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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gottlieb_Klauer | Martin Gottlieb Klauer | ["1 Life and work","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"] | German sculptor
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Martin Gottlieb Klauer; portrait by Jakob Samuel Beck (1775)
Neptune Fountain in the Weimar Marketplace
Martin Gottlieb Klauer (29 August 1742, Rudolstadt - 4 April 1801, Weimar) was a German sculptor, and one of the first teachers at the Weimar Princely Free Drawing School.
Life and work
His father, Johann Michael Klauer, was a tailor. He learned his trade in his hometown, from the Court Sculptor, Karl Adolph Kändler . He probably worked in Gera and Potsdam. From 1769, he was an independent craftsman in Rudolstadt. In 1772, he married Johanna Kapler, the daughter of a winery manager. She died while giving birth to their first child, who also died.
In 1773, he was appointed a Court Sculptor in Weimar, by Duchess Anna Amalia. He also worked in Bad Berka, which was a major source of high quality sandstone. During this time, he became acquainted with Goethe. In 1776, he became one of the first teachers at the new Drawing school. Three years later, he made a trip to study the ancient plaster casts in Mannheim. His friendship with Johann Joachim Christoph Bode has led to speculation that he was a member of the Illuminati.
He was admired for his lifelike, monumental portrait busts. In addition to Goethe, he is known for definitive busts of Friedrich Schiller, Johann Gottfried Herder and Christoph Martin Wieland, as well as many other less familiar notables. In 1789, together with Friedrich Justin Bertuch, he opened an ornamental brick factory and produced small works in Terracotta; keeping a detailed catalog of everything produced there. He also did a few larger works; notably the statue of Neptune in the fountain at Weimar's marketplace. Although the great majority of his works are in Weimar, he occasionally went elsewhere; for example, four stone figures at the village church in Flurstedt.
He remarried in 1778, but nothing is known about his wife. They had two sons; one who died in infancy, and Johann Christian Ludwig , who also became a sculptor.
References
^ W. Daniel Wilson: "Zur Politik und Sozialstruktur des Illuminatenordens: Anläßlich einer Neuerscheinung von Hermann Schüttler", In: IASL. 19,1, 1994, pp.176–180
Sources
Christina Kröll (1977), "Klauer, Martin", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 11, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 713–714; (full text online)
Katharina Lippold: "Klassizistische Terrakotten aus der »Kunstbacksteinfabrik« von Martin Gottlieb Klauer". In: Anna Amalia, Carl August und das Ereignis Weimar, Edited by Hellmut Seemann, Göttingen 2007, pp. 292–302 ISBN 978-3-8353-0148-1
Jeanette Lauterbach, Hermann Hofmann, "Klassizistische Bildhauerkunst im Umkreis Goethes", Thüringer Landesmuseum Heidecksburg, 2003 ISBN 978-3-910013-55-1
Charlotte Schreiter: Antike um jeden Preis. Gipsabgüsse und Kopien antiker Plastik am Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts, De Gruyter, 2014, pp.329–337 ISBN 978-3-11-031688-9
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Martin Gottlieb Klauer.
Martin Gottlieb Klauer, Bibliography @ the University of Jena
Klauer, Eintrag im Brockhaus Conversations-Lexikon von 1809 @ Zeno.org
Biographical notes @ Weimar Lese
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/146th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union) | 146th Rifle Division | ["1 1st Formation","2 2nd Formation","3 In the Baltic Fronts","4 Advance","5 Postwar","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography"] | 146th Rifle Division (16 August 1939 – 27 December 1941)146th Rifle Division (27 January 1942 – 1946)Active1939–1946Country Soviet UnionBranch Red ArmyTypeInfantrySizeDivisionEngagementsOperation BarbarossaBattle of Kiev (1941)Battles of RzhevBattle of Smolensk (1943)Šiauliai OffensiveRiga OffensiveVistula-Oder OffensiveBattle of BerlinCommandersNotablecommandersMaj. Gen. Ivan Mikhailovich GerasimovCol. Aleksandr Nikolaievich AlekseevLt. Gen. Yury NovoselskyMaj. Gen. Nikolai Ivanovich OrlovCol. Dmitri Arsentovich DulovCol. Nerses Parsievich BaloyanMaj. Gen. Ivan Mikhailovich NekrasovMaj. Gen. Sergei Isaevich KarapetyanMilitary unit
The 146th Rifle Division was formed for the first time as a standard Red Army rifle division in mid-1939, as part of a major build-up of the Army prior to the start of World War II. After the start of the German invasion in 1941 it defended the approaches to Kiev for several months until being surrounded and destroyed in September. A second formation began in January 1942, and the new division spent the following year on a relatively quiet sector before joining the offensives that would drive the German invaders from north-central Russia, Lithuania, and Poland. The 146th ended the war fighting in the streets of Berlin, after compiling an enviable record of service, and saw postwar duty in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.
1st Formation
The first 146th Rifle Division began forming on August 16, 1939, at Berdichev in the Ukrainian Military District. Its order of battle was as follows:
512th Rifle Regiment
608th Rifle Regiment
698th Rifle Regiment
280th Light Artillery Regiment
717th Howitzer Regiment
211th Antitank Battalion
476th Antiaircraft Battalion
126th Reconnaissance Battalion
119th Sapper Battalion
226th Signal Battalion
In September the division took part in the occupation of eastern Poland, and in 1940 in the similar operation in Bessarabia.
On June 22, 1941, the division was in reserve in 36th Rifle Corps, away from the border, but by the evening of the 23rd it had moved up to Tereshki, and by the 27th it was operating alongside the 14th Cavalry Division, defending the Krements area against German tanks and motorized infantry. By the end of June it had been assigned to 6th Army in Southwestern Front. On June 29 the Front commander, Col. Gen. M. P. Kirponos, criticized the performance of 36th Corps, stating in part:When fired upon in combat, subunits lacking materiel support do not advance, and block up the rear areas and roads... instances of panic (140th and 146th Rifle Divisions) when, even without seeing the enemy or seeing an insignificant number of the enemy, subunits run to the rear, casting away everything in their path, and subunit and unit commanders fail to undertake required measures to restore order.In late July the division was reassigned to 26th Army, and in August to 37th Army, fighting in the defense lines on the direct northern approaches to Kiev. This position gave the men and women of the 146th virtually no hope of escape from the German encirclement, and the division was destroyed in September, although not officially removed from the Soviet order of battle until December 27.
2nd Formation
The second 146th Rifle Division officially began forming on January 19, 1942, in the Moscow Military District, based on the 1st formation of the 416th Rifle Division. The new division also incorporated the provisional 468th Rifle Division, which had begun forming in December at Kagami in the Central Asian Military District, presumably with a large number of Kazakh or Uzbek recruits. The amalgamation of these two bodies took place at Venyov in January. The order of battle remained the same as the 1st formation, except the 280th became a standard, rather than a light, artillery regiment, the howitzer regiment and antiaircraft battalion were gone, and the sapper battalion was renumbered as the 149th.
The new division remained in Moscow District in February, then moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in March and briefly to Western Front reserves before being assigned to 50th Army in that front on April 11. The 146th continued to serve in this small army's relatively quiet sector until March 1943. In that month, the division was on the right flank of its army during the Third Rzhev–Sychevka Offensive Operation, following up the withdrawal of German 9th Army from the Rzhev Salient. Following this it was transferred to the adjacent 49th Army for a larger-scale offensive towards Spas-Demensk, but this was suspended by April 1. In the aftermath, the division returned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding.
In the Baltic Fronts
After a lengthy stay in reserve, the 146th was reassigned to the 3rd Shock Army in 2nd Baltic Front in October. It would remain in this army until March 1944, when it would be moved to the 14th Guards Rifle Corps of 1st Shock Army in the same front. In early July the division, in the same corps and army, was reassigned to the new 3rd Baltic Front. As the Soviet summer offensive began, the division was facing the German Panther line, directly south of the city of Ostrov. During the following fighting, the 146th Rifle Division was given credit for the liberation of Ostrov, and received its name as an honorific.
In October the division, still in the 14th Guards Rifle Corps, was moved back to 3rd Shock Army, where the division would remain for the duration. While most rifle divisions were receiving larger, more powerful guns in their antitank battalions, the 146th continued to use their 45mm pieces, as there was little scope for armor operations in its sector of the front. Prior to the Vistula-Oder Operation in early January 1945, 3rd Shock Army was moved to the 1st Belorussian Front, and the 146th joined the 7th Rifle Corps, where it would remain until postwar.
Advance
During the late stages of the Battle of Berlin, the division, with its corps, provided flank support to the 79th Rifle Corps as it fought its way across the Moltke Bridge to capture the Reichstag. The soldiers of the 146th ended the war with the official title of 146th Rifle, Ostrov, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of Kutuzov Division. (Russian: 146-я стрелковая Островская Краснознамённая орденов Суворова и Кутузова дивизия.)
Postwar
After the war, the division continued to serve in the 3rd Shock Army, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. In February 1946 it was sent to the Kiev Military District and disbanded there in June 1946.
In 1954, it reformed from the 10th Machine Gun Artillery Division at Poltavka with the 25th Army in the Far Eastern Military District. The division was disbanded on July 25, 1956.
References
Citations
^ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Legions", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed Before June 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. VIII, Nafziger, 1996, p. 73
^ David M. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 1998, p. 115
^ David Stahel, Kiev 1941, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2012, map on p. 210
^ Sharp, "Red Legions", p. 73
^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, vol. X, Nafziger, 1996, p. 55
^ Walter S. Dunn, Stalin's Keys to Victory, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2006, p. 100
^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 55
^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", pp. 55-56
^ Glantz, After Stalingrad, Helion & Co., Ltd., Solihull, UK, 2009, pp. 333-37
^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 56
^ Dunn, Soviet Blitzkrieg, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2000, p. 87
^ Baltic Gap, Multi-Man Publishing, Inc., Millersville, MD, USA, 2009, game-specific rulebook p. 10 and map
^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 56
^ Sharp, "Red Swarm", p. 56
^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 397
^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 156
^ Feskov et al 2013, p. 152
Bibliography
Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.
Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1964). Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг (in Russian). Moscow: Frunze Military Academy. pp. 172-73
vte List of Soviet divisions (1917–1945)Airborne
1st Guards
2nd Guards
3rd Guards
4th Guards
5th Guards
6th Guards
7th Guards
8th Guards
9th Guards
10th Guards
11th Guards
12th Guards
13th Guards
14th Guards
15th Guards
16th Guards
Cavalry
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1st Guards
2nd
2nd Guards
3rd
3rd Guards
4th
4th Guards
5th
5th Guards
6th
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7th
7th Guards
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9th Guards
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11th Guards
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Latvian Riflemen Soviet Divisions
NKVD
OMSDON
People's Militia
Reboly Direction Division
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Destruction battalions | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Group of Soviet Forces in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Soviet_Forces_in_Germany"}],"text":"Military unitThe 146th Rifle Division was formed for the first time as a standard Red Army rifle division in mid-1939, as part of a major build-up of the Army prior to the start of World War II. After the start of the German invasion in 1941 it defended the approaches to Kiev for several months until being surrounded and destroyed in September. A second formation began in January 1942, and the new division spent the following year on a relatively quiet sector before joining the offensives that would drive the German invaders from north-central Russia, Lithuania, and Poland. The 146th ended the war fighting in the streets of Berlin, after compiling an enviable record of service, and saw postwar duty in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.","title":"146th Rifle Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berdichev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdychiv"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"occupation of eastern Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Eastern_Galicia_and_Volhynia"},{"link_name":"operation in Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina"},{"link_name":"36th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=36th_Rifle_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"14th Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_Cavalry_Division_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"M. P. Kirponos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kirponos"},{"link_name":"140th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"26th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"37th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/37th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The first 146th Rifle Division began forming on August 16, 1939, at Berdichev in the Ukrainian Military District. Its order of battle was as follows:512th Rifle Regiment\n608th Rifle Regiment\n698th Rifle Regiment\n280th Light Artillery Regiment[1]\n717th Howitzer Regiment\n211th Antitank Battalion\n476th Antiaircraft Battalion\n126th Reconnaissance Battalion\n119th Sapper Battalion\n226th Signal BattalionIn September the division took part in the occupation of eastern Poland, and in 1940 in the similar operation in Bessarabia.On June 22, 1941, the division was in reserve in 36th Rifle Corps, away from the border, but by the evening of the 23rd it had moved up to Tereshki, and by the 27th it was operating alongside the 14th Cavalry Division, defending the Krements area against German tanks and motorized infantry. By the end of June it had been assigned to 6th Army in Southwestern Front. On June 29 the Front commander, Col. Gen. M. P. Kirponos, criticized the performance of 36th Corps, stating in part:When fired upon in combat, subunits lacking materiel support do not advance, and block up the rear areas and roads... [There are] instances of panic (140th and 146th Rifle Divisions) when, even without seeing the enemy or seeing an insignificant number of the enemy, subunits run to the rear, casting away everything in their path, and subunit and unit commanders fail to undertake required measures to restore order.[2]In late July the division was reassigned to 26th Army, and in August to 37th Army, fighting in the defense lines on the direct northern approaches to Kiev.[3] This position gave the men and women of the 146th virtually no hope of escape from the German encirclement, and the division was destroyed in September, although not officially removed from the Soviet order of battle until December 27.[4]","title":"1st Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Military_District"},{"link_name":"416th Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/416th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Central Asian Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_Military_District"},{"link_name":"Kazakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhs"},{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbeks"},{"link_name":"Venyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venyov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Reserve of the Supreme High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_of_the_Supreme_High_Command"},{"link_name":"Western Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"50th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Third Rzhev–Sychevka Offensive Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev"},{"link_name":"9th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"49th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_Army"},{"link_name":"Spas-Demensk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spas-Demensk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The second 146th Rifle Division officially began forming on January 19, 1942, in the Moscow Military District, based on the 1st formation of the 416th Rifle Division.[5] The new division also incorporated the provisional 468th Rifle Division, which had begun forming in December[6] at Kagami in the Central Asian Military District, presumably with a large number of Kazakh or Uzbek recruits. The amalgamation of these two bodies took place at Venyov in January. The order of battle remained the same as the 1st formation, except the 280th became a standard, rather than a light, artillery regiment, the howitzer regiment and antiaircraft battalion were gone, and the sapper battalion was renumbered as the 149th.[7]The new division remained in Moscow District in February, then moved to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command in March and briefly to Western Front reserves before being assigned to 50th Army in that front on April 11. The 146th continued to serve in this small army's relatively quiet sector until March 1943.[8] In that month, the division was on the right flank of its army during the Third Rzhev–Sychevka Offensive Operation, following up the withdrawal of German 9th Army from the Rzhev Salient. Following this it was transferred to the adjacent 49th Army for a larger-scale offensive towards Spas-Demensk, but this was suspended by April 1.[9] In the aftermath, the division returned to the Reserve of the Supreme High Command for rebuilding.[10]","title":"2nd Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3rd Shock Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"2nd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"14th Guards Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_Guards_Rifle_Corps_(Soviet_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Shock Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Shock_Army"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"3rd Baltic Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Baltic_Front"},{"link_name":"German Panther line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther%E2%80%93Wotan_line"},{"link_name":"Ostrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrov,_Ostrovsky_District,_Pskov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"45mm pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45_mm_anti-tank_gun_M1942_(M-42)"},{"link_name":"Vistula-Oder Operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula-Oder_offensive"},{"link_name":"1st Belorussian Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front"},{"link_name":"7th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"After a lengthy stay in reserve, the 146th was reassigned to the 3rd Shock Army in 2nd Baltic Front in October. It would remain in this army until March 1944, when it would be moved to the 14th Guards Rifle Corps of 1st Shock Army[11] in the same front. In early July the division, in the same corps and army, was reassigned to the new 3rd Baltic Front. As the Soviet summer offensive began, the division was facing the German Panther line, directly south of the city of Ostrov.[12] During the following fighting, the 146th Rifle Division was given credit for the liberation of Ostrov, and received its name as an honorific.In October the division, still in the 14th Guards Rifle Corps, was moved back to 3rd Shock Army, where the division would remain for the duration. While most rifle divisions were receiving larger, more powerful guns in their antitank battalions, the 146th continued to use their 45mm pieces, as there was little scope for armor operations in its sector of the front. Prior to the Vistula-Oder Operation in early January 1945, 3rd Shock Army was moved to the 1st Belorussian Front, and the 146th joined the 7th Rifle Corps, where it would remain until postwar.[13]","title":"In the Baltic Fronts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"79th Rifle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/79th_Rifle_Corps"},{"link_name":"Moltke Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moltke_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_building"},{"link_name":"Order of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Order of Suvorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov"},{"link_name":"Order of Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"During the late stages of the Battle of Berlin, the division, with its corps, provided flank support to the 79th Rifle Corps as it fought its way across the Moltke Bridge to capture the Reichstag. The soldiers of the 146th ended the war with the official title of 146th Rifle, Ostrov, Order of the Red Banner, Order of Suvorov, Order of Kutuzov Division. (Russian: 146-я стрелковая Островская Краснознамённая орденов Суворова и Кутузова дивизия.)[14]","title":"Advance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiev Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"10th Machine Gun Artillery Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Machine_Gun_Artillery_Division&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poltavka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poltavka,_Primorsky_Krai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"25th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Far Eastern Military District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Military_District"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"After the war, the division continued to serve in the 3rd Shock Army, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. In February 1946 it was sent to the Kiev Military District and disbanded there in June 1946.[15]In 1954, it reformed from the 10th Machine Gun Artillery Division at Poltavka with the 25th Army in the Far Eastern Military District. [16] The division was disbanded on July 25, 1956.[17]","title":"Postwar"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Feskov, V.I.; Golikov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Slugin, S.A. (2013). Вооруженные силы СССР после Второй Мировой войны: от Красной Армии к Советской [The Armed Forces of the USSR after World War II: From the Red Army to the Soviet: Part 1 Land Forces] (in Russian). Tomsk: Scientific and Technical Literature Publishing. ISBN 9785895035306.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785895035306","url_text":"9785895035306"}]},{"reference":"Main Personnel Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union (1964). Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг [Commanders of Corps and Divisions in the Great Patriotic War, 1941–1945] (in Russian). Moscow: Frunze Military Academy.","urls":[{"url":"http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_komandovanie-korpus-diviziya-vov/index.html","url_text":"Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://militera.lib.ru/h/sb_komandovanie-korpus-diviziya-vov/index.html","external_links_name":"Командование корпусного и дивизионного звена советских вооруженных сил периода Великой Отечественной войны 1941–1945 гг"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galiza | Kingdom of Galicia | ["1 Origin and foundation (409)","2 Suebic Kingdom (409–585)","2.1 5th century","2.2 6th century","3 Visigothic monarchy (585–711)","4 Early and High Middle Ages","4.1 Society","4.2 Interludes of independence: 10th and 11th centuries","4.3 Raymond of Burgundy","4.4 Separation of the County of Portugal (1128)","4.5 Compostelan era (1111–1230)","4.6 Union under the Crown of Castile (1230)","5 Late Middle Ages","5.1 Emergence of the Galician language","5.2 Galicia and the Castilian Crown","5.3 John, king of León, Galicia and Seville (1296–1301)","5.4 Unrest in the cities","5.5 Civil War of the Castilian Crown (1366–1369)","5.6 Ferdinand I of Portugal king in Galicia","5.7 John of Gaunt","5.8 The 15th century","5.9 Irmandinos Wars","5.10 Catholic monarchs","6 Modern age","6.1 The Junta or General Assembly of the Kingdom","6.2 Policies of Philip II (1556–1598)","6.3 The last Habsburgs (1598–1700)","6.4 Restoration of voting at the Council of Castile (1623)","6.5 Charles II of Spain","6.6 The establishment of the Bourbons (18th century)","6.7 The Enlightenment (1746–1788)","6.8 19th century","7 Culture","8 Symbols of the kingdom","8.1 The purple lion","8.2 The Chalice, symbol of the kingdom","9 Medieval cartography","10 Notes","11 References"] | Coordinates: 42°52′57″N 8°32′28″W / 42.88250°N 8.54111°W / 42.88250; -8.54111Kingdom in Iberia from 410 to 1833
For other uses, see Kingdom of Galicia (disambiguation).
Kingdom of GaliciaReino de Galicia (Galician)Reino de Galicia (Spanish)Reino da Galiza (Portuguese)Galliciense Regnum (Latin)910–1833
Flag (c. 1282)
Coat of arms
Motto: Hoc hic misterium fidei firmiter profitemur (Latin)Here is the mystery of faith that we strongly professAnthem: Marcha do Antigo Reino de Galiza ("Antiga Marcha do Reino de Galicia") The location of the Kingdom of Galicia in the 11th century CE, in redCapitalSantiago de Compostela1Common languagesLatinVulgar LatinGalician-PortugueseAstur-LeoneseCastilianA few speakers of Brittonic, Visigothic, Vandalic and SuebicReligion Roman Catholicism (official)GovernmentMonarchyMonarch • 910–924 Ordoño II (first)• 1813–1833 Ferdinand VII (last)
LegislatureJuntaHistory • Established 910• Dissolved 1833
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Kingdom of Asturias
Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Spain
County of Portugal
Couto Misto
1 Previously Lugo and Braga. From the 16th century, the capital was disputed.
Arms of the Kingdom of Galicia, illustrated in L´armorial Le Blancq, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1560
The Kingdom of Galicia (Galician: Reino de Galicia, or Galiza; Spanish: Reino de Galicia; Portuguese: Reino da Galiza; Latin: Galliciense Regnum) was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded by the Suebic king Hermeric in 409, with its capital established in Braga. It was the first kingdom that officially adopted Catholicism. In 449, it minted its own currency. In 585, it became a part of the Visigothic Kingdom. In the 8th century, Galicia became a part of the newly founded Christian Kingdom of Asturias, which later became the Kingdom of León, while occasionally achieving independence under the authority of its own kings. Compostela became the capital of Galicia in the 11th century, while the independence of Portugal (1128) determined its southern boundary. The accession of Castilian King Ferdinand III to the Leonese kingdom in 1230 brought Galicia under the control of the Crown of Castile.
Galicia resisted central control and supported a series of alternative claimants, including John of León, Galicia and Seville (1296), Ferdinand I of Portugal (1369) and John of Gaunt (1386) and was not brought firmly into submission until the Catholic Monarchs imposed the Santa Hermandad in Galicia. The Kingdom of Galicia was then administered within the Crown of Castile (1490–1715) and later the Crown of Spain (1715–1833) by an Audiencia Real directed by a Governor which also held the office of Captain General and President. The representative assembly of the Kingdom was then the Junta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, which briefly declared itself sovereign when Galicia alone remained free of Napoleonic occupation (1808–1809). The kingdom and its Junta were dissolved by Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Regent of Spain, in 1834.
Origin and foundation (409)
Part of a series on the
History of Galicia
Prehistoric Galicia
Gallaeci (Celtic tribe)
Roman Gallaecia
Suebi Kingdom
Brythonic Galicia
Kingdom of Galicia
Compostelan Era
Rexurdimento
Galician Modern Age
Galicia in the 20th century
Galicia at Present
Timeline
Monarchs / Consorts
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Theodemar (or Ariamir), king of Galicia with the bishops Lucrecio, Andrew, and Martin. Codex Vigilanus (or Albeldensis), Escurial library
The origin of the kingdom lies in the 5th century, when the Suebi settled permanently in the former Roman province of Gallaecia. Their king, Hermeric, probably signed a foedus, or pact, with the Roman Emperor Honorius, which conceded them lands in Galicia. The Suebi set their capital in the former Bracara Augusta and set the foundations of a kingdom, which was first acknowledged as Regnum Suevorum (Kingdom of the Suebi) but later as Regnum Galliciense (Kingdom of Galicia).
A century later, the differences between Gallaeci and Suebi people had faded, which led to the systematic use of terms like Galliciense Regnum (Galician Kingdom), Regem Galliciae (King of Galicia), Rege Suevorum (King of Suebi), and Galleciae totius provinciae rex (king of all Galician provinces), while bishops, such as Martin of Braga, were recognized as episcopi Gallaecia (Bishop of Galicia).
Suebic Kingdom (409–585)
Main article: Suebic Kingdom of Galicia
The independent Suebic kingdom of Galicia lasted from 409 to 585, having remained relatively stable for most of that time.
5th century
In 409 Gallaecia was divided, ad habitandum, between two Germanic people, the Hasdingi Vandals, who settled the eastern lands, and the Suebi, who established themselves in the coastal areas. As with most Germanic invasions, the number of the original Suebi is estimated to be relatively low, generally fewer than 100,000, and most often around 30,000 people. They settled mainly in the regions around modern northern Portugal and Western Galicia, in the towns of Braga (Bracara Augusta) and Porto, and later in Lugo (Lucus Augusta) and Astorga (Asturica Augusta). The valley of the Limia (or Lima) River is thought to have received the largest concentration of Germanic settlers, and Bracara Augusta—the modern city of Braga—became the capital of the Suebi, as it had previously been the capital of Gallaecia.
In 419 a war broke out between the Vandal king Gunderic and the Suebi's Hermeric. After a blockade alongside the Nervasian Mountains, the Suebi obtained Roman help, forcing the Vandals to flee into the Baetica. In the absence of competitors, the Suebi began a period of expansion, first inside Gallaecia, and later into other Roman provinces. In 438 Hermeric ratified a peace treaty with the Gallaeci, the native and partially Romanized people.
Illness led Hermeric to abdicate in favor of his son, Rechila, who moved his troops to the south and the east, conquering Mérida and Seville, the capitals of the Roman provinces of Lusitania and Betica. In 448 Rechila died, leaving the expanding state to his son Rechiar, who in 449 became the first Germanic kings of post-Roman Europe to convert to Nicene Christianity. Rechiar married a Visigothic princess, and was also the first Germanic king to mint coins in ancient Roman territories. Rechiar led further expansions to the east, marauding through the Provincia Tarraconensis, which was still held by Rome. The Roman emperor Avitus sent a large army of foederates, under the direction of the Visigoth Theoderic II, who defeated the Suebi army by the river Órbigo, near modern-day Astorga. Rechiar fled, but he was pursued and captured, then executed in 457.
In the aftermath of Rechiar's death, multiple candidates for the throne appeared, finally grouping into two allegiances. The division between the two groups was marked by the Minius River (now Minho River), probably as a consequence of the localities of the Quadi and Marcomanni tribes, who constituted the Suebi nation on the Iberian Peninsula. The Suebi in the north conquered Lugo, proceeding to use that city as their co-capital, while the Suebi in the south expanded into Lisbon and Conimbriga, which were assaulted, and abandoned after their Roman inhabitants were banished. By 465 Remismund, who established a policy of friendship with the Goths and promoted the conversion of his own people into Arianism, was recognized by his people as the only king of the Suebi.
