment.org/specialprojects/EuroAtlanticSecurityInitiativeEASI/EASICommissionMembers","external_links_name":"Members of the Commission"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-23/news/mn-896_1_christian-democratic-party","external_links_name":"Kohl Names New Party Aide Amid Flap Over Campaign Tactics"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/05/world/bonn-journal-berliners-await-the-return-of-a-capital-and-wait.html","external_links_name":"Berliners Await the Return of a Capital. And Wait."},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB951687406708643802","external_links_name":"The Schleswig-Holstein Question"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/162034","external_links_name":"Volker Rühe, Germany’s next foreign minister?"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-16/news/mn-46402_1_german-peacekeepers","external_links_name":"A Death in Cambodia, an Uproar in Germany"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-07-23/news/1992205097_1_kohl-adriatic-social-democrats","external_links_name":"German chancellor wins vote supporting Adriatic force to monitor embargo"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-10-16/news/mn-46402_1_german-peacekeepers","external_links_name":"A Death in Cambodia, an Uproar in Germany"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-08-04/news/mn-5080_1_heavy-weapons","external_links_name":"Germany Begins Cutbacks Under Weapons Treaty"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/597686","external_links_name":"A new pilot?"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/04/world/germans-cancel-big-us-purchase.html","external_links_name":"Germans Cancel Big U.S. Purchase"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/16/world/first-army-neo-nazis-now-racists-on-internet-worry-germany.html","external_links_name":"First, Army Neo-Nazis, Now Racists on Internet Worry Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/18/world/a-political-newcomer-breaks-rules-in-germany.html","external_links_name":"A Political Newcomer Breaks Rules in Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/16/world/first-army-neo-nazis-now-racists-on-internet-worry-germany.html","external_links_name":"National interest is behind Germany's UN bid"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/dream-of-influence-germany-renews-campaign-for-un-security-council-seat-a-717489.html","external_links_name":"Germany Renews Campaign for UN Security Council Seat"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/krim-krise-volker-ruehe-ueber-putins-versagen-a-959765.html","external_links_name":"Ex-Verteidigungsminister Rühe: \"Putin hat versagt\""},{"Link":"http://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/?fa=55928","external_links_name":"Germany’s Budding Defense Debate"},{"Link":"http://www.fr.de/kultur/literatur/gazprom-putin-und-seine-komplizen-a-839438","external_links_name":"Gazprom: Putin und seine Komplizen"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmensbeiraete-geschacher-hinter-der-mauer-des-schweigens-a-355096.html","external_links_name":"Unternehmensbeiräte Geschacher hinter der Mauer des Schweigens"},{"Link":"http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/about/board.cfm","external_links_name":"Board"},{"Link":"http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/task-force-on-cooperation-in-greater-europe-membership_2300.html","external_links_name":"Task Force on Cooperation in Greater Europe"},{"Link":"https://www.atlantik-bruecke.org/stiftung/","external_links_name":"Board of Trustees"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/02/world/german-unrest-expected-to-bring-tightening-of-law-on-immigration.html","external_links_name":"German Unrest Expected to Bring Tightening of Law on Immigration"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/07/news/2-kohl-party-contenders-have-strong-ties-to-excommunist-region-german.html","external_links_name":"2 Kohl Party Contenders Have Strong Ties to Ex-Communist Region: German Politics Opens Up to the East"},{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/ex-verteidigungsminister-volker-ruehe-guttenberg-hat-die-bundeswehr-zerstoert/23968822.html","external_links_name":"Ex-Verteidigungsminister Volker Rühe: \"Guttenberg hat die Bundeswehr zerstört\""},{"Link":"https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/ex-cdu-generalsekretaer-ruehe-merz-eroeffnet-der-cdu.868.de.html?dram:article_id=432278","external_links_name":"\"Merz eröffnet der CDU wesentlich bessere Wahlchancen\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1985-05-08/news/mn-6650_1_west-germany","external_links_name":"4 Moving Up: Key German Leaders of the Postwar Generation"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-01-23/news/mn-23439_1_russian-defense-minister","external_links_name":"Chechen War Drives Wedge Between Russia, Germany"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9910/23/russia.chechnya.03/","external_links_name":"Chechens say they downed 2 jets; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_At_Knight	Trip at Knight	["1 Singles","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Year-end charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]	2021 studio album by Trippie ReddTrip at KnightStudio album by Trippie ReddReleasedAugust 20, 2021Recorded2018–2021Genre Hip hop trap rage rap rock hyperpop Length49:36Label 1400 Entertainment 10K Projects Producer Ivory Scott IV Loesoe Star Boy Taz Taylor PinkGrillz88 Dynox Hammad Beats RAFMADE tnfdemon sserotonin WNDWS Nadddot RokOnTheTrack Warren Hunter Cashmere Cat Outtatown Aaron Shadrow Jasper Harris Rip 2sided 3rdup Lukovíc bart how sean baby Young Cutta Curtains HerreraBeats Turn Me Up Josh Hitmaka JTBeatz UK24 Trippie Redd chronology Neon Shark vs Pegasus(2021) Trip at Knight(2021) Mansion Musik(2023) Singles from Trip at Knight "Miss the Rage"Released: May 7, 2021 "Holy Smokes"Released: July 16, 2021 Trip at Knight is the fourth studio album by American rapper and singer Trippie Redd. It was released on August 20, 2021, through 1400 Entertainment and 10k Projects. The album features guest appearances from SoFaygo, Drake, Lil Uzi Vert, Playboi Carti, Ski Mask the Slump God, Polo G, Lil Durk, Babyface Ray, Sada Baby, and Icewear Vezzo; alongside late rappers Juice Wrld and XXXTentacion. Trippie Redd embarked on a tour in support for the album just days after its release. It is a spin-off to his debut studio album Life's a Trip (2018). Singles Trippie Redd released the lead single for the album, "Miss the Rage", a collaboration with American rapper Playboi Carti, on May 7, 2021. This was followed by the second single "Holy Smokes", featuring American rapper Lil Uzi Vert on July 16, 2021. "Captain Crunch" featuring Sada Baby, Babyface Ray, and Icewear Vezzo, "MP5" featuring SoFaygo", and "Matt Hardy 999" featuring Juice Wrld were all sorted as singles with the Trip at Knight cover on streaming services, with two receiving music videos Critical reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic68/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClash7/10The Line of Best Fit6/10NMEHipHopDX3.3/5 Kyann-Sian Williams of NME gave Trip at Knight 3 out of 5, saying that while Trip at Knight has "embrace the colourful production of hyper-pop", the album experiences "a lack of quality control". Williams believes that Trippie should "slow down and focus on longevity". When comparing Trip at Knight and Life's a Trip, Williams believes that Trip at Knight doesn't "tend to reward repeat listens" while Life's a Trip does. Track listing Trip at Knight track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Molly Hearts"Michael White IICas van der HeijdenLoesoe2:422."MP5" (with SoFaygo)WhiteAndre BurtAnton MendoStar Boy2:393."Betrayal" (featuring Drake)WhiteAubrey Graham Danny Lee Snodgrass, JrEthan McCallum-WilliamsBrody FallonTaz TaylorPinkGrillz88Dynox2:324."Finish Line"WhiteAdrian RupkeAddison RineerHammad BeatsRAFMADE2:225."Holy Smokes" (featuring Lil Uzi Vert)WhiteSymere WoodsIgor MametTuheij MaruwanayaWiebe Grobtnfdemonsserotonin3:016."Super Cell"WhiteJøseph HellingtonAndreas MaturaWNDWSNadddot2:417."Miss the Rage" (with Playboi Carti)WhiteJordan CarterMametHeijdenLoesoe3:568."Supernatural"WhiteRok CurkovicWarren HunterMaturaRokOnTheTrackWarren HunterNadddot2:209."Demon Time" (with Ski Mask the Slump God)WhiteStokeley GoulbourneMaturaNadddot2:3910."Matt Hardy 999" (with Juice Wrld)WhiteJarad HigginsMendoTobias DekkerMagnus HøibergAaron ShadrowJasper HarrisJean Christophe MarieCashmere CatStar BoyOuttatownAaron ShadrowJasper HarrisRip3:0811."Vibes"WhiteMaruwanaya2sided3rduptnfdemon2sided3rdup2:0412."New Money"WhiteMaruwanayaLukovictnfdemonLukovic2:2413."Danny Phantom" (featuring XXXTentacion)WhiteJahseh OnfroyHøibergMendoDekkerCashmere CatStar BoyOuttatown2:1614."Space Time"WhiteMendoBart van HoewijkStar Boybart how1:5915."Baki"WhiteMaturasean babyNadddotsean baby2:2716."iPhone"WhiteHenry Lotas-SherrattLou ViattiYoung CuttaCurtains2:0117."Rich MF" (with Polo G featuring Lil Durk)WhiteTaurus BartlettDurk BanksJoshua HerreraJoshua SamuelChristian WardJames ThierrenHenry Lotas-SherrattIvory ScottHerreraBeatsTurn Me Up JoshHitmakaJTBeatzYoung Cutta4:0718."Captain Crunch" (with Sada Baby and Icewear Vezzo featuring Babyface Ray)WhiteCasada SorrellChivez SmithMarcellus RegisterSil van BebberDekkerMendoUK24OuttatownStar Boy4:10Total length:49:36 Notes Although "Betrayal" featuring Drake was originally listed by Trippie Redd as part of the tracklisting, the song was not part of the album upon its initial release. However, Betrayal was later released in the complete edition of Trip at Knight on August 21, 2021. In addition, "Molly Hearts" and "Super Cell" were originally listed on Trippie Redd's announcement as "Molly Heart" and "Supercell", respectively. “Danny Phantom” is a reworked version of Trippie's and X's "Ghost Busters", which was released 3 days after XXXTentacion's murder. The new version is backed by a new “rage” style instrumental and doesn’t contain the original’s verses from Quavo and Ski Mask the Slump God. Similar to ”Danny Phantom”, ”Matt Hardy 999” is a reworked version of Trippie and the late Juice Wrld's collaboration on a previously leaked song. The new version is also, a hyper/rage style instrumental. Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for Trip at Knight Chart (2021) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 9 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 11 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 8 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 32 Canadian Albums (Billboard) 4 Danish Albums (Hitlisten) 20 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 12 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 42 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 47 Irish Albums (OCC) 13 Italian Albums (FIMI) 61 Lithuanian Albums (AGATA) 19 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 5 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 5 Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) 65 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 31 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 6 UK Albums (OCC) 15 US Billboard 200 2 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for Trip at Knight Chart (2021) Position US Billboard 200 173 US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) 62 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Gold 40,000‡ United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ Hoffman, Tim (August 20, 2021). "Album Review: Trippie Redd plummets with Trip at Knight". Riff Magazine. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ a b c d e Williams, Kyann-Sian (August 20, 2021). "Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight review: SoundCloud rap king embraces hyper-pop". NME. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Caraan, Sophie (August 20, 2021). "Trippie Redd Enlists Drake, Lil Uzi Vert and More for New Album Trip at Knight". Hypebeast. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Blake, Cole. "Trippie Redd Shares Artwork For Upcoming Album, Trip at Knight". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved July 13, 2021. ^ Goddard, Kevin. "Trippie Redd Says Trip at Knight Album Dropping Before His Upcoming Tour". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved July 13, 2021. ^ a b Marie, Erika. "Trippie Redd Reveals Trip at Knight Tracklist Ft. Drake, Lil Durk, Juice WRLD, Polo G". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ Robinson, Joshua. "Trippie Redd Reveals When Trip at Knight Is Dropping". HotNewHipHop. Urbanlinx Media. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Trippie Redd – MP5 Ft. SoFaygo (Official Music Video), retrieved December 2, 2021 ^ Trippie Redd – Matt Hardy 999 Ft. Juice WRLD (Official Music Video), retrieved December 2, 2021 ^ MC ^ Thomas, Fred (August 20, 2021). "Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". AllMusic. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ Murray, Robin (August 20, 2021). "Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". Clash. Retrieved August 20, 2021. ^ McMullen, Chase (August 24, 2021). "Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved August 24, 2021. ^ hiphopdx ^ "Australiancharts.com – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved September 1, 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Trippie Redd Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ "Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 34, 2021". Hitlisten. Retrieved September 1, 2021. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "Trippie Redd: Trip at Knight" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "Album – Classifica settimanale WK 34 (dal 20.8.2021 al 26.8.2021)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "2021 34-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "NZ Top 40 Albums Chart". Recorded Music NZ. August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "Album 2021 uke 34". VG-lista. Retrieved August 28, 2021. ^ "Spanishcharts.com – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". Hung Medien. Retrieved September 5, 2021. ^ "Veckolista Album, vecka 34". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". Hung Medien. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved August 27, 2021. ^ "Trippie Redd Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2021. ^ "Trippie Redd Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ "Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2021. ^ "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2021". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2021. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". Music Canada. Retrieved November 19, 2023. ^ "American album certifications – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 9, 2020. Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group vteTrippie ReddDiscographyStudio albums Life's a Trip (2018) ! (2019) Pegasus (2020) Trip at Knight (2021) Mansion Musik (2023) Reissues Neon Shark vs Pegasus (2021) Mixtapes A Love Letter to You (2017) A Love Letter to You 2 (2017) A Love Letter to You 3 (2018) A Love Letter to You 4 (2019) A Love Letter to You 5 (2023) EPsGenre: Sadboy (with Machine Gun Kelly)Singles "Love Scars" "Poles 1469" "Bust Down" "Dark Knight Dummo" "How You Feel" "Taking a Walk" "Topanga" "Under Enemy Arms" "Mac 10" "Love Me More" "Death" "Who Needs Love" "Excitement" "Tell Me U Luv Me" "Miss the Rage" "Holy Smokes" "Big 14" "Ain't Safe" "Krzy Train" Featured singles "Fuck Love" "High" "Wish" "Jump" "Gone Girl" "Bad Vibes Forever" "Wake Up Call" Other songs "66" "1400 / 999 Freestyle" "6 Kiss" "Blastoff" "Weeeeee" "Fully Loaded" "Knight Crawler" Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trippie Redd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippie_Redd"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SoFaygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFaygo"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"Ski Mask the Slump God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God"},{"link_name":"Polo G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_G"},{"link_name":"Lil Durk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Durk"},{"link_name":"Babyface Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_Ray"},{"link_name":"Sada Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Baby"},{"link_name":"Icewear Vezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icewear_Vezzo"},{"link_name":"Juice Wrld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_WRLD"},{"link_name":"XXXTentacion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXTentacion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Track_list-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Life's a Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_a_Trip"}],"text":"2021 studio album by Trippie ReddTrip at Knight is the fourth studio album by American rapper and singer Trippie Redd. It was released on August 20, 2021, through 1400 Entertainment and 10k Projects.[3] The album features guest appearances from SoFaygo, Drake, Lil Uzi Vert, Playboi Carti, Ski Mask the Slump God, Polo G, Lil Durk, Babyface Ray, Sada Baby, and Icewear Vezzo; alongside late rappers Juice Wrld and XXXTentacion.[4] Trippie Redd embarked on a tour in support for the album just days after its release.[5][6][7] It is a spin-off to his debut studio album Life's a Trip (2018).","title":"Trip at Knight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss the Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_the_Rage"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"Holy Smokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Smokes"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Babyface Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_Ray"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Trippie Redd released the lead single for the album, \"Miss the Rage\", a collaboration with American rapper Playboi Carti, on May 7, 2021. This was followed by the second single \"Holy Smokes\", featuring American rapper Lil Uzi Vert on July 16, 2021. \"Captain Crunch\" featuring Sada Baby, Babyface Ray, and Icewear Vezzo, \"MP5\" featuring SoFaygo\", and \"Matt Hardy 999\" featuring Juice Wrld were all sorted as singles with the Trip at Knight cover on streaming services, with two receiving music videos[8][9]","title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-2"},{"link_name":"Life's a Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_a_Trip"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-2"}],"text":"Kyann-Sian Williams of NME gave Trip at Knight 3 out of 5, saying that while Trip at Knight has \"embrace[d] the colourful production of hyper-pop\", the album experiences \"a lack of quality control\".[2] Williams believes that Trippie should \"slow down and focus on longevity\".[2] When comparing Trip at Knight and Life's a Trip, Williams believes that Trip at Knight doesn't \"tend to reward repeat listens\" while Life's a Trip does.[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Track_list-6"},{"link_name":"Michael White II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trippie_Redd"},{"link_name":"SoFaygo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFaygo"},{"link_name":"Andre Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoFaygo"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Aubrey Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Danny Lee Snodgrass, Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz_Taylor_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Taz Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz_Taylor_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Holy Smokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Smokes"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Symere Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Miss the Rage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_the_Rage"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"Jordan Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"Ski Mask the Slump God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God"},{"link_name":"Stokeley Goulbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God"},{"link_name":"Juice Wrld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_Wrld"},{"link_name":"Jarad Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juice_Wrld"},{"link_name":"Cashmere Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashmere_Cat"},{"link_name":"XXXTentacion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXTentacion"},{"link_name":"Jahseh Onfroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXTentacion"},{"link_name":"Polo G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_G"},{"link_name":"Lil Durk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Durk"},{"link_name":"Taurus Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_G"},{"link_name":"Durk Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Durk"},{"link_name":"Christian Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitmaka"},{"link_name":"Hitmaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitmaka"},{"link_name":"Sada Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Baby"},{"link_name":"Babyface Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_Ray"},{"link_name":"Casada Sorrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Baby"},{"link_name":"Marcellus Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyface_Ray"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"XXXTentacion's murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_XXXTentacion"},{"link_name":"“rage” style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_rap"},{"link_name":"Quavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quavo"},{"link_name":"Ski Mask the Slump God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Mask_the_Slump_God"},{"link_name":"leaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_leak"},{"link_name":"hyper/rage style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_rap"}],"text":"Trip at Knight track listing[6]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Molly Hearts\"Michael White IICas van der HeijdenLoesoe2:422.\"MP5\" (with SoFaygo)WhiteAndre BurtAnton MendoStar Boy2:393.\"Betrayal\" (featuring Drake)WhiteAubrey Graham Danny Lee Snodgrass, JrEthan McCallum-WilliamsBrody FallonTaz TaylorPinkGrillz88Dynox2:324.\"Finish Line\"WhiteAdrian RupkeAddison RineerHammad BeatsRAFMADE2:225.\"Holy Smokes\" (featuring Lil Uzi Vert)WhiteSymere WoodsIgor MametTuheij MaruwanayaWiebe Grobtnfdemonsserotonin3:016.\"Super Cell\"WhiteJøseph HellingtonAndreas MaturaWNDWSNadddot2:417.\"Miss the Rage\" (with Playboi Carti)WhiteJordan CarterMametHeijdenLoesoe3:568.\"Supernatural\"WhiteRok CurkovicWarren HunterMaturaRokOnTheTrackWarren HunterNadddot2:209.\"Demon Time\" (with Ski Mask the Slump God)WhiteStokeley GoulbourneMaturaNadddot2:3910.\"Matt Hardy 999\" (with Juice Wrld)WhiteJarad HigginsMendoTobias DekkerMagnus HøibergAaron ShadrowJasper HarrisJean Christophe MarieCashmere CatStar BoyOuttatownAaron ShadrowJasper HarrisRip3:0811.\"Vibes\"WhiteMaruwanaya2sided3rduptnfdemon2sided3rdup2:0412.\"New Money\"WhiteMaruwanayaLukovictnfdemonLukovic2:2413.\"Danny Phantom\" (featuring XXXTentacion)WhiteJahseh OnfroyHøibergMendoDekkerCashmere CatStar BoyOuttatown2:1614.\"Space Time\"WhiteMendoBart van HoewijkStar Boybart how1:5915.\"Baki\"WhiteMaturasean babyNadddotsean baby2:2716.\"iPhone\"WhiteHenry Lotas-SherrattLou ViattiYoung CuttaCurtains2:0117.\"Rich MF\" (with Polo G featuring Lil Durk)WhiteTaurus BartlettDurk BanksJoshua HerreraJoshua SamuelChristian WardJames ThierrenHenry Lotas-SherrattIvory ScottHerreraBeatsTurn Me Up JoshHitmakaJTBeatzYoung Cutta4:0718.\"Captain Crunch\" (with Sada Baby and Icewear Vezzo featuring Babyface Ray)WhiteCasada SorrellChivez SmithMarcellus RegisterSil van BebberDekkerMendoUK24OuttatownStar Boy4:10Total length:49:36NotesAlthough \"Betrayal\" featuring Drake was originally listed by Trippie Redd as part of the tracklisting, the song was not part of the album upon its initial release. However, Betrayal was later released in the complete edition of Trip at Knight on August 21, 2021.\nIn addition, \"Molly Hearts\" and \"Super Cell\" were originally listed on Trippie Redd's announcement as \"Molly Heart\" and \"Supercell\", respectively.\n“Danny Phantom” is a reworked version of Trippie's and X's \"Ghost Busters\", which was released 3 days after XXXTentacion's murder. The new version is backed by a new “rage” style instrumental and doesn’t contain the original’s verses from Quavo and Ski Mask the Slump God.\nSimilar to ”Danny Phantom”, ”Matt Hardy 999” is a reworked version of Trippie and the late Juice Wrld's collaboration on a previously leaked song. The new version is also, a hyper/rage style instrumental.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trip_at_Knight&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Trippie_Redd-15"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Trippie_Redd-16"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Trippie_Redd-17"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Trippie_Redd-18"},{"link_name":"Canadian Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardCanada_Trippie_Redd-19"},{"link_name":"Hitlisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Trippie_Redd-21"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Trippie_Redd-22"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Trippie_Redd-23"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Ireland3_-24"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"AGATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Spain_Trippie_Redd-29"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Trippie_Redd-31"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Trippie_Redd-33"},{"link_name":"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_BillboardRandBHipHop_Trippie_Redd-34"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trip_at_Knight&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for Trip at Knight\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[15]\n\n9\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[16]\n\n11\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[17]\n\n8\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[18]\n\n32\n\n\nCanadian Albums (Billboard)[19]\n\n4\n\n\nDanish Albums (Hitlisten)[20]\n\n20\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[21]\n\n12\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[22]\n\n42\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[23]\n\n47\n\n\nIrish Albums (OCC)[24]\n\n13\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[25]\n\n61\n\n\nLithuanian Albums (AGATA)[26]\n\n19\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[27]\n\n5\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[28]\n\n5\n\n\nSpanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[29]\n\n65\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[30]\n\n31\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[31]\n\n6\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[32]\n\n15\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[33]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[34]\n\n1\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for Trip at Knight\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[35]\n\n173\n\n\nUS Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)[36]\n\n62","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hoffman, Tim (August 20, 2021). \"Album Review: Trippie Redd plummets with Trip at Knight\". Riff Magazine. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://riffmagazine.com/album-reviews/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Trippie Redd plummets with Trip at Knight\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Kyann-Sian (August 20, 2021). \"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight review: SoundCloud rap king embraces hyper-pop\". NME. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight-album-review-juice-wrld-xxxtentacion-drake-3024794","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight review: SoundCloud rap king embraces hyper-pop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Caraan, Sophie (August 20, 2021). \"Trippie Redd Enlists Drake, Lil Uzi Vert and More for New Album Trip at Knight\". Hypebeast. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/8/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight-album-stream","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd Enlists Drake, Lil Uzi Vert and More for New Album Trip at Knight\""}]},{"reference":"Blake, Cole. \"Trippie Redd Shares Artwork For Upcoming Album, Trip at Knight\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-shares-artwork-for-upcoming-album-trip-at-knight-news.134520.html","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd Shares Artwork For Upcoming Album, Trip at Knight\""}]},{"reference":"Goddard, Kevin. \"Trippie Redd Says Trip at Knight Album Dropping Before His Upcoming Tour\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-says-trip-at-knight-album-dropping-before-his-upcoming-tour-news.135053.html","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd Says Trip at Knight Album Dropping Before His Upcoming Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Marie, Erika. \"Trippie Redd Reveals Trip at Knight Tracklist Ft. Drake, Lil Durk, Juice WRLD, Polo G\". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-reveals-trip-at-knight-tracklist-ft-drake-lil-durk-juice-wrld-polo-g-news.137352.html","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd Reveals Trip at Knight Tracklist Ft. Drake, Lil Durk, Juice WRLD, Polo G\""}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Joshua. \"Trippie Redd Reveals When Trip at Knight Is Dropping\". HotNewHipHop. Urbanlinx Media. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-reveals-when-trip-at-knight-is-dropping-news.137745.html","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd Reveals When Trip at Knight Is Dropping\""}]},{"reference":"Trippie Redd – MP5 Ft. SoFaygo (Official Music Video), retrieved December 2, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_sy5O4bQmgg","url_text":"Trippie Redd – MP5 Ft. SoFaygo (Official Music Video)"}]},{"reference":"Trippie Redd – Matt Hardy 999 Ft. Juice WRLD (Official Music Video), retrieved December 2, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47JKU1sYFzw","url_text":"Trippie Redd – Matt Hardy 999 Ft. Juice WRLD (Official Music Video)"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Fred (August 20, 2021). \"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\". AllMusic. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/trip-at-knight-mw0003580362?1633132437824","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robin (August 20, 2021). \"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\". Clash. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"McMullen, Chase (August 24, 2021). \"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved August 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight-album-review","url_text":"\"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Best_Fit","url_text":"The Line of Best Fit"}]},{"reference":"\"Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 34, 2021\". Hitlisten. Retrieved September 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=34&y=2021&list=a40","url_text":"\"Hitlisten.NU – Album Top-40 Uge 34, 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitlisten","url_text":"Hitlisten"}]},{"reference":"\"Album – Classifica settimanale WK 34 (dal 20.8.2021 al 26.8.2021)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/1/2021/34","url_text":"\"Album – Classifica settimanale WK 34 (dal 20.8.2021 al 26.8.2021)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 34-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)\" (in Lithuanian). AGATA. August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/34s/","url_text":"\"2021 34-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATA_(organization)","url_text":"AGATA"}]},{"reference":"\"NZ Top 40 Albums Chart\". Recorded Music NZ. August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=5191","url_text":"\"NZ Top 40 Albums Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ","url_text":"Recorded Music NZ"}]},{"reference":"\"Album 2021 uke 34\". VG-lista. Retrieved August 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2021-w34/","url_text":"\"Album 2021 uke 34\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista","url_text":"VG-lista"}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Album, vecka 34\". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved August 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54?dspy=2021&dspp=34","url_text":"\"Veckolista Album, vecka 34\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan","url_text":"Sverigetopplistan"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021\". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/top-billboard-200-albums/","url_text":"\"Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2021\". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2021/top-r-and-b-hip-hop-albums/","url_text":"\"Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – Year-End 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\". Music Canada. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Trip+at+Knight%20Trippie+Redd","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved November 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Trippie+Redd&ti=Trip+at+Knight&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://riffmagazine.com/album-reviews/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight/","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Trippie Redd plummets with Trip at Knight\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight-album-review-juice-wrld-xxxtentacion-drake-3024794","external_links_name":"\"Trippie Redd – Trip at Knight review: SoundCloud rap king embraces hyper-pop\""},{"Link":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/8/trippie-redd-trip-at-knight-album-stream","external_links_name":"\"Trippie Redd Enlists Drake, Lil Uzi Vert and More for New Album Trip at Knight\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-shares-artwork-for-upcoming-album-trip-at-knight-news.134520.html","external_links_name":"\"Trippie Redd Shares Artwork For Upcoming Album, Trip at Knight\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-says-trip-at-knight-album-dropping-before-his-upcoming-tour-news.135053.html","external_links_name":"\"Trippie Redd Says Trip at Knight Album Dropping Before His Upcoming Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/trippie-redd-reveals-trip-at-knight-tracklist-ft-drake-lil-durk-juice-wrld-polo-g-news.137352.html","external_links_name":"\"Trippie Redd Reveals Trip at Knight Tracklist Ft. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Students%27_Day_(Mexico)	Public holidays in Mexico	["1 Statutory holidays","2 Civic holidays","3 Festivities","4 Dates of observance for moveable holidays","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	A Guelaguetza celebration in Oaxaca Part of a series on theCulture of Mexico Society Mexicans Folklore History Immigration Languages Holidays Religion Women Topics Art Architecture Comics Cuisine Dance Literature Media Film Internet Magazines Newspapers Radio Television Music Monuments Painting Muralism Sports Mesoamerican ballgame Lucha libre Football Rugby Video gaming Symbols Flag Coat of arms Anthem Miss Mexico World Heritage Sites Mexico portalvte In Mexico, there are three major kinds of public holidays: Statutory holiday: Holidays observed all around Mexico. Employees are entitled to a day off with regular pay and schools (public and private) are closed for the day. Civic holiday: These holidays are observed nationwide, but employees are not entitled to the day off with pay, and schools (public and private) still continue. Festivities: These are traditional holidays to honor religious events, such as Carnival, Holy Week, Easter, etc. or public celebrations, such as Mother's Day, Father's Day, Valentine's Day, etc. Dia de la Independencia or Anniversario de la Independencia, September 16, commemorates Mexico's independence from Spain and is the most important patriotic statutory holiday. Parades are held and many schools are closed. Statutory holidays Statutory holidays (referred as "feriados" or "días de asueto" in Mexico) are legislated through the federal government and ruled by the Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo). Most workers, public and private, are entitled to take the day off with regular pay. However, some employers may require employees to work on such a holiday, but the employee must be paid: the regular pay for the statutory holiday if no work is performed by the employee, and the regular pay and two additional daily salary rates if work is performed by the employee, for a total of triple the usual rate. When a statutory holiday falls on a Sunday, Monday is considered a statutory holiday; if a statutory holiday falls on Saturday, Friday will be considered a statutory holiday. Date English name Spanish name Remarks January 1 New Year's Day Año Nuevo First day of the year. February 5 Constitution Day Día de la Constitución March 21 Benito Juárez's Birthday Natalicio de Benito Juárez May 1 Labour Day Día del Trabajo Established in 1923, Labor Day commemorates the Mexican workers' union movements. (See also Patriotic holidays in Mexico). September 16 Independence Day Día de la Independencia Commemorates the start of the Independence War by Priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in 1810. Festivities begin the evening of September 15 and culminate with a military parade on September 16. (See also Patriotic holidays in Mexico). November 20 Revolution Day Día de la Revolución December 25 Christmas Day Navidad Christmas celebration; secular and religious holiday. In addition to these dates, election days designated by federal and local electoral laws are also statutory holidays. Civic holidays Date English Name Spanish Name Remarks February 20 Mexican Army Day Día del Ejército Celebrates the Mexican Army on the date of its 1913 foundation and honor of the 1911 Loyalty March ("Marcha de la Lealtad"), when President Madero was escorted by the Cadets of the Military College to the National Palace. February 24 Flag Day Día de la Bandera Celebrates the current Flag of Mexico and honors the previous ones. Flag Day was implemented by President Lázaro Cárdenas in 1937. March 18 Anniversary of the Oil Expropriation Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Celebrates the Oil Expropriation by President General Lázaro Cárdenas in 1938. April 21 Heroic Defense of Veracruz Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Commemorates the defense against the United States occupation of Veracruz in 1914 by cadets, staff and faculty of the Heroica Escuela Naval Militar and personnel of the Mexican Navy. May 5 Fifth of May Cinco de Mayo Celebrates the victory of the Mexican Army, led by Gral. Ignacio Zaragoza against French forces in the city of Puebla, on May 5, 1862. Also widely celebrated in the United States. May 8 Miguel Hidalgo's birthday Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Commemorates the birth in 1753 of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the initiator of the Mexican Independence War. June 1 National Maritime Day Día de la Marina Honors the merchant marines, which began on June 1, 1917 with the Tabasco. The holiday was first celebrated in 1942 to honor the crews of the Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro, whose ships were sunk by Nazi submarines in May 1942. September 13 Anniversary of the "Boy Heroes" or "Heroic Cadets" Día de los Niños Héroes Celebrates the Battle of Chapultepec during the Mexican–American War of 1847 and the heroic and ultimate sacrifice that the Niños Héroes gave for the nation. September 16 Cry of Dolores Grito de Dolores Celebrates the Grito de Dolores, an event that marked the start of the independence war against Spain on the eve of September 16, 1810. It took place at a church chapel in Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato, led by a Creole Catholic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Families and friends gather the evening of September 15 for a Noche Mexicana, dressing in traditional clothes and consuming traditional foods and drinks such as pozole, mole, birria, beer, tequila, and/or mezcal. The President rings the bell of Hidalgo and crowds gather in the Zócalo of Mexico City to shout ¡Viva México! (Long live Mexico!). Similar ceremonies are held in every state and municipality across the country. A military parade is held in Mexico City on September 16. See also Fiestas Patrias (Mexico). September 27 Culmination of the Mexican War of Independence Consumación de la Independencia Celebrates the end of the Mexican Independence War in 1821, 11 years after Father Hidalgo started it, with the victory of the Army of the Three Guarantees, led by Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero. September 30 Morelos' birthday Natalicio de José Mª Morelos y Pavón Commemorates the birth in 1765 of Father José María Morelos y Pavón, one of the founding fathers of the Mexican nation. October 12 Columbus Day Día de la Raza Commemorates the creation of a new, brown race of mixed American, European, and African ancestry following the European colonization of the Americas that began in 1492. November 23 Mexican Navy Day Dia de la Armada de Mexico Celebrating the 1825 capture of the San Juan de Ulúa Fortress in Veracruz led by a joint force of Mexican Army and Navy units (the capture of the fortress is the Navy's baptism of fire, on which its first fleet under Captain Pedro Sainz de Baranda served with distinction). Festivities Date English Name Spanish Name Remarks January 6 Epiphany Día de los Reyes Magos Celebrates the Biblical New Testament story of the arrival of the three wise men who each brought a gift to the Christ child. Traditionally, children receive toys, and people buy a pastry called rosca de reyes. Anyone who bites into the bread and finds a figurine of the Christ child must host a party for the Day of Candlemas (February 2). It is not a state holiday. February 2 Candlemas Día de la Candelaria Celebrates the presentation of the baby Jesus in the Temple of Jerusalem 40 days after his birth. Traditionally, women bring a representation (i.e. statue/doll) of the baby Jesus in new clothes to be blessed by the parish priest. Afterwards, a meal of tamales and hot chocolate is given by the person who found the baby Jesus figure in the Rosca de Reyes (see above in Epiphany). It is not a state holiday. Thursday to Tuesday before Ash Wednesday Carnival Carnaval In addition to costumes, music, and dancing, Carnaval celebrations often include amusement rides, bull riding, or Charreadas (rodeos). The largest carnavales are in Mazatlán and Veracruz. While most carnivals are held during the week before Lent, they can be held at any time of the year. February 14 Valentine's Day Día del Amor y la Amistad Celebrates amorous unions. On this day, traditionally, people give chocolates, flowers, letters and gifts to their friends, relatives and couples. It is not a state holiday. March 8 International Women's Day Día Internacional de la Mujer It is not a state holiday. March or April Holy Thursday Jueves Santo Commemorates the Last Supper of Christ. Government offices, schools, and many businesses close; many families celebrate it as a secular holiday. Many families visit the beaches. It is not a state holiday. March or April Good Friday Viernes Santo Commemorates the Crucifixion of Jesus. Government offices, schools, and many businesses close; many families celebrate it as a secular holiday. Many families visit the beaches. It is not a state holiday. April 30 Children's Day Día del Niño Honors all the children. It is not a state holiday. May 10 Mother's Day Día de las Madres Honors all the mothers throughout the country. It is not a state holiday. May 15 Teacher's Day Día del Maestro Honors all the teachers throughout the country. It is often celebrated on the Monday before May 15. It is not a state holiday. May 23 Students' Day Día del estudiante Honors all the students throughout the country. It is not a state holiday. Third Sunday of June Father's Day Día del Padre Honors all the fathers throughout the country. It is not a state holiday. November 1 All Saints' Day (Day of the Dead) Día de Todos los Santos Honors dead relatives and friends (who were under 18 years of age and unmarried) with candles, food and flower offerings, altars, and pre-Columbian and Christian rituals. It is not a state holiday. November 2 All Souls' Day (Day of the Dead) Día de Muertos Honors dead relatives and friends (who were 18 years of age or married) with candles, food and flower offerings, altars, and pre-Columbian and Christian rituals. It is not a state holiday. December 12 Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Celebrates the day that Our Lady of Guadalupe appeared on Tepeyac hill to the native San Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin. It is not a state holiday. December 16–24 Las Posadas Las Posadas Commemorates the Biblical New Testament story of Joseph and Mary's search for shelter in Bethlehem. Consists of candlelight processions as well as stops at various nativity scenes. Children break piñatas and people drink ponche ((in English) "punch"). Many businesses hold a posada (meaning "inn" in English) as a year-end Christmas party for their employees. December 24 Christmas Eve Nochebuena Celebrates the eve of the nativity of Jesus, as both a secular and religious winter holiday. The traditional treats for this holiday are buñuelos, tamales and atole or champurrado. Sometimes they eat gelatina de colores (different flavors of Jell-O and a milk-based Jell-O mixed together to make a colorful treat) Las Posadas are celebrated nine days before Nochebuena, usually accompanied by a piñata party for children and dance music for adults. Many families feast, with pozole or turkey as common dishes. December 25 Christmas Navidad Christmas celebration; secular and religious holiday. Government offices, schools, and most business close from December 25 to January 1, and many people go on vacation to visit relatives or enjoy the beach. December 28 Holy Innocents Day Día de los Santos Inocentes On this day, people pull practical jokes on each other. It is equivalent to the U.S. version of April Fools' Day (April 1). People must not believe anything that other people say nor let them borrow any amount of money. If any person has fallen victim of the joke, the person pulling the joke will say ¡Inocente palomita...!, literally meaning 'Innocent little dove..!!!' (equivalent to saying April Fools!). December 31 New Year's Eve Víspera de Año Nuevo Mexicans celebrate New Year's Eve or locally known as Año Nuevo, by downing a grape with each of the twelve chimes of the bell during the midnight countdown, while making a wish with each one. Mexican families decorate homes and parties, during New Year's, with colors such as red, to encourage an overall improvement of lifestyle and love, yellow to encourage blessings of improved employment conditions, green to improve financial circumstances and white to improved health. Mexican sweet bread is baked with a coin or charm hidden in the dough. When the bread is served, the recipient whose slice contains the coin or charm is believed to be blessed with good luck in the new year. Another tradition is making a list of all the bad or unhappy events from the current year; before midnight, this list is thrown into a fire, symbolizing the removal of negative energy from the new year. At the same time, thanks is expressed for all the good things had during the year that is coming to its end so that they will continue to be had in the new year. Mexicans celebrate by having a dinner with their families, the traditional meal being turkey and mole, a tradition which has now spanned worldwide. Those who want to party generally go out afterwards, to local parties or night clubs. If you're in Mexico, you can still enjoy festivities in the street. In Mexico City there is a huge street festival on New Year's Eve; celebrations center around the Zocalo, the city's main square. One can expect a lot of firecrackers, fireworks and sparklers being fired. At midnight there is a lot of noise and everyone shouts: "Feliz año nuevo!" People embrace, make noise, set off firecrackers, and sing. Dates of observance for moveable holidays 2020 February 3 – Constitution Day March 16 – Benito Juarez's Birthday (Note: Celebrations after this date were generally low-key due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.) April 9 – Holy Thursday April 10 – Good Friday June 21 – Father's Day November 16 – Revolution Day 2021 February 1 – Constitution Day February 14 – Carnaval March 15 – Benito Juarez's Birthday April 1 – Holy Thursday April 2 – Good Friday June 20 – Father's Day November 15 – Revolution Day 2022 February 7 – Constitution Day February 27– Carnaval March 21 – Benito Juarez's Birthday April 10 – Holy Week begins April 14 – Holy Thursday April 15 – Good Friday June 19 – Father's Day November 21 – Revolution Day 2023 February 6 – Constitution Day February 19– Carnaval March 20 – Benito Juarez's Birthday April 2 – Holy Week begins April 6 – Holy Thursday April 7 – Good Friday June 18 – Father's Day November 20 – Revolution Day 2024 February 5 – Constitution Day February 11 – Carnaval March 18 – Benito Juarez's Birthday March 24 – Holy Week begins March 28 – Holy Thursday March 29 – Good Friday June 2 or July 7 – 2024 General election in Mexico June 16 – Father's Day October 1 – Presidential Inauguration Day November 18 – Revolution Day 2025 February 3 – Constitution Day March 2 – Carnaval March 17 – Benito Juarez's Birthday April 13 – Holy Week begins April 17 – Holy Thursday April 18 – Good Friday June 15 – Father's Day November 17 – Revolution Day 2026 February 2 – Constitution Day February 15 – Carnaval March 16 – Benito Juarez's Birthday March 29 – Holy Week begins April 2 – Holy Thursday April 3 – Good Friday June 21 – Father's Day November 16 – Revolution Day 2027 February 1 – Constitution Day February 7 – Carnaval March 15 – Benito Juarez's Birthday March 21 – Holy Week begins March 25 – Holy Thursday March 26 – Good Friday June 6 or July 4 - 2027 General election in Mexico June 20 – Father's Day November 15 – Revolution Day 2028 February 7 – Constitution Day February 27 – Carnaval March 20 – Benito Juarez's Birthday April 9 – Holy Week begins April 13 – Holy Thursday April 14 – Good Friday June 18 – Father's Day November 20 – Revolution Day 2029 February 5 – Constitution Day February 11 – Carnaval March 19 – Benito Juarez's Birthday March 25 – Holy Week begins March 29 – Holy Thursday March 30 – Good Friday June 17 – Father's Day November 19 – Revolution Day See also Holidays portalMexico portal Flag flying days in Mexico Christmas in Mexico Holy Week in Mexico How's halloween in Mexico? References ^ "Ley Federal del Trabajo" (PDF) (in Spanish). January 3, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-04. ^ "Día del Trabajo en México: ¿cuál es el origen y cuánto deben pagar si laboras?". El Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). 30 April 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Día de la Marina Nacional en México". gob.mx (in Spanish). Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad. Retrieved September 3, 2020. ^ "Independence Day in Mexico in 2020". Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Mexico Day of the Races in Mexico in 2020". Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ Industrial, Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad. "El 23 de noviembre se celebra el Día de la Armada de México". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2020. ^ Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos. "Fiesta de Carnaval en México". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2020. ^ "Día del Amor y la Amistad en México". www.amor-y-amistad.com. 14 February 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2020. ^ "Las Posadas: ¿qué significan y cómo hacer una?". México Desconocido (in Spanish). 11 December 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2020. ^ "Mexican customs for the New Year". Focus on Mexico. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-12-31. ^ "New Year's Eve in Mexico - Año Nuevo Celebrations". Gomexico.about.com. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-12-31. ^ "Statutory Holidays in Mexico in 2020". Office Holidays. January 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2021". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2022". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2023". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2024". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Elecciones de México 2024". cuandopasa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "¿Cuándo tomará posesión el nuevo presidente de México?". El Sol de México. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2025". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2026". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2027". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2028". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. ^ "Días festivos 2029". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020. External links Secretaría del Trabajo y Previsión Social vte Public holidays in MexicoStatutory holidays Año Nuevo Día de la Constitución Natalicio de Benito Juárez Día del Trabajo Día de Independencia Día de la Revolución Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal Navidad Civic holidays Día del Ejército Día de la Bandera Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera Heroica Defensa de Veracruz Cinco de Mayo Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo Día de la Marina Grito de Dolores Día de los Niños Héroes Consumación de la Independencia Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón Descubrimiento de América Festivities Día de los Santos Reyes Día de San Valentín Día del Niño Día de las Madres Día del Maestro Día del estudiante Día del Padre Día de Todos los Santos Día de los Fieles Difuntos Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe Las Posadas Nochebuena Dia de los Santos Inocentes vteMexico articlesHistory Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire Control of Central America Supreme Executive Power First Mexican Republic Spanish reconquest attempts Centralist Republic of Mexico Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican–American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma Second French intervention Second Mexican Empire Restored Republic Caste War Yaqui Wars Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Second American intervention Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Lost Decade Peso crisis Chiapas conflict War on drugs Geography Borders Cities Climate (Climate change) Earthquakes Environmental issues Extreme points Forests Islands Lakes Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected natural areas Rivers States Municipalities Territories Territorial evolution Time Tropical cyclone rainfall Volcanos Water resources Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet State legislatures Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Automotive industry Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Renewable energy Institutional stock exchange Irrigation Labor law Land reform Manufacturing National stock exchange North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Oil Pension system Peso (currency) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Censorship Crime Demographics Education Flags Healthcare Immigration Life expectancy Nationality law People Indigenous peoples Women Poverty Public holidays States by HDI Smoking Water supply and sanitation Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Wine Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Radio Religion Our Lady of Guadalupe Sports Television World Heritage Sites OutlineIndex Category Portal vtePublic holidays in North AmericaSovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gran_Guelaguetza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guelaguetza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guelaguetza"},{"link_name":"Oaxaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oaxaca_City"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"public holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Mother's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Father's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Mexico's independence from Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence"}],"text":"A Guelaguetza celebration in OaxacaIn Mexico, there are three major kinds of public holidays:Statutory holiday: Holidays observed all around Mexico. Employees are entitled to a day off with regular pay and schools (public and private) are closed for the day.\nCivic holiday: These holidays are observed nationwide, but employees are not entitled to the day off with pay, and schools (public and private) still continue.\nFestivities: These are traditional holidays to honor religious events, such as Carnival, Holy Week, Easter, etc. or public celebrations, such as Mother's Day, Father's Day, Valentine's Day, etc.Dia de la Independencia or Anniversario de la Independencia, September 16, commemorates Mexico's independence from Spain and is the most important patriotic statutory holiday. Parades are held and many schools are closed.","title":"Public holidays in Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Statutory holidays (referred as \"feriados\" or \"días de asueto\" in Mexico) are legislated through the federal government and ruled by the Federal Labor Law (Ley Federal del Trabajo).[1] Most workers, public and private, are entitled to take the day off with regular pay. However, some employers may require employees to work on such a holiday, but the employee must be paid:the regular pay for the statutory holiday if no work is performed by the employee, and\nthe regular pay and two additional daily salary rates if work is performed by the employee, for a total of triple the usual rate.When a statutory holiday falls on a Sunday, Monday is considered a statutory holiday; if a statutory holiday falls on Saturday, Friday will be considered a statutory holiday.In addition to these dates, election days designated by federal and local electoral laws are also statutory holidays.","title":"Statutory holidays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Civic holidays"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Festivities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"2020[12]\nFebruary 3 – Constitution Day\nMarch 16 – Benito Juarez's Birthday (Note: Celebrations after this date were generally low-key due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico.)\nApril 9 – Holy Thursday\nApril 10 – Good Friday\nJune 21 – Father's Day\nNovember 16 – Revolution Day\n2021[13]\nFebruary 1 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 14 – Carnaval\nMarch 15 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nApril 1 – Holy Thursday\nApril 2 – Good Friday\nJune 20 – Father's Day\nNovember 15 – Revolution Day\n2022[14]\nFebruary 7 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 27– Carnaval\nMarch 21 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nApril 10 – Holy Week begins\nApril 14 – Holy Thursday\nApril 15 – Good Friday\nJune 19 – Father's Day\nNovember 21 – Revolution Day\n2023[15]\nFebruary 6 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 19– Carnaval\nMarch 20 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nApril 2 – Holy Week begins\nApril 6 – Holy Thursday\nApril 7 – Good Friday\nJune 18 – Father's Day\nNovember 20 – Revolution Day\n2024[16]\nFebruary 5 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 11 – Carnaval\nMarch 18 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nMarch 24 – Holy Week begins\nMarch 28 – Holy Thursday\nMarch 29 – Good Friday\nJune 2 or July 7 – 2024 General election in Mexico[17]\nJune 16 – Father's Day\nOctober 1 – Presidential Inauguration Day[18]\nNovember 18 – Revolution Day\n2025[19]\nFebruary 3 – Constitution Day\nMarch 2 – Carnaval\nMarch 17 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nApril 13 – Holy Week begins\nApril 17 – Holy Thursday\nApril 18 – Good Friday\nJune 15 – Father's Day\nNovember 17 – Revolution Day\n2026[20]\nFebruary 2 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 15 – Carnaval\nMarch 16 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nMarch 29 – Holy Week begins\nApril 2 – Holy Thursday\nApril 3 – Good Friday\nJune 21 – Father's Day\nNovember 16 – Revolution Day\n2027[21]\nFebruary 1 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 7 – Carnaval\nMarch 15 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nMarch 21 – Holy Week begins\nMarch 25 – Holy Thursday\nMarch 26 – Good Friday\nJune 6 or July 4 - 2027 General election in Mexico\nJune 20 – Father's Day\nNovember 15 – Revolution Day\n2028[22]\nFebruary 7 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 27 – Carnaval\nMarch 20 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nApril 9 – Holy Week begins\nApril 13 – Holy Thursday\nApril 14 – Good Friday\nJune 18 – Father's Day\nNovember 20 – Revolution Day\n2029[23]\nFebruary 5 – Constitution Day\nFebruary 11 – Carnaval\nMarch 19 – Benito Juarez's Birthday\nMarch 25 – Holy Week begins\nMarch 29 – Holy Thursday\nMarch 30 – Good Friday\nJune 17 – Father's Day\nNovember 19 – Revolution Day","title":"Dates of observance for moveable holidays"}]	[{"image_text":"A Guelaguetza celebration in Oaxaca","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Gran_Guelaguetza.jpg/350px-Gran_Guelaguetza.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg"},{"title":"Holidays portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Holidays"},{"title":"Mexico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mexico"},{"title":"Flag flying days in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_flying_days_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Christmas in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico"},{"title":"Holy Week in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Mexico"},{"title":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//depor.com/mexico/local-mx/halloween-2022-cuando-es-y-por-que-se-festeja-esta-fecha-en-mexico-que-se-celebra-el-31-de-octubre-y-origen-de-la-noche-de-brujas-dia-de-muertos-mexico-edomex-cdmx-mx-noticia/"}]	[{"reference":"\"Ley Federal del Trabajo\" (PDF) (in Spanish). January 3, 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uanl.mx/publicaciones/respyn/ix/2/contexto/LEY_DEL_TRABAJO.pdf","url_text":"\"Ley Federal del Trabajo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Día del Trabajo en México: ¿cuál es el origen y cuánto deben pagar si laboras?\". El Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). 30 April 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yucatan.com.mx/mexico/dia-del-trabajo-2020-mexico-origen-y-cuanto-deben-pagar","url_text":"\"Día del Trabajo en México: ¿cuál es el origen y cuánto deben pagar si laboras?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Día de la Marina Nacional en México\". gob.mx (in Spanish). Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad. Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gob.mx/impi/articulos/dia-de-la-marina-nacional-en-mexico#:~:text=D%C3%ADa%20de%20la%20Marina%20Nacional%20en%20M%C3%A9xico%20El,compuesta%20exclusivamente%20por%20mexicanos%20de%20nacimiento%20y%20","url_text":"\"Día de la Marina Nacional en México\""}]},{"reference":"\"Independence Day in Mexico in 2020\". Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/mexico/mexico-independence-day","url_text":"\"Independence Day in Mexico in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexico Day of the Races in Mexico in 2020\". Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/mexico/mexico-day-of-the-races","url_text":"\"Mexico Day of the Races in Mexico in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"Industrial, Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad. \"El 23 de noviembre se celebra el Día de la Armada de México\". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gob.mx/impi/articulos/el-23-de-noviembre-se-celebra-el-dia-de-la-armada-de-mexico#:~:text=El%2023%20de%20noviembre%20se%20celebra%20el%20D%C3%ADa,las%20aguas%20interiores%2C%20v%C3%ADas%20fluviales%20y%20lacustres%20navegables","url_text":"\"El 23 de noviembre se celebra el Día de la Armada de México\""}]},{"reference":"Instituto Nacional de los Pueblos. \"Fiesta de Carnaval en México\". gob.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gob.mx/inpi/articulos/fiesta-de-carnaval-en-mexico","url_text":"\"Fiesta de Carnaval en México\""}]},{"reference":"\"Día del Amor y la Amistad en México\". www.amor-y-amistad.com. 14 February 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amor-y-amistad.com/dia-del-amor-y-la-amistad-en-mexico/#:~:text=En%20M%C3%A9xico%2C%20el%20D%C3%ADa%20del%20Amor%20y%20la,sus%20amigos%20y%20para%20agradecerles%20por%20su%20amistad.","url_text":"\"Día del Amor y la Amistad en México\""}]},{"reference":"\"Las Posadas: ¿qué significan y cómo hacer una?\". México Desconocido (in Spanish). 11 December 2018. Retrieved September 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mexicodesconocido.com.mx/sabes-que-significa-y-como-se-organiza-una-posada.html","url_text":"\"Las Posadas: ¿qué significan y cómo hacer una?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mexican customs for the New Year\". Focus on Mexico. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2010-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711014410/http://www.focusonmexico.com/Mexican_customs_for_the_New_Year.html","url_text":"\"Mexican customs for the New Year\""},{"url":"http://www.focusonmexico.com/Mexican_customs_for_the_New_Year.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Year's Eve in Mexico - Año Nuevo Celebrations\". Gomexico.about.com. 2010-12-23. Retrieved 2010-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://gomexico.about.com/od/festivalsholidays/a/new_years_eve.htm","url_text":"\"New Year's Eve in Mexico - Año Nuevo Celebrations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statutory Holidays in Mexico in 2020\". Office Holidays. January 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/mexico/2020","url_text":"\"Statutory Holidays in Mexico in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2021\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2021.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2022\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2022.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2023\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2023.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2024\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2024.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elecciones de México 2024\". cuandopasa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cuandopasa.com/index.php?v=v40749g","url_text":"\"Elecciones de México 2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"¿Cuándo tomará posesión el nuevo presidente de México?\". El Sol de México. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/mexico/politica/cuando-tomara-posesion-el-nuevo-presidente-de-mexico-hora-1-de-diciembre-toma-posesion-amlo-andres-manuel-lopez-obrador-1809391.html","url_text":"\"¿Cuándo tomará posesión el nuevo presidente de México?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2025\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2025.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2025\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2026\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2026.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2026\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2027\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2027.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2027\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2028\". www.calendario-365.mx. Retrieved September 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calendario-365.mx/dias-festivos/2028.html","url_text":"\"Días festivos 2028\""}]},{"reference":"\"Días festivos 2029\". www.calendario-365.mx. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_2011_Pan_American_Games	Mexico at the 2011 Pan American Games	["1 Medalists","2 References"]	Sporting event delegationMexico at the2011 Pan American GamesIOC codeMEXNOCComité Olímpico Mexicano (in Spanish)in Guadalajara14–30 October 2011Competitors646 in 36 sportsFlag bearer Juan René SerranoMedalsRanked 4th Gold 42 Silver 41 Bronze 50 Total 133 Pan American Games appearances (overview)1951195519591963196719711975197919831987199119951999200320072011201520192023 Mexico hosted the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico from October 14 to 30, 2011. Mexico has competed in every edition of the Pan American Games since the first games held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mexico began their participation having achieved 782 medals in total with 155 of them gold. On August 24, 2011, the head of CONADE, Bernardo de la Garza stated that the Mexican athletes would look to break the country's historic record of achieving 23 gold medals in a single Games, which happened at the 1995 Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. For that specific objective, the Mexican delegation has landed its hopes on the disciplines of diving, taekwondo, archery, racquetball, basque pelota, and athletics, most specifically in the athletes: Paola Espinosa, Paola Longoria, Alberto Rodríguez, Eder Sánchez, Damián Villa, Yahel Castillo, and Juan René Serrano (flagbearer), who are the strongest possibilities of winning a gold medal in their respective disciplines. The Mexican Olympic Committee (COM) announced that the Mexican delegation would be made by 646 athletes, 279 of them women and 367 men, who will participate in all 36 sports. On September 20, 2011, the COM announced that the Mexican archer Juan René Serrano would be the flagbearer. On a protocolary ceremony held on September 23, 2011, the Mexican president Felipe Calderón made the official handing of the national flag to the archer, encouraging both pan American and parapan American athletes to give their best effort at the games. Medalists Medal Name Sport Event Date Gold Óscar Soto Modern pentathlon Men's individual October 16 Gold Irma Contreras Taekwondo Women's 57 kg October 16 Gold Arturo SalazarEric Gálvez Squash Men's doubles October 17 Gold Samantha TeránNayelly Hernández Squash Women's doubles October 17 Gold Cynthia Valdez Rhythmic gymnastics Hoop October 17 Gold Samantha Terán Squash Women's singles October 17 Gold Analicia RamirezLila Perez Rowing Women's lightweightdouble sculls October 18 Gold Gerardo SánchezAlan Armenta Rowing Men's lightweightdouble sculls October 18 Gold Cynthia Valdez Rhythmic gymnastics Clubs October 18 Gold Aída RománMariana AvitiaAlejandra Valencia Archery Women's team October 21 Gold Eric GálvezCésar SalazarArturo Salazar Squash Men's team October 21 Gold Santiago GonzálezAna Paula de la Peña Tennis Mixed doubles October 21 Gold Alejandra Valencia Archery Women's individual October 22 Gold Paola Longoria Racquetball Women's singles October 22 Gold Paola LongoriaSamantha Salas Racquetball Women's doubles October 22 Gold Álvaro BeltránJavier Moreno Racquetball Men's doubles October 22 Gold Marisol Romero Athletics Women's 10,000 m October 24 Gold Juan Luis Barrios Athletics Men's 5,000 m October 24 Gold Paola LongoriaSamantha Salas Racquetball Women's team October 25 Gold Álvaro BeltránJavier MorenoGilberto Mejía Racquetball Men's team October 25 Gold Paola Espinosa Diving Women's 10 m platform October 26 Gold Yahel CastilloJulian Sánchez Diving Men's synchronized 3 m springboard October 26 Gold Daniel Corral Gymnastics Men's pommel horse October 27 Gold Marisol Romero Athletics Women's 5,000 metres October 27 Gold Heriberto López Basque pelota Men's mano singles trinkete October 27 Gold Jorge AlcántaraOrlando Díaz Basque pelota Men's mano doubles 36 m fronton October 27 Gold Fernando Medina Basque pelota Men's mano singles 36 m fronton October 27 Gold Paulina CastilloGuadalupe Hernández Basque pelota Women's frontenis pairs 30 m fronton October 27 Gold Alberto RodríguezArturo Rodríguez Basque pelota Men's Frontenis Pairs 30m Fronton October 27 Gold Paola EspinosaTatiana Ortiz Diving Women's 10 synchronized m platform October 27 Gold Yahel Castillo Diving Men's 3 m springboard October 27 Gold Joselito Velázquez Boxing Light flyweight October 28 Gold Everardo Cristóbal Canoeing Men's C-1 1000 m October 28 Gold Iván GarcíaGermán Sánchez Diving Men's synchronized 10 m platform October 28 Gold Laura Sánchez Diving Women's 3 m springboard October 28 Gold Mexico national football teamJosé de Jesús CoronaHugo Isaác RodríguezHiram MierNéstor AraujoDárvin ChávezJesús ZavalaJavier AquinoCarlos Emilio OrrantíaOribe PeraltaOthoniel ArceJerónimo AmioneJosé Antonio RodríguezRicardo BocanegraJorge EnríquezCésar IbáñezMiguel Ángel PonceIsaác BrizuelaDiego Reyes Football Men's tournament October 28 Gold Ana Lago Gymnastics Women's floor October 28 Gold Daniel Corral Gymnastics Men's parallel bars October 28 Gold Horacio Nava Athletics Men's 50 km walk October 29 Gold Bertha Gutiérrez Karate Women's 61 kg October 29 Gold Iván García Diving Men's 10 metre platform October 29 Gold Paola EspinosaLaura Sánchez Diving Women's synchronized 3 m springboard October 29 Silver Laura Morfin Cycling Women's cross country October 15 Silver Cynthia Valdez Rhythmic gymnastics Ind All-around October 15 Silver Damián Villa Taekwondo Men's 58 kg October 15 Silver Cynthia Valdez Rhythmic gymnastics Ball October 17 Silver César Salazar Squash Men's singles October 17 Silver Cynthia Valdez Rhythmic gymnastics Ribbon October 18 Silver Patrick Loliger Rowing Men's single sculls October 19 Silver Luz Gaxiola Cycling Women's Keirin October 20 Silver Sofía Arreola Cycling Women's Omnium October 20 Silver Marcos Madrid Table tennis Men's singles October 20 Silver Bibiana CandelasMayra García Beach volleyball Women's tournament October 21 Silver Juan René SerranoLuis Eduardo VélezPedro Vivas Archery Men's team October 21 Silver Gilberto Mejia Racquetball Men's singles October 22 Silver Demita Vega Sailing Women's sailboard October 23 Silver Tania Elías Calles Sailing Women's Laser Radial class October 23 Silver Madaí Pérez Athletics Women's marathon October 23 Silver Guillermo Torres Wrestling Men's Freestyle 60 kg October 24 Silver Sandra GóngoraMiriam Zetter Bowling Women's pairs October 25 Silver Gabriela Medina Athletics Women's 800 m October 25 Silver Mexico women's national basketball team:Alexis CastroSelene GarciaMargarita SilvaMónica GarciaErika GomezNadia BibbsLourdes de AndaSonia OrtegaMaylene OrnelasLaura NuñezFernanda GutierrezSofia Garcia Basketball Women's tournament October 25 Silver Rodrigo LedesmaFrancisco Javier Mendiburu Basque pelota Men's Paleta Leather Pairs 36m October 26 Silver Jesus Homero HurtadoDaniel Salvador Rodriguez Basque pelota Men's Paleta Rubber Pairs 30m October 26 Silver Anais AbrahamKarina AlanísAlicia GuluarteMaricela Montemayor Canoeing Women's K-4 500 metres October 26 Silver Tatiana Ortiz Diving Women's 10 metre platform October 26 Silver Cinthya Domínguez Weightlifting Women's 69 kg October 26 Silver Elsa García Gymnastics Women's vault October 27 Silver Juan Romero Athletics Men's 10,000 metres October 27 Silver Julian Sánchez Diving Men's 3 metre springboard October 27 Silver Xunashi Cabarello Karate Women's +68 kg October 27 Silver Alberto Ramírez Karate Men's +84 kg October 27 Silver Óscar Valdez Boxing Bantamweight October 28 Silver Úrsula GonzálezAngelica AguilarAngélica LariosAlejandra Terán Fencing Women's team sabre October 28 Silver Karina Acosta Judo Women's 63 kg October 28 Silver Yadira Lira Karate Women's 68 kg October 28 Silver José Leyver Athletics Men's 50 km walk October 29 Silver Óscar Molina Boxing Welterweight October 29 Silver Juan Hiracheta Boxing Super heavyweight October 29 Silver Erika Cruz Boxing Women's light welterweight October 29 Silver Rommel Pacheco Diving Men's 10 m platform October 29 Silver Nabor Castillo Judo Men's 60 kg October 29 Silver Mexico national basketball teamPaul StollJovan HarrisPedro MezaChristopher HernandezAdam ParadaMichael StrobbeVictor MariscalOmar QuinteroHéctor HernándezOrlando MéndezLorenzo RealJesús López Basketball Men's tournament October 30 Bronze Tamara Vega Modern pentathlon Women's individual October 15 Bronze Jannet Alegría Taekwondo Women's 49 kg October 15 Bronze Fernanda González Swimming Women's 100 m backstroke October 16 Bronze Marcos MadridGuillermo MuñozJude Okoh Table tennis Men's team October 16 Bronze Arturo Salazar Squash Men's singles October 17 Bronze Rosa del Carmen Peña Shooting Women's 10 m air rifle October 17 Bronze Nancy ContrerasDaniela Gaxiola Cycling Women's team sprint October 17 Bronze Uriel Adriano Taekwondo Men's 80 kg October 17 Bronze Patrick LoligerHoracio RangelEdgar ValenzuelaSantiago Santaella Rowing Men's quadruple sculls October 18 Bronze Victoria Montero Badminton Women's singles October 18 Bronze Lino MuñozAndrés López Badminton Men's doubles October 18 Bronze Guadalupe Ruiz Taekwondo Women's +67 kg October 18 Bronze José Alberto Vargas Trampoline gymnastics Men's trampoline October 18 Bronze Fernanda GonzálezPatricia CastañedaLiliana IbáñezSusana Escobar Swimming Women's 4 × 200freestyle medley October 18 Bronze Rita Medrano Swimming Women's 200 m butterfly October 19 Bronze Samantha TeránImelda SalazarNayelly Hernández Squash Women's team October 20 Bronze Fernanda González Swimming Women's 200 m backstroke October 20 Bronze Ulises Barragan Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg October 20 Bronze Álvaro Beltrán Racquetball Men's singles October 21 Bronze Juan Escobar Wrestling Men's Greco-Roman 74 kg October 21 Bronze Aída Román Archery Women's individual October 22 Bronze Jose Lino Montes Weightlifting Men's 56 kg October 23 Bronze Carlos Lamadrid Water skiing Men's slalom October 23 Bronze David Mier y Teran Sailing Men's sailboard October 23 Bronze Francia Peñuñuri Weightlifting Women's 53 kg October 24 Bronze Elsa GarcíaMarisela CantúAna LagoKarla SalazarYessenia EstradaAlexa Moreno Gymnastics Women's artisticteam all-around October 24 Bronze Nataly Michel Fencing Women's foil October 24 Bronze Luz Acosta Weightlifting Women's 63 kg October 25 Bronze Romary Rifka Athletics Women's high jump October 26 Bronze Adrian RayaGuillermo Jorge Verdeja Basque pelota Men's Paleta Rubber Pairs Trinkete October 26 Bronze Ariana Yolanda CepedaRocio Guillen Basque pelota Women's Paleta Rubber Pairs Trinkete October 26 Bronze Sergio García Judo Men's 100 kg October 26 Bronze Vanessa Zambotti Judo Women's +78 kg October 26 Bronze Veronica Elias Roller skating Women's 300 metre time trial October 26 Bronze Aremi Fuentes Weightlifting Women's 69 kg October 26 Bronze Marisela Cantú Gymnastics Women's uneven bars October 27 Bronze Elsa García Gymnastics Women's uneven bars October 27 Bronze Team Mexico Equestrian Team jumping October 27 Bronze Mexico women's national football teamAurora SantiagoErika VenegasKenti RoblesRubí SandovalJennifer RuizValeria MirandaMónica VergaraMarylin DíazLuz del Rosario SaucedoStephany MayorGuadalupe WorbisDinora GarzaLiliana MercadoLiliana GodoyVerónica PérezMaribel DomínguezMónica OcampoTanya Samarzich Football Women's tournament October 27 Bronze Isao Cardenas Judo Men's 90 kg October 27 Bronze Tania Mascorro Weightlifting Women's +75 kg October 27 Bronze Homero Morales Karate Men's 84 kg October 28 Bronze Alma Ibarra Boxing Women's Light heavyweight 81 kg October 28 Bronze Giovanni Lanaro Athletics Men's high jump October 28 Bronze Paola Espinosa Diving Women's 3 metre springboard October 28 Bronze Braulio Ávila Boxing Men's Flyweight 52 kg October 29 Bronze Angel Gutierrez Boxing Men's Lightweight 60 kg October 29 Bronze Armando Pina Boxing Men's Light heavyweight 81 kg October 29 Bronze Alexandra AvenaAndrea MillánAlejandra TeránAlely Hernández Fencing Women's team épée October 29 Bronze Daniel Carrillo Karate Men's 67 kg October 29 Medals by sport Sport Total Diving 8 3 1 12 Basque pelota 5 2 2 9 Racquetball 5 1 1 7 Athletics 4 4 2 10 Squash 4 1 2 7 Artistic Gymnastics 3 1 3 7 Rhythmic Gymnastics 2 3 0 5 Rowing 2 1 1 4 Archery 2 1 1 4 Boxing 1 4 4 9 Karate 1 3 2 6 Taekwondo 1 1 3 5 Canoeing 1 1 0 2 Modern pentathlon 1 0 1 2 Football 1 0 1 2 Tennis 1 0 0 1 Cycling 0 3 1 4 Sailing 0 2 1 3 Weightlifting 0 1 5 6 Judo 0 2 3 5 Basketball 0 2 0 2 Wrestling 0 1 2 3 Fencing 0 1 2 3 Table tennis 0 1 1 2 Beach volleyball 0 1 0 1 Bowling 0 1 0 1 Swimming 0 0 4 4 Badminton 0 0 2 2 Shooting 0 0 1 1 Trampoline Gymnastics 0 0 1 1 Water skiing 0 0 1 1 Roller skating 0 0 1 1 Equestrian 0 0 1 1 Total 42 41 50 133 References ^ Serrano podría ser el abanderado Panamericano Archived 2012-05-22 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) ^ Historial de Resultados (History of results) Archived 2011-10-12 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) ^ Esperanzas de Oro (Hopes for Gold) (in Spanish) ^ Disciplinas (Strongest Disciplines) (in Spanish) ^ Presidente Calderón abanderó delegación mexicana para Guadalajara (in Spanish) ^ Abanderado JP (Mexican flagbearer) Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) ^ Abanderamiento JP (Flag ceremony) Archived 2013-12-15 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish) vteNations at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Belize Bermuda Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Athletes from the Netherlands Antilles	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Guadalajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara"},{"link_name":"Pan 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Mexico has competed in every edition of the Pan American Games since the first games held in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mexico began their participation having achieved 782 medals in total with 155 of them gold.[2] On August 24, 2011, the head of CONADE, Bernardo de la Garza stated that the Mexican athletes would look to break the country's historic record of achieving 23 gold medals in a single Games, which happened at the 1995 Pan American Games in Mar del Plata, Argentina. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womanpower	Womanpower	["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]	1926 film WomanpowerDirected byHarry BeaumontScreenplay byKenneth B. ClarkeBased onYou Can't Always Tellby Harold MacGrathStarringRalph GravesKatherine PerryMargaret LivingstonRalph SipperlyWill WallingDavid ButlerCinematographyRudolph J. BergquistProductioncompanyFox Film CorporationDistributed byFox Film CorporationRelease date September 19, 1926 (1926-09-19) Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Womanpower is a 1926 American comedy film directed by Harry Beaumont and written by Kenneth B. Clarke. The film stars Ralph Graves, Katherine Perry, Margaret Livingston, Ralph Sipperly, Will Walling and David Butler. The film was released on September 19, 1926, by Fox Film Corporation. The short story was remade as Right to the Heart (1942). Cast Ralph Graves as Johnny White Bromley Katherine Perry as Jenny Killian Margaret Livingston as Dot Ralph Sipperly as Gimp Conway Will Walling as Jake Killian David Butler as Mallory Lou Tellegen as The Broker Anders Randolf as Bromley Sr. Robert Ryan as Sands Frankie Grandetta as Sheik References ^ "Womanpower (1926) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved September 11, 2018. ^ Hal Erickson. "Womanpower (1926) - Harry Beaumont". AllMovie. Retrieved September 11, 2018. ^ "Womanpower". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved September 11, 2018. External links Womanpower at IMDb vteFilms directed by Harry Beaumont1910s The Truant Soul (1916) Burning the Candle (1917) Filling His Own Shoes (1917) Skinner's Dress Suit (1917) Skinner's Bubble (1917) Skinner's Baby (1917) Thirty a Week (1918) Brown of Harvard (1918) Go West, Young Man (1918) A Man and His Money (1919) Heartsease (1919) One of the Finest (1919) Lord and Lady Algy (1919) The Gay Lord Quex (1919) The City of Comrades (1919) The Little Rowdy (1919) Toby's Bow (1919) A Wild Goose Chase (1919) 1920s Going Some (1920) Dollars and Sense (1920) The Great Accident (1920) Officer 666 (1920) Stop Thief! (1920) June Madness (1922) Lights of the Desert (1922) Seeing's Believing (1922) Glass Houses (1922) The Five Dollar Baby (1922) They Like 'Em Rough (1922) Love in the Dark (1922) Very Truly Yours (1922) The Ragged Heiress (1922) The Gold Diggers (1923) Main Street (1923) A Noise in Newboro (1923) Crinoline and Romance (1923) Babbitt (1924) Don't Doubt Your Husband (1924) Beau Brummel (1924) The Lover of Camille (1924) A Lost Lady (1924) Recompense (1925) His Majesty, Bunker Bean (1925) Womanpower (1926) Sandy (1926) One Increasing Purpose (1927) Forbidden Hours (1928) Our Dancing Daughters (1928) A Single Man (1929) The Broadway Melody (1929) Speedway (1929) 1930s Great Day (1930) Lord Byron of Broadway (1930) Children of Pleasure (1930) The Florodora Girl (1930) Those Three French Girls (1930) The Great Lover (1931) Dance, Fools, Dance (1931) Laughing Sinners (1931) West of Broadway (1931) Are You Listening (1932) Unashamed (1932) Faithless (1932) Made on Broadway (1933) When Ladies Meet (1933) Should Ladies Behave (1933) Murder in the Private Car (1934) Enchanted April (1935) The Girl on the Front Page (1936) When's Your Birthday? (1937) 1940s Maisie Goes to Reno (1944) Twice Blessed (1945) Up Goes Maisie (1946) The Show-Off (1946) Undercover Maisie (1947) Alias a Gentleman (1948) This article related to an American film of the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a silent comedy film from the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Harry Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Ralph Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Graves"},{"link_name":"Katherine Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Perry"},{"link_name":"Margaret Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Ralph Sipperly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Sipperly"},{"link_name":"Will Walling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Walling"},{"link_name":"David Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Butler_(director)"},{"link_name":"Fox Film Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Right to the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_the_Heart"}],"text":"Womanpower is a 1926 American comedy film directed by Harry Beaumont and written by Kenneth B. Clarke. The film stars Ralph Graves, Katherine Perry, Margaret Livingston, Ralph Sipperly, Will Walling and David Butler. The film was released on September 19, 1926, by Fox Film Corporation.[1][2][3] The short story was remade as Right to the Heart (1942).","title":"Womanpower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Graves"},{"link_name":"Katherine Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Perry"},{"link_name":"Margaret Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Ralph Sipperly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Sipperly"},{"link_name":"Will Walling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Walling"},{"link_name":"David Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Butler_(director)"},{"link_name":"Lou Tellegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Tellegen"},{"link_name":"Anders Randolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Randolf"}],"text":"Ralph Graves as Johnny White Bromley\nKatherine Perry as Jenny Killian\nMargaret Livingston as Dot\nRalph Sipperly as Gimp Conway\nWill Walling as Jake Killian\nDavid Butler as Mallory\nLou Tellegen as The Broker\nAnders Randolf as Bromley Sr.\nRobert Ryan as Sands\nFrankie Grandetta as Sheik","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Womanpower (1926) - Overview\". 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Retrieved September 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/13455","url_text":"\"Womanpower\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/504697/Womanpower/","external_links_name":"\"Womanpower (1926) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/womanpower-v117617","external_links_name":"\"Womanpower (1926) - Harry Beaumont\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/13455","external_links_name":"\"Womanpower\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0017577/","external_links_name":"Womanpower"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Womanpower&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Womanpower&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS-103	AS-103	["1 Objectives","2 Launch","3 Results","4 References","5 External links"]	Third orbital flight test of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, February 16, 1965 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "AS-103" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) AS-103Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite as flown aboard AS-103Mission typeSpacecraft aerodynamics;Micrometeoroid investigationOperatorNASACOSPAR ID1965-009BSATCAT no.1088Mission duration3 years, 6 months, 13 daysDistance travelled3,114,579,139 kilometers (1.935309753×109 mi)Orbits completed~75,918 Spacecraft propertiesSpacecraftApollo BP-16Pegasus 1Launch mass15,375 kilograms (33,896 lb) Start of missionLaunch dateFebruary 16, 1965, 14:37:03 (1965-02-16UTC14:37:03Z) UTCRocketSaturn I SA-9Launch siteCape Kennedy LC-37B End of missionDisposalDecommissionedDeactivatedAugust 29, 1968 (1968-08-30)Decay dateJuly 10, 1985 Orbital parametersReference systemGeocentricRegimeLow Earth orbitPerigee altitude500 kilometers (310 mi)Apogee altitude736 kilometers (457 mi)Inclination31.7 degreesPeriod97.06 minutesEpoch22 March 1965 Apollo program← AS-102AS-104 → AS-103 was the third orbital flight test of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the first flight of a Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite. Also known as SA-9, it was the third operational launch of a two-stage Saturn I launch vehicle. Objectives Of 12 flight objectives assigned, two were concerned with the operation of the Pegasus satellite, eight with launch vehicle systems performance, one with jettisoning the launch escape system, and one with separation of the boilerplate spacecraft. The satellite objectives were (1) demonstration of the functional operations of the mechanical, structural, and electronic systems and (2) evaluation of meteoroid data sampling in near-Earth orbit. Since the launch trajectory was designed to insert the Pegasus satellite into the proper orbit, it differed substantially from the trajectory used in missions AS-101 and AS-102. Launch AS-103 (SA-9) launch The launch vehicle consisted of an S-I first stage, an S-IV second stage, and an instrument unit. The spacecraft consisted of a boilerplate command and service module, a launch escape system, and a service module/launch vehicle adapter (BP-16). The Pegasus 1 satellite was enclosed within the service module, attached to the S-IV stage. The orbital configuration consisted of the satellite mounted on the adapter, which remained attached to the instrument unit and the expended S-IV stage. The vehicle was launched from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 37B at 9:37:03 a.m. EST (14:37:03 GMT) on February 16, 1965. A hold of 1 hour and 7 minutes was caused by a power failure in the Eastern Test Range flight safety computer. A built-in hold of 30 minutes was also used to discharge and recharge a battery in the Pegasus satellite as a check that it was functioning properly. The launch was normal, and the spacecraft was inserted into orbit approximately 10.5 minutes after launch. The launch escape system was jettisoned during launch and the command module was jettisoned after orbital insertion. The Pegasus satellite weighed approximately 3,980 pounds (1,810 kg) and was 208 by 84 by 95 inches (5.3 by 2.1 by 2.4 m). The width of the deployed wings was 96 feet (29 m). The total mass placed in orbit was 33,895 pounds (15,375 kg). The perigee was 307.8 miles (495.4 km), the apogee was 461.9 miles (743.4 km), and the orbital inclination was 31.76°. Results The trajectory and space-fixed velocity were very nearly as planned. The Apollo shroud separated from the Pegasus satellite about 804 seconds after lift-off, and deployment of two meteoroid detection panel wings of the Pegasus satellite commenced about 1 minute later. The predicted useful lifetime of Pegasus A in orbit was 1188 days. The satellite was commanded off (decommissioned) on August 29, 1968. Although minor malfunctions occurred in both the launch vehicle and the Pegasus A satellite, mission AS-103 was a success in that all objectives were met. The spacecraft remained in orbit until July 10, 1985, when it re-entered the atmosphere and landed in the ocean. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saturn-Apollo 9. References This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved October 31, 2013. External links Spaceflight portal NSSDC: SA-9 SA-9/Apollo firing test report Saturn SA-9/Pegasus A Postflight Trajectory vteApollo program List of missions canceled missions List of Apollo astronauts Launch complexes Launch Complex 34 Launch Complex 37 Launch Complex 39 A B Ground facilities Mission Control Center Cape Kennedy Air Force Station Crawler-transporter Kennedy Space Center Manned Space Flight Network Launch vehicles Little Joe II Saturn Saturn I Saturn IB Saturn V Spacecraft and rover Apollo spacecraft Command and Service Module Lunar Module Lunar Roving Vehicle FlightsUncrewed AS-101 AS-102 AS-201 AS-202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6† Crewed Apollo 1† Apollo 7 Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10 Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13† Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Saturndevelopment Saturn-Apollo 1 SA-2 SA-3 SA-4 SA-5 AS-203 Apollo 4 Apollo 6† Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test-1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test-2 A-004 Pegasus flights AS-103 AS-104 AS-105 Apollo 8 specific Earthrise Genesis reading Apollo 11 specific Command Module Columbia Lunar Module Eagle Tranquility Base Goodwill messages Lunar sample displays Missing tapes Anniversaries 50th Anniversary commemorative coins In popular culture Apollo 12 specific Statio Cognitum Surveyor 3 Surveyor crater Bench Crater meteorite J002E3 Moon Museum Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon Apollo 13 specific "Houston, we've had a problem" Apollo 14 specific Modular Equipment Transporter Fra Mauro formation Big Bertha Moon tree Apollo 15 specific Journey Lunar operations Solo operations Return to Earth Hadley–Apennine Fallen Astronaut Genesis Rock Great Scott Hadley Rille meteorite Seatbelt basalt Postal covers incident Apollo 16 specific Big Muley Apollo 17 specific The Blue Marble Taurus–Littrow Tracy's Rock Nansen-Apollo crater Shorty crater Lunar sample display Lunar basalt 70017 Troctolite 76535 Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey Post-Apollocapsule use Skylab 2 3 4 Apollo–Soyuz Related Lunar orbit rendezvous Stolen and missing Moon rocks Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings Symbol † indicates failure or partial failure vte← 1964Orbital launches in 19651966 → Kosmos 52 OPS 3928 OPS 7040 OV1-1 TIROS-9 OPS 4703 Kosmos 53 OSO-2 LES-1 DS-P1-Yu No.2 Apollo AS-103 Pegasus 1 Ranger 8 DS-A1 No.6 Kosmos 54 Kosmos 55 Kosmos 56 Kosmos 57 OPS 4782 Kosmos 58 Surveyor SD-1 Kosmos 59 NRL PL142 GGSE-2 GGSE-3 SECOR 3 Solrad 7B Surcal 4 Dodecapole 1 OSCAR 3 OPS 7087 SECOR 2 Kosmos 60 OPS 4920 Kosmos 61 Kosmos 62 Kosmos 63 OPS 7353 Voskhod 2 Ranger 9 Gemini III Kosmos 64 OPS 4803 OPS 4682 SECOR 4 Intelsat I F1 Luna E-6 No.8 Kosmos 65 Molniya 1-01 OPS 4983 OPS 6717 Explorer 27 OPS 5023 LES-2 LCS-1 Kosmos 66 Luna 5 OPS 8431 OPS 8386 Apollo AS-104 Pegasus 2 Kosmos 67 OPS 5236 OV1-3 Explorer 28 Gemini IV Luna 6 OPS 8425 Kosmos 68 Titan 3C-7 OPS 8480 Kosmos 69 OPS 5501 OPS 6749 TIROS-10 Kosmos 70 OPS 5810 Zenit-2 No.28 Kosmos 71 Kosmos 72 Kosmos 73 Kosmos 74 Kosmos 75 Proton 1 OPS 8411 Zond 3 OPS 5543 OPS 6577 OPS 6564 ERS-17 Kosmos 76 Apollo AS-105 Pegasus 3 Kosmos 77 OPS 5698 OPS 6761 SEV SECOR 5 Surveyor SD-2 OPS 8464 Dodecapole 2 Tempsat-1 Long Rod Calsphere 4A Surcal 5 Kosmos 78 OPS 7208 Gemini V (REP) Kosmos 79 OSO-C OPS 3373 Kosmos 80 Kosmos 81 Kosmos 82 Kosmos 83 Kosmos 84 Kosmos 85 OPS 8068 Kosmos 86 Kosmos 87 Kosmos 88 Kosmos 89 Kosmos 90 OPS 7221 Kosmos 91 OPS 7208 Luna 7 OV1-2 OPS 5325 OGO-2 Molniya 1-02 OV2-1 LCS-2 Kosmos 92 Kosmos 93 GATV 5002 Kosmos 94 OPS 2155 Proton 2 Kosmos 95 Explorer 29 OPS 8293 OPS 6232 Venera 2 Venera 3 Solrad 8 Kosmos 96 Kosmos 97 Astérix Kosmos 98 Alouette 2 Explorer 31 Luna 8 Gemini VII FR-1 OPS 7249 Kosmos 99 Gemini VIA Pioneer 6 Kosmos 100 Kosmos 101 OV2-3 LES-3 LES-4 OSCAR 4 OPS 1509 OPS 4639 Kosmos 102 Kosmos 103 DS-K-40 No.1 Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( \| ). Crewed flights are indicated in underline. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boilerplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_(spaceflight)"},{"link_name":"Apollo spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft"},{"link_name":"Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)"},{"link_name":"Saturn I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_I"}],"text":"AS-103 was the third orbital flight test of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the first flight of a Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite. Also known as SA-9, it was the third operational launch of a two-stage Saturn I launch vehicle.","title":"AS-103"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"launch escape system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_escape_system"},{"link_name":"meteoroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteoroid"}],"text":"Of 12 flight objectives assigned, two were concerned with the operation of the Pegasus satellite, eight with launch vehicle systems performance, one with jettisoning the launch escape system, and one with separation of the boilerplate spacecraft. The satellite objectives were (1) demonstration of the functional operations of the mechanical, structural, and electronic systems and (2) evaluation of meteoroid data sampling in near-Earth orbit. Since the launch trajectory was designed to insert the Pegasus satellite into the proper orbit, it differed substantially from the trajectory used in missions AS-101 and AS-102.","title":"Objectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saturn_SA9_launch.jpg"},{"link_name":"S-IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-IV"},{"link_name":"command and service module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_command_module"},{"link_name":"Pegasus 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_1"},{"link_name":"Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegasus_(spacecraft)"}],"text":"AS-103 (SA-9) launchThe launch vehicle consisted of an S-I first stage, an S-IV second stage, and an instrument unit. The spacecraft consisted of a boilerplate command and service module, a launch escape system, and a service module/launch vehicle adapter (BP-16). The Pegasus 1 satellite was enclosed within the service module, attached to the S-IV stage. The orbital configuration consisted of the satellite mounted on the adapter, which remained attached to the instrument unit and the expended S-IV stage.The vehicle was launched from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 37B at 9:37:03 a.m. EST (14:37:03 GMT) on February 16, 1965. A hold of 1 hour and 7 minutes was caused by a power failure in the Eastern Test Range flight safety computer. A built-in hold of 30 minutes was also used to discharge and recharge a battery in the Pegasus satellite as a check that it was functioning properly.The launch was normal, and the spacecraft was inserted into orbit approximately 10.5 minutes after launch. The launch escape system was jettisoned during launch and the command module was jettisoned after orbital insertion. The Pegasus satellite weighed approximately 3,980 pounds (1,810 kg) and was 208 by 84 by 95 inches (5.3 by 2.1 by 2.4 m). The width of the deployed wings was 96 feet (29 m). The total mass placed in orbit was 33,895 pounds (15,375 kg). The perigee was 307.8 miles (495.4 km), the apogee was 461.9 miles (743.4 km), and the orbital inclination was 31.76°.","title":"Launch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saturn-Apollo 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saturn-Apollo_9"}],"text":"The trajectory and space-fixed velocity were very nearly as planned. The Apollo shroud separated from the Pegasus satellite about 804 seconds after lift-off, and deployment of two meteoroid detection panel wings of the Pegasus satellite commenced about 1 minute later. The predicted useful lifetime of Pegasus A in orbit was 1188 days. The satellite was commanded off (decommissioned) on August 29, 1968. Although minor malfunctions occurred in both the launch vehicle and the Pegasus A satellite, mission AS-103 was a success in that all objectives were met. The spacecraft remained in orbit until July 10, 1985, when it re-entered the atmosphere and landed in the ocean.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saturn-Apollo 9.","title":"Results"}]	[{"image_text":"AS-103 (SA-9) launch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Saturn_SA9_launch.jpg/230px-Saturn_SA9_launch.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan. \"Satellite Catalog\". Jonathan's Space Page. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Angel	Jimmie Angel	["1 Early life","2 Angel Falls","3 Death","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"]	American aviator (1899–1956) Jimmie AngelBornJames Crawford Angel(1899-08-01)August 1, 1899Cedar Valley, Missouri, USDiedDecember 8, 1956(1956-12-08) (aged 57)Gorgas Hospital, Balboa, Panama Canal ZoneOccupation(s)Pilot, explorerKnown forDiscovering Angel Falls, 16 November 1933 James "Jimmie" Crawford Angel (August 1, 1899 – December 8, 1956) was an American aviator after whom Angel Falls in Venezuela, the tallest waterfall in the world, is named. Early life James Crawford Angel was born August 1, 1899, near Cedar Valley, Missouri, the son of Glenn Davis Angel and Margaret Belle (Marshall) Angel. Because his grandfather, James Edward Angel, was living, he was called Crawford to avoid confusion in the Angel family during his younger years. He is alleged to have been in World War I, but the only certainty is that he registered for the draft on September 12, 1918. In his Twenties he adopted the nickname "Jimmie" by which he was known for the rest of his life. Angel Falls Partly clouded view of the Angel Falls named after Jimmie Angel The falls, which cascade from the top of Auyantepui in the remote Gran Sabana region of Venezuela, were not known to the outside world until Jimmie Angel flew over them on November 16, 1933 while searching for a valuable ore bed. On October 9, 1937, he returned to the falls with the intention of landing. On board his Flamingo monoplane were his second wife Marie, Gustavo Heny, and Miguel Delgado, Heny's gardener. He attempted a landing, but despite a successful touchdown, his aircraft El Rio Caroní nose-dived when it hit soft ground at the end of its landing run. The wheels sank in the mud, making take-off impossible. The passengers were unharmed but had to trek across difficult terrain and with low food supplies for 11 days to make their way off the tepui and down to the nearest settlement at Kamarata. When word of their exploits got out, international interest in the Gran Sabana region increased dramatically, leading to in-depth scientific exploration in the following years. His aircraft remained atop Auyantepui until 1970, when it was disassembled and brought down by Venezuelan military helicopters. Today, an El Rio Caroní can be seen outside the airport terminal at Ciudad Bolívar. The airplane was re-assembled in the city of Maracay's aviation museum. Jimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport Jimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport (front view) Death On April 17, 1956, Angel suffered a head injury while landing his plane at David, Chiriquí, Panama. Soon afterward, he had a heart attack and then suffered from various ailments for eight months, until he came down with pneumonia and went to Gorgas Hospital in Panama City, where he died on December 8, 1956. His cremated remains were first interred at the Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation in Burbank, California, but in keeping with his wishes, his wife, his two sons and two of his friends scattered his ashes over Angel Falls on July 2, 1960. Books Spanish writer Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa covered Jimmie Angel's adventures in his 1998 novel Ícaro— ISBN 9788408025023, later translated into several foreign languages. There is also another book that details how Angel Falls got its name: "Truth or Dare: The Jimmie Angel Story" written by Jan-Willem de Vries ISBN 9781419673665. In 2019, Angel's niece, Karen Angel, president of the California based nonprofit organization the Jimmie Angel Historical Project , published "Angel's Flight - The Life of Jimmie Angel - American Aviator-Explorer - Discoverer of Angel Falls" . With over two-hundred photographs, the book is the result of twenty-three years of research by her and others. Research continues by the JAHP to verify the facts of his life. References ^ a b c Angel, Karen. "The History of Jimmie Angel". Archived from the original on 16 March 2010. ^ "Plane Pilot Sights Highest Waterfall in World." Popular Science, April 1938, p. 37. ^ Angel, Karen (2012). "Why the World's Tallest Waterfall is Named Angel Falls". Terrae Incognitae. 44 (1): 16–42. doi:10.1179/0082288412Z.0000000003. ^ The Truth About Jimme Angel by Karen Angel.. ^ A check of the Missouri Soldiers database for World War I has no listing for a James C. Angel at Missouri database ^ A 1921 picture of Angel in Uniform shows him wearing Military Aviator Wings see Jimmy Angel Historical Project website Archived 2010-03-16 at the Wayback Machine. ^ George, Uwe (May 1989). "Venezuela's Islands in Time". National Geographic. Vol. 175, no. #5. p. 549. Angel's Flight - The Life of Jimmie Angel - American Aviator-Explorer - Discoverer of Angel Falls, 2019, by Karen Angel. External links Clover Air Field, Santa Monica, CA biography of Jimmy Angel Davis-Monthan Aviation Field Register biography of Jimmy Angel Flight to the Lost World of Venezuela Video by Jake Howland describing visiting Angel Falls in the 1950s, including images of Angel's abandoned airplane. the Jimmie Angel Historical Project. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jimmie Angel. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator"},{"link_name":"Angel Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"waterfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jimmieangel-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"James \"Jimmie\" Crawford Angel (August 1, 1899 – December 8, 1956) was an American aviator after whom Angel Falls in Venezuela, the tallest waterfall in the world, is named.[1][2][3]","title":"Jimmie Angel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar Valley, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Valley,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jimmieangel-1"}],"text":"James Crawford Angel was born August 1, 1899, near Cedar Valley, Missouri, the son of Glenn Davis Angel and Margaret Belle (Marshall) Angel. Because his grandfather, James Edward Angel, was living, he was called Crawford to avoid confusion in the Angel family during his younger years. He is alleged to have been in World War I,[4] but the only certainty is that he registered for the draft on September 12, 1918.[5][6] In his Twenties he adopted the nickname \"Jimmie\" by which he was known for the rest of his life.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angel_falls_panoramic_20080314.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auyantepui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auyantepui"},{"link_name":"Gran Sabana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Gran_Sabana"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Aircraft_Corporation_Flamingo"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"his aircraft El Rio Caroní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics_Museum_of_Maracay#El_R%C3%ADo_Caron%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"tepui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepui"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Maracay's aviation museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics_Museum_of_Maracay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JimmieAngelPlane.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ciudad Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Angels_aeroplane_Bolivar_City_Venezuela.jpg"}],"text":"Partly clouded view of the Angel Falls named after Jimmie AngelThe falls, which cascade from the top of Auyantepui in the remote Gran Sabana region of Venezuela, were not known to the outside world until Jimmie Angel flew over them on November 16, 1933 while searching for a valuable ore bed.[7]On October 9, 1937, he returned to the falls with the intention of landing. On board his Flamingo monoplane were his second wife Marie, Gustavo Heny, and Miguel Delgado, Heny's gardener. He attempted a landing, but despite a successful touchdown, his aircraft El Rio Caroní nose-dived when it hit soft ground at the end of its landing run. The wheels sank in the mud, making take-off impossible.The passengers were unharmed but had to trek across difficult terrain and with low food supplies for 11 days to make their way off the tepui and down to the nearest settlement at Kamarata. When word of their exploits got out, international interest in the Gran Sabana region increased dramatically, leading to in-depth scientific exploration in the following years.His aircraft remained atop Auyantepui until 1970, when it was disassembled and brought down by Venezuelan military helicopters. Today, an El Rio Caroní can be seen outside the airport terminal at Ciudad Bolívar. The airplane was re-assembled in the city of Maracay's aviation museum.Jimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airportJimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport (front view)","title":"Angel Falls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"head injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_injury"},{"link_name":"David, Chiriquí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David,_Chiriqu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"Gorgas Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgas_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_of_the_Folded_Wings_Shrine_to_Aviation"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jimmieangel-1"}],"text":"On April 17, 1956, Angel suffered a head injury while landing his plane at David, Chiriquí, Panama. Soon afterward, he had a heart attack and then suffered from various ailments for eight months, until he came down with pneumonia and went to Gorgas Hospital in Panama City, where he died on December 8, 1956. His cremated remains were first interred at the Portal of the Folded Wings Shrine to Aviation in Burbank, California, but in keeping with his wishes, his wife, his two sons and two of his friends scattered his ashes over Angel Falls on July 2, 1960.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_V%C3%A1zquez-Figueroa"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788408025023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788408025023"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781419673665","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781419673665"}],"text":"Spanish writer Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa covered Jimmie Angel's adventures in his 1998 novel Ícaro— ISBN 9788408025023, later translated into several foreign languages. There is also another book that details how Angel Falls got its name: \"Truth or Dare: The Jimmie Angel Story\" written by Jan-Willem de Vries ISBN 9781419673665.\nIn 2019, Angel's niece, Karen Angel, president of the California based nonprofit organization the Jimmie Angel Historical Project [JAHP], published \"Angel's Flight - The Life of Jimmie Angel - American Aviator-Explorer - Discoverer of Angel Falls\" [ISBN 978-1-4834-8948-3]. With over two-hundred photographs, the book is the result of twenty-three years of research by her and others. Research continues by the JAHP to verify the facts of his life.","title":"Books"}]	[{"image_text":"Partly clouded view of the Angel Falls named after Jimmie Angel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Angel_falls_panoramic_20080314.jpg/450px-Angel_falls_panoramic_20080314.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/JimmieAngelPlane.jpg/250px-JimmieAngelPlane.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jimmie Angel's aircraft, El Rio Caroní, exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport (front view)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Jimmy_Angels_aeroplane_Bolivar_City_Venezuela.jpg/250px-Jimmy_Angels_aeroplane_Bolivar_City_Venezuela.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Angel, Karen. \"The History of Jimmie Angel\". Archived from the original on 16 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316040209/http://www.jimmieangel.org/history.html","url_text":"\"The History of Jimmie Angel\""},{"url":"http://www.jimmieangel.org/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Angel, Karen (2012). \"Why the World's Tallest Waterfall is Named Angel Falls\". Terrae Incognitae. 44 (1): 16–42. doi:10.1179/0082288412Z.0000000003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0082288412Z.0000000003","url_text":"10.1179/0082288412Z.0000000003"}]},{"reference":"George, Uwe (May 1989). \"Venezuela's Islands in Time\". National Geographic. Vol. 175, no. #5. p. 549.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)","url_text":"National Geographic"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316040209/http://www.jimmieangel.org/history.html","external_links_name":"\"The History of Jimmie Angel\""},{"Link":"http://www.jimmieangel.org/history.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wigDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1930&pg=PA37","external_links_name":"\"Plane Pilot Sights Highest Waterfall in World.\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0082288412Z.0000000003","external_links_name":"10.1179/0082288412Z.0000000003"},{"Link":"http://venezuelaexpats.com/the-truth-about-jimmie-angel-and-angel-falls","external_links_name":"The Truth About Jimme Angel by Karen Angel.."},{"Link":"https://s1.sos.mo.gov/records/archives/archivesdb/soldiers/Default.aspx#soldierSearch","external_links_name":"Missouri database"},{"Link":"http://www.jimmieangel.org/History.html","external_links_name":"Jimmy Angel Historical Project website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100316040209/http://www.jimmieangel.org/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://cloverfield.org/people/angel_ji/index.php","external_links_name":"Clover Air Field, Santa Monica, CA biography of Jimmy Angel"},{"Link":"https://dmairfield.com/people/angel_ji/","external_links_name":"Davis-Monthan Aviation Field Register biography of Jimmy Angel"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr8-fWmmUNU","external_links_name":"Flight to the Lost World of Venezuela"},{"Link":"http://jimmieangel.org/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804722/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114894840","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30436943","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRJ9Pv4D8cKPqJCvx4bd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/123129788","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV235077","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00036574","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailesh_Jogia	Shailesh Jogia	["1 Career","2 Performance and rankings timeline","3 References","4 External links"]	English snooker player Shailesh JogiaJogia at the 2011 Paul Hunter ClassicBorn (1975-11-13) 13 November 1975 (age 48)Sport country EnglandNicknameJoeProfessional1994–2012Highest ranking44 (August–September and December 2011)Best ranking finishLast 32 (x4) Shailesh "Joe" Jogia (born 13 November 1975) is an English former professional snooker player. Career Jogia reached the last 32 of four ranking events, the first two being the 2004 Grand Prix and British Open. He won the English Open title in 1998. His highest break in a ranking event is 137, in qualifying rounds of the 2009 Grand Prix, although he has also made a 147 maximum in pro-am play. He dropped off the pro Main Tour after the 2006–07 season. In 2008–09 he topped the pro-am International Open Series to regain a place on the Main Tour, although this was a wildcard place as he was not a member of his national governing body at that time. He qualified for the last 32 of a ranking event for the first time in 6 years at the 2010 World Open, where he played Liu Song and lost 3–1. Jogia made it to the main stage of the UK Championship for the first time in 2011 by beating Jamie Cope 6–3 in the final round of qualifying. He was drawn against world number 2, Mark Williams, and won two successive frames to tie the match at 4–4. Unfortunately, Jogia had a bad "kick" while well placed to win the next frame and would lose the match 6–4. Jogia had a good season in the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship series as he played in all 12 of the events, reaching the semi-finals in the first event, where he lost 2–4 to Ronnie O'Sullivan. He also had two last 16 finishes to be placed 28th on the PTC Order of Merit, just out of the top 24 who qualified for the PTC Finals. Jogia only won one more match in qualifying after his UK Championship exploits and finished the season ranked world number 47. On 30 May 2012, it was announced by World Snooker that Jogia had been suspended from playing on the tour because of unusual betting patterns on his match against Matthew Selt in the Snooker Shoot-Out, which was due to take place on 28 January 2012. A high number of bets were placed on Jogia to lose the match, which he claimed was because of an injury to his knee and the assumption that he would be unable to play to an adequate standard. Jogia withdrew from the event the day before it started, but faced a formal hearing of the World Snooker Disciplinary Committee in July. At the hearing it was revealed that Jogia had been in repeated communication with two people who placed 19 bets on the match and that 11 of these bets had been placed before he sought medical attention regarding his knee injury. Jogia was banned from snooker until after the 2014 World Championship and fined £2,000 as a contribution to the cost of the investigation. On 7 January 2013, Jogia was removed from the snooker world rankings following ET 2012/13 – Event 6, after his WPBSA membership was terminated. Performance and rankings timeline Tournament 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 Ranking 257 167 63 62 67 70 49 Ranking tournaments Australian Goldfields Open Non-Ranking Tournament Not Held LQ Shanghai Masters Tournament Not Held LQ LQ LQ LQ UK Championship LQ LQ LQ A A A LQ A A A LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ 1R German Masters NH LQ LQ A NR Tournament Not Held LQ LQ Welsh Open LQ LQ LQ A A A LQ A A A LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ World Open LQ LQ LQ A A A LQ A A A 2R 1R LQ LQ LQ 1R LQ Players Tour Championship Grand Final Tournament Not Held 1R DNQ China Open Tournament Not Held NR A A LQ A Not Held LQ LQ WR LQ LQ LQ LQ World Championship LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ A LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ Non-ranking tournaments The Masters A LQ LQ LQ A LQ LQ LQ LQ LQ A LQ LQ LQ LQ A A Shoot-Out Tournament Not Held 1R A Former ranking tournaments Asian Classic LQ LQ LQ Tournament Not Held Thailand Masters LQ LQ LQ A A A LQ A NR Tournament Not Held NR Tournament Not Held Players Championship LQ LQ LQ A A A LQ A A A Tournament Not Held British Open LQ LQ LQ A A A LQ A A A 2R Tournament Not Held Irish Masters Non-Ranking Event A A LQ NH NR Tournament Not Held Malta Cup LQ LQ LQ NH A Not Held A A A LQ LQ LQ NR Tournament Not Held Northern Ireland Trophy Tournament Not Held NR LQ LQ Tournament Not Held Former non-ranking tournaments Merseyside Professional Championship A A A A 2R A A A A A A Tournament Not Held Performance Table Legend LQ lost in the qualifying draw #R lost in the early rounds of the tournament(WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) QF lost in the quarter-finals SF lost in the semi-finals F lost in the final W won the tournament DNQ did not qualify for the tournament A did not participate in the tournament WD withdrew from the tournament NH / Not Held means an event was not held NR / Non-Ranking Event means an event is/was no longer a ranking event R / Ranking Event means an event is/was a ranking event ^ a b c d e New players don't have a ranking ^ a b c d e He was an amateur ^ The event was called the Australian Open (1994/1995–1995/1996) and the Australian Masters (1995/1996) ^ The event was called the German Open (1995/1996–1997/1998) ^ The event was called the Grand Prix (1994/1995–2000/2001, 2004/2005–2007/2008 and 2009/2010) and the LG Cup (2001/2002–2003/2004) ^ The event was called the China International (1997/1998–1998/1999) ^ The event was called the Dubai Classic (1994/1995) and the Thailand Classic (1995/1996) ^ The event was called the Thailand Open (1994/1995–1996/1997) ^ The event was called the International Open (1994/1995–1996/1997) and the Scottish Open (1997/1998–2002/2003) ^ The event was called the European Open (1994/1995–1996/1997 and 2001/2002–2003/2004) and the Irish Open (1998/1999) References ^ "Shailesh Jogia". WPBSA. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010. ^ "Rankings after 2011 PTC4" (PDF). World Snooker. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 31 August 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2012. ^ "Rankings after the 2011 UK Championship" (PDF). World Snooker. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2012. ^ a b "Shailesh Jogia". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. ^ "Joe Jogia". Cue Tracker. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ Jogia eyes Main Tour Archived 15 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Wild Card Places ^ "Williams beats Jogia". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ "Players Tour Championship Event One (2011)". Snooker.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "Order of Merit". Snooker.org. 8 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "Joe Jogia 2011/2012". Snooker.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "Official World Ranking List for the 2012/2013 Season" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012. ^ "WPBSA Statement – Joe Jogia". World Snooker. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012. ^ "WPBSA Statement – Joe Jogia". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2012. ^ "Issued after the Scottish Open 2012 (ET5)" (PDF). World Snooker. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 17 December 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ "Issued after the Munich Open 2013 (ET6)" (PDF). World Snooker. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 7 January 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013. ^ Rankin, Ben (24 February 2013). "Snooker match-fixing scandal: Star says he was offered £15k to lose a game". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 28 March 2013. External links Shailesh Jogia at WorldSnooker.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 6 December 2010)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"}],"text":"Shailesh \"Joe\" Jogia (born 13 November 1975) is an English former professional snooker player.","title":"Shailesh Jogia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"British Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Open_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-4"},{"link_name":"English Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Open_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WS-4"},{"link_name":"break","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#break"},{"link_name":"ranking event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker_world_rankings"},{"link_name":"2009 Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Grand_Prix_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"a 147 maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_break"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2006–07 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_snooker_season"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_snooker_season"},{"link_name":"International Open Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Open_Series"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2010 World Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_World_Open_(snooker)"},{"link_name":"Liu Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Song_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"UK Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Championship"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_UK_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jamie Cope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Cope"},{"link_name":"Mark Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Williams_(snooker_player)"},{"link_name":"kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_cue_sports_terms#kick"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Players Tour Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_Tour_Championship_2011/2012"},{"link_name":"first event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_Tour_Championship_2011/2012_%E2%80%93_Event_1"},{"link_name":"Ronnie O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_Tour_Championship_2011/2012#Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"PTC Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_Tour_Championship_2011/2012_%E2%80%93_Finals"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"World Snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association"},{"link_name":"Matthew Selt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Selt"},{"link_name":"Snooker Shoot-Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Snooker_Shoot-Out"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"ET 2012/13 – Event 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Tour_2012/2013_%E2%80%93_Event_6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"WPBSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPBSA"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Jogia reached the last 32 of four ranking events, the first two being the 2004 Grand Prix and British Open.[4] He won the English Open title in 1998.[4] His highest break in a ranking event is 137, in qualifying rounds of the 2009 Grand Prix,[5] although he has also made a 147 maximum in pro-am play.[6]He dropped off the pro Main Tour after the 2006–07 season. In 2008–09 he topped the pro-am International Open Series to regain a place on the Main Tour, although this was a wildcard place as he was not a member of his national governing body at that time.[7]He qualified for the last 32 of a ranking event for the first time in 6 years at the 2010 World Open, where he played Liu Song and lost 3–1.Jogia made it to the main stage of the UK Championship for the first time in 2011 by beating Jamie Cope 6–3 in the final round of qualifying. He was drawn against world number 2, Mark Williams, and won two successive frames to tie the match at 4–4. Unfortunately, Jogia had a bad \"kick\" while well placed to win the next frame and would lose the match 6–4.[8] Jogia had a good season in the minor-ranking Players Tour Championship series as he played in all 12 of the events, reaching the semi-finals in the first event, where he lost 2–4 to Ronnie O'Sullivan.[9] He also had two last 16 finishes to be placed 28th on the PTC Order of Merit, just out of the top 24 who qualified for the PTC Finals.[10] Jogia only won one more match in qualifying after his UK Championship exploits and finished the season ranked world number 47.[11][12]On 30 May 2012, it was announced by World Snooker that Jogia had been suspended from playing on the tour because of unusual betting patterns on his match against Matthew Selt in the Snooker Shoot-Out, which was due to take place on 28 January 2012.[13] A high number of bets were placed on Jogia to lose the match, which he claimed was because of an injury to his knee and the assumption that he would be unable to play to an adequate standard. Jogia withdrew from the event the day before it started, but faced a formal hearing of the World Snooker Disciplinary Committee in July. At the hearing it was revealed that Jogia had been in repeated communication with two people who placed 19 bets on the match and that 11 of these bets had been placed before he sought medical attention regarding his knee injury. Jogia was banned from snooker until after the 2014 World Championship and fined £2,000 as a contribution to the cost of the investigation.[14]On 7 January 2013, Jogia was removed from the snooker world rankings following ET 2012/13 – Event 6,[15][16] after his WPBSA membership was terminated.[17]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UR_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UR_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UR_18-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UR_18-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UR_18-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_19-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_19-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_19-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AMA_19-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AUS_20-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"}],"text":"^ a b c d e New players don't have a ranking\n\n^ a b c d e He was an amateur\n\n^ The event was called the Australian Open (1994/1995–1995/1996) and the Australian Masters (1995/1996)\n\n^ The event was called the German Open (1995/1996–1997/1998)\n\n^ The event was called the Grand Prix (1994/1995–2000/2001, 2004/2005–2007/2008 and 2009/2010) and the LG Cup (2001/2002–2003/2004)\n\n^ The event was called the China International (1997/1998–1998/1999)\n\n^ The event was called the Dubai Classic (1994/1995) and the Thailand Classic (1995/1996)\n\n^ The event was called the Thailand Open (1994/1995–1996/1997)\n\n^ The event was called the International Open (1994/1995–1996/1997) and the Scottish Open (1997/1998–2002/2003)\n\n^ The event was called the European Open (1994/1995–1996/1997 and 2001/2002–2003/2004) and the Irish Open (1998/1999)","title":"Performance and rankings timeline"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Shailesh Jogia\". WPBSA. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206115733/http://www.worldsnooker.com/player_list-8101.htm","url_text":"\"Shailesh Jogia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"WPBSA"},{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/player_list-8101.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings after 2011 PTC4\" (PDF). World Snooker. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 31 August 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2013. 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Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101206115733/http://www.worldsnooker.com/player_list-8101.htm","url_text":"\"Shailesh Jogia\""},{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/player_list-8101.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Jogia\". Cue Tracker. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cuetracker.net/pages/players.php?ID=59&season=2009/2010","url_text":"\"Joe Jogia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williams beats Jogia\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/snooker/16038698.stm","url_text":"\"Williams beats Jogia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201017204859/https://www.bbc.com/sport/snooker/16038698","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Players Tour Championship Event One (2011)\". Snooker.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=73","url_text":"\"Players Tour Championship Event One (2011)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110710055752/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?event=73","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Order of Merit\". Snooker.org. 8 January 2012. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10&season=2011","url_text":"\"Order of Merit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504060608/http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?template=10&season=2011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Jogia 2011/2012\". Snooker.org. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=7&season=2011","url_text":"\"Joe Jogia 2011/2012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425205554/http://www.snooker.org/res/index.asp?player=7&season=2011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Official World Ranking List for the 2012/2013 Season\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 May 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/1d/b0/0,,13165~176157,00.pdf","url_text":"\"Official World Ranking List for the 2012/2013 Season\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120522154016/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/1d/b0/0,,13165~176157,00.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WPBSA Statement – Joe Jogia\". World Snooker. 30 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2793296,00.html","url_text":"\"WPBSA Statement – Joe Jogia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"World Snooker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120603055733/http://www.worldsnooker.com/page/NewsArticles/0,,13165~2793296,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WPBSA Statement – Joe Jogia\". World Snooker. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. 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Retrieved 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/41/ba/0,,13165~178753,00.pdf","url_text":"\"Issued after the Scottish Open 2012 (ET5)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Billiards_and_Snooker_Association","url_text":"World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121224002522/http://www.worldsnooker.com/staticFiles/41/ba/0,,13165~178753,00.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Issued after the Munich Open 2013 (ET6)\" (PDF). World Snooker. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 7 January 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMIS_Dalhousie	INS Angre	["1 History","2 Today","3 Crest","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]	Indian navy establishment INS Angre Shahid Bhagat Singh Road, Mumbai in IndiaCrest of INS AngreTypeNaval shore establishmentSite informationOwnerMinistry of DefenceOperatorIndian NavyConditionOperationalSite historyIn use1940 – presentGarrison informationPastcommandersS. M. NandaS. G. Karmarkar INS Angre is a "stone frigate" (shore establishment) of the Indian Navy in Mumbai. It is the shore-based logistics and administrative support establishment of the Western Naval Command. It is also the base depot ship of the Command and is the seat of the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. The establishment is named after the Maratha Navy Admiral Kanhoji Angre. History In 1548, Garcia de Orta leased the marshy islands, which later became Bombay, from John III of Portugal. Orta build a wooden structure called the Manor House. Later, a seawall was constructed around Manor House,with four guns mounted on it and the area came to be known as Castle Barracks. In the Marriage Treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, the islands were given in dowry to the English empire. In 1668, the East India Company (EIC) leased Bombay from the empire and in 1686, the headquarters in India of the EIC was moved from Surat to Castle Barracks. In 1940, the castle was commissioned as HMIS Dalhousie as a naval base of the Royal Indian Navy. On 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the base was renamed INS Dalhousie. On 15 September 1951, INS Dalhousie was renamed INS Angre in the honour of the famous admiral (sarkhel) of the Maratha Navy Kanhoji Angre. Today INS Angre today is the base depot ship of the Western Naval Command. It is the logistics and administrative support establishment of the Command, supporting all ships and units based in Mumbai. The Manor House which has since been re-built, is the seat of the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. The commanding officer (CO) of the establishment is also the station commander of South Mumbai and is a one-star officer with the rank of Commodore. Since the establishment is also known as Naval barracks, the CO is also known as COMBRAX (Commodore Naval Barracks). Crest The crest of INS Angre has peaks of the Sahyadri mountain range (also known as Western ghats) on which is planted a trident. The trident was a symbol of power worshipped by the Marathas under Chhatrapati Shivaji. See also List of Indian Navy bases List of active Indian Navy ships Stone frigate References ^ a b "INS Angre \| Indian Navy". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. ^ "Indian Naval Ship Angre turns 64". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. ^ "rediff.com: IFR 2001 ends with a stunning show on Marine Drive". www.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. ^ "INS Angre celebrates its 64th Anniversary \| Indian Navy". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. ^ "ASOKA PEDESTAL TO REPLACE BRITISH CROWN IN NAVAL CRESTS" (PDF). archive.pib.gov.in. 10 April 1952. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021. Bibliography Hiranandani, G. M. (2010), Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000, Lancer InterConsult, Incorporated, ISBN 978-1935501268 vte Indian NavyLeadership Minister of Defence Chief of the Naval Staff Vice Chief of the Naval Staff FOCs-in-C (Naval Commanders) DCNS COP COM FOCWF FOCEF FOMA FOGNA FOK FOTNA FODAG FOSM FOST ACNS Serving admirals Navy MCPO Components and CommandsNaval CommandsOperational Western Naval Command Eastern Naval Command Southern Naval Command Joint Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Defence Cyber Agency Defence Space Agency Armed Forces Special Operations Division Fleets Western Fleet Eastern Fleet BasesNew Delhi INS India Western Naval Command INS Dwarka INS Sardar Patel INS Kadamba INS Vajrakosh INHS Patanjali INS Gomantak INS Hansa INHS Jeevanti INS Angre INS Abhimanyu INS Agnibahu INHS Asvini INS Kunjali INS Shikra INS Tanaji INS Trata INS Tunir INS Vajrabahu Southern Naval Command INS Dweeprakshak INS Minicoy INS Androth INS Bitra INS Garuda INHS Sanjivani INS Venduruthy INS Dronacharya INS Chilka INHS Nivrani INS Mandovi INS Hamla INS Shivaji INHS Kasturi INS Valsura INS Agrani INS Zamorin INS Satavahana INS Vishwakarma INS Jatayu Eastern Naval Command INS Circars INS Dega INS Virbahu INHS Kalyani INS Kalinga INS Eksila INS Karna INS Adyar INS Rajali INS Parundu INS Kattabomman INS Tuticorin INS Netaji Subhash INS Paradip INS Bhubaneswar INS Varsha Andaman and Nicobar Command INS Kardip INS Jarawa INS Utkrosh INS Baaz INHS Dhanvantari INS Campbell Bay INS Kohassa Equipment Active Ships List of Ships Submarines Weapon systems Aircraft SquadronsFighter 300 303 Airborne Early Warning (AEW) 339 Anti-submarine (ASW) 330 333 336 Reconnaissance 342 343 344 Maritime patrol 312 315 318 550 313 Electronic Warfare 310 311 Multirole helicopter 322 323 334 350 Search & Rescue 321 Training 551 552 561 Military AcademiesEducation & Training Sainik School Armed Forces Medical College Ajmer Military School Bangalore Military School Belgaum Military School Chail Military School Dholpur Military School Rashtriya Indian Military College Schools & Colleges Indian Naval Academy Naval War College Tri-Service Institutions Defence Services Staff College National Defence Academy National Defence College College of Defence Management Military Institute of Technology Insignia Awards and decorations Ranks and insignia (Officers, JCOs, Sailors) Documents Indian Maritime Doctrine Indian Maritime Security Strategy History & Future History of the Indian Navy Indian maritime history Royal Indian Navy Navy Day President's fleet review Indian Naval Ensign List of Indian Naval deployments Sagar Pawan Future of the Indian Navy Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stone frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_frigate"},{"link_name":"Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Western Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief_Western_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"Maratha Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kanhoji Angre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre"}],"text":"INS Angre is a \"stone frigate\" (shore establishment) of the Indian Navy in Mumbai. It is the shore-based logistics and administrative support establishment of the Western Naval Command. It is also the base depot ship of the Command and is the seat of the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command. The establishment is named after the Maratha Navy Admiral Kanhoji Angre.","title":"INS Angre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garcia de Orta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garcia_de_Orta"},{"link_name":"John III of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"seawall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawall"},{"link_name":"Castle Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Castle"},{"link_name":"Marriage Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Braganza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza"},{"link_name":"King John IV of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_John_IV_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"English empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_empire"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Surat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN_-_INS_Angre-1"},{"link_name":"naval base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_base"},{"link_name":"Royal Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"when India became a republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Day_(India)"},{"link_name":"Maratha Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kanhoji Angre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET-2"}],"text":"In 1548, Garcia de Orta leased the marshy islands, which later became Bombay, from John III of Portugal. Orta build a wooden structure called the Manor House. Later, a seawall was constructed around Manor House,with four guns mounted on it and the area came to be known as Castle Barracks. In the Marriage Treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, the islands were given in dowry to the English empire. In 1668, the East India Company (EIC) leased Bombay from the empire and in 1686, the headquarters in India of the EIC was moved from Surat to Castle Barracks.[1]In 1940, the castle was commissioned as HMIS Dalhousie as a naval base of the Royal Indian Navy. On 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the base was renamed INS Dalhousie. On 15 September 1951, INS Dalhousie was renamed INS Angre in the honour of the famous admiral (sarkhel) of the Maratha Navy Kanhoji Angre.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding-in-Chief_Western_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN_-_INS_Angre-1"},{"link_name":"one-star officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-star_officer"},{"link_name":"Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(India)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IN-_64th-4"}],"text":"INS Angre today is the base depot ship of the Western Naval Command. It is the logistics and administrative support establishment of the Command, supporting all ships and units based in Mumbai. The Manor House which has since been re-built, is the seat of the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command.[1] The commanding officer (CO) of the establishment is also the station commander of South Mumbai and is a one-star officer with the rank of Commodore. Since the establishment is also known as Naval barracks, the CO is also known as COMBRAX (Commodore Naval Barracks).[3][4]","title":"Today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sahyadri mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahyadri_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"Chhatrapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati"},{"link_name":"Shivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crest-5"}],"text":"The crest of INS Angre has peaks of the Sahyadri mountain range (also known as Western ghats) on which is planted a trident. The trident was a symbol of power worshipped by the Marathas under Chhatrapati Shivaji.[5]","title":"Crest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1935501268","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935501268"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"Chief of the Naval Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)"},{"link_name":"Vice Chief of the Naval Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)"},{"link_name":"FOCs-in-C (Naval Commanders)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy#Naval_Commanders_(Commander-in-Chief_grade)"},{"link_name":"DCNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)"},{"link_name":"COP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Personnel_(Indian_Navy)"},{"link_name":"COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Materiel_(Indian_Navy)"},{"link_name":"FOCWF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Western_Fleet"},{"link_name":"FOCEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Eastern_Fleet"},{"link_name":"FOMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Maharashtra_Naval_Area"},{"link_name":"FOGNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Gujarat_Naval_Area"},{"link_name":"FOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Karnataka_Naval_Area"},{"link_name":"FOTNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Commanding_Tamil_Nadu_%26_Puducherry_Naval_Area"},{"link_name":"FODAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Defence_Advisory_Group"},{"link_name":"FOSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Submarines_(India)"},{"link_name":"FOST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Officer_Sea_Training_(India)"},{"link_name":"ACNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)"},{"link_name":"Serving admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_serving_admirals_of_the_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Navy MCPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Master_Chief_Petty_Officer"},{"link_name":"Western Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"Eastern Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"Southern Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Forces_Command"},{"link_name":"Defence Cyber Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Cyber_Agency"},{"link_name":"Defence Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Special Operations Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Operations_Division"},{"link_name":"Western Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Fleet_(India)"},{"link_name":"Eastern Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Fleet_(India)"},{"link_name":"Bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Navy_bases"},{"link_name":"INS India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_India"},{"link_name":"Western Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"INS Dwarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Dwarka"},{"link_name":"INS Sardar Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Sardar_Patel"},{"link_name":"INS Kadamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Kadamba"},{"link_name":"INS Vajrakosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vajrakosh"},{"link_name":"INHS Patanjali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INHS_Patanjali"},{"link_name":"INS Hansa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Hansa"},{"link_name":"INS Angre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"INS Shikra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Shikra"},{"link_name":"INS Tanaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Tanaji"},{"link_name":"INS Trata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Trata"},{"link_name":"INS Vajrabahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Vajrabahu"},{"link_name":"Southern Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"INS Dweeprakshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Dweeprakshak"},{"link_name":"INS Garuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Garuda"},{"link_name":"INHS Sanjivani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INHS_Sanjivani"},{"link_name":"INS Venduruthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Venduruthy"},{"link_name":"INS Dronacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Dronacharya"},{"link_name":"INS Shivaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Shivaji"},{"link_name":"INS Valsura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Valsura"},{"link_name":"INS Satavahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Satavahana"},{"link_name":"INS Jatayu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Jatayu"},{"link_name":"Eastern Naval Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Naval_Command"},{"link_name":"INS Dega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Dega"},{"link_name":"INS Virbahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Virbahu"},{"link_name":"INS Kalinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Kalinga"},{"link_name":"INS Rajali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Rajali"},{"link_name":"INS Parundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Parundu"},{"link_name":"INS Kattabomman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Kattabomman"},{"link_name":"INS Netaji Subhash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Netaji_Subhas"},{"link_name":"INS Varsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Varsha"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command"},{"link_name":"INS Kardip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Kardip"},{"link_name":"INS Jarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Jarawa"},{"link_name":"INS Utkrosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Utkrosh"},{"link_name":"INS Baaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Baaz"},{"link_name":"INS Kohassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INS_Kohassa"},{"link_name":"Active Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships"},{"link_name":"List of Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Weapon systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_systems_of_the_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_naval_air_squadrons"},{"link_name":"300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_300"},{"link_name":"303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_303"},{"link_name":"339","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_339"},{"link_name":"330","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_330"},{"link_name":"333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_333"},{"link_name":"336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_336"},{"link_name":"342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_342"},{"link_name":"343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_343"},{"link_name":"344","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_344"},{"link_name":"312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_312"},{"link_name":"315","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_315"},{"link_name":"318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_318"},{"link_name":"550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_550"},{"link_name":"313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_313"},{"link_name":"310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_310"},{"link_name":"311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_311"},{"link_name":"322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_322"},{"link_name":"323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_323"},{"link_name":"334","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_334"},{"link_name":"350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_350"},{"link_name":"321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_321"},{"link_name":"551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_551"},{"link_name":"552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_552"},{"link_name":"561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INAS_561"},{"link_name":"Military Academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_academies_in_India"},{"link_name":"Sainik School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainik_School"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_Medical_College_(India)"},{"link_name":"Ajmer Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajmer_Military_School"},{"link_name":"Bangalore Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_Military_School"},{"link_name":"Belgaum Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgaum_Military_School"},{"link_name":"Chail Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chail_Military_School"},{"link_name":"Dholpur Military School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dholpur_Military_School"},{"link_name":"Rashtriya Indian Military College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Indian_Military_College"},{"link_name":"Indian Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Naval War College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_War_College,_Goa"},{"link_name":"Defence Services Staff College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Services_Staff_College"},{"link_name":"National Defence Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_Academy_(India)"},{"link_name":"National Defence College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defence_College_(India)"},{"link_name":"College of Defence Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Defence_Management"},{"link_name":"Military Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Awards and decorations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_Indian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Ranks and insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India"},{"link_name":"Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#Officer_ranks"},{"link_name":"JCOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#Other_ranks"},{"link_name":"Sailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ranks_and_insignia_of_India#Other_ranks"},{"link_name":"Indian Maritime Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Navy#Documents"},{"link_name":"Indian Maritime Security Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensuring_Secure_Seas:_Indian_Maritime_Security_Strategy"},{"link_name":"History of the Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Indian maritime history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_maritime_history"},{"link_name":"Royal Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Navy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Day_(India)"},{"link_name":"President's fleet review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_fleet_review"},{"link_name":"Indian Naval Ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Naval_Ensign"},{"link_name":"List of Indian Naval deployments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Naval_deployments"},{"link_name":"Sagar Pawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar_Pawan"},{"link_name":"Future of the Indian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_the_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_Navy"}],"text":"Hiranandani, G. M. (2010), Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000, Lancer InterConsult, Incorporated, ISBN 978-1935501268vte Indian NavyLeadership\nMinister of Defence\nChief of the Naval Staff\nVice Chief of the Naval Staff\nFOCs-in-C (Naval Commanders)\nDCNS\nCOP\nCOM\nFOCWF\nFOCEF\nFOMA\nFOGNA\nFOK\nFOTNA\nFODAG\nFOSM\nFOST\nACNS\nServing admirals\nNavy MCPO\nComponents and CommandsNaval CommandsOperational\nWestern Naval Command\nEastern Naval Command\nSouthern Naval Command\nJoint\nAndaman and Nicobar Command\nStrategic Forces Command\nDefence Cyber Agency\nDefence Space Agency\nArmed Forces Special Operations Division\nFleets\nWestern Fleet\nEastern Fleet\nBasesNew Delhi\nINS India\nWestern Naval Command\nINS Dwarka\nINS Sardar Patel\nINS Kadamba\nINS Vajrakosh\nINHS Patanjali\nINS Gomantak\nINS Hansa\nINHS Jeevanti\nINS Angre\nINS Abhimanyu\nINS Agnibahu\nINHS Asvini\nINS Kunjali\nINS Shikra\nINS Tanaji\nINS Trata\nINS Tunir\nINS Vajrabahu\nSouthern Naval Command\nINS Dweeprakshak\nINS Minicoy\nINS Androth\nINS Bitra\nINS Garuda\nINHS Sanjivani\nINS Venduruthy\nINS Dronacharya\nINS Chilka\nINHS Nivrani\nINS Mandovi\nINS Hamla\nINS Shivaji\nINHS Kasturi\nINS Valsura\nINS Agrani\nINS Zamorin\nINS Satavahana\nINS Vishwakarma\nINS Jatayu\nEastern Naval Command\nINS Circars\nINS Dega\nINS Virbahu\nINHS Kalyani\nINS Kalinga\nINS Eksila\nINS Karna\nINS Adyar\nINS Rajali\nINS Parundu\nINS Kattabomman\nINS Tuticorin\nINS Netaji Subhash\nINS Paradip\nINS Bhubaneswar\nINS Varsha\nAndaman and Nicobar Command\nINS Kardip\nINS Jarawa\nINS Utkrosh\nINS Baaz\nINHS Dhanvantari\nINS Campbell Bay\nINS Kohassa\nEquipment\nActive Ships\nList of Ships\nSubmarines\nWeapon systems\nAircraft SquadronsFighter\n300\n303\nAirborne Early Warning (AEW)\n339\nAnti-submarine (ASW)\n330\n333\n336\nReconnaissance\n342\n343\n344\nMaritime patrol\n312\n315\n318\n550\n313\nElectronic Warfare\n310\n311\nMultirole helicopter\n322\n323\n334\n350\nSearch & Rescue\n321\nTraining\n551\n552\n561\nMilitary AcademiesEducation & Training\nSainik School\nArmed Forces Medical College\nAjmer Military School\nBangalore Military School\nBelgaum Military School\nChail Military School\nDholpur Military School\nRashtriya Indian Military College\nSchools & Colleges\nIndian Naval Academy\nNaval War College\nTri-Service Institutions\nDefence Services Staff College\nNational Defence Academy\nNational Defence College\nCollege of Defence Management\nMilitary Institute of Technology\nInsignia\nAwards and decorations\nRanks and insignia (Officers, JCOs, Sailors)\nDocuments\nIndian Maritime Doctrine\nIndian Maritime Security Strategy\nHistory & Future\nHistory of the Indian Navy\nIndian maritime history\nRoyal Indian Navy\nNavy Day\nPresident's fleet review\nIndian Naval Ensign\nList of Indian Naval deployments\nSagar Pawan\nFuture of the Indian Navy\n\n Category","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Indian Navy bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_Navy_bases"},{"title":"List of active Indian Navy ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_Indian_Navy_ships"},{"title":"Stone frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_frigate"}]	[{"reference":"\"INS Angre \| Indian Navy\". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre","url_text":"\"INS Angre \| Indian Navy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094125/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Naval Ship Angre turns 64\". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-naval-ship-angre-turns-64/articleshow/48989500.cms","url_text":"\"Indian Naval Ship Angre turns 64\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094125/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-naval-ship-angre-turns-64/articleshow/48989500.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"rediff.com: IFR 2001 ends with a stunning show on Marine Drive\". www.rediff.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/18flt.htm","url_text":"\"rediff.com: IFR 2001 ends with a stunning show on Marine Drive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094124/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/18flt.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"INS Angre celebrates its 64th Anniversary \| Indian Navy\". www.indiannavy.nic.in. Archived from the original on 13 July 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre-celebrates-its-64th-anniversary","url_text":"\"INS Angre celebrates its 64th Anniversary \| Indian Navy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094134/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre-celebrates-its-64th-anniversary","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ASOKA PEDESTAL TO REPLACE BRITISH CROWN IN NAVAL CRESTS\" (PDF). archive.pib.gov.in. 10 April 1952. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 13 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-10_094.pdf","url_text":"\"ASOKA PEDESTAL TO REPLACE BRITISH CROWN IN NAVAL CRESTS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607113328/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-10_094.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hiranandani, G. M. (2010), Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000, Lancer InterConsult, Incorporated, ISBN 978-1935501268","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935501268","url_text":"978-1935501268"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre","external_links_name":"\"INS Angre \| Indian Navy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094125/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-naval-ship-angre-turns-64/articleshow/48989500.cms","external_links_name":"\"Indian Naval Ship Angre turns 64\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094125/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-naval-ship-angre-turns-64/articleshow/48989500.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/18flt.htm","external_links_name":"\"rediff.com: IFR 2001 ends with a stunning show on Marine Drive\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094124/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/18flt.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre-celebrates-its-64th-anniversary","external_links_name":"\"INS Angre celebrates its 64th Anniversary \| Indian Navy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094134/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre-celebrates-its-64th-anniversary","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-10_094.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ASOKA PEDESTAL TO REPLACE BRITISH CROWN IN NAVAL CRESTS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210607113328/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-10_094.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Route_6_(Buenos_Aires)	Provincial Route 6 (Buenos Aires)	["1 History","2 Major intersections","3 References"]	Provincial Route 6Ruta provincial 6Route informationLength177 km (110 mi)Existed1967–presentMajor junctionsNorth endZárateSouth endÁngel Etcheverry LocationCountryArgentina Highway system Highways in Argentina Provincial Route 6 is a 177 km interurban road (numbered from km 30 to km 210), located on the outer edge of Greater Buenos Aires, in the metropolitan part of the province of Buenos Aires and extends from Provincial Route 215 in the town of Ángel Etcheverry (Greater La Plata) to the city of Zárate. History This ring road was built in the decades of 1960 and 1970 to ease access to the country's capital (Buenos Aires) of passing heavy traffic. The first paved section of this route, with a length of 38.7 km between the cities of Campana and Luján, was built by the contractor company Marengo, which completed the works in 1967. The same year, the works to open a trace with a dirt road were completed in two sections: one of 73.2 km between Luján and Cañuelas built by Santos Giovannini and another of 33.3 km between Cañuelas and San Vicente by Prates y Cía. On April 26, 1972, the Marengo construction company completed the paving work on the section between San Vicente and the Partido de La Plata. Over time, industrial poles were installed in the vicinity of this highway, which contributed to the large increase in truck traffic on this route. In 1999 the government of Buenos Aires Province allocated funds to build a highway along the route, but shortly after the change of government the idea was scrapped. At the beginning of the decade of 2000, the national State ceded to the province of Buenos Aires the section of National Route 12 from its beginning at the junction with National Route 9 in Campana (km 76) until the access roundabout to Zárate (km 84). This section was added to Provincial Route 6. By Provincial Law 13,281 published in the Official Gazette on January 7, 2005, this section was named "Dr. Federico Jorge Hotton". On May 18, 2003, the construction of the 187 km highway with a concrete road began, divided into eight sections, the first of which is an extension of the route to Berisso. The work was inaugurated in sections from north to south, starting from the city of Campana. At the beginning of 2010, a dual carriageway from Zárate to the junction with the Acceso Oeste in the Luján Partido, was inaugurated. The section between Acceso Oeste and Cañuelas was under repair, with only one hand to travel. In May 2015, the double-track works were completed on the entire route, and the formation of a company in charge of maintaining the route through toll collection was announced. In 2012, the then-governor of Buenos Aires, Daniel Scioli, revoked the concession to the private company after several demands from the provincial government towards the company to advance in a delayed third lane. Under the orbit of the Secretary of Public Services, the company advanced with the third lane, the two traditional lanes were repaved, lighting fixtures were replaced and a monitoring center with 180 cameras was created. Finally, with the change of government, the province decided that the state-owned company AUBASA would be in charge of the maintenance, and conservation of Ruta 6, which would be also a toll road. Major intersections Partido City km mi Exit Destinations Notes La Plata Etcheverry 0 0 2 Ensenada (east) – S.M. del Monte (west) Buchanan 11 6.83 1 to (north) San Vicente San Vicente 22 13.67 2 Banfield (north) – Brandsen (south) 31 19.26 1 Longchamps (north) – Gob. Udaondo (south) Dirty road from the roundabout to the south 44 27.34 1 to Canning (north) Cañuelas Cañuelas 60 37.28 2 Luis Guillón (north) – Cañuelas (south) 62 38.52 2 San Justo (BA) (north) – Tierra del Fuego (south) Marcos Paz Marcos Paz 84 52.19 2 to (north) – (south) R40 from Merlo (north) to Navarro (south) General Rodríguez General Rodríguez 104 64.62 2 to (north) – B. Sommer Hospital (west) Luján Luján 120 74.56 2 (west) – (east) This crossing is known as the old bridge to Luján. RP7 extends from that city to Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires. 121 75.18 2 Mendoza Province (north) – Buenos Aires (south) In that crossing, RN7 is "AU del Oeste" Open Door 133 82.64 1 Access to RP192 RP192 ends in Luján (west) Exaltación de la Cruz Exaltación de la Cruz 142 88.23 2 San Luis Province (west) – Malvinas Argentinas Partido (east) Campana Campana 169 105 2 Jujuy Province (north) – Buenos Aires (south) Zárate Zárate 177 109.98 2 to Ceibas (ER) (north) – RN193 to (west) Both routes, RN193 and RN8, depart from RP6 References ^ Llega la Presidenta para inaugurar la ruta 6 on Info Cañuelas - 20 Jul 2015 ^ Revista Vialidad n° 41 p. 98-99, Oct-Nov 1967 ^ Revista Vialidad n° 65 p. 69, Oct-Dic 1973 ^ El doble carril debió estar listo hace 6 años, La Nación, 25 Apr 2006 ^ Ley 13.281 on GPBA, published 7 Jan 2005 ^ Dirección Nacional de Vialidad - Informe por programa - Ejercicio 2006 ^ Instituto del Cemento Portland Argentino, fichas técnicas 1996-2007 ^ Cobrarán peaje en la nueva autopista sobre la ruta 6, Clarín ^ Scioli crea la empresa Cibasa para administrar la nueva ruta 6, 23 Apr 2015 on La Política Online vteRoads in ArgentinaTransport in ArgentinaNationalRoutes 1 3 7 8 9 11 12 14 18 22 25 40 81 101 105 117 118 119 120 121 148 158 242 Highways A001 A002 A003 A004 A005 A006 A007 A008 A009 A010 A011 A012 A014 A015 A019 AP 01 Paseo del Bajo Rosario-Córdoba ProvincialBuenos Aires 1 2 6 8 11 36 63 215 Córdoba 1 34 La Pampa 10 105 San Luis 55 Santa Cruz 23 Santa Fe AP-01 Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greater Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"province of Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Provincial Route 215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Route_215_(Buenos_Aires)"},{"link_name":"Ángel Etcheverry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Etcheverry"},{"link_name":"Greater La Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_La_Plata"},{"link_name":"Zárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rate,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Provincial Route 6 is a 177 km interurban road (numbered from km 30 to km 210), located on the outer edge of Greater Buenos Aires, in the metropolitan part of the province of Buenos Aires and extends from Provincial Route 215 in the town of Ángel Etcheverry (Greater La Plata) to the city of Zárate.[1]","title":"Provincial Route 6 (Buenos Aires)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Campana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campana,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Luján","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj%C3%A1n,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Cañuelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1uelas"},{"link_name":"San Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Vicente,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Route 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_12_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"National Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Route_9_(Argentina)"},{"link_name":"Zárate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rate,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Berisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berisso"},{"link_name":"Luján Partido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj%C3%A1n_Partido"},{"link_name":"Cañuelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1uelas,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Daniel Scioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Scioli"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"toll road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"}],"text":"This ring road was built in the decades of 1960 and 1970 to ease access to the country's capital (Buenos Aires) of passing heavy traffic. The first paved section of this route, with a length of 38.7 km between the cities of Campana and Luján, was built by the contractor company Marengo, which completed the works in 1967. The same year, the works to open a trace with a dirt road were completed in two sections: one of 73.2 km between Luján and Cañuelas built by Santos Giovannini and another of 33.3 km between Cañuelas and San Vicente by Prates y Cía.[2] On April 26, 1972, the Marengo construction company completed the paving work on the section between San Vicente and the Partido de La Plata.[3]Over time, industrial poles were installed in the vicinity of this highway, which contributed to the large increase in truck traffic on this route. In 1999 the government of Buenos Aires Province allocated funds to build a highway along the route, but shortly after the change of government the idea was scrapped.[4]At the beginning of the decade of 2000, the national State ceded to the province of Buenos Aires the section of National Route 12 from its beginning at the junction with National Route 9 in Campana (km 76) until the access roundabout to Zárate (km 84). This section was added to Provincial Route 6. By Provincial Law 13,281 published in the Official Gazette on January 7, 2005, this section was named \"Dr. Federico Jorge Hotton\".[5]On May 18, 2003, the construction of the 187 km highway with a concrete road began,[6][7] divided into eight sections, the first of which is an extension of the route to Berisso. The work was inaugurated in sections from north to south, starting from the city of Campana.At the beginning of 2010, a dual carriageway from Zárate to the junction with the Acceso Oeste in the Luján Partido, was inaugurated. The section between Acceso Oeste and Cañuelas was under repair, with only one hand to travel. In May 2015, the double-track works were completed on the entire route, and the formation of a company in charge of maintaining the route through toll collection was announced.[8]In 2012, the then-governor of Buenos Aires, Daniel Scioli, revoked the concession to the private company after several demands from the provincial government towards the company to advance in a delayed third lane. Under the orbit of the Secretary of Public Services, the company advanced with the third lane, the two traditional lanes were repaved, lighting fixtures were replaced and a monitoring center with 180 cameras was created.[9]Finally, with the change of government, the province decided that the state-owned company AUBASA would be in charge of the maintenance, and conservation of Ruta 6, which would be also a toll road.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.infocanuelas.com/informacion-general/llega-la-presidenta-para-inaugurar-la-ruta-6","external_links_name":"Llega la Presidenta para inaugurar la ruta 6"},{"Link":"http://www.vialidad.gba.gov.ar/documentos/archivs/70-Publicaciones%20y%20Biblioteca/200910021033000.Revista%20Vialidad%20N%C2%BA%2041.pdf","external_links_name":"Revista Vialidad n° 41"},{"Link":"http://www.vialidad.gba.gov.ar/documentos/archivs/70-Publicaciones%20y%20Biblioteca/201002241226120.Revista%20Vialidad%20N%C2%BA%2065.pdf","external_links_name":"Revista Vialidad n° 65"},{"Link":"http://www.lanacion.com.ar/informaciongeneral/nota.asp?nota_id=800404","external_links_name":"El doble carril debió estar listo hace 6 años"},{"Link":"https://normas.gba.gob.ar/ar-b/ley/2004/13281/3585","external_links_name":"Ley 13.281"},{"Link":"https://normas.gba.gob.ar/ar-b/ley/2004/13281/3585","external_links_name":"Dirección Nacional de Vialidad - Informe por programa - Ejercicio 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081010042731/http://www.icpa.org.ar/files/fichas_tecnicas_1996-2007.pdf","external_links_name":"Instituto del Cemento Portland Argentino, fichas técnicas 1996-2007"},{"Link":"http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/demora-camino-peligroso-GBA-autopista_0_1351065031.html","external_links_name":"Cobrarán peaje en la nueva autopista sobre la ruta 6"},{"Link":"http://www.lapoliticaonline.com/nota/88595/","external_links_name":"Scioli crea la empresa Cibasa para administrar la nueva ruta 6"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Quinn	Jeff Quinn	["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Head coaching record","4 References","5 External links"]	American football player and coach (born 1962) Jeff QuinnBiographical detailsBorn (1962-09-26) September 26, 1962 (age 61)Playing career1980–1983Elmhurst Position(s)LinemanCoaching career (HC unless noted)1984–1986DePauw (assistant)1986–1988Ohio Northern (OL)1989–2003Grand Valley State (OC/OL)2004–2006Central Michigan (OC/OL)2006Central Michigan (interim HC)2006–2009Cincinnati (OC/OL)2009Cincinnati (interim HC)2010–2014Buffalo2015Notre Dame (offensive analyst)2016–2017Notre Dame (assistant S&C)2018–2021Notre Dame (OL) Head coaching recordOverall21–37Bowls1–2 Jeff Quinn (born September 26, 1962) is an American football coach. He was formerly an assistant coach at the University of Notre Dame. Quinn served as the head football coach at the University at Buffalo from 2010 to 2014. He was the 24th head coach in University at Buffalo football history. He replaced Turner Gill who left for Kansas following the 2009 season. Quinn served as interim head coach at Central Michigan University in 2006 and at the University of Cincinnati in 2009, following the resignation of Brian Kelly in both instances. Playing career Quinn graduated from Elmhurst College in 1984 with a bachelor's degree in education. At Elmhurst, he played both offensive line in football and wrestled as a heavyweight. He was named NCAA Division III All-American third team following his senior season. He also won two College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin championships as a wrestler and was inducted into Elmhurst's Athletic Hall of Fame in 1993. Coaching career Quinn has been a college football coach for 26 years, 21 of which have been as an assistant to Brian Kelly at Grand Valley State, Central Michigan, Cincinnati, and Notre Dame. Quinn coached at DePauw University, where he earned a master's degree in educational leadership, and Ohio Northern University before moving on to Grand Valley State. Quinn followed Kelly to Central Michigan, then followed him again to Cincinnati, where he served as the offensive coordinator and offensive line coach. Quinn was a finalist for the 2009 Broyles Award, an award given to college football's best assistant coach. He served as an interim head coach for the 2006 Motor City Bowl (which he coached for Central Michigan after Kelly left for the head coaching job at Cincinnati) and the 2010 Sugar Bowl (which he coached for Cincinnati after Kelly left for Notre Dame). In December 2009, Quinn was tapped to replace Turner Gill for the University at Buffalo. After coaching Cincinnati to a loss in the Sugar Bowl Quinn officially began his duties as a head coach. Quinn led the Bulls to their second bowl game in the team's history, they lost the 2013 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl. After a mediocre start in the 2014 season Quinn was relieved of his duties. Hired by Brian Kelly in 2015, he was an assistant coach for the Notre Dame football team until 2021. Head coaching record Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Coaches# AP° Central Michigan Chippewas (Mid-American Conference) (2006) 2006 Central Michigan 1–0 W Motor City Central Michigan: 1–0 Cincinnati Bearcats (Big East Conference) (2009) 2009 Cincinnati 0–1 L Sugar† 9 8 Cincinnati: 0–1 Buffalo Bulls (Mid-American Conference) (2010–2014) 2010 Buffalo 2–10 1–7 T–5th (East) 2011 Buffalo 3–9 2–6 6th (East) 2012 Buffalo 4–8 3–5 T–4th (East) 2013 Buffalo 8–5 6–2 2nd (East) L Famous Idaho Potato 2014 Buffalo 3–4 1–2 Fired Buffalo: 20–36 13–22 Total: 21–37 †Indicates BCS bowl. #Rankings from final Coaches Poll. °Rankings from final AP Poll. References ^ "Cincinnati's Quinn is new UB football coach". Buffalo News. December 20, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009. ^ "Elmhurst College Athletics-Hall of Fame". Elmhurst College. December 20, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009. ^ "Jeff Quinn". University of Cincinnati. December 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2009. ^ "2009 Broyles Award Finalists Announced". broylesaward.com. December 21, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009. ^ "All Hail Quinn". December 20, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009. ^ "Notre Dame Football". Retrieved September 30, 2016. External links Notre Dame profile Links to related articles vteCentral Michigan Chippewas head football coaches Pete McCormick (1896) Carl Pray (1897–1899) Unknown (1900) No team (1901) Charles Tambling (1902–1905) No team (1906) Ralph Thacker (1907) Hugh Sutherland (1908) Harry Helmer (1909–1912) No team (1913–1915) Blake Miller (1916) Fred Johnson (1917) Charles Tambling (1918) Garland Nevitt (1919) Joe Simmons (1920) Wallace Parker (1921–1923) Lester Barnard (1924–1925) Wallace Parker (1926–1928) Butch Nowack (1929–1930) George Van Bibber (1931–1933) Alex Yunevich (1934–1936) Ron Finch (1937–1946) Lyle Bennett (1947–1949) Warren Schmakel (1950) Kenneth Kelly (1951–1966) Roy Kramer (1967–1977) Herb Deromedi (1978–1993) Dick Flynn (1994–1999) Mike DeBord (2000–2003) Brian Kelly (2004–2006) Jeff Quinn # (2006) Butch Jones (2007–2009) Steve Stripling # (2009) Dan Enos (2010–2014) John Bonamego (2015–2018) Jim McElwain (2019– ) # denotes interim head coach vteCincinnati Bearcats head football coaches No coach (1885–1893) W. Durant Berry (1894–1895) William Ayres Reynolds (1896) Tom Fennell (1897) Frank Cavanaugh (1898) Daniel A. Reed (1899–1900) Henry S. Pratt (1901) Anthony Chez (1902–1903) Amos Foster (1904–1905) William Foley (1906) No team (1907) Ralph Inott (1908) Robert Burch (1909–1911) Lowell Dana (1912–1913) George Little (1914–1915) Ion Cortright (1916) Frank Marty (1917) Boyd Chambers (1918–1921) George McLaren (1922–1926) George Babcock (1927–1930) Dana M. King (1931–1934) Russ Cohen (1935–1937) Wade Woodworth # (1937) Joseph A. Meyer (1938–1942) No team (1943–1944) Ray Nolting (1945–1948) Sid Gillman (1949–1954) George Blackburn (1955–1960) Chuck Studley (1961–1966) Homer Rice (1967–1968) Ray Callahan (1969–1972) Tony Mason (1973–1976) Ralph Staub (1977–1980) Mike Gottfried (1981–1982) Watson Brown (1983) Dave Currey (1984–1988) Tim Murphy (1989–1993) Rick Minter (1994–2003) Mark Dantonio (2004–2006) Brian Kelly (2006–2009) Jeff Quinn # (2009) Butch Jones (2010–2012) Steve Stripling # (2012) Tommy Tuberville (2013–2016) Luke Fickell (2017–2022) Kerry Coombs # (2022) Scott Satterfield (2023– ) # denotes interim head coach vteBuffalo Bulls head football coaches No coach (1894–1896) C. W. Dibble (1897) No coach (1898) Bemus Pierce (1899) No coach (1900–1902) Ray Turnbull (1903) No team (1904–1914) Frank Mount Pleasant (1915) Art Powell (1916–1921) Dim Batterson (1922) James Bond (1923) Russell Carrick (1924–1928) Jay L. Lee (1929–1930) William Pritchard (1931) James B. Wilson (1932–1933) George Van Bibber (1934–1935) Jim Peele (1936–1942) No team (1943–1945) Jim Peele (1946–1947) Frank Clair (1948–1949) James B. Wilson (1950–1951) Fritz Febel (1952–1954) Dick Offenhamer (1955–1965) Doc Urich (1966–1968) Bob Deming (1969–1970) No team (1971–1976) Bill Dando (1977–1989) Sam Sanders (1990–1991) Jim Ward (1992–1994) Craig Cirbus (1995–2000) Jim Hofher (2001–2005) Turner Gill (2006–2009) Jeff Quinn (2010–2014) Alex Wood # (2014) Lance Leipold (2015–2020) Maurice Linguist (2021–2023) Pete Lembo (2024– ) # denotes interim head coach vte2002 Grand Valley State Lakers football—NCAA Division II national champions Ryan Brady Josh Bourke David Kircus Keyonta Marshall Head coach Brian Kelly Assistant coaches: Ron Burton Jeff Duvendeck Chuck Martin Jeff Quinn vte2003 Grand Valley State Lakers football—NCAA Division II national champions Josh Bourke Cullen Finnerty Eric Fowler Derrick Jones Keyonta Marshall Head coach Brian Kelly Assistant coaches: Joe Adam Ryan Brady Chuck Martin Jeff Quinn	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Turner Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Gill"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_football"},{"link_name":"Central Michigan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan_University"},{"link_name":"University of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Brian Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)"}],"text":"Jeff Quinn (born September 26, 1962) is an American football coach. He was formerly an assistant coach at the University of Notre Dame. Quinn served as the head football coach at the University at Buffalo from 2010 to 2014.[1] He was the 24th head coach in University at Buffalo football history. He replaced Turner Gill who left for Kansas following the 2009 season. Quinn served as interim head coach at Central Michigan University in 2006 and at the University of Cincinnati in 2009, following the resignation of Brian Kelly in both instances.","title":"Jeff Quinn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmhurst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmhurst_College"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"wrestled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_III_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-America"},{"link_name":"College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Conference_of_Illinois_and_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Quinn graduated from Elmhurst College in 1984 with a bachelor's degree in education. At Elmhurst, he played both offensive line in football and wrestled as a heavyweight. He was named NCAA Division III All-American third team following his senior season. He also won two College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin championships as a wrestler and was inducted into Elmhurst's Athletic Hall of Fame in 1993.[2]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"Grand Valley State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley_State_Lakers_football"},{"link_name":"Central Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Michigan_Chippewas_football"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_football"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_football"},{"link_name":"DePauw University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DePauw_University"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"educational leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_leadership"},{"link_name":"Ohio Northern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University"},{"link_name":"offensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"offensive line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Broyles Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broyles_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2006 Motor City Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Motor_City_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2010 Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football"},{"link_name":"Turner Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Gill"},{"link_name":"University at Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sugar Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sugar_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2013 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Famous_Idaho_Potato_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2014 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Buffalo_Bulls_football_team"},{"link_name":"Brian Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kelly_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Quinn has been a college football coach for 26 years, 21 of which have been as an assistant to Brian Kelly at Grand Valley State, Central Michigan, Cincinnati, and Notre Dame. Quinn coached at DePauw University, where he earned a master's degree in educational leadership, and Ohio Northern University before moving on to Grand Valley State. Quinn followed Kelly to Central Michigan, then followed him again to Cincinnati, where he served as the offensive coordinator and offensive line coach.[3] Quinn was a finalist for the 2009 Broyles Award, an award given to college football's best assistant coach.[4] He served as an interim head coach for the 2006 Motor City Bowl (which he coached for Central Michigan after Kelly left for the head coaching job at Cincinnati) and the 2010 Sugar Bowl (which he coached for Cincinnati after Kelly left for Notre Dame).In December 2009, Quinn was tapped to replace Turner Gill for the University at Buffalo.[5] After coaching Cincinnati to a loss in the Sugar Bowl Quinn officially began his duties as a head coach.\nQuinn led the Bulls to their second bowl game in the team's history, they lost the 2013 Famous Idaho Potato Bowl. After a mediocre start in the 2014 season Quinn was relieved of his duties. Hired by Brian Kelly in 2015, he was an assistant coach for the Notre Dame football team until 2021.[6]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cincinnati's Quinn is new UB football coach\". Buffalo News. December 20, 2009. Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091222164428/http://www.buffalonews.com/258/story/900436.html","url_text":"\"Cincinnati's Quinn is new UB football coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_News","url_text":"Buffalo News"},{"url":"https://www.buffalonews.com/258/story/900436.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elmhurst College Athletics-Hall of Fame\". Elmhurst College. December 20, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://elmhurstbluejays.com/hof.aspx?hof=62&path=&kiosk=","url_text":"\"Elmhurst College Athletics-Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Quinn\". University of Cincinnati. December 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved December 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003624/http://www.gobearcats.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/quinn_jeff00.html","url_text":"\"Jeff Quinn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati","url_text":"University of Cincinnati"},{"url":"http://www.gobearcats.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/quinn_jeff00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Broyles Award Finalists Announced\". broylesaward.com. December 21, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broylesaward.com/press-releases/2009/11/30/2009-broyles-award-finalists-announced","url_text":"\"2009 Broyles Award Finalists Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"All Hail Quinn\". December 20, 2009. Retrieved December 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ubbullrun.com/2009/12/reflections-on-quinn.html","url_text":"\"All Hail Quinn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notre Dame Football\". Retrieved September 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/jeff_quinn_977197.html","url_text":"\"Notre Dame Football\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091222164428/http://www.buffalonews.com/258/story/900436.html","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati's Quinn is new UB football coach\""},{"Link":"https://www.buffalonews.com/258/story/900436.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://elmhurstbluejays.com/hof.aspx?hof=62&path=&kiosk=","external_links_name":"\"Elmhurst College Athletics-Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170103003624/http://www.gobearcats.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/quinn_jeff00.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Quinn\""},{"Link":"http://www.gobearcats.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/quinn_jeff00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.broylesaward.com/press-releases/2009/11/30/2009-broyles-award-finalists-announced","external_links_name":"\"2009 Broyles Award Finalists Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.ubbullrun.com/2009/12/reflections-on-quinn.html","external_links_name":"\"All Hail Quinn\""},{"Link":"http://www.und.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/jeff_quinn_977197.html","external_links_name":"\"Notre Dame Football\""},{"Link":"https://und.com/coach/jeff-quinn-2/","external_links_name":"Notre Dame profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengen_(era)	Tengen (era)	["1 Change of era","2 Events of the Tengen era","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]	Part of a series on theHistory of Japan ListPaleolithicbefore 14,000 BCJōmon14,000 – 1000 BCYayoi 1000 BC – 300 ADKofun 300 AD – 538 ADAsuka 538 – 710Nara 710 – 794HeianFormer Nine Years' WarLater Three-Year WarGenpei War 794–1185KamakuraJōkyū WarMongol invasionsGenkō WarKenmu Restoration 1185–1333MuromachiNanboku-chō periodSengoku period 1336–1573Azuchi–Momoyama Nanban tradeImjin WarBattle of Sekigahara 1573–1603Edo (Tokugawa) Tokugawa shogunateInvasion of RyukyuSiege of OsakaSakokuPerry ExpeditionConvention of KanagawaBakumatsuMeiji RestorationBoshin War 1603–1868Meiji Invasion of Taiwan (1874)Satsuma RebellionFirst Sino-Japanese WarTreaty of ShimonosekiTriple InterventionInvasion of Taiwan (1895)Colonization of TaiwanBoxer RebellionRusso-Japanese WarTreaty of PortsmouthJapan–Korea TreatyColonization of Korea 1868–1912Taishō World War IIntervention in SiberiaGreat Kantō earthquake 1912–1926Shōwa MilitarismFinancial crisisNanking incidentMukden IncidentInvasion of ManchuriaMay 15 incidentFebruary 26 incidentAnti-Comintern PactTripartite PactSecond Sino-Japanese WarWorld War IIAttack on Pearl HarborPacific WarAtomic bombingsSoviet–Japanese WarSurrender of JapanOccupation of JapanPostwar JapanAnpo protestsEconomic miracleAsset price bubble1926–1989Heisei Lost DecadesGreat Hanshin earthquakeCool JapanTōhoku earthquakeImperial transition 1989–2019ReiwaCOVID-19 pandemicAbe assassination 2019–present Topics Capital punishment Currency Earthquakes Economy Era names Education Empire Foreign relations Geography Historiography Religion Buddhism Christianity Islam Judaism Shinto Military Naval Politics Post-war Science and technology Sports World Heritage Sites Glossary History Timelinevte Tengen (天元) was a Japanese era (年号, nengō, "year name") after Jōgen and before Eikan. This period spanned the years from November 978 through April 983. The reigning emperor was En'yū-tennō (円融天皇). Change of era February 20, 978 Tengen gannen (天元元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Jōgen 3, on the 15th day of the 4th month of 978. Events of the Tengen era 978 (Tengen 1, 8th month): The emperor allowed the daughter of Fujiwara no Kaneie to be introduced into his household; and shortly thereafter, they had a son. 978 (Tengen 1, 10th month): Fujiwara no Yoritada was elevated to the position of Daijō-daijin; Minamoto no Masanobu was made Sadaijin; and, Fujiwara no Kaneie was made Udaijin. Notes ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tengen" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 958, p. 958, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 144–148; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 299–300; Varely, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 191–192. ^ Brown, p. 300. ^ a b Titisingh, p. 146. References Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 Varley, H. Paul. (1980). A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231049405; OCLC 6042764 External links National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection Preceded byJōgen Era or nengōTengen 978–983 Succeeded byEikan vteJapanese era names (nengō) by period538–1264AsukaHeianHeian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Heian (cont'd)Kamakura (cont'd) 645–650Taika650–654Hakuchi686–686Shuchō701–704Taihō704–708Keiun708–715Wadō Nara715–717Reiki717–724Yōrō724–729Jinki729–749Tenpyō749Tenpyō-kanpō749–757Tenpyō-shōhō757–765Tenpyō-hōji765–767Tenpyō-jingo767–770Jingo-keiun770–781Hōki781–782Ten'ō782–806Enryaku 806–810Daidō810–824Kōnin824–834Tenchō834–848Jōwa848–851Kashō851–854Ninju854–857Saikō857–859Ten'an859–877Jōgan877–885Gangyō885–889Ninna889–898Kanpyō898–901Shōtai901–923Engi923–931Enchō931–938Jōhei938–947Tengyō947–957Tenryaku957–961Tentoku961–964Ōwa 964–968Kōhō968–970Anna970–973Tenroku973–976Ten'en976–978Jōgen978–983Tengen983–985Eikan985–987Kanna987–988Eien988–990Eiso990–995Shōryaku995–999Chōtoku999–1004Chōhō1004–1012Kankō1012–1017Chōwa1017–1021Kannin1021–1024Jian1024–1028Manju1028–1037Chōgen1037–1040Chōryaku 1040–1044Chōkyū1044–1046Kantoku1046–1053Eishō1053–1058Tengi1058–1065Kōhei1065–1069Jiryaku1069–1074Enkyū1074–1077Jōhō1077–1081Jōryaku1081–1084Eihō1084–1087Ōtoku1087–1094Kanji1094–1096Kahō1096–1097Eichō1097–1099Jōtoku1099–1104Kōwa1104–1106Chōji1106–1108Kajō1108–1110Tennin1110–1113Ten'ei 1113–1118Eikyū1118–1120Gen'ei1120–1124Hōan1124–1126Tenji1126–1131Daiji1131–1132Tenshō1132–1135Chōshō1135–1141Hōen1141–1142Eiji1142–1144Kōji1144–1145Ten'yō1145–1151Kyūan1151–1154Ninpei1154–1156Kyūju1156–1159Hōgen1159–1160Heiji1160–1161Eiryaku1161–1163Ōhō1163–1165Chōkan1165–1166Eiman 1166–1169Nin'an1169–1171Kaō1171–1175Jōan1175–1177Angen1177–1181Jishō1181–1182Yōwa1182–1184Juei1184–1185Genryaku Kamakura1185–1190Bunji1190–1199Kenkyū1199–1201Shōji1201–1204Kennin1204–1206Genkyū1206–1207Ken'ei1207–1211Jōgen1211–1213Kenryaku1213–1219Kempo1219–1222Jōkyū 1222–1224Jōō1224–1225Gennin1225–1227Karoku1227–1229Antei1229–1232Kangi1232–1233Jōei1233–1234Tenpuku1234–1235Bunryaku1235–1238Katei1238–1239Ryakunin1239–1240En'ō1240–1243Ninji1243–1247Kangen1247–1249Hōji1249–1256Kenchō1256–1257Kōgen1257–1259Shōka1259–1260Shōgen1260–1261Bun'ō1261–1264Kōchō 1264–presentKamakura (cont'd)Nanboku-chōNanboku-chōMuromachi (cont'd)MomoyamaEdo (cont'd)Modern Japan 1264–1275Bun'ei1275–1278Kenji1278–1288Kōan1288–1293Shōō1293–1299Einin1299–1302Shōan1302–1303Kengen1303–1306Kagen1306–1308Tokuji1308–1311Enkyō1311–1312Ōchō1312–1317Shōwa1317–1319Bunpō1319–1321Gen'ō1321–1324Genkō1324–1326Shōchū1326–1329Karyaku1329–1331Gentoku1331–1334Genkōa1332–1333Shōkyōb Northern Court1334–1338Kenmu1338–1342Ryakuō1342–1345Kōei1345–1350Jōwa1350–1352Kannō1352–1356Bunna1356–1361Enbun1361–1362Kōan1362–1368Jōji1368–1375Ōan1375–1379Eiwa1379–1381Kōryaku1381–1384Eitoku1384–1387Shitoku1387–1389Kakei1389–1390Kōō1390–1394Meitokuc Southern Court1334–1336Kenmu1336–1340Engen1340–1346Kōkoku1346–1370Shōhei1370–1372Kentoku1372–1375Bunchū1375–1381Tenju1381–1384Kōwa1384–1392Genchūc Muromachi1394–1428Ōei1428–1429Shōchō1429–1441Eikyō1441–1444Kakitsu1444–1449Bun'an1449–1452Hōtoku 1452–1455Kyōtoku1455–1457Kōshō1457–1460Chōroku1460–1466Kanshō1466–1467Bunshō1467–1469Ōnin1469–1487Bunmei1487–1489Chōkyō1489–1492Entoku1492–1501Meiō1501–1521Bunki1504–1521Eishō1521–1528Daiei1528–1532Kyōroku1532–1555Tenbun1555–1558Kōji1558–1570Eiroku1570–1573Genki 1573–1592Tenshō1592–1596Bunroku1596–1615Keichō Edo1615–1624Genna1624–1644Kan'ei1644–1648Shōhō1648–1652Keian1652–1655Jōō1655–1658Meireki1658–1661Manji1661–1673Kanbun1673–1681Enpō1681–1684Tenna1684–1688Jōkyō1688–1704Genroku1704–1711Hōei1711–1716Shōtoku1716–1736Kyōhō 1736–1741Genbun1741–1744Kanpō1744–1748Enkyō1748–1751Kan'en1751–1764Hōreki1764–1772Meiwa1772–1781An'ei1781–1789Tenmei1789–1801Kansei1801–1804Kyōwa1804–1818Bunka1818–1830Bunsei1830–1844Tenpō1844–1848Kōka1848–1854Kaei1854–1860Ansei1860–1861Man'en1861–1864Bunkyū1864–1865Genji1865–1868Keiō 1868–1912Meiji1912–1926Taishō1926–1989Shōwa1989–2019Heisei2019–presentReiwa a Not recognized by the Northern Court, which retained Gentoku until 1332. b Not recognized by the Southern Court. c Genchū discontinued upon reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Jōgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dgen_(Heian_period)"},{"link_name":"Eikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eikan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"En'yū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_En%27y%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tengen (天元) was a Japanese era (年号, nengō, \"year name\") after Jōgen and before Eikan. This period spanned the years from November 978 through April 983.[1] The reigning emperor was En'yū-tennō (円融天皇).[2]","title":"Tengen (era)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"February 20, 978 Tengen gannen (天元元年): The new era name was created to mark an event or a number of events. The previous era ended and a new one commenced in Jōgen 3, on the 15th day of the 4th month of 978.[3]","title":"Change of era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kaneie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kaneie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t146-4"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Yoritada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Yoritada"},{"link_name":"Daijō-daijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-daijin"},{"link_name":"Minamoto no Masanobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_no_Masanobu"},{"link_name":"Sadaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaijin"},{"link_name":"Udaijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udaijin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-t146-4"}],"text":"978 (Tengen 1, 8th month): The emperor allowed the daughter of Fujiwara no Kaneie to be introduced into his household; and shortly thereafter, they had a son.[4]\n978 (Tengen 1, 10th month): Fujiwara no Yoritada was elevated to the position of Daijō-daijin; Minamoto no Masanobu was made Sadaijin; and, Fujiwara no Kaneie was made Udaijin.[4]","title":"Events of the Tengen era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA958"},{"link_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA958"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 144–148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t146_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-t146_4-1"},{"link_name":"p. 146.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9"}],"text":"^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). \"Tengen\" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 958, p. 958, at Google Books; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today.\n\n^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 144–148; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 299–300; Varely, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 191–192.\n\n^ Brown, p. 300.\n\n^ a b Titisingh, p. 146.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA958"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA958","external_links_name":"Japan Encyclopedia, p. 958"},{"Link":"http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709","external_links_name":"Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9","external_links_name":"Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 144–148"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9","external_links_name":"p. 146."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho","external_links_name":"Gukanshō: The Future and the Past."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323","external_links_name":"OCLC 251325323"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC","external_links_name":"Japan encyclopedia."},{"Link":"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition","external_links_name":"OCLC 58053128"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran","external_links_name":"Annales des empereurs du Japon."},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691","external_links_name":"OCLC 5850691"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6042764","external_links_name":"OCLC 6042764"},{"Link":"http://www.ndl.go.jp/koyomi/e/","external_links_name":"-- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamie_Magnusson	Mamie Magnusson	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 Bibliography","6 References","7 External links"]	Scottish newspaperwoman and author Mamie MagnussonBornMamie Ian Baird(1925-10-24)24 October 1925Rutherglen, ScotlandDied12 April 2012(2012-04-12) (aged 86)Balmore, ScotlandNationalityScottishKnown forNewspaper journalist and authorSpouse Magnus Magnusson (m. 1954; died 2007)Children5; including Sally and JonRelativesArchie Baird (brother) Mamie Ian Magnusson (née Baird; 24 October 1925 – 12 April 2012) was a pioneering Scottish newspaper journalist and author. Early life Baird and her twin sister Anna were born to a working class household in Rutherglen in 1925. Baird's middle name, Ian, was on account of the fact that her father, John (a janitor at Bankhead Primary School) had been expecting a boy. Her brother, Archie Baird, was a noted footballer for Aberdeen and Scotland in addition to being an escapee from a German prisoner-of-war camp. The two sisters attended Rutherglen Academy where Baird's desire to become a journalist was well known. Her Latin teacher mentioned the fact to a senior member of staff at The Sunday Post newspaper during a chance meeting. Baird was invited to submit a piece of writing which she submitted in a journalistic style and was rewarded with her first job in journalism as a result. Career Baird began her career as a journalist aged seventeen working for The Sunday Post in the nineteen forties before eventually being headhunted in 1947 by the Scottish Daily Express, the biggest selling daily newspaper of the time. Her big scoop came in October that year when she visited Birkhall in Deeside where Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were honeymooning. Though expecting to be turned away, Baird was surprised to be invited inside and was therefore able to give her readers an exclusive glimpse inside their honeymoon suite during a period of high interest in the newlyweds. It was also while working at the Scottish Daily Express that she met her future husband, the writer and presenter Magnus Magnusson. The couple married in 1954 and enjoyed the joke that he had only married her to get her job since he had been four years her junior at the paper. Taking maternity leave in the years that followed only paused her writing temporarily. Roger Wood, editor of the Express, visited Baird and urged her to continue to write columns for the paper where she had established herself. Baird continued to work as a freelance writer whilst bringing up the couple's children and it was not unknown for her to do half the researching and writing on books commissioned to her husband. Her own commissions, a history of the Women's Guild and a history of the Scottish Mutual Assurance were both well-received and she was a regular after dinner speaker for the Scottish Literary Agency. Personal life The family moved from Garrowhill to Balmore as it grew in size with a total of five offspring: Sally, Margaret, Anna, Jon and Siggy. Pre-deceased by husband Magnus and son Siggy, Mamie died on 12 April 2012, after suffering from dementia for eight years. She was 86 years old. Her eldest daughter, broadcaster Sally Magnusson, has since written a memoir, Where Memories Go: Why Dementia Changes Everything. Legacy In 1982, The Glasgow Herald columnist Jack Webster wrote of Baird:“Her secret springs from a wonderfully observant eye... She stood in her own right as Mamie Baird, one of the finest journalists of her day.” Bibliography Out of Silence: The Women's Guild (1887–1987) A Length of Days:The Scottish Mutual Assurance Society (1883–1983) References ^ a b c d e f g Davison, Phil (19 April 2012). "Obituary: Mamie Magnusson; made her name in journalism when women were rarely seen in news rooms". The Scotsman. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Mamie Magnusson". The Herald. Glasgow. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ a b Carlyle, Rachel (2 February 2014). "BBC presenter Sally Magnusson on her mum's battle with dementia". Daily Express. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ Tyzak, Anna (25 January 2014). "We must give dementia sufferers a good quality of life". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ a b Smith, Kenny (24 April 2012). "Rutherglen's Mamie Magnusson dies, aged 86". dailyrecord. Retrieved 27 August 2017. ^ Grant, Linda (31 January 2014). "Where Memories Go: Why Dementia Changes Everything by Sally Magnusson – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 September 2017. External links Photograph album of Mamie Baird on the BBC website. Interview with Sally Magnusson on her mother on the BBC Radio 4 website. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Australia	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Mamie Ian Magnusson (née Baird; 24 October 1925 – 12 April 2012)[1] was a pioneering Scottish newspaper journalist and author.","title":"Mamie Magnusson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rutherglen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Archie Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Baird"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Rutherglen Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherglen_Academy"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"}],"text":"Baird and her twin sister Anna were born to a working class household in Rutherglen in 1925.Baird's middle name, Ian, was on account of the fact that her father, John (a janitor at Bankhead Primary School) had been expecting a boy.[1] Her brother, Archie Baird, was a noted footballer for Aberdeen and Scotland in addition to being an escapee from a German prisoner-of-war camp.[2]The two sisters attended Rutherglen Academy where Baird's desire to become a journalist was well known. Her Latin teacher mentioned the fact to a senior member of staff at The Sunday Post newspaper during a chance meeting.[2] Baird was invited to submit a piece of writing which she submitted in a journalistic style and was rewarded with her first job in journalism as a result.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Scottish Daily Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Express"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Birkhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkhall"},{"link_name":"Deeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deeside"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Magnus Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Roger Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Wood_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Women's Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Guild"},{"link_name":"Scottish Mutual Assurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Mutual_Assurance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Scottish Literary Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Literary_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"}],"text":"Baird began her career as a journalist aged seventeen[3] working for The Sunday Post in the nineteen forties[4] before eventually being headhunted in 1947 by the Scottish Daily Express,[1][5] the biggest selling daily newspaper of the time.[5]Her big scoop came in October that year when she visited Birkhall in Deeside where Queen Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh were honeymooning. Though expecting to be turned away, Baird was surprised to be invited inside and was therefore able to give her readers an exclusive glimpse inside their honeymoon suite during a period of high interest in the newlyweds.[1][2]It was also while working at the Scottish Daily Express that she met her future husband, the writer and presenter Magnus Magnusson.[1] The couple married in 1954[1] and enjoyed the joke that he had only married her to get her job[2] since he had been four years her junior at the paper.[2]Taking maternity leave in the years that followed only paused her writing temporarily. Roger Wood, editor of the Express, visited Baird and urged her to continue to write columns for the paper where she had established herself.[2]Baird continued to work as a freelance writer whilst bringing up the couple's children[3] and it was not unknown for her to do half the researching and writing on books commissioned to her husband.[2] Her own commissions, a history of the Women's Guild and a history of the Scottish Mutual Assurance were both well-received[2] and she was a regular after dinner speaker for the Scottish Literary Agency.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Garrowhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrowhill"},{"link_name":"Balmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmore"},{"link_name":"Sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Magnusson"},{"link_name":"Jon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Magnusson_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"dementia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dementia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The family moved from Garrowhill to Balmore as it grew in size with a total of five offspring: Sally, Margaret, Anna, Jon and Siggy.[2]Pre-deceased by husband Magnus and son Siggy, Mamie died on 12 April 2012, after suffering from dementia for eight years. She was 86 years old.\n[2]Her eldest daughter, broadcaster Sally Magnusson, has since written a memoir, Where Memories Go: Why Dementia Changes Everything.[6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Glasgow Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In 1982, The Glasgow Herald columnist Jack Webster wrote of Baird:“Her secret springs from a wonderfully observant eye... She stood in her own right as Mamie Baird, one of the finest journalists of her day.”[1]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Out of Silence: The Women's Guild (1887–1987)\nA Length of Days:The Scottish Mutual Assurance Society (1883–1983)","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Davison, Phil (19 April 2012). \"Obituary: Mamie Magnusson; made her name in journalism when women were rarely seen in news rooms\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/obituary-mamie-magnusson-made-her-name-in-journalism-when-women-were-rarely-seen-in-news-rooms-1-2241495","url_text":"\"Obituary: Mamie Magnusson; made her name in journalism when women were rarely seen in news rooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mamie Magnusson\". The Herald. Glasgow. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/13054638.Mamie_Magnusson/","url_text":"\"Mamie Magnusson\""}]},{"reference":"Carlyle, Rachel (2 February 2014). \"BBC presenter Sally Magnusson on her mum's battle with dementia\". Daily Express. Retrieved 31 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/456976/BBC-presenter-Sally-Magnusson-on-her-mum-s-battle-with-dementia","url_text":"\"BBC presenter Sally Magnusson on her mum's battle with dementia\""}]},{"reference":"Tyzak, Anna (25 January 2014). \"We must give dementia sufferers a good quality of life\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/elder/10592553/We-must-give-dementia-sufferers-a-good-quality-of-life.html","url_text":"\"We must give dementia sufferers a good quality of life\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Kenny (24 April 2012). \"Rutherglen's Mamie Magnusson dies, aged 86\". dailyrecord. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/rutherglens-mamie-magnusson-dies-aged-2554376","url_text":"\"Rutherglen's Mamie Magnusson dies, aged 86\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Linda (31 January 2014). \"Where Memories Go: Why Dementia Changes Everything by Sally Magnusson – review\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_pitohui	Rusty pitohui	["1 Taxonomy and systematics","1.1 Subspecies","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","5 Status","6 References","7 External links"]	Species of bird Rusty pitohui Illustration by William Matthew Hart Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Pachycephalidae Genus: Pseudorectes Species: P. ferrugineus Binomial name Pseudorectes ferrugineus(Bonaparte, 1850) Subspecies See text Synonyms Colluricincla ferruginea Pitohui ferrugineus Rectes ferrugineus The rusty pitohui (Pseudorectes ferrugineus) is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae. It is found throughout the lowlands of the Aru Islands and New Guinea. Taxonomy and systematics The rusty pitohui was originally classified within the genus Rectes (a synonym for the genus Pitohui) until moved to Pseudorectes by the IOC in 2013. Alternatively, some other authorities classify the rusty pitohui in the genus Colluricincla. Alternate names for the rusty pitohui include the ferrugineous pitohui and rusty shrike-thrush. Subspecies P. f. leucorhynchus in Naturalis Biodiversity Center Six subspecies are recognized: P. f. leucorhynchus - (Gray, GR, 1862): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Rectes. Found on Waigeo (off western New Guinea) P. f. fuscus - (Greenway, 1966): Found on Batanta (off western New Guinea) P. f. brevipennis - (Hartert, 1896): Found on Aru Islands (off south-western New Guinea) P. f. ferrugineus - (Bonaparte, 1850): Found on Misool and Salawati (off south-western New Guinea) and north-western New Guinea P. f. holerythrus - (Salvadori, 1878): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Rectes. Found on Yapen (off north-western New Guinea) and north-central New Guinea P. f. clarus - (Meyer, AB, 1894): Found in eastern and southern New Guinea Description The rusty pitohui is a medium-sized, approximately 28 cm long, rusty brown songbird with a strong black bill, pale iris and yellowish-buff below. The subspecies P. f. leucorhynchus and P. f. fuscus of Waigeo and Batanta islands off Western New Guinea have a whitish bill. It is the largest member of its family. Both sexes are similar. Distribution and habitat The rusty pitohui is distributed and endemic to lowland and hill forests of New Guinea, Aru Island and West Papuan islands. Behaviour and ecology The rusty pitohui is usually seen in small parties, mixed with other gregarious species. It builds a deep, cup-shaped nest of sticks, leaves and stems in a fork of a tree. Status Widespread and common throughout its habitat range, the rusty pitohui is evaluated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. References ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Pseudorectes ferrugineus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22705583A130391308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705583A130391308.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "IOC World Bird List 3.4". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.3.4. ^ "IOC World Bird List 6.3". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.6.3. External links BirdLife Species Factsheet Taxon identifiersPseudorectes ferrugineus Wikidata: Q27075313 Wikispecies: Pitohui ferrugineus ADW: Pitohui_ferrugineus Avibase: FF953F550AF40394 BirdLife: 22705583 BOLD: 750094 BOW: ruspit1 CoL: 6WH42 eBird: ruspit1 GBIF: 7574554 iNaturalist: 201136 ITIS: 916837 IUCN: 22705583 NCBI: 1743254 Observation.org: 75347 Open Tree of Life: 89237 Xeno-canto: Pseudorectes-ferrugineus This Pachycephalidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Pachycephalidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachycephalidae"},{"link_name":"Aru Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aru_Islands"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"}],"text":"The rusty pitohui (Pseudorectes ferrugineus) is a species of bird in the family Pachycephalidae. It is found throughout the lowlands of the Aru Islands and New Guinea.","title":"Rusty pitohui"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitohui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitohui_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Colluricincla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colluricincla"}],"text":"The rusty pitohui was originally classified within the genus Rectes (a synonym for the genus Pitohui) until moved to Pseudorectes by the IOC in 2013.[2] Alternatively, some other authorities classify the rusty pitohui in the genus Colluricincla. Alternate names for the rusty pitohui include the ferrugineous pitohui and rusty shrike-thrush.","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.130620_1_-_Pitohui_ferrugineus_leucorhynchus_(Gray,_1862)_-_Pachycephalidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Gray, GR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Gray"},{"link_name":"Rectes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitohui_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Waigeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waigeo"},{"link_name":"Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greenway"},{"link_name":"Batanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batanta"},{"link_name":"Hartert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hartert"},{"link_name":"Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lucien_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Misool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misool"},{"link_name":"Salawati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salawati"},{"link_name":"Salvadori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_Salvadori"},{"link_name":"Yapen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapen"},{"link_name":"Meyer, AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Bernhard_Meyer"}],"sub_title":"Subspecies","text":"P. f. leucorhynchus in Naturalis Biodiversity CenterSix subspecies are recognized:[3]P. f. leucorhynchus - (Gray, GR, 1862): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Rectes. Found on Waigeo (off western New Guinea)\nP. f. fuscus - (Greenway, 1966): Found on Batanta (off western New Guinea)\nP. f. brevipennis - (Hartert, 1896): Found on Aru Islands (off south-western New Guinea)\nP. f. ferrugineus - (Bonaparte, 1850): Found on Misool and Salawati (off south-western New Guinea) and north-western New Guinea\nP. f. holerythrus - (Salvadori, 1878): Originally described as a separate species in the genus Rectes. Found on Yapen (off north-western New Guinea) and north-central New Guinea\nP. f. clarus - (Meyer, AB, 1894): Found in eastern and southern New Guinea","title":"Taxonomy and systematics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"songbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songbird"},{"link_name":"bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beak"},{"link_name":"Western New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_New_Guinea"}],"text":"The rusty pitohui is a medium-sized, approximately 28 cm long, rusty brown songbird with a strong black bill, pale iris and yellowish-buff below. The subspecies P. f. leucorhynchus and P. f. fuscus of Waigeo and Batanta islands off Western New Guinea have a whitish bill. It is the largest member of its family. Both sexes are similar.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Papuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(region)"}],"text":"The rusty pitohui is distributed and endemic to lowland and hill forests of New Guinea, Aru Island and West Papuan islands.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The rusty pitohui is usually seen in small parties, mixed with other gregarious species. It builds a deep, cup-shaped nest of sticks, leaves and stems in a fork of a tree.","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_20_November_2021-1"}],"text":"Widespread and common throughout its habitat range, the rusty pitohui is evaluated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]","title":"Status"}]	[{"image_text":"P. f. leucorhynchus in Naturalis Biodiversity Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.130620_1_-_Pitohui_ferrugineus_leucorhynchus_%28Gray%2C_1862%29_-_Pachycephalidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg/220px-Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center_-_RMNH.AVES.130620_1_-_Pitohui_ferrugineus_leucorhynchus_%28Gray%2C_1862%29_-_Pachycephalidae_-_bird_skin_specimen.jpeg"}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Pseudorectes ferrugineus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22705583A130391308. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705583A130391308.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22705583/130391308","url_text":"\"Pseudorectes ferrugineus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705583A130391308.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22705583A130391308.en"}]},{"reference":"\"IOC World Bird List 3.4\". IOC World Bird List Datasets. doi:10.14344/ioc.ml.3.4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/crossref","url_text":"\"IOC World Bird List 3.4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14344%2Fioc.ml.3.4","url_text":"10.14344/ioc.ml.3.4"}]},{"reference":"\"IOC World Bird List 6.3\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Perazzoli	Ettore Perazzoli	["1 Biography","2 External links"]	Italian software developer Ettore PerazzoliEttore Perazzoli in Paris during GUADEC 2000Born(1974-06-15)June 15, 1974Milan, ItalyDied10 December 2003(2003-12-10) (aged 29) Ettore Perazzoli (June 15, 1974 - December 10, 2003) was an Italian free software developer. Biography Born in Milan, Italy, he studied Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano university. He wrote a port of x64, a Commodore 64 emulator for Unix, to DOS, thus turning it into a cross-platform emulator, which was renamed to VICE. He has been a maintainer of VICE for many years, and started the Microsoft Windows port, which is now the most popular version of VICE. He then started contributing to GNOME, a Linux desktop environment. He helped in writing GtkHTML, Nautilus and Evolution. Close friend of Nat Friedman and Miguel de Icaza, he was invited by them to work for the company they founded, Ximian. He accepted and in 2001 moved to Boston, United States, where Ximian was headquartered. At Ximian he led the effort to create Evolution and remained the project manager until he died. He started writing an application for managing digital photo albums, in C#, for personal use. On November 8, 2003, he published it on GNOME Concurrent Versions System (CVS) server, with the name F-Spot. On December 12, 2003, the GnomeDesktop.org website announced his death. External links "Article on GnomeDesktop announcing Ettore's death". Archived from the original on October 12, 2004. Retrieved June 15, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Article on Barrapunto about Ettore Perazzoli's death (in Spanish) Authority control databases: Academics DBLP This biographical article relating to a computer specialist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people"},{"link_name":"free software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software"}],"text":"Ettore Perazzoli (June 15, 1974 - December 10, 2003) was an Italian free software developer.","title":"Ettore Perazzoli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Politecnico di Milano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politecnico_di_Milano"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"cross-platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform"},{"link_name":"VICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VICE"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"GNOME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"GtkHTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GtkHTML&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_file_manager"},{"link_name":"Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(software)"},{"link_name":"Nat Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Miguel de Icaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza"},{"link_name":"Ximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximian"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ximian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximian"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Concurrent Versions System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_Versions_System"},{"link_name":"F-Spot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Spot"}],"text":"Born in Milan, Italy, he studied Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano university. He wrote a port of x64, a Commodore 64 emulator for Unix, to DOS, thus turning it into a cross-platform emulator, which was renamed to VICE. He has been a maintainer of VICE for many years, and started the Microsoft Windows port, which is now the most popular version of VICE.He then started contributing to GNOME, a Linux desktop environment. He helped in writing GtkHTML, Nautilus and Evolution. Close friend of Nat Friedman and Miguel de Icaza, he was invited by them to work for the company they founded, Ximian. He accepted and in 2001 moved to Boston, United States, where Ximian was headquartered.At Ximian he led the effort to create Evolution and remained the project manager until he died.He started writing an application for managing digital photo albums, in C#, for personal use. On November 8, 2003, he published it on GNOME Concurrent Versions System (CVS) server, with the name F-Spot.On December 12, 2003, the GnomeDesktop.org website announced his death.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Article on GnomeDesktop announcing Ettore's death\". Archived from the original on October 12, 2004. Retrieved June 15, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041012105803/http://www.gnomedesktop.org/article.php?sid=1523","url_text":"\"Article on GnomeDesktop announcing Ettore's death\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041012105803/http://www.gnomedesktop.org/article.php?sid=1523","external_links_name":"\"Article on GnomeDesktop announcing Ettore's death\""},{"Link":"http://barrapunto.com/article.pl?sid=03/12/16/1750214","external_links_name":"Article on Barrapunto about Ettore Perazzoli's death (in Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/14/404","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ettore_Perazzoli&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_Pools	Shallow Pools	["1 Career","1.1 Origin","1.2 Spring - EP & Singles (2018–2020)","1.3 headspace EP (2021)","1.4 Signing to Equal Vision (2022)","2 Personal lives","3 Band members","3.1 Current members","4 Musical style","5 Discography","5.1 Extended plays","5.2 Singles","5.3 Music videos","6 Awards and nominations","7 References","8 External links"]	American indie pop band This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (May 2022) shallow poolsShallow pools performing at State Theater in Portland, Maine, 2022, by Mac PraedBackground informationOriginBoston, Massachusetts, U.S.GenresIndie popsynth-popshimmer popYears active2018 (2018)–presentLabelsESI, Equal VisionMembers Ali Ajemian Glynnis Brennan Jess Gromada Haley Senft Websiteshallowpools.com Shallow Pools (stylized as shallow pools) is an American indie pop band based in Boston, Massachusetts. The band has four members, drummer Ali Ajemian, lead vocalist Glynnis Brennan, guitarist Jess Gromada and bassist Haley Senft. Career Origin Friends since middle school, Jess Gromada and Glynnis Brennan befriended Ali Ajemian once they entered high school. They all loved playing music together and started by playing acoustic cover songs in 2012, originally under the name Patella Talk; before deciding in 2016 to begin writing their own music under the name Self Titled, before ultimately choosing to begin releasing under the name shallow pools in 2018. Shortly after deciding on the name, they met songwriter and producer Chris Curran, who helped to shape the sound and direction of the new project. In July 2019, Haley Senft joined the band as a live bassist exclusively before becoming an official member later that year. Spring - EP & Singles (2018–2020) The band expressed their desire to "promote inclusivity" and to "create a safe space for listeners to express themselves through their music." With their message, they released their debut single as shallow pools, "It's A You Thing.", in July 2018, followed by "Sinking" in August of that same year. On March 8, 2019, the band's debut EP Spring, was released. The EP was met with praise, with Alt Corner commenting on Glynnis' "emotive vocals" and the songs "deliciously melodic choruses". The quartet went on to release four singles throughout 2020: "Haunted", "Bloom", "Afterlight" and "Turnaround". headspace EP (2021) The band began 2021 by releasing new music through ESI Records, marking a new era for the band, and put out a single on January 15, 2021, titled "ice water" with a music video released the same day. This release is a notable contrast from their earlier work; the band noting that the coming releases are "a departure from the music we’ve made in the past, but it’s the perfect bridge between our old and new sound." On February 19, 2021, the second single was released, titled "glow", with another official music video. On March 26, 2021, the third single was released, titled "nothing new", with another official music video. On April 30, 2021, the fourth single was released, titled "it's alright", with another official music video. On June 4, 2021, headspace EP was released along with the fifth and final single, titled "gardens", with another official music video. Signing to Equal Vision (2022) In November 2022 the band signed to Equal Vision Records and released a new single, "Say What You Want". Personal lives All four members are active politically and socially engaged. They are all advocates for LGBTQ equality, as well as members of the community themselves. In 2020, the band created a t-shirt inspired by their single "Turnaround", and donated all proceeds to the Marsha P. Johnson Institute, which defends and protects the rights of black transgender people. Band members Current members Ali Ajemian – drums Glynnis Brennan – lead vocals Jess Gromada – guitar Haley Senft – bass Musical style shallow pools' musical style has been described as indie pop and glimmer pop, and has cited as musical and career influences Lights, Fickle Friends and Dua Lipa. Discography Extended plays - Spring, (2019) - headspace, (2021) - daydreaming, (2022) Singles Title Year Album "It's A You Thing." 2018 Spring "Sinking" "Haunted" 2020 "Bloom" "Afterlight" "Turnaround" "ice water" 2021 headspace "glow" "nothing new" "it's alright" "gardens" "everything is fine" 2022 "circles (feat. Trey Miller of Cherie Amour)" 2022 "bitter" 2022 daydreaming "wildflower" "everything is fine" "circles (feat. Trey Miller of Cherie Amour)" "heavy on my heart" Music videos Title Year Director Ref. "It's A You Thing." 2018 Ali Ajemian and Andrew Young "haunted" 2020 Burke Cullinane "turnaround" "ice water" 2021 Mercedes Arn-Horn "glow" "nothing new" 2021 Dana Verdecchio "it's alright" "gardens" "Everything is Fine" 2022 Dana Verdecchio and Ali Ajemian Awards and nominations Boston Music Awards Year Recipient/work Award Result Ref. 2019 shallow pools New Artist of the Year Nominated 2021 shallow pools Pop Artist of the Year Nominated 2021 shallow pools Album/EP of the Year (headspace) Nominated 2021 shallow pools Song of the Year (ice water) Nominated References ^ Stitched Sound (14 September 2019)"https://stitchedsound.com/interview-with-shallow-pools/" Stitched Sound. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ vanyaland (24 May 2019) "https://vanyaland.com/2019/05/24/studio-52-featured-band-of-the-week-shallow-pools/" vanyaland. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ White, Logan (9 January 2020) "https://substreammagazine.com/2020/01/premiere-shallow-pools-haunted/" Substream Magazine. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Howell, Kailey (13 July 2018) "https://resurgetmag.com/2018/07/13/shallow-pools-debut-single-its-a-you-thing/"Resurget Magazine. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Elicit Magazine (24 August 2018) "https://www.elicitmagazine.com/shallow-pools-sinking/"Elicit Magazine. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Biddlecombe, Brad (25 March 2019) "https://altcorner.com/reviews/shallow-pools-spring-ep-review/" Alt Corner. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ White, Logan (9 January 2020) "https://substreammagazine.com/2020/01/premiere-shallow-pools-haunted/" Substream Magazine. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Jarod (14 February 2020) "https://volatileweekly.com/2020/02/shallow-pools-share-new-song-bloom/" Volatile Weekly. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Marotta, Michael (24 April 2020)"https://vanyaland.com/2020/04/24/shallow-pools-shine-through-pops-dark-side-afterlight/" Vanyaland. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Alt Press (16 June 2020) "https://www.altpress.com/features/shallow-pools-turnaround-video/#:~:text=Composed%20of%20drummer%20Ali%20Ajemian,for%20listeners%20to%20express%20themselves.%E2%80%9D" Alternative Press. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ "shallow pools - ice water (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ Marotta, Michael (15 January 2020) "https://vanyaland.com/2021/01/15/shallow-pools-confront-mental-health-and-quarantine-with-ice-water/" Vanyaland. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ "shallow pools - glow (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - nothing new (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - it's alright (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved April 30, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - gardens (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ Leah (14 August 2018) "https://music.allaccess.com/an-interview-with-the-alt-pop-rck-band-shallow-pools-on-their-newest-music-and-more/"All Access Music. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Alt Press (16 June 2020) "https://www.altpress.com/features/shallow-pools-turnaround-video/#:~:text=Composed%20of%20drummer%20Ali%20Ajemian,for%20listeners%20to%20express%20themselves.%E2%80%9D" Alternative Press. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ Lisa (20 January 2021) "https://hauntedpublications.com/review-ice-water-by-shallow-pools/" Haunted Publications. Retrieved 20 February 2021 ^ "shallow pools - It's A You Thing. (Official Music Video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - haunted (official music video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - turnaround (Official Music Video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - ice water (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - glow (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - nothing new (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - it's alright (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved April 30, 2021. ^ "shallow pools - gardens (Official Video)". YouTube. Retrieved June 4, 2021. ^ "Here are the nominees in the 2019 Boston Music Awards". September 20, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2021. External links Official website Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"}],"text":"Shallow Pools (stylized as shallow pools) is an American indie pop band based in Boston, Massachusetts. The band has four members, drummer Ali Ajemian, lead vocalist Glynnis Brennan, guitarist Jess Gromada and bassist Haley Senft.","title":"Shallow Pools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"Friends since middle school, Jess Gromada and Glynnis Brennan befriended Ali Ajemian once they entered high school. They all loved playing music together and started by playing acoustic cover songs in 2012, originally under the name Patella Talk; before deciding in 2016 to begin writing their own music under the name Self Titled, before ultimately choosing to begin releasing under the name shallow pools in 2018.[1][2]Shortly after deciding on the name, they met songwriter and producer Chris Curran, who helped to shape the sound and direction of the new project.[citation needed] In July 2019, Haley Senft joined the band as a live bassist exclusively before becoming an official member later that year.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Spring - EP & Singles (2018–2020)","text":"The band expressed their desire to \"promote inclusivity\" and to \"create a safe space for listeners to express themselves through their music.\"[3] With their message, they released their debut single as shallow pools, \"It's A You Thing.\", in July 2018,[4] followed by \"Sinking\" in August of that same year.[5]On March 8, 2019, the band's debut EP Spring, was released. The EP was met with praise, with Alt Corner commenting on Glynnis' \"emotive vocals\" and the songs \"deliciously melodic choruses\".[6]The quartet went on to release four singles throughout 2020: \"Haunted\", \"Bloom\", \"Afterlight\" and \"Turnaround\".[7][8][9][10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESI Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ESI_Records&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"headspace EP (2021)","text":"The band began 2021 by releasing new music through ESI Records, marking a new era for the band, and put out a single on January 15, 2021, titled \"ice water\" with a music video released the same day.[11] This release is a notable contrast from their earlier work; the band noting that the coming releases are \"a departure from the music we’ve made in the past, but it’s the perfect bridge between our old and new sound.\"[12]On February 19, 2021, the second single was released, titled \"glow\", with another official music video.[13]On March 26, 2021, the third single was released, titled \"nothing new\", with another official music video.[14]On April 30, 2021, the fourth single was released, titled \"it's alright\", with another official music video.[15]On June 4, 2021, headspace EP was released along with the fifth and final single, titled \"gardens\", with another official music video.[16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equal Vision Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Vision_Records"}],"sub_title":"Signing to Equal Vision (2022)","text":"In November 2022 the band signed to Equal Vision Records and released a new single, \"Say What You Want\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marsha P. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"All four members are active politically and socially engaged. They are all advocates for LGBTQ equality, as well as members of the community themselves.[17]In 2020, the band created a t-shirt inspired by their single \"Turnaround\", and donated all proceeds to the Marsha P. Johnson Institute, which defends and protects the rights of black transgender people.[18]","title":"Personal lives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocals"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"}],"sub_title":"Current members","text":"Ali Ajemian – drums\nGlynnis Brennan – lead vocals\nJess Gromada – guitar\nHaley Senft – bass","title":"Band members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_pop"},{"link_name":"Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Fickle Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fickle_Friends"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"shallow pools' musical style has been described as indie pop and glimmer pop, and has cited as musical and career influences Lights, Fickle Friends and Dua Lipa.[19]","title":"Musical style"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"- Spring, (2019)- headspace, (2021)- daydreaming, (2022)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Music_Awards"}],"text":"Boston Music Awards","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"shallow pools - ice water (Official Video)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_NCAA_Division_I_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships	1975 NCAA Division I Swimming and Diving Championships	["1 Team standings","2 See also","3 References"]	American college aquatic sports competition 1975 NCAA Division I Swimming and Diving ChampionshipsHost city Cleveland, OhioDate(s)March 1975Venue(s)CSU NatatoriumCleveland State University← 1974 1976 → The 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1975 at the Cleveland State University Natatorium at Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio at the 52nd annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States. USC again topped the team standings, the Trojans' second consecutive title and seventh overall. Team standings Note: Top 10 only (H) = Hosts (DC) = Defending champions Full results Rank Team Points USC (DC) 344 Indiana 274 UCLA 180 4 Tennessee 174 5 Alabama 165 6 Stanford 138 7 Washington 126 8 Auburn 88 9 Miami (FL) 65 10 Ohio State 48 See also List of college swimming and diving teams References ^ "NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championship" (PDF). NCAA. NCAA.org. pp. 7–9. Retrieved September 17, 2016. vteNCAA Division I Men's Swimming and Diving ChampionshipsPre-Team Championship 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 Team Championship 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Records All-time individual records All-time team records Appearances vte1974–75 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Basketball Cross country Fencing Football Golf Gymnastics Ice hockey Lacrosse Skiing Soccer Swimming and diving Tennis Indoor track and field Outdoor track and field Volleyball Water polo Wrestling Until 1981–82, all championships for men only	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Swimming_and_Diving_Championships"},{"link_name":"Cleveland State University Natatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_State_University_Natatorium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleveland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_State_University"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_swimming_and_diving"}],"text":"The 1975 NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships were contested in March 1975 at the Cleveland State University Natatorium at Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio at the 52nd annual NCAA-sanctioned swim meet to determine the team and individual national champions of Division I men's collegiate swimming and diving in the United States.USC again topped the team standings, the Trojans' second consecutive title and seventh overall.","title":"1975 NCAA Division I Swimming and Diving Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Note: Top 10 only\n(H) = Hosts\n(DC) = Defending champions\nFull results[1]","title":"Team standings"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of college swimming and diving teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_swimming_and_diving_teams"}]	[{"reference":"\"NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championship\" (PDF). NCAA. NCAA.org. pp. 7–9. Retrieved September 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/swimming_champs_records/2014-15/D1men14.pdf","url_text":"\"NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championship\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/swimming_champs_records/2014-15/D1men14.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NCAA Men's Division I Swimming and Diving Championship\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masood_Ashar	Masood Ashar	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Works","3.1 As writer","3.2 As translator","4 Death","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]	Pakistani novelist, translator, columnist (died 2021) SI PPMasood Asharمسعود اشعرBorn10 February 1931 (1931-02-10)Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, British RajDied5 July 2021 (2021-07-06) (aged 90)Lahore, PakistanNationalityPakistaniOccupation(s)Short story writer, novelist, translator, journalist and columnistAwards2010 – Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan2015 – Sitara-i-Imtiaz Award by the Government of Pakistan Masood Ahmad Khan (Urdu: مسعود اشعر‎; Masʻūd Ashʻar; 10 February 1931/1931 – 5 July 2021), better known as Masood Ashar, was a Pakistani Urdu short story writer, novelist, journalist, columnist and translator. On 23 March 2010, he was awarded the Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan. In 2015, he received Sitara-i-Imtiaz award, third-highest civilian award of Pakistan. Early life Masood Ashar was born on 10 February 1931, in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India. Ashar completed his early education from the Madrasa-i-Aliya in Rampur. He did his matriculation from Allahabad board in 1948 and did his graduation from Agra. Career In 1951, Ashar migrated to Pakistan after completing his graduation and lived in Lahore and Multan where he worked for Zamindar, Daily Imroze, Roznama Ahsan and weekly Aasaar. In 1954, when he joined Urdu Daily Imroze as senior sub-editor then during that period Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi was the editor of Imroz. In 1958, Masood Ashar became the resident editor of Imroz, Multan. In 1978, during Gen Zia’s dictatorial regime, when massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills happened then Masood Ashar printed the news of the accident in Daily Imroze. As a punishment, he was transferred from Multan to Lahore. In 1983, he was sacked from his job when he signed a demand for revival of democracy in the country. In 1988, during the government of Benazir Bhutto, he was reinstated to his post and he retired from the newspaper, Daily Imroze as its editor. In 1992, he was associated with a publishing house called Mashal. He frequently visited literary gatherings of the Pak Tea House. Works Masood Ashar had written several poems and short stories. In 1948, his first short story was published in Fasana, a journal from Allahabad. In 1964, after a long gap, he returned to writing short stories and his story was published in Savera. He wrote short stories, Ankhon Par Dono Hath in 1974, Saray Afsanay in 1987, Apna Ghar in 2004, Sawal Kahani in 2019. The Oxford University Press published Intikhab: Masood Ashar, a selection of Masood Ashar short stories which was edited by Asif Farrukhi. As writer Pakistani Adab-1993 Bismillah Ka Gumbad As translator Zindagi Se Najat Death Masood Ashar died in Lahore on 5 July 2021. He was buried in Lahore. Thousands of people attended the funeral prayers of Masood Ashar including Atta-ul-Haq Qasmi and Asghar Nadeem Syed. He is survived by two sons and two daughters. Pakistani Minister for Information and Broadcasting Fawad Chaudhry, Pakistan Academy of Letters chairman, Yousuf Khushk and Punjab Chief Minister Sardar Usman Bazdar expressed deep sorrow and grief. Working body of Arts Council of Pakistan also expressed deep sorrow and grief over the sad demise of Masood Ashar. Awards 2010, Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan. 2015, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, third-highest civilian award of Pakistan. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Journalist, fiction writer Masood Ashar passes away in Lahore". Dawn (newspaper). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ a b c d e f "ممتاز افسانہ نگار اور صحافی مسعود اشعر سپرد خاک (Prominent novelist and journalist Masood Asher buried)". City 42 (in Urdu). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ a b "Eminent Journalist, Short Story Writer Masood Ashar Dies Aged 90". Naya Daur. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ a b List of civil awards winners (civil awards in Pakistan are announced on 14 August each year and then ACTUALLY CONFERRED on Pakistan Day (23 March) the next year) Dawn (newspaper), Published 16 August 2009, Retrieved 19 July 2023 ^ a b "صدارتی تمغہ برائے حسن کارکردگی۔ مسعود اشعر (Pride of Performance- Masood Ashar)". Tareekh e Pakistan website. ^ "Intikhab: Masood Ashar". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "pakistani adab-1993". Rekhta. Retrieved 6 July 2021. ^ "(Masood Ashar-fiction) مسعود اشعر - افسانہ". Rekhta. Retrieved 6 July 2021. ^ "Zindagi Se Najat by Yonge Hakim". Rekhta. Retrieved 6 July 2021. ^ "معروف افسانہ نگار اور صحافی مسعود اشعر سپرد خاک". Daily Jang. Retrieved 7 July 2021. ^ News Desk (7 July 2021). "Fawad grieved over Masood Ashar's demise". Pakistan Observer. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ a b c "PAL chairman condoles demise of eminent writer". The News International. Retrieved 9 July 2021. ^ "Public service core agenda of PTI govt: CM Says one could dare stop journey of development, transparency". Pakistan Observer. ^ "Chief Minister Condoles Death Of Columnists Masood Ashar". UrduPoint. ^ "ممتاز فکشن نگار اور صحافی مسعود اشعر لاہور میں انتقال کرگئے". Daily Express. ^ "صحافی و کالم نگار مسعود اشعر انتقال کرگئے". Daily Jang. 5 July 2021. External links QUICKFIRE: ‘ABOUT ELEVEN’ QUESTIONS WITH MASOOD ASHAR Dawn (newspaper) vteRecipients of the Pride of Performance for Arts1950s Abdur Rehman Chughtai (1958) Zainul Abedin (1958) Hafeez Jalandhari (1958) Professor Abdus Salam (1958) 1960s Roshan Ara Begum (1960) Fateh Ali Khan (Qawwali singer) (1960) Tassaduq Hussain (1960) Sadequain (1962) Mehdi Ali Mirza (1962) Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum (1962) Ahmed Mohiuddin (1962) Allah Bakhsh (1963) Shahid Ahmad Dehlvi (1963) Noor Jehan (1965) A.S.M. Qamarul Hasan (1965) Zubaida Agha (1965) Ferdausi Begum (1965) Sharif Khan Poonchwaley (1965) Imtiaz Ali Taj (1965) Salimuzzaman Siddiqui (1966) Shakir Ali (1966) Khwaja Moinuddin (1966) Ayat Ali Khan (1966) Ustad Haji Mohammad Sharif (1967) Munshi Raziuddin (1967) Rafi Peer (1967) Ali Imam (1968) Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi (1968) Amanat Ali Khan (1969) Bade Fateh Ali Khan (1969) Leila Arjumand Banu (1969) Umeed Ali Khan (1969) Mohammad Kibria (1969) Anna Molka Ahmed (1969) 1970s Ismail Gulgee (1970) Farida Khanum (1970) Naheed Niazi (1970) Muslehuddin (1970) Ustad Gul Mohammad Khan (1971) S. M. Ikram (1971) Iqbal Bano (1974) Salamat Ali Khan (1977) Munir Sarhadi (1978) Ahmed Parvez (1978) Ustad Manzoor Ali Khan (1978) Sabri Brothers (1978) Ibn-e-Insha (1978) Faiz Mohammad Baloch (1979) Khamiso Khan (1979) Kishwar Sultan (1979) Ustad Fateh Ali Khan (Sitar Nawaz) (1979) Ghulam Ali (1979) Alam Lohar (1979) Mureed Buledi (1979) Misri Khan Jamali (1979) Pathanay Khan (1979) Mohammad Azam Chishti (1979) Ashfaq Ahmed (1979) Nabi Bakhsh Baloch (1979) 1980s Mohammad Qavi Khan (1980) Ustad Khyal Muhammad (1980) Allan Fakir (1980) Sohail Rana (1980) Khalid Iqbal (1980) Aazar Zubi (1980) Malika Pukhraj (1980) Muhammad Juman (1980) Qari Shakir Qasmi (1981) Nasir Jahan (1981) Mansoor Tabish (1981) Qari Syed Ali Sharfuddin Yemni (1981) Nanhe Ali Khan (music performer))(1981) Roohi Bano (1981) Alexander Robert (1981) Mai Bhagi (1981) Mirza Adeeb (1981) Uzma Gillani (1982) Qari Ubaidur Rehman (1982) Talat Hussain (1982) Tufail Niazi (1982) Reshma (1982) Arsh Muneer (1983) Ustad Nazar Hussain (1983) Atta Shad (1983) Qari Waheed Zafar Qasmi (1984) Begum Khurshid Mirza (1984) Abida Parveen (1984) Muhammad Ali (1984) Sayed Nafees al-Hussaini, Nafees Raqam (1985) Ustad Chhote Ghulam Ali Khan (1985) Bundu Khan (1985) Mehdi Hasan (1985) Shaukat Hussain (1985) Qari Ghulam Rasool (1985) Siddiq Ismail (1985) Abid Ali (1985) Syed Mehmood Ali (1985) Sabiha Khanum (1986) Shahzad Khalil (1986) Suraiya Multanikar (1986) Firdous Jamal (1986) Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan(1986) Azhar Lodhi (1986) Riaz Batalvi (1986) Intizar Hussain (1986) Amjad Islam Amjad (1987) Ustad Abdul Majeed Dehlvi (1987) Haseena Moin (1987) Aadil Salahuddin (1987) Sain Akhtar Hussain (1987) Qari Izhar Ahmed Thanvi (1987) Shaista Zaid (1988) Ghulam Hassan Shaggan (1988) Mustafa Qureshi (1988) Muzaffar Warsi (1988) Qazi Wajid (1988) Ustad Kabir Khan (1989) Ghulam Ahmed Chishti (1989) Musarrat Nazir (1989) Shafi Mohammad Shah (1989) Kamal Ahmed Rizvi (1989) Jameel Bismil (1989) Bushra Ansari (1989) Ameer Khan (1989) Amjad Hussain (1989) Ustad Salamat Ali Khan (1989) Aziz Mian (1989) Talish (1989) Maharaj Ghulam Hussain Kathak (1989) Jamil Naqsh (1989) Enver Sajjad (1989) 1990s Salim Nasir (1990) Daud Kamal (1990) Khalid Hameed Baig (1990) Shaukat Ali (1990) Ustad Sadiq Ali Khan Mando (1990) Ustad Hamid Ali Khan (1990) Ustad Fateh Ali Khan (Gwalior gharana) (1990) Mushtaq Gazdar (1990) Ahmed Saeed Nagi (1990) Qari Mohammad Fida (1990) Parveen Shakir (1990) Iftikhar Arif (1990) Ibrahim Jalees (1990) Jamiluddin Aali (1991) Khursheed Alam known as Gohar Qalam (1991) Khayyam Sarhadi (1991) Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi (1991) Ata ul Haq Qasmi (1991) Nayyar Ali Dada (1992) Shakeel (Yousuf Kamal) (1992) Noor Mohammad Lashari (1992) Tariq Aziz (1992) Mustansar Hussain Tarar (1992) Pervez Malik (1992) Jawed Iqbal (1992) Mian Ijazul Hasan (1992) Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman (1992) Munir Niazi (1992) Naseem Hijazi (1992) Mian Sheheryar (1992) Waheed Qureshi (1993) Ismail Shahid (1993) Saeed Akhtar (1993) Ali Ejaz (1993) S.H. Hashmi (1993) Syed Manzoorul Kaunain (1993) Qari Syed Buzurg Shah Al-Azhari (1993) Agha Nasir (1993) Farooq Qaiser (1993) Bashir Mirza (1994) Ahmad Bashir (1994) Shahid Jalal (1994) Qari Mohammad Younus (1994) Qari Syed Ali Abid Naqvi (1994) Mehr Abdul Haq (1994) Nisar Bazmi (1994) Hamid Ali Bela (1994) Zareena Baloch (1994) Anwar Maqsood (1994) Shujaat Hashmi (1994) Qateel Shifai (1994) Zamir Niazi (1994)) Tufail Hoshiarpuri (1994) Nahid Siddiqui (1994)) Laeeq Ahmed (1994) Abdus Salam (newscaster) (1994) Allah Rakha (sarangi) (1995) Ustad Talib Hussain Khan (1995) Colin David (1995) Shoaib Hashmi (1995) Rauf Khalid (1995) Laila Shahzada (1995) Hajra Masroor (1995) Khursheed Ahmad (1996) Mashooq Sultan (1996) Safeerullah Lehri (1996) Afzal Ahsan Randhawa (1996) Qari Noor Mohammad (1996) Rubina Khalid (1996) Fatima Surayya Bajia (1996) Sehba Akhtar (1996) Mohammad Ali Shah (surgeon) (1996) Ahmad Rahi (1997) Ahmed Ghulam Ali Chagla (1997) Nadeem Baig (1997) Abdul Hameed (1997) Masroor Anwar (1997) Ahmad Ali Khan (1997) Akhtar Chanal Zahri (1998) Mumtaz Mirza (1998) Suhrab Faqir (1999) Dilawar Figar (1999) Salima Hashmi (1999) Anwar Masood (1999) Anita Ghulam Ali (1999) Zafar Iqbal (poet) (1999) Khalid Abbas Dar (1999) Khatir Ghaznavi (1999) Mujahid Kamran (1999) Raza Mir (1999) 2000s Amjad Parvez (2000) Sharif Kunjahi (2000) Kamaluddin Ahmed (2001) Athar Shah Khan Jaidi (2001) Jameel Fakhri (2002) Nazia Hassan (2002) Deena M. Mistri (2002) Askari Mian Irani (2002) Himayat Ali Shair (2002) Shoaib Mansoor (2002) Jilani Kamran (2002) Iftikhar Ahmad (2003) Ada Jafri (2003) Syed Afzal Hussain (2003) Syed Munawwar Saeed (2003) Abdul Aziz Baloch (2003) Ghulam Mustafa (2003) Majeed Khan (sarangi player) (2003) Muneeza Hashmi (2003) Muhammad Ali Siddiqui (2003) Imdad Hussaini (2003) Muhammad Usman Diplai (2004) Yousuf Khan (actor) (2004) Mahtab Akbar Rashdi (2004) Chishty Bin Subh-o-Mujahid (2004) Navid Shahzad (2004) Salahuddin Toofani (2004) S. M. Naqi (2004) Haji Atta Muhammad (2004) Moin Niazi (2004) Shahida Parveen (2004) Tina Sani (2004) Niaz Ahmed (2004) Samiur Rahman (2004) Tariq Rahman (2004) Rais Khan (2005) Arif Lohar (2005) Rangeela (2005) Muhammad Mansha Yaad (2005) Shabnam Shakeel (2005) Abdul Rauf Rufi (2005) Khawaja Najmul Hassan (2005) Amir Adnan (2006) Asghar Nadeem Syed (2006) Arshad Mehmood (2006) Arfa Karim (2006) Nayyar Kamal (2006) Tassawar Khanum (2006) Ustad Badar uz Zaman (2006) Ustad Qamar uz Zaman (2006) Shafqat Tanvir Mirza (2006) Zehra Nigah (2006) Khalida Hussain (2006) Ghazi Sial (2006) Nayyara Noor (2006) Masood Akhtar (2006) Aftab Iqbal Shamim (2006) Naheed Akhtar (2007) Shaan (2007) Asad Amanat Ali Khan (2007) Hamid Ali Khan (2007) Faakhir Mehmood (2007) Munnu Bhai (2007) Munni Begum (2008) Akhtar Munir (2008) Gopal Das (2008) Haji Mehr Ali (2008) Haji Sher Ali (2008) Nahid Raza (2008) Gul Bahar Bano (2008) Mujahid Hussain (2008) Rasheed Malik (2008) Sultana Siddiqui (2008) Abdul Karim Balouch (2008) Abdul Qadir Junejo (2008) M. Hanif Raza (2008) Nasreen Askari (2008) Shafqat Amanat Ali (2008) Mansoor Rahi (2008) Tari Khan (2008) Noorul Huda Shah (2008) Rasheed Naz (2009) Ustad Shafqat Ali Khan (2009) Muhammad Younus Khan (2009) Emanuel Philip (2009) Rehana Siddiqui (2009) Shabbir Hussain (2009) Manzoor Hussain (2009) Parveen Nazzar (2009) Javaid Tufail Niazi (2009) Babar Ali Niazi (2009) Hajra Mansoor (2009) Behroze Sabzwari (2009) Obaidullah Baig (2009) Khalifa Muhammad Irshad Beg (2009) Naseem Sultan (2009) Ghous Bux Brohi (2009) Sahib Dino Mallah (2009) Satish Chandra Anand (2009) Rubeena Malik (2009) Badar Munir (2009) Muhammad Gul (2009) Mehnaz Hyat (2009) Abdul Qadir (2009) Ghayyur Akhtar (2009) Aslam Farrukhi (2009) Ali Moeen Nawazish (2009) 2010s Afzal Tauseef (2010) Musarrat Misbah (2010) Rabia Zuberi (2010) Zulfiqar Ali (2010) Mahmood Shaam (2010) Hameed Akhtar (2010) Fahmida Riaz (2010) Shahid Nadeem (2010) Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo (2010) Masood Mufti (2010) Masood Ashar (2010) Habib-ur-Rehman (2011) Khalida Inayat Noor (2011) Khan Tehsil (2011) Abdul Rahim Nagori (2011) S. Amjad Bukhari (2011) S. B. John (2011) S.H. Qasim Jalali (2011) Samina Ahmad (2011) Sohail Ahmed (2011) Ustad Hussain Bukhsh Gullu (2011) Khalid Ahmad (2011) Ustad Muhammad Alam (2011) Ustad Sharafat Ali Khan (2011) Wazir Afzal (2011) Zafar Kazmi (2011) Moin Akhter (2011) Sahira Kazmi (2012) Mohsin Gillani (2012) Nauman Ijaz (2012) Saba Hameed (2012) Jawed Sheikh (2012) Meera (2012) Rahat Naveed Masud (2012) Lutfullah Khan (2012) Kazim Pasha (2012) Tahira Syed (2013) Muhammad Ajmal Khan (2013) Alamgir (2013) Shahida Mini (2013) Naghma (2013) Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema (2013) Cecil Chaudhry (2013) Shahid Abdullah (2014) Ustad Shafiquz Zaman Khan (2014) Aurangzeb Leghari (2014) Nazir Leghari (2014) Ayub Khawar (2014) Mir Mohammad Ali (TV comedian) (2015) Ayesha Haroon (2015) Saleem Kausar (2015) Saba Qamar (2016) Waseem Abbas (2016) Wajahat Masood (journalist) (2016) Gulab Chandio (2016) Nathoo Khan (2016) Khalid Butt (2016) Sarmad Khoosat (2017) Humaira Channa (2017) Ghazi Salahuddin (2017) Rashid Mehmood (2017) Shakir Shuja Abadi (2017) Zulfiqar Bhutta (2017) Aslam Pervaiz (2018) Ghulam Haider (musician) (2018) Amin Hafeez (2018) A. Nayyar (singer) (2018) Bilqees Khanum (2018) Rauf Parekh (journalist) (2018) Amanullah (comedian) (2018) Nighat Chaudhry (classical dancer) (2018) Nighat Butt (2018) Zareen Panna (2018) Ishrat Fatima (newsreader) (2019) Reema Khan (2019) Arshad Sharif (journalist) (2019) Nasir Adeeb (2019) Shabbir Jan (2019) Iftikhar Thakur (2019) 2020s Deeba (2020) Ghulam Mohiuddin (2020) Sahir Ali Bagga (2020) Waris Baig (2020) Ghulam Abbas 2020 Saieen Zahoor (2020) Fareed Ayaz (2020) Sarmad Sehbai (2021) Resham (2021) Khalid Masud Gondal (2021) Muhammad Javed (2022) Hafeez Tahir (2023) Sangeeta (2023) Sher Miandad Khan (2023) Ustad Tafu (2023) Anjuman (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"short story writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-4"},{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"President of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Sitara-i-Imtiaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz"}],"text":"Masood Ahmad Khan (Urdu: مسعود اشعر‎; Masʻūd Ashʻar; 10 February 1931[1][2]/1931[3][1] – 5 July 2021), better known as Masood Ashar, was a Pakistani Urdu short story writer, novelist, journalist, columnist and translator. On 23 March 2010,[4] he was awarded the Pride of Performance by the President of Pakistan. In 2015, he received Sitara-i-Imtiaz award, third-highest civilian award of Pakistan.","title":"Masood Ashar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rampur, Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Madrasa-i-Aliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madrasa-e-Aliya,_Rampur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampur,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"matriculation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriculation"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Masood Ashar was born on 10 February 1931, in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, India.