6th century
See also: Britonia
Miro, king of Galicia, and Martin of Braga, from an 1145 manuscript of Martin's Formula Vitae Honestae, now in the Austrian National Library. The book was originally dedicated to King Miro with the header "To King Miro, the most glorious and calm, the pious, distinguished for his Catholic faith"
Monastery of San Pedro de Rocas, Galicia, founded in 575 and inhabited until the early 20th century
Roman walls of Lugo
After a period of obscurity, with very little remaining information on the history of this area, or in fact Western Europe in general, the Suebi Kingdom reappears in European politics and history during the second half of the 6th century. This is following the arrival of Saint Martin of Braga, a Pannonian monk dedicated to converting the Suebi to Nicene Christianity and consequently into allegiance with the other Nicene Christian regional powers, the Franks and the Eastern Roman Empire.
Under King Ariamir, who called for the First Council of Braga, the conversion of the Suebi to Nicene Christianity was apparent; while this same council condemned Priscillianism, it made no similar statement on Arianism. Later, King Theodemar ordered an administrative and ecclesiastical division of his kingdom, with the creation of new bishoprics and the promotion of Lugo, which possessed a large Suebi community, to the level of Metropolitan Bishop along with Braga.
Theodemar's son and successor, King Miro, called for the Second Council of Braga, which was attended by all the bishops of the kingdom, from the Briton bishopric of Britonia in the Bay of Biscay, to Astorga in the east, and Coimbra and Idanha in the south. Five of the attendant bishops used Germanic names, showing the integration of the different communities of the country. King Miro also promoted contention with the Arian Visigoths, who under the leadership of King Leovigild were rebuilding their fragmented kingdom which had been ruled mostly by Ostrogoths since the beginning of the 6th century, following the defeat and expulsion of Aquitania by the Franks. After clashing in frontier lands, Miro and Leovigild agreed upon a temporary peace.
The Suebi maintained their independence until 585, when Leovigild, on the pretext of conflict over the succession, invaded the Suebic kingdom and finally defeated it. Audeca, the last king of the Suebi, who had deposed his brother-in-law Eboric, held out for a year before being captured in 585. This same year a nobleman named Malaric rebelled against the Goths, but he was defeated.
As with the Visigothic language, there are only traces of the Suebi tongue remaining, as they quickly adopted the local vulgar Latin. Some words of plausible Suebi origin are the modern Galician and Portuguese words laverca (lark), meixengra or mejengra (titmouse), lobio (vine), escá (a measure, formerly "cup"), groba (ravine), and others. Much more significant was their contribution to names of the local toponymy and onomastics.
The historiography of the Suebi, and of Galicia in general, was long marginalized in Spanish culture, with the first connected history of the Suebi in Galicia being written by a German scholar.
Visigothic monarchy (585–711)
"After the death of Miro king of Galicia, and while his son Eboric and his son-in-law Audeca were fighting each other for the control of the kingdom, Leovigild subjugated the Suebi and all of Galicia under the power of the Goths." Chronicle of Fredegar, III. p 116.
"Not only the conversion of the Goths is found among the favors that we have received, but also the infinite multitude of the Sueves, whom with divine assistance we have subjected to our realm. Although led into heresy by others fault, with our diligence we have brought them to the origins of truth. Therefore, most holy fathers, these most noble nations gained by us, as a holy and atoning sacrifice, by your hands I offer to God eternal." King Reccared, Acts of the Third Council of Toledo.
Political map of southwestern Europe around the year 600, which referred to three different areas under Visigothic government: Hispania, Gallaecia, and Septimania.
Church of Santa Comba de Bande, built c. 7th century, rebuilt in the 9th century after being ruined for more than 200 years.
In 585, Liuvigild, the Visigothic king of Hispania and Septimania, annexed the Kingdom of Galicia, after defeating King Audeca, and later the pretender to the throne, Malaric. Thus the kingdom of the Suebi, which incorporated large territories of the ancient Roman provinces of Gallaecia and Lusitania, became the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo.
The government of the Visigoths in Galicia did not totally disrupt the society, and the Suevi Catholic dioceses of Bracara, Dumio, Portus Cale or Magneto, Tude, Iria, Britonia, Lucus, Auria, Asturica, Conimbria, Lameco, Viseu, and Egitania continued to operate normally. During the reign of Liuvigild, new Arian bishops were raised among the Suebi in cities such as Lugo, Porto, Tui, and Viseu, alongside the cities' Catholic bishops. These Arian bishops returned to Catholicism in 589, when King Reccared himself converted to Catholicism, along with the Goths and Suebi, at the Third Council of Toledo.
The territorial and administrative organization inherited from the Suevi was incorporated into the new Provincial status, although Lugo was reduced again to the category of bishopric, and subjected to Braga. Meanwhile, the Suevi, Roman, and Galician cultural, religious, and aristocratic elite accepted new monarchs. The peasants maintained a collective formed mostly by freemen and serfs of Celtic, Roman and Suebi extraction, as no major Visigoth immigration occurred during the 6th and 7th centuries.
This continuity led to the persistence of Galicia as a differentiated province within the realm, as indicated by the acts of several Councils of Toledo, chronicles such as that of John of Biclar, and in military laws such as the one extolled by Wamba which was incorporated into the Liber Iudicum, the Visigothic legal code. It was not until the administrative reformation produced during the reign of Recceswinth that the Lusitanian dioceses annexed by the Suevi to Galicia (Coimbra, Idanha, Lamego, Viseu, and parts of Salamanca) were restored to Lusitania. This same reform reduced the number of mints in Galicia from a few dozen to just three, those in the cities of Lugo, Braga, and Tui.
The most notable person of 7th century Galicia was Saint Fructuosus of Braga. Fructuosus was the son of a provincial Visigoth dux (military provincial governor), and was known for the many foundations he established throughout the west of the Iberian peninsula, generally in places with difficult access, such as mountain valleys or islands. He also wrote two monastic rulebooks, characterized by their pact-like nature, with the monastic communities ruled by an abbot, under the remote authority of a bishop (episcopus sub regula), and each integrant of the congregation having signed a written pact with him. Fructuosus was later consecrated as abbot-bishop of Dumio, the most important monastery of Gallaecia—founded by Martin of Braga in the 6th century—under Suebi rule. In 656 he was appointed bishop of Braga and metropolitan of Galicia, ostensibly against his own will.
During his later years the Visigothic monarchy suffered a pronounced decline, due in large part to a decrease in trade and therefore a sharp reduction in monetary circulation, largely as a result of the Muslim occupations in the early 8th century in the south Mediterranean. The Gallaecia were also affected, and Fructuosus of Braga denounced the general cultural decline and loss of the momentum from previous periods, causing some discontent in the Galician high clergy. At the tenth Council of Toledo in 656, Fructuosus was appointed to the Metropolitan seat of Potamio after the renunciation of its previous occupier. At the same time the Will of the Bishop of Dume Recimiro was declared void after he donated the wealth of the diocese convent to the poor.
The crisis at the end of the Visigoth era dates to the reign of Egica. The monarch appointed his son Wittiza as his heir, and despite the fact that the Visigothic monarchy had been traditionally elective rather than hereditary Egica associated Wittiza during his lifetime to the throne (for example, Egica and Wittiza are known to have issued coinage with the confronted effigies of both monarchs). In 701 an outbreak of plague spread westward from Greece to Spain, reaching Toledo, the Visigothic capital, in the same year, and having such impact that the royal family, including Egica and Wittiza, fled. It has been suggested that this provided the occasion for sending Wittiza to rule the Kingdom of the Suevi from Tui, which is recorded as his capital. The possibility has also been raised that the 13th-century chronicler, Lucas of Tuy, when he records that Wittiza relieved the oppression of the Jews (a fact unknown from his reign at Toledo after his father), may in fact refer to his reign at Lucas' hometown of Tui, where an oral tradition may have been preserved of the events of his Galician reign.
In 702, with the death of Egica, Wittiza as sole king moved his capital to Toledo. In 710, part of the Visigothic aristocracy violently raised Roderic to the throne, triggering a civil war with the supporters of Wittiza and his sons. In 711, the enemies of Roderic got a Muslim army to cross the Straits of Gibraltar and face him at the Battle of Guadalete. The defeat was the end of Roderic and of the Visigothic rule, with profound consequences for the whole of the Iberian peninsula.
Early and High Middle Ages
Tombstone of the sepulcher of bishop Theodemar of Iria (d. 847), discoverer of the tomb attributed to apostle Saint James the Great
"Alfonso king of Galicia and of Asturias, after having ravaged Lisbon, the last city of Spain, sent during the winter the insignias of his victory, breastplates, mules, and Moor prisoners, through his legates Froia and Basiliscus." Annales regni Francorum, c 798.
"And so, as I've been told, when Adefonsus departed of this world, as Nepotianus usurped the kingdom of Ramiro, Ramiro went to the city of Lugo in Galicia, and there he reunited the army of the whole province. After a while he burst into Asturias. He was met by Nepotianus, who has reunited a group of Asturians and Basques, at the bridge over the river Narcea. Nepotianus was immediately left stranded by his own people, being captured when fleeing by two counts, Sonna and Scipio." Chronicle of Alfonso III, ad Sebastianum, 21.
For several centuries after the defeat of the Goths, Galicia was united with other neighboring regions under the same monarchs, with only brief periods of separation under different kings. Along with the rest of the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, it was free of Arab presence from the mid-8th century, being gradually incorporated into a growing Christian state. This is usually called the Kingdom of Asturias in traditional and modern sources, although the precise historical details of these events have been obscured by the national myths leading to the construction of modern Spanish identity.
The 9th century saw this state expand southward, with Castilian and Asturian noblemen acquiring most of the northern Meseta, while in Galicia, a similar impulse led to the conquest and re-population of the regions of Astorga, southern Galicia, and northern Portugal down to Coimbra, by noblemen mostly proceeding from northern Galicia. Also significant was the discovery of the tomb of Saint James the Great at what would become Santiago de Compostela; the shrine constructed there became the religious center of the nation, as well as being the destination of a major international pilgrimage route, the Way of St. James. This increased the political and military relevance of Galicia, and its noble families aspired to positions of power within the kingdom through either military force or by matrimonial alliance with the royal family. To the east, this southern expansion led the capital of the Christian kingdom to be moved to the city of León, from which time the state is usually called the Kingdom of León. This same kingdom was frequently known as either Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) in Al-Andalus Muslim sources up to the 14th century, as well as by many European Christian contemporaries.
Society
Statue of Vímara Peres, conqueror of Porto in 868
Modern replicas of Viking ships by the castle of Torres de Oeste, Catoira
During the Iron Age, and later during Roman and Germanic rule, Southern Gallaecia—today north Portugal and south Galicia—was the more dynamic, urbanized, and richest area of Gallaecia. This role was assumed by the rural north during the Early and High Middle Ages, as a consequence not only of the Islamic invasion, but as the final result of a continent-wide urban crisis.
The old bishoprics of Braga, Ourense, Tui, Lamego, and others, were either discontinued, or re-established in the north, under the protection of Lugo—which was now a stronghold due to its Roman walls—and Iria Flavia. Dumio was re-established by the Bay of Biscay in Mondoñedo, Lugo assumed the role of Braga, and the bishops of Lamego and Tui sought refuge in Iria, where they received generous territorial grants. During the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries most of these bishoprics were re-established in their historical sees, but at this time the bishops of Lugo, Mondoñedo, and Iria became major political players—not just as religious figures, but also as wealthy, and sometimes mighty, secular powers. In particular, the bishops of Iria and Compostela were notorious warlords, due to the many fortresses and military resources they controlled as heads of a military Norman mark, as well as due to the wealth that the pilgrimages and royal grants brought to their lands.
Each bishopric was divided into a number of territories or counties, named terras, condados, mandationes, commissos, or territorios in local charters, which in the north were true continuations of the Suebic dioceses which frequently preserved old tribal divisions and denominations, such as Lemabos, Celticos, Postamarcos, Bregantinos, and Cavarcos. Rights to the tax collection and government of each territory was granted by the titular ruler—usually the king—to a count, bishopric, or large monastery, although there existed some singularities. The bishopric of Lugo was divided into counties, each one under the government of an infanzon (a lesser nobleman) as a concession of the bishop, while in the south, large and mighty territories such as the Portucalense became hereditary, passed down to the descendants of the 9th century's conquerors. In the Terra de Santiago (Land of Saint James, the fief of the bishops of Iria-Compostela) each territory was administered by a bishop's vicar, while justice was administered by a council composed of representatives of the local churchmen, knights, and peasants.
Each territory or county could be further divided into mandationes and decanias. The basic territorial division was the villa, centered on a church, and composed of one or more hamlets or villages, together with all its facilities, lands, and possessions. The villas perpetuated ancient Roman and Suevic foundations, and they were the base for the ecclesiastical organization, and for the economic production of the country, later evolving into the modern parroquias and freguesias (rural parishes). The local economy was subsistence, based mainly on the production of grain and beans, and notably in cattle breeding. Other valuable—though geographically restricted—products included fruits, salt, wine, honey, olive oil, horses, iron for the production of weapons and tools, and exotic oriental fabrics introduced from Spania. There were also specialized artisans who worked on demand, such as masons and goldsmiths.
While local commerce was common, long range interchanges—generally maintained by Hebrew merchants—were rare and appreciated. Monetary circulation was scarce, composed mainly of old Suebi and Visigothic coinage known locally as solidos gallicianos. War and pillaging against the thriving Al-Andalus was also a very important source for the acquisition of riches, exotic items, and Muslim serfs. Later, pilgrimage of Christians from all over Europe to Santiago de Compostela brought not only riches, but also a range of continental innovations and trends, from shipbuilding, to new architectural styles such as Romanesque art.
Romanesque cathedral of San Martiño de Mondoñedo (9th–11th centuries); first construction dates from the 6th–7th centuries
The elites were composed of counts, dukes, senatores, and other high noblemen, who were frequently related by marriage with the monarch, and who usually claimed the most powerful positions in society, either as governors, bishops, or as palatine officials or companions of the king or queen. The Galician nobility, however, were also frequently found as rebels, either as supporters of a different candidate to the throne, or aspiring to it themselves, or simply as disobedient to the king's orders and will. At the service of the noblemen were miles (knights) and infanzones; they were often found marching to war with their subalterns on behalf of a patron, or as vicars and administrators.
A sizable section of the society were churchmen—presbyters, deacons, clergymen, lectors, confessos, monks, and nuns—who frequently lived in religious communities, some of which were composed of both men and women living under vows of chastity and poverty. Most of these monasteries were directed by an abbot or abbess, ruled under a pactual tradition heavily influenced by Germanic legal traditions, with a bishop sub regula as the highest authority of the community. Other monasteries used different, sometimes antagonistic rules. The Benedictine and Augustine rules were uncommon until the 11th century. As in most of Europe, the chartulary and chronicle proceedings of monasteries and bishoprics are the most important sources for the study of local history.
By the 12th century the only known bourgeois were the multinational inhabitants of Compostela, by this stage a fortified and strong city. Meanwhile, the City Council of Santiago for centuries had struggled against their bishops for the recognition of a number of liberties. In the country, most people were freemen, peasants, artisans, or infantrymen, who could freely choose a patron, or buy and sell properties, although they frequently fell prey to the greed of the big owners, leading many of them to a life of servitude. Finally, servos, libertos, and pueros (servants, freedmen, and children), either obtained in war with the Moors or through trial, constituted a visible part of the society; they were employed as household workers (domésticos and scancianes), shepherds, and farmhands. Local charters also show that, in time, they were freed.
In terms of religion, most were Roman Catholics, although the local rites—known today as Mozarabic rites—were notably different from those used in most of Western Europe. No Arian, Priscillianist, or Pagan organizations are known to have survived during the High Middle Ages. However, there were still pagans and pagan shrines in the Bierzo region during the 7th century, whilst Arian or Priscillianist tonsure—seen as long hair, with only a partial tonsure atop the head—was in use in Galicia up to 681, when it was forbidden at a council in Toledo. There were no known Muslim communities in Galicia and northern Portugal, other than Moor serfs. Records of Hebrew people are also uncommon in local charters until the 12th century, except as travelers and merchants.
Personal names in Galicia and northern Portugal were chiefly of Germanic origin, although Christian, Roman, and Greek names were also common. Names were usually composed just of a single surname, although noblemen frequently also used a patronymic. Muslim names and patronymics were rare amongst Galicians, as even serfs were frequently given a Germanic or Roman name, which is in contrast with the relative popularity of Muslim names amongst the Leonese.
Romanesque façade in the Cathedral of Ourense (1160); founded in the 6th century, its construction is attributed to King Chararic
Monastical church of San Miguel de Eiré, Pantón (12th century)
Oratory of San Miguel de Celanova (first quarter of the 10th century)
Pórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (12th–13th centuries), summum of the local Romanesque sculpture
Interludes of independence: 10th and 11th centuries
"When Fruela, king of Galicia, died (...) the Christians made king his brother Alfonso, who then found the throne disputed by his elder brother Sancho, who entered León, capital of the Kingdom of the Galicians, as an opponent (...) Until they decided to depose Sancho and to throw him from Leon, joining under the king Alfonso. Sancho then fled to the extreme of Galicia, where he was received and enthroned by the locals." Ibn Hayyan, Muqtabis, V, c. 1050.
"I Answar, to you, our lord and most serene king Don Sancho, prince of all Galicia, and to our lady, your wife, queen Goto." Document from the chartulary of Celanova, year 929.
"There king Don Sancho said (...) 'Don Alfonso, our father because of our sins left the land poorly divided, and he gave to Don Garcia most of the realm, and thou were left the most disinherited and with less lands; and that's why I propose to take from king Don Garcia the land our father gave to him.'" Primera Crónica General de España, 817.
When Alfonso III of León was forced by his sons to abdicate in 910, his lands were partitioned, bringing about the first episode of a short-lived distinct kingdom of Galicia. García I obtained the Terra de Fora or León, consisting of the southeastern portion of their father's realm, while Ordoño II held the western lands, i.e., Galicia (including the recently acquired lands of Coimbra) where he had already been serving as governor, and was now recognized as king in an assembly of magnates held in Lugo. The youngest brother, Fruela II, received the Asturian heartland in the northeast, with Oviedo as its capital.
From Galicia, Ordoño launched several successful raids on the Islamic south, returning with riches and Muslim serfs, and confirming himself as an able commander. At the death of García in 914, Ordoño also acquired León, and on his death in 924 his younger brother, Fruela, reunited Alfonso's realm. Fruela's death a year later initiated a period of chaos, with several claimants to the crown. Fruela's son, Alfonso Fróilaz, received support from Asturias, but was captured and blinded by Sancho, Alfonso IV, and Ramiro II, sons of Ordoño, with the aid of the Basque troops of Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona. Vague and conflicting historical records make it uncertain whether Alfonso Fróilaz reigned briefly as king of the entire kingdom, or simply held a remote part of Asturias. In Galicia, Sancho succeeded, being crowned in Santiago de Compostela and marrying a Galician noblewoman. After reigning for just three years he died childless. Alfonso IV then took control of an again-reunited Kingdom of León in 929; however, he was forced into a monastery by their youngest brother, Ramiro, two years later.
Ramiro II had ties with the Galician nobility through kinship, marriage and patronage, and he and his son, Ordoño III, whose mother was Galician, reigned with their support. This was not the case when Ordoño was succeeded by his half-brother Sancho I of León in 956. Sancho proved unpopular and ineffectual and the Galician nobles grew fractious, forming a coalition with Fernán González of Castile to overthrow Sancho in favor of Ordoño IV, who was enthroned in Santiago de Compostela in 958. However, Sancho reclaimed the crown in 960 with support from his mother's Kingdom of Pamplona, the Leonese nobility, and Muslim assistance. His son, Ramiro III, grew increasingly absolutist, alienating the Galician nobility who also resented the lack of Leonese help when the Normans raided Galicia from 968 through 970.
The Galician nobility again rose in rebellion, in 982 crowning and anointing Bermudo, son of Ordoño III, as king in Santiago de Compostela. With their support, he first repelled the army of Ramiro in the battle of Portela de Areas and eventually made himself undisputed ruler of the Leonese kingdom. Once in control, Bermudo lost many of his Galician and Portuguese supporters by repudiating his Galician wife in favor of a new marriage alliance with Castile. His later reign was marked by the ascension of a strong military leader, Almanzor, who led a brief resurgence of the Cordoban Caliphate, reconquering Coimbra or Viseu, and even raiding Santiago de Compostela.
In the 1030s, Galicia became the sole holdout to the Leonese conquests of Sancho III of Pamplona. When the Count of Castile—nominally a Leonese vassal, but de facto independent—was assassinated in León in 1029, Sancho claimed the right to name the successor, giving it to his own son Ferdinand. Taking advantage of the youth of Leonese king Bermudo III, Sancho seized disputed border regions, formalizing the arrangement by including the lands in the dowry of Bermudo's sister, who was married to Ferdinand in 1032. Two years later, in 1034, Sancho took Bermudo's capital, becoming de facto ruler of most of the kingdom, whilst leaving Bermudo to rule from his refuge in Galicia. Sancho's death the next year allowed Bermudo to regain not only the entire kingdom, but to briefly become overlord of Ferdinand's Castile. However, in 1037, the Castilian count killed Bermudo in battle, and Galicia passed with the Kingdom of León into the hands of Ferdinand, who then had himself crowned king.
Political situation in the Northern Iberian Peninsula around 1065: Garcia II's domains (Galicia) Badajoz, owing tribute to Garcia Seville, owing tribute to Garcia Alfonso VI's domains (León) Toledo, owing tribute to Alfonso Sancho II's domains (Castile) Zaragoza, owing tribute to Sancho
Ferdinand's death in 1065 led to another short-lived Galician state. In 1063 he had opted to partition his realm, giving the eastern Kingdom of Castile to his eldest son, Sancho II, along with the right to the paria (tribute) from the Taifa of Zaragoza. His second son Alfonso VI was given the Kingdom of León, representing the central portion of the old realm, with the paria from Toledo. His youngest son, García II, who had been educated in Galicia under the tutelage of bishop Cresconius of Compostela, received the western half of Bermudo's old kingdom as King of Galicia, along with the right to parias from the Taifas of Badajoz and Seville.
As king, Garcia aimed to restore the old episcopal sees of Tui, Lamego, and Braga, which had been dissolved due to Arab and Viking assaults. The death of two of his most notable supporters, bishops Cresconius of Compostela and Uistrarius of Lugo, left the young king in a weaker position, and in 1071 the Count of Portugal, Nuno Mendes, rose in rebellion. García defeated and killed him in the same year at the Battle of Pedroso, and in recognition of his solidified control adopted the title King of Galicia and Portugal. However, his brothers, Alfonso and Sancho, immediately turned on the victor, forcing García to flee, first to central Portugal and later—after defeating him near Santarém—into exile in Seville in 1072. García's realm was divided, with Alfonso joining the county of Portugal to his Kingdom of León, while Sancho held the north.
This situation was inherently unstable, with Sancho's lands separated by Alfonso's León, and the two soon fought a war in which Sancho proved victorious, forcing Alfonso into exile and reuniting all of Ferdinand's kingdom except the autonomous city of Zamora, held by his sister Urraca. While besieging this town in 1072, Sancho was assassinated, inducing Alfonso to return and claim the entire realm. García also returned in 1073 from his exile, either with the hope of re-establishing himself in Galicia, or simply having been misled by promises of safety from Alfonso, however, he was imprisoned by Alfonso for the rest of his life, dying in 1091. As an aftermath to these events, before 1088 Alfonso deposed the bishop of Compostela, Diego Peláez, who was charged "on trying to deliver the Kingdom of Galicia to the king of the English and of the Normans , while taking it away from the kings of the Spaniards". This reunion with the Kingdom of León would prove permanent, although both kingdoms maintained their separate personality.
Raymond of Burgundy
Queen Urraca ruled Galicia with her husband, Raymond of Burgundy, until the death of her father Alfonso VI. Medieval portrait, Tumbo A chartulary of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
In 1091 the daughter of King Alfonso VI, infanta Urraca, married a Burgundian nobleman, Raymond of Burgundy, who had participated in the Crusades against the Almoravids. His military victories as well as his Anscarid lineage justified this union, and Alfonso bestowed on him the government of Galicia between Cape Ortegal and Coimbra, as a personal fief. This union gave rise to the House of Burgundy, which would rule in Galicia, León, and Castile until the death of King Peter.
Two years after Raymond's marriage, in 1093, another French crusader, his cousin Henry, the grandson of Duke Robert I of Burgundy and nephew of Alfonso's queen, was given the hand of the Alfonso's illegitimate daughter Theresa, receiving lands in Castille. Both Burgundians were close allies in the affairs of the realm, ratifying a pact of friendship where Raymond promised his cousin the Kingdom of Toledo or the Kingdom of Galicia, together with a third of his treasure, in return for Henry's aid in acquiring the crown as successor of King Alfonso. However, by 1097 King Alfonso granted Henry the counties of Portugal and Coimbra, from the river Minho to the Tagus, thus limiting the powers of Raymond, who by this time was securing an important nucleus of partisans in Galicia, including Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, whilst appointing his own notary, Diego Gelmírez, as bishop of Compostela. In successive years he also obtained the government of Zamora, Salamanca, and Ávila, but he died in 1107, two years before King Alfonso, who was now in his seventies. The government of Galicia and their other possessions was retained by Alfonso's widow, Urraca, who styled herself Mistress and Empress of Galicia. King Alfonso, in a council held in León, asked the magnates of Galicia to swear an oath on the defense of the rights of his grandson, Alfonso Raimúndez, to the kingdom of Galicia, in case his mother Urraca remarried.
On June 30, 1109, King Alfonso VI died. He was succeeded by Queen Urraca, who was remarried in 1109 to the king of Aragon, Alfonso the Battler, a soldier by nature who was immediately received as king in Castille and León, but not in Galicia. As part of the marriage settlement, any children born to the union were to have priority over Raymond's son Alfonso in the succession. In Galicia this union was rejected by the old party of count Raymond, now led by count Pedro Fróilaz, tutor of young Alfonso, although the partisans of Urraca also joined forces. With Leon and Castille quiet and under control, Alfonso moved on Galicia in 1110, and while he did not suffer any major defeat, he had little success, returning three months later to León. Probably as a consequence of this development, Pedro Froila drew Diego Gelmirez to his party. In 1111, the young Alfonso Raimúndez was crowned and anointed king in Compostela.
Separation of the County of Portugal (1128)
Political Map of the northwest Iberian peninsula at the end of the 12th century
On the death of Henry in 1112, his widow Theresa succeeded him as head of the two Counties of Portugal and Coimbra, during the minority of her son, Afonso Henriques. Two trends emerged at this time, firstly a policy of rapprochement with the new King Alfonso VII, and secondly the maintenance of their power with the aim that the heir to the county would be proclaimed king. The increasing importance of Santiago de Compostela—now metropolitan church of Lusitania, which was in open competition with Braga, metropolitan church of Galicia—and the support for Theresa's rule north of the Minho brought about by her romantic union with Fernando Pérez de Traba altered the status quo. The Archbishop of Braga, who had suffered the nocturnal theft of several relics, including the body of Saint Fructuosus of Braga, by Diego Gelmirez in 1102, and the major Portuguese aristocrats who were pursuing a larger territorial authority, gave support to the royal pretensions of Afonso Henriques. Given this situation, King Alfonso VII marched on Portugal, taking first Tui and other territories north of the river Minho, later besieging Guimarães and obtaining the submission of the Portuguese.
Several months later, in 1128, inspired by the shortcomings of Afonso Henriques, the Galician and Portuguese troops of Theresa and Fernando Perez de Trava entered Portugal, but the men of Afonso scored a decisive victory at the Battle of São Mamede. The later death of Theresa, and Afonso's success against the Moors at the Battle of Ourique, led to him being proclaimed King of the Portuguese in 1139, this independence being recognized at the Treaty of Zamora in 1143. Still, the status of frontier lands such as Toroño and Limia in southern Galicia led to frequent border conflicts during most of the Lower Middle Ages.
Compostelan era (1111–1230)
Excerpts from the Historia Compostelana
The laws, the rights, the peace, the justice, called the Galician to arms; everything which is wrong threw the Aragonese into every kind of crime. HC, I.87
Oh shame! The Castilians need foreign forces and are protected by the audacity of the Galicians. What will become of these coward knights when the army of Galicia, their shield and protection, is gone?. HC, I.90
Shipbuilders came from Genoa to Compostela, they presented themselves to the bishop and they reached an agreement for building two ships at a fixed price. It can be guessed the utility of the matter and the joy of the seashore dwellers, and even of all the Galicians, because of the freedom and the protection of the fatherland. HC, I.103.
The queen hurried coming to Galicia to reconcile with the bishop; because she knew that through him she could keep or lose the kingdom of Galicia, because the bishop and the church of Compostela is capital and looking glass of Galicia. HC, I.107.
«The king Don Alfonso, my grandparent, put the condition that in case the queen, my mother, was to stay as a widow, all the kingdom of Galicia would stay under her domain; but if she ever married, the kingdom of Galicia would return to me.» HC I.108
Pórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Medieval miniatures of Ferdinand II (left) and Alfonso IX (right), kings of León and Galicia. Chartulary of the monastery of Toxosoutos, Lousame, 13th century
At Santiago de Compostela on September 17, 1111 the Galician high nobility crowned Alfonso VII, the son of Raymond and Urraca, as king of Galicia, and he was anointed by bishop Diego Gelmírez; the coronation was led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, who had been Alfonso's mentor throughout his childhood. The coronation was intended to preserve the rights of the son of Raymond of Burgundy in Galicia, at a time when Urraca effectively delivered the kingdoms of Castile and León to her new husband, Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre.
The ceremony in Compostela was more symbolic than effective, and Diego Gelmírez, Pedro Fróilaz, and other Galician nobles headed first to Lugo, and later to the royal seat in León to enthrone Alfonso VII there. However, they were intercepted at Viadangos, near León, by the troops of Alfonso the Battler. The Galician knights charged, but they were outnumbered and surrounded by the Aragonese infantry, who defeated the Galicians and frustrated their plans. Pedro Fróilaz was taken prisoner, whilst other nobles were killed, but bishop Gelmírez managed to escape, delivering his protégé, the young king, to his mother, who began acting against her new husband. From then until Alfonso VII came of age and Urraca died, the entire realm lived under a constant state of civil war, experiencing frequent seizures and shifting alliances between mother and child, and between Urraca and her Aragonese husband. This same civil war was evident in the kingdom of Galicia, where partisans of Diego Gelmirez, of Pedro Fróilaz, and of other nobles and warlords, found themselves battling each other as defenders of either Queen Urraca or King Alfonso VII, or under their own agenda, whilst Alfonso of Aragón and Theresa of Portugal also had their own supporters.
With Calixtus II, uncle of Alfonso VII, becoming Pope, Diego Gelmírez secured the elevation of Compostela into an archdiocese in 1120 through a steady flow of generous donations sent to Rome. Bishop Diego attempted to gain recognition for Compostela by becoming primate of Spain, but lost the title to Toledo, the old Visigoth capital. Later, however, he sought to have Compostela recognized as the metropolitan church of the Kingdom of Galicia, in opposition to the church of Braga, which had been the metropolitan since at least the days of Martin of Dumio. Calixtus II did not grant Gelmirez's claims, but finally decided to enlarge Compostela's jurisdiction in an anomalous fashion: instead of Galicia, Compostela was granted control over the old jurisdiction of Mérida, the former metropolitan church of Lusitania, which was then under Muslim control without a bishop. Consequently, the bishops of Coimbra, Lamego, Viseu, or Salamanca, among others, were subjected to the rule of Compostela. Braga, metropolitan of the cities of Galicia other than Compostela, found itself limited by the jurisdiction of the latter, and became the centre of the movement for the independence of Portugal. In 1128 the leader of the Galician nobility, Fernando Peres de Trava, together with his lover Countess Theresa of Portugal, who were acting with absolute liberty in most of Galicia and Portugal, were defeated by Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son. This was the foundation of the future kingdom of Portugal.
On his death in 1156, Alfonso VII divided his domains under pressure from the Castilian and Galician nobles, bequeathing León and Galicia to his second son, Ferdinand II. Ferdinand, who had been using the title of King of Galicia at least since 1152, had been as a child ward of the influential Count Fernando Peres de Trava, heir and son of Count Pedro Fróilaz, who in turn had been tutor of Alfonso VII. In 1158 the death of his brother Sancho III of Castile permitted him to intervene the Castilian internal affairs, which led him to use the title Rex Hispaniarum. In his own realm, he continued his father's policies by granting Cartas Póvoa or Foros (constitutional charters) to towns such as Padrón, Ribadavia, Noia, Pontevedra and Ribadeo, most of them possessing important harbors or sited in rich valleys. Thus he promoted the growth of the bourgeoisie and improved the local economy through the expansion of commerce. He also contributed to the economic and artistic development of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, at least after the death of bishop Martin in 1168, and under the rule of two of his closest subjects, bishops Pedro Gudesteiz and Pedro Suárez de Deza. Ferdinand died in 1188, in Benavente, leaving two main claimants to the throne: his sons Sancho, born of a Castilian noblewoman, and Alfonso, from Ferdinand's first marriage, to Urraca of Portugal. Alfonso, supported by the Galician nobility and by the archbishop of Compostela Pedro Suárez de Deza, hastened to Santiago de Compostela carrying the remains of his father and proclaiming himself King there. Unlike his father, he dropped the title of "King of the Spains", preferring the use of "King of León" and "King of León and Galicia".
Alfonso IX's long reign was characterized by his rivalry with Castile and Portugal, and by the promotion of the royal power at the expense of the church and nobility, whilst maintaining his father's urban development policies. He was one of the first European monarchs to call for a general council, summoning not only the nobility and the Church, but also the inhabitants of the towns and cities, presaging modern representative parliaments. The last years of his reign were also marked by the conquest of large areas of what is now Extremadura (including the cities of Cáceres, Mérida and Badajoz) then in the hands of the Almohad Caliphate, a territory also wanted by the Portuguese.
Alfonso granted constitutional charters to the towns of Betanzos, A Coruña, Baiona, Salvaterra de Miño, Verín, Monforte de Lemos, O Valadouro, Milmanda, Bo Burgo de Castro Caldelas, Melide, Sarria and Triacastela, sited in good harbors along the Galician coastline, by the Miño river, or at major crossroads in the country. These new reguengo villages (royal villages under direct royal political and economical control, and administered by their autonomous city councils), each one usually known as a burgo due to its walled circuits, attracted peasants, who could find better living conditions under the direct protection of the king than abroad under the authority of a bishop, a monastery or a nobleman; they also attracted foreigners, most notably artisans and merchants, who brought new trends and knowledge. These burgs effected a revolution in the social structure of the time, leading to economic diversification, removing the dominant autarky of the previous centuries, and facilitating the development of fishing and pre-industrial mass production of some resources, especially salted and dried fish, fish oil, and wine, marketed through the seaports to England and the Mediterranean.
'I, Alfonso, by the grace of God King of León and of Galicia, by this writing, which is to be forever valid (...) I grant and confirm to the town council of Bayona, that is, Erizana, the rights and 'foros' or customs for they to live, and to have, and to direct their town in justice, and so the small people with the greater one, and the greater people with the small one, there forever they may live in peace and quietly...'
Foro or Constitutional Charter of Baiona, 1201.
'We must also consider that there are five kingdoms among the Spaniards, namely that of Aragon, that of the Navarrese, and that of those who specifically are named Spaniards, which capital is Toledo, as well as those of the inhabitants of Galicia and Portugal'
Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, AD. 1189.
Sepulchre of a merchant: Pero Carneiro, son of Pero Afonso da Corredoira, in the church of St. Mary a Nova, Noia
In these cities and villages the emergence of an associative movement led to the creation of permanent city councils, and the organization of artisan guilds or confrarías, which would in time acquire a religious hue just to avoid being banned or punished in their patrimonies. These new burgs also allowed a number of minor noble houses to consolidate power by occupying the new administrative and political offices, in open competition with the new classes: mayors, aldermen (regedores, alcaldes, justiças), agents and other officials (procuradores, notarios, avogados) and judges (juizes) of the town council; or mordomos and vigarios (leader and deputies) of the diverse guilds.
Throughout this century there was also a rapid growth of the rural population, resulting in a larger force of farm labor which consequently allowed the great monasteries to develop new agricultural lands. This, coupled with the improvement of farming equipment and techniques, such as the introduction of the heavy wheeled plough, resulted in an increase in productivity that impacted the people's lifestyles. The distribution of this increased productivity between peasants and lords was regulated by the establishment of foros or lifelong contracts, frequently spanning several generations or vozes. The economic and social transformations led to profound changes in mindset. In the towns, it initiated a religious and intellectual renewal under the mendicant orders, most notably the Franciscans, who instituted social reforms.
Compostela, "capital and looking glass" of the Kingdom of Galicia, became a showcase of this thriving era, reflected in Master Matthew's work in the granite of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela—especially in the Portico da Gloria and in Prateria's façade—demonstrating a prosperity also witnessed through the numerous surviving Romanesque buildings in Galicia. This period is also responsible for Latin literary creations such as the Codex Calixtinus and the Historia Compostellana. The Historia is an extensive chronicle of the deeds of the bishop of Compostela, Diego Gelmirez, and, though partisan, it is a source of great significance for the understanding of contemporary events and Galician society in the first half of the 12th century.
Union under the Crown of Castile (1230)
In the early Medieval era, a fluid pattern of union and division was observed among the states of Christian Iberia. While marriage of royals had resulted in the union of some of these states—for example between Navarre and Aragon, and Castile and León—subsequent divisions amongst heirs created a dynamic pattern of union and separation. However, the 12th century initiated a series of unions that would prove permanent.
Alfonso IX married twice. From his first marriage to Teresa of Portugal he had a son, Ferdinand, and two daughters, Sancha and Aldonza. From his second marriage to Berengaria of Castile, he had five children: Eleanor, who died as a child, a second Ferdinand, Alfonso, Berengaria, and Constance. The death of Alfonso IX's son from his first marriage, Ferdinand, in 1214 left the younger Ferdinand, from his second marriage, as heir to his father. When the Castilian king, Henry I, died in 1217 and Berengaria ceded her rights to her son, Ferdinand became King of Castile, against the will of his father.
To preserve the independence of his realm, Alfonso IX applied Galician-Leonese inheritance customs to nominate Aldonza as future queen of Galicia and Sancha as queen of León, enlisting their uncle Afonso II of Portugal to support their succession. Alfonso died in 1230 in Sarria, while on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela to thank the apostle for his help in the conquest of Extremadura, and his body was taken there for burial. Most of the Leonese nobility cleaved to Ferdinand, who also gained the support of the new Portuguese king, Sancho II. After clashes in León and Galicia, Alfonso IX's two former wives, Berengaria and Theresa, reached an agreement whereby Theresa induced Aldonza and Sancha to abandon their regal claims in exchange for an annuity. As a result, Ferdinand III became successor to Alfonso's kingdoms of León and Galicia, bringing about a permanent union into what would come to be called the Crown of Castile, wherein the kingdoms continued as administrative entities under the unified rule of a single monarch.
Royal pantheon of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela
Sepulcher of count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba (Orbem Galletie Imperante), protector of king Alfonso VII (d. 1128)
Sepulcher of king Ferdinand II (Rex in Legione et Gallecia) (d. 1187)
Sepulcher of Ferdinand of Galicia and León. Son and heir of the king Afonso VIII (known as alfonso ix in the Spanish bibliography) (d. 1214)
Sepulcher of the queen Berengaria of Barcelona wife of Afonso VII (d. 1149)
Sepulcher of king Afonso VIII of León and Galicia (known as Afonso IX in the Spanish bibliography) (Rex Legionis et Gallecie) (d. 1230)
Sepulcher of queen Joana de Castro of Castilla, León, Toledo and Galicia (d. 1374)
Late Middle Ages
Emergence of the Galician language
Main articles: Galician Language and Galician-Portuguese
One of the oldest legal charters written in Galician, the constitutional charter of the Bo Burgo (Good Burg) of Castro Caldelas. Year 1228.
Miniatures from a manuscript of the Cantigas de Santa Maria
Sepulchre of the knight Sueiro Gomes de Soutomaior. The inscription, in Galician, reads " lies Sueiro Gomes de Souto Maior, who died ": SUEIRO GOMES DE SOUTO MAIOR Q FALECEU
Latinate Galician charters from the 8th century onward show that the local written Latin was heavily influenced by local spoken romance, yet not until the 12th century do we find evidence for the identification of the local language as a language different from Latin itself. During this same 12th century we can find full Galician sentences being inadvertently used inside Latin texts, whilst its first reckoned use as a literary language dates to the last years of the 12th century.
The linguistic stage from the 13th to the 15th centuries is usually known as Galician-Portuguese (or Old Portuguese, or Old Galician) as an acknowledgement of the cultural and linguistic unity of Galicia and Portugal during the Middle Ages, as both linguistic varieties differed only in minor dialectal phenomena, and were considered by contemporaries as just one language.
This language flourished during the 13th and 14th centuries as a language of culture, developing a rich lyric tradition of which some 2000 compositions (cantigas, meaning 'songs') have been preserved—a few hundred even with their musical score—in a series of collections, and belonging to four main genres: Love songs, where a man sings for his love; Cantiga de amigo, where a woman sings for her boyfriend; crude, taunting and sexual Songs of Scorn; and religious songs.
Its most notable patrons—themselves well-known authors—were kings Dom Dinis in Portugal, and Alfonso X the Wise in Galicia, who was a great promoter of both Galician and Castilian Spanish languages. The noble houses of both countries also encouraged literature in Galician-Portuguese, as being an author or bringing famous troubadours into one's home became a way of promoting social prestige; as a result many noblemen, businessmen and clergymen of the 13th and 14th centuries became notable authors, such as Paio Gomes Charinho, lord of Rianxo, and the aforementioned kings.
Aside from the lyric genres, Galicia also developed a minor tradition of literary prose, most notably translations of European popular series, such as those dealing with king Arthur written by Chrétien de Troyes, or those based on the war of Troy, usually commissioned by noblemen who desired to read these romances in their own language. Other genres include history books (either translations of Spanish ones, or original creations like the Chronicle of St. Mary of Iria, by Rui Vasques), religious books, legal studies, and a treatise on horse breeding. Prose literary creation in Galician had stopped by the 16th century, when the printing press became popular; the first complete translation of the Bible was not printed until the 20th century.
As for other written uses of Galician, legal charters (last wills, hirings, sales, constitutional charters, city council books of acts, guild constitutions, books of possessions, and any type of public or private contracts and inventories) written in Galicia are to be found from 1230 to 1530—the earliest one a document from the monastery of Melon, dated in 1231. Galician was by far the most-used language during the 13th to 15th centuries, in preference to Latin.
Whilst the written use of Castilian in Galicia had been common since 1400, at least in the documents issued by the offices of foreigners established in the country, since 1500 the open substitution of Galician elites by Castilian officials led to the progressive discrimination against the Galician language and even the Galician people, although public inscriptions in tombstones and foundations were still common during much of the 16th century. These developments led to the appearance of a series of literary and historical works, the goal of which was the vindication of Galician history, language, people and culture, most notably during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Later Galician language would become a regional language, with just minor literary use up to the 19th century, when a thriving literature developed. As Galician had no official recognition, no legal Galician documents were issued again up to the last quarter of the 20th century.
Galicia and the Castilian Crown
Romance portrait of Castilian King Ferdinand III; flanking him are the canting arms of his kingdoms, the purple lion of León, and the castle of Castile
The rule of Ferdinand III initiated a gradual decline in the influence of Galicia in the politics of state, in which the aristocracy and the Galician city councils would lose power to the local bishops. Galicia found itself on the periphery of the enlarged kingdom, which was largely ruled from Toledo or Seville, and increasingly controlled by Castilians. The royal court abandoned Compostela and began a policy of centralization. Despite this, Galician nobles and bishops continued to exercise a degree of autonomy from the Castilian crown until the time of the Catholic Monarchs.
In 1231 Fernando established in his newly acquired kingdoms positions known in Galicia as meyrino maor, a high official and personal representative of the king, in 1251 substituted by an adelantado mayor (Galician: endeantado maior), with even greater powers. These officials were established in each one of the three old Christian kingdoms (Galicia, León and Castile); in the vassal Kingdom of Murcia; and in the frontier with the Muslims, 'La Frontera'. During the 13th and the 14th centuries these positions were occupied either by local noblemen—such as Estevan Fernandes de Castro, Paio Gomes Chariño, Fernando José de Estrada, or Afonso Suares de Deza—or by members of the royal family, such as the infante Felipe, son of Sancho IV, thus maintaining a state of fluid relations and communications between the Crown and the Kingdom, which would prove fruitful during the conquest and colonization of Seville and other Andalusian cities.
Ferdinand's policy of centralization was continued during the reign of his son Alfonso X: during a period of unrest in Compostela, with the city council at odds with the archbishop, he introduced an alcalde, or representative of the Crown, into the local government, later delivering the see of Compostela to a Castilian, after forcing Archbishop Gonsalvo Gomes to flee to France. This started a process that eventually led to the replacement of Galician bishops, abbots, and noblemen by Castilians during the 15th and successive centuries. Unlike his father, he usually favoured the bourgeois through the concession of numerous constitutional charters to new towns, angering the nobility.
While the Castilian (Castile-Toledo) and Leonese (Galicia and León) crowns were linked in the person of the king, both crowns retained political peculiarities. Galicia and León retained the legal code Liber Iudicium and their own parliament (Cortes). Also, whilst the public charters within the kingdom of Galicia continued to be written in Galician, documents from the royal court were issued only in Castilian. The creation in 1282 of a joint Brotherhood (league) of the Kingdoms of León and Galicia showed the existence of a grade of unrest in the old western kingdoms of the Crown.
John, king of León, Galicia and Seville (1296–1301)
Paio Gómez Chariño's Tomb, Convent of San Francisco, Pontevedra, Galicia
The reign of Alfonso X ended in civil war and political instability regarding the succession. The death of his eldest son Ferdinand de la Cerda led Ferdinand's younger brother, Sancho, to rebel in a bid to secure the succession, which was ultimately successful. A similar pattern then followed Sancho's own death in 1295, with the reign of his juvenile son Ferdinand IV of Castile being contested by his uncle John, who had been in revolt since 1286.
With the help of King Denis I of Portugal, John—who lived exiled in Granada—advanced to Badajoz to claim the throne of Castile, but negotiations with Ferdinand's party, together with the assassination of his closest ally the adelantado mayor of Galicia Paio Gómez Charinho, led him to withdraw his claim. In 1296 John took the lead of the nobility of the old Leonese crown, and with the support of the kings of Aragon and Portugal was proclaimed king of León and Galicia in 1296, which also included the Kingdom of Seville, a vassal of Galicia since the 11th century. Charinho was succeeded by Fernando Ruíz de Castro, a kinsman of the house of Traba, whose wife also supported John and encouraged calls for a rapprochement with Portugal.
This attempted secession lasted five years amid great political and military instability due to opposition from many sectors of society, including the party of Sancho's widow Maria de Molina, which was supported by the Castilian nobility, and the high Galician clergy. Faced with this resistance, King Denis of Portugal proposed to Queen Maria de Molina that John and his heirs should be granted the Kingdom of Galicia, where he counted on the strong support of Fernando Ruiz de Castro and other noblemen. In 1301, however, after losing the support of the King of Portugal, John was forced to abandon his claim to kingship in exchange for a number of minor titles, thus confirming the unity of the Crown of Castile.
Unrest in the cities
Ruins of the castle of A Rocha Forte, torn down in 1467 by the Irmandiños. There Bérenger de Landore's men assassinated the members of the Council of Compostela in 1320.
Sepulchre of Alvaro Paz Carneiro, church of St. Mary 'A Nova' in Noia, 'who died in the Mortality, August 15, 1348'
After John's challenge, Ferdinand decided to send his brother Don Felipe to Galicia as Adelantado Mayor; he would later be granted the title of Pertigueiro Maior, or first minister and commander of the Terra de Santiago. For nearly thirty years he would act as alter ego of the king, closely supported by the local nobility.
The beginning of the 14th century was characterized by the civil unrest in the cities of the kingdom, most notably in Lugo, Tui, Ourense and Compostela. The aspiration of their city councils to become reguengas--i.e., direct dependencies of the king, and as such virtually autonomous republics under the direction of their elected councils--which placed them in direct conflict with their bishops, intent on maintaining their fiefs. This unrest was not new, as Compostela had known bloody conflicts between the bourgeois and the bishops since the first years of the 12th century, when the bishop Gelmirez himself was chased inside the city. In these conflicts, Don Felipe and the local nobility usually supported the councils' pretensions in opposition to the mighty and rich bishops, although most of the time the military and economic influence of the archbishop of Santiago proved determinative in the maintenance of the status quo.
The conflict in the City of Compostela reached its zenith in September 1320, when, after forty years of autonomy and two years of war, the new archbishop, the French Bérenger de Landore, assassinated the nobleman Alonso Suárez de Deza together with the members of the City Council in his castle, A Rocha Forte near Santiago, where he had lured them for talks. While Berenger's forcefulness temporarily pacified the city, he still had to fight for another year just to take the rest of the fiefdom. However, twenty-five years later, the City Council of Compostela obtained the long-sought reguengo status from King Alfonso XI. Similar conflicts are known to have occurred in other Galician cities.
In 1348, the Black Death, locally known as A Mortaldade, reached the ports of Galicia, decimating the population, and causing a severe and lasting economic crisis.
Civil War of the Castilian Crown (1366–1369)
Battle of Nájera. Galician armies fought with Pedro I and Edward of Woodstock, defeating the Castilian armies of Henry of Trastámara
In 1360 the kingdom of Galicia was again at the centre of a succession crisis, this time of European dimension. The throne of Castile was disputed between King Peter I and his half-brother, Henry Count of Trastámara, within the broader context of the Hundred Years' War. This fratricidal conflict lasted from 1354 to 1369, having its origin in the policies of Peter I, who tried to expand his royal power while leaning on the municipal councils; this would come at the expense of the high nobility, including Castilian families such as Pimentel, Ponce de León, Mendoza, Fernández de Córdoba, and Alvarez de Toledo; and Galician ones such as Castro. As a result, in 1354 a coalition of nobles rose in defence of a pactual monarchy, although this coalition did not last long.
Henry, illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and half-brother of Peter, took advantage of the dissatisfaction among the noblemen to launch a war against Peter, with the support of Peter IV of Aragon, with whom Peter I was already at war, and along companies of mercenaries such as that commanded by Bertrand du Guesclin. Meanwhile, Peter I drew his support from the municipalities and part of the nobility, most notably the Galician Castro family headed by Fernando Rodrigues de Castro, Pertegueiro Maior of Santiago and Adelantado Mayor of Galicia, who, after defecting from Henry's side in 1355, was playing the same role as the Traba family two hundred years before. Other notable supporters were Sueiro Eans Parada, Men Rodrigues de Sanabria, and the Moscoso family.
In 1366 Pedro was forced to flee into Andalusia, while Fernando de Castro returned to Galicia. After a dangerous journey through Portugal, King Pedro made it to Galicia, where an assembly of supporters decided to send him into Gascony to seek English support, whilst at the same time internal enemies such as the archbishop of Compostela were assassinated or prosecuted. This same year, with Pedro abroad, a temporary truce permitted Henry to surface in Galicia, where he obtained the support of some important aristocrats, most notably Fernan Peres de Andrade.
In 1367, counting on the additional support of the archers of the English prince Edward of Woodstock, Peter won the battle of Nájera, which allowed him to take the war into Andalusia. However, the entry of England's enemy Charles V of France on Henry's side had a destabilising effect. In 1369 the new archbishop of Santiago, the loyalist Rodrigo de Moscoso, urgently ordered his knights to march to Andalusia and support the King and Fernando de Castro, but the call was ignored. The capture of Peter during the Battle of Montiel and his subsequent murder left Henry II in control of the Crown of Castile.
Ferdinand I of Portugal king in Galicia
Ferdinand I of Portugal
The triumph of the high nobility in Castile, as represented by the death of Peter I and crowning of their candidate, Henry II, was resented by the majority of Galician nobles, who had been forgiven by the new King. Under the leadership of Fernando de Castro, the Galician loyalist party and the cities, invited Ferdinand I of Portugal to be their king, assuring him that the Galician nobles and citizens would "raise their voices for him ... and they hand him the cities and recognize as lord and will honor him".
In his triumphant entrance Ferdinand was accompanied by many aristocratic Galician supporters, including Fernando de Castro, Count of Trastámara; Alvar Peres de Castro, the lord of Salvaterra; and Nuno Freire de Andrade, Master of the Portuguese Order of Christ. He was acclaimed in the cities and towns: Tui, Redondela, Ribadavia, Ourense, Lugo, Padrón, Compostela, and finally A Coruña, which was given to the king by its keeper, Joan Fernandes de Andeiro.