[1][2] Ashar completed his early education from the Madrasa-i-Aliya in Rampur. He did his matriculation from Allahabad board in 1948 and did his graduation from Agra.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"Zamindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"Daily Imroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Imroze"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Daily Imroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Imroze"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Nadeem_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Imroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Imroze"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Gen Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_massacre_at_Multan_Colony_Textile_Mills"},{"link_name":"Daily Imroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Imroze"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multan"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"Daily Imroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Imroze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Pak Tea House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Tea_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"In 1951, Ashar migrated to Pakistan after completing his graduation and lived in Lahore and Multan where he worked for Zamindar, Daily Imroze, Roznama Ahsan and weekly Aasaar.[5][2][3] In 1954, when he joined Urdu Daily Imroze as senior sub-editor then during that period Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi was the editor of Imroz. In 1958, Masood Ashar became the resident editor of Imroz, Multan.[1]In 1978, during Gen Zia’s dictatorial regime, when massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills happened then Masood Ashar printed the news of the accident in Daily Imroze. As a punishment, he was transferred from Multan to Lahore. In 1983, he was sacked from his job when he signed a demand for revival of democracy in the country.[1] In 1988, during the government of Benazir Bhutto, he was reinstated to his post and he retired from the newspaper, Daily Imroze as its editor. In 1992, he was associated with a publishing house called Mashal.[1] He frequently visited literary gatherings of the Pak Tea House.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Asif Farrukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Farrukhi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Masood Ashar had written several poems and short stories. In 1948, his first short story was published in Fasana, a journal from Allahabad.[1] In 1964, after a long gap, he returned to writing short stories and his story was published in Savera. He wrote short stories, Ankhon Par Dono Hath in 1974, Saray Afsanay in 1987, Apna Ghar in 2004, Sawal Kahani in 2019.[1] The Oxford University Press published Intikhab: Masood Ashar, a selection of Masood Ashar short stories which was edited by Asif Farrukhi.[6][1]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"As writer","text":"Pakistani Adab-1993[7]\nBismillah Ka Gumbad[8]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"As translator","text":"Zindagi Se Najat[9]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Atta-ul-Haq Qasmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata_ul_Haq_Qasmi"},{"link_name":"Asghar Nadeem Syed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asghar_Nadeem_Syed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Minister for Information and Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_%26_Broadcasting_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Fawad Chaudhry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawad_Chaudhry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Academy of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"Yousuf Khushk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousuf_Khushk"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"Punjab Chief Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Punjab_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Sardar Usman Bazdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman_Buzdar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Arts Council of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Council_of_Pakistan_Karachi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Masood Ashar died in Lahore on 5 July 2021. He was buried in Lahore.[2] Thousands of people attended the funeral prayers of Masood Ashar including Atta-ul-Haq Qasmi and Asghar Nadeem Syed.[10] He is survived by two sons and two daughters.[1]Pakistani Minister for Information and Broadcasting Fawad Chaudhry,[11] Pakistan Academy of Letters chairman, Yousuf Khushk[12] and Punjab Chief Minister Sardar Usman Bazdar expressed deep sorrow and grief.[13][14] Working body of Arts Council of Pakistan also expressed deep sorrow and grief over the sad demise of Masood Ashar.[2]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pride of Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Performance"},{"link_name":"President of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"Sitara-i-Imtiaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitara-i-Imtiaz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"}],"text":"2010, Pride of Performance Award by the President of Pakistan.[4][5][12]\n2015, Sitara-i-Imtiaz, third-highest civilian award of Pakistan.[15][16][2][12]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Journalist, fiction writer Masood Ashar passes away in Lahore\". Dawn (newspaper). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1633384","url_text":"\"Journalist, fiction writer Masood Ashar passes away in Lahore\""}]},{"reference":"\"ممتاز افسانہ نگار اور صحافی مسعود اشعر سپرد خاک (Prominent novelist and journalist Masood Asher buried)\". City 42 (in Urdu). 6 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.city42.tv/06-Jul-2021/67097","url_text":"\"ممتاز افسانہ نگار اور صحافی مسعود اشعر سپرد خاک (Prominent novelist and journalist Masood Asher buried)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eminent Journalist, Short Story Writer Masood Ashar Dies Aged 90\". Naya Daur. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nayadaur.tv/2021/07/eminent-journalist-short-story-writer-masood-ashar-dies-aged-90/","url_text":"\"Eminent Journalist, Short Story Writer Masood Ashar Dies Aged 90\""}]},{"reference":"\"صدارتی تمغہ برائے حسن کارکردگی۔ مسعود اشعر (Pride of Performance- Masood Ashar)\". Tareekh e Pakistan website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tareekhepakistan.com/detail?title_id=2706&dtd_id=2583","url_text":"\"صدارتی تمغہ برائے حسن کارکردگی۔ مسعود اشعر (Pride of Performance- Masood Ashar)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intikhab: Masood Ashar\". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://oup.com.pk/special-price/intikhab-masood-ashar.html","url_text":"\"Intikhab: Masood Ashar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"pakistani adab-1993\". Rekhta. Retrieved 6 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rekhta.org/ebook-detail/pakistani-adab-1993-hissa-e-nasr-ebooks","url_text":"\"pakistani adab-1993\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekhta_(website)","url_text":"Rekhta"}]},{"reference":"\"(Masood Ashar-fiction) مسعود اشعر - افسانہ\". Rekhta. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_brome	Bromus arizonicus	["1 Description","2 References","3 External links"]	Species of flowering plant Bromus arizonicus Conservation status Vulnerable (NatureServe) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Pooideae Genus: Bromus Species: B. arizonicus Binomial name Bromus arizonicus(Shear) Stebbins Bromus arizonicus is a species of brome grass known by the common name Arizona brome. It is native to the Southwestern United States, California, and Baja California, where it grows in many types of grassy valley and desert habitat. Description It is an annual grass growing 40 to 90 centimetres (16 to 35 in) tall with an open, branching inflorescence. The spikelets are flat and hairy and have awns up to 1.5 centimetres (5⁄8 in) long. References ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". External links Jepson Manual Treatment USDA Plants Profile Photo gallery Taxon identifiersBromus arizonicus Wikidata: Q4973781 Wikispecies: Bromus arizonicus BioLib: 197322 BOLD: 673107 Calflora: 1192 CoL: NCTH EoL: 1114225 EPPO: BROAZ GBIF: 2703732 GrassBase: imp01588 GRIN: 447390 iNaturalist: 75895 IPNI: 36980-2 IRMNG: 11402342 ITIS: 40493 NatureServe: 2.161411 NCBI: 1708978 Open Tree of Life: 3949653 Plant List: kew-400655 PLANTS: BRAR4 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36980-2 Tropicos: 25511697 WFO: wfo-0000855194 Bromus carinatus var. arizonicus Wikidata: Q39538624 GBIF: 4110948 GRIN: 447391 IPNI: 36995-2 ITIS: 799673 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36995-2 Tropicos: 25530860 WFO: wfo-0000855336 This Pooideae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brome grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromus"},{"link_name":"Southwestern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_(state)"}],"text":"Bromus arizonicus is a species of brome grass known by the common name Arizona brome.It is native to the Southwestern United States, California, and Baja California, where it grows in many types of grassy valley and desert habitat.","title":"Bromus arizonicus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"awns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awn_(botany)"}],"text":"It is an annual grass growing 40 to 90 centimetres (16 to 35 in) tall with an open, branching inflorescence. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somebody_(Depeche_Mode_song)	Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody	["1 Background","1.1 \"Blasphemous Rumours\"","1.2 \"Somebody\"","2 Track listings","2.1 7″: Mute / 7Bong7 (UK)","2.2 7″ EP: Mute / 7Bong7E (UK)","2.3 12″: Mute / 12Bong7 (UK)","2.4 CD: Mute / CDBong7 (UK)","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]	It has been suggested that this article should be split into articles titled Blasphemous Rumours and Somebody (Depeche Mode song). (discuss) (February 2023) 1984 single by Depeche Mode"Blasphemous Rumours" / "Somebody"Single by Depeche Modefrom the album Some Great Reward Released29 October 1984RecordedJune 1984Studio Music Works (Highbury, London) Hansa Mischraum (Berlin) Genre Dark wave new wave Length "Blasphemous Rumours": 5:06 (single version) 6:20 (12″/album version) "Somebody": 4:19 (remix) 4:27 (album version) LabelMuteSongwriter(s)Martin L. GoreProducer(s) Depeche Mode Daniel Miller Gareth Jones Depeche Mode singles chronology "Master and Servant" (1984) "Blasphemous Rumours" / "Somebody" (1984) "Shake the Disease" (1985) Music videos"Blasphemous Rumours" on YouTube"Somebody" on YouTube Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic "Blasphemous Rumours" / "Somebody" is a single by English electronic band Depeche Mode. It was released on 29 October 1984, as their twelfth UK single and first double A-side single. Both A-side songs are from the album Some Great Reward. Background "Blasphemous Rumours" The verses to "Blasphemous Rumours" describe a 16-year-old girl who attempts suicide but fails. She experiences a religious revival but is then "Hit by a car / Ended up / On a life support machine" (from the lyrics). The chorus uses these incidents to conclude, "I don't want to start any blasphemous rumours / But I think that God's got a sick sense of humour / And when I die, I expect to find him laughing." Like other songs on Some Great Reward, the song uses a dense sound with extensive sampled percussion. The song stems from the times that Martin Gore would go with bandmate Andy Fletcher and former bandmate Vince Clarke to the church. When Gore initially showed Fletcher the song, he found it quite offensive and said, "It certainly verges on the offensive." Gore describes the song's meaning: "I was going to church a lot at the time, not because I believed in it, but because there was nothing else to do on a Sunday. I found the service very hard to take seriously. The whole setup is quite handy but I'm not sure that's what God intended. Particularly a part of the service called the prayer list, when the preacher rattles off the names of those sick and about to die. The person at the top of the list was guaranteed to die, but still everyone went right ahead thanking God for carrying out his will. It just seemed so strange to me, so ridiculous and so removed from real experiences." Dave Gahan said, "I'm by the way not anti-religious at all! I only oppose a certain kind of religion that was forced upon me when I was young. My mother was in the Salvation Army. So she sent me to the church every Sunday till my 18th birthday. Together with my sister, we usually went for a ride with the bike and told mom afterwards how lovely the homily was. The song only wants to say that no one should let someone force anything upon him. Whether it's politics or something else, that doesn't matter. You have to choose yourself what you wanna do with your life. And dare to take risks." When Depeche Mode announced that they were planning to release "Blasphemous Rumours" as a single, pushback from the religious community resulted, and consequently, the band decided as a compromise to release the single as a double-A side with "Somebody". "Somebody" "Somebody", which was sung by Gore in the studio in the nude, includes one of Gore's "little twists", where the song builds as if it is a song about finding your perfect love, only to have him reveal at the end "though things like this make me sick / in a case like this I'll get away with it." Gore added this because "I simply can't write your conventional pop fare. A pleasant song to me is unfinished, it isn't telling the full story. Which is why I introduced the twist at the end of 'Somebody' because the song was just too nice. You say I'm cynical about love in my songs and perhaps I am but I think that's an interesting angle. Otherwise you just become mundane like most chart music. Relationships do have their darker side and I like to write about it." In a significant moment in the Tour of the Universe at the Royal Albert Hall, Alan Wilder made a surprise appearance accompanying by playing the piano while Gore sang "Somebody". Track listings All tracks written by Martin L. Gore, except "Ice Machine", written by Vince Clarke, and "Two Minute Warning", written by Alan Wilder 7″: Mute / 7Bong7 (UK) "Blasphemous Rumours" – 5:06 "Somebody" (remix) – 4:19 7″ EP: Mute / 7Bong7E (UK) "Somebody" (remix) – 4:19 "Everything Counts" (live) – 5:53 "Blasphemous Rumours" – 5:06 "Told You So" (live version) – 4:54 12″: Mute / 12Bong7 (UK) "Blasphemous Rumours" – 6:20 "Somebody" (live) – 4:26 "Two Minute Warning" (live) – 4:36 "Ice Machine" (live) – 3:45 "Everything Counts" (live) – 5:53 This version of the single was also released on CD. Intercord 826.839. No Bong number, same cover as the vinyl version. CD: Mute / CDBong7 (UK) "Blasphemous Rumours" – 6:20 "Told You So" (live) – 4:56 "Somebody" (remix) – 4:19 "Everything Counts" (live) – 5:53 The CD single was released in 1991 as part of the singles box set compilations. All live tracks recorded at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool, England on 29 September 1984 Charts Chart performance for "Blasphemous Rumours" / "Somebody" Chart (1984–1985) Peakposition Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 24 Ireland (IRMA) 8 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) "Somebody" 27 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 34 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 19 UK Singles (OCC) 16 West Germany (Official German Charts) 22 References ^ "12 Depeche Mode songs the band plays far too seldom". ^ Sutton, Michael. "Forever – Dune". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 November 2023. ^ Raggett, Ned. "Blasphemous Rumours – Depeche Mode". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 November 2023. ^ Baker, Trevor (5 November 2009). Dave Gahan - Depeche Mode & The Second Coming. Bonnier Zaffre. ISBN 978-1-78418-955-6. Retrieved 23 May 2021. ^ Christopher, Michael (28 December 2020). Depeche Mode FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the World's Finest Synth-Pop Band. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4930-5400-8. Retrieved 23 May 2021. ^ a b "DM articles: Andy Fletcher, the brigade boy". 11 November 1999. Archived from the original on 11 November 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2022. ^ a b "Depeche Mode - Blasphemous Rumours". Story of Song. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ a b Thompson, Dave (15 November 1994). Depeche Mode: Some Great Reward. St. Martin's Press. pp. 152–155. ISBN 9780312112622. ^ Robbins, Jenna Rose (12 July 2017). "The Hallowed Halls of Hansa". Where Traveler. Retrieved 5 August 2021. ^ Shaw, William (April 1993), "In The Mode", Details magazine: 90–95, 168 ^ "Sacred DM - NME 17 02 90 - page 2". 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Interviews, Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews &; Murray, Robin (19 February 2010). "Depeche Mode Joined By Former Member". Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews. Retrieved 15 October 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved 5 May 2022. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Blasphemous Rumours". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 5 May 2022. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Depeche Mode" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved 2 April 2023. ^ "Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved 23 May 2021. ^ "Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved 23 May 2021. ^ "Depeche Mode: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 May 2022. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved 29 April 2022. External links Single information from the official Depeche Mode website vteDepeche Mode Martin Gore Dave Gahan Andy Fletcher Vince Clarke Alan Wilder Studio albums Speak & Spell A Broken Frame Construction Time Again Some Great Reward Black Celebration Music for the Masses Violator Songs of Faith and Devotion Ultra Exciter Playing the Angel Sounds of the Universe Delta Machine Spirit Memento Mori Live albums 101 Songs of Faith and Devotion Live Recording the Angel Recording the Universe Compilation albums People Are People The Singles 81→85 Catching Up with Depeche Mode Greatest Hits The Singles 86–98 Remixes 81–04 The Best of Depeche Mode Volume 1 Remixes 2: 81–11 Singles "Dreaming of Me" "New Life" "Just Can't Get Enough" "See You" "The Meaning of Love" "Leave in Silence" "Get the Balance Right!" "Everything Counts" "Love, in Itself" "People Are People" "Master and Servant" "Blasphemous Rumours" / "Somebody" "Shake the Disease" "It's Called a Heart" "Stripped" "A Question of Lust" "A Question of Time" "Strangelove" "Never Let Me Down Again" "Behind the Wheel" "Little 15" "Personal Jesus" "Enjoy the Silence" "Policy of Truth" "World in My Eyes" "I Feel You" "Walking in My Shoes" "Condemnation" "In Your Room" "Barrel of a Gun" "It's No Good" "Home" "Useless" "Only When I Lose Myself" "Dream On" "I Feel Loved" "Freelove" "Goodnight Lovers" "Enjoy the Silence 04" "Precious" "A Pain That I'm Used To" "Suffer Well" "John the Revelator" / "Lilian" "Martyr" "Wrong" "Peace" "Fragile Tension" / "Hole to Feed" "Personal Jesus 2011" "Heaven" "Soothe My Soul" "Should Be Higher" "Where's the Revolution" "Going Backwards" "Cover Me" "Ghosts Again" "My Cosmos Is Mine" "Wagging Tongue" "Speak to Me" "My Favourite Stranger" "Before We Drown" "People Are Good" Video albums The World We Live In and Live in Hamburg Some Great Videos Strange 101 Strange Too Devotional The Videos 86–98 One Night in Paris Touring the Angel: Live in Milan The Best of Videos Volume 1 Tour of the Universe: Barcelona 20/21.11.09 Live in Berlin Video Singles Collection Spirits in the Forest Tours Black Celebration Tour World Violation Tour Devotional Tour Exotic Tour/Summer Tour '94 Touring the Angel Tour of the Universe The Delta Machine Tour Global Spirit Tour Memento Mori World Tour Tribute albums I Sometimes Wish I Was Famous For the Masses A Broken Frame & An Extended Broken Frame by Marsheaux RelatedArticles Discography Awards and nominations Videography Peter Gordeno Depeche Mode by Anton Corbijn Bands Yazoo The Assembly Erasure Recoil VCMG Soulsavers Strangelove: The Depeche Mode Experience Albums Counterfeit EP Counterfeit² MG Paper Monsters Hourglass The Light the Dead See Angels & Ghosts The Third Chimpanzee Imposter Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"Depeche Mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depeche_Mode"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Some Great Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Great_Reward"}],"text":"1984 single by Depeche Mode\"Blasphemous Rumours\" / \"Somebody\" is a single by English electronic band Depeche Mode. It was released on 29 October 1984, as their twelfth UK single and first double A-side single.[4][5] Both A-side songs are from the album Some Great Reward.","title":"Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Some Great Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Great_Reward"},{"link_name":"Martin Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gore"},{"link_name":"Andy Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Fletcher_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Vince Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Clarke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Dave Gahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Gahan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-8"}],"sub_title":"\"Blasphemous Rumours\"","text":"The verses to \"Blasphemous Rumours\" describe a 16-year-old girl who attempts suicide but fails. She experiences a religious revival but is then \"Hit by a car / Ended up / On a life support machine\" (from the lyrics). The chorus uses these incidents to conclude, \"I don't want to start any blasphemous rumours / But I think that God's got a sick sense of humour / And when I die, I expect to find him laughing.\" Like other songs on Some Great Reward, the song uses a dense sound with extensive sampled percussion. The song stems from the times that Martin Gore would go with bandmate Andy Fletcher and former bandmate Vince Clarke to the church.[6] When Gore initially showed Fletcher the song, he found it quite offensive and said, \"It certainly verges on the offensive.\"[6] Gore describes the song's meaning:\"I was going to church a lot at the time, not because I believed in it, but because there was nothing else to do on a Sunday. I found the service very hard to take seriously. The whole setup is quite handy but I'm not sure that's what God intended. Particularly a part of the service called the prayer list, when the preacher rattles off the names of those sick and about to die. The person at the top of the list was guaranteed to die, but still everyone went right ahead thanking God for carrying out his will. It just seemed so strange to me, so ridiculous and so removed from real experiences.\"[7]Dave Gahan said,\"I'm by the way not anti-religious at all! I only oppose a certain kind of religion that was forced upon me when I was young. My mother was in the Salvation Army. So she sent me to the church every Sunday till my 18th birthday. Together with my sister, we usually went for a ride with the bike and told mom afterwards how lovely the homily was. The song only wants to say that no one should let someone force anything upon him. Whether it's politics or something else, that doesn't matter. You have to choose yourself what you wanna do with your life. And dare to take risks.\"[7]When Depeche Mode announced that they were planning to release \"Blasphemous Rumours\" as a single, pushback from the religious community[8] resulted, and consequently, the band decided as a compromise to release the single as a double-A side with \"Somebody\".[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wherejrr-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D93-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tour of the Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_the_Universe_(tour)"},{"link_name":"Royal Albert Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall"},{"link_name":"Alan Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"\"Somebody\"","text":"\"Somebody\", which was sung by Gore in the studio in the nude,[9] includes one of Gore's \"little twists\", where the song builds as if it is a song about finding your perfect love, only to have him reveal at the end \"though things like this make me sick / in a case like this I'll get away with it.\"[10] Gore added this because \"I simply can't write your conventional pop fare. A pleasant song to me is unfinished, it isn't telling the full story. Which is why I introduced the twist at the end of 'Somebody' because the song was just too nice. You say I'm cynical about love in my songs and perhaps I am but I think that's an interesting angle. Otherwise you just become mundane like most chart music. Relationships do have their darker side and I like to write about it.\"[11]In a significant moment in the Tour of the Universe at the Royal Albert Hall, Alan Wilder made a surprise appearance accompanying by playing the piano while Gore sang \"Somebody\".[12]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin L. Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gore"},{"link_name":"Vince Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Alan Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Wilder"}],"text":"All tracks written by Martin L. Gore, except \"Ice Machine\", written by Vince Clarke, and \"Two Minute Warning\", written by Alan Wilder","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"7″: Mute / 7Bong7 (UK)","text":"\"Blasphemous Rumours\" – 5:06\n\"Somebody\" (remix) – 4:19","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"7″ EP: Mute / 7Bong7E (UK)","text":"\"Somebody\" (remix) – 4:19\n\"Everything Counts\" (live) – 5:53\n\"Blasphemous Rumours\" – 5:06\n\"Told You So\" (live version) – 4:54","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"12″: Mute / 12Bong7 (UK)","text":"\"Blasphemous Rumours\" – 6:20\n\"Somebody\" (live) – 4:26\n\"Two Minute Warning\" (live) – 4:36\n\"Ice Machine\" (live) – 3:45\n\"Everything Counts\" (live) – 5:53This version of the single was also released on CD. Intercord 826.839. No Bong number, same cover as the vinyl version.","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"CD: Mute / CDBong7 (UK)","text":"\"Blasphemous Rumours\" – 6:20\n\"Told You So\" (live) – 4:56\n\"Somebody\" (remix) – 4:19\n\"Everything Counts\" (live) – 5:53The CD single was released in 1991 as part of the singles box set compilations.All live tracks recorded at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool, England on 29 September 1984","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"12 Depeche Mode songs the band plays far too seldom\".","urls":[{"url":"https://nbhap.com/sounds/depeche-mode-seldom-songs","url_text":"\"12 Depeche Mode songs the band plays far too seldom\""}]},{"reference":"Sutton, Michael. \"Forever – Dune\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-mw0001226450","url_text":"\"Forever – Dune\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Raggett, Ned. \"Blasphemous Rumours – Depeche Mode\". AllMusic. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/blasphemous-rumours-mw0000238119","url_text":"\"Blasphemous Rumours – Depeche Mode\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Trevor (5 November 2009). Dave Gahan - Depeche Mode & The Second Coming. Bonnier Zaffre. ISBN 978-1-78418-955-6. Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSa3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody+depeche+mode+single&pg=PT71","url_text":"Dave Gahan - Depeche Mode & The Second Coming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78418-955-6","url_text":"978-1-78418-955-6"}]},{"reference":"Christopher, Michael (28 December 2020). Depeche Mode FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the World's Finest Synth-Pop Band. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4930-5400-8. Retrieved 23 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UKgKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody+depeche+mode+single&pg=PA88","url_text":"Depeche Mode FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the World's Finest Synth-Pop Band"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4930-5400-8","url_text":"978-1-4930-5400-8"}]},{"reference":"\"DM articles: Andy Fletcher, the brigade boy\". 11 November 1999. Archived from the original on 11 November 1999. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991111132018/http://www.tuug.org/~jaakko/dm/dmtekstit/privateaf.html","url_text":"\"DM articles: Andy Fletcher, the brigade boy\""},{"url":"http://www.tuug.org/~jaakko/dm/dmtekstit/privateaf.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Depeche Mode - Blasphemous Rumours\". Story of Song. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://storyofsong.com/story/blasphemous-rumours/","url_text":"\"Depeche Mode - Blasphemous Rumours\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Dave (15 November 1994). Depeche Mode: Some Great Reward. St. Martin's Press. pp. 152–155. ISBN 9780312112622.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/depechemodesomeg0000thom","url_text":"Depeche Mode: Some Great Reward"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/depechemodesomeg0000thom/page/152","url_text":"152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312112622","url_text":"9780312112622"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, Jenna Rose (12 July 2017). \"The Hallowed Halls of Hansa\". Where Traveler. Retrieved 5 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wheretraveler.com/berlin/hallowed-halls-hansa","url_text":"\"The Hallowed Halls of Hansa\""}]},{"reference":"Shaw, William (April 1993), \"In The Mode\", Details magazine: 90–95, 168","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Details_(magazine)","url_text":"Details magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Sacred DM - NME 17 02 90 - page 2\". 7 January 2009. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090107025903/http://www.sacreddm.net/1990s/nme170290/text2.htm","url_text":"\"Sacred DM - NME 17 02 90 - page 2\""},{"url":"http://www.sacreddm.net/1990s/nme170290/text2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Interviews, Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews &; Murray, Robin (19 February 2010). \"Depeche Mode Joined By Former Member\". Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/live/depeche-mode-joined-by-former-member/","url_text":"\"Depeche Mode Joined By Former Member\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3EAzf5fDpY","external_links_name":"\"Blasphemous Rumours\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbaKcxTW7A8","external_links_name":"\"Somebody\""},{"Link":"https://nbhap.com/sounds/depeche-mode-seldom-songs","external_links_name":"\"12 Depeche Mode songs the band plays far too seldom\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/forever-mw0001226450","external_links_name":"\"Forever – Dune\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/blasphemous-rumours-mw0000238119","external_links_name":"\"Blasphemous Rumours – Depeche Mode\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MSa3DwAAQBAJ&dq=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody+depeche+mode+single&pg=PT71","external_links_name":"Dave Gahan - Depeche Mode & The Second Coming"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UKgKEAAAQBAJ&dq=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody+depeche+mode+single&pg=PA88","external_links_name":"Depeche Mode FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the World's Finest Synth-Pop Band"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19991111132018/http://www.tuug.org/~jaakko/dm/dmtekstit/privateaf.html","external_links_name":"\"DM articles: Andy Fletcher, the brigade boy\""},{"Link":"http://www.tuug.org/~jaakko/dm/dmtekstit/privateaf.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://storyofsong.com/story/blasphemous-rumours/","external_links_name":"\"Depeche Mode - Blasphemous Rumours\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/depechemodesomeg0000thom","external_links_name":"Depeche Mode: Some Great Reward"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/depechemodesomeg0000thom/page/152","external_links_name":"152"},{"Link":"http://www.wheretraveler.com/berlin/hallowed-halls-hansa","external_links_name":"\"The Hallowed Halls of Hansa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090107025903/http://www.sacreddm.net/1990s/nme170290/text2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sacred DM - NME 17 02 90 - page 2\""},{"Link":"http://www.sacreddm.net/1990s/nme170290/text2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.clashmusic.com/live/depeche-mode-joined-by-former-member/","external_links_name":"\"Depeche Mode Joined By Former Member\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode&titel=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody&cat=s","external_links_name":"Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=title&placement=Blasphemous+Rumours","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Blasphemous Rumours\""},{"Link":"https://www.top40.nl/top40-artiesten/Depeche-Mode","external_links_name":"Nederlandse Top 40 – Depeche Mode\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode&titel=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody&cat=s","external_links_name":"Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Depeche+Mode&titel=Blasphemous+Rumours+/+Somebody&cat=s","external_links_name":"Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/20192/Depeche-Mode","external_links_name":"\"Depeche Mode: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-1197","external_links_name":"Offiziellecharts.de – Depeche Mode – Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody\""},{"Link":"http://archives.depechemode.com/discography/singles/12_blasphemousrumours.html","external_links_name":"Single information from the official Depeche Mode website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/5992c710-81cd-3de0-a040-5a3e4b93c3ab","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrhorn	Barrhorn	["1 Access roads and normal climbing route","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 46°09′21.1″N 7°44′02.5″E / 46.155861°N 7.734028°E / 46.155861; 7.734028Mountain in Switzerland BarrhornHighest pointElevation3,610 m (11,840 ft)Prominence267 m (876 ft)Parent peakWeisshornCoordinates46°09′21.1″N 7°44′02.5″E / 46.155861°N 7.734028°E / 46.155861; 7.734028GeographyBarrhornSwitzerlandShow map of SwitzerlandBarrhornBarrhorn (Canton of Valais)Show map of Canton of ValaisBarrhornBarrhorn (Alps)Show map of Alps Parent rangePennine AlpsClimbingEasiest routeHike The Barrhorn is a mountain in the Pennine Alps. Access roads and normal climbing route The only access road is from the north, from the Turtmann village in the Rhona valley. From there, take direction to Gruben, and after passing it drive up to Vorder Sänntum at 1900 m. You will come to the point where the public road ends up, there is a formal parking that costs 4 CHF per day. From the car parking to the summit you may get in less than 5 hours, and from the Turtmann hut to the summit in about 3 hours. You do not need any special equipment, this is a simple walk up. References ^ Swisstopo maps External links Barrhorn in Mountains for Everybody. vteMatter ValleySettlements Zermatt (Ried, Findeln, Riffelalp, Zum See, Zmutt) Täsch Randa St. Niklaus Herbriggen Mattsand Gasenried Grächen Embd Törbel Mountains Barrhorn Brunegghorn Bishorn Weisshorn Zinalrothorn Ober Gabelhorn Dent Blanche Tête Blanche Tête de Valpelline Dent d'Hérens Matterhorn Breithorn Pollux Castor Liskamm Monte Rosa Strahlhorn Rimpfischhorn Allalinhorn Alphubel Täschhorn Dom Lenzspitze Nadelhorn Balfrin Glaciers Matterhorn Glacier Zmutt Glacier Schonbielgletscher Stockjigletscher Tiefmatten Glacier Furgg Glacier Gorner Glacier Theodul Glacier Triftjigletscher Breithorngletscher Schwärzegletscher Grenzgletscher Zwillingsgletscher Monte Rosa Glacier Findel Glacier Mellichgletscher Hohlichtgletscher Bisgletscher Ried Glacier Tourism Gornergrat Klein Matterhorn Unterrothorn Trockener Steg Schwarzsee Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Valais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Pennine Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine_Alps"}],"text":"Mountain in SwitzerlandThe Barrhorn is a mountain in the Pennine Alps.","title":"Barrhorn"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The only access road is from the north, from the Turtmann village in the Rhona valley. From there, take direction to Gruben, and after passing it drive up to Vorder Sänntum at 1900 m. You will come to the point where the public road ends up, there is a formal parking that costs 4 CHF per day.From the car parking to the summit you may get in less than 5 hours, and from the Turtmann hut to the summit in about 3 hours. You do not need any special equipment, this is a simple walk up.","title":"Access roads and normal climbing route"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barrhorn&params=46_09_21.1_N_7_44_02.5_E_type:mountain_region:CH-BE_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°09′21.1″N 7°44′02.5″E / 46.155861°N 7.734028°E / 46.155861; 7.734028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barrhorn&params=46_09_21.1_N_7_44_02.5_E_type:mountain_region:CH-BE_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°09′21.1″N 7°44′02.5″E / 46.155861°N 7.734028°E / 46.155861; 7.734028"},{"Link":"https://mountainsforeverybody.com/barrhorn","external_links_name":"Barrhorn"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/236106617","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/261088742","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barrhorn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_College	Northampton College	["1 History","1.1 Booth Lane","1.2 Lower Mounts","1.3 Daventry Campus","2 Partnerships","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°15′35″N 0°50′53″W / 52.2596°N 0.8481°W / 52.2596; -0.8481This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Northampton College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) College of further education school in Northampton, Northamptonshire, EnglandNorthampton CollegeAddressBooth Lane (Main)Northampton, Northamptonshire, NN3 3RFEnglandInformationTypeCollege of further educationEstablished1973OfstedReportsPrincipalPat Brennan-BarrettStaff600 (Full Time) 300 (Visiting Lectures)GenderMixedAge16+Enrolment11,000+Websitehttp://www.northamptoncollege.ac.uk Northampton College is a further education college in Northampton, England, which opened in 1973, following building work which started in 1970. The college's main campus is at Booth Lane which provides almost all courses offered, and later expanded to include its Daventry campus after merging with Daventry Tertiary College in August 2004, and its Lower Mounts campus after its facility in the town centre was extended in 2010. The Booth Lane campus has just undergone a massive redevelopment, reopening for study in 2012. The college is one of the largest further education colleges in the South Midlands, with around 7,000 full-time and part-time students. History Booth Lane Towards the end of the 1960s, the Northampton Borough Council Education Committee and Chief Education Officer, MJ Henley MA, identified the need for a new further education college in Northampton to complement the existing College of Technology and School of Art (now part of the Avenue campus of University of Northampton). The need arose from continuing pressure on the accommodation available at those establishments and the anticipated expansion of the population over the period 1971 to 1981. The first phase of the building project began at the Booth Lane site in November 1970, completed in time to welcome new students in September 1972. The college was officially opened on 18 May 1973 by Lord Belstead, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Education and Science. The second phase was completed in time for September 1974. Northampton College grew and saw the construction of other buildings to its complex at Booth Lane over the next few decades. The Booth Lane site was completely re-developed between 2009 and 2012 following an £85m capital investment. The re-development was officially opened on 20 March 2012 by The Duke of York. The building now contains a library, study areas, computer suites, a professional theatre, underground sound recording booths and performance space, automotive spray booths, engineering studios, dance studios, photographic laboratories, TV and radio studios and a restaurant, which is open to the public. Lower Mounts The Lower Mounts site in Northampton town centre was officially opened on 6 July 2011, by Skills Minister John Hayes MP. This is the home of the College's hairdressing and beauty therapy programmes including The Salon NC which is open to the public, plus courses for adults including English for Speakers of Other Languages and help with basic skills in English, Maths and IT. Daventry Campus In addition, the college has a site at Badby Road West in Daventry where it provides a range of full-time and part-time courses for young people and adults. Partnerships The college is part of the Northamptonshire Federation of Colleges and works closely with other education providers including Moulton College, the University of Northampton and Tresham College, and a number of secondary schools. Partnerships have also been established with the South East Midlands Enterprise Partnership, Northamptonshire County Council, the Northamptonshire Chamber of Commerce and other bodies to provide targeted initiatives for local needs. References ^ "Northampton College's new building officially opened by Government minister - Education - Northampton Chronicle & Echo". Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. External links The Northampton College website Northampton College mini tour vteUniversities and colleges in the East MidlandsUniversities Bishop Grosseteste De Montfort Derby Leicester Lincoln Loughborough Northampton Nottingham Nottingham Trent Further education colleges Boston Brooksby Melton Buxton & Leek Chesterfield Confetti Institute of Creative Technologies Derby Grantham Leicester Lincoln Loughborough Moulton New College Stamford North Nottinghamshire Northampton North Warwickshire and South Leicestershire College Nottingham College Riseholme Stephenson Tresham Vision West Nottinghamshire College Sixth form colleges Bilborough East Northamptonshire Gateway Harington Welbeck Wigston Wyggeston and Queen Elizabeth I Special needs colleges Alderwasley Hall Sixth Form Centre Portland College RNIB College, Loughborough vteNorthamptonSuburbs and villages Abington Billing Collingtree Collingtree Park Cotton End Dallington Duston East Hunsbury Far Cotton Great Houghton Hardingstone Hunsbury Meadows Kingsthorpe New Duston Queen's Park Round Spinney Sixfields St. James End Upton West Hunsbury Weston Favell Wootton Governance Constituencies Northampton North Northampton South South Northamptonshire Northampton Borough Council Northamptonshire County Council CulturePlaces of interest 78 Derngate All Saints' Church Doddridge United Reformed Church (1695) Delapré Abbey National Lift Tower The Holy Sepulchre Northampton Castle Northampton Cathedral Northampton Guildhall Northampton Museum and Art Gallery Entertainment The Roadmender Royal & Derngate Cultural Quarter Sol Central Sixfields Shopping Grosvenor Centre Parks Abington Park Billing Aquadrome Hunsbury Hill The Racecourse Victoria Park Events Northampton Balloon Festival Northampton Carnival St Crispin Street Fair Education Northampton College University of Northampton SportTeams Northampton ON Chenecks FC Northampton Saints Northampton Sileby Rangers FC Northampton Spencer FC Northampton Town FC Northamptonshire County Cricket Club Venues County Cricket Ground Franklin's Gardens Sixfields Stadium Transport A43 road A45 road Arriva Herts & Essex Avanti West Coast Grand Union Canal North Gate bus station Greyfriars bus station First Northampton M1 motorway Northampton railway station Stagecoach Midlands West Midlands Trains East Midlands England Portal Northamptonshire WikiProject Northamptonshire United Kingdom Portal Authority control databases ISNI 52°15′35″N 0°50′53″W / 52.2596°N 0.8481°W / 52.2596; -0.8481	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"further education college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education_college"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"South Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Midlands"}],"text":"College of further education school in Northampton, Northamptonshire, EnglandNorthampton College is a further education college in Northampton, England, which opened in 1973, following building work which started in 1970.The college's main campus is at Booth Lane which provides almost all courses offered, and later expanded to include its Daventry campus after merging with Daventry Tertiary College in August 2004, and its Lower Mounts campus after its facility in the town centre was extended in 2010. The Booth Lane campus has just undergone a massive redevelopment, reopening for study in 2012.The college is one of the largest further education colleges in the South Midlands, with around 7,000 full-time and part-time students.","title":"Northampton College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Northampton"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"University of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"The Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Duke_of_York"}],"sub_title":"Booth Lane","text":"Towards the end of the 1960s, the Northampton Borough Council Education Committee and Chief Education Officer, MJ Henley MA, identified the need for a new further education college in Northampton to complement the existing College of Technology and School of Art (now part of the Avenue campus of University of Northampton). The need arose from continuing pressure on the accommodation available at those establishments and the anticipated expansion of the population over the period 1971 to 1981.The first phase of the building project began at the Booth Lane site in November 1970, completed in time to welcome new students in September 1972. The college was officially opened on 18 May 1973 by Lord Belstead, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Education and Science. The second phase was completed in time for September 1974. Northampton College grew and saw the construction of other buildings to its complex at Booth Lane over the next few decades.The Booth Lane site was completely re-developed between 2009 and 2012 following an £85m capital investment. The re-development was officially opened on 20 March 2012 by The Duke of York. The building now contains a library, study areas, computer suites, a professional theatre, underground sound recording booths and performance space, automotive spray booths, engineering studios, dance studios, photographic laboratories, TV and radio studios and a restaurant, which is open to the public.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Lower Mounts","text":"The Lower Mounts site in Northampton town centre was officially opened on 6 July 2011, by Skills Minister John Hayes MP.[1] This is the home of the College's hairdressing and beauty therapy programmes including The Salon NC which is open to the public, plus courses for adults including English for Speakers of Other Languages and help with basic skills in English, Maths and IT.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Daventry Campus","text":"In addition, the college has a site at Badby Road West in Daventry where it provides a range of full-time and part-time courses for young people and adults.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moulton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulton_College"},{"link_name":"University of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"Tresham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tresham_College"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce"}],"text":"The college is part of the Northamptonshire Federation of Colleges and works closely with other education providers including Moulton College, the University of Northampton and Tresham College, and a number of secondary schools. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACOM_(disambiguation)	ACOM	[]	ACOM or Acom may refer to: Acom, a Japanese consumer loan company Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, an American medical school The Anglican Church of Melanesia, or the Church of the Province of Melanesia Association for Convention Operations Management Australian College of Ministries Agency.com, Ltd. (former NASDAQ stock ticker symbol) Ancestry.com, Inc. (NASDAQ stock ticker symbol) Acom International, a former Japanese golf tournament Acom-1, a model of Konica Autoreflex 35mm SLR camera Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ACOM.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acom"},{"link_name":"Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Church of the Province of Melanesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Province_of_Melanesia"},{"link_name":"Association for Convention Operations Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_for_Convention_Operations_Management&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australian College of Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_College_of_Ministries"},{"link_name":"Agency.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency.com"},{"link_name":"Ancestry.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com"},{"link_name":"Acom International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acom_International"},{"link_name":"Konica Autoreflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konica_Autoreflex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/ACOM&namespace=0"}],"text":"Acom, a Japanese consumer loan company\nAlabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, an American medical school\nThe Anglican Church of Melanesia, or the Church of the Province of Melanesia\nAssociation for Convention Operations Management\nAustralian College of Ministries\nAgency.com, Ltd. (former NASDAQ stock ticker symbol)\nAncestry.com, Inc. (NASDAQ stock ticker symbol)\nAcom International, a former Japanese golf tournament\nAcom-1, a model of Konica Autoreflex 35mm SLR cameraTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ACOM.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"ACOM"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/ACOM&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque-forming_unit	Plaque-forming unit	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Measure of the number of particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Plaque-forming unit" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume. It is a proxy measurement rather than a measurement of the absolute quantity of particles: viral particles that are defective or which fail to infect their target cell will not produce a plaque and thus will not be counted. For example, a solution of tick-borne encephalitis virus with a concentration of 1,000 PFU/μL indicates that 1 μL of the solution contains enough virus particles to produce 1000 infectious plaques in a cell mono-layer, but no inference can be made about the relationship of PFU to number of virus particles. The concept of plaque-forming units of virus is equivalent to the concept of colony-forming units of bacteria. See also Viruses portal Viral load Minimal infective dose Virus quantification References https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/plaque-forming-unit External links Definition from Biology-Online.org This virus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology"},{"link_name":"virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus"},{"link_name":"plaques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_plaque"},{"link_name":"proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"tick-borne encephalitis virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tick-borne_meningoencephalitis"},{"link_name":"μL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liter"},{"link_name":"cell mono-layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_mono-layer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"colony-forming units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit"}],"text":"A plaque-forming unit (PFU) is a measure used in virology to describe the number of virus particles capable of forming plaques per unit volume. It is a proxy measurement rather than a measurement of the absolute quantity of particles: viral particles that are defective or which fail to infect their target cell will not produce a plaque and thus will not be counted.For example, a solution of tick-borne encephalitis virus with a concentration of 1,000 PFU/μL indicates that 1 μL of the solution contains enough virus particles to produce 1000 infectious plaques in a cell mono-layer, but no inference can be made about the relationship of PFU to number of virus particles. The concept of plaque-forming units of virus is equivalent to the concept of colony-forming units of bacteria.","title":"Plaque-forming unit"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png"},{"title":"Viruses portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Viruses"},{"title":"Viral load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_load"},{"title":"Minimal infective dose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_infective_dose"},{"title":"Virus quantification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus_quantification"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Plaque-forming+unit%22","external_links_name":"\"Plaque-forming unit\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Plaque-forming+unit%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Plaque-forming+unit%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Plaque-forming+unit%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Plaque-forming+unit%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Plaque-forming+unit%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/plaque-forming-unit","external_links_name":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/plaque-forming-unit"},{"Link":"http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Plaque-forming_unit","external_links_name":"Definition from Biology-Online.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plaque-forming_unit&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmalee	Parmalee	["1 Career","1.1 Early years","1.2 Shooting","1.3 Stoney Creek Records","1.4 \"Just the Way\" with Blanco Brown","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","2.3 Music videos","3 Notes","4 References"]	American country music band For other uses, see Parmalee (disambiguation). ParmaleeParmalee performing in 2012.Background informationOriginParmele, North Carolina, U.S.GenresCountryrockYears active2001 (2001)–presentLabelsStoney CreekMembersBarry Franklin KnoxJoshua Malcom "Josh" McSwainJohn Matthew "Matt" ThomasScott Lee Thomas Parmalee is an American country music band consisting of brothers Matt Thomas (lead vocals, guitar) and Scott Thomas (drums), along with their cousin Barry Knox (bass) and Josh McSwain (guitar), who is a best friend since childhood. They are signed to the Stoney Creek division of BBR Music Group and have released three studio albums: Feels Like Carolina, 27861, and For You. The band has made eight entries on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, with three number one singles on the latter: "Carolina" in 2013, "Just the Way", a collaboration with Blanco Brown, in 2021, and "Take My Name" in 2022. Two more singles have reached the Top 10: "Close Your Eyes" (No. 4, 2014) and "Already Callin' You Mine" (No. 10, 2015). Career Early years Prior to the formation of Parmalee, Matt and Scott performed with their father in a group entitled Jerry Thomas and the Thomas Brothers Band. When their father retired, they wanted to continue playing music so they started Parmalee, consisting of Matt and Scott Thomas, Josh McSwain, and Barry Knox. Their first EP was titled Daylight. The band drew attention from producer David Bendeth of RCA. Bendeth invited them to record three songs at Water Music Studios in Hoboken, New Jersey, which led to a publishing deal with Los Angeles-based Windswept Publishing. Then came an invitation from Bendeth to record the remainder of the 12 songs that comprise the band's full-length debut album, Inside. Following the release, Parmalee spent nearly 2 years touring and promoting their album. Parmalee also released a live acoustic album entitled Unplugged and a documentary-style DVD, Inside Live. In 2006, they went to Los Angeles to begin recording with producer Stevo Bruno. They split their time between touring the East Coast and recording in California. They recorded the majority of the tracks in Los Angeles (Nikki Sixx, bassist of Mötley Crüe, collaborated with Parmalee on several tracks, both writing and producing), then travelled to Nashville to write, produce, and mix the remainder of the record with producer Kevin Beamish. Parmalee released the EP Complicated in 2008. Shooting In 2010, the band were victims of an attempted robbery. They had just finished playing at The Money, a bar in Rock Hill, South Carolina, on September 21, and were in their RV when Dytavis Hinton and Demorrio Burris entered the vehicle with a handgun demanding money. Drummer Scott Thomas came out from the back of the bus with his own gun and told them to leave. According to the band, Burris opened fire and a gunfight erupted. Thomas was shot in the leg, stomach, and chest. Burris was killed and Hinton wounded in the lower half of his body. Both wounded men were transported to the Carolinas Medical Center. Thomas remained in critical condition after the gunshot wound and was hospitalized in Charlotte, North Carolina, for 35 days, ten of which he spent in a coma. Hinton pleaded guilty to attempted murder, burglary, attempted armed robbery, and criminal conspiracy; he was sentenced to 20 years in prison with no chance of parole. By May 2011, Thomas was well enough to get behind a drum kit for the first time and the band finally performed their promised label showcase. Stoney Creek Records While in Nashville, Parmalee met David Fanning from New Voice Entertainment at Sound Stage Studios. Alongside him the band recorded their hit "Musta Had a Good Time" in the back of their RV. The song led to both their production and record deals. The inspiration for "Musta Had a Good Time" came right from their own lives. When the band formed, they all moved into the same house and parties happened almost every night. Scott clarifies: "I can say the car wasn't in the pool. My friend drove his truck into a small creek. That actually happened. We had to get a tractor to pull it out." And when they shot the video, another party broke out until the owner of the house where the video was being shot asked them to leave. The band got kicked out of their own video shoot. "'Musta Had a Good Time' describes that one epic party that all of us have either been to -- or hope to go to -- at some point in our lives," says Matt. "It's that one party that becomes a legend in a small town. The response that we get from fans when we play this song live is crazy -- the fans know all the words and everyone's dancing, and it becomes a party on stage and in the crowd. We're finding out that there's a lot of people out there who really like to have a good time." In June 2012, the band was featured as a Billboard "Bubbling Under" artist. A live performance video for the song debuted on AOL's TheBoot.com in July 2012 and the music video debuted in August 2012. They were featured as Clear Channel's NEW! Artist to Watch (Country) and the song was picked as one of CountryMusicIsLove.com's Top 15 Songs of Summer. "Taste of Country" gave the single two stars out of five. Their second Stoney Creek single, "Carolina", was released to country radio on February 4, 2013. It reached number 1 on the Country Airplay chart in December 2013. The band's first album on the label, Feels Like Carolina, was released on December 10, 2013. "Close Your Eyes" and "Already Callin' You Mine" were issued as the album's third and fourth singles, and both were top 10 hits on Country Airplay. "Roots" was released in late 2016 and served as the lead-off single to their second studio album on Stoney Creek, 27861, which was released July 21, 2017. It and "Sunday Morning" were minor top 40 hits for the band. Parmalee's "Day Drinkin'" was featured second in Twisted Tea's two-part commercial series, "Unwind With a Twist". The commercial aired on February 16, 2019, during the Daytona 500. "Just the Way" with Blanco Brown The band's next BBR single was 2020's "Just the Way", a collaboration with trap artist Blanco Brown. In March 2021, this became both the band's and Brown's second number-one single. Discography Albums Title Details Peak chart positions Sales US US Country US Indie Daylight Release date: December 3, 2002 Label: Deep South — — — Inside Release date: June 15, 2004 Label: Deep South — — — Mildew or Barbecue? Release date: December 14, 2006 Label: Deep South — — — Complicated Release date: May 27, 2008 Label: Deep South — — — Feels Like Carolina Release date: December 10, 2013 Label: Stoney Creek 46 10 5 US: 91,200 27861 Release date: July 21, 2017 Label: Stoney Creek 146 22 10 US: 7,300 For You Release date: July 30, 2021 Label: Stoney Creek — 24 27 "—" denotes releases that did not chart Singles Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications(sales threshold) Album US US Country US Country Airplay CAN CAN Country "Musta Had a Good Time" 2012 — 42 38 — — Feels Like Carolina "Carolina" 2013 36 2 1 53 12 RIAA: Platinum "Close Your Eyes" 2014 69 11 4 93 16 "Already Callin' You Mine" 2015 91 16 10 — 33 "Roots" 2016 — 45 35 — — 27861 "Sunday Morning" 2017 — — 39 — — "Hotdamalama" 2018 — — — — — "Be Alright" 2019 — — — — — Non-album single "Just the Way"(with Blanco Brown) 31 3 1 50 1 RIAA: 2× Platinum MC: Platinum For You "Take My Name" 2021 22 2 1 62 4 RIAA: Platinum "Girl in Mine" 2022 81 19 3 — 8 RIAA: Gold For You 2 "Gonna Love You" 2023 — — 24 — 59 "—" denotes releases that did not chart Music videos Year Video Director 2012 "Musta Had a Good Time" Wes Edwards 2013 "Carolina" (live) Reid Long "Carolina" Rhetorik 2014 "Close Your Eyes" Wes Edwards 2016 "Roots" Peter Zavadil 2017 "Sunday Morning" Roger Pistole 2018 "Hotdamalama" Nathan "Karma" Cox 2019 "Be Alright" Tyler Adams 2021 "Just the Way" (with Blanco Brown) Unlisted 2022 "Girl in Mine" The Edde Brothers Notes ^ "For You" was originally released on July 30, 2021 as digital-download-only. It was released to CD on October 29, 2021. ^ A deluxe edition titled "For You 2" was released on September 22, 2023. References ^ Dukes, Billy (December 27, 2013). "Parmalee Interview: 'Carolina' Singers Overcome Perceptions, Shooting and Six-Figure Credit Card Debt for Country Debut". Taste of Country. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ Reuter, Annie (September 27, 2013). "Parmalee's Path To 'Carolina' Included Many Chance Meetings–Including One With Nikki Sixx". radio.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018. ^ "ALL MESSED UP". ASCAP. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ Harless, Hannah. "Parmalee comes to Morgantown". The DA Online. Retrieved December 30, 2017. ^ a b Newell, Annette (September 21, 2010). "Parmalee Band Member In Critical Condition". WCTI12. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2014. ^ "Parmalee Drummer remains in intensive care following 3rd surgery \| 9 On Your Side". Retrieved November 13, 2013. ^ "Scott Thomas / Parmalee Updates". Retrieved October 29, 2012. ^ Dick, Kimberly (July 13, 2011). "Man gets 20 years in nightclub robbery". The Herald. Retrieved June 24, 2020. ^ "Introducing Parmalee". vevo.com. 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012. ^ "Parmalee in Country Weekly". parmaleefans.blogspot.com. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012. ^ "Parmalee "Musta Had A Good Time Video (Live Performance)". theboot.com. July 20, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. ^ "Bubbling Under:a weekly look at new and noteworthy acts making their way toward Billboard chart success". Billboard.com. June 22, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. ^ "Parmalee debuts video". Countrystandardtime.com. October 23, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2012. ^ "Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere". theboot.com. August 29, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. ^ "NEW! Discover & Uncover". iheartradio.com. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. ^ "Top 15 Songs Of Summer 2012". Countrymusicislove.com. June 20, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012. ^ "Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' – Song Review". Tasteofcountry.com. July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012. ^ "Parmalee Returns To No.1 with 'Just The Way' Featuring Blanco Brown". Country Now. March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Billboard 200". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Country Albums". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Independent Albums". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Parmalee reviews, music, news - sputnikmusic". Retrieved October 29, 2012. ^ Matt Bjorke (February 4, 2015). "Country Album Chart Report For February 4, 2015". Roughstock. Sales figure give here ^ Bjorke, Matt (September 6, 2017). "Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: September 5, 2017". Roughstock. ^ "Parmalee - For You". AllMusic. Retrieved November 3, 2021. ^ "The wait is almost over! We have NEW MUSIC coming on 9/22 - Pre-Save "For You 2" now!! Link in bio!". Retrieved August 1, 2023. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 3, 2023. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Country Songs". Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2023. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Country Airplay". Billboard. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ "Parmalee Album & Song Chart History - Billboard Canadian Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021. ^ "Parmalee Chart History - Canada Country". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2023. ^ "American single certifications – Parmalee – Carolina". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "American single certifications – Parmalee – Just the Way". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "Canadian certifications – Parmalee". Music Canada. Retrieved March 1, 2021. ^ "American single certifications – Parmalee – Take My Name". Recording Industry Association of America. ^ "American single certifications – Parmalee – Girl in Mine". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 11, 2024. ^ "Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere". The Boot. August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012. ^ "CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina (Live)". Country Music Television. Retrieved April 21, 2013. ^ "CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina". Country Music Television. Retrieved July 10, 2013. ^ Reuter, Annie (July 3, 2014). "Watch Parmalee Gear Up for the Fourth of July with 'Close Your Eyes' Video". radio.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014. ^ "CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Roots". Country Music Television. Retrieved May 7, 2016. vteParmalee Barry Knox Josh McSwain Matt Thomas Scott Thomas Studio albums Feels Like Carolina (2013) 27861 (2017) For You (2021) Notable singles "Musta Had a Good Time" "Carolina" "Close Your Eyes" "Already Callin' You Mine" "Just the Way" "Take My Name" "Girl in Mine" Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parmalee (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmalee_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"BBR Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBR_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Feels Like Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feels_Like_Carolina"},{"link_name":"27861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27861"},{"link_name":"For You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_You_(Parmalee_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_(Parmalee_song)"},{"link_name":"Just the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_the_Way"},{"link_name":"Blanco Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_Brown"},{"link_name":"Take My Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_My_Name"},{"link_name":"Close Your Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Your_Eyes_(Parmalee_song)"},{"link_name":"Already Callin' You Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Already_Callin%27_You_Mine"}],"text":"For other uses, see Parmalee (disambiguation).Parmalee is an American country music band consisting of brothers Matt Thomas (lead vocals, guitar) and Scott Thomas (drums), along with their cousin Barry Knox (bass) and Josh McSwain (guitar), who is a best friend since childhood. They are signed to the Stoney Creek division of BBR Music Group and have released three studio albums: Feels Like Carolina, 27861, and For You. The band has made eight entries on the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Country Airplay charts, with three number one singles on the latter: \"Carolina\" in 2013, \"Just the Way\", a collaboration with Blanco Brown, in 2021, and \"Take My Name\" in 2022. Two more singles have reached the Top 10: \"Close Your Eyes\" (No. 4, 2014) and \"Already Callin' You Mine\" (No. 10, 2015).","title":"Parmalee"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"Hoboken, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken,_New_Jersey"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Prior to the formation of Parmalee, Matt and Scott performed with their father in a group entitled Jerry Thomas and the Thomas Brothers Band. When their father retired, they wanted to continue playing music so they started Parmalee, consisting of Matt and Scott Thomas, Josh McSwain, and Barry Knox.[4] Their first EP was titled Daylight. The band drew attention from producer David Bendeth of RCA. Bendeth invited them to record three songs at Water Music Studios in Hoboken, New Jersey, which led to a publishing deal with Los Angeles-based Windswept Publishing. Then came an invitation from Bendeth to record the remainder of the 12 songs that comprise the band's full-length debut album, Inside. Following the release, Parmalee spent nearly 2 years touring and promoting their album.Parmalee also released a live acoustic album entitled Unplugged and a documentary-style DVD, Inside Live. In 2006, they went to Los Angeles to begin recording with producer Stevo Bruno. They split their time between touring the East Coast and recording in California. They recorded the majority of the tracks in Los Angeles (Nikki Sixx, bassist of Mötley Crüe, collaborated with Parmalee on several tracks, both writing and producing), then travelled to Nashville to write, produce, and mix the remainder of the record with producer Kevin Beamish. Parmalee released the EP Complicated in 2008.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcti-5"},{"link_name":"Rock Hill, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Charlotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcti-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-8"}],"sub_title":"Shooting","text":"In 2010, the band were victims of an attempted robbery.[5] They had just finished playing at The Money, a bar in Rock Hill, South Carolina, on September 21, and were in their RV when Dytavis Hinton and Demorrio Burris entered the vehicle with a handgun demanding money. Drummer Scott Thomas came out from the back of the bus with his own gun and told them to leave. According to the band, Burris opened fire and a gunfight erupted. Thomas was shot in the leg, stomach, and chest.[6] Burris was killed and Hinton wounded in the lower half of his body. Both wounded men were transported to the Carolinas Medical Center. Thomas remained in critical condition after the gunshot wound and was hospitalized in Charlotte, North Carolina, for 35 days, ten of which he spent in a coma.[5][7] Hinton pleaded guilty to attempted murder, burglary, attempted armed robbery, and criminal conspiracy; he was sentenced to 20 years in prison with no chance of parole.[8] By May 2011, Thomas was well enough to get behind a drum kit for the first time and the band finally performed their promised label showcase.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fanning_(singer)"},{"link_name":"New Voice Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Voice_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Musta Had a Good Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_Had_a_Good_Time"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_(Parmalee_song)"},{"link_name":"Country Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Feels Like Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feels_Like_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Close Your Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_Your_Eyes_(Parmalee_song)"},{"link_name":"Already Callin' You Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Already_Callin%27_You_Mine"},{"link_name":"27861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27861"},{"link_name":"Twisted Tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Tea"},{"link_name":"Daytona 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_500"}],"sub_title":"Stoney Creek Records","text":"While in Nashville, Parmalee met David Fanning from New Voice Entertainment at Sound Stage Studios. Alongside him the band recorded their hit \"Musta Had a Good Time\" in the back of their RV. The song led to both their production and record deals.[9]The inspiration for \"Musta Had a Good Time\" came right from their own lives. When the band formed, they all moved into the same house and parties happened almost every night. Scott clarifies: \"I can say the car wasn't in the pool. My friend drove his truck into a small creek. That actually happened. We had to get a tractor to pull it out.\" And when they shot the video, another party broke out until the owner of the house where the video was being shot asked them to leave. The band got kicked out of their own video shoot.[10] \"'Musta Had a Good Time' describes that one epic party that all of us have either been to -- or hope to go to -- at some point in our lives,\" says Matt. \"It's that one party that becomes a legend in a small town. The response that we get from fans when we play this song live is crazy -- the fans know all the words and everyone's dancing, and it becomes a party on stage and in the crowd. We're finding out that there's a lot of people out there who really like to have a good time.\"[11]In June 2012, the band was featured as a Billboard \"Bubbling Under\" [12] artist. A live performance video for the song debuted on AOL's TheBoot.com in July 2012 [13] and the music video debuted in August 2012.[14]They were featured as Clear Channel's NEW! Artist to Watch (Country)[15] and the song was picked as one of CountryMusicIsLove.com's Top 15 Songs of Summer.[16] \"Taste of Country\" gave the single two stars out of five.[17]Their second Stoney Creek single, \"Carolina\", was released to country radio on February 4, 2013. It reached number 1 on the Country Airplay chart in December 2013. The band's first album on the label, Feels Like Carolina, was released on December 10, 2013. \"Close Your Eyes\" and \"Already Callin' You Mine\" were issued as the album's third and fourth singles, and both were top 10 hits on Country Airplay. \"Roots\" was released in late 2016 and served as the lead-off single to their second studio album on Stoney Creek, 27861, which was released July 21, 2017. It and \"Sunday Morning\" were minor top 40 hits for the band.Parmalee's \"Day Drinkin'\" was featured second in Twisted Tea's two-part commercial series, \"Unwind With a Twist\". The commercial aired on February 16, 2019, during the Daytona 500.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Just the Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_the_Way"},{"link_name":"trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_music"},{"link_name":"Blanco Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanco_Brown"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"\"Just the Way\" with Blanco Brown","text":"The band's next BBR single was 2020's \"Just the Way\", a collaboration with trap artist Blanco Brown. In March 2021, this became both the band's and Brown's second number-one single.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-For_You_2-27"}],"text":"^ \"For You\" was originally released on July 30, 2021 as digital-download-only. It was released to CD on October 29, 2021.[25]\n\n^ A deluxe edition titled \"For You 2\" was released on September 22, 2023.[26]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dukes, Billy (December 27, 2013). \"Parmalee Interview: 'Carolina' Singers Overcome Perceptions, Shooting and Six-Figure Credit Card Debt for Country Debut\". Taste of Country. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/parmalee-interview-carolina-overcoming-difficulty/","url_text":"\"Parmalee Interview: 'Carolina' Singers Overcome Perceptions, Shooting and Six-Figure Credit Card Debt for Country Debut\""}]},{"reference":"Reuter, Annie (September 27, 2013). \"Parmalee's Path To 'Carolina' Included Many Chance Meetings–Including One With Nikki Sixx\". radio.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043929/http://news.radio.com/2013/09/27/how-nikki-sixx-helped-parmalee-embrace-country-music/","url_text":"\"Parmalee's Path To 'Carolina' Included Many Chance Meetings–Including One With Nikki Sixx\""},{"url":"http://news.radio.com/2013/09/27/how-nikki-sixx-helped-parmalee-embrace-country-music/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ALL MESSED UP\". ASCAP. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Retrieved October 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/900897292","url_text":"\"ALL MESSED UP\""}]},{"reference":"Harless, Hannah. \"Parmalee comes to Morgantown\". The DA Online. Retrieved December 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedaonline.com/arts_and_entertainment/parmalee-comes-to-morgantown/article_fa69824c-9c63-11e4-8d23-372279ab9bb6.html","url_text":"\"Parmalee comes to Morgantown\""}]},{"reference":"Newell, Annette (September 21, 2010). \"Parmalee Band Member In Critical Condition\". WCTI12. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131027013217/http://www.wcti12.com/Parmalee-Band-Member-In-Critical-Condition/-/13530288/13647622/-/j8avd5z/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Parmalee Band Member In Critical Condition\""},{"url":"http://www.wcti12.com/Parmalee-Band-Member-In-Critical-Condition/-/13530288/13647622/-/j8avd5z/-/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Drummer remains in intensive care following 3rd surgery \| 9 On Your Side\". Retrieved November 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wnct.com/story/20983127/parmalee-drummer-remains-in-intensive-care-following-3rd-surgery","url_text":"\"Parmalee Drummer remains in intensive care following 3rd surgery \| 9 On Your Side\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scott Thomas / Parmalee Updates\". Retrieved October 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://deepsouthentertainment.com/parmaleeupdate/","url_text":"\"Scott Thomas / Parmalee Updates\""}]},{"reference":"Dick, Kimberly (July 13, 2011). \"Man gets 20 years in nightclub robbery\". The Herald. Retrieved June 24, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldonline.com/latest-news/article12274922.html","url_text":"\"Man gets 20 years in nightclub robbery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introducing Parmalee\". vevo.com. 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vevo.com/watch/parmalee/introducing-parmalee/US58E1290335?source=instantsearch","url_text":"\"Introducing Parmalee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee in Country Weekly\". parmaleefans.blogspot.com. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://parmaleefans.blogspot.com/2012/10/parmalee-in-country-weekly.html","url_text":"\"Parmalee in Country Weekly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee \"Musta Had A Good Time Video (Live Performance)\". theboot.com. July 20, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theboot.com/2012/07/20/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time-video","url_text":"\"Parmalee \"Musta Had A Good Time Video (Live Performance)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bubbling Under:a weekly look at new and noteworthy acts making their way toward Billboard chart success\". Billboard.com. June 22, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/482775/bubbling-under-life-begins-for-yuna","url_text":"\"Bubbling Under:a weekly look at new and noteworthy acts making their way toward Billboard chart success\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee debuts video\". Countrystandardtime.com. October 23, 2007. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countrystandardtime.com/news/newsitem.asp?xid=6532","url_text":"\"Parmalee debuts video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere\". theboot.com. August 29, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theboot.com/2012/08/29/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time-video/","url_text":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEW! Discover & Uncover\". iheartradio.com. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905133752/http://www.iheartradio.com/new2/discover/index.html?format=177","url_text":"\"NEW! Discover & Uncover\""},{"url":"http://www.iheartradio.com/new2/discover/index.html?format=177","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 15 Songs Of Summer 2012\". Countrymusicislove.com. June 20, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.countrymusicislove.com/2012/06/top-15-songs-of-summer-2012.html","url_text":"\"Top 15 Songs Of Summer 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' – Song Review\". Tasteofcountry.com. July 12, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tasteofcountry.com/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time/","url_text":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' – Song Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Returns To No.1 with 'Just The Way' Featuring Blanco Brown\". Country Now. March 16, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.countrynow.com/parmalee-returns-to-no-1-with-just-the-way-featuring-blanco-brown/","url_text":"\"Parmalee Returns To No.1 with 'Just The Way' Featuring Blanco Brown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Billboard 200\". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/tlp","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/clp","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Independent Albums\". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/ind","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Independent Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee reviews, music, news - sputnikmusic\". Retrieved October 29, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sputnikmusic.com/bands/Parmalee/9784/","url_text":"\"Parmalee reviews, music, news - sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Bjorke (February 4, 2015). \"Country Album Chart Report For February 4, 2015\". Roughstock.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2015/02/32613-country-album-chart-report-february-4-2015/","url_text":"\"Country Album Chart Report For February 4, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"Bjorke, Matt (September 6, 2017). \"Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: September 5, 2017\". Roughstock.","urls":[{"url":"http://roughstock.com/news/2017/09/42249-top-10-country-albums-sales-chart-september-5-2017","url_text":"\"Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: September 5, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee - For You\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/for-you-mr0005502448","url_text":"\"Parmalee - For You\""}]},{"reference":"\"The wait is almost over! We have NEW MUSIC coming on 9/22 - Pre-Save \"For You 2\" now!! Link in bio!\". Retrieved August 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/reel/CvZ4KGLukOx/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D","url_text":"\"The wait is almost over! We have NEW MUSIC coming on 9/22 - Pre-Save \"For You 2\" now!! Link in bio!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved October 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/hsi","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Songs\". Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/csi","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Airplay\". Billboard. Retrieved June 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/csa","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Airplay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Album & Song Chart History - Billboard Canadian Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/can","url_text":"\"Parmalee Album & Song Chart History - Billboard Canadian Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Canada Country\". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/ccw","url_text":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Canada Country\""}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Carolina\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Carolina&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Just the Way\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Just+the+Way&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Just the Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian certifications – Parmalee\". Music Canada. Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=%20Parmalee","url_text":"\"Canadian certifications – Parmalee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Take My Name\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Take+My+Name&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Take My Name\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Girl in Mine\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved June 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Girl+in+Mine&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Girl in Mine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere\". The Boot. August 29, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theboot.com/2012/08/29/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time-video/","url_text":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina (Live)\". Country Music Television. Retrieved April 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/parmalee/900850/carolina-live.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina (Live)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina\". Country Music Television. Retrieved July 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/parmalee/931007/carolina.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]},{"reference":"Reuter, Annie (July 3, 2014). \"Watch Parmalee Gear Up for the Fourth of July with 'Close Your Eyes' Video\". radio.com. Retrieved July 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://radio.com/2014/07/03/parmalee-close-your-eyes-video-fourth-july/","url_text":"\"Watch Parmalee Gear Up for the Fourth of July with 'Close Your Eyes' Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Roots\". Country Music Television. Retrieved May 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/parmalee/1393085/roots.jhtml","url_text":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Music_Television","url_text":"Country Music Television"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/parmalee-interview-carolina-overcoming-difficulty/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Interview: 'Carolina' Singers Overcome Perceptions, Shooting and Six-Figure Credit Card Debt for Country Debut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043929/http://news.radio.com/2013/09/27/how-nikki-sixx-helped-parmalee-embrace-country-music/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee's Path To 'Carolina' Included Many Chance Meetings–Including One With Nikki Sixx\""},{"Link":"http://news.radio.com/2013/09/27/how-nikki-sixx-helped-parmalee-embrace-country-music/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ascap.com/repertory#/ace/search/workID/900897292","external_links_name":"\"ALL MESSED UP\""},{"Link":"http://www.thedaonline.com/arts_and_entertainment/parmalee-comes-to-morgantown/article_fa69824c-9c63-11e4-8d23-372279ab9bb6.html","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee comes to Morgantown\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131027013217/http://www.wcti12.com/Parmalee-Band-Member-In-Critical-Condition/-/13530288/13647622/-/j8avd5z/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Band Member In Critical Condition\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcti12.com/Parmalee-Band-Member-In-Critical-Condition/-/13530288/13647622/-/j8avd5z/-/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wnct.com/story/20983127/parmalee-drummer-remains-in-intensive-care-following-3rd-surgery","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Drummer remains in intensive care following 3rd surgery \| 9 On Your Side\""},{"Link":"http://deepsouthentertainment.com/parmaleeupdate/","external_links_name":"\"Scott Thomas / Parmalee Updates\""},{"Link":"https://www.heraldonline.com/latest-news/article12274922.html","external_links_name":"\"Man gets 20 years in nightclub robbery\""},{"Link":"http://www.vevo.com/watch/parmalee/introducing-parmalee/US58E1290335?source=instantsearch","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Parmalee\""},{"Link":"http://parmaleefans.blogspot.com/2012/10/parmalee-in-country-weekly.html","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee in Country Weekly\""},{"Link":"http://www.theboot.com/2012/07/20/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time-video","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee \"Musta Had A Good Time Video (Live Performance)\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/chartbeat/482775/bubbling-under-life-begins-for-yuna","external_links_name":"\"Bubbling Under:a weekly look at new and noteworthy acts making their way toward Billboard chart success\""},{"Link":"http://www.countrystandardtime.com/news/newsitem.asp?xid=6532","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee debuts video\""},{"Link":"http://www.theboot.com/2012/08/29/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time-video/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120905133752/http://www.iheartradio.com/new2/discover/index.html?format=177","external_links_name":"\"NEW! Discover & Uncover\""},{"Link":"http://www.iheartradio.com/new2/discover/index.html?format=177","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.countrymusicislove.com/2012/06/top-15-songs-of-summer-2012.html","external_links_name":"\"Top 15 Songs Of Summer 2012\""},{"Link":"http://tasteofcountry.com/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' – Song Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.countrynow.com/parmalee-returns-to-no-1-with-just-the-way-featuring-blanco-brown/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Returns To No.1 with 'Just The Way' Featuring Blanco Brown\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/tlp","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Billboard 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/clp","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Albums\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/ind","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Independent Albums\""},{"Link":"http://www.sputnikmusic.com/bands/Parmalee/9784/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee reviews, music, news - sputnikmusic\""},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2015/02/32613-country-album-chart-report-february-4-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Country Album Chart Report For February 4, 2015\""},{"Link":"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1hXF9BhdnNRJYx-59KRVY6ZnAhm7Qki05ingKtSvyzXU/edit#gid=0","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://roughstock.com/news/2017/09/42249-top-10-country-albums-sales-chart-september-5-2017","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart: September 5, 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/for-you-mr0005502448","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee - For You\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/reel/CvZ4KGLukOx/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D","external_links_name":"\"The wait is almost over! We have NEW MUSIC coming on 9/22 - Pre-Save \"For You 2\" now!! Link in bio!\""},{"Link":"http://billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/hsi","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/csi","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/csa","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Country Airplay\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/can","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Album & Song Chart History - Billboard Canadian Hot 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/parmalee/chart-history/ccw","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee Chart History - Canada Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Carolina&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Carolina\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Just+the+Way&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Just the Way\""},{"Link":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=%20Parmalee","external_links_name":"\"Canadian certifications – Parmalee\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Take+My+Name&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Take My Name\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Parmalee&ti=Girl+in+Mine&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – Parmalee – Girl in Mine\""},{"Link":"http://www.theboot.com/2012/08/29/parmalee-musta-had-a-good-time-video/","external_links_name":"\"Parmalee, 'Musta Had a Good Time' Video Premiere\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/parmalee/900850/carolina-live.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina (Live)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/parmalee/931007/carolina.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Carolina\""},{"Link":"http://radio.com/2014/07/03/parmalee-close-your-eyes-video-fourth-july/","external_links_name":"\"Watch Parmalee Gear Up for the Fourth of July with 'Close Your Eyes' Video\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmt.com/videos/parmalee/1393085/roots.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"CMT : Videos : Parmalee : Roots\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/66980f96-2716-48e6-88c2-cbbb81b8e888","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barekese	Barekese	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 6°51′15″N 1°43′08″W / 6.854210°N 1.719017°W / 6.854210; -1.719017 Urban area in Ashanti Region, GhanaBarekeseUrban areaCountry GhanaRegionAshanti RegionDistrictAtwima Nwabiagya North DistrictTime zoneGMT • Summer (DST)GMT Barekese is a town and capital of the Atwima Nwabiagya District within Ashanti Region, Ghana. It is home to the Barekese Dam and Barekese Senior High School. References ^ "Plans underway to dredge Owabi, Barekese rivers". Graphic Online. Retrieved 2021-05-22. ^ "Ghana News - 19-year-old man drowns in Barekese Dam". www.myjoyonline.com. Retrieved 2015-04-17. 6°51′15″N 1°43′08″W / 6.854210°N 1.719017°W / 6.854210; -1.719017 This Ashanti Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atwima Nwabiagya District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwima_Nwabiagya_Municipal_District"},{"link_name":"Ashanti Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Region"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Barekese Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barekese_Dam"},{"link_name":"Barekese Senior High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barekese_Senior_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Urban area in Ashanti Region, GhanaBarekese is a town and capital of the Atwima Nwabiagya District within Ashanti Region, Ghana.[1] It is home to the Barekese Dam and Barekese Senior High School.[2]","title":"Barekese"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Plans underway to dredge Owabi, Barekese rivers\". Graphic Online. Retrieved 2021-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/plans-underway-to-dredge-owabi-barekese-rivers.html","url_text":"\"Plans underway to dredge Owabi, Barekese rivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ghana News - 19-year-old man drowns in Barekese Dam\". www.myjoyonline.com. Retrieved 2015-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/october-15th/man-19-drowns-in-barekese-dam.php","url_text":"\"Ghana News - 19-year-old man drowns in Barekese Dam\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barekese&params=6.854210_N_1.719017_W_","external_links_name":"6°51′15″N 1°43′08″W / 6.854210°N 1.719017°W / 6.854210; -1.719017"},{"Link":"https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/plans-underway-to-dredge-owabi-barekese-rivers.html","external_links_name":"\"Plans underway to dredge Owabi, Barekese rivers\""},{"Link":"http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2013/october-15th/man-19-drowns-in-barekese-dam.php","external_links_name":"\"Ghana News - 19-year-old man drowns in Barekese Dam\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barekese&params=6.854210_N_1.719017_W_","external_links_name":"6°51′15″N 1°43′08″W / 6.854210°N 1.719017°W / 6.854210; -1.719017"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barekese&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Centre_for_High-End_Computing	Irish Centre for High-End Computing	["1 Kay supercomputer","2 Fionn supercomputer","3 Other ICHEC functions","4 References","5 External links"]	National high-performance computing centre in Ireland ICHECEstablished2005Field of researchHigh performance computing, Hardware acceleration, Computational science and engineeringDirectorProf. Jean-Christophe ("JC") DesplatChairpersonMartin HynesStaff41AddressTechnology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2LocationDublin and Galway, IrelandZIP codeD02 HP83Operating agencyUniversity of GalwayWebsitewww.ichec.ie The Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) is the national high-performance computing centre in Ireland. It was established in 2005 and provides supercomputing resources, support, training and related services. ICHEC is involved in education and training, including providing courses for researchers. Kay supercomputer ICHEC's newest supercomputer, Kay, was commissioned in August 2018 and was named after Irish-American ENIAC programmer Kathleen Antonelli following a public poll, in which the other shortlist candidates were botanist Ellen Hutchins, scientist and inventor Nicholas Callan, geologist Richard Kirwan, chemist Eva Philbin, and hydrographer Francis Beaufort. Kay's system is composed of: A cluster of 336 nodes, each node having 2x 20-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 (Skylake) processors, 192 GiB of RAM, a 400 GiB local SSD for scratch space and a 100Gbit OmniPath network adaptor. This partition has a total of 13,440 cores and 63 TiB of distributed memory. A GPU partition of 16 nodes with the same specification as above, plus 2x Nvidia Tesla V100 16GB PCIe (Volta architecture) GPUs on each node. Each GPU has 5,120 CUDA cores and 640 Tensor Cores. A "Phi" partition of 16 nodes, each containing 1x self-hosted Intel Xeon Phi Processor 7210 (Knights Landing or KNL architecture) with 64 cores @ 1.3 GHz, 192 GiB RAM and a 400 GiB local SSD for scratch space. A "high memory" set of 6 nodes each containing 1.5 TiB of RAM, 2x 20-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 (Skylake) processors and 1 TiB of dedicated local SSD for scratch storage. A set of service and administrative nodes to provide user login, batch scheduling, management, networking, etc. Storage is provided via Lustre filesystems on a high-performance DDN SFA14k system with 1 PiB of capacity. Like all previous HPC systems, ICHEC is connected to the HEAnet and GÉANT networks. Fionn supercomputer Between 2014 and August 2018, ICHEC managed the Fionn supercomputer, a heterogeneous system composed of: an SGI ICE X cluster with 320 nodes or 7,680 Intel Ivy Bridge processor cores with a combined 20 TB of memory (24 cores and 64 GB memory per node). a hybrid partition with 32 nodes. Each node has 20 Intel Ivy Bridge processor cores, 64 GB of memory along with many-core hardware from Intel (2x Xeon Phi 5110P coprocessors on 16 nodes) and Nvidia (2x Tesla K20X GPGPU cards on 16 nodes). a shared memory compute node (14 internal NUMA nodes) with 112 Intel Sandy Bridge processor cores, 2 Intel Xeon Phi 5110P coprocessors and 1.7 TB of memory. a set of service and administrative nodes to provide user login, batch scheduling, management, tape backup, switches, etc. Storage is provided via a DDN SFA12k-20 platform with 560 TB of capacity to all components of the machine via a Lustre filesystem. Fionn was connected to HEAnet's networking infrastructure. Irish researchers were able to apply for access to Fionn via several schemes. A helpdesk was available for user support. Fionn was replaced by Kay in August 2018. Other ICHEC functions ICHEC was designated a Nvidia CUDA Research Center in 2010 Its work in this area has included the porting to CUDA of the Quantum ESPRESSO and DL_POLY molecular dynamics packages as well as various industrial benchmarking studies. ICHEC became an Intel Parallel Computing Center (IPCC) in 2014 to conduct research on many-core technology in high performance computing and big data analytics. In collaboration with Met Éireann, ICHEC provides hardware and support to publish climate and weather forecast models. ICHEC computational scientists also take an active part in the ongoing development of the models and conduct related climate/environmental research. ICHEC works with a number of Irish government departments and agencies (e.g. Enterprise Ireland, IDA Ireland) to provide consultancy services to Irish companies in various areas including data mining, visualisation, data management and software development/optimization. References ^ "ICHEC Staff". ^ Kay; ICHEC Announces Naming Competition for new Supercomputer (10 January 2018) ^ Fionn supercomputer at ICHEC ^ Fionn ^ List of Nvidia CUDA Research Centers, retrieved 19 September 2014 ^ List of Intel Parallel Computing Centers, retrieved 19 September 2014 External links ICHEC web site	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high-performance computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-performance_computing"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"}],"text":"The Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) is the national high-performance computing centre in Ireland. It was established in 2005 and provides supercomputing resources, support, training and related services. ICHEC is involved in education and training, including providing courses for researchers.","title":"Irish Centre for High-End Computing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Antonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli"},{"link_name":"Ellen Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Callan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callan"},{"link_name":"Richard Kirwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kirwan"},{"link_name":"Eva Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Philbin"},{"link_name":"Francis Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Skylake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"GPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPU"},{"link_name":"Nvidia Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla"},{"link_name":"Volta architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volta_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Xeon Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon_Phi"},{"link_name":"Knights Landing or KNL architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon_Phi#Knights_Landing"},{"link_name":"Lustre filesystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)"},{"link_name":"HEAnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEAnet"},{"link_name":"GÉANT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%89ANT"}],"text":"ICHEC's newest supercomputer, Kay, was commissioned in August 2018 and was named after Irish-American ENIAC programmer Kathleen Antonelli following a public poll, in which the other shortlist candidates were botanist Ellen Hutchins, scientist and inventor Nicholas Callan, geologist Richard Kirwan, chemist Eva Philbin, and hydrographer Francis Beaufort.[2] Kay's system is composed of:A cluster of 336 nodes, each node having 2x 20-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 (Skylake) processors, 192 GiB of RAM, a 400 GiB local SSD for scratch space and a 100Gbit OmniPath network adaptor. This partition has a total of 13,440 cores and 63 TiB of distributed memory.\nA GPU partition of 16 nodes with the same specification as above, plus 2x Nvidia Tesla V100 16GB PCIe (Volta architecture) GPUs on each node. Each GPU has 5,120 CUDA cores and 640 Tensor Cores.\nA \"Phi\" partition of 16 nodes, each containing 1x self-hosted Intel Xeon Phi Processor 7210 (Knights Landing or KNL architecture) with 64 cores @ 1.3 GHz, 192 GiB RAM and a 400 GiB local SSD for scratch space.\nA \"high memory\" set of 6 nodes each containing 1.5 TiB of RAM, 2x 20-core 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon Gold 6148 (Skylake) processors and 1 TiB of dedicated local SSD for scratch storage.\nA set of service and administrative nodes to provide user login, batch scheduling, management, networking, etc. Storage is provided via Lustre filesystems on a high-performance DDN SFA14k system with 1 PiB of capacity.Like all previous HPC systems, ICHEC is connected to the HEAnet and GÉANT networks.","title":"Kay supercomputer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_International"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Ivy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Ivy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Xeon Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon_Phi"},{"link_name":"Nvidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia_Tesla"},{"link_name":"GPGPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPGPU"},{"link_name":"NUMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Sandy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"Xeon Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeon_Phi"},{"link_name":"DDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ddn.com/"},{"link_name":"Lustre filesystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)"},{"link_name":"HEAnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEAnet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Between 2014 and August 2018, ICHEC managed the Fionn[3] supercomputer, a heterogeneous system composed of:an SGI ICE X cluster with 320 nodes or 7,680 Intel Ivy Bridge processor cores with a combined 20 TB of memory (24 cores and 64 GB memory per node).\na hybrid partition with 32 nodes. Each node has 20 Intel Ivy Bridge processor cores, 64 GB of memory along with many-core hardware from Intel (2x Xeon Phi 5110P coprocessors on 16 nodes) and Nvidia (2x Tesla K20X GPGPU cards on 16 nodes).\na shared memory compute node (14 internal NUMA nodes) with 112 Intel Sandy Bridge processor cores, 2 Intel Xeon Phi 5110P coprocessors and 1.7 TB of memory.\na set of service and administrative nodes to provide user login, batch scheduling, management, tape backup, switches, etc. Storage is provided via a DDN SFA12k-20 platform with 560 TB of capacity to all components of the machine via a Lustre filesystem.Fionn was connected to HEAnet's networking infrastructure. Irish researchers were able to apply for access to Fionn via several schemes. A helpdesk was available for user support. Fionn was replaced by Kay in August 2018.[4]","title":"Fionn supercomputer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nvidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"CUDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUDA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cudaresearch-5"},{"link_name":"Quantum ESPRESSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_ESPRESSO"},{"link_name":"molecular dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics"},{"link_name":"Intel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ipcc-6"},{"link_name":"Met Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Irish government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_government"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Ireland"},{"link_name":"IDA Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDA_Ireland"},{"link_name":"data mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_mining"},{"link_name":"visualisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualization_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"data management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management"},{"link_name":"development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development"},{"link_name":"optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_optimization"}],"text":"ICHEC was designated a Nvidia CUDA Research Center in 2010[5] Its work in this area has included the porting to CUDA of the Quantum ESPRESSO and DL_POLY molecular dynamics packages as well as various industrial benchmarking studies.ICHEC became an Intel Parallel Computing Center (IPCC) in 2014[6] to conduct research on many-core technology in high performance computing and big data analytics.In collaboration with Met Éireann, ICHEC provides hardware and support to publish climate and weather forecast models. ICHEC computational scientists also take an active part in the ongoing development of the models and conduct related climate/environmental research.ICHEC works with a number of Irish government departments and agencies (e.g. Enterprise Ireland, IDA Ireland) to provide consultancy services to Irish companies in various areas including data mining, visualisation, data management and software development/optimization.","title":"Other ICHEC functions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ICHEC Staff\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ichec.ie/staff","url_text":"\"ICHEC Staff\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/","external_links_name":"www.ichec.ie"},{"Link":"http://www.ddn.com/","external_links_name":"DDN"},{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/staff","external_links_name":"\"ICHEC Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/about/infrastructure/kay","external_links_name":"Kay"},{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/news/ichec-announces-naming-competition-new-supercomputer","external_links_name":"ICHEC Announces Naming Competition for new Supercomputer (10 January 2018)"},{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/infrastructure/fionn","external_links_name":"Fionn supercomputer at ICHEC"},{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/about/infrastructure/fionn","external_links_name":"Fionn"},{"Link":"https://research.nvidia.com/content/cuda-research-centers","external_links_name":"List of Nvidia CUDA Research Centers, retrieved 19 September 2014"},{"Link":"https://software.intel.com/en-us/ipcc#centers","external_links_name":"List of Intel Parallel Computing Centers, retrieved 19 September 2014"},{"Link":"https://www.ichec.ie/","external_links_name":"ICHEC web site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Llano_Grande	Estero Llano Grande State Park	["1 Background","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 26°07′35″N 97°57′23″W / 26.126411°N 97.956518°W / 26.126411; -97.956518State park in Texas, United States Estero Llano Grande State ParkA resaca in Estero Llano Grande State ParkEstero Llano Grande State ParkShow map of TexasEstero Llano Grande State ParkShow map of the United StatesLocationHidalgo County, Texas, United StatesNearest cityWeslaco, TexasCoordinates26°07′35″N 97°57′23″W / 26.126411°N 97.956518°W / 26.126411; -97.956518Area230 acres (93 ha)Established2006Visitors27,007 (in 2022)Governing bodyTexas Parks and Wildlife Departmenttpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/estero-llano-grande Estero Llano Grande State Park is located south of the city of Weslaco in Hidalgo County in the U.S. state of Texas. Background The land where the parks sits was part of the Llano Grande Land Grant granted to Juan José Hinojosa in 1776 by Charles IV of Spain. In early 2000, the state of Texas pieced together the current park from a variety of separate parcels. The Arroyo Colorado and Llano Grande Lake border the park on the south. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Estero Llano Grande State Park. Museums in South Texas National Register of Historic Places listings in Hidalgo County, Texas References ^ "LLano Grande Lake". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 7, 2013. ^ Christopher Adams. "What is the most visited state park in Texas? Here's the top 10 countdown". KXAN.com. Retrieved November 21, 2023. ^ a b c "Park History". Estero Llano Grande State Park. tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2021. External links TPWD: official Estero Llano Grande State Park website vteProtected areas of TexasFederalNational Parks Big Bend Guadalupe Mountains National monumentsand memorials Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument Castner Range National Monument Chamizal National Memorial Military Working Dog Teams National Monument Waco Mammoth National Monument National Historical Parks and Historic Sites Fort Davis NHS Lyndon B. Johnson NHP Palo Alto Battlefield NHP San Antonio Missions NHP National Historic Trails El Camino Real de los Tejas National Historic Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro National Recreation Areas Amistad Lake Meredith National Wild and Scenic Rivers Rio Grande National Wildlife Refuges Anahuac Aransas Attwater Prairie Chicken Balcones Canyonlands Big Boggy Brazoria Buffalo Lake Caddo Lake Grulla Hagerman Laguna Atascosa Little Sandy Lower Rio Grande Valley McFaddin Muleshoe Neches River San Bernard Santa Ana Texas Point Trinity River National Forests Angelina Davy Crockett Sabine Sam Houston National Grasslands Caddo Lyndon B. Johnson McClellan Creek Rita Blanca Other Protected Areas Big Thicket National Preserve Padre Island National Seashore StateState Parksand Natural Areas Abilene Albert and Bessie Kronkosky State Natural Area Atlanta Balmorhea Barton Warnock Visitor Center Bastrop Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley Big Bend Ranch Big Spring Blanco Bonham Brazos Bend Buescher Caddo Lake Caprock Canyons Cedar Hill Chinati Mountains State Natural Area Choke Canyon Cleburne Colorado Bend Cooper Lake Copper Breaks Daingerfield Davis Hill Davis Mountains Devils River State Natural Area Devil's Sinkhole State Natural Area Dinosaur Valley Eisenhower Enchanted Rock State Natural Area Estero Llano Grande Fairfield Lake Falcon Fort Boggy Fort Parker State Park Fort Richardson State Park Franklin Mountains Galveston Island Garner Goliad Goose Island Government Canyon State Natural Area Guadalupe River Hill Country State Natural Area Honey Creek State Natural Area Huntsville Indian Lodge Inks Lake Kickapoo Cavern Lake Arrowhead Lake Bob Sandlin Lake Brownwood Lake Casa Blanca International Lake Colorado City Lake Corpus Christi Lake Livingston Lake Mineral Wells Lake Somerville Lake Tawakoni Lake Whitney Lockhart Longhorn Cavern Lost Maples State Natural Area Martin Creek Lake Martin Dies Jr. Matagorda Island McKinney Falls McKinney Roughs Meridian Mission Tejas Monahans Sandhills Mother Neff State Park Mustang Island Old Tunnel Palmetto Palo Duro Canyon Palo Pinto Mountains Pedernales Falls Possum Kingdom Purtis Creek Ray Roberts Lake Resaca de la Palma San Angelo Sea Rim Sheldon Lake South Llano River Stephen F. Austin Tyler Village Creek Walter Umphrey Wyler Aerial Tramway State Historic Sites Acton Admiral Nimitz Barrington Living History Farm at Washington-on-the-Brazos Battleship TEXAS Caddo Mounds Casa Navarro Confederate Reunion Grounds Eisenhower Birthplace Fanthorp Inn Fannin Battleground Fort Griffin Fort Lancaster Fort Leaton Fort McKavett Fort Richardson State Park Fulton Mansion Goliad Hueco Tanks Kreische Brewery Landmark Inn Levi Jordan Plantation Lipantitlan Lyndon B. Johnson Magoffin Homestead Mission Espiritu Santo Mission Rosario Monument Hill Penn Farm Point Isabel Lighthouse Sabine Pass Battleground Sam Bell Maxey House Samuel T. Rayburn House San Felipe San Jacinto Battleground Sauer-Beckmann Farm Seminole Canyon Starr Family Home Varner–Hogg Plantation Washington-on-the-Brazos Zaragoza Birthplace State Forestsand Arboretums E.O. Siecke I.D. Fairchild John Henry Kirby Masterson W. Goodrich Jones Ruth Bowling Nichols Arboretum Olive Scott Petty Arboretum State Wildlife Trails Great Texas Coastal Heart of Texas Panhandle Plains Prairies and Pineywoods Texas Parks and Wildlife Department This Texas-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weslaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weslaco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Hidalgo County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"}],"text":"State park in Texas, United StatesEstero Llano Grande State Park is located south of the city of Weslaco in Hidalgo County in the U.S. state of Texas.","title":"Estero Llano Grande State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llano Grande Land Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llano_Grande_Land_Grant"},{"link_name":"granted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_land_grants_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Charles IV of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-park_history-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-park_history-3"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-park_history-3"}],"text":"The land where the parks sits was part of the Llano Grande Land Grant granted to Juan José Hinojosa in 1776 by Charles IV of Spain.[3] In early 2000, the state of Texas pieced together the current park from a variety of separate parcels.[3]The Arroyo Colorado and Llano Grande Lake border the park on the south.[3]","title":"Background"}]	[]	[{"title":"Estero Llano Grande State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Estero_Llano_Grande_State_Park"},{"title":"Museums in South Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museums_in_South_Texas"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hidalgo County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hidalgo_County,_Texas"}]	[{"reference":"\"LLano Grande Lake\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1340274","url_text":"\"LLano Grande Lake\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Adams. \"What is the most visited state park in Texas? Here's the top 10 countdown\". KXAN.com. Retrieved November 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxan.com/news/texas/what-is-the-most-visited-state-park-in-texas-heres-the-top-10-countdown/","url_text":"\"What is the most visited state park in Texas? Here's the top 10 countdown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Park History\". Estero Llano Grande State Park. tpwd.texas.gov. Retrieved November 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/estero-llano-grande/park_history","url_text":"\"Park History\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estero_Llano_Grande_State_Park&params=26.126411_N_97.956518_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"26°07′35″N 97°57′23″W / 26.126411°N 97.956518°W / 26.126411; -97.956518"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Estero_Llano_Grande_State_Park&params=26.126411_N_97.956518_W_region:US_type:landmark","external_links_name":"26°07′35″N 97°57′23″W / 26.126411°N 97.956518°W / 26.126411; -97.956518"},{"Link":"https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/estero-llano-grande","external_links_name":"tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/estero-llano-grande"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1340274","external_links_name":"\"LLano Grande Lake\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxan.com/news/texas/what-is-the-most-visited-state-park-in-texas-heres-the-top-10-countdown/","external_links_name":"\"What is the most visited state park in Texas? Here's the top 10 countdown\""},{"Link":"https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/estero-llano-grande/park_history","external_links_name":"\"Park History\""},{"Link":"https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/estero-llano-grande","external_links_name":"TPWD: official Estero Llano Grande State Park website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estero_Llano_Grande_State_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Relentless_(H85)	HMS Relentless (H85)	["1 History","2 Decommissioning and disposal","3 Commanding officers","4 References","5 Publications"]	R-class destroyer converted to Type 15 frigate of the Royal Navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Relentless. Relentless As Built, December 1942 History United Kingdom NameHMS Relentless OwnerRoyal Navy OrderedMay 1941 BuilderJohn Brown & Company, Clydebank, Yard No.590 Laid down20 June 1941 Launched15 July 1942 Commissioned30 November 1942 Out of serviceReserve Fleet - November 1947 Reinstated1952. Converted to Type 15 frigate IdentificationPennant number H85 Honours andawardsSABANG 1944 FateScrapped 1971 General characteristics As R-class destroyer Class and typeR-class destroyer Displacement 1,705 tons (1,732 tonnes) 2,425 tons (2,464 tonnes) full load Length358.25 ft (109.19 m) o/a Beam35.75 ft (10.90 m) Draught9.5 ft (2.9 m) Propulsion2 x Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers, Parsons geared steam turbines, 40,000 shp (30,000 kW) on 2 shafts Speed36 kn (67 km/h) Range4,675 nmi (8,658 km) at 20 knots (37 km/h) Complement176 Sensors and processing systems Radar Type 290 air warning Radar Type 285 ranging & bearing Armament 4 × QF 4.7-inch (120-mm) Mk.IX guns single mounts CP Mk.XVIII 4 × QF 2 pdr Mk.VIII (40 mm L/39), quad mount Mk.VII 2 × 2, 4 × 1 QF 20 mm Oerlikon, single mount P Mk.III 8 (2x4) tubes for 21-inch (530 mm) torpedoes Mk.IX 4 × throwers & 2 x racks, 70 depth charges General characteristics As Type 15 frigate Displacement 2,300 tons (standard) 2,700 tons (full load) Length358 ft (109 m) o/a Beam37.75 ft (11.51 m) Draught14.5 ft (4.4 m) Propulsion 2 × Admiralty 3-drum boilers, steam turbines on 2 shafts, 40,000 shp Speed31 kn (57 km/h) (full load) Range4,675 nmi (8,658 km) at 20 knots (37 km/h) Complement174 Sensors and processing systems Radar Type 293Q target indication. Type 277Q surface search Type 974 navigation Type 262 fire control on director CRBF Type 1010 Cossor Mark 10 IFF Sonar: Type 174 search Type 162 target classification Type 170 attack Armament 1 × twin 4 in gun Mark 19 1 × twin 40mm Bofors Mk.5; 2 × Limbo Mark 10 A/S mortar HMS Relentless was an R-class destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service during World War II. She was later converted into a Type 15 fast anti-submarine frigate, with the new pennant number F185. History HMS Relentless (F185) after her conversion to a Type 15 frigate. Commissioned at Greenock on 30 November 1942, Relentless performed anti-submarine escort duties and patrolling activities in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean for the balance of the war. From 1946 until 1949 Relentless was held in reserve at Chatham and then Harwich. From 1949 until 1951 she underwent conversion to a Type 15 Anti-Submarine Frigate. In 1951–1952 she was the leader of the 3rd Training Squadron. In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. In 1954 she was involved in a serious collision with the destroyer Vigilant. From October 1956 until 1964 she was held in reserve at Gareloch, Chatham and Rosyth. On 27 June 1964 she was re-commissioned to serve as part of the 29th Escort Squadron, to replace the destroyer Diana. Decommissioning and disposal Relentless was placed on the disposal list in August 1965 and was sold to Thos. W. Ward for scrapping at Inverkeithing in 1971. Commanding officers The Commanding Officer from 1951 to 1952 was Captain Michael Le Fanu RN. References ^ Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1978). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. p. 47. ^ "HMS Relentless – Operational movements" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2016. ^ Critchley, Mike, "British Warships Since 1945: Part 3: Destroyers", Maritime Books: Liskeard, UK, 1982. ISBN 0-9506323-9-2, page 52 ^ Mackie, Colin. "II: Royal Navy- Captains Commanding Warships". British Armed Forces (1900–). Retrieved 19 January 2014. ^ Souvenir Programme, Coronation Review of the Fleet, Spithead, 15th June 1953, HMSO, Gale and Polden ^ Critchley, Mike, "British Warships Since 1945: Part 3: Destroyers", Maritime Books: Liskeard, UK, 1982. ISBN 0-9506323-9-2, page 52 ^ Mackie, Colin. "II: Royal Navy- Captains Commanding Warships". British Armed Forces (1900–). Retrieved 19 January 2014. Publications Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. English, John (2001). Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45. Windsor, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8. Friedman, Norman (2006). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-86176-137-6. Lenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7. Marriott, Leo, Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. Ian Allan, 1989. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0 Raven, Alan & Roberts, John (1978). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. ISBN 0-85680-010-4. Richardson, Ian (August 2021). Osborne, Richard (ed.). "Type 15 Frigates, Part 2: Ship Histories". Warships: Marine News Supplement. 75 (8): 381–391. ISSN 0966-6958. Rohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2. Whitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1. vteQ- and R-class destroyersQ class Royal Navy Quilliam Quadrant Quail Quality Queenborough Quentin Quiberon Quickmatch Royal Australian Navy Quadrant Quality Queenborough Quiberon Quickmatch R class Royal Navy Rotherham Racehorse Raider Rapid Redoubt Relentless Rocket Roebuck Other operators Indian Navy Rajput (ex-Rotherham) Rana (ex-Raider) Ranjit (ex-Redoubt) Royal Netherlands Navy Banckert (ex-Quilliam) Preceded by: P class Followed by: S class List of destroyers of the Royal Navy List of destroyers of the Royal Australian Navy vteType 15 frigates Royal Navy Grenville Rapid Relentless Rocket Roebuck Troubridge Ulster Ulysses Undaunted Undine Urania Urchin Ursa Venus Verulam Vigilant Virago Volage Wakeful Whirlwind Wizard Wrangler Zest Royal Australian Navy Quadrant Queenborough Quiberon Quickmatch Royal Canadian Navy Algonquin Crescent Crusader South African Navy Jan van Riebeeck (ex-Wessex) Simon van der Stel (ex-Whelp) Vrystaat (ex-Wrangler) Preceded by: Bay class Followed by: Type 16 frigates List of frigates of the Royal Navy List of frigates of the Royal Australian Navy List of frigates of the Royal Canadian Navy This article about a specific destroyer of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Relentless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Relentless"},{"link_name":"R-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_and_R-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Type 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_15_frigate"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"pennant number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant_number"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Relentless.HMS Relentless was an R-class destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service during World War II. She was later converted into a Type 15 fast anti-submarine frigate, with the new pennant number F185.","title":"HMS Relentless (H85)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Relentless_(F185)_broadside_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fleet Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Review"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Vigilant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Vigilant_(R93)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Diana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Diana_(D126)"}],"text":"HMS Relentless (F185) after her conversion to a Type 15 frigate.Commissioned at Greenock on 30 November 1942, Relentless performed anti-submarine escort duties and patrolling activities in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean for the balance of the war.[2]From 1946 until 1949 Relentless was held in reserve at Chatham and then Harwich. From 1949 until 1951 she underwent conversion to a Type 15 Anti-Submarine Frigate.[3] In 1951–1952 she was the leader of the 3rd Training Squadron.[4] In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.[5]In 1954 she was involved in a serious collision with the destroyer Vigilant.[6] From October 1956 until 1964 she was held in reserve at Gareloch, Chatham and Rosyth.On 27 June 1964 she was re-commissioned to serve as part of the 29th Escort Squadron, to replace the destroyer Diana.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thos. W. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thos._W._Ward"}],"text":"Relentless was placed on the disposal list in August 1965 and was sold to Thos. W. Ward for scrapping at Inverkeithing in 1971.","title":"Decommissioning and disposal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Le Fanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Le_Fanu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Commanding Officer from 1951 to 1952 was Captain Michael Le Fanu RN.