During his brief government in Galicia, Ferdinand I set about restoring the Galician strongholds, including Tui and Baiona, and liberalized trade between Galicia and Portugal, supplying grain and wine by sea to the war-weakened Galician populace. He also made provisions for the issuance of gold and silver coinage at Tui and A Coruña to be recognized as valid throughout Galicia and Portugal.
Despite these measures, the presence of the Portuguese monarch was short-lived. Henry II of Castile, with the support of the mercenaries of Du Guesclin, launched an offensive that forced Ferdinand I back to Portugal. Later, in 1371, with the Portuguese troops defending themselves from Henry's mercenaries, Fernando de Castro and his fellow nobles were defeated in the battle of Porto de Bois, near Lugo, by Henry's men: Pedro Manrique, governor of Castile, and Pedro Rois Sarmento. Fernando de Castro fled to Portugal, but was later banished to Gascony under the terms of the Treaty of Santarém, which forced Portugal to expel many of the Galician supporters of Fernando I, dying there in 1377.
In 1372, after Henry had defeated Men Rodrigues de Sanabria, Castilian rule was re-established over most of Galicia, although A Coruña, regularly supplied by Portuguese ships, held out until 1373.
John of Gaunt
John of Gaunt entering Santiago de Compostela, from a manuscript of Jean Froissart's chronicles
John of Gaunt
The expulsion of Ferdinand I of Portugal, and the abandonment of his claim to Galicia, was followed a year later by the capture of Tui by Diego Sarmento on behalf of Henry II. However, the town of Coruña remained faithful to Portugal until 1373, whilst João Fernandes de Andeiro, exiled in England, entered negotiations for further support for the loyalist Galician party, at the same time laying the foundation of the secular alliance between England and Portugal. On July 10, 1372 a treaty was signed by which Constance, daughter of Peter I, claimed the legitimate right to succeed her father. Her husband, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and son of King Edward III of England, then claimed the Castilian Crown on her behalf.
John's first attempt to make good on this claim failed when his troops were diverted to Poitou to participate in the clashes against France as part of the Hundred Years' War. On July 25, 1386, with the support of a papal bull of Urban IV confirming his right to the Crown of Castile, he landed in Coruña with some 1500 archers, 1500 lancers and some 4000 other supporters, without fighting or attacking the city. Following negotiations it was agreed that the city would open its gates once the Duke was received in Santiago de Compostela; being admitted there, John's troops, assisted by Galician exiles, took control of Pontevedra, Vigo, Baiona and Betanzos without a fight, whilst John himself proceeded to Ourense, defended by Breton troops in the service of John I of Castile. Meanwhile, the port of Ferrol was taken by John's ally the Portuguese king John I of Portugal, and the town of Ribadavia—where the local Jews, most of them of Leonese extraction, apparently presented a fierce defence—was assaulted after a siege by troops commanded by Thomas Percy. With the capture of Ferrol, the Duke controlled the whole Kingdom of Galicia, as reported in the chronicles of Jean Froissart: «avoient mis en leur obeissance tout le roiaulme de Gallice».
John was unable to capitalize on this initial success, as plague decimated the English army in Galicia during 1386 and 1387. Later, in 1387, together with the Portuguese, he launched an unsuccessful assault into the dry terrain of Castile; finally, John was forced to negotiate with John I of Castile. In their 1388 peace treaty, the Duke of Lancaster and Constance of Castile renounced their claims to Castile in exchange for monetary compensation and a marriage alliance between their daughter and the son and heir of Henry II, the future Henry III of Castile. The withdrawal of the English armies brought an end to Galicia's attempts, spearheaded by its nobles and town councils, to secede from the Crown of Castile.
The 15th century
Castle of the House of Andrade, A Nogueirosa, Pontedeume
After the defeat of the loyalist party, with their leaders consequently exiled in Portugal or dead abroad, Henry II and John I introduced a series of foreign noble houses in Galicia as tenants of important fiefs. For example, the County of Trastámara, ancient dominion of the Traba and Castro houses, was given first to Pedro Eníquez de Castro, nephew of Henry II; later, in 1440, it was divided into two counties, Trastámara and Lemos, and given to the Osorios, of the frontier lands of Bierzo. In the South some important concessions were given to the Sarmento family, which, in time, would hold the job of Adelantado Mayor of the Kingdom of Galicia as a family legacy; and to the Pimentels of Benavente. Some of these families, most notably the Osorios, would become during the 16th and 17th centuries the most influential defenders of Galician causes. But during the 15th century, in the absence of solid leadership, such as exercised in the past by the archbishop of Santiago or by the Counts of Trastámara, the Kingdom of Galicia was reduced to a set of semi-independent and rival fiefdoms, militarily important, but with little political influence abroad.
The 15th century was characterized by the rapacity of these and other local noble houses (among others, the Moscosos in western Galicia, the Andrades in the North, the Soutomaiors and the Estradas in the South and West, and the Ulloas in central Galicia) each one directed by the heir of the lineage, not unusually a woman. The houses, and their minor knights and squires, tried to acquire every type of economic and jurisdictional title (usually as encomendeiros, that is, protectors) over towns and cities, monasteries, bishoprics, and even over royal properties, towns and territories. Castles and mottes were used all over Galicia to hold and keep the noblemen's armies, and as raiding outposts. The noblemen frequently fought each other for the possession of these strongholds.
We obey that letters (...) but regarding the fulfillment of what we are asked, we say that what these letters demand of us is very burdensome, and it would be impossible for us to accomplish it (...) There were not called the deputies of this Kingdom of Galicia, most notably those of the cities (...) For in this Kingdom there is an archbishopric, four bishoprics, and other towns and places of our lord the Prince, and of three Counties, and of many other great knights; and it would be very accomplishing and very necessary for the King and for this Kingdom to invoke its deputies. Letter of the City Council of Ourense to the King, 1454.
Similar conflicts were frequent between the city councils and the Church, even occasioning the deaths of the bishop of Lugo in 1403 and the bishop of Ourense in 1419. All these wars, together with rampant banditry, created a climate of violence and insecurity throughout Galicia. The remoteness of the King was partly to blame: during the 15th century no monarch ever come to visit Galicia, except for the Catholic Monarchs in 1486. This absence on the one hand transformed the King into a remote ideal of Justice, whilst on the other affirmed the sensation of impunity and defencelessness among the inhabitants of the Kingdom.
The remoteness of the monarch also resulted in Galicia losing its vote in the Cortes (Parliament) sometime during the late 14th or early 15th centuries. In 1423, in the absence of the Galician cities, the city of Zamora (located in León, but historically linked to Galicia) asked to be treated as the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia, which was granted, with their deputies sitting next to the monarch at his right. Zamora represented the Kingdom of Galicia in the Cortes until 1640, usually against the will and the advice of the Galician cities.
Under these difficult circumstances, with constant wars and a broken judicial system, the cities of Galicia, which progressively acquired a leading role during this century, engaged in a tax revolt between 1430 and 1460. They refused to pay certain taxes to John II and Henry IV, citing the many and onerous services the Kingdom rendered to the King; the lack of effective law enforcement, which had led to the economic destruction of the Kingdom; and the absence of Galician deputies in the Parliament.
Irmandinos Wars
Main article: Irmandiño
14th century 'Retablo de Belvis'
The castle of Pambre, Palas de Rei, which resisted the Irmandiños troops
Castle of Soutomaior
During the 15th century, a time of social and economic crisis in Europe, a series of insurrections roiled the Kingdom, the result the brutal behavior of the bishops and the noblemen toward the churchmen, artisans and peasants. The insurgents were generally organized in irmandades ('brotherhoods'), groups of men who, in exceptional circumstances, and allegedly with the king's approval, armed themselves to act as policemen in defence of peace and justice.
One of these brotherhoods, established in Compostela in 1418, took advantage of the temporary absence of the archbishop, and violently overthrew the city council in 1422. Another one, called Fusquenlla or 'The Mad Brotherhood', rose up in the north of the kingdom against the House of Andrade. The armies of the brotherhood, directed by the lesser nobleman Roi Xordo, were finally defeated by the Andrades' armies by the gates of Compostela in 1431. Later, in 1453, the troops of the bishop of Ourense and that of the council of the city fought fiercely for the possession of the local castles, even using tronos (cannons; lit., 'thunders'), and forcing the bishop into exile. In 1458 a brotherhood was established among some important noblemen (the House of Moscoso, the House of Estrada, and Sueiro Gomes de Soutomaior among others) and the cities and towns of Compostela, Noia, and Muros, against the archbishop of Santiago, who was taken prisoner, kept and paraded in a cage for two years, and then banished for ten years after his supporters paid a large ransom. Similar revolts were occurring all over the kingdom, in Betanzos, Viveiro, Lugo and Allariz. All of these Galician brotherhoods acted autonomously, sometimes even against King's will and direct orders.
In 1465 the Crown of Castile was again in crisis, with King Henry IV under siege by Castilian noblemen who were supporting an aristocratic candidate to the throne. Henry sent letters all around the realm, calling for the establishment of brotherhoods to defend the status quo. From 1465 to 1467 local brotherhoods were organized all over Galicia, gaining the allegiance of churchmen, artisans, peasants, and some noblemen.
In the spring of 1467 a General Council of the Kingdom of Galicia (Junta General do Reyno de Galizia) was held in Melide. After an angry debate it was decided that noblemen should deliver all of their strongholds and castles to the officials of the Irmandade, resulting in the flight of many lesser nobles, while others resisted the armies of the Irmandiños ('little brothers'), only to be slowly beaten back into Castile and Portugal; as described by a contemporary, 'the sparrows pursued the falcons'. For the rest of the year the armies of the Brotherhood marched all over Galicia, fighting the lords and demolishing tens of strongholds.
From 1467 to 1469 the Kingdom of Galicia was governed by the Irmandade, directed by the city dwellers, whilst its armies—composed mostly of armed peasants—were commanded by sympathizing noblemen, as the veteran soldiers they were. General Councils of the Kingdom were later held in Betanzos and Santiago de Compostela in 1467, in Lugo in 1468, and in Ourense in 1469. But in autumn of 1469 the exiled noblemen, joining forces, marched into Galicia: Pedro Alvares de Soutomaior entered from Portugal with gunmen and mercenaries; the archbishop Fonseca of Compostela from Zamora; and the Count of Lemos from Ponferrada. Meanwhile, other noblemen who had resisted inside the Kingdom also pushed forward. In 1469 and 1470 the Irmandiño armies were defeated all over the Country, except in some well defended cities such as A Coruña.
In 1470, after the defeat of the Brotherhood, the noblemen, regaining their states and granting themselves sonorous titles ordered the reconstructions of a number of strongholds, usually using the rebels as labour force. This same year, the noblemen assigned a pact of mutual assistance, signaling the beginning of a long war against the archbishop of Santiago—among which were Pedro Alvarez de Soutomaior, called Pedro Madruga, designated as leader of the nobility.
The situation of the Kingdom of Galicia in 1473 is described by a nobleman in his last will:
"The Kingdom is totally scrambled in war, with so many thieveries and deaths, and ill facts: to rise up a large mob of commoners against the knights; and many knights to rise up against the King himself, our Master; and other lords of the land to make war on each other; and to dash to the ground so many houses and towers".
Catholic monarchs
A Mariscala, the chain which allegedly kept prisoner Marshal Pardo de Cela before his execution. Museo Arqueolóxico Provincial de Lugo
"The archbishop did a great service for the King when against the will of that whole Kingdom , being everyone in resistance, the archbishop received the Hermandad in Santiago; and in one day he made the Hermandad to be received and proclaimed from the Minho till the Sea, which was as investing the King and Queen as lords of that Kingdom" Annales de Aragón by Jerónimo Zurita, Book XIX.46
"It was then when the taming of Galicia began, because not just the local lords and knights, but all the people of that nation were the ones against the others very bold and warlike" Annales de Aragon, XIX.69.
At the death of Henry IV in 1474 civil war broke out between his daughter Joanna and his half-sister Isabella. Isabella had married her cousin, Fernando II of Aragon, and was supported by the Aragonese and Catalans, while Joanna married the king of Portugal, Afonso V, thereby obtaining his country's support. In Galicia, Archbishop Fonseca sided with Isabella, while Pedro Álvarez de Soutomaior, who had large interests in Portugal and in southern Galicia, sided with Joanna, and was accordingly rewarded by the king of Portugal with the title of Count of Caminha. Notwithstanding, most noblemen behaved cautiously, waiting to join the winner's side.
In October 1476 Fonseca unsuccessfully attacked the well-defended city of Pontevedra, held by Pedro Madruga, with an army composed of 200 lancers and 5000 infantrymen, while a Basque navy commanded by Ladrón de Guevara took Baiona and assaulted Viveiro; but Pedro's tenacity resulted in a draw. In 1479, the armies of Fonseca moved south again against Pedro Madruga, and, after a series of battles, forced the Count of Caminha into Portugal, although Tui, Salvaterra de Miño and other towns and strongholds were still held by his people and their Portuguese allies. In 1480, a peace treaty recognised Isabella and Fernando, the Catholic Monarchs, as queen and king. Under the terms of the peace treaty with Portugal and Juana, all the enemies of Isabel, including Pedro Madruga, were granted pardons.
The Habsburg and their kingdoms and possessions, early 16th century. The kingdom of Galicia is fifth from the bottom rightThis same year, and against the advice of the Galician nobility, the Catholic monarchs sent a Castilian police and military corps, the Santa Hermandad, to Galicia. It was soon criticised not only as an institution composed mostly of foreigners, but also as a heavy burden on the local economy, costing more than 6 million maravedi per year—-by comparison, the budget of Columbus' first journey to America was just 2 million maravedi-—but also due to its arbitrariness and rudeness with the local inhabitants.
This corps, reinforced with mercenary troops and under the pretension of pacifying the country and getting rid of adventurers and thieves, was also used as field army at the service of the policies of the monarchs. As personal representatives, the Catholic Monarchs also sent a new plenipotentiary Governor of the Kingdom of Galicia—an office first established in 1475—and a Justiçia Mayor (Attorney general), together with a series of other officials and collection agents. They also appointed royal aldermen in some of the cities and towns.
From 1480 to 1485, the Santa Hermandad and the new official, endorsed by local supporters, worked jointly in harassing the largely-rebellious nobility, both economically and militarily. However, the resistance was ended with the death of its leader, the Count of Lemos, and the wars against Marshal Pardo de Cela and Count Pedro Madruga concluded around the same time; de Cela was beheaded in Mondoñedo in 1483, whilst Pedro was deposed in 1485 by his own son, Álvaro--a desperate attempt to save the lineage of Soutomaior.
The establishment in 1500 of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia (a permanent royal tribunal), and later the forced reformation and submission of the Galician monasteries to the Castilian ones, represented the integration de facto of the Kingdom of Galicia under the Crown of Castile.
Modern age
Flag and arms of the Kingdom of Galicia (16th century), after the funeral of Emperor Charles V, also king of Galicia, by Joannes and Lucas Doetecum
The Junta or General Assembly of the Kingdom
Main article: Junta of the Kingdom of Galicia
The Junta, Junta General, Juntas, or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia was the representative assembly of the Kingdom from the 15th century, when it originated as a general assembly of all the powers of Galicia aimed at the constitution of hermandades (brotherhood), and until 1834, when the Kingdom and its General Assembly were officially disbanded by a Royal decree.
Initially the Juntas Generales was an assembly where representatives of the three states of the Kingdom (noblemen, churchmen, and the commoners) met, but it soon followed the evolution prompted by the King in other representative institutions, such as the Cortes of Castile, becoming the assembly monopolized by the bourgeoisie and lesser nobility (fidalgos), who controlled most of the local councils of the cities and towns of the Kingdom, and at the expenses of Church and nobility. From 1599 the composition of the assembly became fixed and reduced to just seven deputies, each one representing one of the Kingdom's provinces, and appointed by the local council of the province's capital —Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Betanzos, Lugo, Mondoñedo, Ourense, and Tui— from among its members. Other towns, namely Viveiro and Pontevedra, tried during the 17th and 18th centuries to regain their seats in the assembly, to no effect.
The Junta had no direct role in law making, and was permitted little control in the Royal administration, but it could nevertheless rise armies, ships and taxes, conceding or denying the King's petitions on behalf of the local powers of the Kingdom, and it could also petition the King directly, being recognized as the voice and representative of the Kingdom and the depositary of its will, traditions and rights (foros). Notwithstanding, the King never consented on the petition of the assembly to meet at will, and from 1637 he decreed that the meetings of the assembly could only take place when in presence of a representative of the monarch, with voice, usually the Governor-Captain General of the Kingdom, in an attempt to maintain a tighter grip on the institution and its agreements.
As a reaction of the abdication of King Ferdinand VII in favour of Napoleon, the Junta declared itself the sovereign and supreme authority of the Kingdom on June 18, 1808, during the Peninsular war, thereby becoming the legitimate and de facto government of the Kingdom until Galicia was conquered by Napoleon in 1809. In an effort to broaden its representation, it briefly admitted churchmen (viz., the bishop of Ourense) and titled nobility.
Policies of Philip II (1556–1598)
The reign of Philip II of Habsburg saw a deep economic and social crisis, and was disastrous for its cultural development; portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola.
In 1556, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated the throne and divided his realm between his brother Ferdinand I of Habsburg, and his son Philip II. In practice this resulted in the disappearance of the European empire of the Habsburgs and the idea of a universal Catholic monarchy. Ferdinand was declared Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, while Philip inherited the Netherlands, Naples and Sicily, the Crown of Aragon and Castile, including the Kingdom of Galicia.
The 42-year reign of Philip II was characterized from the beginning by wars of expansion—against the Netherlands, France, England, Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Stretching across the Atlantic and northern Europe these wars had disastrous consequences for Galicia's society and economy.
Battle between the naval fleets of Philip II of Habsburg (nicknamed the "Invincible Armada") and Elizabeth I of England in 1588, leaving the English victorious
With his private crusade against the Lutherans, the Catholic monarch prevented the participation of the Kingdom of Galicia in the three most important revolutionary processes of the age: the Reformation, the opening up of the New World, and the Scientific revolution. In 1562, Philip II deployed the Holy Office, via the Spanish Inquisition, in the Kingdom of Galicia, after the failure of Charles V's attempts to do so due to the opposition of the Galician clergy.
The Inquisition was an instrument of cultural and religious repression without precedent, which began operating in Portugal from 1575, led by the Castilian Inquisitor Quijano del Mercado. The Inquisition's stated aim was to prevent the "contamination" of the Kingdom of Galicia by the reformist ideas of the Lutherans, which arrived in Galicia via English, Dutch and French traders. This situation also had serious commercial consequences, as merchant ships could not dock without the Inquisition's approval, and sailors believed to be heretics could be burned at the stake. The Inquisition even went as far as proposing the closure of all Galician seaports to avoid religious contamination. Such measures eventually exceeded the patience of the inhabitants of cities like A Coruña, which requested the end of inquisitorial activity at the seaport in 1589 due to the effect on maritime traffic.
"Rodrigo Montero, cleric, priest and rector of the Fort of San Felipe ... declared that ... the armies of the King our Lord (Philip II), have stayed here in winter and summer in the seaport town of Ferrol ... have done great harms to the residents of the town of Ferrol ... as they (the Spanish troops) took the houses where Ferrol people lived and the troops forced them to leave it and look for others ... troops have removed and cut the vines and breaking civilian's walls ... also razed and felled the forests and wood in people's forests ... took by force the boats to the inhabitants of the said town of Ferrol and the troops forced them to recruit and work for them without payment ... these services didn't allow the Ferrol's men go fishing and feed their wives and children and ... the troops also ate and destroyed the fruits of their trees and cabbages, vegetables and turnips and more lelgumbres of their orchards ... stole them also wood tabals from the civilians houses got repairing their vessels and the benefit of the said vessels ... |- (Rodrigo Montero, September 2, 1603)
Philip II's reign saw the continuation of the expulsion of the Jews begun on May 30, 1492, linguistic persecution (from 1566 the adoption of Castilian was enforced, and the use of Arabic was punished by the Crown), and religious persecutions effectively constituted ethnic cleansing. For example, in Alpujarra in the Kingdom of Granada in 1568, led by self-proclaimed king Muhammad ibn Umayya, Philip ordered the forced dispersal of 80,000 Granadian Muslims throughout the realm, and the introduction of Christians in their place. Thousands of Galician families were sent to Granada for that purpose between the years 1572–77, with many of them dying in the process.
Although Spain generally militarized in order to conduct its war against the Netherlands—used primarily to garner support for the Crown—Galicia was left relatively undefended, a result of the prior dismantling of the Galician strongholds. Thus, in 1580 the Board of the Kingdom of Galicia requested troops from Philip in order to defend the coast, just months after a recruitment drive had taken place. However, although Phillip assented, these troops were not used to protect Galicia, but instead to attack Portugal, in an attempt to add it to Phillip's empire.
Despite claims to the contrary, the military campaign against Portugal was not carried out by professional soldiers billeted at A Coruña, Ferrol, or Baiona, and was not paid for by the crown, but was rather conducted by ill-equipped peasant troops, and paid for by Galician nobles such as Pedro Fernandes de Castro II, the Count of Monterrei, Gaspar de Zúñiga e Azevedo, and others. The war against England (1585–1604), motivated by the traditional English support of Portugal and Holland, also had disastrous consequences for the Kingdom of Galicia. This was due to both the disruption of trade relations with northern Europe, which since the Middle Ages had provided enormous wealth to the kingdom, and to England's constant operations in the region, staged in order to end Phillip's maritime expeditions, such as the Spanish Armada in 1588.
The outcome of all this was the complete ruin of Galician villages such as Ferrol, where the civilians were driven from their homes by Philip's soldiers, who seized all their crops and property, and drove the fishermen into forced labor. Towns like A Coruña also suffered constant attacks by the English fleet, such as that led by Francis Drake in 1589, with the cities being protected by civilian troops and folk heroes, such as María Pita.
The last Habsburgs (1598–1700)
The Kingdom of Galicia in 1603
The death of Philip II in 1598 failed to effect a dramatic improvement in Galicia's fortunes. Although the reign of Philip III of Spain (1598–1621) was marked by a more conciliatory foreign policy and was more peaceful than that of his father, throughout the rest of the 17th century (viz., the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II) witnessed a series of wars between the Habsburgs and Holland, England, France and especially Portugal, which collectively had a remarkable social and economic impact in Galicia.
Thus, while conflicts against the Ottomans resulted in a devastating battle in the Rias Baixas in 1617, the unpopular war against Portugal (1640–1668) and the decades-long war against the Netherlands, both took a heavy toll on Galician peasants, sent to various fronts from the Atlantic seaports. Fray Felipe de la Gandara, official chronicler of the kingdom of Galicia, complained that during 25 years (1624–1659), "the kingdom of Galicia has served for now during the glorious reign of His Majesty until the year 1659 with more than 68,000 men and 18,001,000 ducats".
The war also affected the Galician economy. Trade was paralysed, as Galicia's traditional commercial partners were now enemy powers: England, France, Flanders, and its main customer, Portugal, whose border had been closed for over three decades.
The provisions of the Spanish monarchs against trading timber in the kingdom also deepened the crisis. With the imposition a new (and controversial) administrative figure, the juez de plantíos y dehesas ("judge of forests and plantings"), the Castilian Council reclaimed its rights to the Galician forests for the construction of warships. This led to the perverse situation of locals being arrested for collecting firewood to heat their houses, leading in turn to resentment against the Galician junta.
Restoration of voting at the Council of Castile (1623)
Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count of Gondomar, was one of the main advocates of voting rights at the Council of Castile. A humanist ambassador and lover of the Galician language and culture, he was respected and appreciated in the kingdom and abroad; c. 17th century
Since the reign of King John II of Castile, the kingdom of Galicia was no longer on the Crown Council, and from about 1476 Zamora in León acted on behalf of Galicia in the assembly. However, in 1518 the Galician cities and towns began to demand their legitimate positions in the Council of Castile, and to protest the Zamoran leaders speaking for them.
The recovery of their voting rights at the Council of Castile was a goal shared by the Galician aristocracy and oligarchs. In 1520 the Archbishop of Santiago, Afonso III da Fonseca, and the Counts of Benavente and Andrade complained about it during a celebration of the Castilian Council in the Galician capital, Compostela, but to no avail. These elites organized an assembly, headed by Alfonso and consisting of nobles and prelates, in the town of Melide in central Galicia on December 4, 1520. They sent a new demand to Emperor Charles V on the subject of the vote, but he again refused to give Galicia an independent voice.
Quando eu non tibera a obrigaçon que o mundo save pola nobreça que en Vmd coñeço o fijera A esos meus señores seus fillos de Vmd e primos meus ueyjo infinitas ueçes as mans e deus os faga en to do seus fillos de Vmd e de miña señora Dona Costança. A quens garde noso señor como eu seu criado desejo. Çamora, oje, sabado. Seu sobriño de Vmd. Don Juan de Lanços y de Andrade
Year 1598. Sent to Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, this letter is one of the few witnesses in Galician language during the 17th century.
A year after the emperor's refusal, the Galician city councils tried another tack, resulting in a 1557 proposal to offer 20,000 ducats in exchange for restoring Galicia's vote in the Castilian Council. This proposal was put to successive meetings of the Galician assembly, until in 1599 the assembly accepted it and agreed to take the lead on negotiations. Two delegations were chosen to go to Madrid, but the new offer was rejected like the rest.
However, in 1621, circumstances turned in favor of Galicia. The Empire needed the political and financial cooperation of its kingdoms in order to wage another war, following the end of a twelve-year truce. The oligarchy and the Galician city councils were able to seize this opportunity, and, despite the resistance of Zamora and other cities with exclusionary voting at the Courts, the Crown bowed to military necessity, and in 1623 the kingdom of Galicia regained its Council vote, dependent upon paying 100,000 ducats to build a navy to defend its own coastline. The influence of Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count Gondomar, was crucial to the success of this effort, and Philip IV signed the resolution on October 13, 1623.
Charles II of Spain
In 1686 Charles II of Spain broke the custom of appointing the archbishops of Santiago as governors of the Kingdom of Galicia in case of substitution or interim, and being Bishop of the Diocese of Ourense, Don Diego Ros de Medrano was appointed Governor Captain General of the Kingdom of Galicia (October 9, 1686) replacing the Duke of Uceda, who had been given permission to move to the Court.
The establishment of the Bourbons (18th century)
In 1700, Charles II of Habsburg died without an heir. This caused a war between those who supported the French Philip V of Bourbon as the successor (mainly the crown of Castile and France) and those who supported the Austrian Archduke Charles VI of Habsburg (the Crown of Aragon, England and Holland among others). In fact the struggle between these two suitors was also basically a struggle between two political conceptions: on the one hand the absolutist centralism of Philip V, and on the other the federalism of Charles VI of Habsburg. In the ensuing war (1701–1714) between the crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, the kingdom of Galicia could not avail itself of an independent policy due to being controlled strongly since 1486 by Castile, and Galicia was forced to provide military support to the suitor supported by the Castilian Crown, Philip V of Bourbon, who eventually won the war.
The political result of this war was the establishment of a monarchy based in Castile, from where it attempted to impose uniform governance on the region. The culmination of this policy was the "Nueva Planta Decrees" (1707–1716), designed to punish the Crown of Aragon by eliminating its political bodies and imposing an Audiencia similar to that in Galicia 200 years before. Once the old crowns -Castile and Aragon- were dissolved in 1715, the "Crown of Spain", governed solely by the Castilian government—notably by the Council of Castile—replaced them. In addition, the Bourbons established a "provincial Intendance" on their territories according to the French model, including the kingdom of Galicia, under the command of a General Captain.
There was also a firm Bourbon policy aimed at standardizing culture and language within their Spanish territories. Explicit and stringent laws were designed to end linguistic diversity in Bourbon territories with non-Castilian native languages:
Finally, I command that the teaching of the first letters, Latin and rhetoric will only in Castilian language, taking care this compliance the Audiencias and the respective Courts. May 23, 1768. Charles III of Bourbon.
The Enlightenment (1746–1788)
Not a few times I thought which was the reason why in Galicia has introduced the use or abuse of writing in Castilian, ... who have introduced it? ... Not the Galicians, but the Foreigners (Castilians) who in the early 16th century flooded the Kingdom of Galicia, not to cultivate their lands, but to eat the best flesh and blood, and to receive the best jobs, such as ecclesiastical as civil, they have been, not knowing the Galician language, nor by word or in writing, have introduced the monstrosity of writing in Castilian, for a people that speaks just the pure Galician.
Year 1762. "Obra de los 660 Pliegos". Martín Sarmiento.
The Age of Enlightenment arose during the 18th century in Europe, representing new interests in empirical ideas, in philosophy, political economy, and sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Thus began a renewal of interest in the historical personality, as well as the cultural and economic diversity, of the Kingdom of Galicia, attributable to important local writers who knew Galicia as a distinct polity with particular needs.
Portrait of Martín Sarmiento
In the vast task of modernizing the kingdom to best leverage its human and natural resources, Galician societies and academies played a prominent role, such as the Academy of Agriculture of the Kingdom of Galicia (inaugurated on January 20, 1765), The Economic Society of Friends of the Kingdom of Galicia (February 15, 1784), and the Societies of Friends of the Country to Santiago de Compostela (1784) and Lugo (1785), as well as ambitious proposals such as the Royal Fishermen's Pawnshop of the Kingdom of Galicia (1775).
The Enlightenment writers were the first to denounce the Kingdom's contemporary problems, most of them arising from the harmful policies of the Catholic Monarchs and the Habsburgs. These writers began reporting on the state of roads, the unnecessary imports, the mass emigration, the linguistic acculturation polities, and the economic marginalization of the kingdom. Due to their demands, they achieved, inter alia, the constitution of a Maritime and Land Consulate in A Coruña, allowing Galicia to trade with the American colonies.
Two ecclesiastics, Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro and Martín Sarmiento, stood out for their enormous contributions to the language and culture of the kingdom. Montenegro was the first to denounce the misery of the Galician peasants, proposing changes in the administration of the kingdom. Sarmiento, with extensive knowledge of botany and natural medicines, devoted himself to philology; and was a great defender of the Galician language, composing the Catalogue of voices and phrases of the Galician language (1745–1755). Economic themes were highlighted by other Galician aristocrats, such as Joseph Cornide Saavedra, Pedro Antonio Sánchez, and Lucas Labrada, as well as ecclesiastics like Francisco de Castro, and merchants like Antonio Raimundo Ibáñez. They were all authors of many works of vital importance to economic development, such as the Report on sardine fishing off the coast of Galicia (1774), and the Economic description of the Kingdom of Galicia (1804).
19th century
The Kingdom of Galicia and the Junta continued to formally exist until the State Liberal Reform of 1833, at the time of the provincial division under the regency of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Galicia regained its territorial unity for twenty-four days by the constitution of the Junta de Gobierno de Galicia following a liberal armed uprising in 1846, the Mártires de Carral, but never regained the status of a kingdom.
Culture
Due to myths surrounding Galicia's history (especially during the era of the kingdom), the Kingdom has been referred to as "Terra Meiga" (land of the witches) or "Reino Meiga" (kingdom of the witches).
Symbols of the kingdom
Romanesque miniature representing Alfonso IX, King of León. In the upper part appears his historic title Rex Legionensium et Gallecie, while the lower part shows the purple lion, symbol of the Leonese monarchy
The purple lion
The custom of painting symbols, such as the heraldic shields of war, was forged in the battlefields of Europe after the middle decades of the 12th century, due to a confluence of different circumstances. One was the need to differentiate between allies and adversaries on the battlefield, as facial protection in medieval helmets tended to obscure the combatants' faces, but also due to the high ornamental value of decorated shields with bright, crisp, and alternate shapes in the context of chivalrous society.
The first heraldic signs were used by kings as personal marks to identify themselves. Shortly after, they began to be shared by the upper social levels close to the royalty, and finally were used to represent the territory in which they exercised their jurisdiction, the kingdom.
One of the first kings in Europe to make use of a heraldic emblem was the Leonese king, Alphonse VII. At the beginning of the 12th century he began timidly using a purple lion in accordance with its ancient symbolism, as Leo Fortis, the "strong lion", symbolized power and primacy of the monarch, but would also have represented a punning reference to the name of his kingdom, León. The emblem was developed with his son Ferdinand II, and was finally established by Alphonse IX.
The Chalice, symbol of the kingdom
Parallel to the process of development and consolidation of European royal emblems from the late 13th century, collections of them, the Armorials, displayed lists of kingdoms and their royal symbols. In the case of Galicia, the prominence which the Kingdom had had for centuries saw it included in the early European armorials. However, the absence of an exclusive symbol for Galician kings, who were also kings of León since the 12th century, forced the medieval heraldists to use Canting arms, a symbol derived from the phonetics of the name.
An English armorial named Segar's Roll, produced in 1282, was the first Armorial which assigned the chalice as the Coat of Arms for the King and Kingdom of Galicia (Roy de Galice), probably coming directly from the Anglo-Norman word for Galicia, Galyce, which was very close to the word Calice (chalice). Following that time, different European armorials began to use the chalice as the emblem of the Kingdom of Galicia. In the mid-15th century, this symbol came to Galicia, where it was easily and readily accepted, as the Holy Grail was already a symbol widely spread over Europe and already present in Galician history and its deepest beliefs.
Thereafter, the purple lion of the former Galician-Leonese monarchy lost its representative character in favor of the better known canting arms, being then adopted exclusively by the Kingdom of León, whilst in Galicia the chalice would develop into the modern coat-of-arms of Galicia.
Arms of the Kings of Galicia, Segar's Roll, 13th century
Arms of the kingdom of Galicia in the "Great Triumphal Chariot of Maximilian", Year 1515.
Arms of the kingdom of Galicia in the Historia originis et succesionis regnorum et imperiorum a Noe usque ad Carolum V, 1548.
Arms of the kingdom od Galicia, Le blason des Armoiries, Year 1581
Arms of the Kingdom of Galicia, illustrated in L´armorial Le Blancq, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 16th century
Arms of the Kingdom of Galicia, Pedro de Teixeira, 17th century
Comercial Company of the Kingdom of Galicia, 18th century
Arms of the kingdom of Galicia, Galicia.Reino de Christo Sacramentado y primogénita de la Iglesia entre las gentes, Year 1750.
Arms of Galicia, today
Medieval cartography
The Kingdom of Galicia in medieval cartography
Burgo de Osma´s map (1086), with the names Gallecia (occupying the whole Northwest Iberian Peninsula), Asturias (occupying the Cantabrian linecoast), and Spania (occupying the rest of Iberia)
In Liber Floridus (1125), by Lambert of Saint-Omer, showing the names Galitia, Hispania, Lusitania, and Wasconia, among others
In Tabula Rogeriana (1154), by Muhammad al-Idrisi, showing the name Ard Galika
In Imago Mundi (1190), by Honorius Augustodunensis, showing the names Galicia and Hispania
Ebstorf Map (1234), showing the name Gallicia Regio
In Liber Secretorum (1125), by Marino Sanuto, where the name Galitia occupies the entire northwestern Iberia
Pirrus de Noha's map (1414) where Galicia occupies the northwestern Iberia.
Sallust de Geneve's map (1420), where the name Galaecia occupies the entire northwestern Iberia
In Rudimentum Novitorum (1475), by Lucas Brandis, showing the names Galicia, Hispani, and Anglia, among others
Northwest Iberian Peninsula (15th century) with the names Galiicia and nearby infidelis Yspania
Notes
^ Richards, Jeffrey (2014). Consul of God (Routledge Revivals): The Life and Times of Gregory the Great. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 9781317678670.
^ Lodewijckx, Marc (1996). Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer. Leuven: Leuven University Press. pp. 335–337. ISBN 90-6186-722-3.
^ Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1997). García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV. Burgos: Editorial La Olmeda. ISBN 84-920046-8-1.
^ De Artaza (1998:483)
^ This is a debated point, completely denied by Thompson (2002: 160), but cf. Arce, Javier (2005). Bárbaros y romanos en Hispania (400–507 A.D.). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 52–56. ISBN 84-96467-02-3..
^ Historia Francorum. Grégoire de Tours.
^ De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis. Sigebertus Gembalensis.
^ RISCO, M., España Sagrada 40- 41.
^ Martini Episcopi Bracarensis Opera Omnia pp. 288–304.
^ 80,000 Vandals and Alans passed into Africa in 429, on the account of Victor Vitensis.
^ Cf. Arias (2007) pp. 15–16.
^ Thompson (2002) p. 171.
^ Historians like José Antonio López Silva, translator of Idatius' chronicles, the primary written source for the period, find that the essential temper of Galician culture was established in the blending of Ibero-Roman culture with that of the Suebi. Cf Varias investigacións recuperan a memoria do Reino Suevo Archived December 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. 5 / 7 / 2004.
^ Thompson (2002) p. 162.
^ Together with the Suebi came another Germanic tribe, the Buri, that settled in the lands known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri) in what is now Portugal.
^ Arias (2007) p. 22
^ Formula Vitae Honestae
^ Cf. López Carreira (2005) pp. 57–60.
^ Arias (2007) pp. 24–25.
^ Arias (2007) p. 29
^ Arias (2007) pp. 32–33.
^ Kremer, Dieter (2004). El elemento germánico y su influencia en la historia lingüística peninsular (1. ed.). Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 133–148. ISBN 84-344-8261-4.
^ Cf "O primeiro dos reinos". Archived from the original on December 2, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2005. Varias investigacións recuperan a memoria do Reino Suevo. 5 / 7 / 2004.
^ In Monumenta Germania Historica.
^ Ferreiro, Alberto (1986). "The Omission of St. Martin Of Braga In John Of Biclaro's Chronica and the Third Council of Toledo". Antigüedad y Cristianismo. III: 145–150.
^ At that council assisted episcoporum totius Hispaniae, Galliae and Gallaetiae ("all bishops of Spain, Gaul, and Galicia"), in words of John of Biclara. Cf. Chronicon Iohannis Biclarensis 590.1 = vv 330–341.
^ a b Díaz, Pablo C. (2004). "Minting and administrative organization in late antique Gallaecia". Zephyrus. 57: 367–375.
^ Isla Fernández (1992) p. 6.
^ Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. p. 22. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.
^ Nam et si quilibet infra fines Spanie, Gallie, Gallecie vel in cunctis provinciis Wamba Lex
^ San Fructuoso de Braga: vida y novena, Juan Llorens, Vicente Rafael. 2007. p 21. See also "Braga, Fructuoso de". Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011..
^ Isla Fernández (1992) pp. 33-34-
^ Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 1–43. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.
^ Roger Collins (2004), Visigothic Spain, 409–711. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.), 110. ISBN 0-631-18185-7.
^ As assumed by the 10th century Chronicle of Alfonso III.
^ Bernard S. Bachrach (1973), "A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711." The American Historical Review, 78:1 (Feb.), pp 31–32. Lucas' account has a large number of both detractors (Graetz, Katz, and Dahn) and supporters (Scherer, Ziegler, and Altamira) and even if true it is possible that Lucas' story is based on the minutes of XVIII Toledo, which still survived in his time.
^ at the Latin Library.
^ Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford UK/Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.
^ Isla Frez (1992) pp. 134–140.
^ Baliñas Pérez, Carlos (1998). Gallegos del año mil. A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. pp. 98–103. ISBN 84-89748-27-6.
^ This 'discovery' is named 'inventio' in contemporary Latin sources. For the significance of this fact Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (2000). España, un enigma histórico (1. ed. en "Ensayo histórico." ed.). Barcelona: Edhasa. pp. 275ss. ISBN 84-350-2607-8.: "La invención del sepulcro de Santiago de Compostela..."
^ Such as count Froila of Lugo in the 9th century, who was briefly claimed the crown after expelling Alfonso III.
^ Queen Elvira, first wife of Ordoño II, or queen Goto, wife of Garcia I Ordóñez, belonged to Galician noble families. Cf. Rodríguez Fermández (1997) pp. 40 and 188.
^ Cf Carballeira Debasa (2007).
^ Alfonso II of Asturias was addressed as: "DCCXCVIII. Venit etiam et legatus Hadefonsi regis Galleciae et Asturiae, nomine Froia, papilionem mirae pulchritudinis praesentans. (...) Hadefonsus rex Galleciae et Asturiae praedata Olisipona ultima Hispaniae civitate insignia victoriae suae loricas, mulos captivosque Mauros domno regi per legatos suos Froiam et Basiliscum hiemis tempore misit.” (ANNALES REGNI FRANCORUM); “Hadefuns rex Gallaeciae Carolo prius munera pretiosa itemque manubias suas pro munere misit.” (CODEX AUGIENSIS); "Galleciarum princeps" (VITA LUDOVICI) Cf. López Carreira (2005) pp. 231–248.Alfonso VI of León and Castile was addressed as: Aldefonso rege Galliciae (Gesta Regum Anglorum) Cf. English Historical Society (1840). Publications, Number 6, Volume 2 (. ed.). London: Sumptibus Societatis. p. 461.Alfonso IX of León was addressed as: rex Gallaeciae (Ad Petrum Compostellanum archaepiscopum, year 1199) Cf. Llorente, Juan Antonio (1826). Disertación sobre el poder que los reyes españoles ejercieron hasta el siglo duodecimo en la división de obispados (. ed.). p. 266.;
«Considerandum etiam quod, cum sint quinque regna in Ispaniorum, videlicet Arragonensium, Navarrorum et eorum qui specificato vocabulo Ispani dicuntur, quorum metropolis est Tolletum, item incholarum Galicie et Portugalensium»: Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium A.D. 1189 Cf. Bruno Meyer (2000): "El papel de los cruzados alemanes en la reconquista de la Península Ibérica en los siglos XII y XIII" Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. En la España Medieval, 23: 41–66; "post mortem Aldefonsi Galliciensium Principis". Chronicon Silensis, 77.Cf also Portela Silva (2001) p. 36-37: William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, or the Pope Urban II referred to Alfonso VI of León as King of Galicia.
^ The Historia Compostellana of the 12th century records a popular proverb: "Bishop of Santiago: Staff and Crossbow" (HC, II.1)
^ The presence of Norman (Viking) raiders by the coasts of Galicia is constant during much of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries; even a bishop, Sisenand II, was killed while fighting them, in the Battle of Fornelos, in 977. Cf. Morales Romero, Eduardo (2004). Historia de los vikingos en España : ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX-XI (2. ed.). Madrid: Miraguano. ISBN 84-7813-270-8.
^ Isla Frez (1992) p. 144.
^ López Ferreiro (1895) pp. 155–165.
^ The modern Galician, Portuguese and Spanish words for cattle (gando, gado, ganado, respectively) derive from a term meaning per se – "the earned thing".
^ During the High Middle Ages not unusually a king would refer to a Galician nobleman or to a noblewoman as uncle or aunt.
^ For instance, the list of the rebels against Alfonso III include in Galicia noblemen such as count Froila Lemundi, who was briefly king; duke Uittiza in southern Galicia, who resisted for seven years; count Flacidio in Lugo; the brothers Aldreto and Flacencius again in Lugo; Oduarius in the east; Hermegildo and Iberia in the west... Cf. Baliñas Pérez (1998) pp. 104–107.
^ Cf. Bishko (1984).
^ In Galicia the most important chartularies for the Early and High Middle Ages are those from the monasteries of Sobrado, with documents from the 8th–13th centuries, Celanova (9th–13th), Samos (8th–13th) ... And of the cathedrals of Santiago and Lugo, with documents dated from the 8th century. In Portugal the most notable documentation for the period was edited and published by Alexandre Herculano in the 19th century, under the title Portugaliae Monumenta Historica.
^ For instance, in the 10th century Saint Rudesind freed his Muslim governess, granting her a series of properties, together with 'Roman citizenship'.
^ For the pagan survivals: Cf. Stephen McKenna (1938) Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom .
^ Pace Onega, José Ramón (1999). Los judíos en el reino de Galicia (2. ed.). Madrid: Editora Nacional. ISBN 84-931225-1-3.
^ For the anthoponymy of medieval Galicia cf. Boullón Agrelo, Ana I. (1999). Antroponimia medieval galega (ss. VIII-XII). Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999. ISBN 978-3-484-55512-9.
^ Carballeira Debasa, Ana María (2007). Galicia y los gallegos en las fuentes árabes medievales. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas. p. 150. ISBN 978-84-00-08576-6.
^ 'Ego Ansuario uobis domno nostro et serenissimus rex domnus Santius universe urbe Gallecie princeps, necnon et domina nostra, domestica uestra, Goto regina'. In José M., Andrade (1995). O tombo de Celanova : estudio introductorio, edición e índices (ss. IX-XII). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. ISBN 84-87172-91-1.
^ Portela Silva, Ermelindo (2001). García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065–1090). Burgos: La Olmeda. p. 209. ISBN 84-89915-16-4.
^ Fernández Rodríguez (1997) pp. 40–43.
^ Isla Fernandez (1999) p. 25.
^ Rodríguez Fernández (1997) p. 212.
^ Portela Silva (2001) p. 165.
^ After returning to the throne he frequently spoke of his "returning back from Spain": "Era DCCCCa LXLVIII anno regni nostri quarto & de adventu Spanie secundo", (document from the Monastery of Sahagún). On the Muslim support, cf. Isla Fernandez (1992) p. 191.
^ Cf. Isla Fernández (1999) p. 37. On this particular invasion: Morales Romero, Eduardo (2004). Historia de los vikingos en España : ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX-XI (2. ed.). Madrid: Miraguano. pp. 184–185. ISBN 84-7813-270-8.
^ Some Leonese and Castilian charters still claim Ramiro as king as late as 985, or even later. Cf. Gregorio del Ser Quijano, Documentación de la Catedral de León (s. IX-X). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca. pp. 273–279.
^ Isla Fernández (1992) pp. 194–195.
^ a b Portela Silva (2001) pp. 47–48.
^ Reilly (1998) p. 26.
^ Reilly (1998) p. 27.
^ Reilly (1998) p. 28.
^ Portela Silva (2001) pp. 140–142.
^ "quod Gallaecia Regnum prodere Regi Anglorum & Normannorum & auferre Regi Hispanorum satageret.", is Expaña Sagrada, XX, II.II. Cf. Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. p. 299. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.. On the deposition of Diego Peláez, Portela Silva (2001) pp. 137–139. Cf. also Medieval culture and the Mexican American borderlands, pp. 172ss.
^ The charters he issued shows a man whose authority, although derived of that of his father-in-law, was absolute: ego comes domnus Raimundus, totius Gallecie imperator seu Adefonsi Tolletane principis gener (document from the chartulary known as Tumbo A, cathedral of Santiago, 1107. In Lucas Álvarez, Manuel (1997). La documentación del tumbo A de la catedral de Santiago de Compostela : estudio y edición. Santiago: Seminario de Estudos Galegos. ISBN 84-87667-21-X.
^ Reilly (1982) p. 27.
^ a b Reilly (1982) p. 29.
^ totius Gallecie domina (Santiago, 1107), tocius Gallecie imperatrix (Lugo, 1108). Cf. Reilly (1982) p. 48, 50.
^ Reilly (1982) p. 49.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 361.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 363.
^ Fletcher (1984) p. 115.
^ González López (1978) pp. 231–236.
^ González López (1978) pp. 237–247.
^ "si Regina mater mea thoro viduitatis contenta maneret, totius Gallaeciae Regnum in manibus vestris & patrui mei Vienensis Archiespiscopi eius dominio subiugaretur. Si vero maritale foedus iniret, rediret ad me Regnum Gallaeciae... Tu autem quem ego prae omnibus huiusmodi hominibus amplector & ueneror, utpote Dmn. Meum, patronum meum, qui me fonte baptismatis regenerasti, & post nom longum tempus in Ecclesia S. Iacobi in Regem unxisti." (HISTORIA COMPOSTELLANA, I.108) Cf. Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. pp. 255–256. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 364.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 364–381.
^ A number of authors consider that Diego Gelmírez and Pedro Fróilaz aspired to the full independence of the Kingdom. Cf, as an example, Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 362.
^ The number and amount of these donations, together with the correspondence interchanged by Diego Gelmírez and the Pope's representatives has been preserved in the Historia Compostellana.
^ González López (1978) p. 219-223.
^ González López (1978) p. 224-230.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 414.
^ tenente Gallicie rex Fernandus (chartulary of the monastery of Xuvia, 1152); Adefonsus Ymperator, una cum coniuge sua dona Riga dominante regnante in tota Yspania. Sancius rex in Castella. Fredenandus rex in Galicia. (document from the monastery of Vilanova de Oscos, 1153); Imperatoris Adefonsus, regis Fernandi imperat Galletia. (Ibidem, 1155); Adefonsus dei gratia hispaniarum imperator laudat et confirmat. Sanctius filius eius rex Castelle laudat et confirmat. Fernandus filius eius rex Galletie laudat et confirmat. (document from the cathedral of Lugo, 1155).
^ González López (1978) p. 249.
^ González López (1978) p. 255-256.
^ Cf. González Balasch, María Teresa (2004). Tumbo B de la Catedral de Santiago. Santiago: Cabildo de la S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago. ISBN 978-84-8485-170-7.
^ Alfonso VII had yet granted a constitutional charter on Allariz in 1152, while the consuetudinal "practices and customs" of Santiago de Compostela's townspeople had been approved by Count Raymond back in 1095.
^ Cf. Martínez Martínez, Faustino (October 2003). "Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho: 257–343. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ González López (1978) 261–267.
^ González López (1978) p. 268.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 472–473.
^ "Rex Legionis" and "Rex Legionis et Gallcie". Cf. González Balasch, María Teresa (2004). Tumbo B de la Catedral de Santiago. Santiago: Cabildo de la S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago. ISBN 978-84-8485-170-7.
^ González López (1978) pp. 268–284.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 468–469.
^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 473–474 and González López (1978) p. 318.
^ González López (1978) pp. 305–307.
^ González López (1978) pp. 289–295.
^ For the first time we know of Jewish communities established in Galicia during the 12th and 13th centuries. Cf. González López (1978) pp. 288.
^ López Carreira (1999) pp. 223–225.
^ Martínez Martínez, Faustino (October 2003). "Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho: 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
^ "Considerandum etiam quod, cum sint quinque regna in Ispaniorum, videlicet Arragonensium, Navarrorum et eorum qui specificato vocabulo Ispani dicuntur, quorum metropolis est Tolletum, item incholarum Galicie et Portugalensium". Cf. Bruno Meyer (2000): "El papel de los cruzados alemanes en la reconquista de la Península Ibérica en los siglos XII y XIII" Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. En la España Medieval, 23: 41–66.
^ López Carreira (1999) pp. 237–244.
^ Cf. López Carreira (1999) p. 241.
^ Cf. López Carreira (1999) pp. 242–266.
^ González López (1978) pp. 357–359.
^ Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.
^ González López (1978) p. 361.
^ Cf. González López (1978) p. 360, where he anyway just mentions the Galician consuetudinary laws which equates the rights of women and men.
^ González López (1978) p. 286.
^ Cf. González López (1978) p. 360-366.
^ As an example, in a passage of the Historia Compostellana it is stated, as a notable event, that bishop Diego Gelmirez spoke publicly in Latin.
^ Cf Souto Cabo 2008.
^ Queixas Zas (2001) p. 14.
^ Queixas Zas (2001) pp. 24–61.
^ Queixas Zas (2001) pp. 66–74.
^ Boullón Agrelo, Ana Isabel, ed. (2007). Na nosa lyngoage galega : a emerxencia do galego como lingua escrita na Idade Media (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 447–473. ISBN 978-84-96530-44-7.
^ Souto Cabo (2008) p. 51.
^ Mariño Paz (1998) pp. 201–230.
^ Mariño Paz (1998) pp. 231–265.
^ After the acquisition of the kingdoms of León and Galicia he signed as King of Castile and Toledo, of León and Galicia ("Rex Catelle et Toleti, Legionis et Gallecie"). Posterior monarchs would add their new acquired titles to this growing list: Seville, Granada, Aragon, Neaples, Sicilly, etcetera.
^ López Carreira (2005) pp. 396–397.
^ Cf. García Oro (1987) vol. I, pp. 26–27. These officials were known as merino mayor in Spanish, in Castile and León.
^ Cf. García Oro (1987) vol. I, pp. 26–27; and González López (1978) pp. 363–364.
^ González López (1978) pp. 373–378.
^ González López (1978) p. 390.
^ González López (1978) p. 391.
^ González López (1978) pp. 388.
^ López Carreira (2005) p. 396.
^ 'Germanitas Regnorum Legionis et Gallecie'. Cf. Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I, p. 69 and Martín Martín, José Luis (1989). Documentacion medieval de la Iglesia Catedral de Coria (1a ed.). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-84-7481-520-7. germanitas.
^ González López (1978) pp. 406–415.
^ González López (1978) pp. 415–416.
^ González López (1978) pp. 419–420.
^ "E en el pleito avianle tratado e puesto de esta manera, que diesen luego al infante Don Juan todo el reino de Galicia, e que se llamase ende Rey", Crónica General del Rey Don Fernando IV, cap IV, in González López (1978) pp. 422–423.
^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 61–87.
^ López Carreira 1999, 281–290.