[7]","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colledge, J. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge"},{"link_name":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86176-281-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9560769-0-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560769-0-8"},{"link_name":"Friedman, Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86176-137-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-137-6"},{"link_name":"Lenton, H. 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it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Relentless_(H85)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:UK-destroyer-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:UK-destroyer-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK-destroyer-stub"}],"text":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.\nEnglish, John (2001). Obdurate to Daring: British Fleet Destroyers 1941–45. Windsor, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 978-0-9560769-0-8.\nFriedman, Norman (2006). British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War and After. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-86176-137-6.\nLenton, H. T. (1998). British & Empire Warships of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-048-7.\nMarriott, Leo, Royal Navy Destroyers Since 1945. Ian Allan, 1989. ISBN 0-7110-1817-0\nRaven, Alan & Roberts, John (1978). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. ISBN 0-85680-010-4.\nRichardson, Ian (August 2021). Osborne, Richard (ed.). \"Type 15 Frigates, Part 2: Ship Histories\". Warships: Marine News Supplement. 75 (8): 381–391. ISSN 0966-6958.\nRohwer, Jürgen (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (Third Revised ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-119-2.\nWhitley, M. J. (1988). Destroyers of World War 2. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-326-1.vteQ- and R-class destroyersQ class Royal Navy\nQuilliam [leader]\nQuadrant\nQuail\nQuality\nQueenborough\nQuentin\nQuiberon\nQuickmatch\n Royal Australian Navy\nQuadrant\nQuality\nQueenborough\nQuiberon\nQuickmatch\nR class Royal Navy\nRotherham [leader]\nRacehorse\nRaider\nRapid\nRedoubt\nRelentless\nRocket\nRoebuck\nOther operators Indian Navy\nRajput (ex-Rotherham)\nRana (ex-Raider)\nRanjit (ex-Redoubt)\n Royal Netherlands Navy\nBanckert (ex-Quilliam)\n\nPreceded by: P class\nFollowed by: S class\n\nList of destroyers of the Royal Navy\nList of destroyers of the Royal Australian NavyvteType 15 frigates Royal Navy\nGrenville\nRapid\nRelentless\nRocket\nRoebuck\nTroubridge\nUlster\nUlysses\nUndaunted\nUndine\nUrania\nUrchin\nUrsa\nVenus\nVerulam\nVigilant\nVirago\nVolage\nWakeful\nWhirlwind\nWizard\nWrangler\nZest\n Royal Australian Navy\nQuadrant\nQueenborough\nQuiberon\nQuickmatch\n Royal Canadian Navy\nAlgonquin\nCrescent\nCrusader\n South African Navy\nJan van Riebeeck (ex-Wessex)\nSimon van der Stel (ex-Whelp)\nVrystaat (ex-Wrangler)\n\nPreceded by: Bay class\nFollowed by: Type 16 frigates\n\nList of frigates of the Royal Navy\nList of frigates of the Royal Australian Navy\nList of frigates of the Royal Canadian NavyThis article about a specific destroyer of the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Publications"}]	[{"image_text":"HMS Relentless (F185) after her conversion to a Type 15 frigate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/HMS_Relentless_%28F185%29_broadside_view.jpg/220px-HMS_Relentless_%28F185%29_broadside_view.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Raven, Alan; Roberts, John (1978). War Built Destroyers O to Z Classes. London: Bivouac Books. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"HMS Relentless – Operational movements\" (PDF). Retrieved 28 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmsrelentless.co.uk/1940opsmove.pdf","url_text":"\"HMS Relentless – Operational movements\""}]},{"reference":"Mackie, Colin. \"II: Royal Navy- Captains Commanding Warships\". British Armed Forces (1900–). Retrieved 19 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gulabin.com/","url_text":"\"II: Royal Navy- Captains Commanding Warships\""}]},{"reference":"Mackie, Colin. \"II: Royal Navy- Captains Commanding Warships\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Blackie%27s_Rendezvous	Boston Blackie's Rendezvous	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]	1945 film directed by Arthur Dreifuss Boston Blackie's RendezvousFilm posterDirected byArthur DreifussScreenplay byEdward DeinStory byTaken from a story by Fred SchillerBased onBased upon the charactercreated by Jack BoyleProduced byAlexis Thurn-TaxisStarringChester MorrisCinematographyGeorge B. Meehan, Jr., A.S.C.Edited byAaron StellMusic byM. R. Bakaleinikoff(musical director)ProductioncompanyColumbia PicturesDistributed byColumbia Pictures CorporationRelease date July 5, 1945 (1945-07-05) Running time64 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Boston Blackie's Rendezvous is a 1945 American crime film directed by Arthur Dreifuss. The working title of this film was Surprise in the Night. Plot Boston Blackie's life gets complicated when maniac murderer James Cook goes on a killing spree, while pretending to be Boston Blackie. To further complicate matters, the murderer kidnaps Sally Brown to keep Boston Blackie at bay. Cast Chester Morris as Horatio 'Boston Blackie' Black Nina Foch as Sally Brown Steve Cochran as James Cook Richard Lane as Inspector John Farraday George E. Stone as The Runt Frank Sully as Detective Sergeant Matthews Iris Adrian as Martha Harry Hayden as Arthur Manleder (uncredited) References ^ "Boston Blackie's Rendezvous". rottentomatoes. Retrieved September 8, 2017. External links Boston Blackie's Rendezvous at IMDb Boston Blackie's Rendezvous at the TCM Movie Database Boston Blackie's Rendezvous at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteBoston Blackie filmsSilent films Boston Blackie's Little Pal (1918) The Poppy Girl's Husband (1919) The Silk Lined Burglar (1919) Blackie's Redemption (1919) Boomerang Bill (1922) Missing Millions (1922) The Face in the Fog (1922) Boston Blackie (1923) Through the Dark (1924) The Return of Boston Blackie (1927) Sound films, starring Chester Morris Meet Boston Blackie (1941) Confessions of Boston Blackie (1941) Alias Boston Blackie (1942) Boston Blackie Goes Hollywood (1942) After Midnight with Boston Blackie (1943) The Chance of a Lifetime (1943) One Mysterious Night (1944) Boston Blackie Booked on Suspicion (1945) Boston Blackie's Rendezvous (1945) A Close Call for Boston Blackie (1946) The Phantom Thief (1946) Boston Blackie and the Law (1946) Trapped by Boston Blackie (1948) Boston Blackie's Chinese Venture (1949) Actors in sound films Chester Morris as Boston Blackie George E. Stone as the "Runt" Richard Lane as Inspector Faraday Lloyd Corrigan as Arthur Manleder This 1940s crime film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Arthur Dreifuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Dreifuss"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-1"}],"text":"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous is a 1945 American crime film directed by Arthur Dreifuss.[1] The working title of this film was Surprise in the Night.","title":"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Blackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Blackie"}],"text":"Boston Blackie's life gets complicated when maniac murderer James Cook goes on a killing spree, while pretending to be Boston Blackie. To further complicate matters, the murderer kidnaps Sally Brown to keep Boston Blackie at bay.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Morris"},{"link_name":"Nina Foch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Foch"},{"link_name":"Steve Cochran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cochran"},{"link_name":"Richard Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lane_(actor)"},{"link_name":"George E. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_E._Stone"},{"link_name":"Frank Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sully"},{"link_name":"Iris Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Adrian"},{"link_name":"Harry Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Hayden"}],"text":"Chester Morris as Horatio 'Boston Blackie' Black\nNina Foch as Sally Brown\nSteve Cochran as James Cook\nRichard Lane as Inspector John Farraday\nGeorge E. Stone as The Runt\nFrank Sully as Detective Sergeant Matthews\nIris Adrian as Martha\nHarry Hayden as Arthur Manleder (uncredited)","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous\". rottentomatoes. Retrieved September 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/boston_blackies_rendezvous","url_text":"\"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/boston_blackies_rendezvous","external_links_name":"\"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0037554/","external_links_name":"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/69461/enwp","external_links_name":"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/24340","external_links_name":"Boston Blackie's Rendezvous"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Blackie%27s_Rendezvous&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(Da_Ba_Dee)	Blue (Da Ba Dee)	["1 Writing and production","2 Lyrics and composition","3 Critical reception","4 Chart performance","5 Music video","5.1 Synopsis","6 Formats and track listings","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","7.3 Decade-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 Notable cover versions and parodies","11 References"]	1998 single by Eiffel 65 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)"Single by Eiffel 65from the album Europop ReleasedOctober 1998 (1998-10)GenreEurodanceLength 4:43 (album version) 3:39 (video edit) 3:29 (US radio edit) LabelSkoobySongwriter(s) Gianfranco Randone Maurizio Lobina Massimo Gabutti Producer(s) Maurizio Lobina Gabry Ponte Eiffel 65 singles chronology "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (1998) "Too Much of Heaven" (1999) Music video"Blue (Da Ba Dee)" on YouTube "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" is a song by Italian music group Eiffel 65. It was first released in October 1998 in Italy by Skooby Records and became internationally successful the following year. It is the lead single of the group's 1999 debut album, Europop. "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" was developed before the formation of the group by its future members Jeffrey Jey (Gianfranco Randone), Maurizio Lobina and Gabry Ponte and producer Massimo Gabutti, while working at Bliss Corporation in Turin. It was inspired by a piano hook composed by Lobina, and written by Randone, Lobina and Gabuti, with Ponte working on the beats and final arrangement. When released in 1998, it achieved little success, but became very popular globally the following year once it was broadcast on the radio. The song is the group's most popular single and among the biggest-selling songs of 1999, reaching number one in at least 18 countries, charting at number three in Italy, and peaking at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 2000. In the United Kingdom, the song initially entered the top 40 purely on import sales; it was only the third single to do this. The song also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 2001 Grammy Awards. "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" has also been heavily sampled and remixed in later years. Writing and production Written by Eiffel 65 lead singer Jeffrey Jey, keyboardist Maurizio Lobina, and producer Massimo Gabutti, "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" was inspired by Lobina's composed opening piano hook. The producers of the song then came up with the idea for a dance song. Jey explained that his inspiration for the lyrics was how a person chooses their lifestyle. The colour blue as the main theme of the song was picked at random, with Lobina telling him to write nonsensical lyrics. Gabutti came up with the "da ba dee" hook. The pitch-shifted vocal effect used in the song was created with a harmonizer. Lyrics and composition Eiffel 65 – "Blue (Da Ba Dee)", 1999 A 30-second sample of Jeffrey Jey's vocals on "Blue (Da Ba Dee)." The song was one of the first ever popular tracks to use pitch correction. Problems playing this file? See media help. "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" is written in the key of G minor, with the vocal range spanning from C3 to E♭4, and is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 128 beats per minute. The song's lyrics tell a story about a man who lives in a "blue world." It also explains that he is "blue inside and outside," which, alongside the lyric "himself and everybody around 'cause he ain't got nobody to listen," and "blue are the feelings that live inside me" may indicate that the term blue represents his emotional state; however, the song also explains that a vast variety of what he owns is also blue, including his house and his car ("a blue Corvette"): different blue-coloured objects are also depicted on the single's cover. Critical reception The song received mixed reviews from critics. Chuck Taylor from Billboard wrote that "the hook here, with its dancy but curiously compelling singsongy rhythm and lyric, is destined to react instantly with listeners far and wide." He also noted that it has a "euro sound", and "it's creative, it will affect listeners on both ends of the demographic spectrum, and it's anthemic." A reviewer from Entertainment Weekly positively reviewed the song, calling the song "a fleeting, feel-good foot-tapper" and gave the song a rating of B−. Scottish newspaper Daily Record said it is the "strangest-sounding Euro-club hit of the summer". The Daily Vault's Christopher Thelen described it as a "quirky little hit" with a "bouncy chorus". He also noted that "the key is the use of the voice synthesizer". PopMatters reviewer Chris Massey, in his review of Europop, described his initial reaction to the song as being "really, really bad." However, he later stated in the review that after many repeated listenings of the song he "loved it." AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis described the song as a "hypnotic smash" in his review of Europop. Rolling Stone, however, in their review of Europop, gave the song a negative review, commenting that the song "blends Cher-esque vocoder vocals, trance-like synth riffs, unabashed Eurodisco beats and a baby-babble chorus so infantile it makes the Teletubbies sound like Shakespeare." The magazine also placed the song on their list of the "20 Most Annoying Songs," at No. 14. Chart performance The single, released in October 1998, was a chart-topper in many European countries. The song initially found success in France, where it debuted in August 1999 and reached number one for three weeks. It then found success in other European countries, reaching the top spot on many charts in September the same year, including Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, and others. The song re-charted on 6 May 2013 at No. 40 in the UK, following its inclusion in Iron Man 3. The song also found success in other regions, including Oceania and North America: it reached number one in Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and became a top ten hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, reaching number six. Music video Eiffel 65 on television screens during the opening segment of the video. The accompanying music video for the song was released in 1999 by BlissCoMedia, a computer graphics division of Bliss Corporation, known at the time the video was produced and released as BlissMultiMedia. Like much of the Bliss Corporation's music videos, this one was done in a green screen garage studio at BlissCoMedia, and it featured computer-generated graphics that were done in 3ds Max. With very few resources, tutorials and books, and only one editing machine, the video was made between 1998 and 1999 in a garage in about two to three months. Former BlissCo employee Davide La Sala has talked about coming up with the story for the video: "We had brainstorming sessions and we were a very imaginative team, huge fans of sci-fi movies and video games: Blade Runner, Star Wars, etc… we were master in doing our best and working with the few tools we had to create complete short stories in a very short period of time." Similar to other music videos by BlissCo, a total of five people worked on this video. The green-screen footage was done in a short amount of time, and some of it was put into a computer-generated 3D environment, while components of the band were also shot. La Sala said, "We were very flexible but every person in the team had his own special skill who was more towards motion graphics, design and editing, others more skilled in architectural design and me and the CEO experts in animation." The video was listed in NME's "50 Worst Music Videos Ever". Synopsis The video takes place on Tukon4, where lead singer Jeffrey Jey is abducted by blue-coloured aliens Zorotl and Sayok6 during a concert. Formats and track listings CD single (Italy) "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (DJ Ponte Ice Pop Mix) – 6:25 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (DJ Ponte Radio Edit) – 4:43 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Glamour Jump Cut) – 5:19 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Dub Mix) – 4:47 CD single 1 (UK) "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Original Ice Pop Radio Edit) – 4:46 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Hannover Remix Radio Edit) – 4:04 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Glamour Jump Cut) – 5:19 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Dub) – 4:48 CD single 2 (UK) "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Original Ice Pop 12" Mix) – 6:30 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Hannover 12" Remix) – 6:25 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Paris Remix) – 7:03 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Video) – 3:40 Digital single "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Gabry Ponte Ice Pop Mix) – 6:27 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Gabry Ponte Ice Pop Radio) – 4:44 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Gabry Ponte Video Edit) – 3:40 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Dub Mix) – 4:47 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Molinaro Parade Mix) – 8:50 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Glamour Jump Cut) – 5:17 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Max 04 Ext Remix) – 6:35 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Hannover Remix) – 6:23 "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" (Paris Remix) – 7:43 Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" Chart (1999–2000) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 1 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 2 Canada (Nielsen SoundScan) 1 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 1 Canada Adult Contemporary (RPM) 38 Canada Dance/Urban (RPM) 1 Croatia (HRT) 3 Denmark (IFPI) 1 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 1 Finland (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 France (SNEP) 1 Germany (Official German Charts) 1 Greece (IFPI) 1 Hungary (Mahasz) 1 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 4 Ireland (IRMA) 1 Italy (FIMI) 3 Lithuania (M-1) 1 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 1 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 1 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 1 Norway (VG-lista) 1 Scotland (OCC) 1 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 2 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 1 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 1 UK Singles (OCC) 1 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 25 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 6 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 16 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 2 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 4 Year-end charts 1999 year-end chart performance for "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" Chart (1999) Position Australia (ARIA) 3 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 4 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 4 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 6 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 57 Canada Dance/Urban (RPM) 25 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 1 France (SNEP) 4 Germany (Official German Charts) 2 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 7 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 5 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 6 Romania (Romanian Top 100) 6 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 6 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 3 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 2 UK Singles (OCC) 2 2000 year-end chart performance for "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" Chart (2000) Position Australia (ARIA) 59 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 80 US Billboard Hot 100 49 US Adult Top 40 (Billboard) 71 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 22 US Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard) 34 Decade-end charts Decade-end chart performance for "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" Chart (1990–1999) Position Canada (Nielsen SoundScan) 26 Certifications Certifications and sales for "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 3× Platinum 210,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) Platinum 50,000* Belgium (BEA) 2× Platinum 100,000* Canada (Music Canada) Gold 50,000^ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Platinum 90,000‡ Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Gold 7,957 France (SNEP) Diamond 750,000* Germany (BVMI) 5× Gold 1,250,000^ Italy (FIMI) sales since 2009 2× Platinum 200,000‡ Netherlands (NVPI) Gold 50,000^ New Zealand (RMNZ) Platinum 10,000* Spain (PROMUSICAE) Gold 30,000‡ Sweden (GLF) 3× Platinum 90,000^ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) 2× Platinum 100,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) 3× Platinum 1,800,000‡ Summaries Worldwide — 6,000,000 * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates for "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref(s). Italy October 1998 12-inch vinylCD Skooby Spain 30 April 1999 12-inch vinyl Blanco y Negro France 3 June 1999 12-inch vinylCD Hot Tracks Europe 28 June 1999 CD Logic Spain 27 July 1999 12-inch remix vinyl Blanco y Negro Sweden 2 August 1999 CD Logic United Kingdom 13 September 1999 12-inch vinylCDcassette Eternal Canada 28 September 1999 CD Popular United States 30 November 1999 Contemporary hitrhythmic contemporaryalternative radio RepublicUniversal Japan 8 March 2000 CD Polydor Notable cover versions and parodies Wynter Gordon sang the chorus of "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" in Flo Rida's 2009 single "Sugar". Dance music act Michael Mind Project used a sample of "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" in their 2012 single "Feeling So Blue". The single featuring Dante Thomas charted in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and France. In 2017, a remix of the song by David Guetta featuring vocals from Bebe Rexha, with completely different lyrics, was played at Ultra Music Festival 2017 but was not released. In 2022, the track became popular on TikTok. This resurgence in popularity led Guetta and Rexha to finish the song, and it was released in August 2022 with the title "I'm Good (Blue)". In 2019, Ceky Viciny released a cover called "Ellos". In 2019, Swedish singer Nea interpolated the song in "Some Say". In 2020, Italian rapper Shiva sampled the song in his single "Auto Blu". In December 2020, Symphonic death metal Band Fleshgod Apocalypse released a cover of "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" in their own style. In celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Blue's Clues franchise, a small parody video about this song was produced and performed by show hosts Steve Burns, Donovan Patton, and Josh Dela Cruz. In July 2022, Softest Hard and T-Pain released a remix of the song. 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LaStampa.it (in Italian). 13 April 2020. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ Kennelty, Greg (4 January 2021). "FLESHGOD APOCALYPSE Covers EIFFEL 65's 1998 Hit "Blue (Da Ba Dee)"". Metal Injection. Archived from the original on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ Nevares, Gabriel Bras (1 July 2023). "Lil Uzi Vert & Nicki Minaj Boast "Endless Fashion" Sense In "Pink Tape" Highlight". HotNewHipHop. Retrieved 24 July 2023. vteEiffel 65 Jeffrey Jey Maury Lobina Gabry Ponte Studio albums Europop Contact! Eiffel 65 Singles "Blue (Da Ba Dee)" "Too Much of Heaven" "Move Your Body" "Lucky (In My Life)" "Losing You" "Viaggia insieme a me" Related articles Discography Bloom 06 Bliss Team "I'm Good (Blue)" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eiffel 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_65"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billb-1"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"Europop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop_(album)"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Jey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Jey"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Lobina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Lobina"},{"link_name":"Gabry Ponte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabry_Ponte"},{"link_name":"Bliss Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bliss_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-songfacts-4"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Dance Recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Dance_Recording"},{"link_name":"2001 Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"1998 single by Eiffel 65\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" is a song by Italian music group Eiffel 65. It was first released in October 1998 in Italy by Skooby Records and became internationally successful the following year.[1] It is the lead single of the group's 1999 debut album, Europop.\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" was developed before the formation of the group by its future members Jeffrey Jey (Gianfranco Randone), Maurizio Lobina and Gabry Ponte and producer Massimo Gabutti, while working at Bliss Corporation in Turin. It was inspired by a piano hook composed by Lobina, and written by Randone, Lobina and Gabuti, with Ponte working on the beats and final arrangement. When released in 1998, it achieved little success, but became very popular globally the following year once it was broadcast on the radio.The song is the group's most popular single and among the biggest-selling songs of 1999, reaching number one in at least 18 countries, charting at number three in Italy, and peaking at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100 in January 2000. In the United Kingdom, the song initially entered the top 40 purely on import sales; it was only the third single to do this.[4] The song also received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 2001 Grammy Awards.[5] \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" has also been heavily sampled and remixed in later years.","title":"Blue (Da Ba Dee)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffrey Jey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Jey"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Lobina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Lobina"},{"link_name":"hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_(music)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"harmonizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonizer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Written by Eiffel 65 lead singer Jeffrey Jey, keyboardist Maurizio Lobina, and producer Massimo Gabutti, \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" was inspired by Lobina's composed opening piano hook. The producers of the song then came up with the idea for a dance song. Jey explained that his inspiration for the lyrics was how a person chooses their lifestyle. The colour blue as the main theme of the song was picked at random, with Lobina telling him to write nonsensical lyrics. Gabutti came up with the \"da ba dee\" hook.[6][7] The pitch-shifted vocal effect used in the song was created with a harmonizer.[8]","title":"Writing and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eiffel 65 – \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\", 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_(Da_Ba_Dee)_sample.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"G minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_minor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"common time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_time"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Eiffel 65 – \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\", 1999\n\nA 30-second sample of Jeffrey Jey's vocals on \"Blue (Da Ba Dee).\" The song was one of the first ever popular tracks to use pitch correction.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" is written in the key of G minor, with the vocal range spanning from C3 to E♭4,[9] and is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 128 beats per minute.[10]The song's lyrics tell a story about a man who lives in a \"blue world.\" It also explains that he is \"blue inside and outside,\" which, alongside the lyric \"himself and everybody around 'cause he ain't got nobody to listen,\" and \"blue are the feelings that live inside me\" may indicate that the term blue represents his emotional state; however, the song also explains that a vast variety of what he owns is also blue, including his house and his car (\"a blue Corvette\"): different blue-coloured objects are also depicted on the single's cover.[11]","title":"Lyrics and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chuck Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_(music_journalist)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Daily Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"vocoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder"},{"link_name":"Teletubbies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletubbies"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The song received mixed reviews from critics. Chuck Taylor from Billboard wrote that \"the hook here, with its dancy but curiously compelling singsongy rhythm and lyric, is destined to react instantly with listeners far and wide.\" He also noted that it has a \"euro sound\", and \"it's creative, it will affect listeners on both ends of the demographic spectrum, and it's anthemic.\"[12] A reviewer from Entertainment Weekly positively reviewed the song, calling the song \"a fleeting, feel-good foot-tapper\" and gave the song a rating of B−.[13] Scottish newspaper Daily Record said it is the \"strangest-sounding Euro-club hit of the summer\".[14] The Daily Vault's Christopher Thelen described it as a \"quirky little hit\" with a \"bouncy chorus\". He also noted that \"the key is the use of the voice synthesizer\".[15] PopMatters reviewer Chris Massey, in his review of Europop, described his initial reaction to the song as being \"really, really bad.\" However, he later stated in the review that after many repeated listenings of the song he \"loved it.\"[16] AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis described the song as a \"hypnotic smash\" in his review of Europop.[17]Rolling Stone, however, in their review of Europop, gave the song a negative review, commenting that the song \"blends Cher-esque vocoder vocals, trance-like synth riffs, unabashed Eurodisco beats and a baby-babble chorus so infantile it makes the Teletubbies sound like Shakespeare.\" The magazine also placed the song on their list of the \"20 Most Annoying Songs,\" at No. 14.[18]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chart-topper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart-topper"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Iron Man 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Man_3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"}],"text":"The single, released in October 1998, was a chart-topper in many European countries. The song initially found success in France, where it debuted in August 1999 and reached number one for three weeks. It then found success in other European countries, reaching the top spot on many charts in September the same year, including Germany, the Netherlands,[19] Switzerland,[20] Sweden,[21] and others. The song re-charted on 6 May 2013 at No. 40 in the UK, following its inclusion in Iron Man 3.[22] The song also found success in other regions, including Oceania and North America: it reached number one in Australia, New Zealand and Canada, and became a top ten hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, reaching number six.","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eiffel_65_Blue_video.jpg"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blisscomedia10-23"},{"link_name":"green screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_screen"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"3ds Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_3ds_Max"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Eiffel 65 on television screens during the opening segment of the video.The accompanying music video for the song was released in 1999 by BlissCoMedia, a computer graphics division of Bliss Corporation, known at the time the video was produced and released as BlissMultiMedia.[23]Like much of the Bliss Corporation's music videos, this one was done in a green screen garage studio at BlissCoMedia,[24][25] and it featured computer-generated graphics that were done in 3ds Max.[26] With very few resources, tutorials and books, and only one editing machine, the video was made between 1998 and 1999 in a garage in about two to three months.Former BlissCo employee Davide La Sala has talked about coming up with the story for the video: \"We had brainstorming sessions and we were a very imaginative team, huge fans of sci-fi movies and video games: Blade Runner, Star Wars, etc… we were master in doing our best and working with the few tools we had to create complete short stories in a very short period of time.\"[24]Similar to other music videos by BlissCo, a total of five people worked on this video. The green-screen footage was done in a short amount of time, and some of it was put into a computer-generated 3D environment, while components of the band were also shot. La Sala said, \"We were very flexible but every person in the team had his own special skill who was more towards motion graphics, design and editing, others more skilled in architectural design and me and the CEO experts in animation.\"[24]The video was listed in NME's \"50 Worst Music Videos Ever\".[27]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffrey Jey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Jey"},{"link_name":"aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"The video takes place on Tukon4, where lead singer Jeffrey Jey is abducted by blue-coloured aliens Zorotl and Sayok6 during a concert.[28]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"CD single (Italy)\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (DJ Ponte Ice Pop Mix) – 6:25\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (DJ Ponte Radio Edit) – 4:43\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Glamour Jump Cut) – 5:19\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Dub Mix) – 4:47\nCD single 1 (UK)\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Original Ice Pop Radio Edit) – 4:46\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Hannover Remix Radio Edit) – 4:04\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Glamour Jump Cut) – 5:19\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Dub) – 4:48\nCD single 2 (UK)\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Original Ice Pop 12\" Mix) – 6:30\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Hannover 12\" Remix) – 6:25\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Paris Remix) – 7:03\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Video) – 3:40\n\n\nDigital single\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Gabry Ponte Ice Pop Mix) – 6:27\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Gabry Ponte Ice Pop Radio) – 4:44\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Gabry Ponte Video Edit) – 3:40\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Dub Mix) – 4:47\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Molinaro Parade Mix) – 8:50\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Glamour Jump Cut) – 5:17\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Max 04 Ext Remix) – 6:35\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Hannover Remix) – 6:23\n\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" (Paris Remix) – 7:43","title":"Formats and track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Australia_Eiffel_65-29"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Eiffel_65-30"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Eiffel_65-31"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Eiffel_65-32"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-34"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadaadultcontemporary_-35"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadadance_-36"},{"link_name":"HRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Danmark"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Eurochart Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurochart_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Finland_Eiffel_65-40"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Eiffel_65-41"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-42"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mahasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-46"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"M-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-1_(Lithuanian_radio_station)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_Eiffel_65-49"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Eiffel_65-50"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Eiffel_65-51"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Eiffel_65-52"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-53"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Spain_Eiffel_65-54"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Eiffel_65-55"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Eiffel_65-56"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-57"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Eiffel_65-58"},{"link_name":"Adult Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardadultpopsongs_Eiffel_65-59"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Eiffel_65-60"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardlatinsongs_Eiffel_65-61"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Eiffel_65-62"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Eiffel_65-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dutch100Yearend-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rt100-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"Weekly charts\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\"\n\n\nChart (1999–2000)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[29]\n\n1\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[30]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[32]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[33]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[34]\n\n1\n\n\nCanada Adult Contemporary (RPM)[35]\n\n38\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[36]\n\n1\n\n\nCroatia (HRT)[37]\n\n3\n\n\nDenmark (IFPI)[38]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[39]\n\n1\n\n\nFinland (Suomen virallinen lista)[40]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[41]\n\n1\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[42]\n\n1\n\n\nGreece (IFPI)[43]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Mahasz)[44]\n\n1\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[45]\n\n4\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[46]\n\n1\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[47]\n\n3\n\n\nLithuania (M-1)[48]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[49]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[50]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[51]\n\n1\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[52]\n\n1\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[53]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[54]\n\n2\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[55]\n\n1\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[58]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[59]\n\n25\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[60]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[61]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[62]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[63]\n\n4\n\n\n\nYear-end charts\n\n1999 year-end chart performance for \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\"\n\n\nChart (1999)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[64]\n\n3\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[65]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[66]\n\n4\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[67]\n\n6\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[68]\n\n57\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[69]\n\n25\n\n\nEurope (Eurochart Hot 100)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[71]\n\n4\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[72]\n\n2\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[73]\n\n7\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[74]\n\n5\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[75]\n\n6\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Top 100)[76]\n\n6\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[77]\n\n6\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[78]\n\n3\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[79]\n\n2\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[80]\n\n2\n\n\n2000 year-end chart performance for \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\"\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[81]\n\n59\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[82]\n\n80\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[83]\n\n49\n\n\nUS Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[84]\n\n71\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[85]\n\n22\n\n\nUS Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)[86]\n\n34\n\nDecade-end charts\n\nDecade-end chart performance for \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\"\n\n\nChart (1990–1999)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[87]\n\n26","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wynter Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynter_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Flo Rida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flo_Rida"},{"link_name":"Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_(Flo_Rida_song)"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"},{"link_name":"Michael Mind Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mind_Project"},{"link_name":"Feeling So Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling_So_Blue"},{"link_name":"Dante Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Thomas"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Bebe Rexha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Rexha"},{"link_name":"Ultra Music Festival 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Music_Festival#2017"},{"link_name":"TikTok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TikTok"},{"link_name":"I'm Good (Blue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Good_(Blue)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Ellos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellos_(song)"},{"link_name":"Nea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnea_S%C3%B6dahl"},{"link_name":"Some Say","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Say_(Nea_song)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Symphonic death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonic_metal#Symphonic_death_metal"},{"link_name":"Fleshgod Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshgod_Apocalypse"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Blue's Clues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues"},{"link_name":"Steve Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Burns"},{"link_name":"Donovan Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Patton"},{"link_name":"Josh Dela Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Dela_Cruz"},{"link_name":"T-Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Pain"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Endless Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endless_Fashion"},{"link_name":"Nicki Minaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"text":"Wynter Gordon sang the chorus of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" in Flo Rida's 2009 single \"Sugar\".[111]\nDance music act Michael Mind Project used a sample of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" in their 2012 single \"Feeling So Blue\". The single featuring Dante Thomas charted in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and France.[112]\nIn 2017, a remix of the song by David Guetta featuring vocals from Bebe Rexha, with completely different lyrics, was played at Ultra Music Festival 2017 but was not released. In 2022, the track became popular on TikTok. This resurgence in popularity led Guetta and Rexha to finish the song, and it was released in August 2022 with the title \"I'm Good (Blue)\".[113]\nIn 2019, Ceky Viciny released a cover called \"Ellos\".\nIn 2019, Swedish singer Nea interpolated the song in \"Some Say\".[114]\nIn 2020, Italian rapper Shiva sampled the song in his single \"Auto Blu\".[115]\nIn December 2020, Symphonic death metal Band Fleshgod Apocalypse released a cover of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" in their own style.[116]\nIn celebration of the 25th anniversary of the Blue's Clues franchise, a small parody video about this song was produced and performed by show hosts Steve Burns, Donovan Patton, and Josh Dela Cruz.\nIn July 2022, Softest Hard and T-Pain released a remix of the song.\nIn 2023, Lil Uzi Vert interpolated the song in \"Endless Fashion\" featuring Nicki Minaj.[117]","title":"Notable cover versions and parodies"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Eiffel 65 on television screens during the opening segment of the video.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Eiffel_65_Blue_video.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck (22 January 2000). \"Italian Threesome Eiffel 65 Is on a 'Blue' Streak with International Hit\". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 4. p. 114. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Taylor_(music_journalist)","url_text":"Taylor, Chuck"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sA0EAAAAMBAJ&dq=blue+da+ba+dee+october+1998&pg=PA114","url_text":"\"Italian Threesome Eiffel 65 Is on a 'Blue' Streak with International Hit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220826051954/https://books.google.com/books?id=sA0EAAAAMBAJ&dq=blue+da+ba+dee+october+1998&pg=PA114","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilton, Lisa (25 March 2000). \"Forgotten song became hit for Eiffel 65\". Canoe.ca. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140330020626/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/E/Eiffel_65/2000/03/25/pf-744854.html","url_text":"\"Forgotten song became hit for Eiffel 65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe.ca","url_text":"Canoe.ca"}]},{"reference":"\"Considering the Eternal Significance of Eiffel 65's \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\"\". Vice. 9 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/ez7vqp/considering-the-eternal-significance-of-eiffel-65s-blue-da-ba-dee","url_text":"\"Considering the Eternal Significance of Eiffel 65's \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\". Songfacts. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2905","url_text":"\"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090502184747/http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=2905","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Grammy Awards\". Grammy Awards. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/43rd-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"2000 Grammy Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards","url_text":"Grammy Awards"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714000403/https://www.grammy.com/awards/43rd-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Story of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" by Eiffel 65\". YouTube. 21 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epnsRRPtoeU","url_text":"\"The Story of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" by Eiffel 65\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Mike. \"The Colour of Money Is Blue\". Jam!. Canoe Inc. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120525125353/http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/E/Eiffel_65/2000/03/25/744855.html","url_text":"\"The Colour of Money Is Blue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam!","url_text":"Jam!"}]},{"reference":"Coburn, Dylan (Director, Producer); Boccardi, Silva (Producer) (21 March 2019). The Story of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" by Eiffel 65 (YouTube video). The Story Of. VICE Media. Archived from the original on 17 April 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epnsRRPtoeU&t=10m14s","url_text":"The Story of \"Blue (Da Ba Dee)\" by Eiffel 65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VICE_Media","url_text":"VICE Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220417142409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=epnsRRPtoeU&t=10m14s","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eiffel 65\". www.cs.ubc.ca. Archived from the original on 26 July 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~davet/music/artist/E/E4.html","url_text":"\"Eiffel 65\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210726164437/https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~davet/music/artist/E/E4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"e030542oof9.jpg (200x196 pixels)\". Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120721170411/http://cdn2.mog.com/amg/pop/cov200/dre000/e030/e030542oof9.jpg","url_text":"\"e030542oof9.jpg (200x196 pixels)\""},{"url":"http://cdn2.mog.com/amg/pop/cov200/dre000/e030/e030542oof9.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck, ed. (27 November 1999). \"Single Review: New & Noteworthy\" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 48. p. 27. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1999/BB-1999-11-27.pdf","url_text":"\"Single Review: New & Noteworthy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121043533/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1999/BB-1999-11-27.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Blue (Da Ba Dee) \| Music Review \|Entertainment Weekly\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,275134,00.html","url_text":"\"Blue (Da Ba Dee) \| Music Review \|Entertainment Weekly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080519222157/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,275134,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thelen, Christopher (27 February 2000). \"Eiffel 65 - Europop\". The Daily Vault. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 25 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailyvault.com/toc.php5?review=1020","url_text":"\"Eiffel 65 - Europop\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150645/https://dailyvault.com/toc.php5?review=1020","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eiffel 65: Europop - PopMatters Music Review\". Archived from the original on 6 February 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/e/eiffel65-europop.shtml","url_text":"\"Eiffel 65: Europop - PopMatters Music Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090206075733/http://www.popmatters.com/music/reviews/e/eiffel65-europop.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Promis, Jose F. \"Eiffel 65 - Europop\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/europop-mw0000257752","url_text":"\"Eiffel 65 - Europop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191001222334/https://www.allmusic.com/album/europop-mw0000257752","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hung, Steffen. \"Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee)\". hitparade.ch. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140306114421/http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Eiffel+65&titel=Blue+%28Da+Ba+Dee%29&cat=s","url_text":"\"Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee)\""},{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Eiffel+65&titel=Blue+(Da+Ba+Dee)&cat=s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) - hitparade.ch\". hitparade.ch. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091103224424/http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Eiffel%2065&titel=Blue%20%28Da%20Ba%20Dee%29&cat=s","url_text":"\"Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee) - hitparade.ch\""},{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/song/Eiffel-65/Blue-(Da-Ba-Dee)-3966","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"swedishcharts.com - Eiffel 65 - Blue (Da Ba Dee)\". swedishcharts.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. 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Retrieved 26 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bebe-rexha-and-david-guetta-drop-feel-good-blue-1234581770/","url_text":"\"TikTok Helps Bebe Rexha and David Guetta Bring Back a Throwaway Remix of Club Classic 'Blue'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220826051912/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/bebe-rexha-and-david-guetta-drop-feel-good-blue-1234581770/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Berard, Oleva (6 September 2019). \"Swedish pop songwriter Nea shares debut single \"Some Say\"\". Substream Magazine. Retrieved 26 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://substreammagazine.com/2019/09/nea-some-say/","url_text":"\"Swedish pop songwriter Nea shares debut single \"Some Say\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musica, è \"Auto blu\" di Shiva il video più cliccato su YouTube - Home\". LaStampa.it (in Italian). 13 April 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauterbrunnen_Wall	Lauterbrunnen Wall	["1 External links","2 References"]	Coordinates: 46°34′23″N 7°54′11″E / 46.5730°N 7.9030°E / 46.5730; 7.9030Geological formation The western section of the Lauterbrunnen Wall, with the north faces of the Grosshorn (left) and the Breithorn (right) The Lauterbrunnen Wall is a term used in the English-speaking mountaineering world to refer to a north-west-facing mountain wall in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland. It runs for 8 kilometres from the Gletscherhorn (3,983 m) in the east, through the Ebnefluh, (3,962 m), the Mittaghorn (3,897m) and the Grosshorn (3,754 m), to the Breithorn (3,785 m) in the west, where the wall comes to an end at the col which separates it from the Tschingelhorn. The Wall is named after the village of Lauterbrunnen, which lies to the north. The Wall has been a popular venue for ice-climbing since the 1930s, when it was tackled by Feuz, von Allmen and Welzenbach. Many of the routes are less frequently attempted today, because of relatively difficult access (in the context of the Alps) and objective danger. On 12 April 2007 a Luftwaffe Tornado stationed in Lechfeld, Bavaria crashed high into the Wall between the Mittaghorn and the Ebnefluh. The jet was "practically pulverized" and the pilot was killed on impact; his weapon systems officer, who ejected, was rescued by the mountain rescue services. The cause of the crash was poor flight planning: The Lauterbrunnen valley is unsuitable for military fighter jets because of heavy paraglider, hang glider and helicopter traffic during the day time, and as the jet had refuelled just a short time ago, the configuration of the Tornado was too heavy for the necessary climb rate to clear the Lauterbrunnen Wall, although the crew did not violate any regulations during their flight. External links Photos of the Wall Photos of the Tornado crash References ^ For example, "That year it was only climb not on the great Lauterbrunnen Wall" (Eric Roberts, Welzenbach's Climbs: A Biographical Study and the Collected Writings of Willo Welzenbach, Mountaineers Books, 1981, p. 223); "The valley is encircled by steep-sided mountains, the most impressive of which are the Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau, forming a solid rampart with the ridges which link them together into the Lauterbrunnen Wall" (Joe Tasker, Savage Arena, St. Martin's Press, 1983); "But it is the Lauterbrunnen Breithorn (3780m) that is the most attractive summit on the almost 10km length of the Lauterbrunnen Wall" (Kev Reynolds, The Swiss Alps, Cicerone Press, 2012); "The north side of the precipice is called the Lauterbrunnen Wall" (Ken Wilson, The Games Climbers Play, Diadem, 1978, p. 210). ^ Nakamura, Tamotsu. "High Mountain Info: February 2003". Retrieved 2008-05-02. ^ "Deutsche Welle: 13 April 2007". Retrieved 2008-05-03. ^ "Die Untersuchung zum Tornado-Absturz ist abgeschlossen". 46°34′23″N 7°54′11″E / 46.5730°N 7.9030°E / 46.5730; 7.9030	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grosshorn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grosshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosshorn"},{"link_name":"Breithorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breithorn_(Lauterbrunnen)"},{"link_name":"English-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bernese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_Alps"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Gletscherhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gletscherhorn"},{"link_name":"Ebnefluh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebnefluh"},{"link_name":"Mittaghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittaghorn"},{"link_name":"Grosshorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosshorn"},{"link_name":"Breithorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breithorn_(Lauterbrunnen)"},{"link_name":"Tschingelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschingelhorn"},{"link_name":"Lauterbrunnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauterbrunnen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panavia_Tornado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"paraglider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraglider"},{"link_name":"hang glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_glider"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Geological formationThe western section of the Lauterbrunnen Wall, with the north faces of the Grosshorn (left) and the Breithorn (right)The Lauterbrunnen Wall is a term used in the English-speaking mountaineering world[1] to refer to a north-west-facing mountain wall in the Bernese Alps in Switzerland. It runs for 8 kilometres from the Gletscherhorn (3,983 m) in the east, through the Ebnefluh, (3,962 m), the Mittaghorn (3,897m) and the Grosshorn (3,754 m), to the Breithorn (3,785 m) in the west, where the wall comes to an end at the col which separates it from the Tschingelhorn. The Wall is named after the village of Lauterbrunnen, which lies to the north.The Wall has been a popular venue for ice-climbing since the 1930s, when it was tackled by Feuz, von Allmen and Welzenbach. Many of the routes are less frequently attempted today, because of relatively difficult access (in the context of the Alps) and objective danger.[2]On 12 April 2007 a Luftwaffe Tornado stationed in Lechfeld, Bavaria crashed high into the Wall between the Mittaghorn and the Ebnefluh. The jet was \"practically pulverized\"[3] and the pilot was killed on impact; his weapon systems officer, who ejected, was rescued by the mountain rescue services. The cause of the crash was poor flight planning: The Lauterbrunnen valley is unsuitable for military fighter jets because of heavy paraglider, hang glider and helicopter traffic during the day time, and as the jet had refuelled just a short time ago, the configuration of the Tornado was too heavy for the necessary climb rate to clear the Lauterbrunnen Wall, although the crew did not violate any regulations during their flight.[4]","title":"Lauterbrunnen Wall"}]	[{"image_text":"The western section of the Lauterbrunnen Wall, with the north faces of the Grosshorn (left) and the Breithorn (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Grosshorn.jpg/240px-Grosshorn.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Nakamura, Tamotsu. \"High Mountain Info: February 2003\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_All_The_Way	Single All the Way	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production and release","4 Reception","4.1 Audience viewership","4.2 Critical response","4.3 Accolades","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	2021 film Single All the WayOfficial release posterDirected byMichael MayerWritten byChad HodgeProduced byJoel S. RiceStarring Michael Urie Philemon Chambers Luke Macfarlane Barry Bostwick Jennifer Robertson Jennifer Coolidge Kathy Najimy CinematographyÉric CaylaEdited byAdriaan van ZylMusic byAnton SankoProductioncompanyMuse EntertainmentDistributed byNetflixRelease date December 2, 2021 (2021-12-02) Running time101 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageEnglish Single All the Way is a 2021 Canadian Christmas romantic comedy film directed by Michael Mayer and written by Chad Hodge. The plot follows a man (Michael Urie) who convinces his best friend (Philemon Chambers) to pretend to be his boyfriend when he goes home for Christmas, only to be set up on a blind date by his mother (Kathy Najimy). Luke Macfarlane, Barry Bostwick, Jennifer Robertson, and Jennifer Coolidge also star. The film was released by Netflix on December 2, 2021. Plot Peter, a social media strategist living in Los Angeles, is tired of his entire family asking him about his single status each year when he visits them for the holidays. He is excited to bring his new boyfriend Tim to New Hampshire to meet them, until he finds out that Tim is married when Tim's wife hires Peter's best friend and roommate Nick as a freelance handyman. Devastated, Peter convinces Nick to travel to New Hampshire with him and pretend that they are dating. Before they can announce their fake relationship, Peter's mother Carole tells him that she has arranged a blind date between Peter and her spinning instructor James. Peter reluctantly agrees with encouragement from Carole and Nick. The rest of Peter's family arrive: his father Harold, his sisters Lisa and Ashleigh and their respective families, and his aunt Sandy, who directs the annual children's Christmas pageant. Harold privately tells Nick that he has always thought that he and Peter would be perfect for each other, and that Peter seems happiest when he is with Nick. Meanwhile, Peter goes on several dates with James, including buying a Christmas tree and a day of skiing. They enjoy themselves, though Peter repeatedly brings up Nick in conversation and he begins to feel torn between spending his limited time with James versus his family. He tells Nick that he is considering moving back to New Hampshire, to Nick's dismay. Peter's boss calls him to tell him that they are abandoning their latest advertising campaign and instructs Peter to develop a new campaign, featuring "real people" instead of models, within the next day. Harold, who is trying to get Peter and Nick to spend more time together, suggests photographing Nick; though Nick is initially reluctant, the photoshoot is a success. Lisa's daughters, Sofia and Daniela, are also rooting for Peter and Nick to get together. They force Nick to admit to himself that he is in love with Peter, and they later pretend to fall asleep in Peter's bed so that he has to share Nick's bed. The next day, Sofia and Daniela talk to Peter who tells them that he has feelings for Nick but is afraid to risk their friendship. Aunt Sandy's Christmas pageant is a success thanks to the help of Peter and Nick. Afterwards, Nick confesses his feelings to Peter, who is still fearful that a relationship could put their friendship in jeopardy. He tells Nick that he has decided to move back home. As Peter heads to the bar with James to celebrate the pageant's success, Nick packs his bags and prepares to return to Los Angeles, but takes on one more handyman job of re-painting a shop whose owner is retiring. James tells Peter that they are not a match for each other and that Peter belongs with Nick. Peter rushes home to find Nick gone. He sees Nick's rental car at the shop, and Nick tells him that he has paid the first six months of the shop's rent as a Christmas present to Peter, who has always wanted to open a plant store. Peter finally tells Nick that he is in love with him, and they share a kiss. On Christmas Day, they announce that they are dating and plan to move to New Hampshire together, to the delight of Peter's entire family. Cast Michael Urie as Peter Philemon Chambers as Nick Luke Macfarlane as James Barry Bostwick as Harold Jennifer Robertson as Lisa Jennifer Coolidge as Aunt Sandy Kathy Najimy as Carole Madison Brydges as Daniela Alexandra Beaton as Sofia Dan Finnerty as Kevin the Snow Plow Guy Steve Lund as Tim Melanie Leishman as Ashleigh Gryffin Hanvelt as Simon, Ashleigh's older son Viggo Hanvelt as Sam, Ashleigh's younger son Stefano DiMatteo as Tony, Lisa's husband Victor Andrés Trelles Turgeon as Jim, Ashleigh's husband Production and release In March 2021, Variety reported that Michael Mayer would direct Single All the Way, a Christmas-themed romantic comedy about gay men, for Netflix. Most of the cast was announced at that time, as well as screenwriter and executive producer Chad Hodge and producer Joel S. Rice. Hodge wrote the character of Aunt Sandy with Jennifer Coolidge in mind, saying that she was among the things that he "would want to see in a gay Christmas movie", without knowing at first whether she would agree to be part of the film. Auditions took place in late 2020. Michael Urie was asked to send an audition tape for the character of Nick, but felt that Peter was a better fit. Principal photography took place in Montreal, Quebec. Kathy Najimy's husband, Dan Finnerty, was cast after he wanted to join Najimy in Montreal and learned that COVID-19 travel restrictions at the Canada–United States border required him to be working. He wrote and performed two original songs ("Mrs. Claus" and "Single All the Way") as Kevin, a snow plow operator. Ruth Coolidge of Screen Rant compared Finnerty's role in the film to his "similarly iconic role" as the wedding singer in The Hangover (2009). On November 10, 2021, an official trailer was released. The film was released digitally on Netflix on December 2, becoming the streaming service's first gay holiday film. Reception Audience viewership During its debut week, Single All the Way ranked at number 6 on Netflix's top 10 weekly rankings for English-language films, based on its methodology of measuring a film or TV show by the number of hours it was viewed, with 13.82 million hours watched. It also ranked in the weekly top 10 on Netflix in 42 countries. In the second week of release, it had a viewership of 11.14 million hours and ranked at number 5 on Netflix's chart, while remaining in the top 10 Netflix rankings in 36 countries. Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 68% of 28 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 49 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The script was criticized for its usage of common tropes in Christmas romantic comedy films. Though Benjamin Lee of The Guardian commented that the film's "overwhelming conventionality ... is kind of the point" as it places gay characters in a familiar setting, he felt that it was too formulaic. Urie and Chambers were praised for their individual performances, but critics disagreed about their interactions on-screen. Ferdosi Abdi, writing for Screen Rant, commented that "the chemistry between the pair is palpable" and described Peter and Nick as "one of the strongest depictions of a couple" within the Christmas romantic comedy genre. On the other hand, Teo Bugbee of The New York Times felt that the two actors were not close enough in many scenes and that it was even "difficult to believe the pair as best friends". The film's depiction of gay characters in an everyday setting, without sexuality-based conflict, received praise. Critics applauded Peter's accepting family, though some felt that their interest in Peter and Nick's relationship was excessive. Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, Carla Meyer complimented the film's incorporation of various aspects of gay culture, contrasting it with the Hallmark Channel's The Christmas House (2020), which she criticized for "narratives that de-emphasize sexuality and promote their 'just like us' qualities". Coolidge was also praised for her performance, which Jude Dry of IndieWire described as "a far cry from her typical middle-aged ditz breathiness", though others felt that her performance was limited by the script. Accolades Year Award Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. 2022 Producers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Producer of Streamed or Televised Movie Joel S. Rice Nominated 2022 GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding TV Movie Single All the Way Won See also List of Christmas films References ^ Donnelly, Matt (March 23, 2021). "Netflix Lands Gay Holiday Rom-Com 'Single All the Way' From Tony-Winning Director Michael Mayer". Variety. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021. ^ Oliver, David (December 2, 2021). "'Like a gay dream come true': Netflix's first gay holiday rom-com 'Single All the Way' relishes in joy". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ Abramovitch, Seth (December 2, 2021). "Next Big Thing: Philemon Chambers on Starring as First Black Actor in an LGBTQ Christmas Rom-Com". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ Schaefer, Stephen (November 29, 2021). "Michael Urie is 'Single All the Way' for Netflix's first gay rom-com". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ Marine, Brooke (December 2, 2021). "Single All the Way Star Philemon Chambers Plays It Cool". W. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ a b Yohannes, Alamin (December 3, 2021). "How the foul-mouthed wedding singer from Old School ended up in Netflix's first gay holiday rom-com". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ a b Coolidge, Ruth (December 3, 2021). "Single All The Way Soundtrack: Every Song In The Movie". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ Ermac, Raffy (November 10, 2021). "Netflix's Single All the Way Trailer Is Here to Stuff Our Stockings". Out. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2021. ^ a b c Dry, Jude (December 2, 2021). "Single All the Way Makes the Yuletide Gay in Netflix's Cheesy Holiday Rom-com". IndieWire. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021. ^ Avery, Dan (November 29, 2021). "Make the Yuletide gay with these new LGBTQ Christmas movies". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021. ^ Doperalski, Daniel (December 7, 2021). "Netflix Top 10: Money Heist Holds Global Viewers Hostage; Power of the Dog Leads in Film". Variety. Archived from the original on December 8, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2021. ^ "Global Top 10". Netflix. Retrieved December 8, 2021. ^ "Global Top 10". Netflix. Retrieved December 15, 2021. ^ "Single All the Way". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved January 23, 2023. ^ "Single All the Way". Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved December 3, 2021. ^ a b Metz, Nina (December 2, 2021). "Single All the Way review: Warmed over holiday movie tropes with a twist are still warmed over holiday movie tropes". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021. ^ a b Lee, Benjamin (December 2, 2021). "Single All the Way review – Netflix's first gay Christmas romcom". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ Abdi, Ferdosa (December 2, 2021). "Single All The Way Review: Netflix's Holiday Romcom Is Funny & Heartwarming". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2021. ^ Bugbee, Teo (December 2, 2021). "Single All the Way Review: Cookie Cutter Christmas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ a b Meyer, Carla (December 2, 2021). "Review: Single All the Way might be the first truly gay holiday movie". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 2, 2021. Retrieved December 2, 2021. ^ Pedersen, Erik (January 27, 2022). "PGA Awards Nominations: Licorice Pizza, Don't Look Up, Dune, King Richard & CODA Among Pics Vying For Marquee Prize". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved January 27, 2022. ^ "The Nominees for the 33rd Annual GLAAD Media Awards". GLAAD. 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ "GLAAD Media Awards: ‘Eternals,’ ‘Hacks,’ ‘Saved By The Bell’ Take Top Prizes" by Kirsten Chuba at hollywoodreporter.com External links Single All the Way at IMDb vteFilms directed by Michael Mayer A Home at the End of the World (2004) Flicka (2006) The Seagull (2018) Single All the Way (2021) vteGLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Limited or Anthology SeriesTV Movie or Limited Series (1990–2019) The Women of Brewster Place (1990) Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1991) And the Band Played On (1994) Tales of the City (1995) Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story (1996) Two Mothers for Zachary (1997) Any Mother's Son (1998) More Tales of the City (1999) Execution of Justice (2000) If These Walls Could Talk 2 (2001) What Makes a Family (2002) The Laramie Project (2003) Angels in America (2004) Jack (2005) The Long Firm (2006) A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story (2007) The DL Chronicles (2008) East Side Story (2009) Prayers for Bobby (2010) Cinema Verite (2012) American Horror Story: Asylum (2013) Behind the Candelabra (2014) The Normal Heart (2015) Bessie (2016) Eyewitness (2017) When We Rise (2018) The Assassination of Gianni Versace (2019) TV Movie (2020–2022) Transparent: Musical Finale (2020) Uncle Frank (2021) Single All the Way (2022) Limited Series (2020–2022) Tales of the City (2020) I May Destroy You (2021) It's a Sin (2022) Limited or Anthology Series (2023–present) The White Lotus (2023) Fellow Travelers (2024)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_by_medium#film"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"Michael Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mayer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Chad Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Michael Urie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Urie"},{"link_name":"blind date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_date"},{"link_name":"Kathy Najimy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Najimy"},{"link_name":"Luke Macfarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Macfarlane"},{"link_name":"Barry Bostwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bostwick"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"}],"text":"Single All the Way is a 2021 Canadian Christmas romantic comedy film directed by Michael Mayer and written by Chad Hodge. The plot follows a man (Michael Urie) who convinces his best friend (Philemon Chambers) to pretend to be his boyfriend when he goes home for Christmas, only to be set up on a blind date by his mother (Kathy Najimy). Luke Macfarlane, Barry Bostwick, Jennifer Robertson, and Jennifer Coolidge also star.The film was released by Netflix on December 2, 2021.","title":"Single All the Way"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"spinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Christmas pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_pageant"},{"link_name":"Christmas tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree"},{"link_name":"skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiing"}],"text":"Peter, a social media strategist living in Los Angeles, is tired of his entire family asking him about his single status each year when he visits them for the holidays. He is excited to bring his new boyfriend Tim to New Hampshire to meet them, until he finds out that Tim is married when Tim's wife hires Peter's best friend and roommate Nick as a freelance handyman. Devastated, Peter convinces Nick to travel to New Hampshire with him and pretend that they are dating. Before they can announce their fake relationship, Peter's mother Carole tells him that she has arranged a blind date between Peter and her spinning instructor James. Peter reluctantly agrees with encouragement from Carole and Nick.The rest of Peter's family arrive: his father Harold, his sisters Lisa and Ashleigh and their respective families, and his aunt Sandy, who directs the annual children's Christmas pageant. Harold privately tells Nick that he has always thought that he and Peter would be perfect for each other, and that Peter seems happiest when he is with Nick. Meanwhile, Peter goes on several dates with James, including buying a Christmas tree and a day of skiing. They enjoy themselves, though Peter repeatedly brings up Nick in conversation and he begins to feel torn between spending his limited time with James versus his family. He tells Nick that he is considering moving back to New Hampshire, to Nick's dismay.Peter's boss calls him to tell him that they are abandoning their latest advertising campaign and instructs Peter to develop a new campaign, featuring \"real people\" instead of models, within the next day. Harold, who is trying to get Peter and Nick to spend more time together, suggests photographing Nick; though Nick is initially reluctant, the photoshoot is a success. Lisa's daughters, Sofia and Daniela, are also rooting for Peter and Nick to get together. They force Nick to admit to himself that he is in love with Peter, and they later pretend to fall asleep in Peter's bed so that he has to share Nick's bed. The next day, Sofia and Daniela talk to Peter who tells them that he has feelings for Nick but is afraid to risk their friendship. Aunt Sandy's Christmas pageant is a success thanks to the help of Peter and Nick.Afterwards, Nick confesses his feelings to Peter, who is still fearful that a relationship could put their friendship in jeopardy. He tells Nick that he has decided to move back home. As Peter heads to the bar with James to celebrate the pageant's success, Nick packs his bags and prepares to return to Los Angeles, but takes on one more handyman job of re-painting a shop whose owner is retiring. James tells Peter that they are not a match for each other and that Peter belongs with Nick. Peter rushes home to find Nick gone. He sees Nick's rental car at the shop, and Nick tells him that he has paid the first six months of the shop's rent as a Christmas present to Peter, who has always wanted to open a plant store. Peter finally tells Nick that he is in love with him, and they share a kiss. On Christmas Day, they announce that they are dating and plan to move to New Hampshire together, to the delight of Peter's entire family.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Urie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Urie"},{"link_name":"Luke Macfarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Macfarlane"},{"link_name":"Barry Bostwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bostwick"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Kathy Najimy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathy_Najimy"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Beaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Beaton"},{"link_name":"Dan Finnerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Finnerty"},{"link_name":"Steve Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lund"},{"link_name":"Melanie Leishman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Leishman"},{"link_name":"Victor Andrés Trelles Turgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Andr%C3%A9s_Trelles_Turgeon"}],"text":"Michael Urie as Peter\nPhilemon Chambers as Nick\nLuke Macfarlane as James\nBarry Bostwick as Harold\nJennifer Robertson as Lisa\nJennifer Coolidge as Aunt Sandy\nKathy Najimy as Carole\nMadison Brydges as Daniela\nAlexandra Beaton as Sofia\nDan Finnerty as Kevin the Snow Plow Guy\nSteve Lund as Tim\nMelanie Leishman as Ashleigh\nGryffin Hanvelt as Simon, Ashleigh's older son\nViggo Hanvelt as Sam, Ashleigh's younger son\nStefano DiMatteo as Tony, Lisa's husband\nVictor Andrés Trelles Turgeon as Jim, Ashleigh's husband","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Michael Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mayer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Chad Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Hodge"},{"link_name":"Joel S. Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_S._Rice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 travel restrictions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yohannes-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yohannes-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-7"},{"link_name":"Screen Rant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant"},{"link_name":"The Hangover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hangover"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-screenrant-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiewire-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In March 2021, Variety reported that Michael Mayer would direct Single All the Way, a Christmas-themed romantic comedy about gay men, for Netflix. Most of the cast was announced at that time, as well as screenwriter and executive producer Chad Hodge and producer Joel S. Rice.[1] Hodge wrote the character of Aunt Sandy with Jennifer Coolidge in mind, saying that she was among the things that he \"would want to see in a gay Christmas movie\", without knowing at first whether she would agree to be part of the film.[2] Auditions took place in late 2020.[3] Michael Urie was asked to send an audition tape for the character of Nick, but felt that Peter was a better fit.[4]Principal photography took place in Montreal, Quebec.[5] Kathy Najimy's husband, Dan Finnerty, was cast after he wanted to join Najimy in Montreal and learned that COVID-19 travel restrictions at the Canada–United States border required him to be working.[6] He wrote and performed two original songs (\"Mrs. Claus\" and \"Single All the Way\") as Kevin, a snow plow operator.[6][7] Ruth Coolidge of Screen Rant compared Finnerty's role in the film to his \"similarly iconic role\" as the wedding singer in The Hangover (2009).[7]On November 10, 2021, an official trailer was released.[8] The film was released digitally on Netflix on December 2, becoming the streaming service's first gay holiday film.[9][10]","title":"Production and release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Audience viewership","text":"During its debut week, Single All the Way ranked at number 6 on Netflix's top 10 weekly rankings for English-language films, based on its methodology of measuring a film or TV show by the number of hours it was viewed, with 13.82 million hours watched.[11] It also ranked in the weekly top 10 on Netflix in 42 countries.[12] In the second week of release, it had a viewership of 11.14 million hours and ranked at number 5 on Netflix's chart, while remaining in the top 10 Netflix rankings in 36 countries.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"weighted average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_average"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"tropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(cinema)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-16"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiewire-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribune-16"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfchronicle-20"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel"},{"link_name":"The Christmas House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christmas_House"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfchronicle-20"},{"link_name":"IndieWire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiewire-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-17"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 68% of 28 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10.[14] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 49 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[15]The script was criticized for its usage of common tropes in Christmas romantic comedy films.[16] Though Benjamin Lee of The Guardian commented that the film's \"overwhelming conventionality ... is kind of the point\" as it places gay characters in a familiar setting, he felt that it was too formulaic.[17] Urie and Chambers were praised for their individual performances, but critics disagreed about their interactions on-screen. Ferdosi Abdi, writing for Screen Rant, commented that \"the chemistry between the pair is palpable\" and described Peter and Nick as \"one of the strongest depictions of a couple\" within the Christmas romantic comedy genre.[18] On the other hand, Teo Bugbee of The New York Times felt that the two actors were not close enough in many scenes and that it was even \"difficult to believe the pair as best friends\".[19]The film's depiction of gay characters in an everyday setting, without sexuality-based conflict, received praise.[9] Critics applauded Peter's accepting family, though some felt that their interest in Peter and Nick's relationship was excessive.[16][20] Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, Carla Meyer complimented the film's incorporation of various aspects of gay culture, contrasting it with the Hallmark Channel's The Christmas House (2020), which she criticized for \"narratives that de-emphasize sexuality and promote their 'just like us' qualities\".[20] Coolidge was also praised for her performance, which Jude Dry of IndieWire described as \"a far cry from her typical middle-aged ditz breathiness\", though others felt that her performance was limited by the script.[9][17]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Christmas films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films"}]	[{"reference":"Donnelly, Matt (March 23, 2021). \"Netflix Lands Gay Holiday Rom-Com 'Single All the Way' From Tony-Winning Director Michael Mayer\". Variety. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved November 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-gay-holiday-movie-single-all-the-way-michael-urie-1234936458/","url_text":"\"Netflix Lands Gay Holiday Rom-Com 'Single All the Way' From Tony-Winning Director Michael Mayer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211118150000/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/netflix-gay-holiday-movie-single-all-the-way-michael-urie-1234936458/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, David (December 2, 2021). \"'Like a gay dream come true': Netflix's first gay holiday rom-com 'Single All the Way' relishes in joy\". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/12/02/single-all-way-netflix-first-gay-holiday-romantic-comedy/8793021002/","url_text":"\"'Like a gay dream come true': Netflix's first gay holiday rom-com 'Single All the Way' relishes in joy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211204162408/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2021/12/02/single-all-way-netflix-first-gay-holiday-romantic-comedy/8793021002/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abramovitch, Seth (December 2, 2021). \"Next Big Thing: Philemon Chambers on Starring as First Black Actor in an LGBTQ Christmas Rom-Com\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/philemon-chambers-netflix-holiday-movie-single-all-the-way-1235054841/","url_text":"\"Next Big Thing: Philemon Chambers on Starring as First Black Actor in an LGBTQ Christmas Rom-Com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211203235317/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/philemon-chambers-netflix-holiday-movie-single-all-the-way-1235054841/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Schaefer, Stephen (November 29, 2021). \"Michael Urie is 'Single All the Way' for Netflix's first gay rom-com\". Boston Herald. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/11/29/michael-urie-is-single-all-the-way-for-netflixs-first-gay-rom-com/","url_text":"\"Michael Urie is 'Single All the Way' for Netflix's first gay rom-com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald","url_text":"Boston Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211129130517/https://www.bostonherald.com/2021/11/29/michael-urie-is-single-all-the-way-for-netflixs-first-gay-rom-com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marine, Brooke (December 2, 2021). \"Single All the Way Star Philemon Chambers Plays It Cool\". W. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroun_Baghdadi	Maroun Bagdadi	["1 Career","2 Death","3 Filmography","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]	Maroun BagdadiMaroun BagdadiBorn(1950-01-21)January 21, 1950LebanonDiedDecember 10, 1993(1993-12-10) (aged 43)LebanonOccupationFilm directorSpouseSoraya KhouryChildren3 Maroun Bagdadi (also Baghdadi; Arabic: مارون بغدادي, mārūn baġdādi; January 21, 1950 – December 10, 1993) was a Lebanese film director known for his vivid portrayal of Lebanon's civil war. Bagdadi was internationally the best-known Lebanese filmmaker of his generation. He worked with American producer/director Francis Coppola and made several films in French that became hits in France. Career Maroun Bagdadi was arguably Lebanon's most prominent filmmaker, one whose work has been seen all over the world. One of his best-known films, Houroub Saghira (Little Wars), was shown at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival, drawing this comment from a prominent film critic: "To make a film about Beirut that eschews polemics for more universal, more human issues is an achievement." His first Lebanese production was for television, an educational program called 7½. In 1975, he directed his first feature film, Beyrouth Ya Beyrouth. Koullouna Lil Watan, a 75-minute documentary produced in 1979, won the Jury Honor Prize at the International Leipzig Festival Documentary and Animated Film. Death Bagdadi died on December 10, 1993, aged 43, allegedly after an accidental fall down an elevator shaft at his home in Beirut. He was survived by his wife, Soraya, whose acting career continues as of 2017, and their three children. Filmography La Fille de l'air (1992) Out of Life (1991) Lebanon, the Land of Honey and Incense (1988) The Veiled Man (1987) Little Wars (1982) Whispers (1980) The Procession (1980) We Are All for the Fatherland (1979) The Story of a Village and a War (1979) The Martyr (1979) Ninety (1978) The Most Beautiful of All Mothers (1978) Greetings to Kamal Jumblat (1977) The South Is Fine, How About You (1976) The Majority Is Standing Strong (1976) Kafarkala (1976) Beirut Oh Beirut (1975) Awards Jury Prize at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival for Out of Life (Hors La Vie) Jury Honor Prize at the International Leipzig Festival Documentary and Animated Film for Koullouna Lil Watan References ^ Variety Magazine ^ a b "Today's Outlook Magazine". Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-04-12. ^ "Movie Director Maroun Baghdadi Dies In Fall". Associated Press. 1993-12-11. ^ Nasr, Nahed. "INTERVIEW - Souraya Baghdadi on late Lebanese director Maroun Baghdadi: A free man with a critical mind". Al-Ahram (Interview). ^ "Festival de Cannes: Out of Life". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09. External links Maroun Bagdadi at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"film director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Director"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Francis Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Coppola"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Maroun Bagdadi (also Baghdadi; Arabic: مارون بغدادي, mārūn baġdādi; January 21, 1950 – December 10, 1993) was a Lebanese film director known for his vivid portrayal of Lebanon's civil war. Bagdadi was internationally the best-known Lebanese filmmaker of his generation. He worked with American producer/director Francis Coppola and made several films in French that became hits in France.[1]","title":"Maroun Bagdadi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Little Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"1982 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todaysoutlook.com-2"}],"text":"Maroun Bagdadi was arguably Lebanon's most prominent filmmaker, one whose work has been seen all over the world. One of his best-known films, Houroub Saghira (Little Wars), was shown at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival, drawing this comment from a prominent film critic: \"To make a film about Beirut that eschews polemics for more universal, more human issues is an achievement.\" His first Lebanese production was for television, an educational program called 7½. In 1975, he directed his first feature film, Beyrouth Ya Beyrouth. Koullouna Lil Watan, a 75-minute documentary produced in 1979, won the Jury Honor Prize at the International Leipzig Festival Documentary and Animated Film.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP_death-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bagdadi died on December 10, 1993, aged 43, allegedly after an accidental fall down an elevator shaft at his home in Beirut.[3]He was survived by his wife, Soraya, whose acting career continues as of 2017,[4] and their three children.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Fille de l'air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fille_de_l%27air"},{"link_name":"Out of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Lebanon, the Land of Honey and Incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon,_the_Land_of_Honey_and_Incense&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Veiled Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Veiled_Man"},{"link_name":"Little Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Whispers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whispers(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"We Are All for the Fatherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Are_All_for_the_Fatherland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Story of a Village and a War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Story_of_a_Village_and_a_War&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Martyr_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ninety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ninety(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Most Beautiful of All Mothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Most_Beautiful_of_All_Mothers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greetings to Kamal Jumblat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greetings_to_Kamal_Jumblat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The South Is Fine, How About You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_South_Is_Fine,_How_About_You&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Majority Is Standing Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Majority_Is_Standing_Strong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kafarkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kafarkala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beirut Oh Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beirut_Oh_Beirut&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"La Fille de l'air (1992)\nOut of Life (1991)\nLebanon, the Land of Honey and Incense (1988)\nThe Veiled Man (1987)\nLittle Wars (1982)\nWhispers (1980)\nThe Procession (1980)\nWe Are All for the Fatherland (1979)\nThe Story of a Village and a War (1979)\nThe Martyr (1979)\nNinety (1978)\nThe Most Beautiful of All Mothers (1978)\nGreetings to Kamal Jumblat (1977)\nThe South Is Fine, How About You (1976)\nThe Majority Is Standing Strong (1976)\nKafarkala (1976)\nBeirut Oh Beirut (1975)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"1991 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Out of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-5"},{"link_name":"Koullouna Lil Watan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koullouna_Lil_Watan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-todaysoutlook.com-2"}],"text":"Jury Prize at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival for Out of Life (Hors La Vie)[5]\nJury Honor Prize at the International Leipzig Festival Documentary and Animated Film for Koullouna Lil Watan[2]","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Today's Outlook Magazine\". Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403043844/http://www.todaysoutlook.com/lebanese/archive/index_eume.htm","url_text":"\"Today's Outlook Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.todaysoutlook.com/lebanese/archive/index_eume.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Movie Director Maroun Baghdadi Dies In Fall\". Associated Press. 1993-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/23ad723e082c95a96d949f80d07a1e02","url_text":"\"Movie Director Maroun Baghdadi Dies In Fall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Nasr, Nahed. \"INTERVIEW - Souraya Baghdadi on late Lebanese director Maroun Baghdadi: A free man with a critical mind\". Al-Ahram (Interview).","urls":[{"url":"http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/269052/Arts--Culture/Film/INTERVIEW--Souraya-Baghdadi-on-late-Lebanese-direc.aspx","url_text":"\"INTERVIEW - Souraya Baghdadi on late Lebanese director Maroun Baghdadi: A free man with a critical mind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ahram","url_text":"Al-Ahram"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Out of Life\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/74/year/1991.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Out of Life\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR116471.html?categoryid=25&cs=1","external_links_name":"Variety Magazine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080403043844/http://www.todaysoutlook.com/lebanese/archive/index_eume.htm","external_links_name":"\"Today's Outlook Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.todaysoutlook.com/lebanese/archive/index_eume.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/23ad723e082c95a96d949f80d07a1e02","external_links_name":"\"Movie Director Maroun Baghdadi Dies In Fall\""},{"Link":"http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/269052/Arts--Culture/Film/INTERVIEW--Souraya-Baghdadi-on-late-Lebanese-direc.aspx","external_links_name":"\"INTERVIEW - Souraya Baghdadi on late Lebanese director Maroun Baghdadi: A free man with a critical mind\""},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/74/year/1991.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: Out of Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0046554/","external_links_name":"Maroun Bagdadi"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116227136","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/37723669","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13941202f","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13941202f","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007528909305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006035879","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0150730&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p112546102","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c38t98","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/158010728","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Saputra	Surya Saputra	["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Television film","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]	Indonesian actor (born 1975) For the Indonesian Olympic wrestler, see Surya Saputra (wrestler). This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Surya Saputra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Surya SaputraBornSurya Saputra (1975-07-05) 5 July 1975 (age 48)Jakarta, IndonesiaOccupation(s)ActorModelSinger Years active1998–presentHeight1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)Spouses Dewi Sandra (2000–2005) Cynthia Lamusu (2008–present) ChildrenMarried from Cynthia Lamusu: Ataya Tatjana Aisyah Putri Atharva Bimasena Saputra Parent(s)Eddy Suherman (father) Linda Lolita Husein (mother)RelativesFiona Saputra (sister)AwardsCitra Award for Best Supporting Actor Surya Saputra (born 5 July 1975) is an Indonesian actor, singer, and model. He is the husband of Indonesian actress and singer, Cynthia Lamusu. He is also a former member of the Indonesian pop group Cool Colors. Career Saputra has appeared in the soap operas Air Mata Ibu, Cerita Cinta, Remaja Lima, Cinta Abadi, Romantika 21, Strawberry, Metropolis 2, Senyuman Ananda, and Arisan! 2 The Series. He has appeared in the films Janji Joni, Gie, Untuk Rena, Arisan!, Belahan Jiwa and Long Road to Heaven, which is about the Bali terrorist bombing. Saputra won "Best Supporting Actor" for his work in Arisan! at the 2004 Indonesian Film Festival. Saputra has also worked as a film producer. He appeared on the reality show Celebrity Dance teamed up with Cynthia Lamusu. He is also a former member of Surya the boy group Cool Colors, along with Ari Wibowo (replacing Teuku Ryan), Ari Sihasale, and Yohandi Yahya. On 2 April 2016, Saputra had received a special award, 7 Icon Usmar Ismail Awards, together with a senior Widyawati, Tio Pakusadewo, Dwi Sasono, Lenny Marlina, Sissy Pricillia, and Prisia Nasution at the 2016 Usmar Ismail Awards. Personal life Saputra married singer Dewi Sandra in 2000 and they were divorced in January 2005. Saputra married Cynthia Lamusu of the girl group Be3 on 8 June 2008. Saputra and Lamusu became parents to baby twins, both girl and boy, which were born on 20 November 2016. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Arisan! Nino Supporting roleWon – 2004 Indonesian Film Festival for Best Supporting ActorWon – 2004 MTV Indonesia Movie Awards for Most Favorite Supporting Actor 2005 Janji Joni Otto Supporting roleNominated – 2005 Indonesian Film Festival for Best Supporting Actor 2005 Untuk Rena Yudha Lead roleWon – 2006 Festival Film Jakarta for Best Male Leading Role 2005 Belahan Jiwa Dr. Wiranto Supporting role 2007 Long Road to Heaven Hambali Supporting role 2008 Love Gilang Supporting role 2008 Ayat-Ayat Cinta Eqbal Supporting role 2009 Jamila dan Sang Presiden Surya Supporting role 2009 King Mr. Herman Supporting role 2009 Meraih Mimpi Pairot Dubber 2011 Serdadu Kumbang Ketut Supporting role 2011 Ayah, Mengapa Aku Berbeda? Suryo Syahputro Lead role 2011 Arisan! 2 Nino Supporting roleNominated – 2012 Indonesian Movie Awards for Best Chemistry (with Rio Dewanto) 2012 Malaikat Tanpa Sayap Amir Supporting roleWon – 2012 Festival Film Bandung for Best Male Supporting Role 2012 Modus Anomali The husband Supporting role 2012 Jakarta Hati 2015 Kakak Adi Lead role 2015 Ayat-Ayat Adinda Faisal Supporting role 2015 Magic Hour Doctor Supporting role 2022 Sri Asih Prayogo Adinegara Television Year Title Role Notes Network 1998 Air Mata Ibu Lead role RCTI 1999 Cerita Cinta Igo Supporting role Indosiar 2000 Cinta Abadi Indosiar 2003 Metropolis 2 RCTI 2004 Romansa 21 Indosiar 2005–2006 Senyuman Ananda Philip Lead role Indosiar 2006 Arisan! The Series Nino Supporting role ANTV 2006 Dunia Tanpa Koma Jendra Aditya Supporting role RCTI 2012 Cinta Bersemi di Putih Abu-Abu The Series Tony Supporting role SCTV 2012–2013 Love in Paris Arif Supporting role SCTV 2013 Cinta Yang Sama Tirta Supporting role SCTV 2013–2014 Diam-Diam Suka Alex Supporting role SCTV 2014–2015 Diam-Diam Suka: Cinta Lama Bersemi Kembali Alex Supporting role SCTV 2015 Cantik-Cantik Magic Supporting role SCTV 2015 Elang: The Real Action Season 2 Erick Supporting role SCTV 2015 Alphabet Irfan Supporting role SCTV 2016 Aku Jatuh Cinta Gunawan Supporting role SCTV 2016 Super Puber Risal Supporting role SCTV 2017 Keluarga Besar Anton Lead role NET. 2022 Ikatan Cinta Surya Lead role RCTI Television film Year Title Role Notes 2014 3 Butir Kurma Lead role Won – 2014 Indonesian Film Festival for Best FTV Leading ActorNominated – 2014 Festival Film Bandung for Best FTV Male Leading Role 2015 Bapakku Saingan Cintaku Supporting role Awards and nominations Year Awards Category Recipients Result 2004 MTV Indonesia Movie Awards Most Favorite Supporting Actor Arisan! Won Indonesian Film Festival Citra Award for Best Supporting Actor Won 2005 Janji Joni Nominated 2006 Jakarta Film Festival Best Male Leading Role Untuk Rena Won 2012 Indonesian Movie Awards Best Chemistry (with Rio Dewanto) Arisan! 2 Nominated Bandung Film Festival Best Male Supporting Role Malaikat Tanpa Sayap Won 2014 Bandung Film Festival Best FTV Male Leading Role 3 Butir Kurma Nominated Indonesian Film Festival Best FTV Leading Actor Won 2016 Usmar Ismail Awards 7 Icon Usmar Ismail Awards Surya Saputra Won References ^ Tribuana, Lintang (24 February 2021), "Profil Surya Saputra, Pemeran Ayah Andin di Ikatan Cinta yang Bijak Abis", Okezone Celebrity (in Indonesian), pp. 1–2, archived from the original on 18 November 2021, retrieved 18 November 2021 ^ a b c Saputra, Surya (5 July 1975). "Surya Saputra' biography". Kapanlagi.com. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ Surya Saputra Akan Produksi Film, accessed 20 November 2007 ^ Setelah 'Seleb Mendut', ANTV Luncurkan 'Seleb Dance', accessed 20 November 2007 ^ (in Indonesian) Surya Saputra receiving 7 Icon Usmar Ismail Awards Kiosmedia.com retrieved on 2 April 2016 ^ Meraba Pernikahan Glenn-Dewi, accessed 20 November 2007 ^ Surya Saputra Atasi Kesendirian Pasca Perceraian, accessed 20 November 2007 ^ Nuansa Putih di Pernikahan Surya – Chintya, accessed 28 Juni 2008 ^ "Selamat! Cynthia Lamusu dan Surya Saputra Dikaruniai Anak Kembar, Berikut Ini Namanya". style.tribunnews.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017. External links (in Indonesian) Profil di wowkeren.com (in Indonesian) Profile in Kapanlagi.com Surya Saputra at IMDb Surya Saputra on X vteCitra Award for Best Supporting Actor1950s Bambang Hermanto & Awaludin (tie) (1955) Not held (1956) Not held (1957) Not held (1958) Not held (1959) 1960s Ahmad Hamid (1960) Not held (1961) Not held (1962) Not held (1963) Not held (1964) Not held (1965) Not held (1966) Atmonadi (1967) Not held (1968) Not held (1969) 1970s Not held (1970) Not held (1971) Not held (1972) Dicky Zulkarnaen (1973) Not awarded (1974) Aedy Moward (1975) Farouk Afero (1976) Rachmat Hidayat (1977) Masito Sitorus (1978) El Manik (1979) 1980s Hassan Sanusi (1980) Zainal Abidin (1981) Maruli Sitompul (1982) Maruli Sitompul (1983) Bambang Hermanto (1984) El Manik (1985) Deddy Mizwar (1986) Darussalam (1987) Didi Petet (1988) Pitrajaya Burnama (1989) 1990s Rachman Arge (1990) Rachmat Hidayat (1991) Deddy Mizwar (1992) Not held (1993) Not held (1994) Not held (1995) Not held (1996) Not held (1997) Not held (1998) Not held (1999) 2000s Not held (2000) Not held (2001) Not held (2002) Not held (2003) Surya Saputra (2004) Gito Rollies (2005) El Manik (2006) Lukman Sardi (2007) Yoga Pratama (2008) Reza Rahadian (2009) 2010s Rasyid Karim (2010) Mathias Muchus (2011) Fuad Idris (2012) Adipati Dolken (2013) Yayu Unru (2014) Mathias Muchus (2015) Alex Abbad (2016) Yayu Unru (2017) Nicholas Saputra (2018) Whani Darmawan (2019) 2020s Ade Firman Hakim (2020) Jerome Kurnia (2021) Slamet Rahardjo (2022) Marthino Lio (2023)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surya Saputra (wrestler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Saputra_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-celebrity.okezone.com-1"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer"},{"link_name":"pop group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"}],"text":"For the Indonesian Olympic wrestler, see Surya Saputra (wrestler).Surya Saputra (born 5 July 1975)[1] is an Indonesian actor, singer, and model. He is the husband of Indonesian actress and singer, Cynthia Lamusu. He is also a former member of the Indonesian pop group Cool Colors.","title":"Surya Saputra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Janji Joni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janji_Joni"},{"link_name":"Gie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gie"},{"link_name":"Untuk Rena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Untuk_Rena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arisan!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisan!"},{"link_name":"Belahan Jiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belahan_Jiwa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Long Road to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Road_to_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Bali terrorist bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surya-2"},{"link_name":"Arisan!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisan!"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surya-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ari Wibowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ari_Wibowo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teuku Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teuku_Ryan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ari Sihasale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ari_Sihasale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surya-2"},{"link_name":"Widyawati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widyawati"},{"link_name":"Tio Pakusadewo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tio_Pakusadewo"},{"link_name":"Dwi Sasono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwi_Sasono"},{"link_name":"Lenny Marlina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenny_Marlina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sissy Pricillia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sissy_Pricillia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prisia Nasution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisia_Nasution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Saputra has appeared in the soap operas Air Mata Ibu, Cerita Cinta, Remaja Lima, Cinta Abadi, Romantika 21, Strawberry, Metropolis 2, Senyuman Ananda, and Arisan! 2 The Series. He has appeared in the films Janji Joni, Gie, Untuk Rena, Arisan!, Belahan Jiwa and Long Road to Heaven, which is about the Bali terrorist bombing.[2] Saputra won \"Best Supporting Actor\" for his work in Arisan! at the 2004 Indonesian Film Festival.[2]Saputra has also worked as a film producer.[3] He appeared on the reality show Celebrity Dance teamed up with Cynthia Lamusu.[4] He is also a former member of Surya the boy group Cool Colors, along with Ari Wibowo (replacing Teuku Ryan), Ari Sihasale, and Yohandi Yahya.[2]On 2 April 2016, Saputra had received a special award, 7 Icon Usmar Ismail Awards, together with a senior Widyawati, Tio Pakusadewo, Dwi Sasono, Lenny Marlina, Sissy Pricillia, and Prisia Nasution at the 2016 Usmar Ismail Awards.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dewi Sandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewi_Sandra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Saputra married singer Dewi Sandra in 2000[6] and they were divorced in January 2005.[7] Saputra married Cynthia Lamusu of the girl group Be3 on 8 June 2008.[8] Saputra and Lamusu became parents to baby twins, both girl and boy, which were born on 20 November 2016.[9]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Tribuana, Lintang (24 February 2021), \"Profil Surya Saputra, Pemeran Ayah Andin di Ikatan Cinta yang Bijak Abis\", Okezone Celebrity (in Indonesian), pp. 1–2, archived from the original on 18 November 2021, retrieved 18 November 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20211118072811/https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2021/02/24/598/2367554/profil-surya-saputra-pemeran-ayah-andin-di-ikatan-cinta-yang-bijak-abis","url_text":"\"Profil Surya Saputra, Pemeran Ayah Andin di Ikatan Cinta yang Bijak Abis\""},{"url":"https://celebrity.okezone.com/read/2021/02/24/598/2367554/profil-surya-saputra-pemeran-ayah-andin-di-ikatan-cinta-yang-bijak-abis","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Saputra, Surya (5 July 1975). \"Surya Saputra' biography\". Kapanlagi.com. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/s/surya_saputra/","url_text":"\"Surya Saputra' biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Selamat! Cynthia Lamusu dan Surya Saputra Dikaruniai Anak Kembar, Berikut Ini Namanya\". style.tribunnews.com. Retrieved 1 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://style.tribunnews.com/2016/11/21/selamat-cynthia-lamusu-dan-surya-saputra-dikaruniai-anak-kembar-berikut-ini-namanya","url_text":"\"Selamat! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_(Vintage_album)	Sex (Vintage album)	["1 History","2 Track listing[11]","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]	2009 studio album by VintageSEXStudio album by VintageReleasedOctober 14, 2009Recorded2008–2009GenrePop, electronics, trip hopLength50:35LabelVelvet MusicMoon Records UkraineProducerAlexander SakharovAlexey RomanovAnna PletnyovaVintage chronology Criminal Love(2007) SEX(2009) Anechka(2011) Sex (stylized in all caps) is the second studio album by the Russian pop group Vintage, released in 2009. In addition to the regular edition of the album, which was released on October 14, 2009, there is also a collector's edition with an additional DVD. History The album is a conceptual work, the main theme of which is sex. The disc received mostly positive reviews from critics, who noted the high quality of the recording and the well-realized concept of the album. The disc was a moderate commercial success, debuting at No. 12 on the Russian Album Chart. In support of the album, a promotional campaign was organized, which included a presentation of the album in Moscow and a promo tour to the cities of the CIS. According to the band members, the album SEX is a musical and sexual encyclopedia where all possible types of love have found their place: venal, fleeting, homosexual. The album was also nominated in the category Album of the Year at the 2010 Muz-TV Awards. Track listing SEX – 5:07 Victoria – 3:56 On/Off – 2:54 Make Me Hurt – 4:13 Sleepwalking Girls – 4:11 Boy – 3:48 Eva – 4:11 Bad Girl (with Elena Korikova) – 3:35 Loneliness of Love – 3:57 You Are for Me – 3:37 Striptease – 3:53 Sex Dance – 2:58 XXL – 3:57 Personnel Anna Pletnyova at the presentation of the album Anna Pletnyova — sound production, vocals Alexey Romanov — music (tracks 1-3, 6-13), lyrics (tracks 4-6, 13), sound production, backing vocals Alexander Sakharov — music (tracks 4, 5), lyrics (tracks 1-3, 5-10, 12), arrangement, mixing, mastering, sound production Yuri Usachyov — music (track 7) Alexander Kovalyov — lyrics (tracks 6, 11) Ksenia Sakharova — lyrics (track 13) Eva Polna — lyrics (track 7) Elena Korikova — vocals (track 8) Yevgeny Kuritsyn — photo References ^ "Группа «Винтаж»: «Хотели спеть песню с Валерием Меладзе»". News.mail.ru. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. ^ "Группа «Винтаж» показала Sex". NewsMusic.ru. Archived from the original on 2010-12-24. ^ Dmitry Nesterov. "Алексей Романоф: Я получаю удовольствие от того, что пишу музыку в группе «Винтаж»". Arhperspectiva.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. ^ Алексей Мажаев. «Винтаж» — Sex ^ Рецензия Гуру Кена ^ ""Секс – это музыка, а музыка – это секс"". Столица С. ^ "Российский чарт 42-2009". 2m-online.ru. Archived from the original on 2009-12-18. ^ "«Винтаж» устроил на сцене настоящий sex". Siteua.org. Archived from the original on 2011-08-14. ^ Alyona Fadeeva. "На презентации альбома Sex группа «Винтаж» вела себя в меру непристойно". proUa.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-09. ^ "Объявлены номинанты Премии Муз-ТВ 2010". РИА Новости. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. ^ SEX at Discogs (list of releases) External links "Российская индустрия звукозаписи. Год 2010" (PDF). Lenta.ru. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31. Retrieved 2012-01-23. Аня Плетнёва: «Мы разрешаем то, что в России запретили» Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"all caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_caps"},{"link_name":"Vintage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sex (stylized in all caps) is the second studio album by the Russian pop group Vintage, released in 2009.[1][2] In addition to the regular edition of the album, which was released on October 14, 2009, there is also a collector's edition with an additional DVD.","title":"Sex (Vintage album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexual_activity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chart1-7"},{"link_name":"CIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prez-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Muz-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muz-TV"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The album is a conceptual work, the main theme of which is sex.[3] The disc received mostly positive reviews from critics, who noted the high quality of the recording and the well-realized concept of the album.[4][5][6]The disc was a moderate commercial success, debuting at No. 12 on the Russian Album Chart.[7] In support of the album, a promotional campaign was organized, which included a presentation of the album in Moscow and a promo tour to the cities of the CIS.[8] According to the band members, the album SEX is a musical and sexual encyclopedia where all possible types of love have found their place: venal, fleeting, homosexual.[9]The album was also nominated in the category Album of the Year at the 2010 Muz-TV Awards.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elena Korikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Korikova"}],"text":"SEX – 5:07\nVictoria – 3:56\nOn/Off – 2:54\nMake Me Hurt – 4:13\nSleepwalking Girls – 4:11\nBoy – 3:48\nEva – 4:11\nBad Girl (with Elena Korikova) – 3:35\nLoneliness of Love – 3:57\nYou Are for Me – 3:37\nStriptease – 3:53\nSex Dance – 2:58\nXXL – 3:57","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_sex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anna Pletnyova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pletnyova"},{"link_name":"Anna Pletnyova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pletnyova"},{"link_name":"Eva Polna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Polna"},{"link_name":"Elena Korikova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Korikova"}],"text":"Anna Pletnyova at the presentation of the albumAnna Pletnyova — sound production, vocals\nAlexey Romanov — music (tracks 1-3, 6-13), lyrics (tracks 4-6, 13), sound production, backing vocals\nAlexander Sakharov — music (tracks 4, 5), lyrics (tracks 1-3, 5-10, 12), arrangement, mixing, mastering, sound production\nYuri Usachyov — music (track 7)\nAlexander Kovalyov — lyrics (tracks 6, 11)\nKsenia Sakharova — lyrics (track 13)\nEva Polna — lyrics (track 7)\nElena Korikova — vocals (track 8)\nYevgeny Kuritsyn — photo","title":"Personnel"}]	[{"image_text":"Anna Pletnyova at the presentation of the album","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_sex.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Группа «Винтаж»: «Хотели спеть песню с Валерием Меладзе»\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Tanner	Sam Tanner	["1 Career","2 Personal bests","3 References","4 External links"]	New Zealand athlete Sam TannerSam Tanner in 2023Personal informationBorn (2000-08-24) 24 August 2000 (age 23)Papamoa, New ZealandHeight1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)Weight56 kg (123 lb)SportCountryNew ZealandSportTrack and fieldEvent(s)Middle-, long-distance running Samuel Tanner (born 24 August 2000) is a New Zealand middle- and long-distance runner specialising in the 1500 metres. He is Māori; his iwi affiliation is Ngāpuhi. Tanner is the New Zealand indoor record holder for the 1500 metres. Career A former surfer, Tanner set a national indoor 1500 metres record of 3:34.74 in February 2020 to secure the automatic Olympic qualification mark in Staten Island, New York He was confirmed on the New Zealand team for the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics in April 2021. At the Games, he failed to make it beyond the heats with a time of 3:43.22. In June 2022, Tanner won the Oceania Athletics Championships 1500 m title. The following month, he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the event at the World Championships held in Eugene, Oregon with a time of 3:36.32. In August, he finished sixth in the Birmingham Commonwealth Games men's 1500 m final, setting a new personal best of 3:31.34, an improvement of 3 seconds, and becoming the second-fastest New Zealander of all time over the distance behind Nick Willis. On 28 January 2023, Tanner lowered his personal best time for the mile by 0.41 s to record 3:54.56 in regaining the New Zealand national title at the Cook's Classic in Whanganui. He improved his mile best time twice in the following two weeks with 3:52.85 and then 3:51.70, both indoors in the United States. Selected for the 1500m at the 2023 World Athletics Championships, he reached the semi-finals. In January 2024, Tanner retained the New Zealand national title in the mile at the Cook's Classic in Whanganui. In April 2024, he was named in the preliminary New Zealand squad for the 2024 Olympic Games. Personal bests 800 metres – 1:48.35 (Christchurch 2022) 1500 metres – 3:31.34 (Birmingham 2022) 1500 metres indoor – 3:34.72 (New York, NY 2021) NR One mile – 3:49.51 (Eugene, Oregon 2023) One mile indoor – 3:51.70 (New York, NY 2023) 5000 metres – 13:32.74 (Auckland 2022) 10,000 metres – 31:26.86 (Wellington 2018) References ^ a b c d "Samuel TANNER – Athlete Profile". World Athletics. Retrieved 1 January 2023. ^ "Tokyo Olympics Day 11 (03/08): Māori athletes in action today". Te Karere, TVNZ. 3 August 2021. ^ "How surfing has helped Tanner's development as a runner \| PERFORMANCE \| World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. ^ "Tokyo Olympics: Kiwi 1500m hope Sam Tanner reveals surprising secret to track success – surfing" – via www.newshub.co.nz. ^ "SunLive – Sam Tanner heading to the Tokyo Olympics – The Bay's News First". www.sunlive.co.nz. ^ "Hobbs and Doran break sprint records at Oceania Athletics Championships". inside the Games. 12 June 2022. ^ Birmingham, Robert van Royen in (6 August 2022). "'Happiest sixth-placed getter ever': Sam Tanner eyes Nick Willis' NZ record after lifetime best". Stuff. Retrieved 8 August 2022. ^ "Athletics: Elated athletes score personal bests despite miserable conditions at Whanganui's Cooks Classic". NZHerald.co.uk. ^ "Men's 1500m Results: World Athletics Championships 2023". Watch Athletics. 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023. ^ Tweed, Mike (27 January 2024). "Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic". NZHerald. Retrieved 29 January 2024. ^ Kirkness, Luke (18 April 2024). "New Zealand announces strong athletics team for Paris 2024 Olympics featuring Hamish Kerr and George Beamish". NZ Herald. Retrieved 20 April 2024. External links Washington Huskies bio Sam Tanner at World Athletics Sam Tanner at the New Zealand Olympic Committee Sam Tanner at Olympics.com Sam Tanner at Olympedia vteNew Zealand national champions in men's 1500 mNote: 1 mile or 1,609 metres before 19701 mile 1888: J.F. Field 1889: F. Ellis 1890: P. Morrison 1891: D. Wood 1892: Bill Burk 1893: Charles Gilbert Rees 1894: Charlton Morpeth 1895: D. Davis 1896: W.F. Bennett 1897: J. McKean 1898–1899: Sam Pentecost 1900: W.F. Simpson 1901: Sam Pentecost 1902–1903: W.F. Simpson 1904: W.H. Pollock 1905–1907: Hector Burk 1908: Archer Burge 1909: E.J. Steele 1910–1912: George Hill 1913–1914: Arthur Dormer 1915: James Beatson 1916–1919: not held 1920: Arthur Dormer 1921–1922: Reg Webber 1923: Ken Griffin 1924: Bert Dufresne 1925–1926: Randolph Rose 1927–1929: Billy Savidan 1930: Don Evans 1931–1932: Gordon Bayne 1933: Jim Barnes 1934: Lachie McLachlan 1935: Edgar Forne 1936: Pat Boot 1937: Bill Pullar 1938: Spencer Wade 1939–1940: Bill Pullar 1941–1944: not held 1945: Alan Geddes 1946: Jim Grierson 1947: Harold Nelson 1948: Jack Sinclair 1949: Neil Bates 1950: Jack Sinclair 1951–1952: Maurice Marshall 1953: James Parcell 1954–1957: Murray Halberg 1958: Bill Baillie 1959: Peter Snell 1960: Murray Halberg 1961: Bill Baillie 1962–1966: John Davies 1967: Bruce Burns 1968: David Sirl 1969: Dick Quax 1500 m 1970: Dick Tayler 1971: Kevin Ross 1972–1973: Tony Polhill 1974: John Walker 1975–1976: Stuart Melville 1977: Tom Birnie 1978: Rod Dixon 1979–1983: John Walker 1984: Peter O'Donoghue 1985: Tony Rogers 1986: John Walker 1987: Peter O'Donoghue 1988: Andrew Campbell 1989: Phil Clode 1990: Peter O'Donoghue 1991: Martin Enholm (SWE) 1992–1993: Robbie Johnston 1994: Richard Potts 1995: Mark Tonks 1996: Alan Bunce 1997–1998: Hamish Christensen 1999: Phil Spratley 2000: Adrian Blincoe 2001: Hamish Christensen 2002: Ben Ruthe 2003–2005: Paul Hamblyn 2006: Nick Willis 2007: Richard Olsen 2008: Nick Willis 2009: Gareth Hyett 2010–2011: Hamish Carson 2012: Julian Matthews 2013–2014: Hamish Carson 2015: Nick Willis 2016: Hamish Carson 2017: Eric Speakman 2018: Hamish Carson 2019: Sam Tanner 2020: Nick Willis 2021: Julian Oakley 2022–2024: Sam Tanner vte2020 New Zealand Olympic teamAthletics Valerie Adams Lauren Bruce Camille Buscomb Jacko Gill Malcolm Hicks Hamish Kerr Julia Ratcliffe Quentin Rew Zane Robertson Sam Tanner Tom Walsh Maddi Wesche Nick Willis Boxing David Nyika Canoeing Max Brown Lisa Carrington Callum Gilbert Teneale Hatton Alicia Hoskin Kurtis Imrie Luuka Jones Caitlin Regal Cycling Ellesse Andrews George Bennett Patrick Bevin Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Anton Cooper Sam Dakin Holly Edmondston Aaron Gate Regan Gough Kirstie James Jordan Kerby Ethan Mitchell Jaime Nielsen Rebecca Petch Callum Saunders Campbell Stewart Corbin Strong Sam Webster Diving Anton Down-Jenkins Equestrian Jesse Campbell Bruce Goodin Daniel Meech Uma O'Neill Jonelle Price Tim Price Tom Tarver-Priebe Field hockey Sam Charlton Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Stephanie Dickins Katie Doar Steve Edwards Sean Findlay Ella Gunson Leon Hayward Megan Hull Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Rose Keddell Julia King Sam Lane Dane Lett Shea McAleese Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen Grace O'Hanlon Jared Panchia Hope Ralph Nick Ross Kane Russell Olivia Shannon Jacob Smith Kelsey Smith Blair Tarrant Dylan Thomas Elizabeth Thompson Nick Wilson Nic Woods Football Elizabeth Anton Joe Bell CJ Bott Katie Bowen Michael Boxall Claudia Bunge Liberato Cacace Joe Champness Olivia Chance Daisy Cleverley Callan Elliot Abby Erceg Victoria Esson Matthew Garbett Anna Green Betsy Hassett Dane Ingham Elijah Just Anna Leat Clayton Lewis Annalie Longo Callum McCowatt Marisa van der Meer Meikayla Moore Erin Nayler Ben Old Alex Paulsen Ria Percival Nando Pijnaker Winston Reid Gabi Rennie Ali Riley Michaela Robertson Emma Rolston Paige Satchell Jamie Searle George Stanger Marko Stamenić Gianni Stensness Sam Sutton Ben Waine Hannah Wilkinson Chris Wood Michael Woud Golf Ryan Fox Lydia Ko Gymnastics Maddie Davidson Mikhail Koudinov Dylan Schmidt Karate Andrea Anacan Rowing Kelsey Bevan Hamish Bond Sam Bosworth Michael Brake Brooke Donoghue Emma Dyke Jackie Gowler Kerri Gowler Ella Greenslade Chris Harris Stephen Jones Shaun Kirkham Olivia Loe Jack Lopas Matt Macdonald Eve MacFarlane Tom Mackintosh Tom Murray Georgia Nugent-O'Leary Hannah Osborne Jordan Parry Grace Prendergast Brook Robertson Beth Ross Caleb Shepherd Lucy Spoors Ruby Tew Emma Twigg Dan Williamson Phillip Wilson Rugby sevens Kurt Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Scott Curry Dylan Collier Theresa Fitzpatrick Stacey Fluhler Sarah Hirini Shiray Kaka Andrew Knewstubb Ngarohi McGarvey-Black Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai-Seturo Tyla Nathan-Wong Tone Ng Shiu Amanaki Nicole Risi Pouri-Lane Alena Saili Ruby Tui William Warbrick Regan Ware Joe Webber Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Sailing Peter Burling Erica Dawson Josh Junior Alex Maloney Molly Meech Sam Meech Paul Snow-Hansen Blair Tuke Micah Wilkinson Daniel Willcox Shooting Natalie Rooney Chloe Tipple Surfing Billy Stairmand Ella Williams Swimming Lewis Clareburt Carina Doyle Erika Fairweather Ali Galyer Hayley McIntosh Zac Reid Eve Thomas Taekwondo Tom Burns Tennis Marcus Daniell Michael Venus Triathlon Tayler Reid Ainsley Thorpe Nicole van der Kaay Hayden Wilde Weightlifting Kanah Andrews-Nahu Laurel Hubbard David Liti Cameron McTaggart Chef de Mission: Rob Waddell vte2022 New Zealand Commonwealth Games teamAthletics Imogen Ayris Geordie Beamish Connor Bell Portia Bing Nicole Bradley Lauren Bruce Jacko Gill Zoe Hobbs Hamish Kerr Olivia McTaggart Keeley O'Hagan Tori Peeters Julia Ratcliffe Quentin Rew Sam Tanner Tom Walsh Maddi Wesche Badminton Oliver Leydon-Davis Anona Pak 3x3 basketball Jayden Bezzant Tiarna Clarke Ella Fotu Jillian Harmon Dominique Kelman-Poto Nikau McCullough Kalani Purcell Tai Wynyard Beach volleyball Brad Fuller Sam O'Dea Shaunna Polley Alice Zeimann Boxing Troy Garton Onyx Lye Uila Mau'u Alex Mukuka Ariane Nicholson Emile Richardson Wendell Stanley Erin Walsh Cricket Suzie Bates Eden Carson Sophie Devine Izzy Gaze Claudia Green Maddy Green Brooke Halliday Hayley Jensen Fran Jonas Amelia Kerr Rosemary Mair Jess McFadyen Georgia Plimmer Hannah Rowe Lea Tahuhu Cycling Ellesse Andrews Shane Archbold Jack Bauer Patrick Bevin Bryony Botha Henrietta Christie Sam Dakin Michaela Drummond Niamh Fisher-Black Aaron Gate Sam Gaze Ella Harris Mikayla Harvey George Jackson Jordan Kerby Nick Kergozou Olivia King Bradly Knipe Ben Oliver Rebecca Petch Callum Saunders Tom Sexton Emily Shearman Dion Smith Campbell Stewart Corbin Strong Sam Webster Georgia Williams Diving Nathan Brown Mikali Dawson Arno Lee Luke Sipkes Maggie Squire Liam Stone Frazer Tavener Gymnastics Paris Chin Ethan Dick Sam Dick William Fu-Allen Havana Hopman Mikhail Koudinov Jorden O'Connell-Inns Hockey David Brydon Kaitlin Cotter Anna Crowley Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Stephanie Dickins Katie Doar George Enersen Sean Findlay Aniwaka Haumaha Leon Hayward Sam Hiha Megan Hull Hugo Inglis Alia Jaques Tessa Jopp Sam Lane Tyler Lench Dane Lett Alexandra Lukin Olivia Merry Harry Miskimmin Joe Morrison Grace O'Hanlon Hayden Phillips Hope Ralph Brooke Roberts Kane Russell Aidan Sarikaya Olivia Shannon Jacob Smith Blair Tarrant Dylan Thomas Rose Tynan Nic Woods Simon Yorston Judo Kody Andrews Sydnee Andrews Qona Christie Elliott Connolly Jason Koster Hayley Mackey Moira de Villiers Lawn bowls Lynda Bennett Gerald Brouwers Tayla Bruce Sue Curran Ali Forsyth Mike Galloway Selina Goddard Tony Grantham Katelyn Inch Andrew Kelly Shannon McIlroy Mark Noble Graham Skellern Val Smith Nicole Toomey Pam Walker Netball Gina Crampton Kate Heffernan Kayla Johnson Kelly Jury Phoenix Karaka Bailey Mes Grace Nweke Shannon Saunders Te Paea Selby-Rickit Whitney Souness Sulu Fitzpatrick Maia Wilson Rugby sevens Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Leroy Carter Che Clark Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Theresa Fitzpatrick Stacey Fluhler Sarah Hirini Jazmin Hotham Shiray Kaka Moses Leo Ngarohi McGarvey-Black Sione Molia Tyla Nathan-Wong Tone Ng Shiu Risi Pouri-Lane Alena Saili Akuila Rokolisoa Caleb Tangitau Regan Ware Joe Webber Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Squash Lwamba Chileshe Temwa Chileshe Paul Coll Joelle King Amanda Landers-Murphy Abbie Palmer Kaitlyn Watts Swimming Lewis Clareburt Erika Fairweather Helena Gasson Cameron Gray Andrew Jeffcoat Tupou Neiufi Hazel Ouwehand Sophie Pascoe Mya Rasmussen Jesse Reynolds Eve Thomas Joshua Willmer Triathlon Andrea Hansen Dylan McCullough Tayler Reid Nicole van der Kaay Hayden Wilde Weightlifting David Liti Emma McIntyre Cameron McTaggart Megan Signal Koale Junior Tasi Taala Vester Villalon Hayley Whiting Wrestling Tayla Ford Cole Hawkins Michelle Montague Matthew Oxenham Brahm Richards Suraj Singh Chef de Mission: Nigel Avery Authority control databases: People World Athletics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAprofile-1"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"middle-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-distance_running"},{"link_name":"long-distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_running"},{"link_name":"1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"iwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwi"},{"link_name":"Ngāpuhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81puhi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"New Zealand indoor record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_records_in_athletics"}],"text":"Samuel Tanner (born 24 August 2000)[1] is a New Zealand middle- and long-distance runner specialising in the 1500 metres. He is Māori; his iwi affiliation is Ngāpuhi.