^ His flight was itself an astonishing Hollywood story, narrated in the Historia Compostellana, I.114–116.
^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 62.
^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 63–64.
^ López Carreira 1999, 284.
^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I p. 80.
^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 96.
^ It came to the world such a pestilence and death of people that most of them were gone, charter from Baiona (1349) in López Carreira 1999, 185.
^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 37.
^ López Carreira 1999, 290–291.
^ a b Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 103.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 104.
^ López Carreira 1999, 291.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 105–106.
^ It's precise that you come immediately and as fast as you can («Compre que veñades logo et o mais a presa que poderdes»). Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 106–107.
^ López Carreira 2005, 406.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 107–108.
^ Tui, A Coruña, Lugo and Santiago most notably. Cf. Garcia Oro, vol. I, 108.
^ Fernão Lopes, Crónica, ed. 1966, p. 75.
^ Fernão Lopes, Crónica, ed. 1966, p.86 "os da villa o sairom todos a reçeber".
^ López Carreira 1999, 292.
^ Fernão Lopes, Crónica, ed. 966, p. 87. "Carregar em Lisboa navios e cevada e vinhos, que levassem todo a aquelle logar para seer bastecido".
^ On the abundant Portuguese coinage of the mints of A Coruña, Tui and Milmanda: Iglesias Almeida, Ernesto (2010). As moedas medievais galegas (in Galician). Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 81–86. ISBN 978-84-92792-34-4.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 109.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 109; López Carreira 2005, 406–411; López Carreira 1999, 293.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 110–111.
^ López Carreira 1999, 293.
^ "The grand master Davis had news few days ago of how the Duke of Lancaster had arrived with ships and militarymen at the town of Coruña in Galicia, the day of St. James, and how he took some ships of the king of Castile, and the military-men were 1500 lances and alike number of archers and all of them were good. And he brought with him his wife Constance, who was the daughter of king Peter and a daughter who had been born of her, who was called Catherine, and he brought other two daughters who the Duke had of another woman he married before, who was daughter of another Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Derby, the elder was called Philippa, who married the grand master of Davis, who was called king of Portugal, as further on we tell, and the other daughter was called Elisabeth, who married then a knight who come with the Duke, who was called John of Holland, who was son of the princess and Thomas of Holland, because the Duke of Lancaster made him his military chief." Ayala's Chronicles (J. L. Martín ed. 1991: 607).
^ de Antonio Rubio, María Gloria (2004). Los judíos de Ribadavia : la judería de Ribadavia y sus personajes en los siglos XIV – XV. Santiago de Compostela: Ed. Lóstrego. pp. 19–28. ISBN 84-933244-4-2.
^ López Carreira 2005, 412–413.
^ Froissart Chronique, t. 12, p.214.
^ López Carreira 2005, 413.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 265.
^ "Pont Ferrat, fin d'Espage, commecemnt de Galice" (Itinerary of Senlis, c.15th century). Cf. López Carreira 2005, 418.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 265–267.
^ López Carreira 2005, 417.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 116 and 267–269.
^ Ferro Couselo, Xesús (1996). A vida e a fala dos devanceiros : escolma de documentos en galego dos seculos XIII ao XVI (Reimp. ed.). : Galaxia. p. 701. ISBN 978-84-8288-051-8.
^ López Carreira 1999, 296–297.
^ The Bohemian nobleman Baron León Rosmithal, in his pilgrimage to Santiago in 1466, was a witness of these conflict-ridden times, when first he and his retinue were confronted by a group of some 100 peasants, armed with spears, swords and crossbows, after a boy had accidentally hit with a stone a passerby; whilst later he found the City of Santiago raised on arms against the bishop, who was a prisoner inside the Cathedral. Cf. 84-7154-909-3, pp. 32–40.
^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 41.
^ Cf. Barros Guimeráns 1988, 39–47.
^ Nieto Soria, José Manuel (2006). La monarquía como conflicto en la Corona castellano-leonesa (C. 1230–1504). Madrid: Sílex. p. 155. ISBN 978-84-7737-174-8.
^ Barros Guimeráns 1994, 84–85.
^ Due to the decline of thy justice and thou not having remedied this (...) thou have a great burden in thy conscience; Barros Guimeráns 1994, 88.
^ In a letter to the King, the Council of Ourense accused the Kingdoms of León and of Castile of acting unfairly, charging on Galicia part of their own taxes, taking advantage on the absence of Galician deputies. Cf. López Carreira 2005, 420.
^ López Carreira 1999, 299–302.
^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 39–45.
^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 94.
^ Barros Guimeráns, Carlos. "As orixes medievais da Xunta de Galicia". Retrieved June 4, 2011.
^ Garcia Oro, vol. I, 314.
^ López Carreira 1999, 306; and Garcia Oro, vol. I, 314.
^ Many of the noblemen acquired titles such as Viscount of Tui, Marshal of Baiona, Count of Altamira, Count of Monterrei. One notable exception was the Lord of Andrade, who refused to acquire a title for himself, declaring that 'he either would prefer to be a good knight, than a bad count'. Cf. da Ponte, Vasco (2008). Relación dalgunhas casas e liñaxes do reino de Galiza (1a. ed.). Noia, A Coruña: Toxosoutos. ISBN 978-84-96673-03-8.
^ Meaning who get up early, because of his capacity to draw ahead of his enemies.
^ Garcia Oro, vol. I, 315–319.
^ "O reino todo rebolto en guerras, e tantos roubos e mortes, e todos malos feitos; lebantarse grande chusma de comuneiros contra os cabaleiros e moitos cabaleiros contra el mismo Rey noso señor e outros señores da terra façer guerra contra outros e deitar por terra tantas casas e torres". Last Will of the Knight Fernan Garçia Barba de Figueroa, 1473. In Coleccion Diplomatica de Galicia Historica p. 31.
^ (in Spanish) Jerónimo Zurita, LIBRO XIX, Anales de Aragón
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 319.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 323-330.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 331-333.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 335-336.
^ Cf. Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 337-340, who also narrates some episodes of cruelty and mass punishment.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 335.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 289-309.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 350.
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 334-335
^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 353.
^ López Carreira 2005, 426.
^ De Artaza (1998:475–476)
^ Barros, Carlos. "As orixes medievais da Xunta de Galicia". Retrieved November 9, 2011.
^ De Artaza (1998:46–47)
^ a b De Artaza (1998:XXIX)
^ De Artaza (1998:48)
^ Goodman, David (2002). Spanish naval power, 1589–1665 : reconstruction and defeat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-521-52257-1.
^ Only occasionally the King permitted the deputies to supervise the labour of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia, or other King's officials. Cf. De Artaza (1998:258–289).
^ De Artaza (1998:15)
^ De Artaza (1998:147)
^ "Diego Ros de Medrano | Real Academia de la Historia". dbe.rah.es. Retrieved March 31, 2024.
^ "Legends of the Camino de Santiago | Terra meiga | Santiago Ways". May 7, 2017.
^ Fernández, Barreiro (2007). Ramón, Xosé (ed.). Os símbolos de Galicia (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-84-96530-46-1.
References
Arias, Jorge C. (2007): Identity and Interaction: The Suevi and the Hispano-Romans Archived November 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. University of Virginia.
Baliñas Pérez, C. (1998): Gallegos del año mil. Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, A Coruña. ISBN 84-89748-27-6. (in Spanish)
Barros Guimeráns, C. (1988): A Mentalidade Xusticieira dos Irmandiños. Xerais: Vigo. ISBN 84-7507-313-1. (in Galician)
Barros Guimeráns, C. (1994): ¡Viva El Rey! Rey imaginario y revuelta en la Galicia bajomedieval. Studia historica. Historia medieval (12): 83–101 (in Spanish)
Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 22. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.
Carballeira Debasa, Ana María (2007). Galicia y los gallegos en las fuentes árabes medievales. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas. ISBN 978-84-00-08576-6. (in Spanish)
De Artaza, Manuel María (1998), Rey, Reino y representación. La Junta General del Reino de Galicia (in Spanish), Madrid: CSIC, ISBN 84-00-07779-2
De la Gándara, Felipe (1677): Nobiliario, armas, y triunfos de Galicia. Julian de Paredes, Madrid. (in Spanish)
Fletcher, Richard. A (1984): Saint James's catapult: the life and times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela. ISBN 978-0-19-822581-2.
García Oro, José (1987): Galicia en los siglos XIV y XV. Fundación "Pedro Barrie de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa", A Coruña. ISBN 84-85728-59-9. (in Spanish)
González López, Emilio (1978): Grandeza e Decadencia do Reino de Galicia. Galaxia, Vigo. ISBN 84-7154-303-6. (in Galician)
Isla Frez, Amancio (1992): La sociedad gallega en la Alta Edad Media. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid. ISBN 84-00-07215-4. (in Spanish)
Isla Frez, Amancio (1999): Realezas hispánicas del año mil. Ediciós do Castro, Sada (A Coruña). ISBN 84-7492-917-2. (in Spanish)
López Carreira, Anselmo (1998): O Reino de Galiza. A Nosa Terra, Vigo. ISBN 978-84-89976-43-6 (in Galician)
López Carreira, Anselmo (1999). A cidade medieval galega (1. ed.) Vigo: Edicions A Nosa Terra. ISBN 84-89976-60-0. (in Galician)
López Carreira, Anselmo (2005): O Reino medieval de Galicia. A Nosa Terra, Vigo. ISBN 978-84-8341-293-0 (in Galician)
López Ferreiro, Antonio (1895): Fueros municipales de Santiago y de su Tierra. (in Spanish)
Mariño Paz, Ramón (1998). Historia da lingua galega (2. ed.). Santiago de Compostela: Sotelo Blanco. ISBN 84-7824-333-X (in Galician)
Nogueira, C. (2001): A Memoria da nación: o reino da Gallaecia. Xerais, Vigo. 9788483026564 (in Galician)
Portela Silva, Ermelindo (2001): "García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065–1090)". La Olmeda, Burgos. ISBN 84-89915-16-4. (in Spanish)
Queixas Zas, Mercedes (2001). Historia xeral da literatura galega. Vigo: A nosa terra. ISBN 84-95350-79-3. (in Galician)
Reilly, Bernard F. (1982): The kingdom of León-Castilla under Queen Urraca, 1109–1126. Princeton U.P., Princeton, N.J. ISBN 978-0-691-05344-8.
Reilly, Bernard F. (1988): The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. ISBN 0-8122-3452-9.
Rodríguez Fernández, Justianiano (1997): García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV. Editorial La Olmeda, Burgos. ISBN 84-920046-8-1. (in Spanish)
Souto Cabo, José Antonio (2008). Documentos galego-portugueses dos séculos XII e XIII. A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña. ISBN 978-84-9749-314-7. (in Galician)
Thompson, E. A. (2002): Romans and barbarians: the decline of the Western Empire. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-08704-3.
Torres Rodríguez, Casimiro (1977): El Reino de los Suevos. Fundación Barrié de la Maza, A Coruña. ISBN 84-85319-11-7. (in Spanish)
Villacañas Berlanga, José Luis (2006) La formación de los reinos hispánicos. Pozuelo de Alarcón: Espasa Calpe. ISBN 84-670-2257-4. (in Spanish)
42°52′57″N 8°32′28″W / 42.88250°N 8.54111°W / 42.88250; -8.54111
vteSpain in the Middle AgesEarly Middle Ages
Visigoths
Visigothic Kingdom
Suebi
Kingdom of the Suebi
(Eastern) Roman Province of Spania
Duchy of Cantabria
Duchy of Vasconia
Al-Andalus (711-1492)
Province of the Umayyad Caliphate
Emirate of Córdoba
Caliphate of Córdoba
First Taifa
Almoravid Emirate
Second Taifa
Almohad Caliphate
Third Taifa
Emirate of Granada
Reconquista
Kingdom of Asturias → Kingdom of León
Kingdom of Galicia
County of Castile
Kingdom of Castile → Crown of Castile (Castile-León)
Kingdom of Toledo
Catalan counties (County of Barcelona) → Principality of Catalonia
Kingdom of Pamplona → Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Viguera
Kingdom of Najera
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County of Aragon → Kingdom of Aragon → Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Majorca
Kingdom of Valencia
Visigothic monarchs
Suebic monarchs
Monarchs of al-Andalus
Monarchs of Aragon
Monarchs of Asturias
Monarchs of Barcelona/Catalonia
Monarchs of Castile
Monarchs of Galicia
Monarchs of Granada
Monarchs of León
Monarchs of Majorca
Monarchs of Navarre
Monarchs of Valencia
Military orders
vteMonarchs of GaliciaSuebian kings
Hermeric
Rechila
Rechiar
Aioulf
Maldras
Framta
Richimund
Frumar
Remismund
Hermeneric
Veremund
Theodemund
Chararic
Ariamir
Theodemar
Miro
Eboric
Audeca
Malaric
Astur-Leonese dynasty
Ordoño II
Sancho I
Bermudo II
Alfonso V
Bermudo III
House of Jiménez
García II
Sancho II
Alfonso VI
Urraca
House of Burgundy
Alfonso VII
Ferdinand II
Alfonso IX
Sancha & Dulce
Ferdinand III
Alfonso X
Sancho IV
Prince John
Ferdinand IV
Alfonso XI
Peter
Portuguese House of Burgundy
Ferdinand I of Portugal
House of LancasterJohn of GauntHouse of Trastámara
Henry II
John I
Henry III
John II
Henry IV
Isabella I & Ferdinand V
Joanna & Philip I
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Charles I | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Galicia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_reino_de_galicia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"southwestern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Suebic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi"},{"link_name":"Hermeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeric"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Visigothic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"its own kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Crown of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Santa Hermandad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Hermandad"},{"link_name":"Crown of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Audiencia Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiencia_Real"},{"link_name":"Captain General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General"},{"link_name":"representative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_assembly"},{"link_name":"Junta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_of_the_Kingdom_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies"}],"text":"Kingdom in Iberia from 410 to 1833For other uses, see Kingdom of Galicia (disambiguation).Arms of the Kingdom of Galicia, illustrated in L´armorial Le Blancq, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1560The Kingdom of Galicia (Galician: Reino de Galicia, or Galiza; Spanish: Reino de Galicia; Portuguese: Reino da Galiza; Latin: Galliciense Regnum) was a political entity located in southwestern Europe, which at its territorial zenith occupied the entire northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded by the Suebic king Hermeric in 409, with its capital established in Braga.[2] It was the first kingdom that officially adopted Catholicism. In 449, it minted its own currency. In 585, it became a part of the Visigothic Kingdom. In the 8th century, Galicia became a part of the newly founded Christian Kingdom of Asturias, which later became the Kingdom of León, while occasionally achieving independence under the authority of its own kings.[3] Compostela became the capital of Galicia in the 11th century, while the independence of Portugal (1128) determined its southern boundary. The accession of Castilian King Ferdinand III to the Leonese kingdom in 1230 brought Galicia under the control of the Crown of Castile.Galicia resisted central control and supported a series of alternative claimants, including John of León, Galicia and Seville (1296), Ferdinand I of Portugal (1369) and John of Gaunt (1386) and was not brought firmly into submission until the Catholic Monarchs imposed the Santa Hermandad in Galicia. The Kingdom of Galicia was then administered within the Crown of Castile (1490–1715) and later the Crown of Spain (1715–1833) by an Audiencia Real directed by a Governor which also held the office of Captain General and President. The representative assembly of the Kingdom was then the Junta or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia, which briefly declared itself sovereign[4] when Galicia alone remained free of Napoleonic occupation (1808–1809). The kingdom and its Junta were dissolved by Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Regent of Spain, in 1834.","title":"Kingdom of Galicia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ariamirogaliza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theodemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)"},{"link_name":"Ariamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariamir"},{"link_name":"Codex Vigilanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vigilanus"},{"link_name":"Escurial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escurial"},{"link_name":"Suebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suebi"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gallaecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaecia"},{"link_name":"Hermeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeric"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"foedus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Bracara Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracara_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Gallaeci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaeci"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Martin of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Theodemar (or Ariamir), king of Galicia with the bishops Lucrecio, Andrew, and Martin. Codex Vigilanus (or Albeldensis), Escurial libraryThe origin of the kingdom lies in the 5th century, when the Suebi settled permanently in the former Roman province of Gallaecia. Their king, Hermeric, probably[5] signed a foedus, or pact, with the Roman Emperor Honorius, which conceded them lands in Galicia. The Suebi set their capital in the former Bracara Augusta and set the foundations of a kingdom, which was first acknowledged as Regnum Suevorum (Kingdom of the Suebi) but later as Regnum Galliciense (Kingdom of Galicia).A century later, the differences between Gallaeci and Suebi people had faded, which led to the systematic use of terms like Galliciense Regnum[6] (Galician Kingdom), Regem Galliciae[7] (King of Galicia), Rege Suevorum (King of Suebi), and Galleciae totius provinciae rex (king of all Galician provinces),[8] while bishops, such as Martin of Braga, were recognized as episcopi Gallaecia[9] (Bishop of Galicia).","title":"Origin and foundation (409)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The independent Suebic kingdom of Galicia lasted from 409 to 585, having remained relatively stable for most of that time.","title":"Suebic Kingdom (409–585)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallaecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaecia"},{"link_name":"Germanic people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_people"},{"link_name":"Hasdingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasdingi"},{"link_name":"Vandals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandals"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo"},{"link_name":"Astorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorga_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Limia (or Lima) River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limia_River"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Gunderic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunderic"},{"link_name":"Hermeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeric"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Baetica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetica"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hermeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeric"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)"},{"link_name":"abdicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdicate"},{"link_name":"Rechila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechila"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Betica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betica"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rechiar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechiar"},{"link_name":"Nicene Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Tarraconensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarraconensis"},{"link_name":"Avitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avitus"},{"link_name":"Theoderic II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoderic_II"},{"link_name":"Órbigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93rbigo"},{"link_name":"Astorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorga,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Minius River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minho_River"},{"link_name":"Quadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi"},{"link_name":"Marcomanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcomanni"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Conimbriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conimbriga"},{"link_name":"Remismund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remismund"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"Arianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"5th century","text":"In 409 Gallaecia was divided, ad habitandum, between two Germanic people, the Hasdingi Vandals, who settled the eastern lands, and the Suebi, who established themselves in the coastal areas. As with most Germanic invasions, the number of the original Suebi is estimated to be relatively low, generally fewer than 100,000,[10] and most often around 30,000 people.[11] They settled mainly in the regions around modern northern Portugal and Western Galicia, in the towns of Braga (Bracara Augusta) and Porto, and later in Lugo (Lucus Augusta) and Astorga (Asturica Augusta). The valley of the Limia (or Lima) River is thought to have received the largest concentration of Germanic settlers,[by whom?] and Bracara Augusta—the modern city of Braga—became the capital of the Suebi, as it had previously been the capital of Gallaecia.In 419 a war broke out between the Vandal king Gunderic and the Suebi's Hermeric. After a blockade alongside the Nervasian Mountains,[12] the Suebi obtained Roman help, forcing the Vandals to flee into the Baetica.[13] In the absence of competitors, the Suebi began a period of expansion, first inside Gallaecia, and later into other Roman provinces. In 438 Hermeric ratified a peace treaty with the Gallaeci, the native and partially Romanized people.Illness led Hermeric to abdicate in favor of his son, Rechila, who moved his troops to the south and the east, conquering Mérida and Seville, the capitals of the Roman provinces of Lusitania and Betica.[14] In 448 Rechila died, leaving the expanding state to his son Rechiar, who in 449 became the first Germanic kings of post-Roman Europe to convert to Nicene Christianity. Rechiar married a Visigothic princess, and was also the first Germanic king to mint coins in ancient Roman territories. Rechiar led further expansions to the east, marauding through the Provincia Tarraconensis, which was still held by Rome. The Roman emperor Avitus sent a large army of foederates, under the direction of the Visigoth Theoderic II, who defeated the Suebi army by the river Órbigo, near modern-day Astorga. Rechiar fled, but he was pursued and captured, then executed in 457.In the aftermath of Rechiar's death, multiple candidates for the throne appeared, finally grouping into two allegiances. The division between the two groups was marked by the Minius River (now Minho River), probably as a consequence of the localities of the Quadi and Marcomanni tribes, who constituted the Suebi nation on the Iberian Peninsula.[15] The Suebi in the north conquered Lugo, proceeding to use that city as their co-capital, while the Suebi in the south expanded into Lisbon and Conimbriga, which were assaulted, and abandoned after their Roman inhabitants were banished. By 465 Remismund, who established a policy of friendship with the Goths and promoted the conversion of his own people into Arianism, was recognized by his people as the only king of the Suebi.[16]","title":"Suebic Kingdom (409–585)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cvp-00791-109v.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro_(Suevic_king)"},{"link_name":"Martin of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Pedro_de_Rocas_(Esgos,_Galiza).jpg"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman walls of Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Walls_of_Lugo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Saint Martin of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"Pannonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia"},{"link_name":"monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Ariamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariamir"},{"link_name":"First Council of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"Priscillianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscillianism"},{"link_name":"Theodemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemir_(Suebian_king)"},{"link_name":"bishoprics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Miro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miro_(Suevic_king)"},{"link_name":"Second Council of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"Briton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britons_(historical)"},{"link_name":"Britonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonia"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Astorga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorga,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Idanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idanha-a-Nova_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Leovigild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leovigild"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"Aquitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitania"},{"link_name":"Audeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audeca"},{"link_name":"Eboric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eboric"},{"link_name":"Malaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaric"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"vulgar Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lark"},{"link_name":"titmouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titmouse"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"toponymy and onomastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_personal_names_in_Galicia"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"6th century","text":"See also: BritoniaMiro, king of Galicia, and Martin of Braga, from an 1145 manuscript of Martin's Formula Vitae Honestae,[17] now in the Austrian National Library. The book was originally dedicated to King Miro with the header \"To King Miro, the most glorious and calm, the pious, distinguished for his Catholic faith\"Monastery of San Pedro de Rocas, Galicia, founded in 575 and inhabited until the early 20th centuryRoman walls of LugoAfter a period of obscurity, with very little remaining information on the history of this area, or in fact Western Europe in general,[18][19] the Suebi Kingdom reappears in European politics and history during the second half of the 6th century. This is following the arrival of Saint Martin of Braga, a Pannonian monk dedicated to converting the Suebi to Nicene Christianity and consequently into allegiance with the other Nicene Christian regional powers, the Franks and the Eastern Roman Empire.[20]Under King Ariamir, who called for the First Council of Braga, the conversion of the Suebi to Nicene Christianity was apparent; while this same council condemned Priscillianism, it made no similar statement on Arianism. Later, King Theodemar ordered an administrative and ecclesiastical division of his kingdom, with the creation of new bishoprics and the promotion of Lugo, which possessed a large Suebi community, to the level of Metropolitan Bishop along with Braga.Theodemar's son and successor, King Miro, called for the Second Council of Braga, which was attended by all the bishops of the kingdom, from the Briton bishopric of Britonia in the Bay of Biscay, to Astorga in the east, and Coimbra and Idanha in the south. Five of the attendant bishops used Germanic names, showing the integration of the different communities of the country. King Miro also promoted contention with the Arian Visigoths, who under the leadership of King Leovigild were rebuilding their fragmented kingdom which had been ruled mostly by Ostrogoths since the beginning of the 6th century, following the defeat and expulsion of Aquitania by the Franks. After clashing in frontier lands, Miro and Leovigild agreed upon a temporary peace.The Suebi maintained their independence until 585, when Leovigild, on the pretext of conflict over the succession, invaded the Suebic kingdom and finally defeated it. Audeca, the last king of the Suebi, who had deposed his brother-in-law Eboric, held out for a year before being captured in 585. This same year a nobleman named Malaric rebelled against the Goths, but he was defeated.[21]As with the Visigothic language, there are only traces of the Suebi tongue remaining, as they quickly adopted the local vulgar Latin. Some words of plausible Suebi origin are the modern Galician and Portuguese words laverca (lark), meixengra or mejengra (titmouse), lobio (vine), escá (a measure, formerly \"cup\"), groba (ravine), and others.[22] Much more significant was their contribution to names of the local toponymy and onomastics.The historiography of the Suebi, and of Galicia in general, was long marginalized in Spanish culture, with the first connected history of the Suebi in Galicia being written by a German scholar.[23]","title":"Suebic Kingdom (409–585)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe-600.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hispania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispania"},{"link_name":"Gallaecia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaecia"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Santa_Comba_de_Bande.jpg"},{"link_name":"Church of Santa Comba de Bande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Liuvigild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liuvigild"},{"link_name":"Septimania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimania"},{"link_name":"Audeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audeca"},{"link_name":"Malaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaric"},{"link_name":"Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom#Catholic_Kingdom_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Bracara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracara"},{"link_name":"Dumio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumio"},{"link_name":"Portus Cale or Magneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"link_name":"Tude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Iria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iria_Flavia"},{"link_name":"Britonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britonia"},{"link_name":"Lucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo"},{"link_name":"Auria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"},{"link_name":"Asturica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astorga,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Conimbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Lameco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamego"},{"link_name":"Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alberto_Ferreiro-25"},{"link_name":"Reccared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reccared"},{"link_name":"Third Council of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Council_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz,_Pablo_C._2004_367%E2%80%93375-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"aristocratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)"},{"link_name":"peasants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective"},{"link_name":"freemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Freemen"},{"link_name":"serfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfs"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Councils of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councils_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"John of Biclar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Biclar"},{"link_name":"Wamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamba,_Visigothic_king"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Liber Iudicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Iudiciorum"},{"link_name":"Recceswinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recceswinth"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%ADaz,_Pablo_C._2004_367%E2%80%93375-27"},{"link_name":"Saint Fructuosus of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructuosus_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"dux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dux"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Iberian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_peninsula"},{"link_name":"monastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dumio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumio"},{"link_name":"monetary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monetary"},{"link_name":"Council of Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)"},{"link_name":"void","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(law)"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"},{"link_name":"Egica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egica"},{"link_name":"Wittiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittiza"},{"link_name":"elective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"hereditary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Tui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Lucas of Tuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_of_Tuy"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Roderic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic"},{"link_name":"Roderic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic"},{"link_name":"Straits of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Battle of Guadalete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete"}],"text":"Political map of southwestern Europe around the year 600, which referred to three different areas under Visigothic government: Hispania, Gallaecia, and Septimania.Church of Santa Comba de Bande, built c. 7th century, rebuilt in the 9th century after being ruined for more than 200 years.In 585, Liuvigild, the Visigothic king of Hispania and Septimania, annexed the Kingdom of Galicia, after defeating King Audeca, and later the pretender to the throne, Malaric. Thus the kingdom of the Suebi, which incorporated large territories of the ancient Roman provinces of Gallaecia and Lusitania, became the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo.The government of the Visigoths in Galicia did not totally disrupt the society, and the Suevi Catholic dioceses of Bracara, Dumio, Portus Cale or Magneto, Tude, Iria, Britonia, Lucus, Auria, Asturica, Conimbria, Lameco, Viseu, and Egitania continued to operate normally. During the reign of Liuvigild, new Arian bishops were raised among the Suebi[25] in cities such as Lugo, Porto, Tui, and Viseu, alongside the cities' Catholic bishops. These Arian bishops returned to Catholicism in 589, when King Reccared himself converted to Catholicism, along with the Goths and Suebi, at the Third Council of Toledo.[26]The territorial and administrative organization inherited from the Suevi was incorporated into the new Provincial status,[27] although Lugo was reduced again to the category of bishopric, and subjected to Braga.[28] Meanwhile, the Suevi, Roman, and Galician cultural, religious, and aristocratic elite accepted new monarchs. The peasants maintained a collective formed mostly by freemen and serfs of Celtic, Roman and Suebi extraction, as no major Visigoth immigration occurred during the 6th and 7th centuries.[29]This continuity led to the persistence of Galicia as a differentiated province within the realm, as indicated by the acts of several Councils of Toledo, chronicles such as that of John of Biclar, and in military laws such as the one extolled by Wamba[30] which was incorporated into the Liber Iudicum, the Visigothic legal code. It was not until the administrative reformation produced during the reign of Recceswinth that the Lusitanian dioceses annexed by the Suevi to Galicia (Coimbra, Idanha, Lamego, Viseu, and parts of Salamanca) were restored to Lusitania.