[2] Tanner is the New Zealand indoor record holder for the 1500 metres.","title":"Sam Tanner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfer"},{"link_name":"1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"Staten Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"3:43.22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1500_metres"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAprofile-1"},{"link_name":"Oceania Athletics 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failed to make it beyond the heats with a time of 3:43.22.[1]In June 2022, Tanner won the Oceania Athletics Championships 1500 m title.[6] The following month, he was eliminated in the semi-finals of the event at the World Championships held in Eugene, Oregon with a time of 3:36.32.[1] In August, he finished sixth in the Birmingham Commonwealth Games men's 1500 m final, setting a new personal best of 3:31.34, an improvement of 3 seconds, and becoming the second-fastest New Zealander of all time over the distance behind Nick Willis.[7]On 28 January 2023, Tanner lowered his personal best time for the mile by 0.41 s to record 3:54.56 in regaining the New Zealand national title at the Cook's Classic in Whanganui.[8] He improved his mile best time twice in the following two weeks with 3:52.85 and then 3:51.70, both indoors in the United States.[1]Selected for the 1500m at the 2023 World Athletics Championships, he reached the semi-finals.[9]In January 2024, Tanner retained the New Zealand national title in the mile at the Cook's Classic in Whanganui.[10]In April 2024, he was named in the preliminary New Zealand squad for the 2024 Olympic Games.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"800 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_metres"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_metres"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"New York, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"NR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"One mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_run"},{"link_name":"Eugene, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"5000 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Te Karere, TVNZ. 3 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/tokyo-olympics-day-11-03-08-maori-athletes-in-action-today","url_text":"\"Tokyo Olympics Day 11 (03/08): Māori athletes in action today\""}]},{"reference":"\"How surfing has helped Tanner's development as a runner \| PERFORMANCE \| World Athletics\". www.worldathletics.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldathletics.org/be-active/performance/sam-tanner-new-zealand-runner-surfing","url_text":"\"How surfing has helped Tanner's development as a runner \| PERFORMANCE \| World Athletics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Kiwi 1500m hope Sam Tanner reveals surprising secret to track success – surfing\" – via www.newshub.co.nz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2021/04/tokyo-olympics-kiwi-1500m-hope-sam-tanner-reveals-surprising-secret-to-track-success-surfing.html","url_text":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Kiwi 1500m hope Sam Tanner reveals surprising secret to track success – surfing\""}]},{"reference":"\"SunLive – Sam Tanner heading to the Tokyo Olympics – The Bay's News First\". www.sunlive.co.nz.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/266683-sam-tanner-heading-to-tokyo-olympics.html","url_text":"\"SunLive – Sam Tanner heading to the Tokyo Olympics – The Bay's News First\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hobbs and Doran break sprint records at Oceania Athletics Championships\". inside the Games. 12 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1124437/hobb-and-doran-sprint-success-oceania","url_text":"\"Hobbs and Doran break sprint records at Oceania Athletics Championships\""}]},{"reference":"Birmingham, Robert van Royen in (6 August 2022). \"'Happiest sixth-placed getter ever': Sam Tanner eyes Nick Willis' NZ record after lifetime best\". Stuff. Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/300655813/happiest-sixthplaced-getter-ever-sam-tanner-eyes-nick-willis-nz-record-after-lifetime-best","url_text":"\"'Happiest sixth-placed getter ever': Sam Tanner eyes Nick Willis' NZ record after lifetime best\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics: Elated athletes score personal bests despite miserable conditions at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\". NZHerald.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/athletics-elated-athletes-score-personal-bests-despite-miserable-conditions-at-whanganuis-cooks-classic/XVC5Q5NHNZHHVANBTEABODR5ZQ/","url_text":"\"Athletics: Elated athletes score personal bests despite miserable conditions at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's 1500m Results: World Athletics Championships 2023\". Watch Athletics. 20 August 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watchathletics.com/page/4545/men-s-1500m-results-world-athletics-championships-2023","url_text":"\"Men's 1500m Results: World Athletics Championships 2023\""}]},{"reference":"Tweed, Mike (27 January 2024). \"Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\". NZHerald. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/athletics-sam-tanner-and-rebekah-aitkenhead-triumph-at-whanganuis-cooks-classic/LSWGGECTLFFORC3CGRYADZZC4M/","url_text":"\"Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\""}]},{"reference":"Kirkness, Luke (18 April 2024). \"New Zealand announces strong athletics team for Paris 2024 Olympics featuring Hamish Kerr and George Beamish\". NZ Herald. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/olympics/new-zealand-announces-strong-athletics-team-for-paris-2024-olympics-featuring-hamish-kerr-and-george-beamish/LDQYBKOANZFPFFR5UHSNZPBZLA/#:~:text=Home%20%2F%20Sport%20%2F%20Olympics-,New%20Zealand%20announces%20strong%20athletics%20team%20for%20Paris%202024,Hamish%20Kerr%20and%20George%20Beamish","url_text":"\"New Zealand announces strong athletics team for Paris 2024 Olympics featuring Hamish Kerr and George Beamish\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/athletes/new-zealand/samuel-tanner-14785591","external_links_name":"\"Samuel TANNER – Athlete Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/tokyo-olympics-day-11-03-08-maori-athletes-in-action-today","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo Olympics Day 11 (03/08): Māori athletes in action today\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldathletics.org/be-active/performance/sam-tanner-new-zealand-runner-surfing","external_links_name":"\"How surfing has helped Tanner's development as a runner \| PERFORMANCE \| World Athletics\""},{"Link":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2021/04/tokyo-olympics-kiwi-1500m-hope-sam-tanner-reveals-surprising-secret-to-track-success-surfing.html","external_links_name":"\"Tokyo Olympics: Kiwi 1500m hope Sam Tanner reveals surprising secret to track success – surfing\""},{"Link":"https://www.sunlive.co.nz/news/266683-sam-tanner-heading-to-tokyo-olympics.html","external_links_name":"\"SunLive – Sam Tanner heading to the Tokyo Olympics – The Bay's News First\""},{"Link":"https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1124437/hobb-and-doran-sprint-success-oceania","external_links_name":"\"Hobbs and Doran break sprint records at Oceania Athletics Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/300655813/happiest-sixthplaced-getter-ever-sam-tanner-eyes-nick-willis-nz-record-after-lifetime-best","external_links_name":"\"'Happiest sixth-placed getter ever': Sam Tanner eyes Nick Willis' NZ record after lifetime best\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/athletics-elated-athletes-score-personal-bests-despite-miserable-conditions-at-whanganuis-cooks-classic/XVC5Q5NHNZHHVANBTEABODR5ZQ/","external_links_name":"\"Athletics: Elated athletes score personal bests despite miserable conditions at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\""},{"Link":"https://www.watchathletics.com/page/4545/men-s-1500m-results-world-athletics-championships-2023","external_links_name":"\"Men's 1500m Results: World Athletics Championships 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/whanganui-chronicle/news/athletics-sam-tanner-and-rebekah-aitkenhead-triumph-at-whanganuis-cooks-classic/LSWGGECTLFFORC3CGRYADZZC4M/","external_links_name":"\"Athletics: Sam Tanner and Rebekah Aitkenhead triumph at Whanganui's Cooks Classic\""},{"Link":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/olympics/new-zealand-announces-strong-athletics-team-for-paris-2024-olympics-featuring-hamish-kerr-and-george-beamish/LDQYBKOANZFPFFR5UHSNZPBZLA/#:~:text=Home%20%2F%20Sport%20%2F%20Olympics-,New%20Zealand%20announces%20strong%20athletics%20team%20for%20Paris%202024,Hamish%20Kerr%20and%20George%20Beamish","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand announces strong athletics team for Paris 2024 Olympics featuring Hamish Kerr and George Beamish\""},{"Link":"https://gohuskies.com/sports/cross-country/roster/sam-tanner/11910","external_links_name":"Washington Huskies bio"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14785591","external_links_name":"Sam Tanner"},{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org.nz/athletes/sam-tanner/","external_links_name":"Sam Tanner"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/samuel-tanner","external_links_name":"Sam Tanner"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/145777","external_links_name":"Sam Tanner"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14785591","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldtforum	Humboldt Forum	["1 History","2 Building","3 Museum","4 Controversy","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 52°31′03″N 13°24′10″E / 52.51750°N 13.40278°E / 52.51750; 13.40278 Art museum in Berlin, GermanyHumboldt ForumView of the Humboldt Forum in the rebuilt Berlin Palace (2023)Established2020LocationBerlin Palace, Berlin, GermanyCoordinates52°31′03″N 13°24′10″E / 52.51750°N 13.40278°E / 52.51750; 13.40278TypeArt museumCollectionsnon-European artDirectorHartmut DorgerlohArchitectFranco StellaPublic transit accessU: Museumsinsel ()Websitewww.humboldtforum.org/en/ The Humboldt Forum is a museum dedicated to human history, art and culture, located in the Berlin Palace on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It is named in honour of the Prussian scholars Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt. Considered the "German equivalent" of the British Museum, the Humboldt Forum houses the non-European collections of the Berlin State Museums, temporary exhibitions and public events. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it opened digitally on 16 December 2020 and became accessible to the general public on 20 July 2021. History The Humboldt Forum incorporates two former museums, the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art. Both had their roots in the Ancient Prussian Art Chamber. The Ancient Prussian Art Chamber was originally established by Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg in the mid 16th century, but was nearly destroyed during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The art chamber was rebuilt as a magnificent collection by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, and was moved to the newly extended Berlin Palace by Frederick I of Prussia in the early 18th century. The Ethnological Museum opened in 1886 as a successor of the Ancient Prussian Art Chamber; the Museum of Asian Art originated as the Indian Department of the Ethnological Museum in 1904. Wilhelm von Bode, the Director-General of the Royal Museums in Berlin, established the Museum of East Asian Art as a separate collection in 1906. In 2006 the Museum of Indian Art and the Museum of East Asian Art were merged to form the Museum of Asian Art. From 2020 the Ethnological Museum and the Museum of Asian Art are both part of the Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace. By 2019, the Forum's overall costs totaled $700 million; at the time, it was considered Europe's most expensive cultural project. Its opening was initially planned for autumn 2019, then delayed to 2020 due to technical problems, including with its air conditioning system. Delivery delays and the unavailability of workers during a lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany pushed it back a few months further. In April 2020, two tar cookers exploded at the construction site, injuring one worker. On 16 September 2022, the opening of the eastern wing, the last section of the Humboldt Forum museum, meant the Humboldt Forum museum was finally completed. It became Germany's currently most expensive cultural project. Building North and east facades of Humboldt Forum. Main article: Berlin Palace The Humboldt Forum has its seat in the reconstructed Berlin Palace. The foundation stone was laid by President Joachim Gauck in a ceremony on 12 June 2013. Museum On completion in 2020, the City Palace housed the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art, as well as two restaurants, a theater, a movie theater and an auditorium. The project is led by a three-member management committee, chaired by founding director Neil MacGregor and also including the co-directors, archaeologist Hermann Parzinger and art historian Horst Bredekamp. The Foundation for the Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace has been set up to create the museum. MacGregor has proposed to make the museum admission-free, based on the model of the British Museum. Controversy The Humboldt Forum came under criticism before and after its 2020 opening due to the museum's ownship of stolen art and other artefacts which were acquired from the German colonial empire and other European colonies in Africa and Asia, such as the Benin Bronzes. In 2018, it was at the center of a debate about the legality of cultural heritage from former German colonies being put on display in Germany, drawing protests from activists and art historians including as Bénédicte Savoy, who alleged the museum had not done enough to research the provenance and failed to critically present objects originating from the Global South in its collection. Gallery Images of the highlights shown at the Humboldt Forum. A historical boat from the island of Luf in modern Papua New Guinea A Cuauhcoatl A beaker for chocolate from the Maya The Barrigon a Potbelly sculpture Vishnu Nandi Hand of a Western gorilla Sope Model of an Orobates pabsti: red parts are reconstructed from the fossil, blue parts are mirrors, and yellow parts are some estimations. See also Museum Island References ^ Adams, Tim (17 April 2016). "Neil MacGregor: 'Britain forgets its past. Germany confronts it'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "Berlin's newest landmark is ready and waiting" (Press release). Humboldt Forum. 16 December 2020. ^ "Berlin Humboldt Forum opens in stages". Deutsche Welle. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ a b Rogers, Thomas (13 June 2019). "Berlin's Troubled Humboldt Forum Pushes Back Opening". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ a b Scaturro, Michael (18 May 2015). "Berlin's rebuilt Prussian palace to address long-ignored colonial atrocities". The Guardian. London. ^ a b Schuetze, Christopher F.; Marshall, Alex (8 April 2020). "Explosion at Berlin's Humboldt Forum Puts Delayed Opening in Doubt". The New York Times. ^ Hickley, Catherine (16 June 2020). "Berlin's Humboldt Forum to open this year despite pandemic delay". The Art Newspaper. ^ Hickley, Catherine (7 October 2020). "Berlin's Humboldt Forum to open in phases beginning in December". The Art Newspaper. ^ "Completed Humboldt Forum opens in Berlin – DW – 09/16/2022". dw.com. ^ Peltz, Christiane (12 June 2015). "So verlief das Richtfest am Berliner Schloss" . Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Alexander, Harriet (12 June 2013). "Berlin begins reconstruction of King Frederick the Great's palace". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 14 June 2013. ^ Hickley, Catherine. "Berlin Palace Rebuilding Begins 63 Years After Explosion". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 30 October 2015. ^ Bowley, Graham (12 October 2018). "A New Museum Opens Old Wounds in Germany". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2018. ^ Hickley, Catherine (3 November 2016). "Neil MacGregor unveils plans for Berlin's ambitious Humboldt Forum". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ "No Humboldt 21". 3 June 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ "Humboldt Forum: Berlin museum opens despite criticism over looted art". BBC News. 16 December 2020. ^ Shaw, Anny (21 November 2020). "Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 6 January 2023. ^ Schuetze, Christopher F. (15 March 2019). "Germany Sets Guidelines for Repatriating Colonial-Era Artifacts". The New York Times. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humboldt Forum. Official website (in German and English) vte Museum Island, Berlin Pergamon Museum Museum of Islamic Art Vorderasiatisches Museum Altes Museum Bode Museum Alte Nationalgalerie Neues Museum Egyptian Museum Berlin Cathedral Lustgarten James Simon Gallery Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace (Ethnological Museum, Museum of Asian Art) Monument to Freedom and Unity German Historical Museum vteVisitor attractions in BerlinMitte Alexanderplatz Weltzeituhr Alte Nationalgalerie Altes Museum Berlin Wall Memorial Berliner Dom Berlin Palace Humboldt Forum Bode Museum Brandenburg Gate Checkpoint Charlie museum DDR Museum Deutsches Historisches Museum Fernsehturm Friedrichstraße Tränenpalast Gendarmenmarkt Hackescher Markt Hackesche Höfe Hotel Adlon Humboldt University Kronprinzenpalais Kulturforum Lustgarten Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Monument to Freedom and Unity Museum Island Neptunbrunnen Neue Synagoge Neues Museum Nikolaiviertel Oranienburger Straße Pariser Platz Pergamon Museum Museum of Islamic Art Vorderasiatisches Museum Platz der Republik Potsdamer Platz Sony Center Reichstag Rotes Rathaus St. Hedwig's Cathedral Staatsoper Berlin Topography of Terror Unter den Linden Western Berlin Allied Museum Aquarium Berlin Bellevue Palace Bundespräsidialamt Berlin Zoological Garden Botanical Gardens Europa-Center Freie Universität Berlin Gas Lantern Museum Hauptbahnhof Haus der Kulturen der Welt Jewish Museum Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church Kaufhaus des Westens Kurfürstendamm Museum Europäischer Kulturen Natural History Museum Olympiastadion Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars Schloss Charlottenburg Soviet War Memorial Spandau Citadel Tauentzienstraße Tempelhof Airport Tiergarten Victory Column Viktoriapark Wannsee Eastern Berlin Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial East Side Gallery German-Russian Museum Karl-Marx-Allee Köpenick Palace Uber Arena Molecule Man Müggelberge Oberbaum Bridge Stasi Museum Tierpark Berlin Treptower Park Soviet War Memorial Metropolitan region Charlottenhof Palace New Palace Orangery Palace Potsdam Roman Baths Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sanssouci Berlin Wall Culture Landmarks Spree River Transport in Berlin U-Bahn S-Bahn Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_history"},{"link_name":"Berlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"Museum Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Island"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin State Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Museums"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Art museum in Berlin, GermanyThe Humboldt Forum is a museum dedicated to human history, art and culture, located in the Berlin Palace on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It is named in honour of the Prussian scholars Wilhelm and Alexander von Humboldt. Considered the \"German equivalent\" of the British Museum,[1] the Humboldt Forum houses the non-European collections of the Berlin State Museums, temporary exhibitions and public events. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it opened digitally on 16 December 2020 and became accessible to the general public on 20 July 2021.[2]","title":"Humboldt Forum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnological Museum of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Museum of Asian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Asian_Art"},{"link_name":"Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_II_Hector,_Elector_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"Berlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"Frederick I of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Bode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Bode"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scaturro-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Humboldt Forum incorporates two former museums, the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art. Both had their roots in the Ancient Prussian Art Chamber. The Ancient Prussian Art Chamber was originally established by Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg in the mid 16th century, but was nearly destroyed during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). The art chamber was rebuilt as a magnificent collection by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, and was moved to the newly extended Berlin Palace by Frederick I of Prussia in the early 18th century. The Ethnological Museum opened in 1886 as a successor of the Ancient Prussian Art Chamber; the Museum of Asian Art originated as the Indian Department of the Ethnological Museum in 1904. Wilhelm von Bode, the Director-General of the Royal Museums in Berlin, established the Museum of East Asian Art as a separate collection in 1906. In 2006 the Museum of Indian Art and the Museum of East Asian Art were merged to form the Museum of Asian Art.From 2020 the Ethnological Museum and the Museum of Asian Art are both part of the Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace.[3] By 2019, the Forum's overall costs totaled $700 million;[4] at the time, it was considered Europe's most expensive cultural project.[5] Its opening was initially planned for autumn 2019, then delayed to 2020[4] due to technical problems, including with its air conditioning system.[6] Delivery delays and the unavailability of workers during a lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany pushed it back a few months further.[7][8] In April 2020, two tar cookers exploded at the construction site, injuring one worker.[6]On 16 September 2022, the opening of the eastern wing, the last section of the Humboldt Forum museum, meant the Humboldt Forum museum was finally completed. It became Germany's currently most expensive cultural project.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Humboldt_Forum_10493.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scaturro-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joachim Gauck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Gauck"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12_Jun_2013-11"}],"text":"North and east facades of Humboldt Forum.The Humboldt Forum has its seat in the reconstructed Berlin Palace.[5][10] The foundation stone was laid by President Joachim Gauck in a ceremony on 12 June 2013.[11]","title":"Building"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnological Museum of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Museum of Asian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Asian_Art"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Neil MacGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_MacGregor"},{"link_name":"Hermann Parzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Parzinger"},{"link_name":"Horst Bredekamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Bredekamp"},{"link_name":"Foundation for the Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Humboldt_Forum_in_the_Berlin_Palace"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On completion in 2020, the City Palace housed the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art, as well as two restaurants, a theater, a movie theater and an auditorium.[12] The project is led by a three-member management committee, chaired by founding director Neil MacGregor and also including the co-directors, archaeologist Hermann Parzinger and art historian Horst Bredekamp. The Foundation for the Humboldt Forum in the Berlin Palace has been set up to create the museum.[13]MacGregor has proposed to make the museum admission-free, based on the model of the British Museum.[14]","title":"Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stolen art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_art"},{"link_name":"German colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"Benin Bronzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin_Bronzes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websi-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bénédicte Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte_Savoy"},{"link_name":"provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"Global South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_South"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Humboldt Forum came under criticism before and after its 2020 opening due to the museum's ownship of stolen art and other artefacts which were acquired from the German colonial empire and other European colonies in Africa and Asia, such as the Benin Bronzes.[15][16] In 2018, it was at the center of a debate about the legality of cultural heritage from former German colonies being put on display in Germany, drawing protests from activists and art historians including as Bénédicte Savoy, who alleged the museum had not done enough to research the provenance and failed to critically present objects originating from the Global South in its collection.[17][18]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schiff_aus_Luf_1890_Berlin-Dahlem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuauhcoatl-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maya_Krieger-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barrigon-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Potbelly sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potbelly_sculpture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vishnu_Museums_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst_(Berlin).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nandi_Museums_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_(bull)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vorstellung-Highlights-Humboldt-Forum-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western gorilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_gorilla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sope-12.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orobates_Pabsti-3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Orobates pabsti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orobates"}],"text":"Images of the highlights shown at the Humboldt Forum.A historical boat from the island of Luf in modern Papua New Guinea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Cuauhcoatl\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA beaker for chocolate from the Maya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Barrigon a Potbelly sculpture\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVishnu\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNandi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHand of a Western gorilla\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSope\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModel of an Orobates pabsti: red parts are reconstructed from the fossil, blue parts are mirrors, and yellow parts are some estimations.","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"North and east facades of Humboldt Forum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Humboldt_Forum_10493.jpg/220px-Humboldt_Forum_10493.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Museum Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Island"}]	[{"reference":"Adams, Tim (17 April 2016). \"Neil MacGregor: 'Britain forgets its past. Germany confronts it'\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/apr/17/neil-macgregor-britain-germany-humboldt-forum-berlin","url_text":"\"Neil MacGregor: 'Britain forgets its past. Germany confronts it'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin's newest landmark is ready and waiting\" (Press release). Humboldt Forum. 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humboldtforum.org/en/presse/mitteilungen/berlins-newest-landmark-is-ready-and-waiting/","url_text":"\"Berlin's newest landmark is ready and waiting\""}]},{"reference":"\"Berlin Humboldt Forum opens in stages\". Deutsche Welle. 22 November 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-humboldt-forum-opens-in-stages/a-46404455","url_text":"\"Berlin Humboldt Forum opens in stages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"Rogers, Thomas (13 June 2019). \"Berlin's Troubled Humboldt Forum Pushes Back Opening\". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/arts/design/berlin-humboldt-forum-opening-benin.html","url_text":"\"Berlin's Troubled Humboldt Forum Pushes Back Opening\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Schuetze, Christopher F.; Marshall, Alex (8 April 2020). \"Explosion at Berlin's Humboldt Forum Puts Delayed Opening in Doubt\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/arts/design/humboldt-forum-explosion.html","url_text":"\"Explosion at Berlin's Humboldt Forum Puts Delayed Opening in Doubt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Completed Humboldt Forum opens in Berlin – DW – 09/16/2022\". dw.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/completed-humboldt-forum-opens-in-berlin/a-63146991","url_text":"\"Completed Humboldt Forum opens in Berlin – DW – 09/16/2022\""}]},{"reference":"Peltz, Christiane (12 June 2015). \"So verlief das Richtfest am Berliner Schloss\" [Topping-out wreath ceremony at the Palace]. Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/menschen-steine-sensationen-so-verlief-das-richtfest-am-berliner-schloss/11911454.html","url_text":"\"So verlief das Richtfest am Berliner Schloss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, Harriet (12 June 2013). \"Berlin begins reconstruction of King Frederick the Great's palace\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10117103/Berlin-begins-reconstruction-of-King-Frederick-the-Greats-palace.html","url_text":"\"Berlin begins reconstruction of King Frederick the Great's palace\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Hickley, Catherine. \"Berlin Palace Rebuilding Begins 63 Years After Explosion\". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 30 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-12/berlin-palace-rebuilding-begins-63-years-after-explosion","url_text":"\"Berlin Palace Rebuilding Begins 63 Years After Explosion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg News"}]},{"reference":"Bowley, Graham (12 October 2018). \"A New Museum Opens Old Wounds in Germany\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/arts/design/humboldt-forum-germany.html","url_text":"\"A New Museum Opens Old Wounds in Germany\""}]},{"reference":"Hickley, Catherine (3 November 2016). \"Neil MacGregor unveils plans for Berlin's ambitious Humboldt Forum\". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2016/11/03/neil-macgregor-unveils-plans-for-berlins-ambitious-humboldt-forum","url_text":"\"Neil MacGregor unveils plans for Berlin's ambitious Humboldt Forum\""}]},{"reference":"\"No Humboldt 21\". 3 June 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.no-humboldt21.de/resolution/english/","url_text":"\"No Humboldt 21\""}]},{"reference":"\"Humboldt Forum: Berlin museum opens despite criticism over looted art\". BBC News. 16 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55335918","url_text":"\"Humboldt Forum: Berlin museum opens despite criticism over looted art\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Shaw, Anny (21 November 2020). \"Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says\". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved 6 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/black-lives-matter-movement-is-speeding-up-repatriation-efforts","url_text":"\"Black Lives Matter movement is speeding up repatriation efforts, leading French art historian says\""}]},{"reference":"Schuetze, Christopher F. (15 March 2019). \"Germany Sets Guidelines for Repatriating Colonial-Era Artifacts\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/15/arts/design/germany-museums-restitution.html","url_text":"\"Germany Sets Guidelines for Repatriating Colonial-Era Artifacts\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Humboldt_Forum&params=52_31_03_N_13_24_10_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°31′03″N 13°24′10″E / 52.51750°N 13.40278°E / 52.51750; 13.40278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Humboldt_Forum&params=52_31_03_N_13_24_10_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°31′03″N 13°24′10″E / 52.51750°N 13.40278°E / 52.51750; 13.40278"},{"Link":"https://www.humboldtforum.org/en/","external_links_name":"www.humboldtforum.org/en/"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/apr/17/neil-macgregor-britain-germany-humboldt-forum-berlin","external_links_name":"\"Neil MacGregor: 'Britain forgets its past. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_televised_American_football_game	1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game	["1 Game play","2 Sports broadcasting firsts","3 See also","4 References"]	1939 American football game in New York City; first football game to be televised College football game1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordhamfirst televised football game Waynesburg Yellow Jackets Fordham Rams (1–0) (0–0) 7 34 Head coach: Frank N. Wolf Head coach: Jim Crowley 1234 Total Waynesburg 7000 7 Fordham 71476 34 DateSeptember 30, 1939Season1939StadiumTriborough StadiumLocationNew York CityAttendance9,000United States TV coverageNetworkNBCAnnouncersBill Stern The 1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game was a college football game between the Fordham Rams and the Waynesburg Yellow Jackets played on September 30, 1939. The game was played at Triborough Stadium on New York City's Randall's Island. Fordham won the game 34–7. Broadcast by NBC, the contest was the first American football game ever televised. Game play Fordham entered the game a pre-season pick for the national championship, but the first score was completed by Waynesburg when Bobby Brooks completed a 63-yard run for a touchdown on the third play of the game. Waynesburg only scored in the first quarter but managed to keep Fordham within reach during the early part of the game. Fordham scored in every quarter, leaving the final score at 34–7. Fordham's offense managed sixteen first downs and 337 yards, while Waynesburg managed only five first downs for a total of 157 yards. Fordham blocked a punt in both the first and second halves of the game and recorded an interception in the fourth quarter that the offense was able to turn into a touchdown. Sports broadcasting firsts NBC broadcast the game on station W2XBS with one camera and Bill Stern was the sole announcer. Estimates are that the broadcast reached approximately 1,000 television sets. The game came just over a month after the Brooklyn Dodgers hosted the Cincinnati Reds in the first-ever televised professional baseball game, and five months after the Princeton and Columbia baseball teams played the first televised American sporting event. Sports broadcasting continued less than one month later on October 22 with a telecast of a game between the now-defunct Brooklyn "Football" Dodgers and the Philadelphia Eagles at Ebbets Field. Brooklyn won 24–14 in what became the first televised professional football game. On February 28, 1940, the University of Pittsburgh played Fordham at Madison Square Garden in the first televised basketball game. College football on television continued with the second televised college game just one month later, on October 28, when the Kansas State Wildcats hosted the Nebraska Cornhuskers for their homecoming contest. See also College football on television 1939 college football season List of historically significant college football games References ^ a b "Rams Defeat Waynesburg". Youngstown Vindicator. October 1, 1939. p. D–6. Retrieved February 26, 2011. ^ Vander Voort, Eric (September 29, 2015). "First televised football game featured Fordham, Waynesburg in 1939". NCAA.com. ^ a b "First TV Football Game". Waynesburg University. Retrieved February 11, 2011. ^ Beachler, Eddie (October 3, 1939). "Tech, Pitt, Dukes in Good Condition for Next Test". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved February 12, 2011. ^ "Fordham Rams Drive Over Waynesburg, 34–7". The Tuscaloosa News. October 1, 1939. Retrieved February 12, 2011. ^ "First televised football game, Waynesberg vs Fordham, 1939". American Sportscasters Online. Retrieved February 11, 2011. ^ "First televised Major League baseball game". History.com. August 24, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2023. ^ Smith, Curt. "TV brought baseball to fans who had never seen a game". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 4, 2023. ^ Janssen, Mark (October 7, 2010). "Purple Pride vs. Big Red – 4–0 vs. 4–0". Kansas State Wildcats. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011. vteFordham Rams footballVenues Polo Grounds (1921, 1928–1950, 1953–1954) Downing Stadium (1951–1952) Coffey Field (1970–present) Bowls & rivalries 1941 Cotton Bowl Classic 1942 Sugar Bowl Columbia: Liberty Cup Holy Cross: Ram–Crusader Cup Culture & lore First televised football game Seven Blocks of Granite The Ram "The Ram" People Head coaches NFL draftees Seasons 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910–1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955–1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 vteHistorically significant college football games19th century Princeton vs. Rutgers (1869) Harvard vs. McGill (1874) Kansas vs. Baker (1890) Biddle vs. Livingstone (1892) Wyoming Seminary vs. Mansfield State (1892) Chicago vs. Stanford (1894) Georgia vs. North Carolina (1895) École des Beaux-Arts vs. Académie Julian (1895) 20th century 1902 Rose Bowl Washburn vs. Fairmount (1905) Carlisle vs. Vanderbilt (1906) Vanderbilt vs. Yale (1910) Kansas vs. Missouri (1911) Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech (1916) Centre vs. Harvard (1921) West Virginia vs. Pittsburgh (1921) Alabama vs. Penn (1922) Michigan vs. Vanderbilt (1922) Princeton vs. Chicago (1922) 1926 Rose Bowl SMU vs. TCU (1935) Waynesburg vs. Fordham (1939) Texas Tech vs. Centenary (1939) Cornell vs. Dartmouth (1940) Oklahoma City vs. Youngstown (1941) Army vs. Notre Dame (1946) 1952 Rose Bowl 1956 Sugar Bowl 1962 Rose Bowl 1963 Rose Bowl Notre Dame vs. Michigan State (1966) UCLA vs. USC (1967) Yale vs. Harvard (1968) Texas vs. Arkansas (1969) Nebraska vs. Oklahoma (1971) Nebraska vs. Penn State (1982) Stanford vs. California (1982) 1982 Independence Bowl 1984 Orange Bowl Hail Flutie (1984) 1987 Fiesta Bowl Auburn vs. LSU (1988) Notre Dame vs. Miami (1988) Colorado vs. Missouri (1990) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia (1990) Alabama vs. Florida (1992) 1995 Las Vegas Bowl Linfield vs. Willamette (1997) 21st century Cumberland vs. Jacksonville State (2001) Arkansas vs. Ole Miss (2001) 2001 GMAC Bowl 2002 Las Vegas Bowl LSU vs. Kentucky (2002) Arkansas vs. Kentucky (2003) 2005 Fiesta Bowl 2006 Rose Bowl Michigan State vs. Northwestern (2006) Michigan vs. Ohio State (2006) 2007 Fiesta Bowl Appalachian State vs. Michigan (2007) Stanford vs. USC (2007) Trinity vs. Millsaps (2007) Navy vs. Notre Dame (2007) Navy vs. North Texas (2007) Texas vs. Texas Tech (2008) Alabama vs. Florida (2009) 2010 Fiesta Bowl 2011 Kilimanjaro Bowl LSU vs. Alabama (2011) Georgia vs. Auburn (2013) Alabama vs. Auburn (2013) 2015 Armed Forces Bowl Tennessee vs. Virginia Tech (2016) Oklahoma vs. Texas Tech (2016) Syracuse vs. Pittsburgh (2016) LSU vs. Texas A&M (2018) LSU vs. Alabama (2019) Illinois vs. Penn State (2021) Houston vs. SMU (2022) Georgia Tech vs. Miami (2023) Related topics The First Game First games by state Game of the Century Games outside the U.S. Category Commons vteCollege football on televisionBroadcast networks ABC Saturday Night Football CBS Fox NBC Notre Dame Other The CW Announcers by network ABC CBS Fox NBC Minor networks Stadium PBS Syndication ESPN Events Raycom Regional networks Southland Conference WAC Cable channels CBSSN Eleven Sports Network ESPN FS1 FS2 NFLN TBS USA Announcers by network CBSSN FS1 Collegesports networks ACCN Big Ten ESPNU SEC Stadium College Sports Regional sports networks ACCRSN BYU Longhorn MVC Oregon Pac-12 Major events Bowl games (BCS) ABC CBS Fox NBC First televised football game Miscellaneousprograms College Football Final College Football Scoreboard NBC Game of the Week College Football Primetime Thursday Saturday (ESPN2) Pregame shows College Football Countdown College GameDay SEC Nation Big Noon Kickoff Weekday studio shows College Football Live College Football Now College Scoreboard Contract information College Football Association NCAA v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma Timeline of American Football on UK television Out-of-market sports packages ESPN GamePlan Option Play	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Fordham Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Fordham_Rams_football_team"},{"link_name":"Waynesburg Yellow Jackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesburg_Yellow_Jackets_football"},{"link_name":"Triborough Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downing_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Randall's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"College football gameThe 1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game was a college football game between the Fordham Rams and the Waynesburg Yellow Jackets played on September 30, 1939. The game was played at Triborough Stadium on New York City's Randall's Island. Fordham won the game 34–7. Broadcast by NBC, the contest was the first American football game ever televised.[2]","title":"1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waynesburg-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Youngstown-1"}],"text":"Fordham entered the game a pre-season pick for the national championship, but the first score was completed by Waynesburg when Bobby Brooks completed a 63-yard run for a touchdown on the third play of the game.[3] Waynesburg only scored in the first quarter but managed to keep Fordham within reach during the early part of the game.[4] Fordham scored in every quarter, leaving the final score at 34–7.[5]Fordham's offense managed sixteen first downs and 337 yards, while Waynesburg managed only five first downs for a total of 157 yards. Fordham blocked a punt in both the first and second halves of the game and recorded an interception in the fourth quarter that the offense was able to turn into a touchdown.[1]","title":"Game play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"W2XBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBC#Experimental_operations"},{"link_name":"Bill Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Stern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadcasters-6"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Lions_baseball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn \"Football\" Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers_(NFL)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Ebbets Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbets_Field"},{"link_name":"professional football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_football_(gridiron)"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Panthers_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Fordham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_Rams_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Madison Square Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1925)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waynesburg-3"},{"link_name":"College football on television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_on_television"},{"link_name":"second televised college game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Nebraska_vs._Kansas_State_football_game"},{"link_name":"Kansas State Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ksu-neb-9"}],"text":"NBC broadcast the game on station W2XBS with one camera and Bill Stern was the sole announcer. Estimates are that the broadcast reached approximately 1,000 television sets.[6]The game came just over a month after the Brooklyn Dodgers hosted the Cincinnati Reds in the first-ever televised professional baseball game,[7] and five months after the Princeton and Columbia baseball teams played the first televised American sporting event.[8]Sports broadcasting continued less than one month later on October 22 with a telecast of a game between the now-defunct Brooklyn \"Football\" Dodgers and the Philadelphia Eagles at Ebbets Field. Brooklyn won 24–14 in what became the first televised professional football game. On February 28, 1940, the University of Pittsburgh played Fordham at Madison Square Garden in the first televised basketball game.[3]College football on television continued with the second televised college game just one month later, on October 28, when the Kansas State Wildcats hosted the Nebraska Cornhuskers for their homecoming contest.[9]","title":"Sports broadcasting firsts"}]	[]	[{"title":"College football on television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football_on_television"},{"title":"1939 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_college_football_season"},{"title":"List of historically significant college football games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_historically_significant_college_football_games"}]	[{"reference":"\"Rams Defeat Waynesburg\". Youngstown Vindicator. October 1, 1939. p. D–6. Retrieved February 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZyBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=54UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3837,423137&dq=fordham+football&hl=en","url_text":"\"Rams Defeat Waynesburg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vindicator","url_text":"Youngstown Vindicator"}]},{"reference":"Vander Voort, Eric (September 29, 2015). \"First televised football game featured Fordham, Waynesburg in 1939\". NCAA.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2014-09-28/first-televised-football-game-featured-fordham-waynesburg-1939","url_text":"\"First televised football game featured Fordham, Waynesburg in 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"First TV Football Game\". Waynesburg University. Retrieved February 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waynesburgsports.com/sports/2007/8/17/first_tv_game.aspx","url_text":"\"First TV Football Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesburg_University","url_text":"Waynesburg University"}]},{"reference":"Beachler, Eddie (October 3, 1939). \"Tech, Pitt, Dukes in Good Condition for Next Test\". The Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved February 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WzQbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SEwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1658,2909223&dq=fordham+football+waynesburg&hl=en","url_text":"\"Tech, Pitt, Dukes in Good Condition for Next Test\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press","url_text":"The Pittsburgh Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Fordham Rams Drive Over Waynesburg, 34–7\". The Tuscaloosa News. October 1, 1939. Retrieved February 12, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ExBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lLcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4532,3893577&dq=fordham+football+waynesburg&hl=en","url_text":"\"Fordham Rams Drive Over Waynesburg, 34–7\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News","url_text":"The Tuscaloosa News"}]},{"reference":"\"First televised football game, Waynesberg vs Fordham, 1939\". American Sportscasters Online. Retrieved February 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/waynesbergarticle.html","url_text":"\"First televised football game, Waynesberg vs Fordham, 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"First televised Major League baseball game\". History.com. August 24, 2021. Retrieved September 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-televised-major-league-baseball-game","url_text":"\"First televised Major League baseball game\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Curt. \"TV brought baseball to fans who had never seen a game\". National Baseball Hall of Fame. Retrieved September 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://baseballhall.org/discover/television-brought-baseball-to-millions","url_text":"\"TV brought baseball to fans who had never seen a game\""}]},{"reference":"Janssen, Mark (October 7, 2010). \"Purple Pride vs. Big Red – 4–0 vs. 4–0\". Kansas State Wildcats. Archived from the original on February 15, 2011. Retrieved February 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215224819/http://www.kstatesports.com/blog/2010/10/purple-pride-vs-big-red---4-0-vs-4-0.html","url_text":"\"Purple Pride vs. Big Red – 4–0 vs. 4–0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats","url_text":"Kansas State Wildcats"},{"url":"http://www.kstatesports.com/blog/2010/10/purple-pride-vs-big-red---4-0-vs-4-0.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZyBKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=54UMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3837,423137&dq=fordham+football&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Rams Defeat Waynesburg\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncaa.com/news/football/article/2014-09-28/first-televised-football-game-featured-fordham-waynesburg-1939","external_links_name":"\"First televised football game featured Fordham, Waynesburg in 1939\""},{"Link":"http://www.waynesburgsports.com/sports/2007/8/17/first_tv_game.aspx","external_links_name":"\"First TV Football Game\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WzQbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SEwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1658,2909223&dq=fordham+football+waynesburg&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Tech, Pitt, Dukes in Good Condition for Next Test\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ExBAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lLcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4532,3893577&dq=fordham+football+waynesburg&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Fordham Rams Drive Over Waynesburg, 34–7\""},{"Link":"http://www.americansportscastersonline.com/waynesbergarticle.html","external_links_name":"\"First televised football game, Waynesberg vs Fordham, 1939\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-televised-major-league-baseball-game","external_links_name":"\"First televised Major League baseball game\""},{"Link":"https://baseballhall.org/discover/television-brought-baseball-to-millions","external_links_name":"\"TV brought baseball to fans who had never seen a game\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110215224819/http://www.kstatesports.com/blog/2010/10/purple-pride-vs-big-red---4-0-vs-4-0.html","external_links_name":"\"Purple Pride vs. Big Red – 4–0 vs. 4–0\""},{"Link":"http://www.kstatesports.com/blog/2010/10/purple-pride-vs-big-red---4-0-vs-4-0.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria	Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria	["1 History","2 Composition","2.1 Current membership (May 2022)","3 Competences","4 See also","5 References"]	Highest Judicial Court of SyriaSupreme Constitutional Court of Syriaالمحكمة الدستورية العلياAl-Mahkamah al-Dustūrīyah al-‘UlyāCoat of arms of SyriaEstablished1973JurisdictionSyrian Arab RepublicLocationDamascusComposition methodPresidential appointmentAuthorized bySyrian ConstitutionJudge term lengthrenewable terms of four-yearsNumber of positions11LanguageArabicPresident of the Supreme CourtCurrentlyMohammad Jihad al-LahamSince8 May 2018 Politics of Syria Member State of the Arab League Constitution Preamble and Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Human rights Executive President (list) Bashar al-Assad Vice President Najah al-Attar Prime Minister (list) Hussein Arnous Deputy Prime Minister Ali Abdullah Ayyoub Legislature People's Assembly Speaker: Hammouda Sabbagh Judiciary High Judicial Council Supreme Constitutional Court Subdivisions Governorates Districts Subdistricts (Nahiyas) Villages Elections Recent elections Presidential: 200720142021 Parliamentary: 201220162020 Political parties National Progressive Front Popular Front for Change and Liberation Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Syrian branch) Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Minister: Faisal Mekdad Diplomatic missions of / in Syria Syrian nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy UN resolutions on Syria Status of the Golan Heights Syrian civil war Asia portal History portal Other countries vte The Supreme Constitutional Court (Arabic: المحكمة الدستورية العليا, Al-Mahkamah al-Dustūrīyah al-‘Ulyā) is the highest jurisdictional authority in the Syrian Arab Republic. History The Supreme Court was established under the Syrian Constitution of 1973 to adjudicate electoral disputes, rule on the constitutionality of a law or decree challenged by the prime minister or People's Council, and to render opinions on the constitutionality of bills, decrees, and regulations when requested to do so by the prime minister. The High Constitutional Court is forbidden, however, to question the validity of the popularly approved "laws submitted by the President of the Republic to popular referendums." The court consists of the president and four judges he appoints to serve a renewable term of four years. Composition The Supreme Court consists of its president called the President of the Supreme Court and 10 ordinary member judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President. Syrian Constitution of 2012 declares the judiciary independent, and assigns the President (and the Supreme Judicial Council, which the President heads) as the protector of judicial independence (Arts. 132-133). The Supreme Constitutional Court was extended from five members to at least seven members, but all are still appointed by presidential decree (Art. 141). Constitutional Court members continue to serve four-year renewable terms (Art. 143). Current membership (May 2022) The President of the Supreme Court: Mr. Justice Mohammad Jihad al-Laham Mr. Justice Raslan Ali Trabelsi Mr. Justice Malik Kamal Sharaf Mrs. Justice Jamila Muslim Al-Sharbaji Mr. Justice Dr. Saeed Abdel Wahid Nahaili Mr. Justice Mutasim Skeiker Mr. Justice Majid Rashid Khadra Mr. Justice Faris Melhem Sattouf Mr. Justice Abdel Salam Shehadeh Mr. Justice Wissam Badie Yazbek Mrs. Justice Maisa Anwar Al-Mahrous Competences Deciding the constitutionality of laws and regulations Delivering opinions on the constitutionality of draft laws and legislative decrees upon request by the President Supervising presidential elections Considering challenges to presidential and legislative elections Trying the President in the case of high treason Constitutional review over laws passed by referendum Expressing opinions on the constitutionality of draft laws upon request See also Judiciary of Syria High Judicial Council Syrian Constitution Syrian Constitution of 1973 References ^ Country Studies: Syria, Library of Congress This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ موقع الاستعلام الالكتروني للخدمات الحكومية ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "President al-Assad issues a decree appointing the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court Muhammad Jihad al-Lahham and appointing its other members". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 May 2021. ^ "Syria's Supreme Constitutional Court Finalizes List of Candidates for Presidential Election". Asharq Al-Awsat. 12 May 2021. ^ "الرئيس الأسد يصدر مرسوماً بتجديد تسمية رئيس و6 أعضاء في المحكمة الدستورية العليا وتسمية 4 أعضاء جدد". SANA. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Country–Syria". p. constitutionniet.org. Retrieved 25 November 2021. vteSyria articlesHistory Timeline Years in Syria Prehistorical Syria Levantine corridor Natufian culture Halaf culture Uruk period Abu Hureyra Aswad Yarmukian culture Ancient Syria Amorites Akkadian Empire Arameans Canaanites Middle Assyrian Empire Ebla Yamhad Qatna Mari Ugarit Aram-Damascus Syro-Hittite states Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Syria Seleucid Syria Roman Syria Palmyrene Empire Byzantine Syria Medieval Syria Muslim conquest (636) Caliphal Syria (Bilad al-Sham) Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Zangid dynasty Hamdanid dynasty Mirdasid dynasty Fatimid Syria Saljuqid Syria Crusader states County of Edessa Principality of Antioch County of Tripoli Ayyubid Syria (1174–1260) Mamluk Syria (1260–1516) Early modern Syria Ottoman Syria (1516–1918) Modern Syria Arab kingdom (1920) Haj Fadel Government French Mandate Syrian Federation (1922–25) State of Syria (1925–30) Mandatory Republic (1930–46) independent First Republic (1946–50) Second Republic (1950–1963) Civil war Geography Borders Cities Districts Governorates Rivers Volcanoes Features Al-Jazira Anti-Lebanon Mountains Euphrates Golan Heights Hauran Hermon Orontes Syrian Desert Related Syria (region) Southern Syria Fertile Crescent Levant Politics Constitution Corruption President list Vice President Council of Ministers Prime Minister list Elections Foreign relations Golan Heights claim Iskandaron Government ministries Human rights LGBT Judiciary High council Supreme Constitutional Court Parliament Speakers Political parties Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party national / regional command National Progressive Front Popular Front for Change and Liberation Political status of the Golan Heights Nationalism Greater Syria Terrorism Military Army Air force air defense Navy Chief of the General Staff Weapons of mass destruction Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Industry International rankings Pound (currency) Securities Exchange (stock exchange) Infrastructure Energy and mineral resources Petroleum industry Telecommunications Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Censorship Demographics Education Health Hunger People diaspora refugees (2011–present) women Public holidays Scouting Squatting Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine (wine) Films Flag Media State television Music Religion Smoking OutlineIndex Category vteSupreme Courts of AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Category Asia portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Syrian Arab Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic"}],"text":"The Supreme Constitutional Court (Arabic: المحكمة الدستورية العليا, Al-Mahkamah al-Dustūrīyah al-‘Ulyā) is the highest jurisdictional authority in the Syrian Arab Republic.","title":"Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syrian Constitution of 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Constitution_of_1973"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lib-1"}],"text":"The Supreme Court was established under the Syrian Constitution of 1973 to adjudicate electoral disputes, rule on the constitutionality of a law or decree challenged by the prime minister or People's Council, and to render opinions on the constitutionality of bills, decrees, and regulations when requested to do so by the prime minister.The High Constitutional Court is forbidden, however, to question the validity of the popularly approved \"laws submitted by the President of the Republic to popular referendums.\" The court consists of the president and four judges he appoints to serve a renewable term of four years.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-number-2"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Syrian Constitution of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"}],"text":"The Supreme Court consists of its president called the President of the Supreme Court and 10 ordinary member judges.[2] Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President.Syrian Constitution of 2012 declares the judiciary independent, and assigns the President (and the Supreme Judicial Council, which the President heads) as the protector of judicial independence (Arts. 132-133).[3]The Supreme Constitutional Court was extended from five members to at least seven members, but all are still appointed by presidential decree (Art. 141).[3] Constitutional Court members continue to serve four-year renewable terms (Art. 143).[3]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammad Jihad al-Laham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Jihad_al-Laham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Raslan Ali Trabelsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raslan_Ali_Trabelsi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Malik Kamal Sharaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malik_Kamal_Sharaf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Jamila Muslim Al-Sharbaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jamila_Muslim_Al-Sharbaji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Dr. Saeed Abdel Wahid Nahaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._Saeed_Abdel_Wahid_Nahaili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Mutasim Skeiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutasim_Skeiker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Majid Rashid Khadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majid_Rashid_Khadra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Faris Melhem Sattouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faris_Melhem_Sattouf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Abdel Salam Shehadeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdel_Salam_Shehadeh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Wissam Badie Yazbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wissam_Badie_Yazbek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"Maisa Anwar Al-Mahrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maisa_Anwar_Al-Mahrous&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Judge-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Current membership (May 2022)","text":"The President of the Supreme Court: Mr. Justice Mohammad Jihad al-Laham[4]\nMr. Justice Raslan Ali Trabelsi[3]\nMr. Justice Malik Kamal Sharaf[3]\nMrs. Justice Jamila Muslim Al-Sharbaji[3]\nMr. Justice Dr. Saeed Abdel Wahid Nahaili[3]\nMr. Justice Mutasim Skeiker[3]\nMr. Justice Majid Rashid Khadra[3]\nMr. Justice Faris Melhem Sattouf[3]\nMr. Justice Abdel Salam Shehadeh[3]\nMr. Justice Wissam Badie Yazbek[3]\nMrs. Justice Maisa Anwar Al-Mahrous[3][5]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Constitutional-6"}],"text":"Deciding the constitutionality of laws and regulations[6]\nDelivering opinions on the constitutionality of draft laws and legislative decrees upon request by the President[6]\nSupervising presidential elections[6]\nConsidering challenges to presidential and legislative elections[6]\nTrying the President in the case of high treason[6]\nConstitutional review over laws passed by referendum[6]\nExpressing opinions on the constitutionality of draft laws upon request [6]","title":"Competences"}]	[]	[{"title":"Judiciary of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Syria"},{"title":"High Judicial Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Judicial_Council"},{"title":"Syrian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Constitution"},{"title":"Syrian Constitution of 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Constitution_of_1973"}]	[{"reference":"\"President al-Assad issues a decree appointing the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court Muhammad Jihad al-Lahham and appointing its other members\". Syrian Arab News Agency. 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sana.sy/?p=750229","url_text":"\"President al-Assad issues a decree appointing the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court Muhammad Jihad al-Lahham and appointing its other members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_News_Agency","url_text":"Syrian Arab News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Syria's Supreme Constitutional Court Finalizes List of Candidates for Presidential Election\". Asharq Al-Awsat. 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2966721/syrias-supreme-constitutional-court-finalizes-list-candidates--presidential","url_text":"\"Syria's Supreme Constitutional Court Finalizes List of Candidates for Presidential Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asharq_Al-Awsat","url_text":"Asharq Al-Awsat"}]},{"reference":"\"الرئيس الأسد يصدر مرسوماً بتجديد تسمية رئيس و6 أعضاء في المحكمة الدستورية العليا وتسمية 4 أعضاء جدد\". SANA. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sana.sy/?p=1649897","url_text":"\"الرئيس الأسد يصدر مرسوماً بتجديد تسمية رئيس و6 أعضاء في المحكمة الدستورية العليا وتسمية 4 أعضاء جدد\""}]},{"reference":"\"Country–Syria\". p. constitutionniet.org. Retrieved 25 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://constitutionnet.org/country/syria","url_text":"\"Country–Syria\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rs6.loc.gov/frd/cs/sytoc.html","external_links_name":"Country Studies: Syria"},{"Link":"http://e.sy/govmember.php?pid=MzAwOQ==&mid=2","external_links_name":"موقع الاستعلام الالكتروني للخدمات الحكومية"},{"Link":"https://www.sana.sy/?p=750229","external_links_name":"\"President al-Assad issues a decree appointing the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court Muhammad Jihad al-Lahham and appointing its other members\""},{"Link":"https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2966721/syrias-supreme-constitutional-court-finalizes-list-candidates--presidential","external_links_name":"\"Syria's Supreme Constitutional Court Finalizes List of Candidates for Presidential Election\""},{"Link":"https://sana.sy/?p=1649897","external_links_name":"\"الرئيس الأسد يصدر مرسوماً بتجديد تسمية رئيس و6 أعضاء في المحكمة الدستورية العليا وتسمية 4 أعضاء جدد\""},{"Link":"https://constitutionnet.org/country/syria","external_links_name":"\"Country–Syria\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_F	List of airports by IATA airport code: F	[]	List of airports by IATA airport code: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z See also: Lists of airports by IATA and ICAO code F The DST column shows the months in which Daylight Saving Time, a.k.a. Summer Time, begins and ends. A blank DST box usually indicates that the location stays on Standard Time all year, although in some cases the location stays on Summer Time all year. If a location is currently on DST, add one hour to the time in the Time column. Contents FA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ FK FL FM FN FO FP FQ FR FS FT FU FV FW FX FY FZ IATA ICAO Airport name Location served Time DST -FA- FAA GUFH Faranah Airport Faranah, Guinea UTC±00:00 FAB EGLF Farnborough Airport Farnborough, England, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FAC NTKF Faaite Airport Faaite, Tuamotus, French Polynesia UTC−10:00 FAE EKVG Vágar Airport Vágar, Faroe Islands UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FAF KFAF Felker Army Airfield Fort Eustis, Virginia, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FAG BIFM Fagurhólsmýri Airport Fagurhólsmýri, Iceland UTC±00:00 FAH OAFR Farah Airport Farah, Afghanistan UTC+04:30 FAI PAFA Fairbanks International Airport Fairbanks, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FAJ TJFA Diego Jiménez Torres Airport (FAA: X95) Fajardo, Puerto Rico, United States UTC−04:00 FAK False Island Seaplane Base (FAA: 2Z6) False Island, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FAM KFAM Farmington Regional Airport Farmington, Missouri, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FAO LPFR Faro Airport Faro, Portugal UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FAQ AYFR Frieda River Airport Frieda River, Papua New Guinea UTC+10:00 FAR KFAR Hector International Airport Fargo, North Dakota, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FAS BIFF Fáskrúðsfjörður Airport Fáskrúðsfjörður, Iceland UTC±00:00 FAT KFAT Fresno Yosemite International Airport Fresno, California, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FAU OOFD Fahud Airport Fahud, Oman UTC+04:00 FAV NTGF Fakarava Airport Fakarava, Tuamotus, French Polynesia UTC−10:00 FAY KFAY Fayetteville Regional Airport (Grannis Field) Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FAZ OISF Fasa Airport Fasa, Iran UTC+03:30 Mar-Sep -FB- FBA SWOB Fonte Boa Airport Fonte Boa, Amazonas, Brazil UTC−05:00 FBD OAFZ Fayzabad Airport Fayzabad, Afghanistan UTC+04:30 FBE SSFB Francisco Beltrão Airport (Paulo Abdala Airport) Francisco Beltrão, Paraná, Brazil UTC−03:00 FBG KFBG Simmons Army Airfield Fort Liberty, North Carolina, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FBK PAFB Ladd Army Airfield Fairbanks, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FBL KFBL Faribault Municipal Airport Faribault, Minnesota, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FBM FZQA Lubumbashi International Airport Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo UTC+02:00 FBR KFBR Fort Bridger Airport Fort Bridger, Wyoming, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FBS Friday Harbor Seaplane Base (FAA: W33) Friday Harbor, Washington, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FBY KFBY Fairbury Municipal Airport Fairbury, Nebraska, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov -FC- FCA KGPI Glacier Park International Airport (FAA: GPI) Kalispell, Montana, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FCB FAFB Ficksburg Airport Ficksburg, South Africa UTC+02:00 FCH KFCH Fresno Chandler Executive Airport Fresno, California, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FCM KFCM Flying Cloud Airport Eden Prairie, Minnesota, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FCN ETMN Sea-Airport Cuxhaven/Nordholz Cuxhaven, Lower Saxony, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FCO LIRF Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport Rome, Lazio, Italy UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FCS KFCS Butts Army Airfield (Fort Carson) Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FCY KFCY Forrest City Municipal Airport Forrest City, Arkansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov -FD- FDE ENBL Førde Airport, Bringeland Førde, Norway UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FDF TFFF Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport Fort-de-France, Martinique UTC−04:00 FDH EDNY Friedrichshafen Airport (Bodensee Airport) Friedrichshafen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FDK KFDK Frederick Municipal Airport Frederick, Maryland, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FDR KFDR Frederick Regional Airport Frederick, Oklahoma, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FDU FZBO Bandundu Airport Bandundu, Democratic Republic of the Congo UTC+01:00 FDY KFDY Findlay Airport Findlay, Ohio, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov -FE- FEA Fetlar Airport Fetlar, Scotland, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FEB VNSR Sanfebagar Airport Sanfebagar, Nepal UTC+05:45 FEC SNJD Feira de Santana Airport (Gov. João Durval Carneiro Airport) Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil UTC−03:00 FEG UTKF Fergana International Airport Fergana, Uzbekistan UTC+05:00 FEJ SNOU Feijó Airport Feijó, Acre, Brazil UTC−05:00 FEK DIFK Ferkessédougou Airport Ferkessédougou, Ivory Coast UTC±00:00 FEL ETSF Fürstenfeldbruck Air Base Fürstenfeldbruck, Bavaria, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FEN SBFN Fernando de Noronha Airport (Gov. Carlos Wilson Airport) Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil UTC−02:00 FEP KFEP Albertus Airport Freeport, Illinois, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FET KFET Fremont Municipal Airport Fremont, Nebraska, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FEZ GMFF Fes–Saïss Airport Fez, Morocco UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct1 -FF- FFA KFFA First Flight Airport Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FFD EGVA RAF Fairford Fairford, England, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FFL KFFL Fairfield Municipal Airport Fairfield, Iowa, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FFM KFFM Fergus Falls Municipal Airport (Einar Mickelson Field) Fergus Falls, Minnesota, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FFO KFFO Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (First Flight-Office) Dayton, Ohio, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FFT KFFT Capital City Airport Frankfort, Kentucky, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FFU SCFT Futaleufú Airfield Futaleufú, Chile UTC−04:00 Aug-May -FG- FGD GQPF Fderik Airport Fderîck, Mauritania UTC±00:00 FGI NSFI Fagali'i Airport Apia, Upolu Island, Samoa UTC+13:00 Sep-Apr FGU NTGB Fangatau Airport Fangatau, Tuamotus, French Polynesia UTC−10:00 -FH- FHU KFHU Sierra Vista Municipal Airport (Libby Army Airfield) Sierra Vista, Arizona, United States UTC−07:00 FHZ NTKH Fakahina Airport Fakahina, Tuamotus, French Polynesia UTC−10:00 -FI- FID Elizabeth Field (FAA: 0B8) Fishers Island, New York, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FIE EGEF Fair Isle Airport Fair Isle, Scotland, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FIG GUFA Fria Airport Fria, Guinea UTC±00:00 FIH FZAA N'djili Airport (Kinshasa Int'l Airport) Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo UTC+01:00 FIK YFNE Finke Airport Finke (Aputula), Northern Territory, Australia UTC+09:30 FIL KFOM Fillmore Municipal Airport (FAA: FOM) Fillmore, Utah, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FIN AYFI Finschhafen Airport Finschhafen, Papua New Guinea UTC+10:00 FIZ YFTZ Fitzroy Crossing Airport Fitzroy Crossing, Western Australia, Australia UTC+08:00 -FJ- FJR OMFJ Fujairah International Airport Fujairah, United Arab Emirates UTC+04:00 -FK- FKB EDSB Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport Karlsruhe / Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FKI FZIC Bangoka International Airport Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo UTC+02:00 FKJ RJNF Fukui Airport Fukui, Honshu, Japan UTC+09:00 FKL KFKL Venango Regional Airport (Chess Lamberton Field) Franklin, Pennsylvania, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FKN KFKN Franklin Municipal–John Beverly Rose Airport Franklin, Virginia, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FKQ WASF Fakfak Torea Airport Fakfak, Indonesia UTC+09:00 FKS RJSF Fukushima Airport Sukagawa, Honshu, Japan UTC+09:00 -FL- FLA SKFL Gustavo Artunduaga Paredes Airport Florencia (Caquetá), Colombia UTC−05:00 FLB SNQG Cangapara Airport Floriano, Piauí, Brazil UTC−03:00 FLD KFLD Fond du Lac County Airport Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FLF EDXF Flensburg-Schäferhaus Airport Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FLG KFLG Flagstaff Pulliam Airport Flagstaff, Arizona, United States UTC−07:00 FLH Flotta Isle Airport Flotta, Scotland, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FLI Holt Airport Flateyri, Iceland UTC±00:00 FLL KFLL Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport Fort Lauderdale / Hollywood, Florida, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FLM SGFI Filadelfia Airport Filadelfia, Paraguay UTC−04:00 Oct-Mar FLN SBFL Hercílio Luz International Airport Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil UTC−03:00 FLO KFLO Florence Regional Airport Florence, South Carolina, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FLP KFLP Marion County Regional Airport Flippin, Arkansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FLR LIRQ Florence Airport, Peretola (Amerigo Vespucci Airport) Florence, Tuscany, Italy UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FLS YFLI Flinders Island Airport Flinders Island, Tasmania, Australia UTC+10:00 Oct-Apr FLT Flat Airport Flat, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FLV KFLV Sherman Army Airfield Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FLW LPFL Flores Airport Flores Island, Azores, Portugal UTC−01:00 Mar-Oct FLX KFLX Fallon Municipal Airport Fallon, Nevada, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FLY YFIL Finley Airport Finley, New South Wales, Australia UTC+10:00 Oct-Apr FLZ WIMS Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airport Sibolga, Indonesia UTC+07:00 -FM- FMA SARF Formosa International Airport (El Pucú Airport) Formosa, Argentina UTC−03:00 FME KFME Tipton Airport Fort Meade / Odenton, Maryland, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FMH KFMH Otis Air National Guard Base Falmouth, Massachusetts, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FMI FZRF Kalemie Airport Kalemie, Democratic Republic of the Congo UTC+02:00 FMM EDJA Memmingen Airport Memmingen, Bavaria, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FMN KFMN Four Corners Regional Airport Farmington, New Mexico, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FMO EDDG Münster Osnabrück Airport Münster / Osnabrück (LS), North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FMS KFSW Fort Madison Municipal Airport (FAA: FSW) Fort Madison, Iowa, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FMU Florence Municipal Airport (FAA: 6S2) Florence, Oregon, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FMY KFMY Page Field Fort Myers, Florida, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov -FN- FNA GFLL Lungi International Airport Freetown, Sierra Leone UTC±00:00 FNB ETNU Neubrandenburg Airport Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FNC LPMA Madeira Airport Funchal, Madeira, Portugal UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FND Funadhoo Airport Funadhoo, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives UTC+05:00 FNE AYFA Fane Airport Fane, Papua New Guinea UTC+10:00 FNG DFEF Fada N'gourma Airport Fada N'gourma, Burkina Faso UTC±00:00 FNH HAFN Fincha Airport Fincha, Ethiopia UTC+03:00 FNI LFTW Nîmes–Alès–Camargue–Cévennes Airport (Garons Airport) Nîmes, Languedoc-Roussillon, France UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FNJ ZKPY Pyongyang Sunan International Airport Pyongyang, North Korea UTC+08:30 FNL KFNL Fort Collins–Loveland Municipal Airport Fort Collins/Loveland, Colorado, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FNR PANR Funter Bay Seaplane Base Funter Bay, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FNT KFNT Bishop International Airport Flint, Michigan, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FNU LIER Oristano-Fenosu Airport Oristano, Sardinia, Italy UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct -FO- FOA Foula Airfield Foula, Scotland, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FOB Fort Bragg Airport (FAA: 82CL) Fort Bragg, California, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FOC ZSFZ Fuzhou Changle International Airport Fuzhou, Fujian, China UTC+08:00 FOD KFOD Fort Dodge Regional Airport Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FOE KFOE Topeka Regional Airport Topeka, Kansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FOG LIBF Foggia "Gino Lisa" Airport Foggia, Apulia, Italy UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FOK KFOK Francis S. Gabreski Airport Westhampton Beach, New York, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FOM FKKM Foumban Nkounja Airport Foumban, Cameroon UTC+01:00 FON MRAN La Fortuna Arenal Airport La Fortuna, Costa Rica UTC−06:00 FOO Kornasoren Airport (Numfoor Airport) Numfoor, Indonesia UTC+09:00 FOR SBFZ Pinto Martins – Fortaleza International Airport Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil UTC−03:00 FOS YFRT Forrest Airport Forrest, Western Australia, Australia UTC+08:00 FOT YFST Forster (Wallis Island) Airport Forster, New South Wales, Australia UTC+10:00 Oct-Apr FOU FOGF Fougamou Airport Fougamou, Gabon UTC+01:00 FOY Foya Airport Foya, Liberia UTC±00:00 -FP- FPO MYGF Grand Bahama International Airport Freeport, Grand Bahama, Bahamas UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FPR KFPR St. Lucie County International Airport Fort Pierce, Florida, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FPY Perry-Foley Airport (FAA: 40J) Perry, Florida, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov -FR- FRA EDDF Frankfurt Airport Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FRB YFBS Forbes Airport Forbes, New South Wales, Australia UTC+10:00 Oct-Apr FRC SIMK Franca Airport (Ten. Lund Presotto–Franca State Airport) Franca, São Paulo, Brazil UTC−03:00 FRD KFHR Friday Harbor Airport (FAA: FHR) Friday Harbor, Washington, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FRE AGGF Fera Airport (Fera/Maringe Airport) Fera Island, Isabel Province, Solomon Islands UTC+11:00 FRG KFRG Republic Airport Farmingdale, New York, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FRH KFRH French Lick Municipal Airport French Lick, Indiana, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FRI KFRI Marshall Army Airfield Fort Riley, Kansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FRK FSSF Frégate Island Airport Frégate Island, Seychelles UTC+04:00 FRL LIPK Forlì International Airport (Luigi Ridolfi Airport) Forlì, Emilia-Romagna, Italy UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FRM KFRM Fairmont Municipal Airport Fairmont, Minnesota, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FRN PAFR Bryant Army Airport Anchorage, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FRO ENFL Florø Airport Florø, Norway UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FRQ AYFE Feramin Airport Feramin, Papua New Guinea UTC+10:00 FRR KFRR Front Royal–Warren County Airport Front Royal, Virginia, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FRS MGTK Mundo Maya International Airport Flores, Guatemala UTC−06:00 FRT SCFI Frutillar Airport Frutillar, Chile UTC−04:00 Aug-May FRU UAFM Manas International Airport Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan UTC+06:00 FRW FBFT Francistown Airport Francistown, Botswana UTC+02:00 FRY KIZG Eastern Slopes Regional Airport (FAA: IZG) Fryeburg, Maine, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FRZ ETHF Fritzlar Air Base Fritzlar, Hesse, Germany UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct -FS- FSC LFKF Figari–Sud Corse Airport Figari, Corsica, France UTC+01:00 Mar-Oct FSD KFSD Sioux Falls Regional Airport (Joe Foss Field) Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FSI KFSI Henry Post Army Airfield (Fort Sill) Lawton, Oklahoma, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FSK KFSK Fort Scott Municipal Airport Fort Scott, Kansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FSL Fossil Downs Airport Fossil Downs Station, Western Australia, Australia UTC+08:00 FSM KFSM Fort Smith Regional Airport Fort Smith, Arkansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FSP LFVP Saint-Pierre Airport Saint-Pierre, Saint Pierre and Miquelon UTC−03:00 Mar-Nov FSS EGQK RAF Kinloss Forres, Scotland, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FST KFST Fort Stockton–Pecos County Airport Fort Stockton, Texas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FSU KFSU Fort Sumner Municipal Airport Fort Sumner, New Mexico, United States UTC−07:00 Mar-Nov FSZ RJNS Shizuoka Airport (Mt. Fuji Shizuoka Airport) Shizuoka, Honshu, Japan UTC+09:00 -FT- FTA NVVF Futuna Airport Futuna Island, Tafea, Vanuatu UTC+11:00 FTE SAWA Comandante Armando Tola International Airport El Calafate, Santa Cruz, Argentina UTC−03:00 FTI NSFQ Fitiuta Airport (FAA: FAQ) Fitiuta, American Samoa, United States UTC−11:00 FTK KFTK Godman Army Airfield Fort Knox, Kentucky, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FTU FMSD Tôlanaro Airport (Marillac Airport) Tôlanaro, Madagascar UTC+03:00 FTW KFTW Fort Worth Meacham International Airport Fort Worth, Texas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FTX FCOO Owando Airport Owando, Republic of the Congo UTC+01:00 FTY KFTY Fulton County Airport (Charlie Brown Field) Atlanta, Georgia, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov -FU- FUB Fulleborn Airport Fulleborn, Papua New Guinea UTC+10:00 FUE GCFV Fuerteventura Airport Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FUG ZSFY Fuyang Xiguan Airport Fuyang, Anhui, China UTC+08:00 FUJ RJFE Fukue Airport (Gotō-Fukue Airport) Gotō, Gotō Islands, Japan UTC+09:00 FUK RJFF Fukuoka Airport (Itazuke Air Base) Fukuoka, Kyushu, Japan UTC+09:00 FUL KFUL Fullerton Municipal Airport Fullerton, California, United States UTC−08:00 Mar-Nov FUM Fuma Airport Fuma, Papua New Guinea UTC+10:00 FUN NGFU Funafuti International Airport Funafuti, Tuvalu UTC+12:00 FUO ZGFS Foshan Shadi Airport Foshan, Guangdong, China UTC+08:00 FUT NLWF Pointe Vele Airport Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna UTC+12:00 -FV- FVL YFLO Flora Valley Airport Flora Valley, Western Australia, Australia UTC+08:00 FVM VRMF Fuvahmulah Airport Fuvahmulah, Gnaviyani Atoll, Maldives UTC+05:00 FVR YFRV Forrest River Airport Forrest River Mission, Western Australia, Australia UTC+08:00 -FW- FWA KFWA Fort Wayne International Airport Fort Wayne, Indiana, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FWH KNFW NAS Fort Worth JRB / Carswell Field (FAA: NFW) Fort Worth, Texas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FWL PAFW Farewell Airport Farewell, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov -FX- FXE KFXE Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States UTC−05:00 Mar-Nov FXO FQCB Cuamba Airport Cuamba, Mozambique UTC+02:00 FXY KFXY Forest City Municipal Airport Forest City, Iowa, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov -FY- FYJ ZYFY Fuyuan Dongji Airport Fuyuan, Heilongjiang, China UTC+08:00 FYM KFYM Fayetteville Municipal Airport Fayetteville, Tennessee, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov FYN ZWFY Fuyun Koktokay Airport Fuyun, Xinjiang, China UTC+06:00 FYT FTTY Faya-Largeau Airport Faya-Largeau, Chad UTC+01:00 FYU PFYU Fort Yukon Airport Fort Yukon, Alaska, United States UTC−09:00 Mar-Nov FYV KFYV Drake Field (Fayetteville Executive Airport) Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States UTC−06:00 Mar-Nov -FZ- FZO EGTG Bristol Filton Airport Bristol, England, United Kingdom UTC±00:00 Mar-Oct FZL UBBF Fuzuli International Airport Fuzuli, Karabakh, Azerbaijan UTC+04:00 Notes ^1 Morocco temporarily suspends DST for the month of Ramadan. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "IATA Airport Code Search". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved May 3, 2016. ^ Forster (Wallis Is) Airport "United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations". UN/LOCODE 2011-2. UNECE. 28 February 2012. - includes IATA codes "ICAO Location Indicators by State" (PDF). International Civil Aviation Organization. 17 September 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2012. Aviation Safety Network - IATA and ICAO airport codes Great Circle Mapper - IATA, ICAO and FAA airport codes vteLists of airportsBy IATA code A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z By ICAO code A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z By continent Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Busiest airports by air traffic by passengers by international passengers by cargo Other lists Countries without airports Defunct international airports Eponyms of airports Military installations With triple takeoff/landing capability	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of airports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_airports"},{"link_name":"IATA airport code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association_code"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airports_by_IATA_airport_code:_Z"},{"link_name":"Lists of airports by IATA and ICAO code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_airports_by_IATA_and_ICAO_code"}],"text":"List of airports by IATA airport code: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - ZSee also: Lists of airports by IATA and ICAO code","title":"List of airports by IATA airport code: F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FA"},{"link_name":"FB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FB"},{"link_name":"FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FC"},{"link_name":"FD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FD"},{"link_name":"FE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FE"},{"link_name":"FF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FF"},{"link_name":"FG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FG"},{"link_name":"FH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FH"},{"link_name":"FI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FI"},{"link_name":"FJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FJ"},{"link_name":"FK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FK"},{"link_name":"FL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FL"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FM"},{"link_name":"FN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FN"},{"link_name":"FO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FO"},{"link_name":"FP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FP"},{"link_name":"FR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FR"},{"link_name":"FS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FS"},{"link_name":"FT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FT"},{"link_name":"FU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FU"},{"link_name":"FV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FV"},{"link_name":"FW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FW"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FX"},{"link_name":"FY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FY"},{"link_name":"FZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#FZ"}],"text":"The DST column shows the months in which Daylight Saving Time, a.k.a. Summer Time, begins and ends. A blank DST box usually indicates that the location stays on Standard Time all year, although in some cases the location stays on Summer Time all year. If a location is currently on DST, add one hour to the time in the Time column.Contents \n\nFA FB FC FD FE FF FG FH FI FJ FK FL FM FN FO FP FQ FR FS FT FU FV FW FX FY FZ","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"}],"text":"^1 Morocco temporarily suspends DST for the month of Ramadan.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"IATA Airport Code Search\". International Air Transport Association. Retrieved May 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iata.org/publications/Pages/code-search.aspx","url_text":"\"IATA Airport Code Search\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association","url_text":"International Air Transport Association"}]},{"reference":"\"United Nations Code for Trade and Transport Locations\". UN/LOCODE 2011-2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Grandet	Eugénie Grandet	["1 Background","2 Plot summary","3 Reception","4 Themes","5 Notable Translations","6 Adaptations","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]	1833 novel by Honoré de Balzac Eugénie Grandet Illustration from an 1897 edition by Daniel HernándezAuthorHonoré de BalzacLanguageFrenchSeriesLa Comédie humainePublisherMadame Béchet – Charpentier – FurnePublication date1833Publication placeFrancePreceded byUrsule Mirouët Followed byPierrette Eugénie Grandet is a novel first published in 1833 by French author Honoré de Balzac. While he was writing it he conceived his ambitious project, La Comédie humaine, and almost immediately prepared a second edition, revising the names of some of the characters so that Eugénie Grandet then fitted into the section: Scenes from provincial life (Scènes de la vie de province) in the Comédie. He dedicated the edition to Maria Du Fresnay, who was then his lover and was the mother of his daughter, Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay. Background Eugénie Grandet is set in the town of Saumur, which should have been familiar to Balzac since he grew up in Tours about 35 miles away. The two towns are both on the Loire, with châteaux, and of similar size. Tours was much more important historically and politically, which may explain why Balzac allows the impression in the opening that the Grandet residence was Saumur's most important building. Though Balzac grew up in the aftermath of the Revolution, he came to adulthood in Paris under the restored Bourbon monarchy (Louis XVIII & Charles X) and wrote most of what we know under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) of Louis Philippe, which came to power when the revolution of 1830 deposed the Bourbon monarchy. It is worth noting that though the Republic had replaced the Livre with the Franc (of equal value), both continued to circulate, as did the Louis (20 livres). Plot summary Felix Grandet, master cooper, married the daughter of a wealthy timber merchant at a time when the French Republic had confiscated the lands of the Church in the district of Saumur. When the land was auctioned his wife's dowry and his existing savings enabled him to buy substantial property, including some of the best area under vines, all at a very satisfactory price. Though there was little sympathy locally for the Revolution, Grandet rose in esteem and became mayor, later yielding the post under the Empire only because Napoleon had no liking for republicans. At this time his only daughter was ten years old and in that same year more wealth fell into Grandet's lap by way of inheritance of the estates of his mother-in-law, grandfather-in-law, and grandmother. We gradually learn of Grandet's miserly habits which included rarely admitting townspeople to his house. The principal exceptions were his banker des Grassins and his notary Cruchot, both of whom understood better than many the extent of Grandet's wealth and that since he was 60 in 1819 when much of the action is set, that the wealth must one day devolve on Eugénie. Naturally, they had candidates to marry her in the form of Cruchot's nephew President Cruchot de Bonfons who was president of the court of first instance, and the des Grassins son, Adolphe des Grassins. The townspeople take a lively interest in the competition, which is only natural since some sort of inheritance was the major route to prosperity in the early nineteenth century. Throughout this sequence we are treated to details of Felix Grandet's parsimony; this may have developed initially through sheer lack of funds but by now is total vice. He counts out slices of bread in the morning though actually never parting with cash for it since one of his tenants pays part of his rent in kind; most other consumables are supplied in a similar way. Mme Grandet is given no more than six francs at a time for pocket money. Though his house is impressive externally it is old and run-down, and he is too miserly to repair it; their servant Nanon puts her foot through a rotten stair but faithfully saves the bottle she carries. The novel illustrates Balzac's belief that money had taken over as the national god. On Eugénie's birthday, in 1819, Felix Grandet is celebrating with his favoured coterie of Grassinistes and Cruchotins. They are disturbed by a confident knock on the door and a young stranger is admitted, who hands a letter to Felix. It is from brother Guillaume, unseen and unresponsive in Paris for 30 years asking Felix to assist Charles his son to travel to the Indies. Additionally and confidentially, that Guillaume having gone bankrupt, is planning to take his own life. The next day newspaper headline announces the fact of Guillaume's death, and debts, which causes Charles to break down. While he sleeps Eugénie reads a letter to his mistress and assumes he is dismissing Annette and planning to marry her: Another letter Eugénie reads impels her to collect up the rare gold coins her father gave her on her birthdays. Later she offers the gold to Charles who asks her to guard a gold dressing case given to him by his mother. Meanwhile Felix had made 14,000 francs on dealing in gold coin and preparations were made for Charles to depart to the Indies. Felix devises a way of profiting from winding up his deceased brother's failed business, aided by des Grassins. After Charles has left (not realising that Felix has swindled him out of his jewelry for a pitiful sum), Eugénie pines secretly for Charles, and is comforted by her mother and Nanon. On New Year's Day, Felix asks to see Eugénie's store of rare gold coins, an annual tradition. Enraged upon discovering that Eugénie has given them away to Charles, he shuts Eugénie in her bedroom, and gives orders that she is to eat only bread and water, and leave her room only to attend church. Appalled by this, Felix's wife, who has been patient, loving and supportive throughout their married life, is physically ground down by their austere life and Felix's behaviour towards Eugénie. As she lies ill in bed, she repeatedly begs Felix to forgive Eugénie, but he refuses. Felix only changes his behaviour upon being visited by the notary, M. Cruchot, who warns Felix that if his wife dies, Eugénie will be her heir rather than Felix. As such, she would be entitled to demand half of all the property that Felix and his wife jointly own. Felix accordingly becomes more friendly and forgives Eugénie, but his wife continues to get sicker. A doctor tells him that drugs will be of little use: at best, with care, Felix's wife will live until the autumn. When she dies, Felix persuades Eugénie to sign away all of her entitlement to her mother's share of the joint property: he promises her a pittance of 100 francs a month. Eugénie agrees to this, although Felix subsequently goes back on his promise. Years pass, and Eugénie continues her same existence, assuming many of her mother's duties in the household. Eventually, Felix himself sickens and dies, leaving Eugénie extremely wealthy. Eugénie lives the next few years in Saumur with her faithful servant Nanon and Nanon's husband, M. Cornoiller, and remains unmarried, waiting for Charles. Meanwhile, Charles has made a fortune (several million francs) trading slaves in the Americas. He, like Felix, has the Grandets' fatal flaws: greed and avarice. His business activities include the illegal and the unethical, and he has continuously been unfaithful to Eugénie, whom he soon forgets, blinded by both greed, and by rage at the memory and realisation of Felix having swindled him. Deciding to return to Paris, he decides to marry into a noble but impoverished family, the d'Aubrions, to advance his social standing. In Paris, M. des Grassins – representing his father's creditors – approaches Charles, asking for the balance of the debts. Charles however taunts him, saying the debts are his father's rather than his own, and has him thrown out of the room Charles then writes to Eugénie of his new engagement, telling her that he does not love his new fiancée, but that love is merely an idealistic dream, and that Eugénie's simple country lifestyle is completely incompatible with his own. He also demands the return of his dressing case, and encloses a check for the balance of the gold coins. Eugénie is shocked by this news and cries. She is also visited by Mme des Grassins, who has a letter from her husband, in which, outraged at Charles's behavior towards him, he declares his intention to stop protecting Charles from the creditors, and have him officially declared bankrupt, ruining Charles's newfound social standing. Later that day, her priest comes visiting to advise her to fulfill her Catholic duty to marry and produce heirs to her fortune. She decides to marry Cruchot, under the conditions that he must never attempt to consummate their marriage. Cruchot readily agrees, motivated by Eugénie's wealth, and ensures they both sign a will under which the deceased spouse leaves their entire fortune to the survivor. Cruchot is sent by Eugénie to Paris to pay off Charles's creditors in full, ensuring no bankruptcy is called. She also sends Charles a letter agreeing with him that she is indeed very different to him, and their lifestyles are indeed completely incompatible. Charles realises that Eugénie is actually extremely wealthy (having been fooled by Felix's miserly behaviour): Cruchot taunts him with the fact that Eugenie is actually far wealthier than Charles. Cruchot goes on to become president of the superior courts, but dies before achieving his final ambitions of attaining a peerage, and before Eugénie's death, which both he and Eugénie knew he had long hoped for, in order to inherit her wealth. After his death, Eugénie – inheriting Cruchot's wealth – remains in the old Grandet household, living as parsimoniously as they had always lived, donating her accumulated wealth to charitable causes. The novel ends as it begins, with the latest round of suitors paying visits to the Grandet household, in the hope of marrying the wealthy Eugénie. Reception Eugenie Grandet was critically well received when published. So much so that Balzac complained, "Those who call me the father of Eugenie Grandet wish to belittle me. It is a masterpiece, I know; but it is a little masterpiece; they are very careful not to mention the great ones." Themes Christopher Prendergast writes "Eugenie's story is primarily of interest as the tale of a rite de passage from innocence to experience, ignorance to knowledge, illusion to disenchantment." Balzac portrays Eugenie's father Felix as a miser, and his portrayal is influenced by the character Harpagon from Molière's play, The Miser. He wrote, “Molière had created Avarice with Harpagon; with Old Grandet, I have created a miser.” Felix Grandet was also part of the new capitalist class that had emerged since the French Revolution. The start of his fortunes occur during the Revolution when he takes advantage of the opportunities at that time, pretending to be a committed Republican. He continues to prosper in the years since the Revolution in spite of all the political changes. Balzac had initially classified this novel as one of the Scènes de la vie privée in La Comédie humaine but then later moved it to the Scènes de la vie de province. So the novel is a study of life in provincial France, and the interconnection between the private lives of the Grandet family and the public life of Saumur. Notable Translations Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky began his career by translating the novel into Russian, in 1843. Ellen Marriage translated most of Dent's first complete English edition of the Comedie in the 1890s. Adaptations For cinema: The Conquering Power The Conquering Power (1921) by Rex Ingram, starring Alice Terry (Eugénie), Rudolph Valentino (Charles), Ralph Lewis (Father), Carrie Daumery (Mother), Bridgetta Clark (Mrs. des Grassins) Eugenia Grandet (1946) by Mario Soldati, starring Alida Valli Eugenia Grandet (1953 film) by Emilio Gómez Muriel, starring Marga López, Julio Villareal and Andrea Palma. Eugenia Grande (1960) by Alekseev Sergey Petrovich / Sergey Alekseev, starring Ariadna Shengelaya, Mikhail Kozakov Eugenia Grandet (1977) by Pilar Miró Los Libros, starring Carmen Maura, Eusebio Poncela Eugénie Grandet (1993) by Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe, starring Alexandra London (Eugénie), Jean Carmet (Father Grandet), Dominique Labourier (Mother Grandet), Claude Jade (Lucienne des Grassins). For radio: Eugenie Grandet (2014) by Rose Tremain (adaptor), for BBC Radio 4 For television: Eugenie Grandet (1965) directed by Rex Tucker, starring Valerie Gearon (Eugénie), Mary Kerridge (Madame des Grassins), Beatrix Lehmann (Madame Grandet), Jonathan Cecil (Adolphe) Cross of Gold (1965) Notes ^ see page on Maria Du Fresnay and reference in the Balzac article ^ average annual income at the time was about 450 francs: see Picketty p106 ^ see Cousin Pons for more on this theme towards the end of Balzac's career References ^ Barthelme, Donald (17 August 1968). "Eugenie Grandet". New Yorker. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ Thomas Picketty, Capital in the twenty-first century, Harvard, 2014 ^ Mary F. Sandars (1904). "Chapter VIII". Honore de Balzac, His Life and Writings. Wikisource. ^ a b c Christopher Prendergast (1990). "Introduction". Eugenie Grandet. Oxford World's Classics. ^ Andrew Watts (11 February 2008). "Eugénie Grandet". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 October 2021. ^ Donald Rayfield (1 August 1984). "Dostoyevsky's Eugénie Grandet". Forum for Modern Language Studies. XX (2): 133–142. doi:10.1093/fmls/XX.2.133. Retrieved 6 April 2018. ^ "The Conquering Power". Silentera.com. Retrieved 9 October 2021. ^ "Евгения Гранде" . cinema.mosfilm.ru. ^ Andrew Watts (2018). "Balzac British Style: Avarice, Austerity and the Tight Spaces of Rex Tucker's Eugénie Grandet(BBC 2, 1965–66)" (PDF). University of Birmingham. Retrieved 2 September 2021. ^ "TV Guide". The Age. 21 October 1965. p. 19 – via Google News. External links Eugénie Grandet at Project Gutenberg Eugénie Grandet at Project Gutenberg (in French) de Balzac, Henri. Eugénie Grandet (in French) (Audio version ed.). literatureaudio.com. Eugénie Grandet public domain audiobook at LibriVox vteLa Comédie humaine by Honoré de BalzacList of titlesScènes de la vie privée La Maison du chat-qui-pelote Le Bal de Sceaux La Bourse La Vendetta Madame Firmiani Une double famille La Paix du ménage La Fausse Maîtresse Étude de femme Autre étude de femme La Grande Bretèche Albert Savarus Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées Une fille d'Eve La Femme de trente ans La Femme abandonnée La Grenadière Le Message Gobseck Le Contrat de mariage Un début dans la vie Modeste Mignon Béatrix Honorine Le Colonel Chabert La Messe de l'athée L'Interdiction Pierre Grassou Scènes de la vie de province Ursule Mirouët Eugénie Grandet Pierrette Le Curé de Tours La Rabouilleuse L'illustre Gaudissart La Muse du département La Vieille Fille Le Cabinet des Antiques Le Lys dans la vallée Illusions perdues Scènes de la vie Parisienne Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes Un prince de la bohème Un homme d’affaires Gaudissart II Les Comédiens sans le savoir Ferragus La Duchesse de Langeais La Fille aux yeux d'or Le Père Goriot César Birotteau La Maison Nucingen Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan Les Employés Sarrasine Facino Cane La Cousine Bette Le Cousin Pons Les Petits Bourgeois Scènes de la vie politique Une ténébreuse affaire Un épisode sous la Terreur Madame de la Chanterie L'Initié Z. Marcas Le Député d'Arcis Scènes de la vie militaire Les Chouans Une passion dans le désert Scènes de la vie de campagne Le Médecin de campagne Le Curé de village Les Paysans Études philosophiques La Peau de chagrin La Recherche de l'absolu Jésus-Christ en Flandre Melmoth réconcilié Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu L'Enfant maudit Gambara Massimilla Doni Les Marana Adieu Le Réquisitionnaire El Verdugo Un drame au bord de la mer L'Auberge rouge L'Elixir de longue vie Maître Cornélius Sur Catherine de Médicis Louis Lambert Les Proscrits Séraphîta Études analytiques La Physiologie du mariage Petites misères de la vie conjugale Related Eugène de Rastignac Vautrin Related works by others Fernand Lotte: Armorial de la Comédie Humaine vteHonoré de Balzac's Eugénie Grandet (1833)Films Eugenia Grandet (1918) The Conquering Power (1921) Eugenia Grandet (1945) Eugenia Grandet (1953) Cross of Gold (1965) Eugénie Grandet (1993) Inspiration Maria Du Fresnay Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel"},{"link_name":"1833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1833_in_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Honoré de Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac"},{"link_name":"La Comédie humaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine"},{"link_name":"Maria Du Fresnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Du_Fresnay"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Eugénie Grandet is a novel first published in 1833[1] by French author Honoré de Balzac. While he was writing it he conceived his ambitious project, La Comédie humaine, and almost immediately prepared a second edition, revising the names of some of the characters so that Eugénie Grandet then fitted into the section: Scenes from provincial life (Scènes de la vie de province) in the Comédie. He dedicated the edition to Maria Du Fresnay, who was then his lover and was the mother of his daughter, Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay.[note 1]","title":"Eugénie Grandet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saumur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumur"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"Louis XVIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_X_of_France"},{"link_name":"July Monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"}],"text":"Eugénie Grandet is set in the town of Saumur, which should have been familiar to Balzac since he grew up in Tours about 35 miles away. The two towns are both on the Loire, with châteaux, and of similar size. Tours was much more important historically and politically, which may explain why Balzac allows the impression in the opening that the Grandet residence was Saumur's most important building. Though Balzac grew up in the aftermath of the Revolution, he came to adulthood in Paris under the restored Bourbon monarchy (Louis XVIII & Charles X) and wrote most of what we know under the July Monarchy (1830–1848) of Louis Philippe, which came to power when the revolution of 1830 deposed the Bourbon monarchy. It is worth noting that though the Republic had replaced the Livre with the Franc (of equal value), both continued to circulate, as did the Louis (20 livres).","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[note 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Felix Grandet, master cooper, married the daughter of a wealthy timber merchant at a time when the French Republic had confiscated the lands of the Church in the district of Saumur. When the land was auctioned his wife's dowry and his existing savings enabled him to buy substantial property, including some of the best area under vines, all at a very satisfactory price. Though there was little sympathy locally for the Revolution, Grandet rose in esteem and became mayor, later yielding the post under the Empire only because Napoleon had no liking for republicans. At this time his only daughter was ten years old and in that same year more wealth fell into Grandet's lap by way of inheritance of the estates of his mother-in-law, grandfather-in-law, and grandmother.We gradually learn of Grandet's miserly habits which included rarely admitting townspeople to his house. The principal exceptions were his banker des Grassins and his notary Cruchot, both of whom understood better than many the extent of Grandet's wealth and that since he was 60 in 1819 when much of the action is set, that the wealth must one day devolve on Eugénie. Naturally, they had candidates to marry her in the form of Cruchot's nephew President Cruchot de Bonfons who was president of the court of first instance, and the des Grassins son, Adolphe des Grassins. The townspeople take a lively interest in the competition, which is only natural since some sort of inheritance was the major route to prosperity in the early nineteenth century.[2]Throughout this sequence we are treated to details of Felix Grandet's parsimony; this may have developed initially through sheer lack of funds but by now is total vice. He counts out slices of bread in the morning though actually never parting with cash for it since one of his tenants pays part of his rent in kind; most other consumables are supplied in a similar way. Mme Grandet is given no more than six francs at a time for pocket money.[note 2] Though his house is impressive externally it is old and run-down, and he is too miserly to repair it; their servant Nanon puts her foot through a rotten stair but faithfully saves the bottle she carries. The novel illustrates Balzac's belief that money had taken over as the national god. [note 3]On Eugénie's birthday, in 1819, Felix Grandet is celebrating with his favoured coterie of Grassinistes and Cruchotins. They are disturbed by a confident knock on the door and a young stranger is admitted, who hands a letter to Felix. It is from brother Guillaume, unseen and unresponsive in Paris for 30 years asking Felix to assist Charles his son to travel to the Indies. Additionally and confidentially, that Guillaume having gone bankrupt, is planning to take his own life. The next day newspaper headline announces the fact of Guillaume's death, and debts, which causes Charles to break down. While he sleeps Eugénie reads a letter to his mistress and assumes he is dismissing Annette and planning to marry her: Another letter Eugénie reads impels her to collect up the rare gold coins her father gave her on her birthdays. Later she offers the gold to Charles who asks her to guard a gold dressing case given to him by his mother. Meanwhile Felix had made 14,000 francs on dealing in gold coin and preparations were made for Charles to depart to the Indies. Felix devises a way of profiting from winding up his deceased brother's failed business, aided by des Grassins.After Charles has left (not realising that Felix has swindled him out of his jewelry for a pitiful sum), Eugénie pines secretly for Charles, and is comforted by her mother and Nanon. On New Year's Day, Felix asks to see Eugénie's store of rare gold coins, an annual tradition. Enraged upon discovering that Eugénie has given them away to Charles, he shuts Eugénie in her bedroom, and gives orders that she is to eat only bread and water, and leave her room only to attend church. Appalled by this, Felix's wife, who has been patient, loving and supportive throughout their married life, is physically ground down by their austere life and Felix's behaviour towards Eugénie. As she lies ill in bed, she repeatedly begs Felix to forgive Eugénie, but he refuses.Felix only changes his behaviour upon being visited by the notary, M. Cruchot, who warns Felix that if his wife dies, Eugénie will be her heir rather than Felix. As such, she would be entitled to demand half of all the property that Felix and his wife jointly own. Felix accordingly becomes more friendly and forgives Eugénie, but his wife continues to get sicker. A doctor tells him that drugs will be of little use: at best, with care, Felix's wife will live until the autumn. When she dies, Felix persuades Eugénie to sign away all of her entitlement to her mother's share of the joint property: he promises her a pittance of 100 francs a month. Eugénie agrees to this, although Felix subsequently goes back on his promise.Years pass, and Eugénie continues her same existence, assuming many of her mother's duties in the household. Eventually, Felix himself sickens and dies, leaving Eugénie extremely wealthy. Eugénie lives the next few years in Saumur with her faithful servant Nanon and Nanon's husband, M. Cornoiller, and remains unmarried, waiting for Charles.Meanwhile, Charles has made a fortune (several million francs) trading slaves in the Americas. He, like Felix, has the Grandets' fatal flaws: greed and avarice. His business activities include the illegal and the unethical, and he has continuously been unfaithful to Eugénie, whom he soon forgets, blinded by both greed, and by rage at the memory and realisation of Felix having swindled him. Deciding to return to Paris, he decides to marry into a noble but impoverished family, the d'Aubrions, to advance his social standing. In Paris, M. des Grassins – representing his father's creditors – approaches Charles, asking for the balance of the debts. Charles however taunts him, saying the debts are his father's rather than his own, and has him thrown out of the roomCharles then writes to Eugénie of his new engagement, telling her that he does not love his new fiancée, but that love is merely an idealistic dream, and that Eugénie's simple country lifestyle is completely incompatible with his own. He also demands the return of his dressing case, and encloses a check for the balance of the gold coins. Eugénie is shocked by this news and cries. She is also visited by Mme des Grassins, who has a letter from her husband, in which, outraged at Charles's behavior towards him, he declares his intention to stop protecting Charles from the creditors, and have him officially declared bankrupt, ruining Charles's newfound social standing.Later that day, her priest comes visiting to advise her to fulfill her Catholic duty to marry and produce heirs to her fortune. She decides to marry Cruchot, under the conditions that he must never attempt to consummate their marriage. Cruchot readily agrees, motivated by Eugénie's wealth, and ensures they both sign a will under which the deceased spouse leaves their entire fortune to the survivor.Cruchot is sent by Eugénie to Paris to pay off Charles's creditors in full, ensuring no bankruptcy is called. She also sends Charles a letter agreeing with him that she is indeed very different to him, and their lifestyles are indeed completely incompatible. Charles realises that Eugénie is actually extremely wealthy (having been fooled by Felix's miserly behaviour): Cruchot taunts him with the fact that Eugenie is actually far wealthier than Charles.Cruchot goes on to become president of the superior courts, but dies before achieving his final ambitions of attaining a peerage, and before Eugénie's death, which both he and Eugénie knew he had long hoped for, in order to inherit her wealth. After his death, Eugénie – inheriting Cruchot's wealth – remains in the old Grandet household, living as parsimoniously as they had always lived, donating her accumulated wealth to charitable causes.The novel ends as it begins, with the latest round of suitors paying visits to the Grandet household, in the hope of marrying the wealthy Eugénie.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Eugenie Grandet was critically well received when published. So much so that Balzac complained, \"Those who call me the father of Eugenie Grandet wish to belittle me. It is a masterpiece, I know; but it is a little masterpiece; they are very careful not to mention the great ones.\"[3]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prendergast-7"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"The Miser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miser"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prendergast-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prendergast-7"}],"text":"Christopher Prendergast writes \"Eugenie's story is primarily of interest as the tale of a rite de passage from innocence to experience, ignorance to knowledge, illusion to disenchantment.\"[4]Balzac portrays Eugenie's father Felix as a miser, and his portrayal is influenced by the character Harpagon from Molière's play, The Miser. He wrote, “Molière had created Avarice with Harpagon; with Old Grandet, I have created a miser.”[5] Felix Grandet was also part of the new capitalist class that had emerged since the French Revolution. The start of his fortunes occur during the Revolution when he takes advantage of the opportunities at that time, pretending to be a committed Republican. He continues to prosper in the years since the Revolution in spite of all the political changes.[4]Balzac had initially classified this novel as one of the Scènes de la vie privée in La Comédie humaine but then later moved it to the Scènes de la vie de province. So the novel is a study of life in provincial France, and the interconnection between the private lives of the Grandet family and the public life of Saumur.[4]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Mikhaylovich_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ellen Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Marriage"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky began his career by translating the novel into Russian, in 1843.[6]Ellen Marriage translated most of Dent's first complete English edition of the Comedie in the 1890s.[citation needed]","title":"Notable Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Conquering Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conquering_Power"},{"link_name":"Rex Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Ingram_(director)"},{"link_name":"Alice Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Terry"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"Ralph Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lewis_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Carrie Daumery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Daumery"},{"link_name":"Bridgetta Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetta_Clark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eugenia Grandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1946_film)"},{"link_name":"Mario Soldati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Soldati"},{"link_name":"Alida Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alida_Valli"},{"link_name":"Eugenia Grandet (1953 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Emilio Gómez Muriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_G%C3%B3mez_Muriel"},{"link_name":"Marga López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marga_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Julio Villareal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Villarreal"},{"link_name":"Andrea Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palma_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Eugenia Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugenia_Grande_(1960_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alekseev Sergey Petrovich / Sergey Alekseev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alekseev_Sergey_Petrovich_/_Sergey_Alekseev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ariadna Shengelaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadna_Shengelaya"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Kozakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kozakov"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Eugénie Grandet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet_(1993)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Daniel_Verhaeghe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexandra London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_London"},{"link_name":"Jean Carmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Carmet"},{"link_name":"Dominique Labourier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Labourier"},{"link_name":"Claude Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Jade"},{"link_name":"Rose Tremain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Tremain"},{"link_name":"Rex Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Valerie Gearon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Gearon"},{"link_name":"Mary Kerridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kerridge"},{"link_name":"Beatrix Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Cecil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cross of Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_(film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"For cinema:The Conquering PowerThe Conquering Power (1921) by Rex Ingram, starring Alice Terry (Eugénie), Rudolph Valentino (Charles), Ralph Lewis (Father), Carrie Daumery (Mother), Bridgetta Clark (Mrs. des Grassins)[7]\nEugenia Grandet (1946) by Mario Soldati, starring Alida Valli\nEugenia Grandet (1953 film) by Emilio Gómez Muriel, starring Marga López, Julio Villareal and Andrea Palma.\nEugenia Grande (1960) by Alekseev Sergey Petrovich / Sergey Alekseev, starring Ariadna Shengelaya, Mikhail Kozakov[8]\nEugenia Grandet (1977) by Pilar Miró Los Libros, starring Carmen Maura, Eusebio Poncela\nEugénie Grandet (1993) by Jean-Daniel Verhaeghe, starring Alexandra London (Eugénie), Jean Carmet (Father Grandet), Dominique Labourier (Mother Grandet), Claude Jade (Lucienne des Grassins).For radio:Eugenie Grandet (2014) by Rose Tremain (adaptor), for BBC Radio 4For television:Eugenie Grandet (1965) directed by Rex Tucker, starring Valerie Gearon (Eugénie), Mary Kerridge (Madame des Grassins), Beatrix Lehmann (Madame Grandet), Jonathan Cecil (Adolphe)[9]\nCross of Gold (1965)[10]","title":"Adaptations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Maria Du Fresnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Du_Fresnay"},{"link_name":"Balzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balzac"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Cousin Pons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_Pons"}],"text":"^ see page on Maria Du Fresnay and reference in the Balzac article\n\n^ average annual income at the time was about 450 francs: see Picketty p106\n\n^ see Cousin Pons for more on this theme towards the end of Balzac's career","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Conquering Power"}]	null	[{"reference":"Barthelme, Donald (17 August 1968). \"Eugenie Grandet\". New Yorker. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1968/08/17/eugenie-grandet","url_text":"\"Eugenie Grandet\""}]},{"reference":"Mary F. Sandars (1904). \"Chapter VIII\". Honore de Balzac, His Life and Writings. Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Honore_de_Balzac,_His_Life_and_Writings/Chapter_VIII#cite_ref-12","url_text":"Honore de Balzac, His Life and Writings"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Prendergast (1990). \"Introduction\". Eugenie Grandet. Oxford World's Classics.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Andrew Watts (11 February 2008). \"Eugénie Grandet\". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved 5 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=5279","url_text":"\"Eugénie Grandet\""}]},{"reference":"Donald Rayfield (1 August 1984). \"Dostoyevsky's Eugénie Grandet\". Forum for Modern Language Studies. XX (2): 133–142. doi:10.1093/fmls/XX.2.133. Retrieved 6 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/fmls/article-abstract/XX/2/133/584887","url_text":"\"Dostoyevsky's Eugénie Grandet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffmls%2FXX.2.133","url_text":"10.1093/fmls/XX.2.133"}]},{"reference":"\"The Conquering Power\". Silentera.com. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/C/ConqueringPower1921.html","url_text":"\"The Conquering Power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Евгения Гранде\" [Evgeniya Grande]. cinema.mosfilm.ru.","urls":[{"url":"https://cinema.mosfilm.ru/films/34662/","url_text":"\"Евгения Гранде\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Watts (2018). \"Balzac British Style: Avarice, Austerity and the Tight Spaces of Rex Tucker's Eugénie Grandet(BBC 2, 1965–66)\" (PDF). University of Birmingham. Retrieved 2 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267303076.pdf","url_text":"\"Balzac British Style: Avarice, Austerity and the Tight Spaces of Rex Tucker's Eugénie Grandet(BBC 2, 1965–66)\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV Guide\". The Age. 21 October 1965. p. 19 – via Google News.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDRVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2pQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7136%2C3921996","url_text":"\"TV Guide\""}]},{"reference":"de Balzac, Henri. Eugénie Grandet (in French) (Audio version ed.). literatureaudio.