[27] This same reform reduced the number of mints in Galicia from a few dozen to just three, those in the cities of Lugo, Braga, and Tui.The most notable person of 7th century Galicia was Saint Fructuosus of Braga. Fructuosus was the son of a provincial Visigoth dux (military provincial governor),[31] and was known for the many foundations he established throughout the west of the Iberian peninsula, generally in places with difficult access, such as mountain valleys or islands. He also wrote two monastic rulebooks, characterized by their pact-like nature, with the monastic communities ruled by an abbot, under the remote authority of a bishop (episcopus sub regula),[32] and each integrant of the congregation having signed a written pact with him.[33] Fructuosus was later consecrated as abbot-bishop of Dumio, the most important monastery of Gallaecia—founded by Martin of Braga in the 6th century—under Suebi rule. In 656 he was appointed bishop of Braga and metropolitan of Galicia, ostensibly against his own will.During his later years the Visigothic monarchy suffered a pronounced decline, due in large part to a decrease in trade and therefore a sharp reduction in monetary circulation, largely as a result of the Muslim occupations in the early 8th century in the south Mediterranean. The Gallaecia were also affected, and Fructuosus of Braga denounced the general cultural decline and loss of the momentum from previous periods, causing some discontent in the Galician high clergy. At the tenth Council of Toledo in 656, Fructuosus was appointed to the Metropolitan seat of Potamio after the renunciation of its previous occupier. At the same time the Will of the Bishop of Dume Recimiro was declared void after he donated the wealth of the diocese convent to the poor.The crisis at the end of the Visigoth era dates to the reign of Egica. The monarch appointed his son Wittiza as his heir, and despite the fact that the Visigothic monarchy had been traditionally elective rather than hereditary Egica associated Wittiza during his lifetime to the throne (for example, Egica and Wittiza are known to have issued coinage with the confronted effigies of both monarchs). In 701 an outbreak of plague spread westward from Greece to Spain, reaching Toledo, the Visigothic capital, in the same year, and having such impact that the royal family, including Egica and Wittiza, fled. It has been suggested[34] that this provided the occasion for sending Wittiza to rule the Kingdom of the Suevi from Tui,[35] which is recorded as his capital. The possibility has also been raised that the 13th-century chronicler, Lucas of Tuy, when he records that Wittiza relieved the oppression of the Jews (a fact unknown from his reign at Toledo after his father), may in fact refer to his reign at Lucas' hometown of Tui, where an oral tradition may have been preserved of the events of his Galician reign.[36]In 702, with the death of Egica, Wittiza as sole king moved his capital to Toledo. In 710, part of the Visigothic aristocracy violently raised Roderic to the throne, triggering a civil war with the supporters of Wittiza and his sons. In 711, the enemies of Roderic got a Muslim army to cross the Straits of Gibraltar and face him at the Battle of Guadalete. The defeat was the end of Roderic and of the Visigothic rule, with profound consequences for the whole of the Iberian peninsula.","title":"Visigothic monarchy (585–711)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodemirus.JPG"},{"link_name":"sepulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepulcher"},{"link_name":"Theodemar of Iria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemar_of_Iria"},{"link_name":"Saint James the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_James_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"national myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_myth"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Meseta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meseta_Central"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Saint James the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_James_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"Way of St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_of_St._James"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"Tombstone of the sepulcher of bishop Theodemar of Iria (d. 847), discoverer of the tomb attributed to apostle Saint James the GreatFor several centuries after the defeat of the Goths, Galicia was united with other neighboring regions under the same monarchs, with only brief periods of separation under different kings. Along with the rest of the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, it was free of Arab presence from the mid-8th century, being gradually incorporated into a growing Christian state. This is usually called the Kingdom of Asturias in traditional and modern sources, although the precise historical details of these events have been obscured by the national myths leading to the construction of modern Spanish identity.[38]The 9th century saw this state expand southward, with Castilian and Asturian noblemen acquiring most of the northern Meseta,[39] while in Galicia, a similar impulse led to the conquest and re-population of the regions of Astorga, southern Galicia, and northern Portugal down to Coimbra, by noblemen mostly proceeding from northern Galicia.[40] Also significant was the discovery of the tomb of Saint James the Great at what would become Santiago de Compostela;[41] the shrine constructed there became the religious center of the nation, as well as being the destination of a major international pilgrimage route, the Way of St. James. This increased the political and military relevance of Galicia, and its noble families aspired to positions of power within the kingdom through either military force[42] or by matrimonial alliance with the royal family.[43] To the east, this southern expansion led the capital of the Christian kingdom to be moved to the city of León, from which time the state is usually called the Kingdom of León. This same kingdom was frequently known as either Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) in Al-Andalus Muslim sources up to the 14th century,[44] as well as by many European Christian contemporaries.[45]","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vimaraperes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vímara Peres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADmara_Peres"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragon_ships_in_Catoira.JPG"},{"link_name":"Viking ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_ship"},{"link_name":"Catoira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catoira"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Iria Flavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iria_Flavia"},{"link_name":"Dumio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumio"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Mondoñedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo%C3%B1edo"},{"link_name":"Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"warlords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlord"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"titular ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_ruler"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"subsistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subsistence_techniques"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"Spania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Spain"},{"link_name":"artisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"masons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"goldsmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"architectural styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_styles"},{"link_name":"Romanesque art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Marti%C3%B1o_de_Mondo%C3%B1edo-Foz(Lugo).jpg"},{"link_name":"dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"palatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight"},{"link_name":"churchmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clergy"},{"link_name":"presbyters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyters"},{"link_name":"religious communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_communities"},{"link_name":"vows of chastity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_chastity"},{"link_name":"poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_poverty"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"abbess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbess"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"chartulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartulary"},{"link_name":"chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"bourgeois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois"},{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiethnic"},{"link_name":"freemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Freemen"},{"link_name":"infantrymen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantrymen"},{"link_name":"servitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd"},{"link_name":"farmhands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmhand"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Mozarabic rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozarabic_rite"},{"link_name":"Priscillianist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscillianist"},{"link_name":"Pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Bierzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierzo"},{"link_name":"tonsure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"Hebrew people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_people"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Ourense_(Spain).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"},{"link_name":"Chararic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chararic_(Suevic_king)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Absida_igrexa_de_San_Miguel_de_Eir%C3%A9,_Eir%C3%A9,_Pant%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pantón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capela_de_San_Miguel_de_Celanova,_Celanova.jpg"},{"link_name":"Celanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celanova"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Romanesque sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_sculpture"}],"sub_title":"Society","text":"Statue of Vímara Peres, conqueror of Porto in 868Modern replicas of Viking ships by the castle of Torres de Oeste, CatoiraDuring the Iron Age, and later during Roman and Germanic rule, Southern Gallaecia—today north Portugal and south Galicia—was the more dynamic, urbanized, and richest area of Gallaecia. This role was assumed by the rural north during the Early and High Middle Ages, as a consequence not only of the Islamic invasion, but as the final result of a continent-wide urban crisis.The old bishoprics of Braga, Ourense, Tui, Lamego, and others, were either discontinued, or re-established in the north, under the protection of Lugo—which was now a stronghold due to its Roman walls—and Iria Flavia. Dumio was re-established by the Bay of Biscay in Mondoñedo, Lugo assumed the role of Braga, and the bishops of Lamego and Tui sought refuge in Iria, where they received generous territorial grants. During the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries most of these bishoprics were re-established in their historical sees, but at this time the bishops of Lugo, Mondoñedo, and Iria became major political players—not just as religious figures, but also as wealthy, and sometimes mighty, secular powers. In particular, the bishops of Iria and Compostela were notorious warlords,[46] due to the many fortresses and military resources they controlled as heads of a military Norman mark,[47] as well as due to the wealth that the pilgrimages and royal grants brought to their lands.Each bishopric was divided into a number of territories or counties, named terras, condados, mandationes, commissos, or territorios in local charters,[48] which in the north were true continuations of the Suebic dioceses which frequently preserved old tribal divisions and denominations, such as Lemabos, Celticos, Postamarcos, Bregantinos, and Cavarcos. Rights to the tax collection and government of each territory was granted by the titular ruler—usually the king—to a count, bishopric, or large monastery, although there existed some singularities. The bishopric of Lugo was divided into counties, each one under the government of an infanzon (a lesser nobleman) as a concession of the bishop, while in the south, large and mighty territories such as the Portucalense became hereditary, passed down to the descendants of the 9th century's conquerors. In the Terra de Santiago (Land of Saint James, the fief of the bishops of Iria-Compostela) each territory was administered by a bishop's vicar, while justice was administered by a council composed of representatives of the local churchmen, knights, and peasants.[49]Each territory or county could be further divided into mandationes and decanias. The basic territorial division was the villa, centered on a church, and composed of one or more hamlets or villages, together with all its facilities, lands, and possessions. The villas perpetuated ancient Roman and Suevic foundations, and they were the base for the ecclesiastical organization, and for the economic production of the country, later evolving into the modern parroquias and freguesias (rural parishes). The local economy was subsistence, based mainly on the production of grain and beans, and notably in cattle breeding.[50] Other valuable—though geographically restricted—products included fruits, salt, wine, honey, olive oil, horses, iron for the production of weapons and tools, and exotic oriental fabrics introduced from Spania. There were also specialized artisans who worked on demand, such as masons and goldsmiths.While local commerce was common, long range interchanges—generally maintained by Hebrew merchants—were rare and appreciated. Monetary circulation was scarce, composed mainly of old Suebi and Visigothic coinage known locally as solidos gallicianos. War and pillaging against the thriving Al-Andalus was also a very important source for the acquisition of riches, exotic items, and Muslim serfs. Later, pilgrimage of Christians from all over Europe to Santiago de Compostela brought not only riches, but also a range of continental innovations and trends, from shipbuilding, to new architectural styles such as Romanesque art.Romanesque cathedral of San Martiño de Mondoñedo (9th–11th centuries); first construction dates from the 6th–7th centuriesThe elites were composed of counts, dukes, senatores, and other high noblemen, who were frequently related by marriage with the monarch,[51] and who usually claimed the most powerful positions in society, either as governors, bishops, or as palatine officials or companions of the king or queen. The Galician nobility, however, were also frequently found as rebels, either as supporters of a different candidate to the throne, or aspiring to it themselves, or simply as disobedient to the king's orders and will.[52] At the service of the noblemen were miles (knights) and infanzones; they were often found marching to war with their subalterns on behalf of a patron, or as vicars and administrators.A sizable section of the society were churchmen—presbyters, deacons, clergymen, lectors, confessos, monks, and nuns—who frequently lived in religious communities, some of which were composed of both men and women living under vows of chastity and poverty. Most of these monasteries were directed by an abbot or abbess, ruled under a pactual tradition heavily influenced by Germanic legal traditions,[53] with a bishop sub regula as the highest authority of the community. Other monasteries used different, sometimes antagonistic rules. The Benedictine and Augustine rules were uncommon until the 11th century. As in most of Europe, the chartulary and chronicle proceedings of monasteries and bishoprics are the most important sources for the study of local history.[54]By the 12th century the only known bourgeois were the multinational inhabitants of Compostela, by this stage a fortified and strong city. Meanwhile, the City Council of Santiago for centuries had struggled against their bishops for the recognition of a number of liberties. In the country, most people were freemen, peasants, artisans, or infantrymen, who could freely choose a patron, or buy and sell properties, although they frequently fell prey to the greed of the big owners, leading many of them to a life of servitude. Finally, servos, libertos, and pueros (servants, freedmen, and children), either obtained in war with the Moors or through trial, constituted a visible part of the society; they were employed as household workers (domésticos and scancianes), shepherds, and farmhands. Local charters also show that, in time, they were freed.[55]In terms of religion, most were Roman Catholics, although the local rites—known today as Mozarabic rites—were notably different from those used in most of Western Europe. No Arian, Priscillianist, or Pagan organizations are known to have survived during the High Middle Ages.[56] However, there were still pagans and pagan shrines in the Bierzo region during the 7th century, whilst Arian or Priscillianist tonsure—seen as long hair, with only a partial tonsure atop the head—was in use in Galicia up to 681, when it was forbidden at a council in Toledo. There were no known Muslim communities in Galicia and northern Portugal, other than Moor serfs. Records of Hebrew people are also uncommon in local charters until the 12th century, except as travelers and merchants.[57]Personal names in Galicia and northern Portugal were chiefly of Germanic origin, although Christian, Roman, and Greek names were also common. Names were usually composed just of a single surname, although noblemen frequently also used a patronymic. Muslim names and patronymics were rare amongst Galicians, as even serfs were frequently given a Germanic or Roman name, which is in contrast with the relative popularity of Muslim names amongst the Leonese.[58]Romanesque façade in the Cathedral of Ourense (1160); founded in the 6th century, its construction is attributed to King Chararic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonastical church of San Miguel de Eiré, Pantón (12th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOratory of San Miguel de Celanova (first quarter of the 10th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela (12th–13th centuries), summum of the local Romanesque sculpture","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfonso III of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_III_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"García I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_I_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ordoño II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"magnates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnates"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Fruela II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruela_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Asturian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturia"},{"link_name":"Oviedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Fróilaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Fr%C3%B3ilaz"},{"link_name":"Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_I_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"Alfonso IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ramiro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiro_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Ordoño III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Sancho I of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Fernán González of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern%C3%A1n_Gonz%C3%A1lez_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ordoño IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_IV_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pamplona"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Ramiro III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramiro_III_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"anointing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing#Christian_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Bermudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudo_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ordoño III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo%C3%B1o_III_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Almanzor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanzor"},{"link_name":"Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu"},{"link_name":"Sancho III of Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona"},{"link_name":"Count of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Bermudo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudo_III_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe-south-west-kingdoms.png"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Garcia II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Sancho II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portela_Silva_2001_pp._47-48-70"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Sancho II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"paria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parias"},{"link_name":"Taifa of Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"paria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parias"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Toledo"},{"link_name":"García II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_II_of_Galicia"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portela_Silva_2001_pp._47-48-70"},{"link_name":"parias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parias"},{"link_name":"Taifas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taifa_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Count of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Nuno Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_II_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pedroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pedroso"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Santarém","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Urraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Zamora"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Diego Peláez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Pel%C3%A1ez_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Interludes of independence: 10th and 11th centuries","text":"When Alfonso III of León was forced by his sons to abdicate in 910, his lands were partitioned, bringing about the first episode of a short-lived distinct kingdom of Galicia. García I obtained the Terra de Fora or León, consisting of the southeastern portion of their father's realm, while Ordoño II held the western lands, i.e., Galicia (including the recently acquired lands of Coimbra) where he had already been serving as governor, and was now recognized as king in an assembly of magnates held in Lugo.[62] The youngest brother, Fruela II, received the Asturian heartland in the northeast, with Oviedo as its capital.From Galicia, Ordoño launched several successful raids on the Islamic south, returning with riches and Muslim serfs, and confirming himself as an able commander. At the death of García in 914, Ordoño also acquired León, and on his death in 924 his younger brother, Fruela, reunited Alfonso's realm. Fruela's death a year later initiated a period of chaos, with several claimants to the crown. Fruela's son, Alfonso Fróilaz, received support from Asturias, but was captured and blinded by Sancho, Alfonso IV, and Ramiro II, sons of Ordoño, with the aid of the Basque troops of Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona. Vague and conflicting historical records make it uncertain whether Alfonso Fróilaz reigned briefly as king of the entire kingdom, or simply held a remote part of Asturias.[63] In Galicia, Sancho succeeded, being crowned in Santiago de Compostela and marrying a Galician noblewoman. After reigning for just three years he died childless. Alfonso IV then took control of an again-reunited Kingdom of León in 929; however, he was forced into a monastery by their youngest brother, Ramiro, two years later.[64]Ramiro II had ties with the Galician nobility through kinship, marriage and patronage, and he and his son, Ordoño III, whose mother was Galician, reigned with their support. This was not the case when Ordoño was succeeded by his half-brother Sancho I of León in 956. Sancho proved unpopular and ineffectual and the Galician nobles grew fractious, forming a coalition with Fernán González of Castile to overthrow Sancho in favor of Ordoño IV, who was enthroned in Santiago de Compostela in 958.[65] However, Sancho reclaimed the crown in 960 with support from his mother's Kingdom of Pamplona, the Leonese nobility, and Muslim assistance.[66] His son, Ramiro III, grew increasingly absolutist, alienating the Galician nobility who also resented the lack of Leonese help when the Normans raided Galicia from 968 through 970.[67]The Galician nobility again rose in rebellion, in 982 crowning and anointing Bermudo, son of Ordoño III, as king in Santiago de Compostela. With their support, he first repelled the army of Ramiro in the battle of Portela de Areas and eventually made himself undisputed ruler of the Leonese kingdom.[68] Once in control, Bermudo lost many of his Galician and Portuguese supporters by repudiating his Galician wife in favor of a new marriage alliance with Castile.[69] His later reign was marked by the ascension of a strong military leader, Almanzor, who led a brief resurgence of the Cordoban Caliphate, reconquering Coimbra or Viseu, and even raiding Santiago de Compostela.In the 1030s, Galicia became the sole holdout to the Leonese conquests of Sancho III of Pamplona. When the Count of Castile—nominally a Leonese vassal, but de facto independent—was assassinated in León in 1029, Sancho claimed the right to name the successor, giving it to his own son Ferdinand. Taking advantage of the youth of Leonese king Bermudo III, Sancho seized disputed border regions, formalizing the arrangement by including the lands in the dowry of Bermudo's sister, who was married to Ferdinand in 1032. Two years later, in 1034, Sancho took Bermudo's capital, becoming de facto ruler of most of the kingdom, whilst leaving Bermudo to rule from his refuge in Galicia. Sancho's death the next year allowed Bermudo to regain not only the entire kingdom, but to briefly become overlord of Ferdinand's Castile. However, in 1037, the Castilian count killed Bermudo in battle, and Galicia passed with the Kingdom of León into the hands of Ferdinand, who then had himself crowned king.Political situation in the Northern Iberian Peninsula around 1065: Garcia II's domains (Galicia) Badajoz, owing tribute to Garcia Seville, owing tribute to Garcia Alfonso VI's domains (León) Toledo, owing tribute to Alfonso Sancho II's domains (Castile) Zaragoza, owing tribute to SanchoFerdinand's death in 1065 led to another short-lived Galician state. In 1063 he had opted to partition his realm,[70] giving the eastern Kingdom of Castile to his eldest son, Sancho II, along with the right to the paria (tribute) from the Taifa of Zaragoza. His second son Alfonso VI was given the Kingdom of León, representing the central portion of the old realm, with the paria from Toledo. His youngest son, García II, who had been educated in Galicia under the tutelage of bishop Cresconius of Compostela,[70] received the western half of Bermudo's old kingdom as King of Galicia, along with the right to parias from the Taifas of Badajoz and Seville.As king, Garcia aimed to restore the old episcopal sees of Tui, Lamego, and Braga, which had been dissolved due to Arab and Viking assaults.[71] The death of two of his most notable supporters, bishops Cresconius of Compostela and Uistrarius of Lugo, left the young king in a weaker position, and in 1071 the Count of Portugal, Nuno Mendes, rose in rebellion. García defeated and killed him in the same year at the Battle of Pedroso,[72] and in recognition of his solidified control adopted the title King of Galicia and Portugal. However, his brothers, Alfonso and Sancho, immediately turned on the victor, forcing García to flee, first to central Portugal and later—after defeating him near Santarém—into exile in Seville in 1072.[73] García's realm was divided, with Alfonso joining the county of Portugal to his Kingdom of León, while Sancho held the north.This situation was inherently unstable, with Sancho's lands separated by Alfonso's León, and the two soon fought a war in which Sancho proved victorious, forcing Alfonso into exile and reuniting all of Ferdinand's kingdom except the autonomous city of Zamora, held by his sister Urraca. While besieging this town in 1072, Sancho was assassinated, inducing Alfonso to return and claim the entire realm. García also returned in 1073 from his exile, either with the hope of re-establishing himself in Galicia, or simply having been misled by promises of safety from Alfonso, however, he was imprisoned by Alfonso for the rest of his life, dying in 1091.[74] As an aftermath to these events, before 1088 Alfonso deposed the bishop of Compostela, Diego Peláez, who was charged \"on trying to deliver the Kingdom of Galicia [\"Galleciae Regnum\"] to the king of the English and of the Normans [William the Conqueror], while taking it away from the kings of the Spaniards\".[75] This reunion with the Kingdom of León would prove permanent, although both kingdoms maintained their separate personality.","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UrracaRegina_TumboA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VI_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Urraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Burgundian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundy_(region)"},{"link_name":"Raymond of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Almoravids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravids"},{"link_name":"Anscarid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscarids"},{"link_name":"Cape Ortegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Ortegal"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"House of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscarids"},{"link_name":"King Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry,_Count_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Duke Robert I of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_I_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa,_Countess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Minho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minho_River"},{"link_name":"Tagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reilly_1982_p._29-78"},{"link_name":"Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Fr%C3%B3ilaz_de_Traba"},{"link_name":"Diego Gelmírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gelm%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Ávila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81vila,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reilly_1982_p._29-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Alfonso the Battler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"}],"sub_title":"Raymond of Burgundy","text":"Queen Urraca ruled Galicia with her husband, Raymond of Burgundy, until the death of her father Alfonso VI. Medieval portrait, Tumbo A chartulary of the Cathedral of Santiago de CompostelaIn 1091 the daughter of King Alfonso VI, infanta Urraca, married a Burgundian nobleman, Raymond of Burgundy, who had participated in the Crusades against the Almoravids. His military victories as well as his Anscarid lineage justified this union, and Alfonso bestowed on him the government of Galicia between Cape Ortegal and Coimbra, as a personal fief.[76] This union gave rise to the House of Burgundy, which would rule in Galicia, León, and Castile until the death of King Peter.Two years after Raymond's marriage, in 1093, another French crusader, his cousin Henry, the grandson of Duke Robert I of Burgundy and nephew of Alfonso's queen, was given the hand of the Alfonso's illegitimate daughter Theresa, receiving lands in Castille. Both Burgundians were close allies in the affairs of the realm, ratifying a pact of friendship where Raymond promised his cousin the Kingdom of Toledo or the Kingdom of Galicia, together with a third of his treasure, in return for Henry's aid in acquiring the crown as successor of King Alfonso.[77] However, by 1097 King Alfonso granted Henry the counties of Portugal and Coimbra, from the river Minho to the Tagus,[78] thus limiting the powers of Raymond, who by this time was securing an important nucleus of partisans in Galicia, including Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, whilst appointing his own notary, Diego Gelmírez, as bishop of Compostela. In successive years he also obtained the government of Zamora, Salamanca, and Ávila,[78] but he died in 1107, two years before King Alfonso, who was now in his seventies. The government of Galicia and their other possessions was retained by Alfonso's widow, Urraca, who styled herself Mistress and Empress of Galicia.[79] King Alfonso, in a council held in León, asked the magnates of Galicia to swear an oath on the defense of the rights of his grandson, Alfonso Raimúndez, to the kingdom of Galicia, in case his mother Urraca remarried.[80]On June 30, 1109, King Alfonso VI died. He was succeeded by Queen Urraca, who was remarried in 1109 to the king of Aragon, Alfonso the Battler, a soldier by nature who was immediately received as king in Castille and León, but not in Galicia. As part of the marriage settlement, any children born to the union were to have priority over Raymond's son Alfonso in the succession. In Galicia this union was rejected by the old party of count Raymond, now led by count Pedro Fróilaz, tutor of young Alfonso, although the partisans of Urraca also joined forces.[81] With Leon and Castille quiet and under control, Alfonso moved on Galicia in 1110, and while he did not suffer any major defeat, he had little success, returning three months later to León. Probably as a consequence of this development, Pedro Froila drew Diego Gelmirez to his party. In 1111, the young Alfonso Raimúndez was crowned and anointed king in Compostela.[82]","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe-south-west-kingdoms12th.png"},{"link_name":"Afonso Henriques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"metropolitan church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitania"},{"link_name":"Fernando Pérez de Traba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_P%C3%A9rez_de_Traba"},{"link_name":"relics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic"},{"link_name":"Saint Fructuosus of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructuosus_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"Diego Gelmirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gelmirez"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Afonso Henriques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_Henriques"},{"link_name":"Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Battle of São Mamede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Mamede"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ourique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Toroño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toro%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Limia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limia,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Separation of the County of Portugal (1128)","text":"Political Map of the northwest Iberian peninsula at the end of the 12th centuryOn the death of Henry in 1112, his widow Theresa succeeded him as head of the two Counties of Portugal and Coimbra, during the minority of her son, Afonso Henriques. Two trends emerged at this time, firstly a policy of rapprochement with the new King Alfonso VII, and secondly the maintenance of their power with the aim that the heir to the county would be proclaimed king. The increasing importance of Santiago de Compostela—now metropolitan church of Lusitania, which was in open competition with Braga, metropolitan church of Galicia—and the support for Theresa's rule north of the Minho brought about by her romantic union with Fernando Pérez de Traba altered the status quo. The Archbishop of Braga, who had suffered the nocturnal theft of several relics, including the body of Saint Fructuosus of Braga, by Diego Gelmirez in 1102,[83] and the major Portuguese aristocrats who were pursuing a larger territorial authority, gave support to the royal pretensions of Afonso Henriques. Given this situation, King Alfonso VII marched on Portugal, taking first Tui and other territories north of the river Minho, later besieging Guimarães and obtaining the submission of the Portuguese.