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/balzac-honore-de-eugenie-grandet.html/","url_text":"Eugénie Grandet"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1968/08/17/eugenie-grandet","external_links_name":"\"Eugenie Grandet\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Honore_de_Balzac,_His_Life_and_Writings/Chapter_VIII#cite_ref-12","external_links_name":"Honore de Balzac, His Life and Writings"},{"Link":"https://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=5279","external_links_name":"\"Eugénie Grandet\""},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/fmls/article-abstract/XX/2/133/584887","external_links_name":"\"Dostoyevsky's Eugénie Grandet\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffmls%2FXX.2.133","external_links_name":"10.1093/fmls/XX.2.133"},{"Link":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/C/ConqueringPower1921.html","external_links_name":"\"The Conquering Power\""},{"Link":"https://cinema.mosfilm.ru/films/34662/","external_links_name":"\"Евгения Гранде\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267303076.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Balzac British Style: Avarice, Austerity and the Tight Spaces of Rex Tucker's Eugénie Grandet(BBC 2, 1965–66)\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zDRVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2pQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7136%2C3921996","external_links_name":"\"TV Guide\""},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1715","external_links_name":"Eugénie Grandet"},{"Link":"https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/11049","external_links_name":"Eugénie Grandet"},{"Link":"http://www.litteratureaudio.com/livre-audio-gratuit-mp3/balzac-honore-de-eugenie-grandet.html/","external_links_name":"Eugénie Grandet"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=Eug%C3%A9nie+Grandet&author=BALZAC&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"Eugénie Grandet"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/183023830","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1877101","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119406219","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119406219","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4303174-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho	1976 United States presidential election in Idaho	["1 Results","1.1 Results by county","1.1.1 Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic","2 See also","3 References"]	Election in Idaho Main article: 1976 United States presidential election 1976 United States presidential election in Idaho ← 1972 November 2, 1976 1980 → Nominee Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Party Republican Democratic Home state Michigan Georgia Running mate Bob Dole Walter Mondale Electoral vote 4 0 Popular vote 204,151 126,549 Percentage 59.88% 37.12% County Results Ford 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Carter 40–50% 50–60% President before election Gerald Ford Republican Elected President Jimmy Carter Democratic Elections in Idaho Federal government Presidential elections 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate elections 1890 1895 1897 1901 1902 1903 1907 1909 1913 1913 sp 1914 1918 1918 sp 1920 1924 1926 1928 sp 1930 1932 1936 1938 1940 sp 1942 1944 1946 sp 1948 1950 1950 sp 1954 1956 1960 1962 sp 1962 1966 1968 1972 1974 1978 1980 1984 1986 1990 1992 1996 1998 2002 2004 2008 2010 2014 2016 2020 2022 2026 2028 U.S. House of Representatives elections 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 State government General elections 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2022 Secretary of State elections 2022 Attorney General elections 2022 Senate elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 *2024 Ballot measures Ballot measures 1994 Proposition 1 2006 Amendment 2 Proposition 2 2018 Proposition 1 Proposition 2 Boise Mayoral elections 2015 2019 2023 Meridian Mayoral elections 2015 2019 2023 vte The 1976 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. Idaho was won by incumbent President Gerald Ford (R–Michigan), with 59.9 percent of the popular vote, against Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia), with 37.1 percent of the popular vote. Two third party candidates accumulated a portion of the vote greater than one percent: Lester Maddox (AIA–Georgia) and Roger MacBride (L–Vermont). Despite losing in Idaho, Carter went on to win the national election and became the 39th president of the United States. Idaho had previously voted Republican ten times, Democrat ten times, and Populist once. With 59.88 percent of the popular vote, Idaho would prove to be Ford's second strongest state in the 1976 election after neighboring Utah. Carter became the first ever Democrat to win the White House without carrying Blaine, Boundary, or Butte Counties, as well as the first to do so without carrying Elmore, Idaho, Kootenai, or Shoshone Counties since Grover Cleveland in 1892, and the first to do so without carrying Bannock or Bonner Counties since Woodrow Wilson in 1912. Results 1976 United States presidential election in Idaho Party Candidate Votes % Republican Gerald Ford (inc.) 204,151 59.88% Democratic Jimmy Carter 126,549 37.12% American Independent Lester Maddox 5,935 1.74% Libertarian Roger MacBride 3,558 1.04% U.S. Labor Lyndon LaRouche 739 0.22% Total votes 340,932 100.00% Results by county County Gerald FordRepublican Jimmy CarterDemocratic Lester MaddoxAmerican Independent Roger MacBrideLibertarian Lyndon LaRoucheU.S. Labor Margin Total votes cast # % # % # % # % # % # % Ada 41,135 64.39% 21,125 33.07% 717 1.12% 737 1.15% 175 0.27% 20,010 31.32% 63,889 Adams 809 54.74% 639 43.23% 15 1.01% 10 0.68% 5 0.34% 170 11.51% 1,478 Bannock 13,172 53.65% 10,261 41.80% 485 1.98% 577 2.35% 55 0.22% 2,911 11.85% 24,550 Bear Lake 2,094 66.60% 960 30.53% 74 2.35% 15 0.48% 1 0.03% 1,134 36.07% 3,144 Benewah 1,458 47.58% 1,549 50.55% 37 1.21% 16 0.52% 4 0.13% -91 -2.97% 3,064 Bingham 7,327 60.83% 4,347 36.09% 219 1.82% 119 0.99% 33 0.27% 2,980 24.74% 12,045 Blaine 2,176 56.13% 1,604 41.37% 25 0.64% 69 1.78% 3 0.08% 572 14.76% 3,877 Boise 684 58.61% 433 37.10% 22 1.89% 24 2.06% 4 0.34% 251 21.51% 1,167 Bonner 4,549 51.37% 4,065 45.91% 161 1.82% 60 0.68% 20 0.23% 484 5.46% 8,855 Bonneville 15,793 66.44% 7,230 30.41% 414 1.74% 275 1.16% 60 0.25% 8,563 36.03% 23,772 Boundary 1,458 52.15% 1,217 43.53% 92 3.29% 24 0.86% 5 0.18% 241 8.62% 2,796 Butte 751 51.16% 663 45.16% 35 2.38% 19 1.29% 0 0.00% 88 6.00% 1,468 Camas 288 62.20% 160 34.56% 8 1.73% 6 1.30% 1 0.22% 128 27.64% 463 Canyon 17,263 62.91% 9,460 34.47% 405 1.48% 277 1.01% 36 0.13% 7,803 28.44% 27,441 Caribou 2,253 64.83% 1,110 31.94% 83 2.39% 24 0.69% 5 0.14% 1,143 32.89% 3,475 Cassia 4,575 66.38% 1,881 27.29% 368 5.34% 64 0.93% 4 0.06% 2,694 39.09% 6,892 Clark 334 64.48% 169 32.63% 7 1.35% 6 1.16% 2 0.39% 165 31.85% 518 Clearwater 1,469 44.01% 1,752 52.49% 71 2.13% 33 0.99% 13 0.39% -283 -8.48% 3,338 Custer 850 60.33% 516 36.62% 40 2.84% 2 0.14% 1 0.07% 334 23.71% 1,409 Elmore 2,808 55.46% 2,164 42.74% 61 1.20% 26 0.51% 4 0.08% 644 12.72% 5,063 Franklin 2,720 67.80% 1,157 28.84% 104 2.59% 24 0.60% 7 0.17% 1,563 38.96% 4,012 Fremont 2,581 61.94% 1,445 34.68% 115 2.76% 21 0.50% 5 0.12% 1,136 27.26% 4,167 Gem 2,401 52.75% 1,978 43.45% 118 2.59% 52 1.14% 3 0.07% 423 9.30% 4,552 Gooding 2,909 58.54% 1,923 38.70% 74 1.49% 59 1.19% 4 0.08% 986 19.84% 4,969 Idaho 3,185 55.96% 2,323 40.81% 122 2.14% 54 0.95% 8 0.14% 862 15.15% 5,692 Jefferson 3,599 65.14% 1,745 31.58% 157 2.84% 21 0.38% 3 0.05% 1,854 33.56% 5,525 Jerome 3,188 61.81% 1,800 34.90% 113 2.19% 52 1.01% 5 0.10% 1,388 26.91% 5,158 Kootenai 10,493 57.78% 7,225 39.79% 306 1.69% 92 0.51% 43 0.24% 3,268 17.99% 18,159 Latah 6,846 54.90% 5,314 42.61% 96 0.77% 174 1.40% 40 0.32% 1,532 12.29% 12,470 Lemhi 1,685 56.37% 1,159 38.78% 117 3.91% 25 0.84% 3 0.10% 526 17.59% 2,989 Lewis 824 46.61% 898 50.79% 21 1.19% 18 1.02% 7 0.40% -74 -4.18% 1,768 Lincoln 909 57.75% 615 39.07% 36 2.29% 13 0.83% 1 0.06% 294 18.68% 1,574 Madison 4,190 72.38% 1,320 22.80% 153 2.64% 58 1.00% 68 1.17% 2,870 49.58% 5,789 Minidoka 3,600 56.44% 2,441 38.27% 252 3.95% 80 1.25% 5 0.08% 1,159 18.17% 6,378 Nez Perce 6,151 48.22% 6,324 49.58% 126 0.99% 110 0.86% 44 0.34% -173 -1.36% 12,755 Oneida 1,065 61.14% 637 36.57% 31 1.78% 7 0.40% 2 0.11% 428 24.57% 1,742 Owyhee 1,519 57.52% 1,054 39.91% 41 1.55% 21 0.80% 6 0.23% 465 17.61% 2,641 Payette 3,115 57.44% 2,195 40.48% 75 1.38% 35 0.65% 3 0.06% 920 16.96% 5,423 Power 1,374 49.96% 1,286 46.76% 52 1.89% 38 1.38% 0 0.00% 88 3.20% 2,750 Shoshone 3,570 51.67% 3,216 46.55% 77 1.11% 39 0.56% 7 0.10% 354 5.12% 6,909 Teton 904 63.04% 514 35.84% 12 0.84% 3 0.21% 1 0.07% 390 27.20% 1,434 Twin Falls 12,659 65.82% 6,085 31.64% 310 1.61% 145 0.75% 34 0.18% 6,574 34.18% 19,233 Valley 1,374 59.33% 897 38.73% 22 0.95% 20 0.86% 3 0.13% 477 20.60% 2,316 Washington 2,044 53.47% 1,693 44.28% 66 1.73% 14 0.37% 6 0.16% 351 9.19% 3,823 Totals 204,151 59.88% 126,549 37.12% 5,935 1.74% 3,558 1.04% 739 0.22% 77,602 22.76% 340,932 Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic Benewah Clearwater Lewis Nez Perce See also United States presidential elections in Idaho References ^ "1976 Presidential Election Statistics". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018. ^ "1976 Presidential General Election Results – Idaho". Retrieved January 28, 2017. ^ a b c Our Campaigns; ID US President November 02, 1976 vteState and district results of the 1976 United States presidential election Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming vte(1974 ←) 1976 United States elections (→ 1978)President 1976 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S.Senate Arizona California Connecticut Delaware Florida Hawaii Indiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S.House Alabama Alaska Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors Arkansas Delaware Illinois Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Rhode Island Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia State legislature Arizona Arizona House Arizona Senate Iowa Senate Minnesota House Senate Mayors San Juan, PR	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1976 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Electoral College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"incumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incumbent"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"third party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Lester Maddox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Maddox"},{"link_name":"AIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Roger MacBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_MacBride"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"39th president of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Boundary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Butte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Elmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Kootenai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kootenai_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Shoshone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshone_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Bannock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bannock_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Bonner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonner_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Idaho"}],"text":"The 1976 United States presidential election in Idaho took place on November 2, 1976, as part of the 1976 United States presidential election. State voters chose four representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.Idaho was won by incumbent President Gerald Ford (R–Michigan), with 59.9 percent of the popular vote, against Jimmy Carter (D–Georgia), with 37.1 percent of the popular vote. Two third party candidates accumulated a portion of the vote greater than one percent: Lester Maddox (AIA–Georgia) and Roger MacBride (L–Vermont). Despite losing in Idaho, Carter went on to win the national election and became the 39th president of the United States. Idaho had previously voted Republican ten times, Democrat ten times, and Populist once.With 59.88 percent of the popular vote, Idaho would prove to be Ford's second strongest state in the 1976 election after neighboring Utah.[1] Carter became the first ever Democrat to win the White House without carrying Blaine, Boundary, or Butte Counties, as well as the first to do so without carrying Elmore, Idaho, Kootenai, or Shoshone Counties since Grover Cleveland in 1892, and the first to do so without carrying Bannock or Bonner Counties since Woodrow Wilson in 1912.","title":"1976 United States presidential election in Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results by county","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benewah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benewah_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Clearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Nez Perce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez_Perce_County,_Idaho"}],"sub_title":"Results by county - Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic","text":"Benewah\nClearwater\nLewis\nNez Perce","title":"Results"}]	[]	[{"title":"United States presidential elections in Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho"}]	[{"reference":"\"1976 Presidential Election Statistics\". Dave Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved March 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/stats.php?year=1976&f=0&off=0&elect=0","url_text":"\"1976 Presidential Election Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"1976 Presidential General Election Results – Idaho\". Retrieved January 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f=0&fips=16&year=1976","url_text":"\"1976 Presidential General Election Results – Idaho\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/stats.php?year=1976&f=0&off=0&elect=0","external_links_name":"\"1976 Presidential Election Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f=0&fips=16&year=1976","external_links_name":"\"1976 Presidential General Election Results – Idaho\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=2329","external_links_name":"ID US President November 02, 1976"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Challenge_(SP-1015)	USS Challenge (ID-1015)	["1 World War I","2 References","3 External links"]	Tugboat of the United States Navy For other ships with the same name, see USS Challenge. USS Challenge (AT-59) Off the Puget Sound Navy Yard, Bremerton, Washington, 14 February 1921. History United States NameUSS Challenge BuilderDialogue and Sons, Camden, New Jersey Launched1889, as the tug Defiance Acquired13 June 1918 Commissioned29 July 1918, as USS Defiance (SP-1015) Decommissioned13 May 1922 Recommissioned21 February 1925 Decommissioned2 December 1940 In service2 December 1940 Out of service16 October 1946 RenamedChallenge, 15 August 1918 Reclassified AT-59, 21 February 1925 YT-126 (Yard Tug), 31 January 1936 YTM-126 (Medium Harbor Tug), 13 April 1944 FateTransferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal, 16 October 1946 General characteristics TypeTug Displacement246 long tons (250 t) Length122 ft (37 m) Beam22 ft 2 in (6.76 m) Draft12 ft 6 in (3.81 m) Propulsion 1 × oil-burning steam engine, 750 shp (559 kW) 1 × auxiliary engine 1 shaft Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) Complement31 Armament2 × 3-pounder guns USS Challenge (SP-1015/AT-59/YT-126/YTM-126) was a commercial tugboat acquired by the United States Navy for service in World War I, and remained available for duty during World War II. The ship was built in 1889 by J. H. Dialogue and Sons, Camden, New Jersey, as the tug Defiance and commandeered by the Navy from the Shipowners & Merchants Tugboat Co., San Francisco, California, on 13 June 1918, delivered on 24 June, and outfitted at Mare Island Navy Yard. Commissioned as USS Defiance (SP-1015) on 29 July 1918. She was renamed USS Challenge on 15 August 1918. World War I Challenge towed oil barges between California and Mexico until 31 May 1920, when she arrived at Bremerton, Washington, for duty under the 13th Naval District. She served as a harbor tug at Puget Sound Navy Yard until decommissioned 13 May 1922. Recommissioned and reclassified AT-59 on 21 February 1925, Challenge resumed duty as a yard tug at Puget Sound. On 31 January 1936, she was reclassified YT-126, and on 2 December 1940, decommissioned and placed "in service". Reclassified YTM-126 on 13 April 1944; and on 16 October 1946, transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal. References This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links Photo gallery of USS Challenge at NavSource Naval History	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Challenge"},{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"J. H. Dialogue and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Dialogue_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"Camden, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Navy_Yard"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Challenge.USS Challenge (SP-1015/AT-59/YT-126/YTM-126) was a commercial tugboat acquired by the United States Navy for service in World War I, and remained available for duty during World War II.The ship was built in 1889 by J. H. Dialogue and Sons, Camden, New Jersey, as the tug Defiance and commandeered by the Navy from the Shipowners & Merchants Tugboat Co., San Francisco, California, on 13 June 1918, delivered on 24 June, and outfitted at Mare Island Navy Yard. Commissioned as USS Defiance (SP-1015) on 29 July 1918. She was renamed USS Challenge on 15 August 1918.","title":"USS Challenge (ID-1015)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barges"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Bremerton, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington"},{"link_name":"13th Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Maritime Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Commission"}],"text":"Challenge towed oil barges between California and Mexico until 31 May 1920, when she arrived at Bremerton, Washington, for duty under the 13th Naval District. She served as a harbor tug at Puget Sound Navy Yard until decommissioned 13 May 1922.Recommissioned and reclassified AT-59 on 21 February 1925, Challenge resumed duty as a yard tug at Puget Sound. On 31 January 1936, she was reclassified YT-126, and on 2 December 1940, decommissioned and placed \"in service\". Reclassified YTM-126 on 13 April 1944; and on 16 October 1946, transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal.","title":"World War I"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c5/challenge-i.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/09/47/47059.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardama	Kardama	["1 Legend","2 References"]	KardamaAffiliationPrajapatiTextsPuranasPersonal informationParentsPulaha (father)SpouseDevahutiChildrenKapila (son)Anasuya, Arundhati, Gati, Havirbhu, Kalā, Khyati, Kriya, Shanti, Shraddha (daughters)Hindu mythological character Kardama (Sanskrit: कर्दम, romanized: Kardama) is a character featured in Hindu literature. A son of the creator god Brahma, Kardama is described to be a prajapati, one of the progenitors of creation. After propitiating Vishnu and seeking his counsel for a suitable wife, he marries Devahuti, one of the daughters of the first man, Manu. He becomes the father of nine daughters by her, as well as one son, the sage Kapila. Legend According to the Bhagavata Purana, Brahma is said to have instructed his son Kardama to procreate. Kardama went to the Bindusaras ashrama located at the banks of the river Sarasvati, whereupon he commenced a tapas that lasted ten thousand years to please Vishnu. Propitiated, Vishnu appeared before Kardama, who requested the deity to grant him a wife with whom he could sire children. Vishnu promised him that two days thence, Svayambhu Manu and his wife, Shatarupa, would offer their daughter Devahuti to him for his wife. He further stated that his wife would bear him nine daughters, all of whom would marry sages, and that a portion of himself would be born to him as his son. When the marriage was proposed by the couple, Kardama agreed on the condition that he would become a renunciant after the birth of their children. Following their wedding, Devahuti served her husband with great devotion and non-attachment, to the extent that she became emaciated. When Kardama praised her qualities, she grew emboldened to remind him of his agreement to grant her children, and also asked that he arrange for a suitable dwelling. Employing his powers accrued through yoga, Kardama created a vimana, an aerial palace capable of flying wherever he willed it. With Devahuti, he travelled the world, visiting a number of gardens and heavenly sites for their pleasure. After they returned to his ashrama, they engaged in intercourse for a hundred autumns. Kardama is described to have divided himself into nine parts as he deposited his seed within her. On the very same day, Devahuti gave birth to nine daughters: Kalā, Anasuya, Shraddha, Havirbhu, Gati, Kriya, Khyati, Arundhati, and Shanti. She grew saddened by the prospect of her husband leaving her and the fact that her daughters would have to seek worthy husbands for themselves. When she requested Kardama to grant her freedom from fear and samsara, he informed her that Vishnu would soon be born as her son, and that the deity would enlighten her in this regard. Vishnu was born to the couple as Kapila, whose birth was accompanied by auspicious signs and miracles. Nine great sages and Brahma himself arrived to venerate Kapila. These nine sages, namely, Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu, Bhrigu, Vashistha, and Atharvan, called upon Kardama, who gave his daughters in marriage to them. He left Kapila in the care of Devahuti and took their leave, renouncing the world. References ^ Roshen Dalal (2002), Hinduism, page 646 ^ Mani, Vettam (2015-01-01). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 390. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2. ^ Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1995). The Purāṇa index. 2. (From T to M). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 978-81-209-1274-8. ^ Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5. ^ Hudson, D. Dennis (2008-09-25). The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-19-536922-9. ^ The Bhagavata Purana 1. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 2019-01-05. p. 220. ISBN 978-93-5305-378-9. ^ Black, Brian; Patton, Laurie (2016-03-09). Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-317-15142-5.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Hindu literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_texts"},{"link_name":"Brahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahma"},{"link_name":"prajapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajapati"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vishnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishnu"},{"link_name":"Manu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swayambhuva_Manu"},{"link_name":"Kapila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hindu mythological characterKardama (Sanskrit: कर्दम, romanized: Kardama) is a character featured in Hindu literature. A son of the creator god Brahma, Kardama is described to be a prajapati,[2] one of the progenitors of creation. After propitiating Vishnu and seeking his counsel for a suitable wife, he marries Devahuti, one of the daughters of the first man, Manu. He becomes the father of nine daughters by her, as well as one son, the sage Kapila.[3][4]","title":"Kardama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhagavata Purana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana"},{"link_name":"ashrama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashram"},{"link_name":"Sarasvati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasvati_River"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)"},{"link_name":"Shatarupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatarupa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"vimana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimana"},{"link_name":"Anasuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasuya"},{"link_name":"Arundhati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arundhati_(Hinduism)"},{"link_name":"samsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Marici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marichi"},{"link_name":"Atri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atri"},{"link_name":"Angiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiras_(sage)"},{"link_name":"Pulastya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulastya"},{"link_name":"Pulaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaha"},{"link_name":"Kratu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratu"},{"link_name":"Bhrigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhrigu"},{"link_name":"Vashistha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashistha"},{"link_name":"Atharvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"According to the Bhagavata Purana, Brahma is said to have instructed his son Kardama to procreate. Kardama went to the Bindusaras ashrama located at the banks of the river Sarasvati, whereupon he commenced a tapas that lasted ten thousand years to please Vishnu. Propitiated, Vishnu appeared before Kardama, who requested the deity to grant him a wife with whom he could sire children. Vishnu promised him that two days thence, Svayambhu Manu and his wife, Shatarupa, would offer their daughter Devahuti to him for his wife. He further stated that his wife would bear him nine daughters, all of whom would marry sages, and that a portion of himself would be born to him as his son. When the marriage was proposed by the couple, Kardama agreed on the condition that he would become a renunciant after the birth of their children. Following their wedding, Devahuti served her husband with great devotion and non-attachment, to the extent that she became emaciated. When Kardama praised her qualities, she grew emboldened to remind him of his agreement to grant her children, and also asked that he arrange for a suitable dwelling.[5]Employing his powers accrued through yoga, Kardama created a vimana, an aerial palace capable of flying wherever he willed it. With Devahuti, he travelled the world, visiting a number of gardens and heavenly sites for their pleasure. After they returned to his ashrama, they engaged in intercourse for a hundred autumns. Kardama is described to have divided himself into nine parts as he deposited his seed within her. On the very same day, Devahuti gave birth to nine daughters: Kalā, Anasuya, Shraddha, Havirbhu, Gati, Kriya, Khyati, Arundhati, and Shanti. She grew saddened by the prospect of her husband leaving her and the fact that her daughters would have to seek worthy husbands for themselves. When she requested Kardama to grant her freedom from fear and samsara, he informed her that Vishnu would soon be born as her son, and that the deity would enlighten her in this regard.[6]Vishnu was born to the couple as Kapila, whose birth was accompanied by auspicious signs and miracles. Nine great sages and Brahma himself arrived to venerate Kapila. These nine sages, namely, Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu, Bhrigu, Vashistha, and Atharvan, called upon Kardama, who gave his daughters in marriage to them. He left Kapila in the care of Devahuti and took their leave, renouncing the world.[7]","title":"Legend"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Mani, Vettam (2015-01-01). Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 390. ISBN 978-81-208-0597-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kardama+encyclopedia&pg=PA390","url_text":"Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0597-2","url_text":"978-81-208-0597-2"}]},{"reference":"Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1995). The Purāṇa index. 2. (From T to M). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 327. ISBN 978-81-209-1274-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rmqe3AGz5fUC&pg=PA327","url_text":"The Purāṇa index. 2. (From T to M)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-209-1274-8","url_text":"978-81-209-1274-8"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8160-7564-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA228","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5","url_text":"978-0-8160-7564-5"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, D. Dennis (2008-09-25). The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-19-536922-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Kardama+Sarasvati&pg=PA388","url_text":"The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536922-9","url_text":"978-0-19-536922-9"}]},{"reference":"The Bhagavata Purana 1. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. 2019-01-05. p. 220. ISBN 978-93-5305-378-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sLh9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Devahuti+vimana&pg=PT220","url_text":"The Bhagavata Purana 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5305-378-9","url_text":"978-93-5305-378-9"}]},{"reference":"Black, Brian; Patton, Laurie (2016-03-09). Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-317-15142-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7a1CwAAQBAJ&dq=Devah%C5%ABti+daughters&pg=PA143","url_text":"Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-15142-5","url_text":"978-1-317-15142-5"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&dq=Kardama+encyclopedia&pg=PA390","external_links_name":"Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rmqe3AGz5fUC&pg=PA327","external_links_name":"The Purāṇa index. 2. (From T to M)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA228","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Hinduism"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0IE8DwAAQBAJ&dq=Kardama+Sarasvati&pg=PA388","external_links_name":"The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sLh9DwAAQBAJ&dq=Devahuti+vimana&pg=PT220","external_links_name":"The Bhagavata Purana 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7a1CwAAQBAJ&dq=Devah%C5%ABti+daughters&pg=PA143","external_links_name":"Dialogue in Early South Asian Religions: Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain Traditions"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_2019_World_Aquatics_Championships	El Salvador at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships	["1 Open water swimming","2 Swimming","3 References"]	Sporting event delegationEl Salvador at the2019 World Aquatics ChampionshipsFlag of El SalvadorFINA codeESANational federationSalvadoran Swimming FederationWebsitefedenatsv.com (in Spanish)in Gwangju, South KoreaCompetitors4 in 2 sportsMedals Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 0 Total 0 World Aquatics Championships appearances197319751978198219861991199419982001200320052007200920112013201520172019202220232024 El Salvador competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July. Open water swimming Main article: Open water swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships El Salvador qualified one female open water swimmer. Athlete Event Time Rank Fatima Flores Women's 10 km 2:12:00.6 57 Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships El Salvador entered three swimmers. Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Marcelo Acosta 400 m freestyle 3:55.06 31 — did not advance Nixon Hernández 50 m freestyle 24.12 74 did not advance 100 m freestyle 52.74 84 did not advance Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Celina Márquez 100 m backstroke 1:02.94 38 did not advance 100 m butterfly 1:03.93 42 did not advance References ^ "18th FINA World Championships Open water swimming – Women's entry list by nationality" (pdf). Omega Timing. 11 July 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ "Swimming Entry List" (PDF). www.omegatiming.com. 17 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019. vteNations at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South KoreaAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Comoros Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Virgin Islands Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Chinese Taipei Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia New Zealand Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Vanuatu Others Independent FINA Athletes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"Sporting event delegationEl Salvador competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.","title":"El Salvador at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"El Salvador qualified one female open water swimmer.[1]","title":"Open water swimming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"El Salvador entered three swimmers.[2]MenWomen","title":"Swimming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"18th FINA World Championships Open water swimming – Women's entry list by nationality\" (pdf). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitham_Al_Bahrani	al-Bahrani	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Part of a series on Shia IslamTwelver Shi'ism The Fourteen Infallibles Muhammad Fatimah The Twelve Imams Ali Hasan Husayn al-Sajjad al-Baqir al-Sadiq al-Kazim ar-Rida al-Taqi al-Naqi al-Askari al-Mahdi Principles Monotheism Justice Prophethood Imamate Judgement Day Other beliefs Imamate of the Family Angels Mourning of Muharram Intercession Occultation Wilayat al-Faqih Usul al-fiqh Ijtihad Taqlid Irfan Practices Salat Sawm Hajj Zakat Khums Jihad Amr bi-l maʿrūf Nahy ani l-Munkar Tawalli Tabarri Other practices Mourning of Muharram Arba'een Pilgrimage Intercession Holy cities Mecca Medina Najaf Karbala Mashhad Jerusalem Samarra Kadhimiya Qom Groups Ja'fari Usuli Akhbari Alevi Shaykhi Other related sects and groups Alawites Sufism and Alevism Qizilbash Safaviyya Bektashism and folk religion Malamatiyya Qalandariyya Hurufism Bektashism Rifa`i Galibi Ni'matullāhī Scholarship Law Marja' (list) Hawza Ayatollah (list) Allamah Seghatoleslam Hojatoleslam Ijtihad Hadith collections The Four Books Kitab al-Kafi Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih Tahdhib al-Ahkam Al-Istibsar Other hadith collections Book of Sulaym ibn Qays Bihar al-Anwar Wasā'il al-Shīʿa Reality of Certainty Nahj al-Balagha Mafatih al-Jinan Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya Al-Amali Sources of ijtihad and jurisprudence Qur'an Hadiths of The Infallibles Consensus Reason Related topics List of Twelver Shia books Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism Shia Islam portalvte Kamal al-Din Maitham bin Ali bin Maitham al-Bahrani (Arabic: الشيخ ميثم البحراني, 1238–1299), commonly known as Sheikh Maitham al-Bahrani (also spelt Maytham al-Bahrani) was a leading thirteenth-century Twelver Eastern Arabian theologian, author and philosopher. Al Bahrani wrote on Twelver doctrine, affirmed free will, the infallibility of prophets and imams, the appointed imamate of `Ali, and the occultation of the Twelfth Imam. Along with Kamal al-Din Ibn Sa’adah al Bahrani, Jamal al-Din ‘Ali ibn Sulayman al-Bahrani, Maytham Al Bahrani was part of a thirteenth-century Bahrain school of theology that emphasised rationalism. At the same time, Maytham Al Bahrani was profoundly influenced by the disciplines of philosophy and mysticism. He wrote widely on such theology related philosophical issues as epistemology and ontology. Al Bahrani's scholarship took in both Imami and Sunni sources; according to University of Bahrain academic, Ali Al Oraibi: Maytham expresses admiration for certain Sunni theologians and quotes Sunni traditions, to the extent that it is said in Shi’i circles that while the Sunni ibn Abi al Hadid can be mistaken for an Imami, the Imami Maytham can be mistaken for a Sunni. In the thirteenth century, Twelvers – particularly mystics – were a growing influence in Bahrain, which had previously been dominated by the Ismaili Qarmatian sect. The Bahrain school of thought's integration of philosophy and mysticism into Imami Shi'ism had an enduring legacy, influencing fourteenth-century theologians such as Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsai'i. Politically, the intellectual vitality of al-Bahrani and his contemporaries is credited with converting the Ilkhanid monarch, Mohammed Khudabandeh, to convert to Shi'ism and announce a Shia state. He is buried in Mahooz, Bahrain, where a shrine and mosque have been constructed. See also History of Bahrain Abdullah al Samahiji References ^ Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p33 ^ Ali Al Oraibi, Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions By Lynda G. Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p331 ^ Ali Al Oraibi, Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions By Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p332 ^ Ali Al Oraibi, Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions By Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p332 ^ Ali Al Oraibi, Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions By Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p333 ^ Ali Al Oraibi, Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective, in Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions By Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p336 Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800, Juan Cole, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, (May, 1987), pp. 177–203 External links Ibn Maisam Bahrani Biography (Arabic) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Twelver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver"},{"link_name":"Twelver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"University of Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ismaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili"},{"link_name":"Qarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarmatian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanid"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Khudabandeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljait%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mahooz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahooz"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"}],"text":"Kamal al-Din Maitham bin Ali bin Maitham al-Bahrani (Arabic: الشيخ ميثم البحراني, 1238–1299), commonly known as Sheikh Maitham al-Bahrani (also spelt Maytham al-Bahrani) was a leading thirteenth-century Twelver Eastern Arabian theologian, author and philosopher. Al Bahrani wrote on Twelver doctrine, affirmed free will, the infallibility of prophets and imams, the appointed imamate of `Ali, and the occultation of the Twelfth Imam.[1] Along with Kamal al-Din Ibn Sa’adah al Bahrani, Jamal al-Din ‘Ali ibn Sulayman al-Bahrani, Maytham Al Bahrani was part of a thirteenth-century Bahrain school of theology that emphasised rationalism.[2]At the same time, Maytham Al Bahrani was profoundly influenced by the disciplines of philosophy and mysticism.[3] He wrote widely on such theology related philosophical issues as epistemology and ontology.Al Bahrani's scholarship took in both Imami and Sunni sources; according to University of Bahrain academic, Ali Al Oraibi:Maytham expresses admiration for certain Sunni theologians and quotes Sunni traditions, to the extent that it is said in Shi’i circles that while the Sunni ibn Abi al Hadid can be mistaken for an Imami, the Imami Maytham can be mistaken for a Sunni.[4]In the thirteenth century, Twelvers – particularly mystics[5] – were a growing influence in Bahrain, which had previously been dominated by the Ismaili Qarmatian sect.[citation needed]The Bahrain school of thought's integration of philosophy and mysticism into Imami Shi'ism had an enduring legacy, influencing fourteenth-century theologians such as Ibn Abi Jumhur al-Ahsai'i. Politically, the intellectual vitality of al-Bahrani and his contemporaries is credited with converting the Ilkhanid monarch, Mohammed Khudabandeh, to convert to Shi'ism and announce a Shia state.[6]He is buried in Mahooz, Bahrain, where a shrine and mosque have been constructed.","title":"al-Bahrani"}]	[]	[{"title":"History of Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bahrain"},{"title":"Abdullah al Samahiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_al_Samahiji"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/3729409","external_links_name":"Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300–1800"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150931/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=6908","external_links_name":"Ibn Maisam Bahrani"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120304175555/http://arabic.bayynat.org.lb/alam/bahrani.htm","external_links_name":"Biography (Arabic)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316737468","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161844733","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161844733","external_links_name":"BnF data"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Swarm/Archive_16	User talk:Swarm/Archive 16	["1 Okay, silly question...","2 AE – Sarah Jeong","3 Revdeletion","4 No need, but thank you.","5 Most Subscribed Youtuber Talk Page section merger","6 PewDiePie","7 ACC tool access approved","8 United States","9 Hello, would you be able to remove my templateeditor rights.","10 Precious anniversary","11 Administrators' newsletter – March 2019","12 You've got mail!","13 Adoption","14 Noticed your changing signatures","15 There ain't any Copyvio","16 Regarding my current ban","17 Adoptee Report: Gaming the system from YCTiberius","18 You've got mail","19 YGM","20 ArbCom 2019 special circular","21 Missed the point","22 Removal of revision","23 March GOCE newsletter","24 Possible block evasion by Honethefield98","25 Thanks, and a request","26 An interesting editing case for your judgment","27 2019 Cricket world cup > Group stage > Points table is vandalized","28 AN thread about article probation","29 You've got mail!","30 Coral Restoration Foundation","31 User:Spoonkymonkey and User:Midlandino sockpuppeting to violate BLP","32 This close","33 You've got mail!","34 Apology","35 Adam's still at it","36 Hello, could you indef block me.","37 A barnstar for you!","38 Violation of voluntary IBAN","39 April Fools?","40 Regarding Article:Colors Kannada","41 your signature changes","42 Banned User:PAKHIGHWAY","43 Administrators' newsletter – April 2019","44 Want to Know How to Build a Better Democracy? Ask Wikipedia","45 You've got mail","46 Please unprotect","47 RfA comment","48 How's my name?","49 You've got mail","50 How to avoid AEscalation?","51 Wondering what is going with my rename?","52 Evidence in arbitration case","53 Thanks!","54 Denuvo Talk","55 Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)","56 Administrators' newsletter – May 2019","57 Autopatrolled Permission Discussion - Spinster300 [Cont.]","58 Concern","59 ANOTHER BELIEVER","60 Review Requested.","61 Two questions:","62 Chiropractic"]	This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. Archive 10 ← Archive 14 Archive 15 Archive 16 Archive 17 Archive 18 → Archive 20 Okay, silly question... How do I get my userpage to be cooler? I can't seem to do anything besides put one userbox on top of another. ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 23:21, 8 February 2019 (UTC) Swarm, Also... another silly question: Do you think I have enough experience to be a WP:rollbacker? I know you generally handle those sorts of things. Cheers! ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 14:08, 9 February 2019 (UTC) @MattLongCT: So, I'm not a userspace design expert by any means. What little customization I do have has been ripped off of other users over the years! I would say the very fundamental aspects, in my personal opinion, are organized userboxes, and a picture. Beyond that, it all depends on how in-depth you want to go. I made a header, and a list of quick links. You can see the above section for instructions on how to customize the way your user page title displays. Most of my userspace is utilitarian, but in the past, I had a ton of userboxes, interesting photos, a collection of on-wiki quotes that I had saved. But if you really want to get into it, you can look at Worm That Turned's user page, which is heavily customized. I don't know how he did that, but I imagine that you can get something really impressive just by copying his code and tinkering with all the different parameters! My approach: scan around and rip off what you like! To answer your second question, yes, in terms of baseline experience, you're already qualified for Rollback. However, Rollback is reserved for experienced recent changes patrollers, who have demonstrated the ability to correctly screen for and revert vandalism, and appropriately warn users. We need to see that you can differentiate between vandalism and good faith disruptive editing, revert with appropriate edit summaries, issue appropriate warnings. If you'd like to get involved, see WP:RCP and WP:CVU. It's really not difficult for most people, and if you take a day or two to demonstrate experience with anti-vandalism patrol, I'd be happy to grant you Rollback, and Pending changes reviewer as well! ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:15, 10 February 2019 (UTC) Btw, if you have any specific ideas for your userpage and you're just not sure how to implement them, let me know and I'll be happy to assist. ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:32, 10 February 2019 (UTC) swarm, Oh my gosh that is so helpful!! I'm really trying to diversify my on-wiki experiences. Though, I am already a pending change reviewer. I'll be taking on the task of monitoring WP:RCP when I get home. Thank you again, Swarm!! ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 17:54, 10 February 2019 (UTC) Swarm, alright. Would you mind taking a look at my edits? I think I did some decent anti-vandalism stuff. ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 21:24, 12 February 2019 (UTC) @MattLongCT: Looks fine, I'll go ahead and grant Rollback. That said, it looks like you're going most of your editing manually. Have you tried Twinkle? It makes a lot of things easier, including reverting, issuing templates, warnings and welcomes, making reports to admins, tagging articles, nominating them for deletion, etc. Highly recommend. ~Swarm~ {talk} 10:57, 13 February 2019 (UTC) Swarm, Oh my gosh!! this was the coolest thing I have done! It is so much more efficient!! I've been meaning to check out twinkle, though. I just have to get a handle on it. ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 15:42, 13 February 2019 (UTC) @MattLongCT: Haha I know right? It's amazing. Don't get me wrong, I also started off editing manually, and I being able to do so is a fundamental ability that any decent editor needs to master first, before they start using scripts. But it makes it so much easier. You can enable plenty of other helpful tools like this from the "gadgets" page (in preferences). There is also an extended list at Wikipedia:User scripts/List. I actually don't use too many, but you may find a few others that would be helpful. ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:53, 20 February 2019 (UTC) AE – Sarah Jeong IPs are back to vandalizing the article. Would it be worth restoring WP:ECP for this? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:31, 21 February 2019 (UTC) Yes, between the vandalism and the recent talk page comments, there is clearly still an issue, as expected. ECP reinstated indefinitely. ~Swarm~ {talk} 01:27, 22 February 2019 (UTC) Revdeletion Hi! I saw that you revdeleted the history of Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women – a page I have watchlisted because of the CCI for the author(s). But I'm not immediately seeing where any copyvio has been removed; what am I missing? Best regards, Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 13:57, 21 February 2019 (UTC) @Justlettersandnumbers: Hey! See #Thanks, and a request. FKC is cleaning up their own copyvios, I'm just handling the revdel side of things. If you want the specifics, you'll have to ask them. But, feel free to restore revisions as needed so FKC can show you the diffs. Hope all is well! ~Swarm~ {talk} 14:37, 21 February 2019 (UTC) Thanks, Swarm – of course a clean-up is very good news. Could I suggest, however, that there should be some sort of trail left of what's been done? Perhaps if FreeKnowledgeCreator would identify the source(s) of the copied material in each case, one of you could then leave a {{cclean}} on the relevant talk-page? Happy to help with this if needed. Regards, Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 20:02, 21 February 2019 (UTC) @Justlettersandnumbers: Okay, that sounds perfectly reasonable to me and I'm willing to do what I can. But, speaking pragmatically, as you can see, we already have a huge number of requests actioned. I'm honestly not sure how feasible it will be to go through every single article again and sift out the source of the original copyvio. Maybe FKC can do it, I'm not sure, but it seems like a fairly large task. ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:11, 22 February 2019 (UTC) No need, but thank you. For what it's worth the feeling is genuinely mutual. To find myself in disagreement with you...the realisation hit me that perhaps I wasn't being as clear or cogent as I ought to have been. Or like to think myself as! For myself, I'm just sorry if I came across as an officious tosser; have noted the pressure-cooker environment I then did bugger-all to lower the temperature with my replies. I hope you're keeping fine, Swarm—cheers. ——SerialNumber54129 18:07, 22 February 2019 (UTC) @Serial Number 54129: Thanks, I appreciate that. I completely feel the same on my end. Your reply is a weight off my shoulders. Getting overly worked up and playing into the escalation of such "pressure-cooker environments" is not ideal, and rationally, I would like to say that I am already above that, but apparently this is one of my many flaws that I have yet to fully eradicate. That said, unpleasant incidents like this are important reminders of the areas I can improve on as an editor, administrator, and person. Sometimes, that's just how we learn. A less experienced Swarm would have implemented the indef unilaterally rather than arguing about it in a discussion, and I'm not going to say I wasn't tempted to, but I've done that sort of thing before, and I've learned that escalating such a situation is not fun or beneficial for anyone, much less the project. I did still let my passion get the better of me, but progress is progress. I'll see you around, Serial Number, and I look forward to our paths crossing on friendlier terms. All the best, ~Swarm~ {talk} 05:18, 23 February 2019 (UTC) Most Subscribed Youtuber Talk Page section merger In your full protection statement last night you said that we should have a single discussion. That has not happened and instead people are making spam edit requests and the page looks like spaghetti . IDK if this is necessary but can you give me permission to blank some of these sections and create only 1 talk section about this page convict. BMO4744 (talk) 12:29, 23 February 2019 (UTC) I am going to do it at 6:00 ust because it is just a hot mess.BMO4744 (talk) 16:53, 23 February 2019 (UTC) I planned on cleaning up the talk page, but I’m on mobile and it’s too difficult to do it on a phone. I was gonna consolidate all the protected edit requests into a single section and remove the templates, and then collapse them with {{collapse top}} and {{collapse bottom}}. They are spammy and annoying, but I don’t think outright blanking is permissible under WP:TPO. Feel free to to do this task for me, alternatively, they can be archived. Thanks for your help! ~Swarm~ {talk} 17:02, 23 February 2019 (UTC) Ok, I have cleaned up. I am going to combine the discussion later. IDK how to merge all the different threads into 1 but I will probably just create 1 feed and ask people to only use that feed. BMO4744 (talk) 19:28, 23 February 2019 (UTC) @Life of Tau: Please actually read what I said before becoming hostile, and @BMO4744: I specifically explained the forms of cleanup that would be appropriate, and I specifically said that blanking isn't permissible by policy. So I'm not sure why you misrepresented what I said and wrongly claimed you had permission to blank comments. That sort of thing can get you into hot water. Thank you for trying to help out, and thank you Tau for correctly restoring, makes it easier on me. ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:52, 23 February 2019 (UTC) PewDiePie T Series passed PewDiePie so I don’t know y you change it they passed him for 8 minutes they should be recognized as the most subbed channel unblock It RomanReignsHEEL (talk) 05:24, 23 February 2019 (UTC) Please read the talk page. ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:16, 23 February 2019 (UTC) T Series should be recognized as the most subbed channel fix it or unprotected the page if you don’t do it I’m giving you until 8:40 PM Feb 24 Eastern Stantard Time,24 hour to fix it From Romanreigns heel RomanReignsHEEL (talk) 01:36, 24 February 2019 (UTC) Replied on your talk page. ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:23, 24 February 2019 (UTC) ACC tool access approved Thank you for your interest in returning to the account creation team. I have verified that you have signed the confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information and reactivated your account. You may now access the interface here. Before you begin handling requests, please ensure you have read and understood the account creation guide and username policy as there have been changes since you were last active. As always, if you have any questions, please ask, and if in doubt on a request, it is always best to ask questions or to unreserve it. Please also remember to resubscribe to the ACC mailing list before handling any requests. Please pay special attention to the instructions for verifying your on-wiki identity using Special:EmailUser. Finally, if you'd like access back to our IRC chat channel (#wikipedia-en-accounts connect), please join #wikipedia-en-accounts-unreg connect, and I or another channel operator will get you set up with access again. Please don't hesitate to get in touch with me if you have any questions. Thank you for participating in the account creation process. Again, welcome back! — JJMC89 (T·C) 19:50, 22 February 2019 (UTC) Awesome, thanks JJMC89!! I look forward to getting back involved, and I will definitely take my time in re-reviewing the pertinent information. I'll have to retrain myself to use IRC, but I will join the channel so I can consult with others when needed. Is the channel active? I remember back in the day, we'd sit in the IRC chat and wait for the requests to come in. When one did, we'd get a ping, and it was a rush to be the one to reserve the request first. If you weren't in the IRC, you had no chance of catching any of the requests. How things have changed! ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:33, 24 February 2019 (UTC) That happened when the backlog was under control. With our current backlog there isn't a need to wait for new requests. The channel isn't too active but there's often some people around to answer questions. — JJMC89 (T·C) 07:55, 24 February 2019 (UTC) @JJMC89: Hey, my email is "banned" from the mailing list lol. Can you fix this? ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:10, 24 February 2019 (UTC) The entire domain was banned due to a period of list subscription spam. I've removed the ban. — JJMC89 (T·C) 22:19, 24 February 2019 (UTC) @JJMC89: Thanks, but now, when I try to subscribe, I get a message saying "You must GET the form before submitting it." What does that even mean?! ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:21, 24 February 2019 (UTC) I've never see that before. I just did a test subscription, and it worked fine. Could you try again? If it doesn't work, then just do the EmailUser part and I'll subscribe you. — JJMC89 (T·C) 00:03, 25 February 2019 (UTC) @JJMC89: Huh, I tried it multiple times before and got that same error message, but when I just tried it again, it did work. Weird. Anyway, I've subscribed and sent the verification email. Thanks for all your help. ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:06, 25 February 2019 (UTC) I haven't received your subscription request. Did you receive the confirmation email from mailman? — JJMC89 (T·C) 00:26, 25 February 2019 (UTC) Oh, I didn't realize I needed to confirm. Done now. ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:36, 25 February 2019 (UTC) Oh, and you can send the subscription fee payment directly to me. ᴵᵗˢ ʷᵒʳᵗʰ ᵃ ᵗʳʸ SQLQuery me! 02:03, 25 February 2019 (UTC) Okay, I can't figure out IRC, it's been too long and it's too confusing. ~Swarm~ {talk} 07:28, 25 February 2019 (UTC) United States You clearly haven’t seen Talk:United States#New York or New York City in the Infobox? as well. IWI (chat) 09:09, 26 February 2019 (UTC) Huh? There's no formal, or even informal, consensus in that discussion. But, it appears that more people seem to favor "New York City" over "New York", so I'm not sure what you're getting at. ~Swarm~ {talk} 09:28, 26 February 2019 (UTC) No, I know, but this proves what the status quo was during the ongoing discussion. So Castncoot was edit warring against status quo, something I think you missed. IWI (chat) 15:29, 26 February 2019 (UTC) I respect you as an editor but you have definitely made an error. IWI (chat) 21:41, 26 February 2019 (UTC) The user's immaturity is highlighted as he has removed my comment from his talk page twice and won’t discuss with me. He is circumventing policies and guidelines to get his way (e.g. he has every right to remove my comment, but it’s not exactly a civil thing to do to someone trying to resolve a dispute) and I don’t know how to resolve this and I would like some guidence before I go to noticeboards. IWI (chat) 01:20, 27 February 2019 (UTC) (talk page stalker) IWI, you should just let this go. Castncoot is completely within their rights to remove your posts from their talk page and repeated attempts to discuss those removals, either on Castncoot's talk page or elsewhere, is only going to get you into trouble.--regentspark (comment) 02:08, 27 February 2019 (UTC) Hello, would you be able to remove my templateeditor rights. Hello, I would like for my templateeditor rights to be removed. I won't need them anymore and so for security it will be better if one less account has the rights. Thanks, Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 18:52, 27 February 2019 (UTC) Dreamy Jazz, that's a thing people do? You really don't need them... so you are giving them up? (talk page stalker) ―MattLongCT -Talk-☖ 18:55, 27 February 2019 (UTC) MattLongCT, yes. I am becoming semi-retired, so won't use them. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 18:58, 27 February 2019 (UTC) Dreamy Jazz, oh... that's unfortunate. Just so you know, that is a loss for the project. :') ―MattLongCT -Talk-☖ 19:01, 27 February 2019 (UTC) Will reply on your talk page. ~Swarm~ {talk} 08:31, 28 February 2019 (UTC) Precious anniversary A year ago ..."My sole purpose here is to help."... you were recipient no. 1866 of Precious, a prize of QAI! We give thanks, we give thanks ;) --Gerda Arendt (talk) @Gerda Arendt: Thank you very much! I can't believe it's been a year already! It was a great honor to have been recognized this way in the first place, and to have such an anniversary recognized is humbling. ~Swarm~ {talk} 08:30, 28 February 2019 (UTC) Sorry, it was meant to be uplifting, not humbling ;) - I made "we give thanks" my motto for 2019, so can't thank enough. Did you notice Ray's Rules? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:36, 28 February 2019 (UTC) Administrators' newsletter – March 2019 News and updates for administrators from the past month (February 2019). Administrator changes Evad37 There'sNoTime Alex Shih • Brian • Mushroom • Nakon • Oscarthecat • PeruvianLlama • Ragib • Reaper Eternal • Rossami • Tom Interface administrator changes Evad37 • Galobtter Ritchie333 CheckUser changes There'sNoTime Keegan • Ks0stm Oversight changes There'sNoTime Ks0stm • Sphilbrick Guideline and policy news The RfC on administrator activity requirements failed to reach consensus for any proposal. Following discussions at the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and Wikipedia talk:Administrators, an earlier change to the restoration of adminship policy was reverted. If requested, bureaucrats will not restore administrator permissions removed due to inactivity if there have been five years without a logged administrator action; this "five year rule" does not apply to permissions removed voluntarily. Technical news A new tool is available to help determine if a given IP is an open proxy/VPN/webhost/compromised host. Arbitration The Arbitration Committee announced two new OTRS queues. Both are meant solely for cases involving private information; other cases will continue to be handled at the appropriate venues (e.g., WP:COIN or WP:SPI). paid-en-wpwikipedia.org has been set up to receive private evidence related to abusive paid editing. checkuser-en-wpwikipedia.org has been set up to receive private requests for CheckUser. For instance, requests for IP block exemption for anonymous proxy editing should now be sent to this address instead of the functionaries-en list. Miscellaneous Following the 2019 Steward Elections, the following editors have been appointed as stewards: Base, Einsbor, Jon Kolbert, Schniggendiller, and Wim b. Discuss this newsletter Subscribe Archive Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:13, 4 March 2019 (UTC) You've got mail! Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! Message added 23:18, 4 March 2019 (UTC). It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template. TheSandDoctor Talk 23:18, 4 March 2019 (UTC) Adoption I was wondering if you were still adopting. If so, can you adopt me? NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 23:25, 19 February 2019 (UTC) Yes, sure. If you have any questions, let me know. Is there anything in particular you're interested in getting involved with? ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:00, 20 February 2019 (UTC) I was just wondering if you could teach me some of the basics on how to do most of the things on Wikipedia like Infoboxes and other stuff on Wikipedia pages. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 13:32, 20 February 2019 (UTC) @NerdyKaiExpo: Alright. Well, let's start with the basics. Infoboxes are a little advanced. For a basic introduction on how to edit, see The Wikipedia Adventure. Once you've completed it, you can let me know what you're still confused on, and we can get into infoboxes. ~Swarm~ {talk} 23:30, 20 February 2019 (UTC) I finished The Wikipedia Adventure. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 16:41, 21 February 2019 (UTC) @NerdyKaiExpo: Awesome! Are you feeling comfortable with the basics of editing, or was there anything you're still unsure about? ~Swarm~ {talk} 18:03, 21 February 2019 (UTC) I’m pretty comfortable with the basics, and as of right now I havn’t run into anything to difficult but I will come and ask if I do find something. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 18:12, 21 February 2019 (UTC) Sounds good! Remember to indent your posts when you're replying! Did you still have any questions about infoboxes? ~Swarm~ {talk} 18:15, 21 February 2019 (UTC) Yeah do you need to have all of the information filled into the Infobox in order for it to be considered a “complete” Infobox? NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 21:05, 21 February 2019 (UTC) How do you do the pushpin picture things for Infoboxes? NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 00:46, 22 February 2019 (UTC) You absolutely do not need to have all of the information filled out. Virtually no infobox does! Whatever is necessary, appropriate, and/or achievable will always suffice. Now, I'm not sure what you mean by "pushpin picture". Can you show me an example? ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:13, 22 February 2019 (UTC) Go to the article Charlotte, North Carolina and look in the Infobox. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 13:50, 22 February 2019 (UTC) Are you referring to the buttons, where you can switch between the maps? @NerdyKaiExpo: ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:34, 24 February 2019 (UTC) Yes, but I want to do it with different pictures not maps. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 17:31, 24 February 2019 (UTC) Well, that infobox parameter is specifically for maps. As far as I know, there's no precedent for using pushpins to switch between general images. We instead use image galleries. However, you may wish to ask at WT:INFOWATCH, they may be able to expand on this subject. ~Swarm~ {talk} 20:45, 5 March 2019 (UTC) Noticed your changing signatures ~~Swarm~~{talk} Hi Swarm, I've noticed you changed your signatures over the past few weeks. The current one (since last month) only had 2 tildes, so this one above is the same as current, but now with the standard 4 tildes, as noted. How does it look now? ~~AirTSC~~{talk} Yeah, I actually had been using the four tildes as a tribute to another user who inspired me to become involved here, who used the four tildes in their sig. I initially adopted this one simply because a user dropped by and suggested this design (they had also noticed me changing sigs). It pained me to drop the four tilde concept, but when I tried the new design with the extra tildes, I realized I liked the smaller, more minimalist design. Part of the reason I kept changing my sigs was because I kept feeling like it was too aggressive, and when I tested this sig with the extra tildes, I still felt that way. This one, for whatever reason, doesn't make me feel like that, so I like it better. Thanks for stopping by though! ~Swarm~ {talk} 20:57, 5 March 2019 (UTC) There ain't any Copyvio Dear Friend, Please look at and help to xplain to Rossguill that there ain't any Copyvio because the text can be used freely via the OTRS decision. Thank you for everything.Borgatya (talk) 12:14, 5 March 2019 (UTC) It was just a mistake. No big deal. ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:03, 5 March 2019 (UTC) Regarding my current ban I was wondering if I am allowed to use {{Edit request}} to make edits to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Or is that disruptive as well? The reason why I am asking is this. Wikipedia has "Blocks may be used to enforce bans" but the page does not reflect the updates that the WMF staff had. Awesome Aasim 17:43, 3 March 2019 (UTC) PS you may remember me as UpsandDowns1234. Awesome Aasim 17:43, 3 March 2019 (UTC) @Awesome Aasim: Hey! So, in general, I think you should steer clear of making edit requests for policies and guidelines, because you agreed to "refrain from unnecessary edits or participation in the Wikipedia namespace or in any Wikipedia meta-processes", unless "related to the uncontentious improvement of articles". That's pretty straightforward. Of course, we can be reasonable and hear you out if you think there's a very good reason to make an exception. What exactly is the issue you need to raise? ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:58, 4 March 2019 (UTC) Okay. Maybe you can update my username on WP:ER/UC but that's it. I have no plans to appeal my sanctions right now because they are ensuring that I am only making encyclopedia-improving edits and because I now have a better understanding on how policy-related edits are disruptive. Awesome Aasim 22:01, 4 March 2019 (UTC) Done. Btw, good job keeping out of trouble. Hope all is well! ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:11, 5 March 2019 (UTC) Adoptee Report: Gaming the system from YCTiberius Page: User:YCTiberius/sandbox Guideline: WP:GAME Relevant Links: Special:Diff/886522752 Comment: Clear gaming the system by making 10 sandbox edits to get user autoconfirmed. I recently posted to WP:AN/I, so I don't want to make another post there at the moment. I figured I would submit this to you since you're my adopter. Thank you, –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 20:43, 6 March 2019 (UTC) You've got mail Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.MPS1992 (talk) 21:36, 8 March 2019 (UTC) YGM Hey, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! There is no subject line. It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 01:38, 9 March 2019 (UTC) ArbCom 2019 special circular Administrators must secure their accounts The Arbitration Committee may require a new RfA if your account is compromised. Use strong, unique passwords for your Wikipedia account and associated email Change your password now if your Wikipedia account password or email password is reused on another website, exposed, or weak Enable two-factor authentication now for improved security View additional information Why have I received this message? All administrators are receiving it. What prompted you to send this message? Recently, several Wikipedia admin accounts were compromised. The admin accounts were desysopped on an emergency basis. In the past, the Committee often resysopped admin accounts as a matter of course once the admin was back in control of their account. The committee has updated its guidelines. Admins may now be required to undergo a fresh Request for Adminship (RfA) after losing control of their account. What do I need to do? Only to follow the instructions in this message. Check that your password is unique (not reused across sites). Check that your password is strong (not simple or guessable). Enable Two-factor authentication (2FA), if you can, to create a second hurdle for attackers. How can I find out more about two-factor authentication (2FA)? You can find out more about 2FA at m:2FA. This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:49, 4 May 2019 (UTC) Missed the point Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Concerning further proposals: You appear not to have understood the nature of the objections at all. WP:Process is important; we have WP:VPPOL for a reason, and we have WP:AN for a reason, and they are very different reasons. An order of magnitude more people pay attention to VPPOL than AN, and this is by design, since the latter is focused on admininstrators' stuff, and the former on site-wide decisions making. While it's correct that something like WP:CENT can be used to draw sufficient attention to an RfC or similar discussion at any page (i.e., make it act as a VPPOL surrogate in the case of some site-wide decision that needs rendering), that did not happen in this case. Your "as long as wide-reaching proposals are properly advertised to the community, it makes no difference" proviso simply was not triggered. You really ought to understand that, or not close such discussions, especially not with the kind of patronizing, sarcastic, finger-wagging tone you used. You don't get to personally decide what people are allowed to be concerned about, nor to override the entire community having established a venue specifically for decisions of this sort, and a very separate venue for internal deliberation about admin matters. PS: It did eventually get added to CENT, but only shortly before it was closed. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼 20:40, 17 March 2019 (UTC) Sorry, I didn't mean condescend in any way, and I do apologize for that. However, I do strongly disagree with your characterization that I am personally making some sort of arbitrary rulings. On the contrary, my only intent here was to neutrally clerk the discussion and to straightforwardly convey policy. VPP is, obviously, an appropriate place to discuss policy-related proposals, but there is certainly no requirement, in theory or in practice, that consensus can only be formed there. So, in the context where there is a central discussion at a community noticeboard, that is already well-underway, saying "wrong venue" is meaningless. That's exactly what I would describe as a petty procedural objection, and that's exactly the type of thing WP:NOTBUREAU is a check on. You can't just shut down a discussion with a "wrong venue". "A procedural error made in a proposal or request is not grounds for rejecting that proposal or request." The relevant policy here is WP:PROPOSAL. It stipulates that policy proposals should: a) be an RfC, b) be announced at VPP and/or VPR, and c) be listed at CENT. There is no mention or implication that "correct venue" matters in any way. The only current policy proposal satisfies all these requirements. If the previous ones didn't it doesn't matter, because they went nowhere. The only other proposal is to shut down the WikiProject, which was DOA, or to generically "reform" the WikiProject, which does not have anything to do with policy, and could likely be done via local consensus building. If future ones are improperly advertised, that should be handled on a case by case basis. "Wrong venue" is not the correct response to proposals that are insufficiently advertised. The "wrong venue" complaints simply have no teeth and are not going to go anywhere. ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:26, 17 March 2019 (UTC) There are numerous non-Admins in the discussion and it has been widely advertisted, including by TTH. Sorry the idea this is some kind of a star chamber hidden debate holds no water. Legacypac (talk) 23:10, 17 March 2019 (UTC) Um, at the time you closed the discussion X3 wasn't an RfC; I added the RfC tag 12 hours later. {{3x\|p}}ery (talk) 00:36, 18 March 2019 (UTC) So, there was not an RfC tag, that has nothing to do with "wrong venue" objections. Good on you for noticing and adding one, though, now there are really are no outstanding issues. ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:05, 18 March 2019 (UTC) Removal of revision Hello Swarm, it would be great if you could remove the first version of https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEduard_Joseph_Schmidtlein.jpg (22:31, 9 March 2019). Cheers, ~~Metrosideros~~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Metrosideros (talk • contribs) @Metrosideros: That file is hosted on Wikimedia Commons, which is a different website (albeit a closely-related sister project of Wikipedia). You'll have to make the request over there. ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:07, 18 March 2019 (UTC) March GOCE newsletter Guild of Copy Editors March 2019 Newsletter Hello and welcome to the March newsletter, a brief update of Guild activities since December 2018. All being well, we're planning to issue these quarterly in 2019, balancing the need to communicate widely with the avoidance of filling up talk pages. Don't forget you can unsubscribe at any time; see below. January Drive: Thanks to everyone for the splendid work in January's Backlog Elimination Drive. We removed copyedit tags from all of the articles tagged in our original target months of June, July and August 2018, and by 24 January we ran out of articles. After adding September, we finished the month with 8 target articles remaining and 842 left in the backlog. GOCE copyeditors also completed 48 requests for copyedit in January. Of the 31 people who signed up for this drive, 24 copyedited at least one article. Final results, including barnstars awarded, are available here. Blitz: Thanks to everyone who participated in the February Blitz. Of the 15 people who signed up, 13 copyedited at least one article. Participants claimed 32 copyedits, including 15 requests. Final results, including barnstars awarded, are available here. Progress report: As of 23:39, 18 March 2019 (UTC), GOCE copyeditors have completed 108 requests since 1 January and the backlog stands at 851 articles. March Drive: The month-long March drive is now underway; the target months are October and November 2018. Awards will be given to everyone who copyedits at least one article from the backlog. Sign up here! Election reminder: It may only be March but don't forget our mid-year Election of Coordinators opens for nominations on 1 June. Coordinators normally serve a six-month term and are elected on an approval basis. Self-nominations are welcome. If you've thought of helping out at the Guild, or know of another editor who would make a good coordinator, please consider standing for election or nominating them here. Thank you all again for your participation; we wouldn't be able to achieve what we have without you! Cheers from your GOCE coordinators Miniapolis, Baffle gab1978, Jonesey95, Reidgreg and Tdslk. To discontinue receiving GOCE newsletters, please remove your name from our mailing list. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:12, 19 March 2019 (UTC) Possible block evasion by Honethefield98 I am notifying you since you were the administrator who blocked Honethefield98. I believe that Honethefield98 (talk · contribs) is evading his block by using 12.86.50.98 (talk · contribs) and 2601:243:400:F535:5186:BBB2:72B3:7608 (talk · contribs) to continue editing. The first IP edited the same topics as the banned user, while the second IP edited the Heavy metal music page, which was also edited by the first IP (same content added by both). Both IPs come from the Chicago area. – Sabbatino (talk) 22:19, 20 March 2019 (UTC) @Sabbatino: Excellent catch. Both blocked, thanks for letting me know. ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:47, 20 March 2019 (UTC) Thanks, and a request Hello, Swarm. Thank you for deleting several articles that I tagged with G7. I've been looking for an administrator to help me clean up my copyright violations, but so far I haven't found anyone who is both willing to help and on speaking terms with me. Can you help, or suggest another administrator I might contact about this? It would require selective purging of the revision histories of articles, for example Religion and Nothingness, where I removed a couple of paragraphs of copyvio here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 04:34, 24 October 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: hey, no problem. I’d be more than happy to help you! Anything you need, just let me know. Swarm talk 04:46, 24 October 2018 (UTC) Handled requests Thank you, Swarm, that's much appreciated. In the case of the Religion and Nothingness article, it would help if you could remove the visibility of all revisions except the current one. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 04:55, 24 October 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm talk 18:31, 24 October 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. There are other cases where I might make similar requests. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:40, 24 October 2018 (UTC) Specifically: it would be helpful if you could remove the visibility of all revisions of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis prior to the edit I made here and all revisions of The Memory Wars prior to the edit I made here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:24, 26 October 2018 (UTC) Done. Swarm talk 02:49, 27 October 2018 (UTC) Thank you very much, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of An Inquiry into the Good prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:21, 27 October 2018 (UTC) Done as well! Swarm talk 04:44, 27 October 2018 (UTC) Thank you again, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Structure of Science prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:49, 27 October 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 03:17, 28 October 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry made between the automated edit here and the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:48, 28 October 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Sorry for the delay, Done. Swarm talk 21:13, 30 October 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility all revisions of Knowledge and Human Interests made between the edit I made here and the most recent edit, which I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:03, 31 October 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 23:19, 1 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexual Behaviour: Therapy and Assessment prior to this one? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 06:20, 2 November 2018 (UTC) Done. Swarm talk 19:44, 2 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Philosophical Problems of Space and Time prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:04, 3 November 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm talk 09:49, 10 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of A Critique of Pure Tolerance made between this edit I made as an IP and the edit I made as FreeKnowledgeCreator here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 09:55, 10 November 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 09:56, 10 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you very much, Swarm. Looking again, I'm going to have to refine that last request. I think the revision made here also needs to be hidden. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 09:59, 10 November 2018 (UTC) Good catch, Done. Swarm talk 10:01, 10 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you again, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Theory of Good and Evil prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:17, 11 November 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Sorry for the delay, Done Swarm talk 21:00, 17 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you again, Swarm. I'm happy to be patient. The next requests: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Freud, Biologist of the Mind prior to this edit and all revisions of Ethics (Watsuji) prior to this edit? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:17, 18 November 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 08:58, 18 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you very much, Swarm. I appreciate your help. In the case of Freud, Biologist of the Mind, however, you have hidden only some of the relevant revisions. Those that need hiding currently extend from this revision of 28 September 2013 to this revision of 15 March 2018. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 17:30, 18 November 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Oops, Done Swarm talk 21:14, 28 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you again, Swarm. In the case of The Structure of Science, there is still a need to hide all revisions beginning with this one of 24 October 2012 and up to and including this one of 25 January 2018. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:27, 28 November 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 21:27, 28 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. In the case of The Theory of Good and Evil, there is still a need to hide some early revisions. They begin when the article was started here on 5 November 2012‎, and they include all revisions up to and including this one. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:32, 28 November 2018 (UTC) Jeez, I don't know what's going on with these incomplete deletions. Sorry about that. Done Swarm talk 21:37, 28 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. In the case of The Memory Wars, there is a need to hide all revisions beginning with this one of 22 December 2012 and up to and including this one of 5 September 2017. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:52, 28 November 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 22:22, 30 November 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Freud and Philosophy beginning with the edit I made here as Polisher of Cobwebs on 17 June 2012 and up to and including the edit I made here as FreeKnowledgeCreator on 29 November 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:41, 30 November 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm talk 07:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Freud: The Mind of the Moralist beginning with the edit I made here as Polisher of Cobwebs on 11 July 2012 and up to and including the edit I made as FreeKnowledgeCreator here on 1 December 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 07:59, 6 December 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm talk 08:03, 6 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of A Separate Creation beginning with the edit I made here as an IP on 6 August 2013 and up to and including the edit I made here as FreeKnowledgeCreator on 20 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 09:46, 6 December 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm {talk} 14:33, 16 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Anita Bryant Story prior to the edit I made here on 12 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 19:27, 17 December 2018 (UTC) Done. Swarm {talk} 20:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Reason and Morality, with the exception of the most recent revision, made here just a minute ago? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 20:59, 17 December 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm {talk} 21:50, 17 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Lesbian/Woman prior to the edit I made here on 5 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 06:45, 18 December 2018 (UTC) Done Swarm {talk} 22:23, 18 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Sexual Brain prior to the edit I made here on 27 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:49, 18 December 2018 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm {talk} 22:48, 31 December 2018 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next requests: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Aspects of Scientific Explanation prior to the edit I made here on October 23, 2018 and all revisions of Philosophy of Natural Science prior to the edit I made here on December 18, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:40, 1 January 2019 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm {talk} 22:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of What is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari) prior to the edit I made here on December 21, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 08:25, 2 January 2019 (UTC) Done ~~Swarm~~ {talk} 01:24, 3 January 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Freudian Fallacy prior to the edit I made here on December 8, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 04:34, 3 January 2019 (UTC) Done ~~Swarm~~ {talk} 21:32, 5 January 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next requests: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Organization of Behavior prior to the edit I made here on January 5, 2019, and all revisions of The Language of Music prior to the edit I made here on October 23, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:20, 5 January 2019 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Apologies for the delay. Done ~~Swarm~~ 20:52, 1 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. I am extremely grateful for your help and I am not worried about delays. I should make another request in the next few days. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:30, 2 February 2019 (UTC) The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Meaning and Necessity prior to the edit I made here on February 5, 2019? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:51, 5 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:56, 5 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of A History of the Mind beginning with the edit I made here as an IP on August 16, 2013 and up to and including the edit I made here on October 16, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:27, 5 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 20:32, 7 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Natural Law and Natural Rights prior to the edit I made here on December 8, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:13, 7 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:56, 8 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals except for the current version? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 07:40, 9 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:18, 10 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. There may be a delay of a few days before I make another request. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 05:08, 11 February 2019 (UTC) Sounds good, I'll be around. ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:27, 11 February 2019 (UTC) The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Sexual Preference (book) beginning with the first edit that started the article on January 4, 2012 (there is a link to it here) and up to and including this edit of May 19, 2016? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:21, 13 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:30, 20 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Homosexual Matrix beginning with the edit that started the article on October 1, 2013 and up to and including the edit made here on January 18, 2017? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:51, 20 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 03:57, 20 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women prior to the edit I made here just a few minutes ago? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 06:35, 21 February 2019 (UTC) Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 14:17, 21 February 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology starting with this edit, which I made as Polisher of Cobwebs on July 8, 2012 and up to and including this edit? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:06, 3 March 2019 (UTC) @FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:47, 20 March 2019 (UTC) Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Reading Capital beginning with this edit I made as Polisher of Cobwebs on October 23, 2012 and up to and including this edit I made on February 27, 2019? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:02, 20 March 2019 (UTC) An interesting editing case for your judgment With due regard for your warning that you are terribly busy I just wish to submit to your judgment a recent editing case in which I was involved. I perceive that it may contain some important matter of principle and application of policies & guidelines. Please do not bother to comment if you do not consider the case as important. 154.44.138.30 (talk) 18:26, 22 March 2019 (UTC) 2019 Cricket world cup > Group stage > Points table is vandalized It seems that, someone has already added 4 teams to semifinals, before the world cup starts! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iammilind (talk • contribs) 06:05, 23 March 2019 (UTC) AN thread about article probation Please see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Old probation editnotices. You helped to tidy up some old article probation sanctions earlier. In fact, community sanctions are not dead, so even if we no longer use the phrase 'article probation' it is possible that a notice could be placed saying that general sanctions are active for those topics. As with WP:GS/SCW. Assuming there is an ongoing need for sanctions on the five articles being listed at WP:AN. Thanks, EdJohnston (talk) 04:23, 24 March 2019 (UTC) You've got mail! Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! Message added 16:18, 24 March 2019 (UTC). It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template. TheSandDoctor Talk 16:18, 24 March 2019 (UTC) Coral Restoration Foundation Hello Swarm, This is a repeat of an email to you because I'm not sure of the best way to communicate. I'm seeking help with publishing a new article on Wikipedia and would appreciate your assistance. The new article is on the Coral Restoration Foundation (CRF) based in Key Largo, FL. I'm a volunteer with CRF, and I understand Wiki's prohibition against promotion and the advice against authoring an article about an organization that I'm a member of. However, I feel CRF's work is important, and the public needs to see the facts about the many threats to coral reefs worldwide and the vigorous efforts by various organizations and government agencies to mitigate those threats. In the longer term I'm very interested in working on a variety of issues with Wikipedia, particularly vandalism and misinformation. I'm a long term Wiki user and donator. I would like to further the goals of bringing solid factual information out to Wiki users. So, would you be able to help me with my article? Thanks! FLkeyseditor (talk) 18:28, 15 March 2019 (UTC) Hello Swarm, You haven't responded to my 15 March request for adoption. Does that mean that you don't have availability? Should I try for another editor to adopt me? Thanks,FLkeyseditor (talk) 18:17, 24 March 2019 (UTC) User:Spoonkymonkey and User:Midlandino sockpuppeting to violate BLP Based on their editing patterns, it also appears that User:Spoonkymonkey used the sockpuppet User:Midlandino to edit the Jesse Brown (journalist) article back in January. Both editors have added the same derogatory information, sourced to Twitter. 104.222.125.138 (talk) 22:35, 24 March 2019 (UTC) This close Not that close, this close :) I don't think it's worth making a big deal over at ANI, and I'm certainly not going to revert you, but could I gently urge you not to make a habit of this please? We have a rule against making involved closes because we don't want people making involved closes; blurring that line, even if your particular instance of it is not terribly problematic, is not helpful in the long run. Was there anything so terribly urgent about that it couldn't wait for someone uninvolved to come along and do it? GoldenRing (talk) 10:38, 26 March 2019 (UTC) No problem, you're right. I'm not in the habit of doing so nor do I plan on making it one. Thanks for your feedback. ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:17, 26 March 2019 (UTC) I just realized no one pinged you or notified you about the continuation of the ANI thread you closed (WP:ANI#Death threat). I've unblocked Drilou per the consensus at WP:ANI#Bad close (and, frankly, per the consensus at the original thread). The new thread is still open if you want to comment. --Floquenbeam (talk) 19:47, 26 March 2019 (UTC) Thanks @Floquenbeam:, good unblock! My block was clearly in error due to a failure to detect sarcasm, and I see that now. I've made this clear at AN/I, and I will apologize to the user directly. ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:30, 26 March 2019 (UTC) Since that ANI thread is closed, and you wrote any subsequent feedback is welcome on my talk page, here's mine. In your block and close, you seemed to be making your own argument for the user to be blocked. In my opinion, you did not even attempt to even assess the consensus, and thus failed in your main duty as a closing admin. That's quite a grave mistake in my book. starship.paint ~ KO 03:47, 27 March 2019 (UTC) The block was discretionary. In other words, it was an independent admin action. I did not imply that I was actioning a consensus. Closing AN/I threads as "discretionarily actioned" like this is routine. ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:53, 27 March 2019 (UTC) Well, okay. Alright then. starship.paint ~ KO 07:02, 27 March 2019 (UTC) You've got mail! Re: Adoption for assistance with my Coral Restoration Foundation article. Please check your email. Thanks. FLkeyseditor (talk) 14:22, 27 March 2019 (UTC) Apology I want to unequivocally apologize for the rude things I said to you at WP:ERRORS. I have no excuse, and you did nothing to deserve the rudeness. I am sorry. --Jayron32 10:52, 29 March 2019 (UTC) Thanks, @Jayron32:. No hard feelings. These things happen to the best of us. I won't pretend I didn't also get overly-worked up there, so apologies for the tone I took as well. The situation surrounding that blurb is a shitshow, and was from the very beginning, and I think the most constructive thing to preserve my sanity and to stay far away from that trainwreck. ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:17, 29 March 2019 (UTC) Probably not a bad idea. --Jayron32 02:11, 30 March 2019 (UTC) Adam's still at it I really shouldn't have to put up with stuff like this more than seven months after your fina warning. Would you mind having a word with him? Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 02:51, 31 March 2019 (UTC) Hello, could you indef block me. Hello, I noticed you are in the category Category:Wikipedia administrators willing to consider placing self-requested blocks. Would you mind placing an indefinite self requested block? Could you also block my bot (and remove its bot rights) User:Dreamy Jazz Bot indefinitely too? If I decide to come back, I'll request it over email or Wikipedia:Clean start. Thanks, Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 16:41, 31 March 2019 (UTC) A barnstar for you! The Admin's Barnstar Thanks for your help throughout my time on the project! Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 17:29, 31 March 2019 (UTC) Thanks, Dreamy Jazz. I will add it proudly to the treasury. Hope to see you again soon! :( ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:08, 1 April 2019 (UTC) Violation of voluntary IBAN This edit constituted a warning from you to this user that they are "topic banned from directly tagging for notability, proposing deletion (PROD), or nominating for AfD, any article created by Alansohn or where Alansohn is a major contributor." Due to an inadvertent edit on my part in an AfD several months ago, sanctions were imposed on me and extended indefinitely. I had been avoiding this user like the plague and making every effort to avoid any contact whatsoever by trying to verify that I do not cross paths by carefully monitoring every single edit I make to the best of my ability. I was disturbed to see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dennis McNerney, a nomination for deletion of an article that I created and for which I am the major contributor. It is clear that the user knows that there is a conflict, as they have deliberatley violated deletion policy by failing to notify me about the AfD on my user talk page, while every other AfD or Prod for other editors have been tagged on their talk pages. What is the story here? Alansohn (talk) 04:26, 2 April 2019 (UTC) If I had considered that McNerney was an error, the pattern continues with Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barry Dugan, an article that he nominated for deletion which I had created and am the major contributor, again with no notification on my user talk page as required by deletion policy. This user has made more than a dozen nominations for Prod and deletion over the past day or two, every single one of which had a notification on the user's talk page; the only two exceptions are to the AfDs for the two articles I had created. It's clear that the user realizes that I was the page creator and is deliberately refusing to notify me. Your help in addressing this issue will be appreciated. Alansohn (talk) 04:35, 2 April 2019 (UTC) User:Alansohn I'm going to AGF that you did not read the post you linked and quoted. You missed the part "This arrangement will run for six months." and that was over one year ago. He has no obligation to notify you of deletion discussions, and not notifying you appears to be a pleasant curtesy. I'd suggest not WP:STALKING their edits. Legacypac (talk) 05:10, 2 April 2019 (UTC) Legacypac, While User:Alansohn has many conduct issues, including unloading a attack on me in an edit caption this morning, do you really think it's stalking if he notices that pages he created were nominated for deletion?Jacona (talk) 17:34, 2 April 2019 (UTC) I was referencing "This user has made more than a dozen nominations for Prod and deletion over the past day or two, every single one of which had a notification on the user's talk page;" which describes a review of the other user's edits. My comment was not to accuse this editor in an actionable way but to head off further behavior that would be actionable. Also, I'll point out that a very experienced user like Alansohn should not allege a violation of deletion policy without checking out the policy. Notification is not required - in fact we can uncheck the notify creator box in Twinkle, which is presumably what was done in these two cases. Legacypac (talk) 17:56, 2 April 2019 (UTC) April Fools? I can participate, right? I've always wanted to! That's okay, right? –MJL ‐Talk‐1 April 00:18, 1 April 2019 (UTC) @MJL: I have no idea what Swarm thinks, but, quite frankly, an April Fools spree would not be the best start to your next phase on Wikipedia. That's just my opinion! MPS1992 (talk) 02:45, 1 April 2019 (UTC) @MPS1992: that's pretty fair –MJL ‐Talk‐1 April 02:54, 1 April 2019 (UTC) Maybe I am just a bad-tempered person. It seems the latest bout of stupidity is already underway, and I just now resisted the temptation to message one of the people involved to say "congratulations, now that you have wasted a lot of people's time, you will struggle ever to pass an RfA". I am going to go to sleep and hope that my watchlist looks more sensible in the morning. Or evening? Ho hum. MPS1992 (talk) 02:57, 1 April 2019 (UTC) @MJL: I tend to think April Fools' is harmless fun, and of course you can participate. That said, a significant faction of the community are hostile to it, so just tread carefully. Don't overdo it. ~Swarm~ 🐝 {sting · hive} 16:46, 1 April 2019 (UTC) I got too busy for it anyways. That was a disappointment. Anyways, I should probably send you an email about possibly ending the wikibreak. There's pretty much only one thing I need to see finished before I pick up a regular mainspace editing pattern. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 02:19, 2 April 2019 (UTC) FWIW, my view is that the April Fools stuff is a tedious, repetitive disruption which should be banned. With only very occasional exceptions, is a repository of the most pathetically unfunny juvenilia, mostly variants of "delete X to make the problem go away LOL" or "delete NamedCelebtrity cos they are not notable LOZ". There is almost none of the originality or surprise which makes good humour. Over the years we have manged a few steps to corral it into a few spaces where it does less damage than it used to, but it's still disruptive. The best that I can say for this compromise is that maybe restricting it to a defined space is what allows it to be stamped out elsewhere. The one real good part of April Fools is WP:DYK's fake April Fools: DYKs which look like hoaxes but are actually real. Here are this year's two sets: , . I have great respect for the skills of those who devise those fake hoaxes ... but as for the rest, I share @MPS1992's view that people who waste the community's time in that way shouldn't waste more of it at RFA. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:26, 3 April 2019 (UTC) @BrownHairedGirl: I was going to say that there was no use because I wasn't able to participate anyways, but you showcasing those DYK was actually something I didn't know we did. However for this hook ... that Bizzarro serves in the Connecticut senate? Yes actually. My sister campaigned for his opponent. He serves with Senator Looney (the Senate President pro tempore). That is my favorite line, but we also have so many other names to play with. Thank you for sharing, and I certainly respect that position on April Fools. It's not the ideal situation, I will admit. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 03:33, 3 April 2019 (UTC) Only reason I mentioned that my sister campaigned against him was because I had forgotten his name come election day. I did a hard double take when she came home and was like "Bizzaro won the election." I thought she was trying to say how crazy it was that the Republicans won there or something... He's certainly an interesting person to talk to when I've gotten the chance. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 03:37, 3 April 2019 (UTC) Regarding Article:Colors Kannada Hello Swarm, Would you plz unprotect article:Colors Kannada as its 'create-protected'. I am requesting as because of this draft at AfC. Thank you. --Gpkp (u • t • c) 18:05, 5 April 2019 (UTC) Done Swarm– Sting · Hive 🐝🐝🐝 21:47, 5 April 2019 (UTC) Thank you Swarm. --Gpkp (u • t • c) 17:09, 6 April 2019 (UTC) your signature changes I've been meaning to thank you for moving away from a particular signature you used to use (quite some time ago now). It appeared to be embedded in a swarm of bees, and to me (and probably to anyone else with really poor vision) the resultant low contrast made it virtually illegible. Thanks again. Meters (talk) 02:18, 7 April 2019 (UTC) Banned User:PAKHIGHWAY I don't want to be accused of Wikipedia:No personal attacks, but User:DdBbCc22 seems very similar to banned User:PAKHIGHWAY. The editor makes the same type of long edits as PAKHIGHWAY on History of Pakistan, and very similar styles, like copy/pasting large content/formatting from history of India to history of Pakistan as seen here by PAKHIGHWAY and here where a lot of the lead was copied, and most importantly, the obsession to change content to Indus valley as seen here by PAKHIGHWAY's sock (reverted by Capitals00) and same tinkering here with "Indus valley". @Lorstaking, Yamla, NeilN, and Kautilya3: I saw you guys worked with the PAKHIGHWAY in the past, I mainly faced the users multiple IP/socks in the past 12-24 months. But, these are the edit styles I found of PAKHIGHWAY. But, I want to sincerely apologize in advance if I am wrong. (Highpeaks35 (talk) 11:39, 7 April 2019 (UTC)) User talk:Highpeaks35, I also not want to be accused of Wikipedia:No personal attacks and I hope I will give my opinion respectfully. In my first case, I not copied the content same to same from History of India as in case of PAKHIGHWAY and I did a large number of modifications, infact the "self-created" or "modified content" that I added is much large than the copied one. As you said "a lot of content", I think it's wrong. The content which seems "a lot" is citations or references, I copied these citations because they are absolutely applicable there and also I observed many times on Wikipedia that the citations of common topics on two or more articles are same. In second case, I changed content to Indus Valley civilization from Ancient India because at there, the others parts of Fertile Crescent (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Ancient India) have their orginal links such as article of Ancient Egypt is for the Egyptian civilization but article of Ancient India (redirect of History of India) is about whole history of not only India but whole Indian subcontinent till the partition of British India. So in this way the article of Indus Valley civilization (purely for history of civilization) gives us more information about ancient Indian civilization than redirect-article of Ancient India. I hope you will understand my point.DdBbCc22 (talk) 13:45, 7 April 2019 (UTC) Administrators' newsletter – April 2019 News and updates for administrators from the past month (March 2019). Administrator changes Reaper Eternal • ThaddeusB Bogdangiusca • Christopher Parham • Necrothesp • Schneelocke • Siroxo • Sarah Mentifisto → Lofty abyss Interface administrator changes Mr. Stradivarius Bureaucrat changes DeltaQuad Kingturtle Technical news In Special:Preferences under "Appearance" → "Advanced options", there is now an option to show a confirmation prompt when clicking on a rollback link. The Wikimedia Foundation's Community health initiative plans to design and build a new user reporting system to make it easier for people experiencing harassment and other forms of abuse to provide accurate information to the appropriate channel for action to be taken. Please see meta:Community health initiative/User reporting system consultation 2019 to provide your input on this idea. Arbitration The Arbitration Committee clarified that the General 1RR prohibition for Palestine-Israel articles may only be enforced on pages with the {{ARBPIA 1RR editnotice}} edit notice. Miscellaneous Two more administrator accounts were compromised. Evidence has shown that these attacks, like previous incidents, were due to reusing a password that was used on another website that suffered a data breach. If you have ever used your current password on any other website, you should change it immediately. All admins are strongly encouraged to enable two-factor authentication, please consider doing so. Please always practice appropriate account security by ensuring your password is secure and unique to Wikimedia. As a reminder, according to WP:NOQUORUM, administrators looking to close or relist an AfD should evaluate a nomination that has received few or no comments as if it were a proposed deletion (PROD) prior to determining whether it should be relisted. Discuss this newsletter Subscribe Archive Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:57, 7 April 2019 (UTC) Want to Know How to Build a Better Democracy? Ask Wikipedia You're quoted in it. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:38, 8 April 2019 (UTC) You've got mail Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.x2 TheSandDoctor Talk 15:52, 9 April 2019 (UTC) Please unprotect Hi, I see you are listed as the admin who moved Lamar S. Smith to Lamar Smith. Would you mind unprotecting the page? 117.229.68.203 (talk) 13:11, 9 April 2019 (UTC) Hello 117, the page in question is indefinitely semi-protected due to persistent vandalism. If you wish to contribute, I would recommend either suggesting edits on the talk page of the article or creating an account (it's free). If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them here and myself, Swarm, or another person will respond when we can --TheSandDoctor Talk 15:57, 9 April 2019 (UTC) RfA comment Hi Swarm. You've always struck me as one of the good ones and, which is not the same, wise. I was, therefore, quite surprised to read, "The only possible reading of your doing so is that you're caving to the shameful people who are trying to sway the result of the RfA ex post facto." I get that the RfA is contentious, that many people feel strongly in both directions; but d'you think you may have over-spoken here, and might be able to reconsider the strength of those words and how they come across? Happy days, LindsayHello 17:53, 10 April 2019 (UTC) How's my name? Hello there, I am writing to you to see your opinion on my idea of a name. It's Auld Lang Syne. It matches all my criteria for a name: Piano (it's a song), vinyl records (it's on a lot of records, the earliest dating back to 1908!), and Literature (It's a poem.) And most of all, it's available globally! I think it's a good, serious name. I'm wondering on your opinion. Your help will be the upmost appreciated. Thank you. The Duke 22:51, 12 April 2019 (UTC) It seems fine to me, but the most important question is whether you think you'll be satisfied with it in the long-run. ~Swarm~ {sting} 00:11, 13 April 2019 (UTC) I've had a think over these two days, and yes. I will be happy to stick with the name stated above in the long-run. It's nice, and serious, and reflects my interests, and hobbies. My other idea, Greensleeves, is taken. And I cannot think of any other names, that aren't taken. Thus, I will be happy with the name. Thank you. The Duke 15:38, 14 April 2019 (UTC) However with that being said. I'm not one hundred percent ready for a rename. As I am thought of a new name just about an hour ago. It's The Kerry Dance. I will now take some time to decide on either/or, and then, when I'm ready (and when I'm able), make the request. Thank you. The Duke 06:58, 15 April 2019 (UTC) You've got mail Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.TheSandDoctor Talk 15:41, 15 April 2019 (UTC) How to avoid AEscalation? Hi Swarm, and Guy Macon -- re , what would it take to address your concerns? --Middle 8 (s)talk • privacy 22:18, 19 April 2019 (UTC) Wondering what is going with my rename? Hello there Swarm, I've taken this week to think over the two names, and I've came to a decision. I'm happy with The Kerry Dance, it's a nice, serious name. And when I asked at WP:AN, I was given two proposals, one by you, and User:Cyberpower678, Cyber told me to come back in six months, and you said "The rename should be actioned when they're ready.". So, since I am ready for my last rename, one where I am happy to stick with this name long-term, what is going to happen? Will Cyber's proposal kick into effect, and my rename will come in six months, or will yours kick in, with it happening now? Thank you. The Duke 14:30, 20 April 2019 (UTC) If Swarm wants to rename you now, they are free to. I'm still sticking by my waiting period here. You should continue using this time to muddle over your name. You may have something better in mind when the time comes. I'm doing this, because I am effectively going against the wide majority of my fellow renamers stances on denying you one last rename. Consider yourself a big exception here as I won't be doing that again.—CYBERPOWER (Chat) 14:55, 20 April 2019 (UTC) @Cyberpower678: Thank you so much for the exception! If Swarm decides to rename me, I will take another week to finalise my thinking. That's if he is even a renamer, I don't think he is. Again, thank you Cyber. The Duke 15:16, 20 April 2019 (UTC) You are correct that Swarm is not a global renamer. * Pppery * has returned 19:20, 20 April 2019 (UTC) Evidence in arbitration case At Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Enigmaman/Evidence#Inappropriate protection practices, did you mean to say something like "... where there was no disruption coming from non-extended confirmed users whatsoever"? isaacl (talk) 21:06, 26 April 2019 (UTC) @Isaacl: Yeah, that's definitely a mistake on my part—I meant confirmed/autoconfirmed. Fixed. Thanks for bringing it to my attention. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:26, 26 April 2019 (UTC) Thanks! I never understood til you explained ;-). 173.228.123.207 (talk) 22:37, 1 May 2019 (UTC) Denuvo Talk Posting my response to your recent comment on the Denuvo Talk Page here since I think this isn't really relevant to establishing a consensus at this moment. That being said, I'm honestly baffled at that response. I don't even know where to begin. The only thing I can think of doing right now is trying to explain my rationale in the face of your frankly astonishingly hostile tone over what is essentially a storm in a fishbowl. The thing that started the whole controversy (which is taking place mostly on Reddit and will likely blow over once the thread slips down within a day or two) is the removal of the unsourced content itself. Users felt that leaving most of the cells in the affected column empty would somehow suggest that someone's trying to make this DRM solution look much more effective than it actually is by "misleading" readers into thinking that a lot fewer cracks are available than there actually are. My intention with removing the section was to reduce controversy by taking this factor out of the equation - and if you take a look at the source of this controversy (i.e. the Reddit thread), that's exactly what the change achieved. If anything, I improved optics that were much worse before, when everyone thought the article was intentionally misleading and edited by a Denuvo employee or whatever. As to what to do with the column, I was under the impression that Wikipedia articles are able to evolve and be edited, so I'm not sure why you imply that sourcing issues could "NEVER" be resolved again, as if any possibility of recreating the column once a consensus has been reached has been tossed into the eternal flames of irrecoverable cleansing. There is currently no consensus regarding how to bring back a gist of the information that the column had previously provided backed by poor sourcing; there have been several suggestions by many users participating in this discussion, and good points have been made by all sides. There are proponents of leaving the column out, there are proponents of bringing the column back, there are proponents for a compromise anywhere between the two extremes (like leaving the column out but adding a new section highlighting the solution's ineffectiveness in more detail). I'm also at a loss as to where you're finding me "authoritatively" or "condescendingly" doing anything in particular. I'd like you to point out to me one instance in which I shut down someone's point without properly explaining why I don't agree with it. If you took exception to the "gentle reminder" part, I don't know what to tell you other than that it was not intended to be hostile in any way, shape or form. We're on the internet here, presumably all adults (or at least old enough to be able to take part in constructive discourse), and hopefully able to separate the person making the point from the point being made - I know I am. I never once even implied that my opinion is any more valid than anyone else's, so the only person barging in and authoritatively claiming anything is the one I'm currently responding to. So you may think I'm "petty" and put on a grand display with those fantastic quotation marks around the word "improvement", presumably as to tell me what you think of the fact that I selfishly decided to ruin Wikipedia by engaging in discussion after trying to somewhat placate an angry mob with an edit that may have been to hasty, but if this is how you deal with brand new inexperienced editors and point out their mistakes, then I'm not sure if I could make any more dents into the public image of Wikipedia than there already are - and that's not considering that there's at least one other, seemingly highly experienced editor who seems to agree with me, and I don't know why your opinion should be any more valid than theirs (or, in fact, vice versa). I hope going off on me felt as good as you thought it would feel, but I'd appreciate if we could get back to the topic at hand without muddying up an ongoing discussion on a Talk Page with what essentially boils down to a frustration rant (that should probably have gone on my Talk Page instead of the article's, but I assume that wouldn't have felt quite as cathartic as posting it where "thousands of critical eyes" would likely see it). --ThePaSch (talk) 02:28, 2 May 2019 (UTC) And, to add to that, I would also like you to point out where exactly I was "edit warring". There was a single (non-vandalism) revert that I made, and it pointed to the Talk page because their revert of my change had absolutely no justification/explanation whatsoever, and, as stated above, I was (and still am) convinced that just not having the column at all would be a much better look to outsiders than to have a table with a few "yes"s strewn in and hundreds of empty cells suggesting "no". So if you could kindly explain to me where exactly the edit war happened, I'll make sure not to let it happen again in the future.--ThePaSch (talk) 03:04, 2 May 2019 (UTC) Unreal. I hope your unwillingness or inability to process criticism without immediately victimizing yourself is merely the result of natural human defensiveness, rather than a symptom of a deeper behavioral issue, or your career here will indeed be very short. My tone reflected the fact that you did one of the most boneheaded things I've ever seen here, and frankly you deserved to be called out. I didn't make that post because I'm a sadist and it "feels good", I made that post because I'm an administrator who's invested years of my life into building up this project, something that pales in comparison to thousands of more dedicated users. So when I see some random newbie who has no stake in the reputation of the project, boneheadedly step into the middle of a sensitive situation that requires nuance and restraint, and do something so utterly stupid that it makes the project look like a joke in the face of thousands of already-concerned spectators, then I'm not going to pretend like it's no big deal and leave a friendly "correction" in a place no one will see it, I'm going to make a post right then and there so people can not only see that you do not represent the project as a whole, but you do not even seem to know what you're doing. I'm sorry if you feel that's harsh, but if you don't want to be harshly chastised, don't introduce yourself to the project by bumbling into a major controversy and acting like a bull in a china shop, to the detriment of Wikipedia's public image and act like it's no big deal. ~Swarm~ {sting} 03:08, 2 May 2019 (UTC) It's unfortunate that you feel the need to continuously and repeatedly attack my person instead of engaging with any of what I said or any of the rationale that I explained. I can assure you there is no "deeper behavioral issue"; I'm just trying to understand why you feel my actions make "the project look like a joke". I will reserve the right to defend myself here as the only thing you seem to be aware of is that there is a controversy, but not what about and from where - I outlined that information to you, mentioned that the removal of the column was welcomed by many who felt even more misled by a column with a bunch of empty cells (that would naturally imply a "no" when the only other content to be found anywhere are a few cited "yes"), but you engaged with absolutely none of that and decided you have to instead call me boneheaded, utterly stupid and a bull in a china shop, on top of implying a deep-lying mental problem. Please excuse me if I feel offended by that. Please let me know if we can have an actual discussion about this. I'll understand if you aren't keen to, since you haven't shown any willingness so far and I don't expect that to change in the future, but on the off chance that there is constructive discourse to be had here, I'd like to start off fresh, because I'm seriously starting to feel like we've got off on the wrongest of feet here. Just an acknowledgement that you have indeed read through my rationale, and at least some attempt at rebuttal (as opposed to personal attacks), would go a long way. I realize that making you sound like a sadist wasn't the kindest of things from me either, but I'm sure you'll understand that there is indeed a natural human defensiveness that will indeed kick in after being put in the pillory with an explanation that is not entirely comprehensible from my point of view, having stated why in my previous posting. I will concede that while your tone could've been better, so could mine, and would simply like to resolve this dispute as amicably as possible. --ThePaSch (talk) 03:34, 2 May 2019 (UTC) Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular) ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community. Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to "have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices." We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised. We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered. For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:04, 4 May 2019 (UTC) Administrators' newsletter – May 2019 News and updates for administrators from the past month (April 2019). Administrator changes HickoryOughtShirt?4 • RexxS Necrothesp Bratsche • Kyle Barbour • Kzollman • Madman Interface administrator changes Pharos Bureaucrat changes Primefac CheckUser changes Reaper Eternal Guideline and policy news A request for comment concluded that creating pages in the portal namespace should be restricted to autoconfirmed users. Following a request for comment, the subject-specific notability guideline for pornographic actors and models (WP:PORNBIO) was removed; in its place, editors should consult WP:ENT and WP:GNG. Technical news XTools Admin Stats, a tool to list admins by administrative actions, has been revamped to support more types of log entries such as AbuseFilter changes. Two additional tools have been integrated into it as well: Steward Stats and Patroller Stats. Arbitration In response to the continuing compromise of administrator accounts, the Arbitration Committee passed a motion amending the procedures for return of permissions (diff). In such cases, the committee will review all available information to determine whether the administrator followed "appropriate personal security practices" before restoring permissions; administrators found failing to have adequately done so will not be resysopped automatically. All current administrators have been notified of this change. Following a formal ratification process, the arbitration policy has been amended (diff). Specifically, the two-thirds majority required to remove or suspend an arbitrator now excludes (1) the arbitrator facing suspension or removal, and (2) any inactive arbitrator who does not respond within 30 days to attempts to solicit their feedback on the resolution through all known methods of communication. Miscellaneous A request for comment is currently open to amend the community sanctions procedure to exclude non XfD or CSD deletions. A proposal to remove pre-2009 indefinite IP blocks is currently open for discussion. Discuss this newsletter Subscribe Archive Sent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:37, 5 May 2019 (UTC) Autopatrolled Permission Discussion - Spinster300 Hello dearest Swarm, my sincerest apologies for never having gotten back to you in November. I was unable to participate fully on Wikipedia, as work and family kept me busy. At this point, I am still getting back on the beat of how things are run here again. Please accept this message as my withdrawal request from being considered for Autopatrolled Permission at this time. I hope I can be up and running more actively on Wikipedia soon, and confidently resubmit my application (keeping in mind the improvements and detailing you suggested to my edits) in the months to come. I hope you are well and have a good day! Cheers and kindest regards, Spinster300 (talk) 05:30, 3 May 2019 (UTC). Alright. Offer still stands. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:36, 10 May 2019 (UTC) Concern Hi Swarm. Regarding your granting of rollback, I know you couldn't of seen this, but I would like to highlight my concerns that had me decline Masumrezarock100's PCR request on the 28th. I'm not objecting to the granting of rollback if your discretion thinks it's still ok, but just want to bring this to your attention at minimum. (My two cents is the bot should pull up any declined perms request in the last 90 days as they requested NPR last month on top of that). -- Amanda (aka DQ) 19:02, 5 May 2019 (UTC) @DeltaQuad: Hey. Thanks for bringing this to my attention. To be honest, I just rubber-stamped the request as it was endorsed by the user's CVUA instructor. I would not have granted it had I known about such a recent declined PCR request. Girth Summit seems enthusiastic that the user can be trusted with it, and a cursory review of the user's patrol looks okay, though they aren't using Rollback. But in recognition of the concerns, I'll convert my grant to a temporary trial period, for review in a month. ~Swarm~ {sting} 22:00, 10 May 2019 (UTC) ANOTHER BELIEVER I am wondering how the decision came to indefinite 1-way IBAN. The community input has been anything between 3-6 months with 3 months being the prevailing input, so the consensus push for indefinite. how did it come to consensus having decided for "indefinite"? Can you explain how it got extended out?Graywalls (talk) 00:38, 4 May 2019 (UTC) Sure! To be clear, it actually was not "extended out". "Indefinite" simply means that there is no specified duration. The IBAN was indefinite as proposed. Unfortunately, the consensus view did not endorse adding an expiry. Two users supported a 3 month duration, and one supported a 6 month, but even combined this does not represent a level of support that could be considered a "consensus". ~Swarm~ {sting} 01:21, 4 May 2019 (UTC) Could you clarify the specific restrictions and depending on those terms of restrictions, how do I request to have it modified to TWO-WAY IBAN? I am concerned that the complainant may not have been interested in resolving a conflict, but possibly exploiting the IBAN as a leverage to advance his editorial position. Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Nina_West here, he tried to challenge my input on a AfD which occurred prior to ANI decision and brought up IBAN into it, trying to invalidate my input. Here, he came into an article he's never touched in the past to revert my contents he doesn't like unilaterally. It occurred soon after I remarked (not towards him) that comment was casted to ANI decision. diff which is the same type of edit that lead to edit war at Embers Avenue prior to the ANI. I feel like I'm getting followed by this editor and possibly baited into reverting him to get me to violate IBAN. Portland Loo, he pounced on my edit he didn't like as soon as ANI closed to apply his editorial discretion. here, he pushed forward with his proposal which I don't agree with that was outstanding prior to ANI knowing that I can't revert him. A 3PO was pending prior to ANI being started, but the 3PO reviewer got scared off after ANI. I feel he's exploiting the ONE WAY IBAN to advance his editorial position and retaliate and I feel reversion by nobody but him on topics we've never interacted on is an indication, such as on the Oregon Bottle Bill. What can I do to get the IBAN changed to TWO WAY, or am I still ok to revert him as long as I don't interact? Graywalls (talk) 18:25, 9 May 2019 (UTC) I stand by my 2 image removals. Swarm, if you think either of those images are worth keeping (File:Removal of containers from recycling bins without permission.jpg, File:Portland Loo with Sharps drop box .jpg), by all means feel free to revert. I am not following this editor or interested in interacting with them. If working in this way (getting editor feedback on talk pages instead of making changes based on Graywalls' edits) is preferred, I'll try harder to do this. Also, pretty sure the 3PO reviewer wasn't "scared off", and I was given permission to move forward. ---Another Believer (Talk) 20:47, 9 May 2019 (UTC) @Graywalls: The straightforward provisions of WP:IBAN apply, broadly construed. In other words, if something feels like a "gray area", it will be considered a violation. You may propose that your one-way IBAN be converted into a two-way IBAN at AN, with convincing evidence that AB is retaliating against you. "Baiting" you, or maliciously prodding you into violating the IBAN is certainly not tolerated, and it's certainly inherently implied that AB will not abuse the sanction to retaliate. That said, let me be clear: the community intentionally made it a one-way, rather than a two-way IBAN, which is a major, major difference. This means that you are formally considered, on record, to have engaged in harassment, and that AB is considered to be an innocent victim of harassment. AB is intentionally allowed to continue interacting with you, without restriction, and you are forbidden from interacting in turn. So, something like reverting you in the content space is perfectly valid and allowed. If you disagree, you may pursue a discussion on the talk page, and subsequent dispute resolution, like normal, as long as you abide by the interaction ban. Casting normal edits as harassment is likely to be interpreted as continued harassment, and an attempt to sanction a user who is literally considered to be your victim is probably more likely to be met with a BOOMERANG, rather than patience and understanding. ~Swarm~ {sting} 22:51, 10 May 2019 (UTC) Review Requested. Hey Swarm, As you probably noticed, I've come back from that month-long Wikibreak. I have since stayed away from (A) AN/I, (B) AN/RFC, and (C) clerking discussion threads. I have also not been involved with any advising, mentoring, mediating, flattering, and chatting in non-article-related discussions. Well okay.. Flattering and chatting is hard to not do, but I want to believe there was improvements made in these areas in terms of their productiveness. I have tried to keep to a minimum all exclusively unproductive discussions. I have been trying to help with the portal clean-up since coming back and have been leaning on the advice of BHG for that task. It's obviously a contentious issue, and I would have preferred less drama surrounding it... However, the work can be boring though for most, so I therefore enjoy it. Anything even remotely related to the disruptive dispute between that now blocked editor and the aforementioned admin I have stayed away from as much as I could. I must say that my experience on Wikipedia has been a series of ups and downs. However, I will hold up one edit I made here above all the rest. Special:Diff/882119355 is the edit I look back on as probably my best one up to now. In that spirit, could you please take a look at my contributions? I would like some general feedback with my handling of this, this, and this. Any advice moving forward on those fronts would be appreciated. Your ever grateful adoptee, –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 08:07, 27 April 2019 (UTC) Just following up because I don't want this to be a bother for you. I'll understand if you are too busy. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 20:51, 3 May 2019 (UTC) Sorry, I haven't been around much lately. I'll take a look when I get the chance. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:36, 10 May 2019 (UTC) Awesome; Thank you! I was worried for a bit there that I proven myself to be too much of a handful. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 23:50, 10 May 2019 (UTC) Two questions: While sanctioned, do you think that it is a good idea to request additional rights (in particular, I would like rollback)? Do you think I would be ready for additional rights and earned back the trust from the community? Awesome Aasim 15:36, 8 May 2019 (UTC) Yeah I see no problem with you requesting additional rights, as long as you have a straightforward need for them! Regarding question 2, what did you have in mind? ~Swarm~ {sting} 22:55, 10 May 2019 (UTC) In particular, I would like to get rollback permissions so I can revert vandalism. Awesome Aasim 04:02, 12 May 2019 (UTC) Chiropractic There are problems with the chiropractic page including failed verification content and a MEDRS violation in the lede. If IPs or new accounts try to remove the problematic content the article should not be semi-protected because others disagree. Readers have been complaining for years about the chiropractic page. This time the readers are correct. QuackGuru (talk) 16:28, 3 May 2019 (UTC) Thanks for catching this. I'll try to keep an eye on things over there. ~Swarm~ {sting} 19:44, 3 May 2019 (UTC) It is no secret my draft for the lede fixes the problems. I will likely end up at arbcom if I try to fix the problems. I am familiar with the topic and wrote a significant amount of content. The original editors who helped build the article are no longer interested in the article or have left Wikipedia. QuackGuru (talk) 19:51, 3 May 2019 (UTC) Can you summarize what the issue is, so that I know what I'm looking for? ~Swarm~ {sting} 20:02, 3 May 2019 (UTC) Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine. Some proponents, especially those in the field's early history, have claimed that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system, through vertebral subluxation, claims which are demonstrably false. All of this is very poor writing. The first paragraph should mainly be about the profession. Its foundation is at odds with mainstream medicine, and chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and "innate intelligence" that reject science. Failed verification and misplaced content. Chiropractors are not medical doctors. MEDRS violation. The first paragraph is problematic. I proposed this. QuackGuru (talk) 20:20, 3 May 2019 (UTC) A reader removed some of the problematic content from the lede. I went ahead and added my proposal. If the bias content and failed verification content is restored we can go to AN/I or arbcom. QuackGuru (talk) 18:55, 5 May 2019 (UTC) Failed verification content and other policy violations were restored even though others objected to the previous version. QuackGuru (talk) 17:12, 7 May 2019 (UTC) @QuackGuru: I can impose AE page restrictions. Do you think that will help? Will also weigh in on the talk page. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:40, 10 May 2019 (UTC) The only thing that will help is to get back to this version. A RfC may be the only way. QuackGuru (talk) 21:45, 10 May 2019 (UTC) See what the editor wrote on the talk page: The current and long-standing lede section provides an accurate, well-sourced, general summary of Chiropractic. Removing sourced material such as "... through vertebral subluxation, claims which are demonstrably false" doesn't help inform the reader, it simply misleads them. You also want to remove "Its foundation is at odds with mainstream medicine, and chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and "innate intelligence" that reject science." That reject science is duplication of "pseudoscientific" and the editor did not acknowledge the content failed verification and the other content was unsourced. That is grounds for a topic banned or a block. Shall we go to AN/I or Arbcom? QuackGuru (talk) 16:44, 12 May 2019 (UTC) The editor is refusing to acknowledge any content they restored failed verification and is commenting on the editor rather than the content. QuackGuru (talk) 03:31, 13 May 2019 (UTC) There is a policy called consensus. It was originally added here. There is no consensus for the content. See the latest edit. through vertebral subluxation, claims which are not based on scientific evidence. is duplication of chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and "innate intelligence" that reject science. Click on the citations such as citation 8. It does not verify chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and "innate intelligence". I can't improve the lede as long as the other editor does not acknowledge there is any problems. The lede is too long and can be trimmed. I can't trim the lede or make any improvements. It is a waste of time to argue on the talk page for weeks or months. QuackGuru (talk) 20:20, 13 May 2019 (UTC) See "Some proponents, especially those in the field's early history, have claimed that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system, through vertebral subluxation, claims which are not based on scientific evidence." "Some proponents" fails verification "claimed" is not neutral per WP:CLAIM "through vertebral subluxation" is misleading content to state it is "through" vertebral subluxation. It would need to be rewritten to make any sense. There is a problem with each and every sentence in the first paragraph. QuackGuru (talk) 16:55, 14 May 2019 (UTC)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew J. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MattLongCT&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"-Talk-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:MattLongCT&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"☖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Swarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Swarm"},{"link_name":"WP:rollbacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollbacker"},{"link_name":"Matthew J. 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version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiropractic&oldid=895683017"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AChiropractic&type=revision&diff=896738146&oldid=896515908"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AChiropractic&type=revision&diff=896798392&oldid=896748272"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=859230506"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiropractic&type=revision&diff=866798272&oldid=861597166"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiropractic&type=revision&diff=895647977&oldid=895477333"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AChiropractic&type=revision&diff=895212831&oldid=892780043"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiropractic&action=historysubmit&type=revision&diff=896889593&oldid=896515578"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"WP:CLAIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CLAIM"},{"link_name":"QuackGuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:QuackGuru"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:QuackGuru"}],"text":"Okay, silly question...How do I get my userpage to be cooler? I can't seem to do anything besides put one userbox on top of another. ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 23:21, 8 February 2019 (UTC)Swarm, Also... another silly question: Do you think I have enough experience to be a WP:rollbacker? I know you generally handle those sorts of things. Cheers! ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 14:08, 9 February 2019 (UTC)\n@MattLongCT: So, I'm not a userspace design expert by any means. What little customization I do have has been ripped off of other users over the years! I would say the very fundamental aspects, in my personal opinion, are organized userboxes, and a picture. Beyond that, it all depends on how in-depth you want to go. I made a header, and a list of quick links. You can see the above section for instructions on how to customize the way your user page title displays. Most of my userspace is utilitarian, but in the past, I had a ton of userboxes, interesting photos, a collection of on-wiki quotes that I had saved. But if you really want to get into it, you can look at Worm That Turned's user page, which is heavily customized. I don't know how he did that, but I imagine that you can get something really impressive just by copying his code and tinkering with all the different parameters! My approach: scan around and rip off what you like! To answer your second question, yes, in terms of baseline experience, you're already qualified for Rollback. However, Rollback is reserved for experienced recent changes patrollers, who have demonstrated the ability to correctly screen for and revert vandalism, and appropriately warn users. We need to see that you can differentiate between vandalism and good faith disruptive editing, revert with appropriate edit summaries, issue appropriate warnings. If you'd like to get involved, see WP:RCP and WP:CVU. It's really not difficult for most people, and if you take a day or two to demonstrate experience with anti-vandalism patrol, I'd be happy to grant you Rollback, and Pending changes reviewer as well! ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:15, 10 February 2019 (UTC)\nBtw, if you have any specific ideas for your userpage and you're just not sure how to implement them, let me know and I'll be happy to assist. ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:32, 10 February 2019 (UTC)\nswarm, Oh my gosh that is so helpful!! I'm really trying to diversify my on-wiki experiences. Though, I am already a pending change reviewer. I'll be taking on the task of monitoring WP:RCP when I get home. Thank you again, Swarm!! ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 17:54, 10 February 2019 (UTC)\nSwarm, alright. Would you mind taking a look at my edits? I think I did some decent anti-vandalism stuff. ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 21:24, 12 February 2019 (UTC)\n@MattLongCT: Looks fine, I'll go ahead and grant Rollback. That said, it looks like you're going most of your editing manually. Have you tried Twinkle? It makes a lot of things easier, including reverting, issuing templates, warnings and welcomes, making reports to admins, tagging articles, nominating them for deletion, etc. Highly recommend. ~Swarm~ {talk} 10:57, 13 February 2019 (UTC)\nSwarm, Oh my gosh!! this was the coolest thing I have done! It is so much more efficient!! I've been meaning to check out twinkle, though. I just have to get a handle on it. ―Matthew J. Long -Talk-☖ 15:42, 13 February 2019 (UTC)\n@MattLongCT: Haha I know right? It's amazing. Don't get me wrong, I also started off editing manually, and I being able to do so is a fundamental ability that any decent editor needs to master first, before they start using scripts. But it makes it so much easier. You can enable plenty of other helpful tools like this from the \"gadgets\" page (in preferences). There is also an extended list at Wikipedia:User scripts/List. I actually don't use too many, but you may find a few others that would be helpful. ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:53, 20 February 2019 (UTC)AE – Sarah JeongIPs are back to vandalizing the article. Would it be worth restoring WP:ECP for this? —Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:31, 21 February 2019 (UTC)Yes, between the vandalism and the recent talk page comments, there is clearly still an issue, as expected. ECP reinstated indefinitely. ~Swarm~ {talk} 01:27, 22 February 2019 (UTC)RevdeletionHi! I saw that you revdeleted the history of Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women – a page I have watchlisted because of the CCI for the author(s). But I'm not immediately seeing where any copyvio has been removed; what am I missing? Best regards, Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 13:57, 21 February 2019 (UTC)@Justlettersandnumbers: Hey! See #Thanks, and a request. FKC is cleaning up their own copyvios, I'm just handling the revdel side of things. If you want the specifics, you'll have to ask them. But, feel free to restore revisions as needed so FKC can show you the diffs. Hope all is well! ~Swarm~ {talk} 14:37, 21 February 2019 (UTC)Thanks, Swarm – of course a clean-up is very good news. Could I suggest, however, that there should be some sort of trail left of what's been done? Perhaps if FreeKnowledgeCreator would identify the source(s) of the copied material in each case, one of you could then leave a {{cclean}} on the relevant talk-page? Happy to help with this if needed. Regards, Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 20:02, 21 February 2019 (UTC)\n@Justlettersandnumbers: Okay, that sounds perfectly reasonable to me and I'm willing to do what I can. But, speaking pragmatically, as you can see, we already have a huge number of requests actioned. I'm honestly not sure how feasible it will be to go through every single article again and sift out the source of the original copyvio. Maybe FKC can do it, I'm not sure, but it seems like a fairly large task. ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:11, 22 February 2019 (UTC)No need, but thank you.For what it's worth the feeling is genuinely mutual. To find myself in disagreement with you...the realisation hit me that perhaps I wasn't being as clear or cogent as I ought to have been. Or like to think myself as! For myself, I'm just sorry if I came across as an officious tosser; have noted the pressure-cooker environment I then did bugger-all to lower the temperature with my replies. I hope you're keeping fine, Swarm—cheers. ——SerialNumber54129 18:07, 22 February 2019 (UTC)@Serial Number 54129: Thanks, I appreciate that. I completely feel the same on my end. Your reply is a weight off my shoulders. Getting overly worked up and playing into the escalation of such \"pressure-cooker environments\" is not ideal, and rationally, I would like to say that I am already above that, but apparently this is one of my many flaws that I have yet to fully eradicate. That said, unpleasant incidents like this are important reminders of the areas I can improve on as an editor, administrator, and person. Sometimes, that's just how we learn. A less experienced Swarm would have implemented the indef unilaterally rather than arguing about it in a discussion, and I'm not going to say I wasn't tempted to, but I've done that sort of thing before, and I've learned that escalating such a situation is not fun or beneficial for anyone, much less the project. I did still let my passion get the better of me, but progress is progress. I'll see you around, Serial Number, and I look forward to our paths crossing on friendlier terms. All the best, ~Swarm~ {talk} 05:18, 23 February 2019 (UTC)Most Subscribed Youtuber Talk Page section mergerIn your full protection statement last night you said that we should have a single discussion. That has not happened and instead people are making spam edit requests and the page looks like spaghetti . IDK if this is necessary but can you give me permission to blank some of these sections and create only 1 talk section about this page convict. BMO4744 (talk) 12:29, 23 February 2019 (UTC)I am going to do it at 6:00 ust because it is just a hot mess.BMO4744 (talk) 16:53, 23 February 2019 (UTC)I planned on cleaning up the talk page, but I’m on mobile and it’s too difficult to do it on a phone. I was gonna consolidate all the protected edit requests into a single section and remove the templates, and then collapse them with {{collapse top}} and {{collapse bottom}}. They are spammy and annoying, but I don’t think outright blanking is permissible under WP:TPO. Feel free to to do this task for me, alternatively, they can be archived. Thanks for your help! ~Swarm~ {talk} 17:02, 23 February 2019 (UTC)Ok, I have cleaned up. I am going to combine the discussion later. IDK how to merge all the different threads into 1 but I will probably just create 1 feed and ask people to only use that feed. BMO4744 (talk) 19:28, 23 February 2019 (UTC)@Life of Tau: Please actually read what I said before becoming hostile, and @BMO4744: I specifically explained the forms of cleanup that would be appropriate, and I specifically said that blanking isn't permissible by policy. So I'm not sure why you misrepresented what I said and wrongly claimed you had permission to blank comments. That sort of thing can get you into hot water. Thank you for trying to help out, and thank you Tau for correctly restoring, makes it easier on me. ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:52, 23 February 2019 (UTC)PewDiePieT Series passed PewDiePie so I don’t know y you change it they passed him for 8 minutes they should be recognized as the most subbed channel unblock It RomanReignsHEEL (talk) 05:24, 23 February 2019 (UTC)Please read the talk page. ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:16, 23 February 2019 (UTC)T Series should be recognized as the most subbed channel fix it or unprotected the page if you don’t do it I’m giving you until 8:40 PM Feb 24 Eastern Stantard Time,24 hour to fix it \nFrom Romanreigns heel RomanReignsHEEL (talk) 01:36, 24 February 2019 (UTC)Replied on your talk page. ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:23, 24 February 2019 (UTC)ACC tool access approvedThank you for your interest in returning to the account creation team. I have verified that you have signed the confidentiality agreement for nonpublic information and reactivated your account.You may now access the interface here. Before you begin handling requests, please ensure you have read and understood the account creation guide and username policy as there have been changes since you were last active. As always, if you have any questions, please ask, and if in doubt on a request, it is always best to ask questions or to unreserve it.Please also remember to resubscribe to the ACC mailing list before handling any requests. Please pay special attention to the instructions for verifying your on-wiki identity using Special:EmailUser.Finally, if you'd like access back to our IRC chat channel (#wikipedia-en-accounts connect), please join #wikipedia-en-accounts-unreg connect, and I or another channel operator will get you set up with access again.Please don't hesitate to get in touch with me if you have any questions. Thank you for participating in the account creation process. Again, welcome back! — JJMC89 (T·C) 19:50, 22 February 2019 (UTC)Awesome, thanks JJMC89!! I look forward to getting back involved, and I will definitely take my time in re-reviewing the pertinent information. I'll have to retrain myself to use IRC, but I will join the channel so I can consult with others when needed. Is the channel active? I remember back in the day, we'd sit in the IRC chat and wait for the requests to come in. When one did, we'd get a ping, and it was a rush to be the one to reserve the request first. If you weren't in the IRC, you had no chance of catching any of the requests. How things have changed! ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:33, 24 February 2019 (UTC)\nThat happened when the backlog was under control. With our current backlog there isn't a need to wait for new requests. The channel isn't too active but there's often some people around to answer questions. — JJMC89 (T·C) 07:55, 24 February 2019 (UTC)\n@JJMC89: Hey, my email is \"banned\" from the mailing list lol. Can you fix this? ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:10, 24 February 2019 (UTC) \nThe entire domain was banned due to a period of list subscription spam. I've removed the ban. — JJMC89 (T·C) 22:19, 24 February 2019 (UTC)\n@JJMC89: Thanks, but now, when I try to subscribe, I get a message saying \"You must GET the form before submitting it.\" What does that even mean?! ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:21, 24 February 2019 (UTC)\nI've never see that before. I just did a test subscription, and it worked fine. Could you try again? If it doesn't work, then just do the EmailUser part and I'll subscribe you. — JJMC89 (T·C) 00:03, 25 February 2019 (UTC)\n@JJMC89: Huh, I tried it multiple times before and got that same error message, but when I just tried it again, it did work. Weird. Anyway, I've subscribed and sent the verification email. Thanks for all your help. ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:06, 25 February 2019 (UTC)\nI haven't received your subscription request. Did you receive the confirmation email from mailman? — JJMC89 (T·C) 00:26, 25 February 2019 (UTC)\nOh, I didn't realize I needed to confirm. Done now. ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:36, 25 February 2019 (UTC)Oh, and you can send the subscription fee payment directly to me. ᴵᵗˢ ʷᵒʳᵗʰ ᵃ ᵗʳʸ SQLQuery me! 02:03, 25 February 2019 (UTC)\nOkay, I can't figure out IRC, it's been too long and it's too confusing. ~Swarm~ {talk} 07:28, 25 February 2019 (UTC)United StatesYou clearly haven’t seen Talk:United States#New York or New York City in the Infobox? as well. IWI (chat) 09:09, 26 February 2019 (UTC)Huh? There's no formal, or even informal, consensus in that discussion. But, it appears that more people seem to favor \"New York City\" over \"New York\", so I'm not sure what you're getting at. ~Swarm~ {talk} 09:28, 26 February 2019 (UTC)\nNo, I know, but this proves what the status quo was during the ongoing discussion. So Castncoot was edit warring against status quo, something I think you missed. IWI (chat) 15:29, 26 February 2019 (UTC)\nI respect you as an editor but you have definitely made an error. IWI (chat) 21:41, 26 February 2019 (UTC)\nThe user's immaturity is highlighted as he has removed my comment from his talk page twice and won’t discuss with me. He is circumventing policies and guidelines to get his way (e.g. he has every right to remove my comment, but it’s not exactly a civil thing to do to someone trying to resolve a dispute) and I don’t know how to resolve this and I would like some guidence before I go to noticeboards. IWI (chat) 01:20, 27 February 2019 (UTC)\n(talk page stalker) IWI, you should just let this go. Castncoot is completely within their rights to remove your posts from their talk page and repeated attempts to discuss those removals, either on Castncoot's talk page or elsewhere, is only going to get you into trouble.--regentspark (comment) 02:08, 27 February 2019 (UTC)Hello, would you be able to remove my templateeditor rights.Hello,I would like for my templateeditor rights to be removed. I won't need them anymore and so for security it will be better if one less account has the rights.Thanks, Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 18:52, 27 February 2019 (UTC)Dreamy Jazz, that's a thing people do? You really don't need them... so you are giving them up? (talk page stalker) ―MattLongCT -Talk-☖ 18:55, 27 February 2019 (UTC)\nMattLongCT, yes. I am becoming semi-retired, so won't use them. Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 18:58, 27 February 2019 (UTC)\nDreamy Jazz, oh... that's unfortunate. Just so you know, that is a loss for the project. :') ―MattLongCT -Talk-☖ 19:01, 27 February 2019 (UTC)\nWill reply on your talk page. ~Swarm~ {talk} 08:31, 28 February 2019 (UTC)Precious anniversaryWe give thanks, we give thanks ;) --Gerda Arendt (talk)@Gerda Arendt: Thank you very much! I can't believe it's been a year already! It was a great honor to have been recognized this way in the first place, and to have such an anniversary recognized is humbling. ~Swarm~ {talk} 08:30, 28 February 2019 (UTC)Sorry, it was meant to be uplifting, not humbling ;) - I made \"we give thanks\" my motto for 2019, so can't thank enough. Did you notice Ray's Rules? --Gerda Arendt (talk) 08:36, 28 February 2019 (UTC)Administrators' newsletter – March 2019News and updates for administrators from the past month (February 2019).Administrator changes\n\n Evad37\n There'sNoTime\n Alex Shih • Brian • Mushroom • Nakon • Oscarthecat • PeruvianLlama • Ragib • Reaper Eternal • Rossami • Tom\n Interface administrator changes\n\n Evad37 • Galobtter\n Ritchie333\n\n\n\n\n\n CheckUser changes\n\n There'sNoTime\n Keegan • Ks0stm\n Oversight changes\n\n There'sNoTime\n Ks0stm • SphilbrickGuideline and policy newsThe RfC on administrator activity requirements failed to reach consensus for any proposal.\nFollowing discussions at the Bureaucrats' noticeboard and Wikipedia talk:Administrators, an earlier change to the restoration of adminship policy was reverted. If requested, bureaucrats will not restore administrator permissions removed due to inactivity if there have been five years without a logged administrator action; this \"five year rule\" does not apply to permissions removed voluntarily.Technical newsA new tool is available to help determine if a given IP is an open proxy/VPN/webhost/compromised host.ArbitrationThe Arbitration Committee announced two new OTRS queues. Both are meant solely for cases involving private information; other cases will continue to be handled at the appropriate venues (e.g., WP:COIN or WP:SPI).\npaid-en-wpwikipedia.org has been set up to receive private evidence related to abusive paid editing.\ncheckuser-en-wpwikipedia.org has been set up to receive private requests for CheckUser. For instance, requests for IP block exemption for anonymous proxy editing should now be sent to this address instead of the functionaries-en list.MiscellaneousFollowing the 2019 Steward Elections, the following editors have been appointed as stewards: Base, Einsbor, Jon Kolbert, Schniggendiller, and Wim b.Discuss this newsletter\nSubscribe\nArchiveSent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:13, 4 March 2019 (UTC)You've got mail!Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! Message added 23:18, 4 March 2019 (UTC). It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.TheSandDoctor Talk 23:18, 4 March 2019 (UTC)AdoptionI was wondering if you were still adopting. If so, can you adopt me? NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 23:25, 19 February 2019 (UTC)Yes, sure. If you have any questions, let me know. Is there anything in particular you're interested in getting involved with? ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:00, 20 February 2019 (UTC)I was just wondering if you could teach me some of the basics on how to do most of the things on Wikipedia like Infoboxes and other stuff on Wikipedia pages. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 13:32, 20 February 2019 (UTC)@NerdyKaiExpo: Alright. Well, let's start with the basics. Infoboxes are a little advanced. For a basic introduction on how to edit, see The Wikipedia Adventure. Once you've completed it, you can let me know what you're still confused on, and we can get into infoboxes. ~Swarm~ {talk} 23:30, 20 February 2019 (UTC)I finished The Wikipedia Adventure. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 16:41, 21 February 2019 (UTC)@NerdyKaiExpo: Awesome! Are you feeling comfortable with the basics of editing, or was there anything you're still unsure about? ~Swarm~ {talk} 18:03, 21 February 2019 (UTC)I’m pretty comfortable with the basics, and as of right now I havn’t run into anything to difficult but I will come and ask if I do find something. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 18:12, 21 February 2019 (UTC)Sounds good! Remember to indent your posts when you're replying! Did you still have any questions about infoboxes? ~Swarm~ {talk} 18:15, 21 February 2019 (UTC)\nYeah do you need to have all of the information filled into the Infobox in order for it to be considered a “complete” Infobox? NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 21:05, 21 February 2019 (UTC)\nHow do you do the pushpin picture things for Infoboxes? NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 00:46, 22 February 2019 (UTC)\nYou absolutely do not need to have all of the information filled out. Virtually no infobox does! Whatever is necessary, appropriate, and/or achievable will always suffice. Now, I'm not sure what you mean by \"pushpin picture\". Can you show me an example? ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:13, 22 February 2019 (UTC)\nGo to the article Charlotte, North Carolina and look in the Infobox. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 13:50, 22 February 2019 (UTC)\nAre you referring to the buttons, where you can switch between the maps? @NerdyKaiExpo: ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:34, 24 February 2019 (UTC)\nYes, but I want to do it with different pictures not maps. NerdyKaiExpo (talk) 17:31, 24 February 2019 (UTC)\nWell, that infobox parameter is specifically for maps. As far as I know, there's no precedent for using pushpins to switch between general images. We instead use image galleries. However, you may wish to ask at WT:INFOWATCH, they may be able to expand on this subject. ~Swarm~ {talk} 20:45, 5 March 2019 (UTC)Noticed your changing signatures~~Swarm~~{talk}Hi Swarm,I've noticed you changed your signatures over the past few weeks. The current one (since last month) only had 2 tildes, so this one above is the same as current, but now with the standard 4 tildes, as noted. How does it look now?~~AirTSC~~{talk}Yeah, I actually had been using the four tildes as a tribute to another user who inspired me to become involved here, who used the four tildes in their sig. I initially adopted this one simply because a user dropped by and suggested this design (they had also noticed me changing sigs). It pained me to drop the four tilde concept, but when I tried the new design with the extra tildes, I realized I liked the smaller, more minimalist design. Part of the reason I kept changing my sigs was because I kept feeling like it was too aggressive, and when I tested this sig with the extra tildes, I still felt that way. This one, for whatever reason, doesn't make me feel like that, so I like it better. Thanks for stopping by though! ~Swarm~ {talk} 20:57, 5 March 2019 (UTC)There ain't any CopyvioDear Friend, Please look at [1] and help to xplain to Rossguill that there ain't any Copyvio because the text can be used freely via the OTRS decision. Thank you for everything.Borgatya (talk) 12:14, 5 March 2019 (UTC)It was just a mistake. No big deal. ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:03, 5 March 2019 (UTC)Regarding my current banI was wondering if I am allowed to use {{Edit request}} to make edits to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Or is that disruptive as well? The reason why I am asking is this. Wikipedia has \"Blocks may be used to enforce bans\" but the page does not reflect the updates that the WMF staff had. Awesome Aasim 17:43, 3 March 2019 (UTC)PS you may remember me as UpsandDowns1234. Awesome Aasim 17:43, 3 March 2019 (UTC)\n@Awesome Aasim: Hey! So, in general, I think you should steer clear of making edit requests for policies and guidelines, because you agreed to \"refrain from unnecessary edits or participation in the Wikipedia namespace or in any Wikipedia meta-processes\", unless \"related to the uncontentious improvement of articles\". That's pretty straightforward. Of course, we can be reasonable and hear you out if you think there's a very good reason to make an exception. What exactly is the issue you need to raise? ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:58, 4 March 2019 (UTC)\nOkay. Maybe you can update my username on WP:ER/UC but that's it. I have no plans to appeal my sanctions right now because they are ensuring that I am only making encyclopedia-improving edits and because I now have a better understanding on how policy-related edits are disruptive. Awesome Aasim 22:01, 4 March 2019 (UTC)\n Done. Btw, good job keeping out of trouble. Hope all is well! ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:11, 5 March 2019 (UTC)Adoptee Report: Gaming the system from YCTiberiusPage: User:YCTiberius/sandboxGuideline: WP:GAMERelevant Links: Special:Diff/886522752Comment: Clear gaming the system by making 10 sandbox edits to get user autoconfirmed. I recently posted to WP:AN/I, so I don't want to make another post there at the moment. I figured I would submit this to you since you're my adopter. Thank you, –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 20:43, 6 March 2019 (UTC)You've got mailHello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.MPS1992 (talk) 21:36, 8 March 2019 (UTC)YGMHey, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! There is no subject line. It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 01:38, 9 March 2019 (UTC)ArbCom 2019 special circularAdministrators must secure their accounts\nThe Arbitration Committee may require a new RfA if your account is compromised.\n\nUse strong, unique passwords for your Wikipedia account and associated email\nChange your password now if your Wikipedia account password or email password is reused on another website, exposed, or weak\nEnable two-factor authentication now for improved security\n\nView additional informationWhy have I received this message?\nAll administrators are receiving it.\nWhat prompted you to send this message?\nRecently, several Wikipedia admin accounts were compromised. The admin accounts were desysopped on an emergency basis. In the past, the Committee often resysopped admin accounts as a matter of course once the admin was back in control of their account. The committee has updated its guidelines. Admins may now be required to undergo a fresh Request for Adminship (RfA) after losing control of their account.\nWhat do I need to do?\nOnly to follow the instructions in this message.\nCheck that your password is unique (not reused across sites).\nCheck that your password is strong (not simple or guessable).\nEnable Two-factor authentication (2FA), if you can, to create a second hurdle for attackers.\nHow can I find out more about two-factor authentication (2FA)?\nYou can find out more about 2FA at m:2FA.This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:49, 4 May 2019 (UTC)Missed the pointWikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Concerning further proposals: You appear not to have understood the nature of the objections at all. WP:Process is important; we have WP:VPPOL for a reason, and we have WP:AN for a reason, and they are very different reasons. An order of magnitude more people pay attention to VPPOL than AN, and this is by design, since the latter is focused on admininstrators' stuff, and the former on site-wide decisions making. While it's correct that something like WP:CENT can be used to draw sufficient attention to an RfC or similar discussion at any page (i.e., make it act as a VPPOL surrogate in the case of some site-wide decision that needs rendering), that did not happen in this case. Your \"as long as wide-reaching proposals are properly advertised to the community, it makes no difference\" proviso simply was not triggered. You really ought to understand that, or not close such discussions, especially not with the kind of patronizing, sarcastic, finger-wagging tone you used. You don't get to personally decide what people are allowed to be concerned about, nor to override the entire community having established a venue specifically for decisions of this sort, and a very separate venue for internal deliberation about admin matters. PS: It did eventually get added to CENT, but only shortly before it was closed. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼 20:40, 17 March 2019 (UTC)Sorry, I didn't mean condescend in any way, and I do apologize for that. However, I do strongly disagree with your characterization that I am personally making some sort of arbitrary rulings. On the contrary, my only intent here was to neutrally clerk the discussion and to straightforwardly convey policy. VPP is, obviously, an appropriate place to discuss policy-related proposals, but there is certainly no requirement, in theory or in practice, that consensus can only be formed there. So, in the context where there is a central discussion at a community noticeboard, that is already well-underway, saying \"wrong venue\" is meaningless. That's exactly what I would describe as a petty procedural objection, and that's exactly the type of thing WP:NOTBUREAU is a check on. You can't just shut down a discussion with a \"wrong venue\". \"A procedural error made in a proposal or request is not grounds for rejecting that proposal or request.\" The relevant policy here is WP:PROPOSAL. It stipulates that policy proposals should: a) be an RfC, b) be announced at VPP and/or VPR, and c) be listed at CENT. There is no mention or implication that \"correct venue\" matters in any way. The only current policy proposal satisfies all these requirements. If the previous ones didn't it doesn't matter, because they went nowhere. The only other proposal is to shut down the WikiProject, which was DOA, or to generically \"reform\" the WikiProject, which does not have anything to do with policy, and could likely be done via local consensus building. If future ones are improperly advertised, that should be handled on a case by case basis. \"Wrong venue\" is not the correct response to proposals that are insufficiently advertised. The \"wrong venue\" complaints simply have no teeth and are not going to go anywhere. ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:26, 17 March 2019 (UTC)\nThere are numerous non-Admins in the discussion and it has been widely advertisted, including by TTH. Sorry the idea this is some kind of a star chamber hidden debate holds no water. Legacypac (talk) 23:10, 17 March 2019 (UTC)\nUm, at the time you closed the discussion X3 wasn't an RfC; I added the RfC tag 12 hours later. {{3x\|p}}ery (talk) 00:36, 18 March 2019 (UTC)\nSo, there was not an RfC tag, that has nothing to do with \"wrong venue\" objections. Good on you for noticing and adding one, though, now there are really are no outstanding issues. ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:05, 18 March 2019 (UTC)Removal of revisionHello Swarm, it would be great if you could remove the first version of https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AEduard_Joseph_Schmidtlein.jpg (22:31, 9 March 2019). Cheers, ~~Metrosideros~~ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Metrosideros (talk • contribs)@Metrosideros: That file is hosted on Wikimedia Commons, which is a different website (albeit a closely-related sister project of Wikipedia). You'll have to make the request over there. ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:07, 18 March 2019 (UTC)March GOCE newsletterMediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:12, 19 March 2019 (UTC)Possible block evasion by Honethefield98I am notifying you since you were the administrator who blocked Honethefield98. I believe that Honethefield98 (talk · contribs) is evading his block by using 12.86.50.98 (talk · contribs) and 2601:243:400:F535:5186:BBB2:72B3:7608 (talk · contribs) to continue editing. The first IP edited the same topics as the banned user, while the second IP edited the Heavy metal music page, which was also edited by the first IP (same content added by both). Both IPs come from the Chicago area. – Sabbatino (talk) 22:19, 20 March 2019 (UTC)@Sabbatino: Excellent catch. Both blocked, thanks for letting me know. ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:47, 20 March 2019 (UTC)Thanks, and a requestHello, Swarm. Thank you for deleting several articles that I tagged with G7. I've been looking for an administrator to help me clean up my copyright violations, but so far I haven't found anyone who is both willing to help and on speaking terms with me. Can you help, or suggest another administrator I might contact about this? It would require selective purging of the revision histories of articles, for example Religion and Nothingness, where I removed a couple of paragraphs of copyvio here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 04:34, 24 October 2018 (UTC)@FreeKnowledgeCreator: hey, no problem. I’d be more than happy to help you! Anything you need, just let me know. Swarm talk 04:46, 24 October 2018 (UTC)Handled requests\n\n\n\nThank you, Swarm, that's much appreciated. In the case of the Religion and Nothingness article, it would help if you could remove the visibility of all revisions except the current one. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 04:55, 24 October 2018 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm talk 18:31, 24 October 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. There are other cases where I might make similar requests. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:40, 24 October 2018 (UTC)\nSpecifically: it would be helpful if you could remove the visibility of all revisions of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis prior to the edit I made here and all revisions of The Memory Wars prior to the edit I made here. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:24, 26 October 2018 (UTC)\n Done. Swarm talk 02:49, 27 October 2018 (UTC)\nThank you very much, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of An Inquiry into the Good prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:21, 27 October 2018 (UTC)\n Done as well! Swarm talk 04:44, 27 October 2018 (UTC)\nThank you again, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Structure of Science prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:49, 27 October 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 03:17, 28 October 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexuality: A Philosophical Inquiry made between the automated edit here and the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:48, 28 October 2018 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Sorry for the delay, Done. Swarm talk 21:13, 30 October 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility all revisions of Knowledge and Human Interests made between the edit I made here and the most recent edit, which I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:03, 31 October 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 23:19, 1 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexual Behaviour: Therapy and Assessment prior to this one? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 06:20, 2 November 2018 (UTC)\n Done. Swarm talk 19:44, 2 November 2018 (UTC)\n\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Philosophical Problems of Space and Time prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:04, 3 November 2018 (UTC)\n\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm talk 09:49, 10 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of A Critique of Pure Tolerance made between this edit I made as an IP and the edit I made as FreeKnowledgeCreator here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 09:55, 10 November 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 09:56, 10 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you very much, Swarm. Looking again, I'm going to have to refine that last request. I think the revision made here also needs to be hidden. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 09:59, 10 November 2018 (UTC)\nGood catch, Done. Swarm talk 10:01, 10 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you again, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Theory of Good and Evil prior to the edit I made here? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:17, 11 November 2018 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Sorry for the delay, Done Swarm talk 21:00, 17 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you again, Swarm. I'm happy to be patient. The next requests: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Freud, Biologist of the Mind prior to this edit and all revisions of Ethics (Watsuji) prior to this edit? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:17, 18 November 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 08:58, 18 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you very much, Swarm. I appreciate your help. In the case of Freud, Biologist of the Mind, however, you have hidden only some of the relevant revisions. Those that need hiding currently extend from this revision of 28 September 2013 to this revision of 15 March 2018. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 17:30, 18 November 2018 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Oops, Done Swarm talk 21:14, 28 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you again, Swarm. In the case of The Structure of Science, there is still a need to hide all revisions beginning with this one of 24 October 2012 and up to and including this one of 25 January 2018. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:27, 28 November 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 21:27, 28 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. In the case of The Theory of Good and Evil, there is still a need to hide some early revisions. They begin when the article was started here on 5 November 2012‎, and they include all revisions up to and including this one. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:32, 28 November 2018 (UTC)\nJeez, I don't know what's going on with these incomplete deletions. Sorry about that. Done Swarm talk 21:37, 28 November 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. In the case of The Memory Wars, there is a need to hide all revisions beginning with this one of 22 December 2012 and up to and including this one of 5 September 2017. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 21:52, 28 November 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 22:22, 30 November 2018 (UTC)\n\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Freud and Philosophy beginning with the edit I made here as Polisher of Cobwebs on 17 June 2012 and up to and including the edit I made here as FreeKnowledgeCreator on 29 November 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:41, 30 November 2018 (UTC)\n\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm talk 07:42, 6 December 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Freud: The Mind of the Moralist beginning with the edit I made here as Polisher of Cobwebs on 11 July 2012 and up to and including the edit I made as FreeKnowledgeCreator here on 1 December 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 07:59, 6 December 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm talk 08:03, 6 December 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of A Separate Creation beginning with the edit I made here as an IP on 6 August 2013 and up to and including the edit I made here as FreeKnowledgeCreator on 20 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 09:46, 6 December 2018 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm {talk} 14:33, 16 December 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Anita Bryant Story prior to the edit I made here on 12 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 19:27, 17 December 2018 (UTC)\n Done. Swarm {talk} 20:16, 17 December 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Reason and Morality, with the exception of the most recent revision, made here just a minute ago? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 20:59, 17 December 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm {talk} 21:50, 17 December 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Lesbian/Woman prior to the edit I made here on 5 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 06:45, 18 December 2018 (UTC)\n Done Swarm {talk} 22:23, 18 December 2018 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Sexual Brain prior to the edit I made here on 27 October 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:49, 18 December 2018 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm {talk} 22:48, 31 December 2018 (UTC)\n\nThank you, Swarm. The next requests: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Aspects of Scientific Explanation prior to the edit I made here on October 23, 2018 and all revisions of Philosophy of Natural Science prior to the edit I made here on December 18, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:40, 1 January 2019 (UTC)\n\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done Swarm {talk} 22:00, 1 January 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of What is Philosophy? (Deleuze and Guattari) prior to the edit I made here on December 21, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 08:25, 2 January 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~~Swarm~~ {talk} 01:24, 3 January 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Freudian Fallacy prior to the edit I made here on December 8, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 04:34, 3 January 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~~Swarm~~ {talk} 21:32, 5 January 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next requests: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Organization of Behavior prior to the edit I made here on January 5, 2019, and all revisions of The Language of Music prior to the edit I made here on October 23, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:20, 5 January 2019 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Apologies for the delay. Done ~~Swarm~~ 20:52, 1 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. I am extremely grateful for your help and I am not worried about delays. I should make another request in the next few days. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 01:30, 2 February 2019 (UTC)\nThe next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Meaning and Necessity prior to the edit I made here on February 5, 2019? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 02:51, 5 February 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 02:56, 5 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of A History of the Mind beginning with the edit I made here as an IP on August 16, 2013 and up to and including the edit I made here on October 16, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:27, 5 February 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 20:32, 7 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Natural Law and Natural Rights prior to the edit I made here on December 8, 2018? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 22:13, 7 February 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:56, 8 February 2019 (UTC)Thank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study of Male Homosexuals except for the current version? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 07:40, 9 February 2019 (UTC)Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:18, 10 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. There may be a delay of a few days before I make another request. FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 05:08, 11 February 2019 (UTC)\nSounds good, I'll be around. ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:27, 11 February 2019 (UTC)\nThe next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Sexual Preference (book) beginning with the first edit that started the article on January 4, 2012 (there is a link to it here) and up to and including this edit of May 19, 2016? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:21, 13 February 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 00:30, 20 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Homosexual Matrix beginning with the edit that started the article on October 1, 2013 and up to and including the edit made here on January 18, 2017? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 03:51, 20 February 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 03:57, 20 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Homosexualities: A Study of Diversity Among Men and Women prior to the edit I made here just a few minutes ago? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 06:35, 21 February 2019 (UTC)\n Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 14:17, 21 February 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology starting with this edit, which I made as Polisher of Cobwebs on July 8, 2012 and up to and including this edit? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 00:06, 3 March 2019 (UTC)\n@FreeKnowledgeCreator: Done ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:47, 20 March 2019 (UTC)\nThank you, Swarm. The next request: could you please remove the visibility of all revisions of Reading Capital beginning with this edit I made as Polisher of Cobwebs on October 23, 2012 and up to and including this edit I made on February 27, 2019? FreeKnowledgeCreator (talk) 23:02, 20 March 2019 (UTC)An interesting editing case for your judgmentWith due regard for your warning that you are terribly busy I just wish to submit to your judgment a recent editing case in which I was involved. I perceive that it may contain some important matter of principle and application of policies & guidelines. Please do not bother to comment if you do not consider the case as important. 154.44.138.30 (talk) 18:26, 22 March 2019 (UTC)2019 Cricket world cup > Group stage > Points table is vandalizedIt seems that, someone has already added 4 teams to semifinals, before the world cup starts! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iammilind (talk • contribs) 06:05, 23 March 2019 (UTC)AN thread about article probationPlease see Wikipedia:Administrators' noticeboard#Old probation editnotices. You helped to tidy up some old article probation sanctions earlier. In fact, community sanctions are not dead, so even if we no longer use the phrase 'article probation' it is possible that a notice could be placed saying that general sanctions are active for those topics. As with WP:GS/SCW. Assuming there is an ongoing need for sanctions on the five articles being listed at WP:AN. Thanks, EdJohnston (talk) 04:23, 24 March 2019 (UTC)You've got mail!Hello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! Message added 16:18, 24 March 2019 (UTC). It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.TheSandDoctor Talk 16:18, 24 March 2019 (UTC)Coral Restoration FoundationHello Swarm,This is a repeat of an email to you because I'm not sure of the best way to communicate.I'm seeking help with publishing a new article on Wikipedia and would appreciate your assistance.The new article is on the Coral Restoration Foundation (CRF) based in Key Largo, FL. I'm a volunteer with CRF, and I understand Wiki's prohibition against promotion and the advice against authoring an article about an organization that I'm a member of. However, I feel CRF's work is important, and the public needs to see the facts about the many threats to coral reefs worldwide and the vigorous efforts by various organizations and government agencies to mitigate those threats.In the longer term I'm very interested in working on a variety of issues with Wikipedia, particularly vandalism and misinformation. I'm a long term Wiki user and donator. I would like to further the goals of bringing solid factual information out to Wiki users.So, would you be able to help me with my article?Thanks!\nFLkeyseditor (talk) 18:28, 15 March 2019 (UTC)Hello Swarm,\nYou haven't responded to my 15 March request for adoption. Does that mean that you don't have availability? Should I try for another editor to adopt me?\nThanks,FLkeyseditor (talk) 18:17, 24 March 2019 (UTC)User:Spoonkymonkey and User:Midlandino sockpuppeting to violate BLPBased on their editing patterns, it also appears that User:Spoonkymonkey used the sockpuppet User:Midlandino to edit the Jesse Brown (journalist) article back in January. Both editors have added the same derogatory information, sourced to Twitter. 104.222.125.138 (talk) 22:35, 24 March 2019 (UTC)This closeNot that close, this close :)I don't think it's worth making a big deal over at ANI, and I'm certainly not going to revert you, but could I gently urge you not to make a habit of this please? We have a rule against making involved closes because we don't want people making involved closes; blurring that line, even if your particular instance of it is not terribly problematic, is not helpful in the long run. Was there anything so terribly urgent about that it couldn't wait for someone uninvolved to come along and do it? GoldenRing (talk) 10:38, 26 March 2019 (UTC)No problem, you're right. I'm not in the habit of doing so nor do I plan on making it one. Thanks for your feedback. ~Swarm~ {talk} 19:17, 26 March 2019 (UTC)I just realized no one pinged you or notified you about the continuation of the ANI thread you closed (WP:ANI#Death threat). I've unblocked Drilou per the consensus at WP:ANI#Bad close (and, frankly, per the consensus at the original thread). The new thread is still open if you want to comment. --Floquenbeam (talk) 19:47, 26 March 2019 (UTC)Thanks @Floquenbeam:, good unblock! My block was clearly in error due to a failure to detect sarcasm, and I see that now. I've made this clear at AN/I, and I will apologize to the user directly. ~Swarm~ {talk} 21:30, 26 March 2019 (UTC)Since that ANI thread is closed, and you wrote any subsequent feedback is welcome on my talk page, here's mine. In your block and close, you seemed to be making your own argument for the user to be blocked. In my opinion, you did not even attempt to even assess the consensus, and thus failed in your main duty as a closing admin. That's quite a grave mistake in my book. starship.paint ~ KO 03:47, 27 March 2019 (UTC)The block was discretionary. In other words, it was an independent admin action. I did not imply that I was actioning a consensus. Closing AN/I threads as \"discretionarily actioned\" like this is routine. ~Swarm~ {talk} 04:53, 27 March 2019 (UTC)Well, okay. Alright then. starship.paint ~ KO 07:02, 27 March 2019 (UTC)You've got mail!Re: Adoption for assistance with my Coral Restoration Foundation article. Please check your email. Thanks.\nFLkeyseditor (talk) 14:22, 27 March 2019 (UTC)ApologyI want to unequivocally apologize for the rude things I said to you at WP:ERRORS. I have no excuse, and you did nothing to deserve the rudeness. I am sorry. --Jayron32 10:52, 29 March 2019 (UTC)Thanks, @Jayron32:. No hard feelings. These things happen to the best of us. I won't pretend I didn't also get overly-worked up there, so apologies for the tone I took as well. The situation surrounding that blurb is a shitshow, and was from the very beginning, and I think the most constructive thing to preserve my sanity and to stay far away from that trainwreck. ~Swarm~ {talk} 22:17, 29 March 2019 (UTC)\nProbably not a bad idea. --Jayron32 02:11, 30 March 2019 (UTC)Adam's still at itI really shouldn't have to put up with stuff like this more than seven months after your fina warning. Would you mind having a word with him? Hijiri 88 (聖やや) 02:51, 31 March 2019 (UTC)Hello, could you indef block me.Hello,I noticed you are in the category Category:Wikipedia administrators willing to consider placing self-requested blocks. Would you mind placing an indefinite self requested block? Could you also block my bot (and remove its bot rights) User:Dreamy Jazz Bot indefinitely too? If I decide to come back, I'll request it over email or Wikipedia:Clean start.Thanks, Dreamy Jazz 🎷 talk to me \| my contributions 16:41, 31 March 2019 (UTC)A barnstar for you!Thanks, Dreamy Jazz. I will add it proudly to the treasury. Hope to see you again soon! :( ~Swarm~ {talk} 06:08, 1 April 2019 (UTC)Violation of voluntary IBANThis edit constituted a warning from you to this user that they are \"topic banned from directly tagging for notability, proposing deletion (PROD), or nominating for AfD, any article created by Alansohn or where Alansohn is a major contributor.\" Due to an inadvertent edit on my part in an AfD several months ago, sanctions were imposed on me and extended indefinitely. I had been avoiding this user like the plague and making every effort to avoid any contact whatsoever by trying to verify that I do not cross paths by carefully monitoring every single edit I make to the best of my ability. I was disturbed to see Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dennis McNerney, a nomination for deletion of an article that I created and for which I am the major contributor. It is clear that the user knows that there is a conflict, as they have deliberatley violated deletion policy by failing to notify me about the AfD on my user talk page, while every other AfD or Prod for other editors have been tagged on their talk pages. What is the story here? Alansohn (talk) 04:26, 2 April 2019 (UTC)If I had considered that McNerney was an error, the pattern continues with Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barry Dugan, an article that he nominated for deletion which I had created and am the major contributor, again with no notification on my user talk page as required by deletion policy. This user has made more than a dozen nominations for Prod and deletion over the past day or two, every single one of which had a notification on the user's talk page; the only two exceptions are to the AfDs for the two articles I had created. It's clear that the user realizes that I was the page creator and is deliberately refusing to notify me. Your help in addressing this issue will be appreciated. Alansohn (talk) 04:35, 2 April 2019 (UTC)User:Alansohn I'm going to AGF that you did not read the post you linked and quoted. You missed the part \"This arrangement will run for six months.\" and that was over one year ago. He has no obligation to notify you of deletion discussions, and not notifying you appears to be a pleasant curtesy. I'd suggest not WP:STALKING their edits. Legacypac (talk) 05:10, 2 April 2019 (UTC)\nLegacypac, While User:Alansohn has many conduct issues, including unloading a attack on me in an edit caption this morning, do you really think it's stalking if he notices that pages he created were nominated for deletion?Jacona (talk) 17:34, 2 April 2019 (UTC)\nI was referencing \"This user has made more than a dozen nominations for Prod and deletion over the past day or two, every single one of which had a notification on the user's talk page;\" which describes a review of the other user's edits. My comment was not to accuse this editor in an actionable way but to head off further behavior that would be actionable. Also, I'll point out that a very experienced user like Alansohn should not allege a violation of deletion policy without checking out the policy. Notification is not required - in fact we can uncheck the notify creator box in Twinkle, which is presumably what was done in these two cases. Legacypac (talk) 17:56, 2 April 2019 (UTC)April Fools?I can participate, right? I've always wanted to! That's okay, right? –MJL ‐Talk‐1 April 00:18, 1 April 2019 (UTC)@MJL: I have no idea what Swarm thinks, but, quite frankly, an April Fools spree would not be the best start to your next phase on Wikipedia. That's just my opinion! MPS1992 (talk) 02:45, 1 April 2019 (UTC)\n@MPS1992: that's pretty fair –MJL ‐Talk‐1 April 02:54, 1 April 2019 (UTC)\nMaybe I am just a bad-tempered person. It seems the latest bout of stupidity is already underway, and I just now resisted the temptation to message one of the people involved to say \"congratulations, now that you have wasted a lot of people's time, you will struggle ever to pass an RfA\". I am going to go to sleep and hope that my watchlist looks more sensible in the morning. Or evening? Ho hum. MPS1992 (talk) 02:57, 1 April 2019 (UTC)@MJL: I tend to think April Fools' is harmless fun, and of course you can participate. That said, a significant faction of the community are hostile to it, so just tread carefully. Don't overdo it. ~Swarm~ 🐝 {sting · hive} 16:46, 1 April 2019 (UTC)\nI got too busy for it anyways. That was a disappointment. Anyways, I should probably send you an email about possibly ending the wikibreak. There's pretty much only one thing I need to see finished before I pick up a regular mainspace editing pattern. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 02:19, 2 April 2019 (UTC)FWIW, my view is that the April Fools stuff is a tedious, repetitive disruption which should be banned. With only very occasional exceptions, is a repository of the most pathetically unfunny juvenilia, mostly variants of \"delete X to make the problem go away LOL\" or \"delete NamedCelebtrity cos they are not notable LOZ\". There is almost none of the originality or surprise which makes good humour.Over the years we have manged a few steps to corral it into a few spaces where it does less damage than it used to, but it's still disruptive. The best that I can say for this compromise is that maybe restricting it to a defined space is what allows it to be stamped out elsewhere.The one real good part of April Fools is WP:DYK's fake April Fools: DYKs which look like hoaxes but are actually real. Here are this year's two sets: [2], [3]. I have great respect for the skills of those who devise those fake hoaxes ... but as for the rest, I share @MPS1992's view that people who waste the community's time in that way shouldn't waste more of it at RFA. --BrownHairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 01:26, 3 April 2019 (UTC)@BrownHairedGirl: I was going to say that there was no use because I wasn't able to participate anyways, but you showcasing those DYK was actually something I didn't know we did. However for this hook ... that Bizzarro serves in the Connecticut senate? Yes actually. My sister campaigned for his opponent. He serves with Senator Looney (the Senate President pro tempore). That is my favorite line, but we also have so many other names to play with. Thank you for sharing, and I certainly respect that position on April Fools. It's not the ideal situation, I will admit. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 03:33, 3 April 2019 (UTC)\nOnly reason I mentioned that my sister campaigned against him was because I had forgotten his name come election day. I did a hard double take when she came home and was like \"Bizzaro won the election.\" I thought she was trying to say how crazy it was that the Republicans won there or something... He's certainly an interesting person to talk to when I've gotten the chance. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 03:37, 3 April 2019 (UTC)Regarding Article:Colors KannadaHello Swarm, Would you plz unprotect article:Colors Kannada as its 'create-protected'. I am requesting as because of this draft at AfC. Thank you. --Gpkp (u • t • c) 18:05, 5 April 2019 (UTC)Done Swarm– Sting · Hive 🐝🐝🐝 21:47, 5 April 2019 (UTC)Thank you Swarm. --Gpkp (u • t • c) 17:09, 6 April 2019 (UTC)your signature changesI've been meaning to thank you for moving away from a particular signature you used to use (quite some time ago now). It appeared to be embedded in a swarm of bees, and to me (and probably to anyone else with really poor vision) the resultant low contrast made it virtually illegible. Thanks again. Meters (talk) 02:18, 7 April 2019 (UTC)Banned User:PAKHIGHWAYI don't want to be accused of Wikipedia:No personal attacks, but User:DdBbCc22 seems very similar to banned User:PAKHIGHWAY. The editor makes the same type of long edits as PAKHIGHWAY on History of Pakistan, and very similar styles, like copy/pasting large content/formatting from history of India to history of Pakistan as seen here by PAKHIGHWAY and here where a lot of the lead was copied, and most importantly, the obsession to change content to Indus valley as seen here by PAKHIGHWAY's sock (reverted by Capitals00) and same tinkering here with \"Indus valley\". @Lorstaking, Yamla, NeilN, and Kautilya3: I saw you guys worked with the PAKHIGHWAY in the past, I mainly faced the users multiple IP/socks in the past 12-24 months. But, these are the edit styles I found of PAKHIGHWAY. But, I want to sincerely apologize in advance if I am wrong. (Highpeaks35 (talk) 11:39, 7 April 2019 (UTC))User talk:Highpeaks35, I also not want to be accused of Wikipedia:No personal attacks and I hope I will give my opinion respectfully. In my first case, I not copied the content same to same from History of India as in case of PAKHIGHWAY and I did a large number of modifications, infact the \"self-created\" or \"modified content\" that I added is much large than the copied one. As you said \"a lot of content\", I think it's wrong. The content which seems \"a lot\" is citations or references, I copied these citations because they are absolutely applicable there and also I observed many times on Wikipedia that the citations of common topics on two or more articles are same. In second case, I changed content to Indus Valley civilization from Ancient India because at there, the others parts of Fertile Crescent (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Ancient India) have their orginal links such as article of Ancient Egypt is for the Egyptian civilization but article of Ancient India (redirect of History of India) is about whole history of not only India but whole Indian subcontinent till the partition of British India. So in this way the article of Indus Valley civilization (purely for history of civilization) gives us more information about ancient Indian civilization than redirect-article of Ancient India. I hope you will understand my point.DdBbCc22 (talk) 13:45, 7 April 2019 (UTC)Administrators' newsletter – April 2019News and updates for administrators from the past month (March 2019).Administrator changes\n\n Reaper Eternal • ThaddeusB\n Bogdangiusca • Christopher Parham • Necrothesp • Schneelocke • Siroxo • Sarah\n Mentifisto → Lofty abyss\n Interface administrator changes\n\n Mr. Stradivarius\n\n\n\n\n\n Bureaucrat changes\n\n DeltaQuad\n KingturtleTechnical newsIn Special:Preferences under \"Appearance\" → \"Advanced options\", there is now an option to show a confirmation prompt when clicking on a rollback link.\nThe Wikimedia Foundation's Community health initiative plans to design and build a new user reporting system to make it easier for people experiencing harassment and other forms of abuse to provide accurate information to the appropriate channel for action to be taken. Please see meta:Community health initiative/User reporting system consultation 2019 to provide your input on this idea.ArbitrationThe Arbitration Committee clarified that the General 1RR prohibition for Palestine-Israel articles may only be enforced on pages with the {{ARBPIA 1RR editnotice}} edit notice.MiscellaneousTwo more administrator accounts were compromised. Evidence has shown that these attacks, like previous incidents, were due to reusing a password that was used on another website that suffered a data breach. If you have ever used your current password on any other website, you should change it immediately. All admins are strongly encouraged to enable two-factor authentication, please consider doing so. Please always practice appropriate account security by ensuring your password is secure and unique to Wikimedia.\nAs a reminder, according to WP:NOQUORUM, administrators looking to close or relist an AfD should evaluate a nomination that has received few or no comments as if it were a proposed deletion (PROD) prior to determining whether it should be relisted.Discuss this newsletter\nSubscribe\nArchiveSent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:57, 7 April 2019 (UTC)Want to Know How to Build a Better Democracy? Ask WikipediaYou're quoted in it. Gråbergs Gråa Sång (talk) 19:38, 8 April 2019 (UTC)You've got mailHello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.x2 TheSandDoctor Talk 15:52, 9 April 2019 (UTC)Please unprotectHi, I see you are listed as the admin who moved Lamar S. Smith to Lamar Smith. Would you mind unprotecting the page? 117.229.68.203 (talk) 13:11, 9 April 2019 (UTC)Hello 117, the page in question is indefinitely semi-protected due to persistent vandalism. If you wish to contribute, I would recommend either suggesting edits on the talk page of the article or creating an account (it's free). If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them here and myself, Swarm, or another person will respond when we can --TheSandDoctor Talk 15:57, 9 April 2019 (UTC)RfA commentHi Swarm. You've always struck me as one of the good ones and, which is not the same, wise. I was, therefore, quite surprised to read, \"The only possible reading of your doing so is that you're caving to the shameful people who are trying to sway the result of the RfA ex post facto.\" I get that the RfA is contentious, that many people feel strongly in both directions; but d'you think you may have over-spoken here, and might be able to reconsider the strength of those words and how they come across? Happy days, LindsayHello 17:53, 10 April 2019 (UTC)How's my name?Hello there, I am writing to you to see your opinion on my idea of a name. It's Auld Lang Syne. It matches all my criteria for a name: Piano (it's a song), vinyl records (it's on a lot of records, the earliest dating back to 1908!), and Literature (It's a poem.) And most of all, it's available globally! I think it's a good, serious name. I'm wondering on your opinion. Your help will be the upmost appreciated. Thank you. The Duke 22:51, 12 April 2019 (UTC)It seems fine to me, but the most important question is whether you think you'll be satisfied with it in the long-run. ~Swarm~ {sting} 00:11, 13 April 2019 (UTC)\nI've had a think over these two days, and yes. I will be happy to stick with the name stated above in the long-run. It's nice, and serious, and reflects my interests, and hobbies. My other idea, Greensleeves, is taken. And I cannot think of any other names, that aren't taken. Thus, I will be happy with the name. Thank you. The Duke 15:38, 14 April 2019 (UTC)\nHowever with that being said. I'm not one hundred percent ready for a rename. As I am thought of a new name just about an hour ago. It's The Kerry Dance. I will now take some time to decide on either/or, and then, when I'm ready (and when I'm able), make the request. Thank you. The Duke 06:58, 15 April 2019 (UTC)You've got mailHello, Swarm. Please check your email; you've got mail! It may take a few minutes from the time the email is sent for it to show up in your inbox. You can remove this notice at any time by removing the {{You've got mail}} or {{ygm}} template.TheSandDoctor Talk 15:41, 15 April 2019 (UTC)How to avoid AEscalation?Hi Swarm, and Guy Macon -- re [4][5], what would it take to address your concerns? --Middle 8 (s)talk • privacy 22:18, 19 April 2019 (UTC)Wondering what is going with my rename?Hello there Swarm, I've taken this week to think over the two names, and I've came to a decision. I'm happy with The Kerry Dance, it's a nice, serious name. And when I asked at WP:AN, I was given two proposals, one by you, and User:Cyberpower678, Cyber told me to come back in six months, and you said \"The rename should be actioned when they're ready.\". So, since I am ready for my last rename, one where I am happy to stick with this name long-term, what is going to happen? Will Cyber's proposal kick into effect, and my rename will come in six months, or will yours kick in, with it happening now? Thank you. The Duke 14:30, 20 April 2019 (UTC)If Swarm wants to rename you now, they are free to. I'm still sticking by my waiting period here. You should continue using this time to muddle over your name. You may have something better in mind when the time comes. I'm doing this, because I am effectively going against the wide majority of my fellow renamers stances on denying you one last rename. Consider yourself a big exception here as I won't be doing that again.—CYBERPOWER (Chat) 14:55, 20 April 2019 (UTC)\n@Cyberpower678: Thank you so much for the exception! If Swarm decides to rename me, I will take another week to finalise my thinking. That's if he is even a renamer, I don't think he is. Again, thank you Cyber. The Duke 15:16, 20 April 2019 (UTC)\nYou are correct that Swarm is not a global renamer. Pppery * has returned 19:20, 20 April 2019 (UTC)Evidence in arbitration caseAt Wikipedia:Arbitration/Requests/Case/Enigmaman/Evidence#Inappropriate protection practices, did you mean to say something like \"... where there was no disruption coming from non-extended confirmed users whatsoever\"? isaacl (talk) 21:06, 26 April 2019 (UTC)@Isaacl: Yeah, that's definitely a mistake on my part—I meant confirmed/autoconfirmed. Fixed. Thanks for bringing it to my attention. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:26, 26 April 2019 (UTC)Thanks![6] I never understood til you explained ;-). 173.228.123.207 (talk) 22:37, 1 May 2019 (UTC)Denuvo TalkPosting my response to your recent comment on the Denuvo Talk Page here since I think this isn't really relevant to establishing a consensus at this moment.\nThat being said, I'm honestly baffled at that response. I don't even know where to begin.The only thing I can think of doing right now is trying to explain my rationale in the face of your frankly astonishingly hostile tone over what is essentially a storm in a fishbowl. The thing that started the whole controversy (which is taking place mostly on Reddit and will likely blow over once the thread slips down within a day or two) is the removal of the unsourced content itself.Users felt that leaving most of the cells in the affected column empty would somehow suggest that someone's trying to make this DRM solution look much more effective than it actually is by \"misleading\" readers into thinking that a lot fewer cracks are available than there actually are. My intention with removing the section was to reduce controversy by taking this factor out of the equation - and if you take a look at the source of this controversy (i.e. the Reddit thread), that's exactly what the change achieved. If anything, I improved optics that were much worse before, when everyone thought the article was intentionally misleading and edited by a Denuvo employee or whatever.As to what to do with the column, I was under the impression that Wikipedia articles are able to evolve and be edited, so I'm not sure why you imply that sourcing issues could \"NEVER\" be resolved again, as if any possibility of recreating the column once a consensus has been reached has been tossed into the eternal flames of irrecoverable cleansing. There is currently no consensus regarding how to bring back a gist of the information that the column had previously provided backed by poor sourcing; there have been several suggestions by many users participating in this discussion, and good points have been made by all sides. There are proponents of leaving the column out, there are proponents of bringing the column back, there are proponents for a compromise anywhere between the two extremes (like leaving the column out but adding a new section highlighting the solution's ineffectiveness in more detail).I'm also at a loss as to where you're finding me \"authoritatively\" or \"condescendingly\" doing anything in particular. I'd like you to point out to me one instance in which I shut down someone's point without properly explaining why I don't agree with it. If you took exception to the \"gentle reminder\" part, I don't know what to tell you other than that it was not intended to be hostile in any way, shape or form. We're on the internet here, presumably all adults (or at least old enough to be able to take part in constructive discourse), and hopefully able to separate the person making the point from the point being made - I know I am. I never once even implied that my opinion is any more valid than anyone else's, so the only person barging in and authoritatively claiming anything is the one I'm currently responding to.So you may think I'm \"petty\" and put on a grand display with those fantastic quotation marks around the word \"improvement\", presumably as to tell me what you think of the fact that I selfishly decided to ruin Wikipedia by engaging in discussion after trying to somewhat placate an angry mob with an edit that may have been to hasty, but if this is how you deal with brand new inexperienced editors and point out their mistakes, then I'm not sure if I could make any more dents into the public image of Wikipedia than there already are - and that's not considering that there's at least one other, seemingly highly experienced editor who seems to agree with me, and I don't know why your opinion should be any more valid than theirs (or, in fact, vice versa).I hope going off on me felt as good as you thought it would feel, but I'd appreciate if we could get back to the topic at hand without muddying up an ongoing discussion on a Talk Page with what essentially boils down to a frustration rant (that should probably have gone on my Talk Page instead of the article's, but I assume that wouldn't have felt quite as cathartic as posting it where \"thousands of critical eyes\" would likely see it). --ThePaSch (talk) 02:28, 2 May 2019 (UTC)And, to add to that, I would also like you to point out where exactly I was \"edit warring\". There was a single (non-vandalism) revert that I made, and it pointed to the Talk page because their revert of my change had absolutely no justification/explanation whatsoever, and, as stated above, I was (and still am) convinced that just not having the column at all would be a much better look to outsiders than to have a table with a few \"yes\"s strewn in and hundreds of empty cells suggesting \"no\". So if you could kindly explain to me where exactly the edit war happened, I'll make sure not to let it happen again in the future.--ThePaSch (talk) 03:04, 2 May 2019 (UTC)Unreal. I hope your unwillingness or inability to process criticism without immediately victimizing yourself is merely the result of natural human defensiveness, rather than a symptom of a deeper behavioral issue, or your career here will indeed be very short. My tone reflected the fact that you did one of the most boneheaded things I've ever seen here, and frankly you deserved to be called out. I didn't make that post because I'm a sadist and it \"feels good\", I made that post because I'm an administrator who's invested years of my life into building up this project, something that pales in comparison to thousands of more dedicated users. So when I see some random newbie who has no stake in the reputation of the project, boneheadedly step into the middle of a sensitive situation that requires nuance and restraint, and do something so utterly stupid that it makes the project look like a joke in the face of thousands of already-concerned spectators, then I'm not going to pretend like it's no big deal and leave a friendly \"correction\" in a place no one will see it, I'm going to make a post right then and there so people can not only see that you do not represent the project as a whole, but you do not even seem to know what you're doing. I'm sorry if you feel that's harsh, but if you don't want to be harshly chastised, don't introduce yourself to the project by bumbling into a major controversy and acting like a bull in a china shop, to the detriment of Wikipedia's public image and act like it's no big deal. ~Swarm~ {sting} 03:08, 2 May 2019 (UTC)It's unfortunate that you feel the need to continuously and repeatedly attack my person instead of engaging with any of what I said or any of the rationale that I explained. I can assure you there is no \"deeper behavioral issue\"; I'm just trying to understand why you feel my actions make \"the project look like a joke\". I will reserve the right to defend myself here as the only thing you seem to be aware of is that there is a controversy, but not what about and from where - I outlined that information to you, mentioned that the removal of the column was welcomed by many who felt even more misled by a column with a bunch of empty cells (that would naturally imply a \"no\" when the only other content to be found anywhere are a few cited \"yes\"), but you engaged with absolutely none of that and decided you have to instead call me boneheaded, utterly stupid and a bull in a china shop, on top of implying a deep-lying mental problem. Please excuse me if I feel offended by that.Please let me know if we can have an actual discussion about this. I'll understand if you aren't keen to, since you haven't shown any willingness so far and I don't expect that to change in the future, but on the off chance that there is constructive discourse to be had here, I'd like to start off fresh, because I'm seriously starting to feel like we've got off on the wrongest of feet here.Just an acknowledgement that you have indeed read through my rationale, and at least some attempt at rebuttal (as opposed to personal attacks), would go a long way. I realize that making you sound like a sadist wasn't the kindest of things from me either, but I'm sure you'll understand that there is indeed a natural human defensiveness that will indeed kick in after being put in the pillory with an explanation that is not entirely comprehensible from my point of view, having stated why in my previous posting. I will concede that while your tone could've been better, so could mine, and would simply like to resolve this dispute as amicably as possible. --ThePaSch (talk) 03:34, 2 May 2019 (UTC)Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community.Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to \"have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices.\" We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised.We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered.For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:04, 4 May 2019 (UTC)Administrators' newsletter – May 2019News and updates for administrators from the past month (April 2019).Administrator changes\n\n HickoryOughtShirt?4 • RexxS\n Necrothesp\n Bratsche • Kyle Barbour • Kzollman • Madman\n Interface administrator changes\n\n Pharos\n\n\n\n\n\n Bureaucrat changes\n\n Primefac\n CheckUser changes\n\n Reaper EternalGuideline and policy newsA request for comment concluded that creating pages in the portal namespace should be restricted to autoconfirmed users.\nFollowing a request for comment, the subject-specific notability guideline for pornographic actors and models (WP:PORNBIO) was removed; in its place, editors should consult WP:ENT and WP:GNG.Technical newsXTools Admin Stats, a tool to list admins by administrative actions, has been revamped to support more types of log entries such as AbuseFilter changes. Two additional tools have been integrated into it as well: Steward Stats and Patroller Stats.ArbitrationIn response to the continuing compromise of administrator accounts, the Arbitration Committee passed a motion amending the procedures for return of permissions (diff). In such cases, the committee will review all available information to determine whether the administrator followed \"appropriate personal security practices\" before restoring permissions; administrators found failing to have adequately done so will not be resysopped automatically. All current administrators have been notified of this change.\nFollowing a formal ratification process, the arbitration policy has been amended (diff). Specifically, the two-thirds majority required to remove or suspend an arbitrator now excludes (1) the arbitrator facing suspension or removal, and (2) any inactive arbitrator who does not respond within 30 days to attempts to solicit their feedback on the resolution through all known methods of communication.MiscellaneousA request for comment is currently open to amend the community sanctions procedure to exclude non XfD or CSD deletions.\nA proposal to remove pre-2009 indefinite IP blocks is currently open for discussion.Discuss this newsletter\nSubscribe\nArchiveSent by MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:37, 5 May 2019 (UTC)Autopatrolled Permission Discussion - Spinster300 [Cont.]Hello dearest Swarm, my sincerest apologies for never having gotten back to you in November. I was unable to participate fully on Wikipedia, as work and family kept me busy. At this point, I am still getting back on the beat of how things are run here again.Please accept this message as my withdrawal request from being considered for Autopatrolled Permission at this time. I hope I can be up and running more actively on Wikipedia soon, and confidently resubmit my application (keeping in mind the improvements and detailing you suggested to my edits) in the months to come.I hope you are well and have a good day! Cheers and kindest regards, Spinster300 (talk) 05:30, 3 May 2019 (UTC).Alright. Offer still stands. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:36, 10 May 2019 (UTC)ConcernHi Swarm. Regarding your granting of rollback, I know you couldn't of seen this, but I would like to highlight my concerns that had me decline Masumrezarock100's PCR request on the 28th. I'm not objecting to the granting of rollback if your discretion thinks it's still ok, but just want to bring this to your attention at minimum. (My two cents is the bot should pull up any declined perms request in the last 90 days as they requested NPR last month on top of that). -- Amanda (aka DQ) 19:02, 5 May 2019 (UTC)@DeltaQuad: Hey. Thanks for bringing this to my attention. To be honest, I just rubber-stamped the request as it was endorsed by the user's CVUA instructor. I would not have granted it had I known about such a recent declined PCR request. Girth Summit seems enthusiastic that the user can be trusted with it, and a cursory review of the user's patrol looks okay, though they aren't using Rollback. But in recognition of the concerns, I'll convert my grant to a temporary trial period, for review in a month. ~Swarm~ {sting} 22:00, 10 May 2019 (UTC)ANOTHER BELIEVERI am wondering how the decision came to indefinite 1-way IBAN. The community input has been anything between 3-6 months with 3 months being the prevailing input, so the consensus push for indefinite. how did it come to consensus having decided for \"indefinite\"? Can you explain how it got extended out?Graywalls (talk) 00:38, 4 May 2019 (UTC)Sure! To be clear, it actually was not \"extended out\". \"Indefinite\" simply means that there is no specified duration. The IBAN was indefinite as proposed. Unfortunately, the consensus view did not endorse adding an expiry. Two users supported a 3 month duration, and one supported a 6 month, but even combined this does not represent a level of support that could be considered a \"consensus\". ~Swarm~ {sting} 01:21, 4 May 2019 (UTC)Could you clarify the specific restrictions and depending on those terms of restrictions, how do I request to have it modified to TWO-WAY IBAN? I am concerned that the complainant may not have been interested in resolving a conflict, but possibly exploiting the IBAN as a leverage to advance his editorial position.\nWikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Nina_West here, he tried to challenge my input on a AfD which occurred prior to ANI decision and brought up IBAN into it, trying to invalidate my input.\nHere, he came into an article he's never touched in the past to revert my contents he doesn't like unilaterally. It occurred soon after I remarked (not towards him) that comment was casted to ANI decision. diff which is the same type of edit that lead to edit war at Embers Avenue prior to the ANI. I feel like I'm getting followed by this editor and possibly baited into reverting him to get me to violate IBAN.\nPortland Loo, he pounced on my edit he didn't like as soon as ANI closed to apply his editorial discretion.\nhere, he pushed forward with his proposal which I don't agree with that was outstanding prior to ANI knowing that I can't revert him. A 3PO was pending prior to ANI being started, but the 3PO reviewer got scared off after ANI.\nI feel he's exploiting the ONE WAY IBAN to advance his editorial position and retaliate and I feel reversion by nobody but him on topics we've never interacted on is an indication, such as on the Oregon Bottle Bill. What can I do to get the IBAN changed to TWO WAY, or am I still ok to revert him as long as I don't interact? Graywalls (talk) 18:25, 9 May 2019 (UTC)I stand by my 2 image removals. Swarm, if you think either of those images are worth keeping (File:Removal of containers from recycling bins without permission.jpg, File:Portland Loo with Sharps drop box .jpg), by all means feel free to revert. I am not following this editor or interested in interacting with them. If working in this way (getting editor feedback on talk pages instead of making changes based on Graywalls' edits) is preferred, I'll try harder to do this. Also, pretty sure the 3PO reviewer wasn't \"scared off\", and I was given permission to move forward. ---Another Believer (Talk) 20:47, 9 May 2019 (UTC)@Graywalls: The straightforward provisions of WP:IBAN apply, broadly construed. In other words, if something feels like a \"gray area\", it will be considered a violation. You may propose that your one-way IBAN be converted into a two-way IBAN at AN, with convincing evidence that AB is retaliating against you. \"Baiting\" you, or maliciously prodding you into violating the IBAN is certainly not tolerated, and it's certainly inherently implied that AB will not abuse the sanction to retaliate. That said, let me be clear: the community intentionally made it a one-way, rather than a two-way IBAN, which is a major, major difference. This means that you are formally considered, on record, to have engaged in harassment, and that AB is considered to be an innocent victim of harassment. AB is intentionally allowed to continue interacting with you, without restriction, and you are forbidden from interacting in turn. So, something like reverting you in the content space is perfectly valid and allowed. If you disagree, you may pursue a discussion on the talk page, and subsequent dispute resolution, like normal, as long as you abide by the interaction ban. Casting normal edits as harassment is likely to be interpreted as continued harassment, and an attempt to sanction a user who is literally considered to be your victim is probably more likely to be met with a BOOMERANG, rather than patience and understanding. ~Swarm~ {sting} 22:51, 10 May 2019 (UTC)Review Requested.Hey Swarm,As you probably noticed, I've come back from that month-long Wikibreak. I have since stayed away from (A) AN/I, (B) AN/RFC, and (C) clerking discussion threads. I have also not been involved with any advising, mentoring, mediating, flattering, and chatting in non-article-related discussions. Well okay.. Flattering and chatting is hard to not do, but I want to believe there was improvements made in these areas in terms of their productiveness. I have tried to keep to a minimum all exclusively unproductive discussions.I have been trying to help with the portal clean-up since coming back and have been leaning on the advice of BHG for that task. It's obviously a contentious issue, and I would have preferred less drama surrounding it... However, the work can be boring though for most, so I therefore enjoy it. Anything even remotely related to the disruptive dispute between that now blocked editor and the aforementioned admin I have stayed away from as much as I could.I must say that my experience on Wikipedia has been a series of ups and downs. However, I will hold up one edit I made here above all the rest. Special:Diff/882119355 is the edit I look back on as probably my best one up to now.In that spirit, could you please take a look at my contributions? I would like some general feedback with my handling of this, this, and this. Any advice moving forward on those fronts would be appreciated.Your ever grateful adoptee, –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 08:07, 27 April 2019 (UTC)Just following up because I don't want this to be a bother for you. I'll understand if you are too busy. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 20:51, 3 May 2019 (UTC)\nSorry, I haven't been around much lately. I'll take a look when I get the chance. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:36, 10 May 2019 (UTC)\nAwesome; Thank you! I was worried for a bit there that I proven myself to be too much of a handful. –MJL ‐Talk‐☖ 23:50, 10 May 2019 (UTC)Two questions:While sanctioned, do you think that it is a good idea to request additional rights (in particular, I would like rollback)?\nDo you think I would be ready for additional rights and earned back the trust from the community?Awesome Aasim 15:36, 8 May 2019 (UTC)Yeah I see no problem with you requesting additional rights, as long as you have a straightforward need for them! Regarding question 2, what did you have in mind? ~Swarm~ {sting} 22:55, 10 May 2019 (UTC)In particular, I would like to get rollback permissions so I can revert vandalism. Awesome Aasim 04:02, 12 May 2019 (UTC)ChiropracticThere are problems with the chiropractic page including failed verification content and a MEDRS violation in the lede. If IPs or new accounts try to remove the problematic content the article should not be semi-protected because others disagree. Readers have been complaining for years about the chiropractic page. This time the readers are correct. QuackGuru (talk) 16:28, 3 May 2019 (UTC)Thanks for catching this. I'll try to keep an eye on things over there. ~Swarm~ {sting} 19:44, 3 May 2019 (UTC)\nIt is no secret my draft for the lede fixes the problems. I will likely end up at arbcom if I try to fix the problems. I am familiar with the topic and wrote a significant amount of content. The original editors who helped build the article are no longer interested in the article or have left Wikipedia. QuackGuru (talk) 19:51, 3 May 2019 (UTC)\nCan you summarize what the issue is, so that I know what I'm looking for? ~Swarm~ {sting} 20:02, 3 May 2019 (UTC)\nChiropractic is a form of alternative medicine mostly concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.[1][2] Some proponents, especially those in the field's early history, have claimed that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system,[2] through vertebral subluxation, claims which are demonstrably false. All of this is very poor writing. The first paragraph should mainly be about the profession.\nIts foundation is at odds with mainstream medicine, and chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and \"innate intelligence\" that reject science.[4][5][6][7][8] Failed verification and misplaced content.\nChiropractors are not medical doctors.[9][unreliable medical source?] MEDRS violation.\nThe first paragraph is problematic. I proposed this. QuackGuru (talk) 20:20, 3 May 2019 (UTC)A reader removed some of the problematic content from the lede. I went ahead and added my proposal. If the bias content and failed verification content is restored we can go to AN/I or arbcom. QuackGuru (talk) 18:55, 5 May 2019 (UTC)Failed verification content and other policy violations were restored even though others objected to the previous version. QuackGuru (talk) 17:12, 7 May 2019 (UTC)@QuackGuru: I can impose AE page restrictions. Do you think that will help? Will also weigh in on the talk page. ~Swarm~ {sting} 21:40, 10 May 2019 (UTC)\nThe only thing that will help is to get back to this version. A RfC may be the only way. QuackGuru (talk) 21:45, 10 May 2019 (UTC)See what the editor wrote on the talk page: The current and long-standing lede section [1] provides an accurate, well-sourced, general summary of Chiropractic. Removing sourced material such as \"... through vertebral subluxation, claims which are demonstrably false\" doesn't help inform the reader, it simply misleads them. You also want to remove \"Its foundation is at odds with mainstream medicine, and chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and \"innate intelligence\" that reject science.\"[7]That reject science is duplication of \"pseudoscientific\" and the editor did not acknowledge the content failed verification and the other content was unsourced. That is grounds for a topic banned or a block. Shall we go to AN/I or Arbcom? QuackGuru (talk) 16:44, 12 May 2019 (UTC)The editor is refusing to acknowledge any content they restored failed verification and is commenting on the editor rather than the content.[8] QuackGuru (talk) 03:31, 13 May 2019 (UTC)There is a policy called consensus. It was originally added here.[9] There is no consensus for the content.[10][11][12]See the latest edit.[13] through vertebral subluxation, claims which are not based on scientific evidence. is duplication of chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and \"innate intelligence\" that reject science.[4][5][6][7][8] Click on the citations such as citation 8. It does not verify chiropractic is sustained by pseudoscientific ideas such as subluxation and \"innate intelligence\". I can't improve the lede as long as the other editor does not acknowledge there is any problems. The lede is too long and can be trimmed. I can't trim the lede or make any improvements. It is a waste of time to argue on the talk page for weeks or months. QuackGuru (talk) 20:20, 13 May 2019 (UTC)See \"Some proponents, especially those in the field's early history, have claimed that such disorders affect general health via the nervous system,[2] through vertebral subluxation, claims which are not based on scientific evidence.\"\"Some proponents\" fails verification \"claimed\" is not neutral per WP:CLAIM \"through vertebral subluxation\" is misleading content to state it is \"through\" vertebral subluxation. It would need to be rewritten to make any sense. There is a problem with each and every sentence in the first paragraph. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grogan	George Grogan	["1 Military career","2 Family","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"]	Recipient of the Victoria Cross George William St George GroganBorn(1875-09-01)1 September 1875Devonport, DevonDied3 January 1962(1962-01-03) (aged 86)Sunningdale, BerkshireAllegianceUnited KingdomService/branchBritish ArmyYears of service1896–1926RankBrigadier GeneralUnitWest India RegimentWorcestershire RegimentCommands held5th Brigade3rd Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment238th Infantry Brigade23rd Brigade2nd Battalion, Worcestershire RegimentBattles/warsHut Tax War of 1898First World WarRussian Civil WarAwardsVictoria CrossCompanion of the Order of the BathCompanion of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeDistinguished Service Order & BarMentioned in Despatches (8)RelationsAdmiral Sir William King-Hall (grandfather)Other workGentleman at Arms Brigadier General George William St George Grogan, VC, CB, CMG, DSO & Bar (1 September 1875 – 3 January 1962) was a career officer in the British Army and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Military career Educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Grogan was commissioned into the West India Regiment in September 1896, later serving in Sierra Leone in the Hut Tax War of 1898. Promoted to captain on 5 November 1900, he was seconded for service with the Egyptian Army in May 1902, and stayed there for five years. In 1907 he joined the Yorkshire Light Infantry, moving to the Worcestershire Regiment in 1908. Promoted to major on 28 September 1914, Grogan joined the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Division, of the British Expeditionary Force. Wounded in January 1915, after the Battle of Neuve Chapelle he took command of the 1st Battalion as temporary lieutenant colonel. On 1 January 1916 he was created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) and was mentioned in despatches. After fighting in the Battle of the Somme in 1916, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in March 1917 and was appointed to command the 23rd Brigade, 8th Division, from April 1917 as temporary brigadier general. The citation for his DSO read: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when in command of his battalion. He visited the captured trenches during the action and gave instructions regarding dispositions and consolidation. He kept the brigade informed of the situation and his reports were of great value. The spirit of his battalion owes much to his personal courage and cheerfulness. In the retreat during Operation Michael in March 1918, Grogan's efforts resulted in the award of a Bar to his DSO. The citation for the award read: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion during a long period of active operations. On one occasion, when in command of the left division, it was mainly due to his personal efforts that the line was maintained and extended when troops of the left were withdrawn. Whenever the position became critical he went forward himself to restore the situation, and his splendid example of courage and endurance greatly inspired all ranks. During the Third Battle of the Aisne, Grogan won the VC for inspiring the defence of a hill above the River Vesle at Jonchery during 27–29 May 1918. The citation for the award read: For most conspicuous bravery and leadership throughout three days of intense fighting. Brigadier-General Grogan was, except for a few hours, in command of the remnants of the Infantry of a Division and various attached troops. His action during the whole of the battle can only be described as magnificent. The utter disregard for his personal safety, combined with the sound practical ability which he displayed, materially helped to stay the onward thrust of the enemy masses. Throughout the third day of operations, a most critical day, he spent his time under artillery, trench mortar, rifle and machine-gun fire, riding up and down the front line encouraging his troops, reorganising those who had fallen into disorder, leading back into the line those who were beginning to retire, and setting such a wonderful example that he inspired with his enthusiasm not only his own men but also the Allied troops who were alongside. As a result the line held and repeated enemy attacks were repulsed. He had one horse shot under him, but nevertheless continued on foot to encourage his men until another horse was brought. He displayed throughout the highest valour, powers of command and leadership. In 1919 Grogan was sent with the 1st Brigade of the "Relief Force Russia" under Lord Rawlinson to evacuate the North Russia intervention forces. On 3 June 1919 he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In October 1923 he reached the substantive rank of colonel, commanding the 5th Infantry Brigade in the 2nd Division. Grogan served as an aide-de-camp (equerry) to King George V from 1920 to 1926, and retired as an honorary brigadier general in 1926. In 1933–45 he was appointed one of His Majesty's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms. He was honorary colonel of the Worcestershire Regiment from 1938 to 1945. Family Grogan was the son of Colonel Edward George Grogan CB CBE, who commanded the 1st Battalion Black Watch in the Second Boer War, and his wife Meta, only daughter of Admiral Sir Sir William King-Hall. His paternal grandfather was Captain George Grogan of Sutton, County Dublin, a captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards. On 22 January 1920 Grogan married Ethel G Elger, eldest daughter of John Elger the Younger, at Holy Trinity Church, Chelsea, London. They had two sons: Gwyn, born 7 August 1921, and Edward, born 27 June 1924. References ^ "No. 26774". The London Gazette. 4 September 1896. p. 4990. ^ "No. 27436". The London Gazette. 23 May 1902. p. 3384. ^ London Gazette, 11 May 1917 ^ London Gazette, 26 July 1918 ^ "No. 30811". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 July 1918. p. 8724. ^ "No. 31340". The London Gazette. 15 May 1919. p. 6085. ^ Profile Bibliography Gliddon, Gerald (2013) . Spring Offensive 1918. VCs of the First World War. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8730-4. External links Location of grave and VC medal (Woking Crematorium) Longer article, seen in 2012 George William St George Grogan on Lives of the First World War	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigadier General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_bar"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"}],"text":"Brigadier General George William St George Grogan, VC, CB, CMG, DSO & Bar (1 September 1875 – 3 January 1962) was a career officer in the British Army and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.","title":"George Grogan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haileybury and Imperial Service College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haileybury_and_Imperial_Service_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College, Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College,_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"West India Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_India_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Hut Tax War of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Own_Yorkshire_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"British Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_I)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Neuve Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neuve_Chapelle"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme"},{"link_name":"Distinguished Service Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"8th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"brigadier general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadier_general"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Operation Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Michael"},{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_bar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of the Aisne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Jonchery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonchery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lord Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baron_Rawlinson"},{"link_name":"North Russia intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Russia_intervention"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"2nd Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen_at_Arms"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Grogan was commissioned into the West India Regiment in September 1896,[1] later serving in Sierra Leone in the Hut Tax War of 1898. Promoted to captain on 5 November 1900, he was seconded for service with the Egyptian Army in May 1902,[2] and stayed there for five years. In 1907 he joined the Yorkshire Light Infantry, moving to the Worcestershire Regiment in 1908.Promoted to major on 28 September 1914, Grogan joined the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Division, of the British Expeditionary Force. Wounded in January 1915, after the Battle of Neuve Chapelle he took command of the 1st Battalion as temporary lieutenant colonel. On 1 January 1916 he was created a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) and was mentioned in despatches. After fighting in the Battle of the Somme in 1916, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) in March 1917 and was appointed to command the 23rd Brigade, 8th Division, from April 1917 as temporary brigadier general. The citation for his DSO read:For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty when in command of his battalion. He visited the captured trenches during the action and gave instructions regarding dispositions and consolidation. He kept the brigade informed of the situation and his reports were of great value. The spirit of his battalion owes much to his personal courage and cheerfulness.[3]In the retreat during Operation Michael in March 1918, Grogan's efforts resulted in the award of a Bar to his DSO. The citation for the award read:For conspicuous gallantry and devotion during a long period of active operations. On one occasion, when in command of the left division, it was mainly due to his personal efforts that the line was maintained and extended when troops of the left were withdrawn. Whenever the position became critical he went forward himself to restore the situation, and his splendid example of courage and endurance greatly inspired all ranks.[4]During the Third Battle of the Aisne, Grogan won the VC for inspiring the defence of a hill above the River Vesle at Jonchery during 27–29 May 1918. The citation for the award read:For most conspicuous bravery and leadership throughout three days of intense fighting. Brigadier-General Grogan was, except for a few hours, in command of the remnants of the Infantry of a Division and various attached troops. His action during the whole of the battle can only be described as magnificent. The utter disregard for his personal safety, combined with the sound practical ability which he displayed, materially helped to stay the onward thrust of the enemy masses.\nThroughout the third day of operations, a most critical day, he spent his time under artillery, trench mortar, rifle and machine-gun fire, riding up and down the front line encouraging his troops, reorganising those who had fallen into disorder, leading back into the line those who were beginning to retire, and setting such a wonderful example that he inspired with his enthusiasm not only his own men but also the Allied troops who were alongside. As a result the line held and repeated enemy attacks were repulsed. He had one horse shot under him, but nevertheless continued on foot to encourage his men until another horse was brought. He displayed throughout the highest valour, powers of command and leadership.[5][6]In 1919 Grogan was sent with the 1st Brigade of the \"Relief Force Russia\" under Lord Rawlinson to evacuate the North Russia intervention forces. On 3 June 1919 he was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In October 1923 he reached the substantive rank of colonel, commanding the 5th Infantry Brigade in the 2nd Division.Grogan served as an aide-de-camp (equerry) to King George V from 1920 to 1926, and retired as an honorary brigadier general in 1926. In 1933–45 he was appointed one of His Majesty's Bodyguard of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms.[7] He was honorary colonel of the Worcestershire Regiment from 1938 to 1945.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Watch"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Sir William King-Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King-Hall"},{"link_name":"6th Dragoon Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabiniers_(6th_Dragoon_Guards)"}],"text":"Grogan was the son of Colonel Edward George Grogan CB CBE, who commanded the 1st Battalion Black Watch in the Second Boer War, and his wife Meta, only daughter of Admiral Sir Sir William King-Hall. His paternal grandfather was Captain George Grogan of Sutton, County Dublin, a captain in the 6th Dragoon Guards.On 22 January 1920 Grogan married Ethel G Elger, eldest daughter of John Elger the Younger, at Holy Trinity Church, Chelsea, London. They had two sons: Gwyn, born 7 August 1921, and Edward, born 27 June 1924.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VCs of the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCs_of_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"The History Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7524-8730-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8730-4"}],"text":"Gliddon, Gerald (2013) [2004]. Spring Offensive 1918. VCs of the First World War. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8730-4.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"No. 26774\". The London Gazette. 4 September 1896. p. 4990.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26774/page/4990","url_text":"\"No. 26774\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27436\". The London Gazette. 23 May 1902. p. 3384.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27436/page/3384","url_text":"\"No. 27436\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 30811\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 23 July 1918. p. 8724.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30811/supplement/8724","url_text":"\"No. 30811\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 31340\". The London Gazette. 15 May 1919. p. 6085.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31340/page/6085","url_text":"\"No. 31340\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Gliddon, Gerald (2013) [2004]. Spring Offensive 1918. VCs of the First World War. The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8730-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCs_of_the_First_World_War","url_text":"VCs of the First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press","url_text":"The History Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-8730-4","url_text":"978-0-7524-8730-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26774/page/4990","external_links_name":"\"No. 26774\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27436/page/3384","external_links_name":"\"No. 27436\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30811/supplement/8724","external_links_name":"\"No. 30811\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31340/page/6085","external_links_name":"\"No. 31340\""},{"Link":"http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/wr.php?main=inc/c_grogan","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041028141342/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/wokingcr.htm","external_links_name":"Location of grave and VC medal"},{"Link":"http://www.worcestershireregiment.com/vc_grogan.php","external_links_name":"Longer article, seen in 2012"},{"Link":"https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/1486524","external_links_name":"George William St George Grogan"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung_Power_Plant	Taichung Power Plant	["1 Generation units","2 Components","3 Function","4 Fuel supply","5 Pollution","6 Future projects","7 Events","7.1 2017","7.2 2021","8 Awards","9 Transportation","10 See also","11 References"]	Coordinates: 24°12′46″N 120°28′52″E / 24.21278°N 120.48111°E / 24.21278; 120.48111Power plant in Longjing, Taichung, Taiwan Taichung Power PlantOfficial name台中發電廠CountryTaiwanLocationLongjing District, Taichung CityCoordinates24°12′46″N 120°28′52″E / 24.21278°N 120.48111°E / 24.21278; 120.48111StatusOperationalConstruction began1986Commission dateJuly 1990 (Unit 1-4 gas)March 1991 (Unit 1 coal)August 1991 (Unit 2 coal)June 1992 (Unit 3 coal)October 1992 (Unit 4 coal)March 1996 (Unit 5 coal)May 1996 (Unit 6 coal)October 1996 (Unit 7 coal)June 1997 (Unit 8 coal)August 2005 (Unit 9 coal)June 2006 (Unit 10 coal)Owner(s)TaipowerOperator(s)Taiwan Power CompanyThermal power station Primary fuelBituminous coalSecondary fuelNatural gasPower generation Units operational10 X 550 MW (coal)4 X 70 MW (natural gas)Make and modelGeneral ElectricToshibaNameplate capacity5,780 MWAnnual net output27.61 TWhExternal linksCommonsRelated media on Commons The Taichung Power Plant (Chinese: 台中發電廠; pinyin: Táizhōng Fādiànchǎng) is a coal-fired power plant in Longjing, Taichung, Taiwan (ROC). With an installed coal-fired generation capacity of 5,500 MW, it is the fourth largest coal-fired power station in the world. Together with its gas-fired and wind generation units, the total installed capacity of the plant is 5,824 MW. In November 2017, the Taichung city government ordered that the Taichung Power Plant reduce its coal consumption by 24% starting in January 2018. The plant is estimated to have been one of the ten most carbon polluting coal-fired power plants in the world in 2018, at 29.9 million tons of carbon dioxide, and relative emissions are estimated at 1.282 g per kWh. Generation units The power plant consists of ten coal-fired units with nominal capacity of 550 MW each. Four original units were commissioned in 1991 and 1992. In 1996–1997, four additional units were added. The eight older units have a total estimated coal requirement of around 12 million tonnes of bituminous and 2.5 million tonnes of sub-bituminous coal a year. In August 2005 and June 2006, 550 MW sub-critical pressure units 9 and 10 were installed on the adjacent land reclaimed by depositing ash. In addition to ten coal-fired steam turbines, Taichung Power Plant has another 4 gas turbines and 22 wind turbines which add another 280 MW and 44 MW additional capacity respectively. Components The plant has a complex conveyor system. There are three belts from the harbour which bring the coal into the plant via six ship unloaders, two bucket type and four screw type. The coal is either directed straight to a unit or stacked in the coal yard by five stacker/reclaimers. The coal can be reclaimed from here and sent to any of the 10 units. There is built in redundancy in the critical conveyor paths. All of the belts are equipped with fire detection system to monitor the temperature along the belt and to send alarms in the case of fire to minimize damage. The coal receiving facilities were completed in 1992. The boiler for each unit is drum type, water-cooled, naturally circulated with dry bottom furnace, balance draft and coal and oil-fired capability. The steam turbine for each unit is a tandem-compound with four flow exhaust, single reheat and 550 MW rated capacity. The generators are supercritical steam high power density. The electrostatic precipitator removes 99.8% of the particulates and classifies them for industrial cement and land reclamation. The power plant is connected to the grid via a 345 kV switchyard. Function The power plant is designed for base load service and is able for daily startup and shutdown operation. The plant's electricity is being sold to Taipower under a 25-year power purchase agreement. Outgoing transmission line from Taichung Power Plant Fuel supply The power plant uses 12 million tons of bituminous and 2.5 million tons of sub-bituminous coal a year. Taipower buys most of the plant coal supply through long-term contracts from Australia, United States, South Africa, Indonesia and other sources. Indonesia is the prime source for the sub-bituminous coal. The remainder of its coal supply is purchased on the spot market. Pollution During warnings by the scientific community about increasing prevalence of lung cancer in Taiwan in December 2015, it was claimed that Taichung Power Plant along with the Sixth Naphtha Cracking Plant of the Formosa Plastics Group account for roughly seventy percent of the air pollution in the Central Taiwan region of the country, emitting large quantities of sulfur oxides. Future projects Taichung Power Plant plans to add 2 two gas-fired Combined Cycle units each with a capacity of 1.3 gigawatts by 31 August 2025 and 31 August 2026 respectively. Additionally, anywhere from 2 to 4 coal-powered units will be decommisioned by 2030 in order to align with the government's policy of air quality improvement. Events 2017 On 4 August 2017, unit 7 generator of the plant tripped at 9:25 a.m, due to low vacuum in its steam condenser system which triggered the safety protection system. The event caused a power reduction of 500 MW but it was quickly restored and restarted at 12:35 p.m. On 5 August 2017, unit 1 generator of the plant malfunctioned due to a broken boiler pipe which led to the reduction of 530 MW power generation. 2021 On 10 June 2021, a fire broke out at the coal conveyor belt of the plant. It started at 7:03 a.m and managed to be extinguished 3 hours later. Awards On 8 November 2010, the power plant won the outstanding award at the 23rd National QCC Competition, organized by Industrial Development Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs. On 10 July 2016, this power plant won the international award of COLS, organized by the Taiwan Ministry of Power. Transportation Taichung Power Plant is accessible West from Longjing Station of the Taiwan Railways. See also Taiwan portalEnergy portal List of power stations in Taiwan Hai-Fu Power Station List of coal power stations List of largest power stations in the world Electricity sector in Taiwan References ^ "Energy Statistical annual Reports". Bureau of Energy, Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2014-12-13. ^ a b "Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant - Power Technology \| Energy News and Market Analysis". ^ "Taichung Power Plant- world's 4th largest coal fired power plant \| Morgan Energy Solutions". Morganenergysol.com. 2013-01-16. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2014-06-03. ^ a b "Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant, Taiwan". power-technology.com. Net Resources International. Retrieved 2009-07-10. ^ "Taiwan's Taichung Power Plant must reduce coal consumption by 24 percent in 2018". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2018-01-29. ^ Grant, Don; Zelinka, David; Mitova, Stefania (2021). "Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (9): 094022. Bibcode:2021ERL....16i4022G. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac13f1. ISSN 1748-9326. ^ CHen Mao-Jing. "The Status of Coal-Fired Power Generation in TAIWAN" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013. ^ LIOS Technology GmbH (2012-11-28). "LIOS Technology - Fire Detection for the Coal Conveyor Belt System at Taichung Power Plant, Taiwan". Lios-tech.com. Retrieved 2014-06-03. ^ a b "Fossil Power Plant - Project Name: Taichung Fossil Power Plant, Units 1-10" (PDF). GIBSIN Engineers, Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-07-26. ^ "Coal Fired Plants in Taiwan". www.industcards.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022. ^ "Profiling the top five biggest coal power plants in the world". Retrieved 2021-10-04. ^ "Taichung Coal-Fired". Power Technology. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2014-06-03. ^ Olivia Yang, ed. (7 December 2015). "Lung Cancer Cases Increasing in Taiwan and Medical Community Calls On People to Demonstrate against Air Pollution". Translated by June. The News Lens International Edition. ^ "Taichung Combined Cycle Power Plant Project". Taiwan Power Company. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ 王, 玉樹 (1 January 2024). "煤電2成 2030年11部燃煤機組退場". China Times. Retrieved 11 January 2024. ^ Liao, Yu-yang; Hsu, Elizabeth (4 August 2017). "Power supply will not flash red, despite machine glitch: Taipower". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ Tsai, Yi-chu; Hsu, Elizabeth (6 August 2017). "Tight power supply expected to ease with broken pipe repair". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 8 August 2017. ^ Chao, Li-yan; Tseng, Chih-yi; Kao, Evelyn (10 June 2021). "Fire at Taichung plant will not affect power supply: Taipower". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 10 June 2021. ^ "Taiwan power company-Taipower Events". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-06-03. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taichung Power Plant. vteList of power stations in TaiwanNorthern TaiwanHydro Gueishan Shihmen Fossil fuel Hsieh-ho Linkou Tatan Kuokuang＊ Hsintao＊ Shen-Ao Nuclear Jinshan (defunct) Kuosheng Lungmen (unfinished) Central TaiwanHydro Mingtan Minhu Pumped Dajia River（Techi Qingshan Kukuan Tienlun Houli Maan) Wanta Cholan Mingjian＊ Fossil fuel Taichung Tunghsiao Hsingyuan＊ Hsingneng＊ Mailiao＊ Southern TaiwanHydro Zengwen Kaoping Sun Ba Wushantou＊ Fossil fuel Hsinta Talin Nanpu Chiahui＊ NuclearMaanshanEastern TaiwanHydro Tungpu Bihai Power Plant Lanyang Fossil fuel Hoping＊ Geothermal Qingshui＊ Outlying IslandFossil fuel Chienshan Wangan Qimei Jibei Green Island Lanyu Kinmen and LienchiangFossil fuel Beigan Nangan Zhushan Xiju Dongyin Tashan Hsiahsing ※Note:The power plants without"＊", were operated by Taiwan Power Company.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"coal-fired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"Longjing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjing_District"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"MW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt"},{"link_name":"the fourth largest coal-fired power station in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world#Coal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power-technology.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emission"},{"link_name":"kWh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Power plant in Longjing, Taichung, TaiwanThe Taichung Power Plant (Chinese: 台中發電廠; pinyin: Táizhōng Fādiànchǎng) is a coal-fired power plant in Longjing, Taichung, Taiwan (ROC). With an installed coal-fired generation capacity of 5,500 MW, it is the fourth largest coal-fired power station in the world.[4] Together with its gas-fired and wind generation units, the total installed capacity of the plant is 5,824 MW.In November 2017, the Taichung city government ordered that the Taichung Power Plant reduce its coal consumption by 24% starting in January 2018.[5] The plant is estimated to have been one of the ten most carbon polluting coal-fired power plants in the world in 2018, at 29.9 million tons of carbon dioxide, and relative emissions are estimated at 1.282 g per kWh.[6]","title":"Taichung Power Plant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bituminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal"},{"link_name":"sub-bituminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-bituminous"},{"link_name":"critical pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-power-technology.com-4"},{"link_name":"gas turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbines"},{"link_name":"wind turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbines"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The power plant consists of ten coal-fired units with nominal capacity of 550 MW each. Four original units were commissioned in 1991 and 1992. In 1996–1997, four additional units were added. The eight older units have a total estimated coal requirement of around 12 million tonnes of bituminous and 2.5 million tonnes of sub-bituminous coal a year. In August 2005 and June 2006, 550 MW sub-critical pressure units 9 and 10 were installed on the adjacent land reclaimed by depositing ash.[4]In addition to ten coal-fired steam turbines, Taichung Power Plant has another 4 gas turbines and 22 wind turbines which add another 280 MW and 44 MW additional capacity respectively.[7]","title":"Generation units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fire detection system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_alarm_system"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"steam turbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_turbine"},{"link_name":"generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"},{"link_name":"electrostatic precipitator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator"},{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"land reclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_reclamation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibsin.com.tw-9"},{"link_name":"switchyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The plant has a complex conveyor system. There are three belts from the harbour which bring the coal into the plant via six ship unloaders, two bucket type and four screw type. The coal is either directed straight to a unit or stacked in the coal yard by five stacker/reclaimers. The coal can be reclaimed from here and sent to any of the 10 units. There is built in redundancy in the critical conveyor paths.All of the belts are equipped with fire detection system to monitor the temperature along the belt and to send alarms in the case of fire to minimize damage. The coal receiving facilities were completed in 1992.[8]The boiler for each unit is drum type, water-cooled, naturally circulated with dry bottom furnace, balance draft and coal and oil-fired capability.The steam turbine for each unit is a tandem-compound with four flow exhaust, single reheat and 550 MW rated capacity.The generators are supercritical steam high power density.[2]The electrostatic precipitator removes 99.8% of the particulates and classifies them for industrial cement and land reclamation.[9]The power plant is connected to the grid via a 345 kV switchyard.[10]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"base load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_load"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gibsin.com.tw-9"},{"link_name":"Taipower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipower"},{"link_name":"power purchase agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_purchase_agreement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TaichungPowerStation-Taiwan01.jpg"}],"text":"The power plant is designed for base load service and is able for daily startup and shutdown operation.[9] The plant's electricity is being sold to Taipower under a 25-year power purchase agreement.Outgoing transmission line from Taichung Power Plant","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bituminous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituminous_coal"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"spot market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot_market"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"}],"text":"The power plant uses 12 million tons of bituminous and 2.5 million tons of sub-bituminous coal a year. Taipower buys most of the plant coal supply through long-term contracts from Australia, United States, South Africa, Indonesia and other sources.[11] Indonesia is the prime source for the sub-bituminous coal. The remainder of its coal supply is purchased on the spot market.[12]","title":"Fuel supply"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formosa Plastics Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formosa_Plastics_Group"},{"link_name":"region of the country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"During warnings by the scientific community about increasing prevalence of lung cancer in Taiwan in December 2015, it was claimed that Taichung Power Plant along with the Sixth Naphtha Cracking Plant of the Formosa Plastics Group account for roughly seventy percent of the air pollution in the Central Taiwan region of the country, emitting large quantities of sulfur oxides.[13]","title":"Pollution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Taichung Power Plant plans to add 2 two gas-fired Combined Cycle units each with a capacity of 1.3 gigawatts by 31 August 2025 and 31 August 2026 respectively.[14] Additionally, anywhere from 2 to 4 coal-powered units will be decommisioned by 2030 in order to align with the government's policy of air quality improvement.[15]","title":"Future projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam condenser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"On 4 August 2017, unit 7 generator of the plant tripped at 9:25 a.m, due to low vacuum in its steam condenser system which triggered the safety protection system. The event caused a power reduction of 500 MW but it was quickly restored and restarted at 12:35 p.m.[16]On 5 August 2017, unit 1 generator of the plant malfunctioned due to a broken boiler pipe which led to the reduction of 530 MW power generation.[17]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"On 10 June 2021, a fire broke out at the coal conveyor belt of the plant. It started at 7:03 a.m and managed to be extinguished 3 hours later.[18]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrial Development Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Development_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Economic Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_(Taiwan)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On 8 November 2010, the power plant won the outstanding award at the 23rd National QCC Competition, organized by Industrial Development Bureau of the Ministry of Economic Affairs.[19]On 10 July 2016, this power plant won the international award of COLS, organized by the Taiwan Ministry of Power.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Longjing Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longjing_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Railways_Administration"}],"text":"Taichung Power Plant is accessible West from Longjing Station of the Taiwan Railways.","title":"Transportation"}]	[{"image_text":"Outgoing transmission line from Taichung Power Plant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/TaichungPowerStation-Taiwan01.jpg/220px-TaichungPowerStation-Taiwan01.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Taiwan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"List of power stations in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Taiwan"},{"title":"Hai-Fu Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai-Fu_Power_Station"},{"title":"List of coal power stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coal_power_stations"},{"title":"List of largest power stations in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_power_stations_in_the_world"},{"title":"Electricity sector in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Taiwan"}]	[{"reference":"\"Energy Statistical annual Reports\". Bureau of Energy, Taiwan. Archived from the original on 2017-11-19. Retrieved 2014-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171119222336/http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ecw/english/content/contentlink.aspx?menu_id=1540","url_text":"\"Energy Statistical annual Reports\""},{"url":"http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=1540","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant - Power Technology \| Energy News and Market Analysis\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.power-technology.com/projects/taichung/","url_text":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant - Power Technology \| Energy News and Market Analysis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taichung Power Plant- world's 4th largest coal fired power plant \| Morgan Energy Solutions\". Morganenergysol.com. 2013-01-16. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11. Retrieved 2014-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111213942/http://morganenergysol.com/energy-updates/taichung-power-plant-worlds-largest-coal-fired-power-plant/","url_text":"\"Taichung Power Plant- world's 4th largest coal fired power plant \| Morgan Energy Solutions\""},{"url":"http://morganenergysol.com/energy-updates/taichung-power-plant-worlds-largest-coal-fired-power-plant/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant, Taiwan\". power-technology.com. Net Resources International. Retrieved 2009-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.power-technology.com/projects/taichung/","url_text":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant, Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan's Taichung Power Plant must reduce coal consumption by 24 percent in 2018\". Taiwan News. Retrieved 2018-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3309637","url_text":"\"Taiwan's Taichung Power Plant must reduce coal consumption by 24 percent in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Don; Zelinka, David; Mitova, Stefania (2021). \"Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants\". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (9): 094022. Bibcode:2021ERL....16i4022G. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac13f1. ISSN 1748-9326.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fac13f1","url_text":"\"Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16i4022G","url_text":"2021ERL....16i4022G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fac13f1","url_text":"10.1088/1748-9326/ac13f1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326","url_text":"1748-9326"}]},{"reference":"CHen Mao-Jing. \"The Status of Coal-Fired Power Generation in TAIWAN\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 15, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015111609/http://www.brain-c-jcoal.info/news_images/JapanTaiwanCCTWorkshop2009_05.pdf","url_text":"\"The Status of Coal-Fired Power Generation in TAIWAN\""},{"url":"http://www.brain-c-jcoal.info/news_images/JapanTaiwanCCTWorkshop2009_05.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"LIOS Technology GmbH (2012-11-28). \"LIOS Technology - Fire Detection for the Coal Conveyor Belt System at Taichung Power Plant, Taiwan\". Lios-tech.com. Retrieved 2014-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lios-tech.com/Menu/DE.TECT/Case+Studies/Fire+Detection+for+the+Coal+Conveyer+Belt+System+at+Taichung+Power+Plant,+Taiwan","url_text":"\"LIOS Technology - Fire Detection for the Coal Conveyor Belt System at Taichung Power Plant, Taiwan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fossil Power Plant - Project Name: Taichung Fossil Power Plant, Units 1-10\" (PDF). GIBSIN Engineers, Ltd. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031825/http://www.gibsin.com.tw/old/Case-Taichung1-10FPP.pdf","url_text":"\"Fossil Power Plant - Project Name: Taichung Fossil Power Plant, Units 1-10\""},{"url":"http://www.gibsin.com.tw/old/Case-Taichung1-10FPP.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Coal Fired Plants in Taiwan\". www.industcards.com. Archived from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130629122031/http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-taiwan.htm","url_text":"\"Coal Fired Plants in Taiwan\""},{"url":"http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-taiwan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profiling the top five biggest coal power plants in the world\". Retrieved 2021-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/biggest-coal-power-plants/","url_text":"\"Profiling the top five biggest coal power plants in the world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired\". Power Technology. 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2014-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.power-technology.com/projects/taichung/","url_text":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired\""}]},{"reference":"Olivia Yang, ed. (7 December 2015). \"Lung Cancer Cases Increasing in Taiwan and Medical Community Calls On People to Demonstrate against Air Pollution\". Translated by June. The News Lens International Edition.","urls":[{"url":"https://international.thenewslens.com/article/32127","url_text":"\"Lung Cancer Cases Increasing in Taiwan and Medical Community Calls On People to Demonstrate against Air Pollution\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taichung Combined Cycle Power Plant Project\". Taiwan Power Company. 22 December 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928081739/https://www.taipower.com.tw/en/page.aspx?mid=4508&cid=3030&cchk=c1bb967d-8916-4e05-a841-780ebbd14541#b02","url_text":"\"Taichung Combined Cycle Power Plant Project\""},{"url":"https://www.taipower.com.tw/en/page.aspx?mid=4508&cid=3030&cchk=c1bb967d-8916-4e05-a841-780ebbd14541#b02","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"王, 玉樹 (1 January 2024). \"煤電2成 2030年11部燃煤機組退場\". China Times. Retrieved 11 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20230101000458-260110?chdtv","url_text":"\"煤電2成 2030年11部燃煤機組退場\""}]},{"reference":"Liao, Yu-yang; Hsu, Elizabeth (4 August 2017). \"Power supply will not flash red, despite machine glitch: Taipower\". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 8 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201708040015.aspx","url_text":"\"Power supply will not flash red, despite machine glitch: Taipower\""}]},{"reference":"Tsai, Yi-chu; Hsu, Elizabeth (6 August 2017). \"Tight power supply expected to ease with broken pipe repair\". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 8 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201708060009.aspx","url_text":"\"Tight power supply expected to ease with broken pipe repair\""}]},{"reference":"Chao, Li-yan; Tseng, Chih-yi; Kao, Evelyn (10 June 2021). \"Fire at Taichung plant will not affect power supply: Taipower\". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 10 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202106100012","url_text":"\"Fire at Taichung plant will not affect power supply: Taipower\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517160458/http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","url_text":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\""},{"url":"http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taichung_Power_Plant&params=24_12_46_N_120_28_52_E_type:landmark_region:TW","external_links_name":"24°12′46″N 120°28′52″E / 24.21278°N 120.48111°E / 24.21278; 120.48111"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Taichung_Power_Plant&params=24_12_46_N_120_28_52_E_type:landmark_region:TW","external_links_name":"24°12′46″N 120°28′52″E / 24.21278°N 120.48111°E / 24.21278; 120.48111"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171119222336/http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ecw/english/content/contentlink.aspx?menu_id=1540","external_links_name":"\"Energy Statistical annual Reports\""},{"Link":"http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=1540","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.power-technology.com/projects/taichung/","external_links_name":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant - Power Technology \| Energy News and Market Analysis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111213942/http://morganenergysol.com/energy-updates/taichung-power-plant-worlds-largest-coal-fired-power-plant/","external_links_name":"\"Taichung Power Plant- world's 4th largest coal fired power plant \| Morgan Energy Solutions\""},{"Link":"http://morganenergysol.com/energy-updates/taichung-power-plant-worlds-largest-coal-fired-power-plant/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.power-technology.com/projects/taichung/","external_links_name":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired Power Plant, Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3309637","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan's Taichung Power Plant must reduce coal consumption by 24 percent in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fac13f1","external_links_name":"\"Reducing CO2 emissions by targeting the world's hyper-polluting power plants\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16i4022G","external_links_name":"2021ERL....16i4022G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fac13f1","external_links_name":"10.1088/1748-9326/ac13f1"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326","external_links_name":"1748-9326"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131015111609/http://www.brain-c-jcoal.info/news_images/JapanTaiwanCCTWorkshop2009_05.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Status of Coal-Fired Power Generation in TAIWAN\""},{"Link":"http://www.brain-c-jcoal.info/news_images/JapanTaiwanCCTWorkshop2009_05.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.lios-tech.com/Menu/DE.TECT/Case+Studies/Fire+Detection+for+the+Coal+Conveyer+Belt+System+at+Taichung+Power+Plant,+Taiwan","external_links_name":"\"LIOS Technology - Fire Detection for the Coal Conveyor Belt System at Taichung Power Plant, Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031825/http://www.gibsin.com.tw/old/Case-Taichung1-10FPP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fossil Power Plant - Project Name: Taichung Fossil Power Plant, Units 1-10\""},{"Link":"http://www.gibsin.com.tw/old/Case-Taichung1-10FPP.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130629122031/http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-taiwan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Coal Fired Plants in Taiwan\""},{"Link":"http://www.industcards.com/st-coal-taiwan.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/biggest-coal-power-plants/","external_links_name":"\"Profiling the top five biggest coal power plants in the world\""},{"Link":"http://www.power-technology.com/projects/taichung/","external_links_name":"\"Taichung Coal-Fired\""},{"Link":"https://international.thenewslens.com/article/32127","external_links_name":"\"Lung Cancer Cases Increasing in Taiwan and Medical Community Calls On People to Demonstrate against Air Pollution\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230928081739/https://www.taipower.com.tw/en/page.aspx?mid=4508&cid=3030&cchk=c1bb967d-8916-4e05-a841-780ebbd14541#b02","external_links_name":"\"Taichung Combined Cycle Power Plant Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.taipower.com.tw/en/page.aspx?mid=4508&cid=3030&cchk=c1bb967d-8916-4e05-a841-780ebbd14541#b02","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20230101000458-260110?chdtv","external_links_name":"\"煤電2成 2030年11部燃煤機組退場\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201708040015.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Power supply will not flash red, despite machine glitch: Taipower\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aeco/201708060009.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Tight power supply expected to ease with broken pipe repair\""},{"Link":"https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202106100012","external_links_name":"\"Fire at Taichung plant will not affect power supply: Taipower\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517160458/http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HQDC	High-quality dual carriageway	["1 Specifications","1.1 High Quality Dual Carriageways with Motorway Speed Limits in Ireland","2 HQDCs on Major Inter-Urban Routes","3 Redesignation as motorway","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]	Road category in Ireland HQDC section of the N22 approaching Cork South Ring (N40) from the north A High-quality dual carriageway (HQDC) is a road category in Ireland. It is defined as an all-purpose dual carriageway road type built to near motorway standards, but without motorway classification or motorway restrictions. High-quality dual carriageways have full grade-separated access and do not have junctions with minor roads. Such roads in the Republic of Ireland have been built as part of the 2000–2006 and 2007–2013 National Development Plans, including interurban routes from Dublin to other cities. While HQDCs or roads of similar type exist in a number of countries this article concentrates mainly on such roads in Ireland. Specifications Standard motorways: 52,000 vehicles AADT – annual average daily traffic. The road type is all-purpose dual carriageway (D2AP), but with the same specifications as motorway: a carriageway width of 7 metres (23 ft) and a hard shoulder of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) width. HQDCs are limited access (grade-separated junctions only) and not intended to have junctions with minor roads. Junctions with major roads are grade-separated and to motorway standards. All HQDCs in Ireland currently form part of national primary roads, and therefore use the national road speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph). There are exceptions however, as special speed limits may now be specified for sections of road if the local authority passes a by-law. For example, a section of the N1 from the northern end of the M1 motorway (north of Dundalk to the border with Northern Ireland) has a 120 km/h (75 mph) speed limit. Signage on Irish HQDCs is similar to signage used on Irish motorways, and junction numbers may be present (as on motorways, indicated by a white number on a black panel in the corner of signs). However signage on HQDCs uses a green background instead of the blue background used on Irish motorway signage. In the event of an HQDC being a regional road, black text on a white background would be used instead. Also, as on other all-purpose roads, signs should include patches for roads of other classifications (on motorways, all information signage should have a blue background). As high-quality dual carriageways are not motorways, they do not need to conform to motorway regulations, therefore slow-moving vehicles (e.g. tractors, farm vehicles etc.) as well as cyclists are permitted to use these roads. HQDCs have a hard shoulder marked with a broken yellow line (as is standard on Irish roads), rather than the solid yellow line used to mark the hard shoulder of an Irish motorway. Also, L-Drivers (Learner Drivers), who are not permitted to drive on motorways can do so on high-quality dual carriageways, as on the rest of the national road network. HQDCs are a road type, not a classification, and the normal rules and regulations applying to all-purpose roads apply on HQDCs. Lay-bys (rest stops) are permitted on HQDCs and the N6/M6 Kinnegad – Kilbeggan scheme originally featured lay-bys, which would not be legal at present on roads with full motorway status, prior to its redesignation as a motorway. The M9 Carlow bypass was built with lay-bys as it was originally to be built as an HQDC section of the N9 route. The lay-bys were removed after the road was reclassified as a motorway. Lay-bys on other HQDCs which were reclassified as motorways were restricted to authorised vehicles only and are likely to be used mainly by Garda Síochána (police) patrol vehicles. High Quality Dual Carriageways with Motorway Speed Limits in Ireland The standard speed limit for cars on Irish motorways is 120 km/h (75 mph) (the minimum speed limit for any type of vehicle is 50 km/h (31 mph)). The standard speed limit on national roads is 100 km/h (62 mph). A number of local authorities have passed special speed limit by-laws permitting dual carriageways in their administrative area to carry motorway speed limits of 120 km/h (75 mph). Route Section Counties Destinations Officially Introduced N1 North of Dundalk to Northern Ireland border Louth (Dublin) – Belfast 15 August 2007 N40 /N22 Bandon Road Roundabout to Ovens County Cork Cork – Killarney N25 Dunkettle to Carrigtwohill County Cork Cork – Waterford HQDCs on Major Inter-Urban Routes N11 HQDC Gorey Bypass prior to re-designation as M11 motorway. Many of the Major Inter-Urban Routes between Dublin and other cities in Ireland were originally to be built to motorway standard but without motorway restrictions, and were to be designated as HQDCs. Roads that were to be built as HQDC include the N6/M6 Kinnegad – Athlone scheme (completed in July 2008), the M8 Mitchelstown – Cashel scheme (completed in October 2008) and the M9 Carlow bypass scheme (completed in June 2008). These roads will form part of the major inter-urban routes network. The advantage of an HQDC over a motorway in this regard is that a simpler planning permission process is used, rather than the more complex Motorway Scheme process used to create a motorway. However the problem of using the normal planning process is that in theory planning permission could be granted for a direct access for a home or business onto the HQDC; although such direct accesses are now discouraged under public policy there is no legal impediment. Motorways, by contrast, may only have accesses at junctions and service areas. HQDCs which form part of national road routes use the N (national road) prefix on signage as opposed to the M prefix used where the route or a section of it is motorway. Most of the HQDC sections on the major inter-urban network of roads in Ireland have been redesignated as motorways or have been proposed for redesignation. Redesignation as motorway In 2007 new legislation was introduced to allow the Government to designate HQDCs as motorways and thus avoid the risk of permission for direct access being granted by local planning authorities. The Roads Act 2007 was passed by the Oireachtas in early 2007 and signed into law to by the President of Ireland on 11 July 2007. The Act introduced powers for the Minister for Transport (on the recommendation of Transport Infrastructure Ireland) to re-designate high quality dual carriageways as motorways, following a public consultation process. It is possible that in the future a majority of HQDCs will be reclassified as motorways. A number of the former high-quality dual carriageway schemes proceeded as tolled motorway PPPs (Public Private Partnerships) despite not being originally planned as motorway schemes. Such roads include the M6 Galway – Ballinasloe project. The N25 Waterford City bypass is the only HQDC planned at present to be tolled. Almost all other Irish toll roads are motorways, although the East-Link toll bridge which is a regional road is also tolled. This section of the N8 5 km north of Cork was redesignated as motorway. The Roads Act 2007 was passed into law in mid-2007. This Act made provision for the redesignation of suitable dual carriageways to motorway status. The National Roads Authority made formal applications under Section 8 of the Act to the Minister for Transport on 16 October 2007 regarding dual carriageways which the authority believed to be suitable for redesignation as motorways. On 29 January 2008, the Department of Transport published notice of the Minister's intention to make the orders being sought and invited submissions or observations to be made to the Minister regarding the NRA's applications. The initial applications proposed the following roads be redesignated as motorways: Route Proposed motorway section Destinations N6 road Kinnegad (M6 J2) – Athlone (Dublin) – Galway N7 road South of Borris-in-Ossory to Annacotty Dublin – Limerick N8 road Urlingford – Fermoy (Dublin) – Cork N9 road Kilcullen – Waterford (junction with proposed N25 road) (Dublin) – Waterford The consultation procession lasted until 28 March 2008. On 17 July 2008 the Minister signed a statutory instrument reclassifying all the HQDCs then either under construction or recently completed on the N7/M7, and N8/M8 as well as parts of the N6/M6 and N9/M9 as motorway. The redesignations came into effect on 24 September 2008. The Carlow bypass and Kilbeggan-Athlone roads opened with motorway signage but with temporary 100 km/h (62 mph) general speed limits between their opening and their official re-designation as motorways. These roads now operate under motorway restrictions with motorway signage and use the M prefix. The standard speed limit on these roads is now 120 km/h (75 mph). On 30 September 2008, the NRA proposed that the following dual-carriageways be re-designated as motorways: Route Proposed motorway section Destinations N2 road Junction 2 – north of Ashbourne Dublin – Derry N3 road Mulhuddart – Dunboyne Dublin – Ballyshannon N4 road Kinnegad – McNead's Bridge Dublin – Sligo N6 road Athlone – Galway (Dublin) – Galway N7 road Annacotty – Limerick Dublin – Limerick N8 road Watergrasshill – Cork (Dublin) – Cork N11 road Ashford – Rathnew and Arklow – Gorey (Dublin) – Wexford N18 road Ennis – Galway Limerick – Galway N20 road Limerick – Patrickswell Limerick – Cork The closing date for submissions was 14 November 2008. The statutory instrument passed in early 2009 and will came into effect in mid-2009, with the exception of the N6 Athlone Bypass (remains dual-carriageway/HQDC). See also Autostrasse Roads in Ireland National primary road National secondary road Regional road Local roads in Ireland Atlantic Corridor Dublin Port Tunnel Jack Lynch Tunnel History of roads in Ireland Trunk roads in Ireland Transport Infrastructure Ireland Road signs in Ireland Road speed limits in the Republic of Ireland Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland Northern Irish Vehicle Registration Plates Transport in Ireland National Development Plan List of Ireland-related topics External links National Roads Authority National Development Plan Transport 21 References This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "High-quality dual carriageway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ Archived 2007-11-19 at the Wayback Machine Transport 21: National Roads 2015 ^ "Department of Transport: Information". Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009. Department of Transport: Motorway Redesignation ^ Irish Statute Book: Roads Act 2007 ^ Department of Transport: N6-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N7-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N8-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N9-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ S.I No. 279-2008 – Roads Act 2007 (Declaration of Motorways) Order 2008 ^ Irish Times: Just under 300 km of roads upgraded to motorway ^ Department of Transport: N2-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N3-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N4-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N6-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Department of Transport: N7-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Department of Transport: N8-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N11-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Department of Transport: N18-Proposed Motorway Declarations ^ Department of Transport: N20-Proposed Motorway Declarations vteRoad hierarchyTypes of roadLimited-access Bike freeway Freeway / Motorway Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway Elevated highway By country Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Croatia Czech Republic Germany Greece Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Nepal Pakistan Poland Portugal Spain Taiwan United Kingdom United States Main roads Arterial road Collector road County highway Express-collector setup Farm-to-market road Highway Link road Two-lane expressway 2+1 road 2+2 road Parkway Ring road Super two Trunk road Highway systems by country Local roads Alley Avenue Backroad Bicycle boulevard Boulevard Country lane Dead end Driveway Frontage road Green lane Main street Primitive road Road Side road Single carriageway Single-track road Street Sunken lane Other terms Channelization Concurrency Detour Hierarchy of roads Private highway Route number special route business route Street hierarchy Stroad Toll road Winter road Road junctionsInterchanges(grade-separated) Cloverleaf Diamond Free-flow Directional T Diverging diamond Parclo Raindrop Roundabout Single-point urban (SPUI) Stack Three-level diamond Trumpet Intersections(at-grade) 3-way junction Bowtie Box junction Continuous flow Hook turn Jughandle Michigan left Offset T-intersection Protected intersection Quadrant roadway Right-in/right-out (RIRO) Roundabout Seagull intersection Split intersection Superstreet Texas U-turn Turnaround Surfaces Asphalt concrete Bioasphalt Brick Chipseal Cobblestone Concrete Reinforced concrete Corduroy Crocodile cracking Crushed stone Diamond grinding of pavement Dirt Full depth recycling Glassphalt Gravel Ice Macadam Pavement milling Permeable Plank Plastic Rubberized asphalt Sealcoat Sett Stamped asphalt Tarmac Texture Road safetyfactorsRoad andenvironment Aquaplaning Avalanche Black ice Bleeding Crosswind Dead Man's Curve Expansion joint Fog Ford Hairpin turn Level crossing Manhole cover Oil spill Oversize load Pothole Road debris Road slipperiness Road train Roadkill Rockfall Rut Speed bump Storm drain Traffic light Traffic sign Washboarding Washout Whiteout Snowsquall Human factors Driver's education Driving under the influence Drowsy driving Road rage Single-vehicle crash Vehicles Airbag Automotive safety Seat belts Risk compensation (road transport) Underride guard Space andtime allocation Barrier transfer machine Bicycle lane Climbing lane Complete streets Contraflow lane Contraflow lane reversal High-occupancy toll lane High-occupancy vehicle lane Lane Living street Managed lane Median / Central reservation Motorcycle lane Passing lane Pedestrian crossing Pedestrian zone Refuge island Reversible lane Road diet Road verge Runaway truck ramp Shared space Sidewalk / Pavement Shoulder Street running railway Traffic calming Traffic directionality Traffic island Traffic lanes Traffic signal preemption Truck bypass Unused highway Wide outside lane Woonerf Demarcation Bollard Botts' dots Cable barrier Cat's eye (road) Concrete step barrier Constant-slope barrier Curb F-Shape barrier Guard rail Jersey barrier Kassel kerb Noise barrier Raised pavement marker Road surface marking Rumble strip Traffic barrier Traffic cone Structures Bridge Causeway Overpass / Flyover Underpass / Tunnel Performanceindicators Pavement condition index International roughness index Present serviceability index Pavement performance modeling Granular base equivalency Glossary of road transport terms Road types by features	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N22CorkBallincollig.JPG"},{"link_name":"N22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N22_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"N40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N40_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"dual carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled-access_highway"},{"link_name":"grade-separated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade-separated"},{"link_name":"National Development Plans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Plan"}],"text":"HQDC section of the N22 approaching Cork South Ring (N40) from the northA High-quality dual carriageway (HQDC) is a road category in Ireland. It is defined as an all-purpose dual carriageway road type built to near motorway standards, but without motorway classification or motorway restrictions. High-quality dual carriageways have full grade-separated access and do not have junctions with minor roads. Such roads in the Republic of Ireland have been built as part of the 2000–2006 and 2007–2013 National Development Plans, including interurban routes from Dublin to other cities.While HQDCs or roads of similar type exist in a number of countries this article concentrates mainly on such roads in Ireland.","title":"High-quality dual carriageway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AADT – annual average daily traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AADT"},{"link_name":"carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriageway"},{"link_name":"hard shoulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_shoulder"},{"link_name":"national primary roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary_road"},{"link_name":"speed limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_speed_limits_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"local authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_authority"},{"link_name":"by-law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-law"},{"link_name":"N1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"M1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_motorway_(Republic_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Dundalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundalk"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"patches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway"},{"link_name":"Learner Drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_licence_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lay-bys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest_area"},{"link_name":"Kinnegad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnegad"},{"link_name":"Kilbeggan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbeggan"},{"link_name":"M9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_motorway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Carlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow"},{"link_name":"Garda Síochána","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na"}],"text":"Standard motorways: 52,000 vehicles AADT – annual average daily traffic. The road type is all-purpose dual carriageway (D2AP), but with the same specifications as motorway: a carriageway width of 7 metres (23 ft) and a hard shoulder of 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) width. HQDCs are limited access (grade-separated junctions only) and not intended to have junctions with minor roads. Junctions with major roads are grade-separated and to motorway standards.All HQDCs in Ireland currently form part of national primary roads, and therefore use the national road speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph). There are exceptions however, as special speed limits may now be specified for sections of road if the local authority passes a by-law. For example, a section of the N1 from the northern end of the M1 motorway (north of Dundalk to the border with Northern Ireland) has a 120 km/h (75 mph) speed limit.Signage on Irish HQDCs is similar to signage used on Irish motorways, and junction numbers may be present (as on motorways, indicated by a white number on a black panel in the corner of signs). However signage on HQDCs uses a green background instead of the blue background used on Irish motorway signage. In the event of an HQDC being a regional road, black text on a white background would be used instead. Also, as on other all-purpose roads, signs should include patches for roads of other classifications (on motorways, all information signage should have a blue background).As high-quality dual carriageways are not motorways, they do not need to conform to motorway regulations, therefore slow-moving vehicles (e.g. tractors, farm vehicles etc.) as well as cyclists are permitted to use these roads. HQDCs have a hard shoulder marked with a broken yellow line (as is standard on Irish roads), rather than the solid yellow line used to mark the hard shoulder of an Irish motorway. Also, L-Drivers (Learner Drivers), who are not permitted to drive on motorways can do so on high-quality dual carriageways, as on the rest of the national road network. HQDCs are a road type, not a classification, and the normal rules and regulations applying to all-purpose roads apply on HQDCs.Lay-bys (rest stops) are permitted on HQDCs and the N6/M6 Kinnegad – Kilbeggan scheme originally featured lay-bys, which would not be legal at present on roads with full motorway status, prior to its redesignation as a motorway. The M9 Carlow bypass was built with lay-bys as it was originally to be built as an HQDC section of the N9 route. The lay-bys were removed after the road was reclassified as a motorway. Lay-bys on other HQDCs which were reclassified as motorways were restricted to authorised vehicles only and are likely to be used mainly by Garda Síochána (police) patrol vehicles.","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"High Quality Dual Carriageways with Motorway Speed Limits in Ireland","text":"The standard speed limit for cars on Irish motorways is 120 km/h (75 mph) (the minimum speed limit for any type of vehicle is 50 km/h (31 mph)). The standard speed limit on national roads is 100 km/h (62 mph). A number of local authorities have passed special speed limit by-laws permitting dual carriageways in their administrative area to carry motorway speed limits of 120 km/h (75 mph).","title":"Specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N11GoreyBypass.jpg"},{"link_name":"N11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N11_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Gorey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway"},{"link_name":"N6/M6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N6_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"M8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_motorway_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Mitchelstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchelstown"},{"link_name":"Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"M9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_motorway_(Ireland)"}],"text":"N11 HQDC Gorey Bypass prior to re-designation as M11 motorway.Many of the Major Inter-Urban Routes between Dublin and other cities in Ireland[1] were originally to be built to motorway standard but without motorway restrictions, and were to be designated as HQDCs. Roads that were to be built as HQDC include the N6/M6 Kinnegad – Athlone scheme (completed in July 2008), the M8 Mitchelstown – Cashel scheme (completed in October 2008) and the M9 Carlow bypass scheme (completed in June 2008). These roads will form part of the major inter-urban routes network. The advantage of an HQDC over a motorway in this regard is that a simpler planning permission process is used, rather than the more complex Motorway Scheme process used to create a motorway. However the problem of using the normal planning process is that in theory planning permission could be granted for a direct access for a home or business onto the HQDC; although such direct accesses are now discouraged under public policy there is no legal impediment. Motorways, by contrast, may only have accesses at junctions and service areas. HQDCs which form part of national road routes use the N (national road) prefix on signage as opposed to the M prefix used where the route or a section of it is motorway.Most of the HQDC sections on the major inter-urban network of roads in Ireland have been redesignated as motorways or have been proposed for redesignation.","title":"HQDCs on Major Inter-Urban Routes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"President of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Minister for Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Transport_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Transport Infrastructure Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Infrastructure_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Public Private Partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Private_Partnerships"},{"link_name":"M6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N6_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"},{"link_name":"Ballinasloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballinasloe"},{"link_name":"N25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N25_road"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"toll roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_roads"},{"link_name":"East-Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-Link_(Dublin)"},{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glanmire_north.JPG"},{"link_name":"N8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N8_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"statutory instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_instrument"},{"link_name":"N7/M7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N7_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"N8/M8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N8_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"N6/M6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N6_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"N9/M9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N9_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2007 new legislation was introduced to allow the Government to designate HQDCs as motorways and thus avoid the risk of permission for direct access being granted by local planning authorities.[2] The Roads Act 2007 was passed by the Oireachtas in early 2007 and signed into law to by the President of Ireland on 11 July 2007. The Act introduced powers for the Minister for Transport (on the recommendation of Transport Infrastructure Ireland) to re-designate high quality dual carriageways as motorways, following a public consultation process. It is possible that in the future a majority of HQDCs will be reclassified as motorways.[3]A number of the former high-quality dual carriageway schemes proceeded as tolled motorway PPPs (Public Private Partnerships) despite not being originally planned as motorway schemes. Such roads include the M6 Galway – Ballinasloe project. The N25 Waterford City bypass is the only HQDC planned at present to be tolled. Almost all other Irish toll roads are motorways, although the East-Link toll bridge which is a regional road is also tolled.This section of the N8 5 km north of Cork was redesignated as motorway.The Roads Act 2007 was passed into law in mid-2007. This Act made provision for the redesignation of suitable dual carriageways to motorway status. The National Roads Authority made formal applications under Section 8 of the Act to the Minister for Transport on 16 October 2007 regarding dual carriageways which the authority believed to be suitable for redesignation as motorways. On 29 January 2008, the Department of Transport published notice of the Minister's intention to make the orders being sought and invited submissions or observations to be made to the Minister regarding the NRA's applications. The initial applications proposed the following roads be redesignated as motorways:The consultation procession lasted until 28 March 2008. On 17 July 2008 the Minister signed a statutory instrument reclassifying all the HQDCs then either under construction or recently completed on the N7/M7, and N8/M8 as well as parts of the N6/M6 and N9/M9 as motorway.[8] The redesignations came into effect on 24 September 2008.[9] The Carlow bypass and Kilbeggan-Athlone roads opened with motorway signage but with temporary 100 km/h (62 mph) general speed limits between their opening and their official re-designation as motorways. These roads now operate under motorway restrictions with motorway signage and use the M prefix. The standard speed limit on these roads is now 120 km/h (75 mph).On 30 September 2008, the NRA proposed that the following dual-carriageways be re-designated as motorways:The closing date for submissions was 14 November 2008. The statutory instrument passed in early 2009 and will came into effect in mid-2009, with the exception of the N6 Athlone Bypass (remains dual-carriageway/HQDC).","title":"Redesignation as motorway"}]	[{"image_text":"HQDC section of the N22 approaching Cork South Ring (N40) from the north","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/N22CorkBallincollig.JPG/280px-N22CorkBallincollig.JPG"},{"image_text":"N11 HQDC Gorey Bypass prior to re-designation as M11 motorway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/N11GoreyBypass.jpg/220px-N11GoreyBypass.jpg"},{"image_text":"This section of the N8 5 km north of Cork was redesignated as motorway.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Glanmire_north.JPG/250px-Glanmire_north.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Autostrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autostrasse"},{"title":"Roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland"},{"title":"National primary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary_road"},{"title":"National secondary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_secondary_road"},{"title":"Regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"title":"Local roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_roads_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Atlantic Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Corridor"},{"title":"Dublin Port Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Port_Tunnel"},{"title":"Jack Lynch Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lynch_Tunnel"},{"title":"History of roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_roads_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Trunk roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_roads_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Transport Infrastructure Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Infrastructure_Ireland"},{"title":"Road signs in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Road speed limits in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_speed_limits_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Vehicle registration plates of the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Northern Irish Vehicle Registration Plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_car_number_plates#Northern_Ireland"},{"title":"Transport in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland"},{"title":"National Development Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Development_Plan"},{"title":"List of Ireland-related topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics"}]	[{"reference":"\"Department of Transport: Information\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_Postigo	Juan García Postigo	["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and education","1.2 Career and business ventures","2 Pageantry","2.1 Mister Spain 2006","2.2 Mister World 2007","3 Views on cosmetic surgery","4 Filmography","4.1 Television","5 References","6 External links"]	Spanish actor, model, and male beauty pageant winner In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Postigo. Juan García PostigoBorn (1982-01-19) January 19, 1982 (age 42)Málaga, SpainEducationDegree in Business ManagementCertified HotelierLicensed SommelierAlma materUniversity of MálagaEscuela de Cocina de BarcelonaColegio Público Ramón SimonetOccupationsActormodelsommelierhotelierentrepreneurHeight191 cm (6 ft 3 in)Beauty pageant titleholderTitleMister Spain 2006Mister World 2007Hair colorDark BrownEye colorLight BlueMajorcompetition(s)Mister Spain 2006(Winner)Mister World 2007(Winner) Juan García Postigo (born January 19, 1982) is a Spanish actor, model, sommelier, hotelier, entrepreneur, and male beauty pageant titleholder who won the Mister Spain 2006 competition, and then later on won the Mister World 2007 title in Sanya, Hainan, China. He is the first Spaniard to have won the title of Mister World. As an actor, García is best known for his roles in the television shows Los Serrano (2003), ¡A ver si llego! (2009), and La hora de José Mota (2009). Biography Early life and education García was born on January 19, 1982 in Málaga, Costa del Sol, Andalusia, Spain. He attended the Colegio Público Ramón Simonet for his primary education. As a teenager, García played indoor soccer and was his school team's goalkeeper. He was discovered at seventeen (17) years old by Manuel Beltrán, a director of a talent management agency in Málaga, while García was commencing studies for a business management degree at the University of Málaga. His foray into modeling and beauty pageant competitions, and then consequently acting, was accidental and with much hesitation at first. García's parents, especially his mother, wanted him to pursue and complete his degree before anything else. His parents did not want him to get distracted from his studies. Career and business ventures As a lover of wine, García is also a licensed sommelier with professional training from the Escuela de Cocina de Barcelona, and official certification from the Federación de Asociaciones de Bármanes Españoles (FABE). As an entrepreneur and hotelier, García is one of three founding partners of the Hotel Málaga Premium. He is co-owner of La Terraza Oasis de Málaga, a terrace bar, and of the Alcazaba Premium Hostel Málaga. Pageantry García first trained as a model under a talent management agency in Madrid. A few months after training, he was already walking the runways of several Spanish fashion designers and gracing the catalogs of popular menswear brands in Spain. García's decision to enter pageantry was, at first, made in jest. Mister Spain 2006 While García was working at his brother's bar in Torremolinos, one of his friends dared him to enter the Mister Málaga 2006 competition, a precursory contest that chooses the Málagan representative to the Mister Spain competition. He disclosed in later interviews that the decision to compete at Mister Málaga and then Mister Spain 2006 was "just for fun... to have a good time," and that he did not expect to win both competitions. Mister World 2007 After winning the Míster España title, García represented Spain at the Mister World 2007 competition in Sanya, Hainan, China. During the preliminaries, García and the other Mister World delegates competed in a number of events, including the sports and extreme challenge competitions where they had to hike and climb a mountain on Hainan island, as well as practice kung fu and tai chi. For the talent competition, García, a licensed sommelier, opted to demonstrate the wine decantation process. On March 31, 2007 at the finals held in Sanya City, China, García was declared Mister World 2007, besting 57 other contestants. García reigned until March 27, 2010, and then passed on his title to Mister World 2010 Kamal Ibrahim of Ireland. García is the first and only Spanish Mister World winner, thus far. As a former Mister World, García was a judge at the Mister World 2012 competition held in Kent, England. Views on cosmetic surgery When asked if he had anything done on his face, Garcia said in an interview that although he has nothing against cosmetic surgery, he has done no aesthetic surgery to enhance his appearance, and that the only surgical procedure he has ever had is an appendectomy, as he once suffered from acute appendicitis. Filmography Television Year Title Network Notes 2003 Los Serrano Telecinco 2007 El Intermedio LaSexta 2007 Las mañanas de Cuatro Cuatro 2009 ¡A ver si llego! Telecinco 2009 La hora de José Mota TVEHill Valley 2010 ¡Mira quién baila! UnivisionLas Estrellas 2010 Pasapalabra Telecinco 2012 Mister World 2012 Judge References ^ a b c d e f "Juan García Postigo, modelo y actor. Un Míster con nariz de oro". Diario Sur (in Spanish). Vocento. 6 September 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ a b c d "The Founding Partners". Hotel Málaga Premium. Retrieved 4 November 2019. ^ "World's hottest man". Daily Telegraph. April 2, 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2011. ^ a b c d e f "JUAN GARCÍA POSTIGO MISTER MUNDO 2007 / «Yo no me veo tan guapo como dicen algunas»". El Diario Montañés (in Spanish). Vocento. 22 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ a b "Espanhol vencedor do 'Mister World' se diz surpreso com brasileiros barrados". Globo.com (in Spanish). 11 March 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ a b c "El malagueño Juan García Postigo, Mister Mundo 2007". Diario Sur (in Spanish). Vocento. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ Olivo, Sara (27 February 2008). "Míster Mundo: "No te puedes hinchar a chuches y helados todos los días"". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ Blanco, Alejandro (9 April 2007). "Se rieron de Mister Mundo". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ a b Heredia, Amanda (2 April 2007). "Juan García Postigo, Mister Mundo gracias a una palmera de chocolate". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ "Juan García Postigo es el hombre más guapo del mundo". Europa Press (in Spanish). 12 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2020. ^ a b "Juan García, Mister Mundo: "De lo único que me he operado es de apendicitis"". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). 12 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2020. External links Juan García Postigo on Instagram Juan García Postigo at IMDb Awards and achievements Preceded by Gustavo Gianetti Mister World 2007 Succeeded by Kamal Ibrahim Preceded byBorja Alonso Mister Spain 2006 Succeeded byLuis Muñoz vteMister World 1996 1998 2000 2003 2007 2010 2012 2014 2016 2019 2024 Countries Rankings Spain portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"sommelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommelier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"},{"link_name":"hotelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotel-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotel-2"},{"link_name":"beauty pageant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_pageant"},{"link_name":"Mister Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Spain"},{"link_name":"Mister World 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World_2007"},{"link_name":"Sanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mister World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World"},{"link_name":"television shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_show"},{"link_name":"Los Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Serrano"},{"link_name":"¡A ver si llego!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programs_broadcast_by_Telecinco"},{"link_name":"La hora de José Mota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_hora_de_Jos%C3%A9_Mota"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mont-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globo-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ds-6"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Postigo.Juan García Postigo (born January 19, 1982) is a Spanish actor, model, sommelier,[1] hotelier,[2] entrepreneur,[2] and male beauty pageant titleholder who won the Mister Spain 2006 competition, and then later on won the Mister World 2007 title in Sanya, Hainan, China.[3] He is the first Spaniard to have won the title of Mister World.As an actor, García is best known for his roles in the television shows Los Serrano (2003), ¡A ver si llego! (2009), and La hora de José Mota (2009).[4][5][6]","title":"Juan García Postigo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Costa del Sol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_del_Sol"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mont-4"},{"link_name":"indoor soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_soccer"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"},{"link_name":"business management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_management"},{"link_name":"University of Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heredia-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heredia-9"}],"sub_title":"Early life and education","text":"García was born on January 19, 1982[7] in Málaga, Costa del Sol, Andalusia, Spain.[4] He attended the Colegio Público Ramón Simonet for his primary education. As a teenager, García played indoor soccer and was his school team's goalkeeper.[8][1] He was discovered at seventeen (17) years old by Manuel Beltrán, a director of a talent management agency in Málaga, while García was commencing studies for a business management degree at the University of Málaga.[1][9]His foray into modeling and beauty pageant competitions, and then consequently acting, was accidental and with much hesitation at first. García's parents, especially his mother, wanted him to pursue and complete his degree before anything else. His parents did not want him to get distracted from his studies.[9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotel-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hotel-2"}],"sub_title":"Career and business ventures","text":"As a lover of wine, García is also a licensed sommelier with professional training from the Escuela de Cocina de Barcelona,[1] and official certification from the Federación de Asociaciones de Bármanes Españoles (FABE).[2]As an entrepreneur and hotelier, García is one of three founding partners of the Hotel Málaga Premium. He is co-owner of La Terraza Oasis de Málaga, a terrace bar, and of the Alcazaba Premium Hostel Málaga.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"}],"text":"García first trained as a model under a talent management agency in Madrid. A few months after training, he was already walking the runways of several Spanish fashion designers and gracing the catalogs of popular menswear brands in Spain. García's decision to enter pageantry was, at first, made in jest.[1]","title":"Pageantry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torremolinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torremolinos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ds-6"},{"link_name":"Mister Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Spain"},{"link_name":"Mister Spain 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-1"}],"sub_title":"Mister Spain 2006","text":"While García was working at his brother's bar in Torremolinos,[6] one of his friends dared him to enter the Mister Málaga 2006 competition, a precursory contest that chooses the Málagan representative to the Mister Spain competition. He disclosed in later interviews that the decision to compete at Mister Málaga and then Mister Spain 2006 was \"just for fun... to have a good time,\" and that he did not expect to win both competitions.[1]","title":"Pageantry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Míster España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADster_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Mister World 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World_2007"},{"link_name":"Sanya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ds-6"},{"link_name":"Mister World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World"},{"link_name":"Hainan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mont-4"},{"link_name":"kung fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_fu"},{"link_name":"tai chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_chi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"wine decantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decantation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mont-4"},{"link_name":"Sanya City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanya"},{"link_name":"Mister World 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World_2007"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mont-4"},{"link_name":"Mister World 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World_2010"},{"link_name":"Kamal Ibrahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Ibrahim_(presenter)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mister World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mont-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globo-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-11"},{"link_name":"Mister World 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_World_2012"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"}],"sub_title":"Mister World 2007","text":"After winning the Míster España title, García represented Spain at the Mister World 2007 competition in Sanya, Hainan, China.[6]During the preliminaries, García and the other Mister World delegates competed in a number of events, including the sports and extreme challenge competitions where they had to hike and climb a mountain on Hainan island,[4] as well as practice kung fu and tai chi.[10] For the talent competition, García, a licensed sommelier, opted to demonstrate the wine decantation process.[4]On March 31, 2007 at the finals held in Sanya City, China, García was declared Mister World 2007, besting 57 other contestants.[4]García reigned until March 27, 2010, and then passed on his title to Mister World 2010 Kamal Ibrahim of Ireland. García is the first and only Spanish Mister World winner, thus far.[4][5][11]As a former Mister World, García was a judge at the Mister World 2012 competition held in Kent, England.","title":"Pageantry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cosmetic surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery"},{"link_name":"appendectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendectomy"},{"link_name":"acute appendicitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_appendicitis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-min-11"}],"text":"When asked if he had anything done on his face, Garcia said in an interview that although he has nothing against cosmetic surgery, he has done no aesthetic surgery to enhance his appearance, and that the only surgical procedure he has ever had is an appendectomy, as he once suffered from acute appendicitis.[11]","title":"Views on cosmetic surgery"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Juan García Postigo, modelo y actor. Un Míster con nariz de oro\". Diario Sur (in Spanish). Vocento. 6 September 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariosur.es/20090906/sociedad/juan-garcia-postigo-modelo-20090906.html","url_text":"\"Juan García Postigo, modelo y actor. Un Míster con nariz de oro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Sur","url_text":"Diario Sur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocento","url_text":"Vocento"}]},{"reference":"\"The Founding Partners\". Hotel Málaga Premium. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hotelmalagapremium.com/en/partners/","url_text":"\"The Founding Partners\""}]},{"reference":"\"World's hottest man\". Daily Telegraph. April 2, 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/lifestyle/worlds-hottest-man/story-e6frf00i-1111113262610","url_text":"\"World's hottest man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph_(Sydney)","url_text":"Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"JUAN GARCÍA POSTIGO MISTER MUNDO 2007 / «Yo no me veo tan guapo como dicen algunas»\". El Diario Montañés (in Spanish). Vocento. 22 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldiariomontanes.es/prensa/20070422/sociedad/juan-garcia-postigo-mister_20070422.html","url_text":"\"JUAN GARCÍA POSTIGO MISTER MUNDO 2007 / «Yo no me veo tan guapo como dicen algunas»\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Diario_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s","url_text":"El Diario Montañés"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocento","url_text":"Vocento"}]},{"reference":"\"Espanhol vencedor do 'Mister World' se diz surpreso com brasileiros barrados\". Globo.com (in Spanish). 11 March 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/SaoPaulo/0,,MUL345113-5605,00-ESPANHOL+VENCEDOR+DO+MISTER+WORLD+SE+DIZ+SURPRESO+COM+BRASILEIROS+BARRADOS.html","url_text":"\"Espanhol vencedor do 'Mister World' se diz surpreso com brasileiros barrados\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globo.com","url_text":"Globo.com"}]},{"reference":"\"El malagueño Juan García Postigo, Mister Mundo 2007\". Diario Sur (in Spanish). Vocento. 1 April 2007. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariosur.es/prensa/20070401/portada/malagueno-juan-garcia-postigo_20070401.html","url_text":"\"El malagueño Juan García Postigo, Mister Mundo 2007\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Sur","url_text":"Diario Sur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocento","url_text":"Vocento"}]},{"reference":"Olivo, Sara (27 February 2008). \"Míster Mundo: \"No te puedes hinchar a chuches y helados todos los días\"\". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/354960/0/mister/mundo/2007/","url_text":"\"Míster Mundo: \"No te puedes hinchar a chuches y helados todos los días\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Minutos","url_text":"20 Minutos"}]},{"reference":"Blanco, Alejandro (9 April 2007). \"Se rieron de Mister Mundo\". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/220734/0/bromas/mister/mundo/","url_text":"\"Se rieron de Mister Mundo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Minutos","url_text":"20 Minutos"}]},{"reference":"Heredia, Amanda (2 April 2007). \"Juan García Postigo, Mister Mundo gracias a una palmera de chocolate\". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/219207/0/descubridor/mister/mundo/","url_text":"\"Juan García Postigo, Mister Mundo gracias a una palmera de chocolate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Minutos","url_text":"20 Minutos"}]},{"reference":"\"Juan García Postigo es el hombre más guapo del mundo\". Europa Press (in Spanish). 12 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europapress.es/chance/noticia-juan-garcia-postigo-hombre-mas-guapo-mundo-20070412193059.html","url_text":"\"Juan García Postigo es el hombre más guapo del mundo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Press_(news_agency)","url_text":"Europa Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Juan García, Mister Mundo: \"De lo único que me he operado es de apendicitis\"\". 20 Minutos (in Spanish). 12 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/222180/0/mister/mundo/juan/","url_text":"\"Juan García, Mister Mundo: \"De lo único que me he operado es de apendicitis\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Minutos","url_text":"20 Minutos"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.diariosur.es/20090906/sociedad/juan-garcia-postigo-modelo-20090906.html","external_links_name":"\"Juan García Postigo, modelo y actor. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Japan_Consular_Service	British Japan Consular Service	["1 Consular Officials","2 British Consular Courts in Japan","3 Notable consular officials","4 British Judges in Japan","5 See also","6 Further reading","7 References"]	The British legation in Japan, Yokohama, 1865 painting. The former British Consulate in Yokohama (now Yokohama Archives of History) Britain had a functioning consular service in Japan from 1859 after the signing of the 1858 Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce between James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and the Tokugawa Shogunate until 1941 when Japan invaded the British colonial empire and declared war on the United Kingdom. Consular Officials The Consular Service was established with officials who were expected to serve their entire careers in Japan. The entry-level position was as student interpreter who were expected to learn Japanese. In the early years almost all dealings with Japanese officials were in Japanese and British consular officials had a high standard in the spoken and written language. This declined over time as more Japanese officials learnt English. British Consular Courts in Japan Until 1899, British Consular Officials exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction over British subjects in Japan. Consular officials sat as judges in consular courts in all treaty ports. Until 1865 appeals from decisions of consular officials were made to the Supreme Court of Hong Kong. From 1865 appeals from decisions could be made to the British Supreme Court for China and Japan in Shanghai. From 1871 to 1878 a judge from Shanghai was based in Yokohama sitting first as a branch of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan. Later they were treated as a judge of the Kanagawa Consular Court. In 1879 a British Court for Japan was created in Yokohama which had first instance jurisdiction in Kanagawa and appellate jurisdiction from other consular courts in Japan. Appeals from the Court for Japan lay to Supreme Court in Shanghai. Notable consular officials Rutherford Alcock William George Aston Henry Bonar James Joseph Enslie Abel Gower John Harington Gubbins John Carey Hall Joseph Henry Longford, served 1869 to 1902 Harry Smith Parkes Frank Playfair Russell B. Robertson Ernest Mason Satow, served 1862 to 1883 and 1895 to 1900 James Troup Hiram Shaw Wilkinson 1864 to 1881 British Judges in Japan The following judges were based in Yokohama from 1871 to 1877 before the establishment of the British Court for Japan. Nicholas John Hannen, Acting Assistant judge British Supreme Court for China and Japan 1871-1874 Charles Wycliffe Goodwin, Assistant Judge British Supreme Court for China and Japan 1874-1876, Acting Chief Judge 1876-1877 Hiram Shaw Wilkinson, Acting Law Secretary, British Supreme Court for China and Japan, 1877 to 1878 Between 1865 and 1872, Sir Edmund Grimani Hornby, the Chief Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan also heard cases in Japan when traveling on circuit. The following were full-time judges of the British Court for Japan. Most of the above consular officials named above also acted as judges as part of their consular duties. Nicholas John Hannen; Judge, British Court for Japan, 1881 to 1891 Richard Temple Rennie Judge, British Court for Japan, 1879 to 1881 Robert Anderson Mowat Judge, British Court for Japan, 1891 to 1897 Hiram Shaw Wilkinson Judge, British Court for Japan, 1897 to 1900 See also Anglo-Japanese relations Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce British Court for Japan British Supreme Court for China and Japan Extraterritoriality Japan–United Kingdom relations Treaty Ports Kobe City Archives Yokohama Archives of History Further reading "Britain's Japan Consular Service, 1859-1941" by J.E. Hoare in Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume II, ed. Ian Nish, 1997 ISBN 1-873410-62-X Richard Chang, The Justice of Western Consular Courts in Japan. ISBN 0313241031 References ^ I Nish, Britain and Japan, Biographical Portraits, p99 ^ Ian Ruxton, (ed), The Semi-official Letters of British Envoy Sir Ernest Satow from Japan and China (1895-1906), p153-4. ^ Richard Chang, The Justice of Western Consular Court in Japan	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yokohama_Archives_of_History.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Yokohama Archives of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Archives_of_History"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce"},{"link_name":"James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa Shogunate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_Shogunate"},{"link_name":"invaded the British colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"The former British Consulate in Yokohama (now Yokohama Archives of History)Britain had a functioning consular service in Japan from 1859 after the signing of the 1858 Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce between James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and the Tokugawa Shogunate until 1941 when Japan invaded the British colonial empire and declared war on the United Kingdom.","title":"British Japan Consular Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"student interpreter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_interpreter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Consular Service was established with officials who were expected to serve their entire careers in Japan. The entry-level position was as student interpreter who were expected to learn Japanese. In the early years almost all dealings with Japanese officials were in Japanese and British consular officials had a high standard in the spoken and written language.[1] This declined over time as more Japanese officials learnt English.[2]","title":"Consular Officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extraterritorial jurisdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritoriality"},{"link_name":"consular courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consular_court"},{"link_name":"treaty ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_ports"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Until 1899, British Consular Officials exercised extraterritorial jurisdiction over British subjects in Japan. Consular officials sat as judges in consular courts in all treaty ports. Until 1865 appeals from decisions of consular officials were made to the Supreme Court of Hong Kong. From 1865 appeals from decisions could be made to the British Supreme Court for China and Japan in Shanghai. From 1871 to 1878 a judge from Shanghai was based in Yokohama sitting first as a branch of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan. Later they were treated as a judge of the Kanagawa Consular Court. In 1879 a British Court for Japan was created in Yokohama which had first instance jurisdiction in Kanagawa and appellate jurisdiction from other consular courts in Japan. Appeals from the Court for Japan lay to Supreme Court in Shanghai.[3]","title":"British Consular Courts in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rutherford Alcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_Alcock"},{"link_name":"William George Aston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_George_Aston"},{"link_name":"Henry Bonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Bonar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Joseph Enslie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Joseph_Enslie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abel Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Gower"},{"link_name":"John Harington Gubbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harington_Gubbins"},{"link_name":"John Carey Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Carey_Hall"},{"link_name":"Joseph Henry Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Longford"},{"link_name":"Harry Smith Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Smith_Parkes"},{"link_name":"Frank Playfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Playfair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Russell B. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell_B._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernest Mason Satow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mason_Satow"},{"link_name":"Hiram Shaw Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Shaw_Wilkinson"}],"text":"Rutherford Alcock\nWilliam George Aston\nHenry Bonar\nJames Joseph Enslie\nAbel Gower\nJohn Harington Gubbins\nJohn Carey Hall\nJoseph Henry Longford, served 1869 to 1902\nHarry Smith Parkes\nFrank Playfair\nRussell B. Robertson\nErnest Mason Satow, served 1862 to 1883 and 1895 to 1900\nJames Troup\nHiram Shaw Wilkinson 1864 to 1881","title":"Notable consular officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nicholas John Hannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_John_Hannen"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"Charles Wycliffe Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wycliffe_Goodwin"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"Hiram Shaw Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Shaw_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"Edmund Grimani Hornby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Grimani_Hornby"},{"link_name":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"Nicholas John Hannen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_John_Hannen"},{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"Richard Temple Rennie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rennie"},{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"Robert Anderson Mowat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mowat"},{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"link_name":"Hiram Shaw Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Shaw_Wilkinson"},{"link_name":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"}],"text":"The following judges were based in Yokohama from 1871 to 1877 before the establishment of the British Court for Japan.Nicholas John Hannen, Acting Assistant judge British Supreme Court for China and Japan 1871-1874\nCharles Wycliffe Goodwin, Assistant Judge British Supreme Court for China and Japan 1874-1876, Acting Chief Judge 1876-1877\nHiram Shaw Wilkinson, Acting Law Secretary, British Supreme Court for China and Japan, 1877 to 1878Between 1865 and 1872, Sir Edmund Grimani Hornby, the Chief Judge of the British Supreme Court for China and Japan also heard cases in Japan when traveling on circuit.The following were full-time judges of the British Court for Japan. Most of the above consular officials named above also acted as judges as part of their consular duties.Nicholas John Hannen; Judge, British Court for Japan, 1881 to 1891\nRichard Temple Rennie Judge, British Court for Japan, 1879 to 1881\nRobert Anderson Mowat Judge, British Court for Japan, 1891 to 1897\nHiram Shaw Wilkinson Judge, British Court for Japan, 1897 to 1900","title":"British Judges in Japan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-873410-62-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-873410-62-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0313241031","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313241031"}],"text":"\"Britain's Japan Consular Service, 1859-1941\" by J.E. Hoare in Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits, Volume II, ed. Ian Nish, 1997 ISBN 1-873410-62-X\nRichard Chang, The Justice of Western Consular Courts in Japan. ISBN 0313241031","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The British legation in Japan, Yokohama, 1865 painting.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/EnglandEmbassy.jpg/220px-EnglandEmbassy.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former British Consulate in Yokohama (now Yokohama Archives of History)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Yokohama_Archives_of_History.jpg/220px-Yokohama_Archives_of_History.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Anglo-Japanese relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_relations"},{"title":"Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce"},{"title":"British Court for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Court_for_Japan"},{"title":"British Supreme Court for China and Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Supreme_Court_for_China_and_Japan"},{"title":"Extraterritoriality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritoriality"},{"title":"Japan–United Kingdom relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations"},{"title":"Treaty Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Ports"},{"title":"Kobe City Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_City_Archives"},{"title":"Yokohama Archives of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama_Archives_of_History"}]	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shensa_Saveh_FSC	Shensa Saveh FSC	["1 Honours","2 Season-by-season","3 Players","3.1 World Cup players","3.2 Notable players","4 References","5 External links","5.1 Fan sites"]	Iranian futsal club Football clubShensaFull nameShensa Saveh Futsal ClubFounded1999Dissolved2008GroundFajr-e Felestin HallCapacity2,500 Home colours Shensa Saveh Futsal Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتسال شن‌سا ساوه) was an Iranian futsal club based in Saveh. Honours National Iranian Futsal Super League Champions (2): 2003–04, 2005–06 Continental: Asia Futsal Cup Champions (1): 2006 Golden Cup Champions (1): 2007 Season-by-season The table below chronicles the achievements of the Club in various competitions. Season League Asia Leagues Top goalscorer Manager Division P W D L GF GA Pts Pos Name Goals 1999 ~ 2002 ??? 2002–03 Super League 3rd Mehdi Abtahi 2003–04 Super League 22 18 2 2 106 49 56 1st Saeid Tahmtan 2004–05 Super League 26 12 7 7 78 71 43 3rd 2005–06 Super League 26 19 4 3 101 61 61 1st Champion* Sávio Sousa AFC Futsal Club Championship Group stage 2 2 0 0 15 0 6 1st Mahmoud Lotfi 8 Semi-finals Shensa Saveh 10 - 5 CAT Telecom Finals Shensa Saveh 5 - 1 Ardus Tashkent 2007–08 Super League 13 7 1 5 42 39 22 13th Sávio Sousa Relegation to the 1st Division issued by Iranian Football Federation Notes: * unofficial titles 1 worst title in history of club Key P = Played W = Games won D = Games drawn L = Games lost GF = Goals for GA = Goals against Pts = Points Pos = Final position Champions Runners-up Third Place Fourth Place Did not qualify not held Players World Cup players World Cup 2000 Moslem Tolouei World Cup 2004 Mohammad Keshavarz Notable players Hossein Sabouri Ebrahim Masoudi Siamak Dadashi Ali Kiaei Mahmoud Lotfi Mostafa Nazari Afshin Kazemi Mohsen Hassanzadeh Saeid Abdollahnejadian Reza Lak Aliabadi Mohammad Keshavarz Sávio Sousa References ^ Iranian Super League ^ Shensa Saveh national champion of the Iranian Superleague ^ Shensa win Asian futsal title ^ Shensa Saveh vence Golden Cup ^ Shensa win Asian futsal title ^ Shensa Saveh national champion of the Iranian Superleague ^ FIFA Futsal World Championship Guatemala 2000 Technical Report and Statistics ^ FIFA Futsal World Championship Chinese Taipei 2004 Technical Report and Statistics External links Fan sites Shensa Blog Achievements Preceded byInaugural Champions Asia Futsal Cup 2006 (trial edition) Succeeded byFoolad Mahan Preceded byPas Iranian Futsal Super League 03-04 (First title) Succeeded byTam Iran Khodro Preceded byTam Iran Khodro Iranian Futsal Super League 05-06 (Second title) Succeeded byTam Iran Khodro vteFutsal in IranLeague competitions Iranian Futsal Super League 1st Division 2nd Division National teams Men Men U-20 Women Lists and categories League system Champions List of clubs List of Arena Street Football Gol Koochik Iran Football Federation vteAFC Futsal Club Championship champions Shensa Saveh (2006)* Foolad Mahan (2010) Nagoya Oceans (2011) Giti Pasand Isfahan (2012) Chonburi Bluewave (2013) Nagoya Oceans (2014) Tasisat Daryaei (2015) Nagoya Oceans (2016) Chonburi Bluewave (2017) Mes Sungun (2018) Nagoya Oceans (2019) * not official vteIranian futsal league championsThree titles Mes Sungun (17-18, 18-19, 19-20) Two titles Peyman (98–99, 99-00) Esteghlal (00–01, 01-02) Shensa Saveh (03-04, 05-06) Tam Iran Khodro (04-05, 07-08) Foolad Mahan (08-09, 09-10) Shahid Mansouri (10-11, 11-12) Tasisat Daryaei (14-15, 15-16) Giti Pasand (12-13, 16-17) One title Pas (02-03) Dabiri Tabriz (13-14) This article about an Iranian football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"futsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal"},{"link_name":"Saveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saveh"}],"text":"Football clubShensa Saveh Futsal Club (Persian: باشگاه فوتسال شن‌سا ساوه) was an Iranian futsal club based in Saveh.","title":"Shensa Saveh FSC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Futsal Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Iranian_Futsal_Super_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Asia Futsal Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Futsal_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Asia_Futsal_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"NationalIranian Futsal Super League\nChampions (2): 2003–04,[1] 2005–06[2]Continental:Asia Futsal Cup\nChampions (1): 2006[3]\nGolden Cup\nChampions (1): 2007[4]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The table below chronicles the achievements of the Club in various competitions.Notes:\n* unofficial titles\n1 worst title in history of clubKeyP = Played\nW = Games won\nD = Games drawn\nL = Games lost\n\n\nGF = Goals for\nGA = Goals against\nPts = Points\nPos = Final position","title":"Season-by-season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"World Cup 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_FIFA_Futsal_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Moslem Tolouei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moslem_Tolouei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"World Cup 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_FIFA_Futsal_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Keshavarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Keshavarz"}],"sub_title":"World Cup players","text":"World Cup 2000[7]\n\n Moslem Tolouei\n\n\n\n\n World Cup 2004[8]\n\n Mohammad Keshavarz","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable players","title":"Players"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.futsalplanet.com/news/news-01.asp?id=3412","external_links_name":"Iranian Super League"},{"Link":"http://www.persianleague.com/the-news/1-latest-news/3297-Shensa%20Saveh%20national%20champion%20of%20the%20Iranian%20Superleague.html","external_links_name":"Shensa Saveh national champion of the Iranian Superleague"},{"Link":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/content/article/5329","external_links_name":"Shensa win Asian futsal title"},{"Link":"http://www.futsalportugal.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1564:&Itemid=103","external_links_name":"Shensa Saveh vence Golden Cup"},{"Link":"http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/content/article/5329","external_links_name":"Shensa win Asian futsal title"},{"Link":"http://www.persianleague.com/the-news/1-latest-news/3297-Shensa%20Saveh%20national%20champion%20of%20the%20Iranian%20Superleague.html","external_links_name":"Shensa Saveh national champion of the Iranian Superleague"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081206122236/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/techdevp/futsal%5f00%5ftr%5fgua%5f169.pdf","external_links_name":"FIFA Futsal World Championship Guatemala 2000 Technical Report and Statistics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111220060509/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/technicaldevp/50/05/16/taipei04%5finhalt%5f168.pdf","external_links_name":"FIFA Futsal World Championship Chinese Taipei 2004 Technical Report and Statistics"},{"Link":"http://shensafsc.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Shensa Blog"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shensa_Saveh_FSC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A9gio_Mateus_Ricci	Colégio Mateus Ricci	["1 Campuses","2 Curriculum","3 Student body","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Roman Catholic school in Macau Colégio Mateus Ricci Colégio Mateus RicciChinese nameTraditional Chinese利瑪竇中學Simplified Chinese利玛窦中学TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLì Mǎdòu ZhōngxuéYue: CantoneseJyutpinglei6 maa5 dau3 zung1 hok6Portuguese namePortugueseColégio Mateus Ricci Colégio Mateus Ricci (Chinese: 利瑪竇中學) is a Roman Catholic kindergarten/preschool through secondary school in Macau and a member of the Macau Catholic Schools Association. It was named after Matteo Ricci and established in 1955. Caritas Macau established the school. It was established by Caritas Macau in 1955. The school was named in honor of the Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci. Former primary school buildings are listed as a part of Macau's cultural heritage by the Cultural Affairs Bureau . Campuses The school has three separate campuses in Santo António (St. Anthony Parish), one for secondary grades, and two for nursery/kindergarten and primary grades. Curriculum Colégio Mateus Ricci primarily conducts instruction in Chinese and seeks to continue and promote Matteo Ricci's educational ideals. The school offers a junior secondary education curriculum for grades 1 through 6, as well as a secondary diploma program. Additionally, students have access to a variety of extracurricular activities, including arts, technology, sports, and community service, which serve to foster holistic development and social responsibility. Student body As of 2010 the school had almost 2,000 students. References ^ "schinf/schlistmain.jsp?a_code=066&sid=&lang=p&sh_year=2016&sh_info=schalvara&sh_a_code= &sh_s_code= &sh_name=&sh_level=&sh_special=&sh_system=&sh_daynight=&sh_language=&sh_free=&sh_area=M&search=1&PubPg=0&advance=0&b_submit=search_2Pesquisar Colégio Mateus Ricci." Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (Macau). Retrieved on April 9, 2017. "Travessa de S. Paulo, no.1A" - eduenquiry/edu/eduweb/schinf/schlistmain.jsp?a_code=066&sid=&lang=c&sh_year=2016&sh_info= schalvara&sh_a_code=&sh_s_code=&sh_name=&sh_level=&sh_special=&sh_system=&sh_daynight=&sh_language=&sh_free=&sh_area=M&search=1&PubPg=0&advance=0&b_submit=search_2Pesquisar Chinese profile: "學校地址: 大三巴巷1號A" ^ a b "Matteo Ricci". Macao. 2010-04-17. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-04-09. ^ "Brief & History Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine." Caritas Macau. Retrieved on April 9, 2017. ^ "Brief & History Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine." Caritas Macau. Retrieved on April 9, 2017. ^ "AM017-Building of the Former Matteo Ricci College (Primary Section)". Cultural Affairs Bureau . Retrieved 2023-06-08. ^ Home page (Chinese). Colégio Mateus Ricci. Retrieved on April 9, 2017. "中學部:澳門大三巴巷一號A幼初小部:白鴿巢前地4號" ^ School profile in Portuguese. Education and Youth Affairs Bureau (Macau). Retrieved on April 14, 2017. "Colégio Mateus Ricci (Secundário) Travessa de S. Paulo, no.1A" and "Seccao Infantil e Primaria do Colegio Mateus Ricci Praca de Luis de Camoes n. 4 e Largo da Companhia n. 15" Further reading "創校六十多年學校規模持續發展利瑪竇中學重視學生全人教育". Macau Sports Weekly (in Chinese (Macau)). 2020-02-01. External links China portalCatholicism portalSchools portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ricci High School. Colégio Mateus Ricci Colégio Mateus Ricci (in Chinese) vteSanto António, MacauLandmarks Luís de Camões Garden Casa Garden Fire Services Museum Mount Fortress Kiang Wu Hospital Macau Protestant Chapel Museum of Macau Museum of Sacred Art and Crypt Na Tcha Temple Old Protestant Cemetery Ruins of Saint Paul's Sofitel Macau at Ponte 16 Education Colégio Mateus Ricci Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College Branch Campus Kwong Tai (Guang Da) Middle School Branch Campus Closed Escola do Santíssimo Rosário vteSchools in MacauSecular secondary schools Macao Conservatory Escola Fong Chong da Taipa Escola Hou Kong International School of Macao Kao Yip Middle School Keang Peng School Kwong Tai (Guang Da) Middle School Escola Ling Nam Escola Luso-Chinesa Técnico-Profissional Zheng Guanying Official School Macau Portuguese School Escola Pui Tou Escola Secundária Luso-Chinesa de Luís Gonzaga Gomes Escola Secundária Millennium Escola Secundária Nocturna Xin Hua Escola Secundária Pui Va Escola Secundária Técnico-Profissional da Associação Geral dos Operários de Macau Escola Seong Fan Escola Tong Nam Escola Xin Hua Escola da Associação para Filhos e Irmãos dos Agricultores School of the Nations Affiliated School of the University of Macau Escola dos Moradores de Macau Escola para Filhos e Irmãos dos Operários Sheng Kung Hui Escola Choi Kou Religious secondary schools Macau Anglican College Colégio Diocesano de São José Colégio Diocesano de São José 5 Colégio Mateus Ricci Chan Sui Ki Perpetual Help College Yuet Wah College Colégio de Santa Rosa de Lima Colégio do Sagrado Coração de Jesus Escola Cham Son de Macau Escola Dom Luís Versíglia Escola Estrela do Mar Escola Nossa Senhora de Fátima Pui Ching Middle School Escola São João de Brito Escola São Paulo Escola de São José de Ká Hó Instituto Salesiano da Imaculada Conceição Religious primary-only schools Escola Dom João Paulino Closed Liceu de Macau Escola do Santíssimo Rosário This list is incompleteSchools with secondary sections have Ensino secundário/中學教育See: Education in Macau and List of schools in Macau This Macau-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This People's Republic of China school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Catholic school is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricci_High_School_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Macau Catholic Schools Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau_Catholic_Schools_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Matteo Ricci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matteo_Ricci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacauMag-2"},{"link_name":"Caritas Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas_Macau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cultural Affairs Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Affairs_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%B1%80_(%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Colégio Mateus RicciColégio Mateus Ricci (Chinese: 利瑪竇中學) is a Roman Catholic kindergarten/preschool through secondary school in Macau and a member of the Macau Catholic Schools Association.[1] It was named after Matteo Ricci and established in 1955.[2] Caritas Macau established the school.[3]It was established by Caritas Macau in 1955.[4] The school was named in honor of the Italian Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci.Former primary school buildings are listed as a part of Macau's cultural heritage by the Cultural Affairs Bureau [zh].[5]","title":"Colégio Mateus Ricci"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santo António","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Ant%C3%B3nio,_Macau"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The school has three separate campuses in Santo António (St. Anthony Parish), one for secondary grades, and two for nursery/kindergarten and primary grades.[6][7]","title":"Campuses"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Colégio Mateus Ricci primarily conducts instruction in Chinese and seeks to continue and promote Matteo Ricci's educational ideals. The school offers a junior secondary education curriculum for grades 1 through 6, as well as a secondary diploma program. Additionally, students have access to a variety of extracurricular activities, including arts, technology, sports, and community service, which serve to foster holistic development and social responsibility.","title":"Curriculum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%A9gio_Mateus_Ricci&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacauMag-2"}],"text":"As of 2010[update] the school had almost 2,000 students.[2]","title":"Student body"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"創校六十多年學校規模持續發展利瑪竇中學重視學生全人教育\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.macausports.com.mo/news/show_2534.html"}],"text":"\"創校六十多年學校規模持續發展利瑪竇中學重視學生全人教育\". Macau Sports Weekly (in Chinese (Macau)). 2020-02-01.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Colégio Mateus Ricci","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ricci_High_School_01.jpg/220px-Ricci_High_School_01.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Matteo Ricci\". Macao. 2010-04-17. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110908/https://www.macaomagazine.net/culture/matteo-ricci","url_text":"\"Matteo Ricci\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macao_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Macao"},{"url":"https://www.macaomagazine.net/culture/matteo-ricci","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AM017-Building of the Former Matteo Ricci College (Primary Section)\". Cultural Affairs Bureau [zh]. Retrieved 2023-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.culturalheritage.mo/en/detail/99987?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","url_text":"\"AM017-Building of the Former Matteo Ricci College (Primary Section)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Affairs_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Cultural Affairs Bureau"},{"url":"https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%B1%80_(%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80)","url_text":"zh"}]},{"reference":"\"創校六十多年學校規模持續發展利瑪竇中學重視學生全人教育\". Macau Sports Weekly (in Chinese (Macau)). 2020-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macausports.com.mo/news/show_2534.html","url_text":"\"創校六十多年學校規模持續發展利瑪竇中學重視學生全人教育\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%A9gio_Mateus_Ricci&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://appl.dsej.gov.mo/eduenquiry/edu/eduweb/","external_links_name":"schinf/schlistmain.jsp?a_code=066&sid=&lang=p&sh_year=2016&sh_info=schalvara&sh_a_code= &sh_s_code= &sh_name=&sh_level=&sh_special=&sh_system=&sh_daynight=&sh_language=&sh_free=&sh_area=M&search=1&PubPg=0&advance=0&b_submit=search_2Pesquisar Colégio Mateus Ricci"},{"Link":"http://appl.dsej.gov.mo/","external_links_name":"eduenquiry/edu/eduweb/schinf/schlistmain.jsp?a_code=066&sid=&lang=c&sh_year=2016&sh_info= schalvara&sh_a_code=&sh_s_code=&sh_name=&sh_level=&sh_special=&sh_system=&sh_daynight=&sh_language=&sh_free=&sh_area=M&search=1&PubPg=0&advance=0&b_submit=search_2Pesquisar Chinese profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110908/https://www.macaomagazine.net/culture/matteo-ricci","external_links_name":"\"Matteo Ricci\""},{"Link":"https://www.macaomagazine.net/culture/matteo-ricci","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.caritas.org.mo/en/aboutus/intro","external_links_name":"Brief & History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501191235/http://www.caritas.org.mo/en/aboutus/intro","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.caritas.org.mo/en/aboutus/intro","external_links_name":"Brief & History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501191235/http://www.caritas.org.mo/en/aboutus/intro","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.culturalheritage.mo/en/detail/99987?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","external_links_name":"\"AM017-Building of the Former Matteo Ricci College (Primary Section)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ricci.edu.mo/index.php/zh-TW/","external_links_name":"Home page (Chinese)"},{"Link":"http://appl.dsej.gov.mo/eduenquiry/edu/eduweb/schinf/schlistmain.jsp?a_code=066&sid=&lang=e&sh_year=2016&sh_info=schalvara&sh_a_code=&sh_s_code=&sh_name=&sh_level=&sh_special=&sh_system=&sh_daynight=&sh_language=&sh_free=&sh_area=&search=1&PubPg=0&advance=0&b_submit=search_2Pesquisar","external_links_name":"School profile in Portuguese"},{"Link":"https://www.macausports.com.mo/news/show_2534.html","external_links_name":"\"創校六十多年學校規模持續發展利瑪竇中學重視學生全人教育\""},{"Link":"http://ricci.edu.mo/index.php/en/","external_links_name":"Colégio Mateus Ricci"},{"Link":"http://ricci.edu.mo/","external_links_name":"Colégio Mateus Ricci"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%A9gio_Mateus_Ricci&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%A9gio_Mateus_Ricci&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Col%C3%A9gio_Mateus_Ricci&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwa%C5%BCam_Rze	Uważam Rze	["1 History","2 Reception","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References"]	Polish weekly news magazine Uważam RzeEditor-in-chiefJan PińskiCategoriesNewsmagazineFrequencyWeeklyFounded2011; 13 years ago (2011)First issue7 February 2011Final issue21 November 2016CompanyPresspublicaCountryPolandBased inWarsawLanguagePolishWebsiteUważam RzeISSN2082-8292 Uważam Rze. Inaczej pisane was a Polish conservative weekly news weekly. History The weekly was launched on 7 February 2011 under the editorship of Paweł Lisicki. It was owned by Presspublica, which was bought by Polish businessman Grzegorz Hajdarowicz, months later. Within a couple of months, Uważam Rze became the third most popular Polish weekly, behind Gość Niedzielny and Polityka. In April 2012, a monthly historical journal was launched — Uważam Rze Historia. In late November 2012, Hajdarowicz fired Lisicki, spurring a mass-resignation including Waldemar Łysiak, Marek Magierowski, Robert Mazurek, Bronisław Wildstein, and others; Jan Piński became the new editor. The last print-release was on 21 November 2016; it continued to be published on the web for a while. Reception Joanna Michlic notes that Uważam Rze Historia served as one of the many venues where "right-wing ethno-nationalistic historians" promulgated an ahistorical view of Polish history esp. concerning Polish culpability in the Holocaust. See also List of magazines in Poland Notes ^ Lit. "I think, that. Written differently". "Rze", a misspelled form of Polish: Że ("that"), was a reference to the daily newspaper Rzeczpospolita, whose journalists launched the magazine. References ^ Kamil Tchorek (1 November 2011). "Grzegorz Hajdarowicz: Press owner puts his faith in new media". Financial Times. Warsaw. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2014. ^ ""Uważam Rze" wyżej od "Newsweeka" i "Wprost"". www.wirtualnemedia.pl. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022. ^ “Uważam Rze Historia” z podwojonym nakładem, rekordowe zainteresowanie Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine 16 April 2012 ^ Koniec „Uważam Rze”? Wszyscy rzucili papierami! Archived 6 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine Fakt. 28 November 2012. ^ "Oto tytuły prasowe, które zniknęły z polskiego rynku w 2016 roku". Business Insider. 30 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021. ^ Michlic, Joanna Beata (2 September 2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust". Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust. 31 (3): 302–303. doi:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793. ISSN 2325-6249. 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It was owned by Presspublica, which was bought by Polish businessman Grzegorz Hajdarowicz, months later.[1] Within a couple of months, Uważam Rze became the third most popular Polish weekly, behind Gość Niedzielny and Polityka.[2]In April 2012, a monthly historical journal was launched — Uważam Rze Historia.[3] In late November 2012, Hajdarowicz fired Lisicki, spurring a mass-resignation including Waldemar Łysiak, Marek Magierowski, Robert Mazurek, Bronisław Wildstein, and others; Jan Piński became the new editor.[4] The last print-release was on 21 November 2016; it continued to be published on the web for a while.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joanna Michlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Michlic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"disputed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement"},{"link_name":"discuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Uwa%C5%BCam_Rze#Michlic"}],"text":"Joanna Michlic notes that Uważam Rze Historia served as one of the many venues where \"right-wing ethno-nationalistic historians\" promulgated an ahistorical view of Polish history esp. concerning Polish culpability in the Holocaust.[6][disputed – discuss]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Rzeczpospolita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczpospolita_(newspaper)"}],"text":"^ Lit. \"I think, that. Written differently\". \"Rze\", a misspelled form of Polish: Że (\"that\"), was a reference to the daily newspaper Rzeczpospolita, whose journalists launched the magazine.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of magazines in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Poland"}]	[{"reference":"Kamil Tchorek (1 November 2011). \"Grzegorz Hajdarowicz: Press owner puts his faith in new media\". Financial Times. Warsaw. Archived from the original on 22 March 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/843a1b14-fe22-11e0-bac4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3KkLAjCfT","url_text":"\"Grzegorz Hajdarowicz: Press owner puts his faith in new media\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130322073153/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/843a1b14-fe22-11e0-bac4-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3KkLAjCfT","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Uważam Rze\" wyżej od \"Newsweeka\" i \"Wprost\"\". www.wirtualnemedia.pl. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_lutescens	Iris lutescens	["1 References"]	Species of flowering plant Iris lutescens Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Iridaceae Genus: Iris Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris Section: Iris sect. Pogon Species: I. lutescens Binomial name Iris lutescensLam. Synonyms Iris chamaeiris Iris lutescens, the Crimean iris, is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the genus Iris. It is native to North East Spain, Southern France and Italy. It is found on rocky or sandy hillsides or in woodlands. It grows up to 30 cm (12 in) tall, with broad leaves (about 2.5 cm wide), producing yellow or violet flowers in spring (March–April). It prefers full sun, a slightly acid soil, and dry conditions during its dormant period in the summer. It is very hardy, down to −20 °C (−4 °F) or less. This plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References ^ a b c Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 188. ISBN 9780330327749. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. ^ "Iris lutescens". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 25 September 2020. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 53. Retrieved 13 March 2018. vteIris subg. IrisSection Iris I. adriatica I. alexeenkoi I. albertii I. albicans I. aphylla I. attica I. benacensis I. bicapitata I. cengialti I. croatica I. cypriana I. flavescens I. × germanica I. glaucescens I. griffithii I. hellenica I. illyrica I. imbricata I. junonia I. kashmiriana I. lutescens I. marsica I. mesopotamica I. orjenii I. pallida I. perrieri I. pseudopumila I. pseudopallida I. pumila I. purpureobractea I. relicta I. reichenbachii I. revoluta I. sambucina I. scariosa I. schachtii I. suaveolens I. subbiflora I. taochia I. timofejewii I. variegata Section Oncocyclus I. acutiloba I. assadiana I. atrofusca I. atropurpurea I. barnumae I. bismarckiana I. camillae I. gatesii I. haynei I. hermona I. iberica I. kirkwoodiae I. lortetii I. mariae I. meda I. paradoxa I. petrana I. polakii I. sari I. sofarana I. susiana Section Hexapogon I. falcifolia I. longiscapa Section Psammiris I. arenaria I. bloudowii I. curvifolia I. humilis I. kamelinii I. mandshurica I. potaninii I. vorobievii Section Pseudoregelia I. cuniculiformis I. dolichosiphon I. goniocarpa I. hookeriana I. ivanovae I. kamaonensis I. leptophylla I. narcissiflora I. psammocola I. sikkimensis I. tigridia Section Regelia I. afghanica I. darwasica I. heweri I. hoogiana I. korolkowii I. stolonifera Taxon identifiersIris lutescens Wikidata: Q1233761 Wikispecies: Iris lutescens APDB: 198458 CoL: 3PZV5 EoL: 487180 EPPO: IRILU EUNIS: 186642 GBIF: 5298190 GRIN: 20353 iNaturalist: 358135 IPNI: 438830-1 IRMNG: 10201883 ISC: 114980 ITIS: 503198 NCBI: 58956 Observation.org: 132727 Open Tree of Life: 165869 PFI: 7024 Plant List: kew-322079 PLANTS: IRLU POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:438830-1 RHS: 9306 Tropicos: 50009346 WFO: wfo-0000783574 This Iridaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhizomatous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Iris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_(plant)"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perennial-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perennial-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperateness"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Iris lutescens, the Crimean iris, is a rhizomatous flowering plant in the genus Iris. It is native to North East Spain, Southern France and Italy. It is found on rocky or sandy hillsides or in woodlands.[1]It grows up to 30 cm (12 in) tall, with broad leaves (about 2.5 cm wide),[1] producing yellow or violet flowers in spring (March–April). It prefers full sun, a slightly acid soil, and dry conditions during its dormant period in the summer. It is very hardy, down to −20 °C (−4 °F) or less.[2]This plant is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[3][4]","title":"Iris lutescens"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1991). Perennials Vol. 1. Pan Books Ltd. p. 188. ISBN 9780330327749.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330327749","url_text":"9780330327749"}]},{"reference":"RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405332965","url_text":"978-1405332965"}]},{"reference":"\"Iris lutescens\". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9306/Iris-lutescens/Details","url_text":"\"Iris lutescens\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 53. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_reina_de_Am%C3%A9rica	La reina de América	["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","3 References","4 External links"]	2001 novel by Jorge Majfud This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "La reina de América" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) La reina de América AuthorJorge MajfudOriginal titleLa reina de AméricaLanguageSpanishSeries2PublisherBaile del SolPublication date2001Publication place UruguayISBN9788495309754Preceded byCrítica de la pasión pura Followed byLa ciudad de la Luna La reina de América ("The Queen of America") is a novel by Uruguayan author Jorge Majfud. It was published by Baile del Sol in 2002. Plot summary This novel is about a family of Spanish immigrants in the nineteen-sixties and the adventures of Consuelo, the daughter of a prostitute to whom the title refers. It is set mainly in Montevideo and Buenos Aires in the midst of the repressive Southern Cone dictatorships. Mabel and her father run away from their financial bankruptcy in Spain to Argentina in pursuit of the American dream in the first wave of immigration of the century. On their trip, Mabel meets a Danish anarchist named Jacobsen and falls in love with him. Mabel's father dies in Montevideo and this “queen of America” stays in the port's lower-class neighborhood. Several problems hinder Jacobsen's ability to return to Buenos Aires to find Mabel. Her daughter, Consuelo, is raped by one her clients but she manages to enact her vengeance in a striking and cruel way. Set from approximately 1960 to 1990, the novel ultimately explores the themes of power, politics, sociality, gender, domesticity and culture. Characters Mabel Moreno: an immigrant belonging to the ruined Spanish aristocracy. After her father's death in the port of Montevideo, she turns to prostitution to get by. Mabel dies in an asylum. Consuelo Moreno: the daughter of Mabel, her father is probably Jacobsen. Consuelo is one of the main narrators. Her story begins when she finds Jacobsen in Buenos Aires after her mother's death, but he is immobilized in a wheelchair and cannot speak. Like her mother, she loses her mind. Jacobsen: a Danish anarchist. He never finds Mabel. He is persecuted by the military in Buenos Aires. He seems to have the most critical voice in the novel. El Tito: Mabel's client. He abuses Consuelo and persuades her to abort her son. When Consuelo receives an inheritance from Mabel's cousin, she takes revenge by paying two men to rape him. Vicente Zubizarreta: Mabel's cousin. Successful immigrant. Ambiguous sexuality. He takes care of Consuelo until his suicide. Abayuba: Consuelo's boyfriend, a typical member of the working-class unemployed youth. Other minor characters: Argentinean military officials, a Uruguayan radio announcer who has a big influence on “public opinion” (murdered by Mabel). References ^ WorldCat, en WorldCat External links 50 Great Hispanic Novels Every Student Should Read La reina de América. La reina de América - en soporte digital. Revista Lateral de Barcelona, por Oscar Carreño. "La violencia moral en «La reina de América» de Jorge Majfud", Laurine Duneau "La escritura sin anestesias de un uruguayo universal: Entrevista a Jorge Majfud" Revista Mito, por Leonor Taiano. 8 de junio de 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorge Majfud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Majfud"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"La reina de América (\"The Queen of America\") is a novel by Uruguayan author Jorge Majfud. It was published by Baile del Sol in 2002.[1]","title":"La reina de América"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"This novel is about a family of Spanish immigrants in the nineteen-sixties and the adventures of Consuelo, the daughter of a prostitute to whom the title refers. It is set mainly in Montevideo and Buenos Aires in the midst of the repressive Southern Cone dictatorships.Mabel and her father run away from their financial bankruptcy in Spain to Argentina in pursuit of the American dream in the first wave of immigration of the century. On their trip, Mabel meets a Danish anarchist named Jacobsen and falls in love with him. Mabel's father dies in Montevideo and this “queen of America” stays in the port's lower-class neighborhood. Several problems hinder Jacobsen's ability to return to Buenos Aires to find Mabel. Her daughter, Consuelo, is raped by one her clients but she manages to enact her vengeance in a striking and cruel way.Set from approximately 1960 to 1990, the novel ultimately explores the themes of power, politics, sociality, gender, domesticity and culture.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mabel Moreno: an immigrant belonging to the ruined Spanish aristocracy. After her father's death in the port of Montevideo, she turns to prostitution to get by. Mabel dies in an asylum.Consuelo Moreno: the daughter of Mabel, her father is probably Jacobsen. Consuelo is one of the main narrators. Her story begins when she finds Jacobsen in Buenos Aires after her mother's death, but he is immobilized in a wheelchair and cannot speak. Like her mother, she loses her mind.Jacobsen: a Danish anarchist. He never finds Mabel. He is persecuted by the military in Buenos Aires. He seems to have the most critical voice in the novel.El Tito: Mabel's client. He abuses Consuelo and persuades her to abort her son. When Consuelo receives an inheritance from Mabel's cousin, she takes revenge by paying two men to rape him.Vicente Zubizarreta: Mabel's cousin. Successful immigrant. Ambiguous sexuality. He takes care of Consuelo until his suicide.Abayuba: Consuelo's boyfriend, a typical member of the working-class unemployed youth.Other minor characters: Argentinean military officials, a Uruguayan radio announcer who has a big influence on “public opinion” (murdered by Mabel).","title":"Characters"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22La+reina+de+Am%C3%A9rica%22","external_links_name":"\"La reina de América\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22La+reina+de+Am%C3%A9rica%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22La+reina+de+Am%C3%A9rica%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22La+reina+de+Am%C3%A9rica%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22La+reina+de+Am%C3%A9rica%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22La+reina+de+Am%C3%A9rica%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51559822","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://www.onlinecollegecourses.com/2011/09/01/50-great-hispanic-novels-every-student-should-read/","external_links_name":"50 Great Hispanic Novels Every Student Should Read"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130310071851/http://www.escritores.org/entrevistamajfud.htm","external_links_name":"La reina de América."},{"Link":"http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?Ref=13400","external_links_name":"La reina de América - en soporte digital."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120730012839/http://www.circulolateral.com/revista/revista/estanteria/106estanteria.html","external_links_name":"Revista Lateral de Barcelona, por Oscar Carreño."},{"Link":"http://bib.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01159630219035300708813/p0000001.htm#I_0_","external_links_name":"\"La violencia moral en «La reina de América» de Jorge Majfud\", Laurine Duneau"},{"Link":"http://revistamito.com/la-escritura-sin-anestesias-de-un-uruguayo-universal-entrevista-a-jorge-majfud/","external_links_name":"\"La escritura sin anestesias de un uruguayo universal: Entrevista a Jorge Majfud\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y	Flekkerøy	["1 History","2 Politics","3 Transportation","4 Notable people","5 Media gallery","6 References"]	Coordinates: 58°04′08″N 7°59′22″E / 58.0690°N 07.9895°E / 58.0690; 07.9895District in Southern Norway, NorwayDistrikt Flekkerøy FlekkerøyaDistrictView of the island Coat of armsCoordinates: 58°04′08″N 7°59′22″E / 58.0690°N 07.9895°E / 58.0690; 07.9895Country NorwayRegionSouthern NorwayCountyAgderCityKristiansandBoroughVågsbygdArea • Total6.2 km2 (2.4 sq mi)Elevation13 m (43 ft)Population (2014) • Total3,632Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeNO-030112Websitekristiansand.kommune.no Flekkerøy or Flekkerøya is an island and residential district in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The district is located within the borough of Vågsbygd, and it consists of 4 main neighborhoods: Berge/Andås, Kjære, Lindebø/Skålevik, and Mæbø/Høyfjellet. The district covers all of the island of Flekkerøya which lies within the city of Kristiansand. Since 1989, the island (and district) has been connected to the mainland through the Flekkerøy Tunnel, a 2,320-metre (7,612 ft) long subsea road tunnel. The island has 3,632 inhabitants (as of 23 October 2013). Flekkerøy Church is located on the island. History Since the 15th century, Flekkerøy was an important harbour along the Skagerrak, and since 1540 it has been considered as the most important outport in the whole region of Southern Norway. In 1555, the first fortifications were built, but it was torn down in 1561. Anne of Denmark and James VI of Scotland came to Flekkerøy in 1589. In the early 17th century, the harbour again became of strategic importance, and in 1635 the island was visited by King Christian IV who decided to build the Christiansø Fortress to protect the harbour. In 1656, a new fortress called Fredriksholm was built, and Christiansø soon decayed. In 1807, about 250 people lived on the island, and in September 1807, English ships anchored at the harbour. The local people fled, Fredriksholm fortress was blown up, and the island was pillaged. In 1848, a cannon battery was built, but in 1872 it was abandoned, and in 1874 the partially rebuilt Fredriksholm fortress was also closed down for good. In 2005, the remaining military properties on Flekkerøya were secured for public outdoor recreation by the Ministry of Climate and Environment. Politics The 10 largest politics parties in Flekkerøy (2015): Kristiansand city council votes from Flekkerøy 2015 Christian Democratic Party 48,4% (704 votes) Conservative Party 17,2% (250 votes) Labour Party 12,6% (183 votes) Progress Party 7,4% (107 votes) The Democrats 5,8% (83 votes) Green Party 2,3% (33 votes) Liberal Party 2,1% (31 votes) The Christians 1,2% (18 votes) Socialist Left Party 1% (15 votes) Centre 0,5% (7 votes) Others 0,4% (5 votes) Total 1431 votes Transportation The main bus stop on the island is at the roundabout where County Road 457 ends. Line 07 is the local line on the island. Bus transportation from Flekkerøy Line Destination M1 Flekkerøy - Sørlandsparken-Dyreparken IKEA M1 Flekkerøy - Kvadraturen N2 Flekkerøy - Voiebyen - Kvadraturen 07 Åshavn - Flekkerøy - Skålevik Notable people Audun Laading, bassist of English-based Her's, died 2019 Media gallery Flekkerøy (red) in the very southern part of Norway Skålevik Skålevik Flekkerøy coast Old map of the Kristiansand harbour View of the coastline Inside the Flekkerøy Tunnel References ^ "Flekkerøya, Kristiansand (Vest-Agder)". yr.no. Retrieved 2017-01-23. ^ David Stevenson, Scotland's Last Royal Wedding (John Donald: Edinburgh, 1997), pp. 23-6. ^ "300 års militær aktivitet på Gammeløya" (in Norwegian). ^ "Historie om Flekkerøy" (in Norwegian). ^ "Forsvarseiendommer sikres til friluftsliv" (in Norwegian). ^ "VG - Valgnatt" (in Norwegian). vg.no. Retrieved 14 September 2015. ^ "AKT". vteBoroughs of Kristiansand Grim Kvadraturen Lund Oddernes Vågsbygd Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"Vågsbygd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A5gsbygd"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"Flekkerøy Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"subsea road tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsea_road_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Flekkerøy Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y_Church"}],"text":"District in Southern Norway, NorwayFlekkerøy or Flekkerøya is an island and residential district in Kristiansand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The district is located within the borough of Vågsbygd, and it consists of 4 main neighborhoods: Berge/Andås, Kjære, Lindebø/Skålevik, and Mæbø/Høyfjellet. The district covers all of the island of Flekkerøya which lies within the city of Kristiansand. Since 1989, the island (and district) has been connected to the mainland through the Flekkerøy Tunnel, a 2,320-metre (7,612 ft) long subsea road tunnel. The island has 3,632 inhabitants (as of 23 October 2013). Flekkerøy Church is located on the island.","title":"Flekkerøy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Skagerrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagerrak"},{"link_name":"Southern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Norway"},{"link_name":"Anne of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"James VI of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Christian IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV"},{"link_name":"Christiansø Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians%C3%B8_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fredriksholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredriksholm_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Fredriksholm fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredriksholm_Fortress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Since the 15th century, Flekkerøy was an important harbour along the Skagerrak, and since 1540 it has been considered as the most important outport in the whole region of Southern Norway. In 1555, the first fortifications were built, but it was torn down in 1561. Anne of Denmark and James VI of Scotland came to Flekkerøy in 1589.[2]In the early 17th century, the harbour again became of strategic importance, and in 1635 the island was visited by King Christian IV who decided to build the Christiansø Fortress to protect the harbour.[3] In 1656, a new fortress called Fredriksholm was built, and Christiansø soon decayed.In 1807, about 250 people lived on the island, and in September 1807, English ships anchored at the harbour. The local people fled, Fredriksholm fortress was blown up, and the island was pillaged.[4] In 1848, a cannon battery was built, but in 1872 it was abandoned, and in 1874 the partially rebuilt Fredriksholm fortress was also closed down for good.In 2005, the remaining military properties on Flekkerøya were secured for public outdoor recreation by the Ministry of Climate and Environment.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 10 largest politics parties in Flekkerøy (2015):","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The main bus stop on the island is at the roundabout where County Road 457 ends. Line 07 is the local line on the island.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Her's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her%27s_(band)"}],"text":"Audun Laading, bassist of English-based Her's, died 2019","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norway_-_Flekker%C3%B8ya.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A5levik1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sk%C3%A5levik2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flekker%C3%B8ya1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kort_Over_Christiansand_og_Fl%C3%A6cker%C3%B8e_Havn_-_no-nb_krt_00875.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flekkeroy-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunnel_under_the_sea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Flekkerøy Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flekker%C3%B8y_Tunnel"}],"text":"Flekkerøy (red) in the very southern part of Norway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSkålevik\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSkålevik\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlekkerøy coast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld map of the Kristiansand harbour\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the coastline\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tInside the Flekkerøy Tunnel","title":"Media gallery"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Flekkerøya, Kristiansand (Vest-Agder)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2017-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Vest-Agder/Kristiansand/Flekker%C3%B8ya/","url_text":"\"Flekkerøya, Kristiansand (Vest-Agder)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]},{"reference":"\"300 års militær aktivitet på Gammeløya\" (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitaltfortalt.no/show_single.aspx?art_id=113062","url_text":"\"300 års militær aktivitet på Gammeløya\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historie om Flekkerøy\" (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flekkeroy.no/histo.htm","url_text":"\"Historie om Flekkerøy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forsvarseiendommer sikres til friluftsliv\" (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/aktuelt/forsvarseiendommer_sikres_til_friluftsli/id257698","url_text":"\"Forsvarseiendommer sikres til friluftsliv\""}]},{"reference":"\"VG - Valgnatt\" (in Norwegian). vg.no. Retrieved 14 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vg.no/valgnatt/valg/kommune/fylker/vest-agder/kommuner/kristiansand/kretser/flekkeroy/","url_text":"\"VG - Valgnatt\""}]},{"reference":"\"AKT\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akt.no/","url_text":"\"AKT\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flekker%C3%B8y&params=58.069_N_7.9895_E_region:NO_type:city","external_links_name":"58°04′08″N 7°59′22″E / 58.0690°N 07.9895°E / 58.0690; 07.9895"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flekker%C3%B8y&params=58.069_N_7.9895_E_region:NO_type:city","external_links_name":"58°04′08″N 7°59′22″E / 58.0690°N 07.9895°E / 58.0690; 07.9895"},{"Link":"http://www.kristiansand.kommune.no/","external_links_name":"kristiansand.kommune.no"},{"Link":"http://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Vest-Agder/Kristiansand/Flekker%C3%B8ya/","external_links_name":"\"Flekkerøya, Kristiansand (Vest-Agder)\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitaltfortalt.no/show_single.aspx?art_id=113062","external_links_name":"\"300 års militær aktivitet på Gammeløya\""},{"Link":"http://www.flekkeroy.no/histo.htm","external_links_name":"\"Historie om Flekkerøy\""},{"Link":"https://www.regjeringen.no/nb/aktuelt/forsvarseiendommer_sikres_til_friluftsli/id257698","external_links_name":"\"Forsvarseiendommer sikres til friluftsliv\""},{"Link":"http://www.vg.no/valgnatt/valg/kommune/fylker/vest-agder/kommuner/kristiansand/kretser/flekkeroy/","external_links_name":"\"VG - Valgnatt\""},{"Link":"http://www.akt.no/","external_links_name":"\"AKT\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/d3f53e98-9dc0-4c6b-8c89-4ae0cda48016","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]

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