[84]Several months later, in 1128, inspired by the shortcomings of Afonso Henriques, the Galician and Portuguese troops of Theresa and Fernando Perez de Trava entered Portugal, but the men of Afonso scored a decisive victory at the Battle of São Mamede. The later death of Theresa, and Afonso's success against the Moors at the Battle of Ourique, led to him being proclaimed King of the Portuguese in 1139, this independence being recognized at the Treaty of Zamora in 1143. Still, the status of frontier lands such as Toroño and Limia in southern Galicia led to frequent border conflicts during most of the Lower Middle Ages.[85]","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santiago_Catedral_P%C3%B3rtico_da_gloria_GDFL6.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tumbo_de_Toxos_Outos._Fernando_y_Alfonso,_reyes_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Galicia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Alfonso IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Lousame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousame"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"Diego Gelmírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gelm%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"coronation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"prisoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Theresa of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa,_Countess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Calixtus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calixtus_II"},{"link_name":"archdiocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"primate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Martin of Dumio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Fernando Peres de Trava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Peres_de_Trava"},{"link_name":"Countess Theresa of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa,_Countess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Sancho III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Padrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ribadavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribadavia"},{"link_name":"Noia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noia"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"Ribadeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribadeo"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Pedro Suárez de Deza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Su%C3%A1rez_de_Deza_(died_1206)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Benavente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benavente,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX"},{"link_name":"Urraca of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urraca_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Cáceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Almohad Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Betanzos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betanzos"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Baiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiona,_Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"Salvaterra de Miño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvaterra_de_Mi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Verín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Monforte de Lemos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monforte_de_Lemos"},{"link_name":"O Valadouro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Valadouro"},{"link_name":"Castro Caldelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Caldelas"},{"link_name":"Melide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melide,_A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Sarria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarria"},{"link_name":"Triacastela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triacastela"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"autarky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pero_Carneiro.JPG"},{"link_name":"Noia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noia"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"aldermen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldermen"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"plough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough"},{"link_name":"productivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity"},{"link_name":"mendicant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Codex Calixtinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Calixtinus"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Historia Compostellana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Compostellana"},{"link_name":"Diego Gelmirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Gelmirez"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(political)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"}],"sub_title":"Compostelan era (1111–1230)","text":"Pórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de CompostelaMedieval miniatures of Ferdinand II (left) and Alfonso IX (right), kings of León and Galicia. Chartulary of the monastery of Toxosoutos, Lousame, 13th centuryAt Santiago de Compostela on September 17, 1111 the Galician high nobility crowned Alfonso VII, the son of Raymond and Urraca, as king of Galicia, and he was anointed by bishop Diego Gelmírez; the coronation was led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, who had been Alfonso's mentor throughout his childhood.[86] The coronation was intended to preserve the rights of the son of Raymond of Burgundy in Galicia, at a time when Urraca effectively delivered the kingdoms of Castile and León to her new husband, Alfonso the Battler of Aragon and Navarre.The ceremony in Compostela was more symbolic than effective, and Diego Gelmírez, Pedro Fróilaz, and other Galician nobles headed first to Lugo, and later to the royal seat in León to enthrone Alfonso VII there. However, they were intercepted at Viadangos, near León, by the troops of Alfonso the Battler. The Galician knights charged, but they were outnumbered and surrounded by the Aragonese infantry, who defeated the Galicians and frustrated their plans. Pedro Fróilaz was taken prisoner, whilst other nobles were killed, but bishop Gelmírez managed to escape, delivering his protégé, the young king, to his mother,[87] who began acting against her new husband. From then until Alfonso VII came of age and Urraca died, the entire realm lived under a constant state of civil war, experiencing frequent seizures and shifting alliances between mother and child, and between Urraca and her Aragonese husband.[88] This same civil war was evident in the kingdom of Galicia, where partisans of Diego Gelmirez, of Pedro Fróilaz, and of other nobles and warlords, found themselves battling each other as defenders of either Queen Urraca or King Alfonso VII, or under their own agenda,[89] whilst Alfonso of Aragón and Theresa of Portugal also had their own supporters.\nWith Calixtus II, uncle of Alfonso VII, becoming Pope, Diego Gelmírez secured the elevation of Compostela into an archdiocese in 1120 through a steady flow of generous donations sent to Rome.[90] Bishop Diego attempted to gain recognition for Compostela by becoming primate of Spain, but lost the title to Toledo, the old Visigoth capital. Later, however, he sought to have Compostela recognized as the metropolitan church of the Kingdom of Galicia, in opposition to the church of Braga, which had been the metropolitan since at least the days of Martin of Dumio. Calixtus II did not grant Gelmirez's claims, but finally decided to enlarge Compostela's jurisdiction in an anomalous fashion: instead of Galicia, Compostela was granted control over the old jurisdiction of Mérida, the former metropolitan church of Lusitania, which was then under Muslim control without a bishop.[91] Consequently, the bishops of Coimbra, Lamego, Viseu, or Salamanca, among others, were subjected to the rule of Compostela. Braga, metropolitan of the cities of Galicia other than Compostela, found itself limited by the jurisdiction of the latter, and became the centre of the movement for the independence of Portugal. In 1128 the leader of the Galician nobility, Fernando Peres de Trava, together with his lover Countess Theresa of Portugal, who were acting with absolute liberty in most of Galicia and Portugal,[92] were defeated by Afonso Henriques, Theresa's son. This was the foundation of the future kingdom of Portugal.\nOn his death in 1156, Alfonso VII divided his domains under pressure from the Castilian and Galician nobles,[93] bequeathing León and Galicia to his second son, Ferdinand II. Ferdinand, who had been using the title of King of Galicia at least since 1152,[94] had been as a child ward of the influential Count Fernando Peres de Trava, heir and son of Count Pedro Fróilaz, who in turn had been tutor of Alfonso VII.[95] In 1158 the death of his brother Sancho III of Castile permitted him to intervene the Castilian internal affairs,[96] which led him to use the title Rex Hispaniarum.[97] In his own realm, he continued his father's policies[98] by granting Cartas Póvoa or Foros (constitutional charters) to towns such as Padrón, Ribadavia, Noia, Pontevedra and Ribadeo,[99] most of them possessing important harbors or sited in rich valleys. Thus he promoted the growth of the bourgeoisie and improved the local economy through the expansion of commerce. He also contributed to the economic and artistic development of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, at least after the death of bishop Martin in 1168, and under the rule of two of his closest subjects, bishops Pedro Gudesteiz and Pedro Suárez de Deza.[100] Ferdinand died in 1188, in Benavente, leaving two main claimants to the throne: his sons Sancho, born of a Castilian noblewoman, and Alfonso, from Ferdinand's first marriage, to Urraca of Portugal. Alfonso, supported by the Galician nobility and by the archbishop of Compostela Pedro Suárez de Deza,[101] hastened to Santiago de Compostela carrying the remains of his father and proclaiming himself King there.[102] Unlike his father, he dropped the title of \"King of the Spains\", preferring the use of \"King of León\" and \"King of León and Galicia\".[103]\nAlfonso IX's long reign was characterized by his rivalry with Castile and Portugal,[104] and by the promotion of the royal power at the expense of the church and nobility, whilst maintaining his father's urban development policies.[105] He was one of the first European monarchs to call for a general council, summoning not only the nobility and the Church, but also the inhabitants of the towns and cities, presaging modern representative parliaments.[106] The last years of his reign were also marked by the conquest of large areas of what is now Extremadura (including the cities of Cáceres, Mérida and Badajoz) then in the hands of the Almohad Caliphate, a territory also wanted by the Portuguese.[107]Alfonso granted constitutional charters to the towns of Betanzos, A Coruña, Baiona, Salvaterra de Miño, Verín, Monforte de Lemos, O Valadouro, Milmanda, Bo Burgo de Castro Caldelas, Melide, Sarria and Triacastela,[108] sited in good harbors along the Galician coastline, by the Miño river, or at major crossroads in the country. These new reguengo villages (royal villages under direct royal political and economical control, and administered by their autonomous city councils), each one usually known as a burgo due to its walled circuits, attracted peasants, who could find better living conditions under the direct protection of the king than abroad under the authority of a bishop, a monastery or a nobleman; they also attracted foreigners,[109] most notably artisans and merchants, who brought new trends and knowledge. These burgs effected a revolution in the social structure of the time, leading to economic diversification, removing the dominant autarky of the previous centuries, and facilitating the development of fishing and pre-industrial mass production of some resources, especially salted and dried fish, fish oil, and wine, marketed through the seaports to England and the Mediterranean.[110]Sepulchre of a merchant: Pero Carneiro, son of Pero Afonso da Corredoira, in the church of St. Mary a Nova, NoiaIn these cities and villages the emergence of an associative movement led to the creation of permanent city councils, and the organization of artisan guilds or confrarías,[113] which would in time acquire a religious hue just to avoid being banned or punished in their patrimonies.[114] These new burgs also allowed a number of minor noble houses to consolidate power by occupying the new administrative and political offices, in open competition with the new classes: mayors, aldermen (regedores, alcaldes, justiças), agents and other officials (procuradores, notarios, avogados) and judges (juizes) of the town council; or mordomos and vigarios (leader and deputies) of the diverse guilds.[115]Throughout this century there was also a rapid growth of the rural population, resulting in a larger force of farm labor which consequently allowed the great monasteries to develop new agricultural lands. This, coupled with the improvement of farming equipment and techniques, such as the introduction of the heavy wheeled plough, resulted in an increase in productivity that impacted the people's lifestyles. The distribution of this increased productivity between peasants and lords was regulated by the establishment of foros or lifelong contracts, frequently spanning several generations or vozes. The economic and social transformations led to profound changes in mindset. In the towns, it initiated a religious and intellectual renewal under the mendicant orders, most notably the Franciscans, who instituted social reforms.Compostela, \"capital and looking glass\" of the Kingdom of Galicia, became a showcase of this thriving era, reflected in Master Matthew's work in the granite of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela—especially in the Portico da Gloria and in Prateria's façade—demonstrating a prosperity also witnessed through the numerous surviving Romanesque buildings in Galicia. This period is also responsible for Latin literary creations such as the Codex Calixtinus[116] and the Historia Compostellana. The Historia is an extensive chronicle of the deeds of the bishop of Compostela, Diego Gelmirez, and, though partisan, it is a source of great significance for the understanding of contemporary events and Galician society in the first half of the 12th century.[117]","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Iberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"},{"link_name":"Teresa of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_of_Portugal,_Queen_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Berengaria of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_of_Molina"},{"link_name":"Berengaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Afonso II of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Sancho II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"annuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annuity_(finance_theory)"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Crown of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_Froilaz_de_Trava.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pedro Fróilaz de Traba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Fr%C3%B3ilaz_de_Traba"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lauda_de_Fernando_II.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_Afonso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand of Galicia and León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Le%C3%B3n_(died_1214)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berenguela_of_Barcelona.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berengaria of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Afonso VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Afonso_VIII_de_Galicia_Le%C3%B3n_(Capela_das_Reliquias_da_catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela).jpg"},{"link_name":"Afonso VIII of León and Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepulcro_de_la_reina_Juana_de_Castro,_segunda_esposa_de_Pedro_I_el_Cruel,_rey_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n_(Catedral_de_Santiago_de_Compostela).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joana de Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_de_Castro"}],"sub_title":"Union under the Crown of Castile (1230)","text":"In the early Medieval era, a fluid pattern of union and division was observed among the states of Christian Iberia. While marriage of royals had resulted in the union of some of these states—for example between Navarre and Aragon, and Castile and León—subsequent divisions amongst heirs created a dynamic pattern of union and separation. However, the 12th century initiated a series of unions that would prove permanent.Alfonso IX married twice. From his first marriage to Teresa of Portugal he had a son, Ferdinand, and two daughters, Sancha and Aldonza. From his second marriage to Berengaria of Castile, he had five children: Eleanor, who died as a child, a second Ferdinand, Alfonso, Berengaria, and Constance. The death of Alfonso IX's son from his first marriage, Ferdinand, in 1214 left the younger Ferdinand, from his second marriage, as heir to his father. When the Castilian king, Henry I, died in 1217 and Berengaria ceded her rights to her son, Ferdinand became King of Castile, against the will of his father.[118]To preserve the independence of his realm, Alfonso IX applied Galician-Leonese inheritance customs to nominate Aldonza as future queen of Galicia and Sancha as queen of León, enlisting their uncle Afonso II of Portugal to support their succession.[119] Alfonso died in 1230 in Sarria, while on pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela to thank the apostle for his help in the conquest of Extremadura, and his body was taken there for burial.[120] Most of the Leonese nobility cleaved to Ferdinand, who also gained the support of the new Portuguese king, Sancho II. After clashes in León and Galicia, Alfonso IX's two former wives, Berengaria and Theresa, reached an agreement whereby Theresa induced Aldonza and Sancha to abandon their regal claims in exchange for an annuity.[121] As a result, Ferdinand III became successor to Alfonso's kingdoms of León and Galicia, bringing about a permanent union into what would come to be called the Crown of Castile, wherein the kingdoms continued as administrative entities under the unified rule of a single monarch.Royal pantheon of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSepulcher of count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba (Orbem Galletie Imperante), protector of king Alfonso VII (d. 1128)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSepulcher of king Ferdinand II (Rex in Legione et Gallecia) (d. 1187)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSepulcher of Ferdinand of Galicia and León. Son and heir of the king Afonso VIII (known as alfonso ix in the Spanish bibliography) (d. 1214)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSepulcher of the queen Berengaria of Barcelona wife of Afonso VII (d. 1149)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSepulcher of king Afonso VIII of León and Galicia (known as Afonso IX in the Spanish bibliography) (Rex Legionis et Gallecie) (d. 1230)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSepulcher of queen Joana de Castro of Castilla, León, Toledo and Galicia (d. 1374)","title":"Early and High Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ForoBoBurgo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Castro Caldelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Caldelas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cantiga_bagpipes_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cantigas de Santa Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sueiro_Gomes_de_Souto_Maior.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sueiro Gomes de Soutomaior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sueiro_Gomes_de_Soutomaior"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Galician-Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician-Portuguese"},{"link_name":"a rich lyric tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric"},{"link_name":"cantigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas"},{"link_name":"Cantiga de amigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantiga_de_amigo"},{"link_name":"religious songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Dom Dinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Dinis"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X the Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Castilian Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_Spanish"},{"link_name":"Rianxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rianxo"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"king Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Chrétien de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"war of Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_de_Troie"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"printing press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"Emergence of the Galician language","text":"One of the oldest legal charters written in Galician, the constitutional charter of the Bo Burgo (Good Burg) of Castro Caldelas. Year 1228.Miniatures from a manuscript of the Cantigas de Santa MariaSepulchre of the knight Sueiro Gomes de Soutomaior. The inscription, in Galician, reads \"[Here] lies Sueiro Gomes de Souto Maior, who died [...]\": SUEIRO GOMES DE SOUTO MAIOR Q FALECEULatinate Galician charters from the 8th century onward show that the local written Latin was heavily influenced by local spoken romance, yet not until the 12th century do we find evidence for the identification of the local language as a language different from Latin itself.[122] During this same 12th century we can find full Galician sentences being inadvertently used inside Latin texts,[123] whilst its first reckoned use as a literary language dates to the last years of the 12th century.[124]The linguistic stage from the 13th to the 15th centuries is usually known as Galician-Portuguese (or Old Portuguese, or Old Galician) as an acknowledgement of the cultural and linguistic unity of Galicia and Portugal during the Middle Ages, as both linguistic varieties differed only in minor dialectal phenomena, and were considered by contemporaries as just one language.This language flourished during the 13th and 14th centuries as a language of culture, developing a rich lyric tradition of which some 2000 compositions (cantigas, meaning 'songs') have been preserved—a few hundred even with their musical score—in a series of collections, and belonging to four main genres: Love songs, where a man sings for his love; Cantiga de amigo, where a woman sings for her boyfriend; crude, taunting and sexual Songs of Scorn; and religious songs.[125]Its most notable patrons—themselves well-known authors—were kings Dom Dinis in Portugal, and Alfonso X the Wise in Galicia, who was a great promoter of both Galician and Castilian Spanish languages. The noble houses of both countries also encouraged literature in Galician-Portuguese, as being an author or bringing famous troubadours into one's home became a way of promoting social prestige; as a result many noblemen, businessmen and clergymen of the 13th and 14th centuries became notable authors, such as Paio Gomes Charinho, lord of Rianxo, and the aforementioned kings.Aside from the lyric genres, Galicia also developed a minor tradition of literary prose,[126] most notably translations of European popular series, such as those dealing with king Arthur written by Chrétien de Troyes, or those based on the war of Troy, usually commissioned by noblemen who desired to read these romances in their own language. Other genres include history books (either translations of Spanish ones, or original creations like the Chronicle of St. Mary of Iria, by Rui Vasques), religious books, legal studies, and a treatise on horse breeding.[127] Prose literary creation in Galician had stopped by the 16th century, when the printing press became popular; the first complete translation of the Bible was not printed until the 20th century.As for other written uses of Galician, legal charters (last wills, hirings, sales, constitutional charters, city council books of acts, guild constitutions, books of possessions, and any type of public or private contracts and inventories) written in Galicia are to be found from 1230 to 1530—the earliest one a document from the monastery of Melon, dated in 1231.[128] Galician was by far the most-used language during the 13th to 15th centuries, in preference to Latin.Whilst the written use of Castilian in Galicia had been common since 1400, at least in the documents issued by the offices of foreigners established in the country,[129] since 1500 the open substitution of Galician elites by Castilian officials led to the progressive discrimination against the Galician language and even the Galician people, although public inscriptions in tombstones and foundations were still common during much of the 16th century. These developments led to the appearance of a series of literary and historical works, the goal of which was the vindication of Galician history, language, people and culture, most notably during the 17th and 18th centuries.[130]Later Galician language would become a regional language, with just minor literary use up to the 19th century, when a thriving literature developed. As Galician had no official recognition, no legal Galician documents were issued again up to the last quarter of the 20th century.","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando_III_de_Castilla_(Tumbo_A).jpg"},{"link_name":"canting arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_arms"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Castilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilians"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"adelantado mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelantado"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Murcia"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Sancho IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Castilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_language"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"}],"sub_title":"Galicia and the Castilian Crown","text":"Romance portrait of Castilian King Ferdinand III; flanking him are the canting arms of his kingdoms, the purple lion of León, and the castle of CastileThe rule of Ferdinand III[131] initiated a gradual decline in the influence of Galicia in the politics of state, in which the aristocracy and the Galician city councils would lose power to the local bishops.[132] Galicia found itself on the periphery of the enlarged kingdom, which was largely ruled from Toledo or Seville, and increasingly controlled by Castilians. The royal court abandoned Compostela and began a policy of centralization. Despite this, Galician nobles and bishops continued to exercise a degree of autonomy from the Castilian crown until the time of the Catholic Monarchs.In 1231 Fernando established in his newly acquired kingdoms positions known in Galicia as meyrino maor,[133] a high official and personal representative of the king, in 1251 substituted by an adelantado mayor (Galician: endeantado maior), with even greater powers. These officials were established in each one of the three old Christian kingdoms (Galicia, León and Castile); in the vassal Kingdom of Murcia; and in the frontier with the Muslims, 'La Frontera'.[134] During the 13th and the 14th centuries these positions were occupied either by local noblemen—such as Estevan Fernandes de Castro, Paio Gomes Chariño, Fernando José de Estrada, or Afonso Suares de Deza—or by members of the royal family, such as the infante Felipe, son of Sancho IV, thus maintaining a state of fluid relations and communications between the Crown and the Kingdom, which would prove fruitful during the conquest and colonization of Seville and other Andalusian cities.[135]Ferdinand's policy of centralization was continued during the reign of his son Alfonso X: during a period of unrest in Compostela, with the city council at odds with the archbishop, he introduced an alcalde, or representative of the Crown, into the local government,[136] later delivering the see of Compostela to a Castilian, after forcing Archbishop Gonsalvo Gomes to flee to France.[137] This started a process that eventually led to the replacement of Galician bishops, abbots, and noblemen by Castilians during the 15th and successive centuries. Unlike his father, he usually favoured the bourgeois through the concession of numerous constitutional charters to new towns,[138] angering the nobility.While the Castilian (Castile-Toledo) and Leonese (Galicia and León) crowns were linked in the person of the king, both crowns retained political peculiarities.[139] Galicia and León retained the legal code Liber Iudicium and their own parliament (Cortes). Also, whilst the public charters within the kingdom of Galicia continued to be written in Galician, documents from the royal court were issued only in Castilian. The creation in 1282 of a joint Brotherhood (league) of the Kingdoms of León and Galicia showed the existence of a grade of unrest in the old western kingdoms of the Crown.[140]","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sartego_Pai_G%C3%B3mez_Chari%C3%B1o.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand IV of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Denis I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Maria de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Castile,_Lord_of_Valencia_de_Campos"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"}],"sub_title":"John, king of León, Galicia and Seville (1296–1301)","text":"Paio Gómez Chariño's Tomb, Convent of San Francisco, Pontevedra, GaliciaThe reign of Alfonso X ended in civil war and political instability regarding the succession. The death of his eldest son Ferdinand de la Cerda led Ferdinand's younger brother, Sancho, to rebel in a bid to secure the succession, which was ultimately successful. A similar pattern then followed Sancho's own death in 1295, with the reign of his juvenile son Ferdinand IV of Castile being contested by his uncle John, who had been in revolt since 1286.[141]With the help of King Denis I of Portugal, John—who lived exiled in Granada—advanced to Badajoz to claim the throne of Castile, but negotiations with Ferdinand's party, together with the assassination of his closest ally the adelantado mayor of Galicia Paio Gómez Charinho, led him to withdraw his claim.[142] In 1296 John took the lead of the nobility of the old Leonese crown, and with the support of the kings of Aragon and Portugal was proclaimed king of León and Galicia in 1296, which also included the Kingdom of Seville, a vassal of Galicia since the 11th century. Charinho was succeeded by Fernando Ruíz de Castro, a kinsman of the house of Traba, whose wife also supported John and encouraged calls for a rapprochement with Portugal.[143]This attempted secession lasted five years amid great political and military instability due to opposition from many sectors of society, including the party of Sancho's widow Maria de Molina, which was supported by the Castilian nobility, and the high Galician clergy. Faced with this resistance, King Denis of Portugal proposed to Queen Maria de Molina that John and his heirs should be granted the Kingdom of Galicia, where he counted on the strong support of Fernando Ruiz de Castro and other noblemen.[144] In 1301, however, after losing the support of the King of Portugal, John was forced to abandon his claim to kingship in exchange for a number of minor titles, thus confirming the unity of the Crown of Castile.","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelo_da_Rocha_forte_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Irmandiños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irmandi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Bérenger de Landore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9renger_de_Landore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sartego_de_Alvaro_Paz_Carneiro_en_Noia.JPG"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Bérenger de Landore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9renger_de_Landore"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XI"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Black Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"}],"sub_title":"Unrest in the cities","text":"Ruins of the castle of A Rocha Forte, torn down in 1467 by the Irmandiños. There Bérenger de Landore's men assassinated the members of the Council of Compostela in 1320.Sepulchre of Alvaro Paz Carneiro, church of St. Mary 'A Nova' in Noia, 'who died in the Mortality, August 15, 1348'After John's challenge, Ferdinand decided to send his brother Don Felipe to Galicia as Adelantado Mayor; he would later be granted the title of Pertigueiro Maior, or first minister and commander of the Terra de Santiago. For nearly thirty years he would act as alter ego of the king, closely supported by the local nobility.[145]The beginning of the 14th century was characterized by the civil unrest in the cities of the kingdom,[146] most notably in Lugo, Tui, Ourense and Compostela. The aspiration of their city councils to become reguengas--i.e., direct dependencies of the king, and as such virtually autonomous republics under the direction of their elected councils--which placed them in direct conflict with their bishops, intent on maintaining their fiefs. This unrest was not new, as Compostela had known bloody conflicts between the bourgeois and the bishops since the first years of the 12th century, when the bishop Gelmirez himself was chased inside the city.[147] In these conflicts, Don Felipe and the local nobility usually supported the councils' pretensions in opposition to the mighty and rich bishops,[148] although most of the time the military and economic influence of the archbishop of Santiago proved determinative in the maintenance of the status quo.[149]The conflict in the City of Compostela reached its zenith in September 1320, when, after forty years of autonomy[150] and two years of war, the new archbishop, the French Bérenger de Landore, assassinated the nobleman Alonso Suárez de Deza together with the members of the City Council in his castle, A Rocha Forte near Santiago, where he had lured them for talks.[151] While Berenger's forcefulness temporarily pacified the city, he still had to fight for another year just to take the rest of the fiefdom. However, twenty-five years later, the City Council of Compostela obtained the long-sought reguengo status from King Alfonso XI.[152] Similar conflicts are known to have occurred in other Galician cities.In 1348, the Black Death, locally known as A Mortaldade, reached the ports of Galicia, decimating the population,[153] and causing a severe and lasting economic crisis.[154]","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_battle_of_Navaret.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nájera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera"},{"link_name":"Edward of Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Woodstock"},{"link_name":"Henry of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"succession crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castilian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry Count of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"fratricidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratricidal"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia_Oro_1987,_vol._I,_103-156"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XI of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Peter IV of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_IV_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"mercenaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercenary"},{"link_name":"Bertrand du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_du_Guesclin"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia_Oro_1987,_vol._I,_103-156"},{"link_name":"Gascony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascony"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Edward of Woodstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_of_Woodstock"},{"link_name":"battle of Nájera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera"},{"link_name":"Charles V of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Battle of Montiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Montiel"}],"sub_title":"Civil War of the Castilian Crown (1366–1369)","text":"Battle of Nájera. Galician armies fought with Pedro I and Edward of Woodstock, defeating the Castilian armies of Henry of TrastámaraIn 1360 the kingdom of Galicia was again at the centre of a succession crisis, this time of European dimension. The throne of Castile was disputed between King Peter I and his half-brother, Henry Count of Trastámara, within the broader context of the Hundred Years' War.[155] This fratricidal conflict lasted from 1354 to 1369, having its origin in the policies of Peter I, who tried to expand his royal power while leaning on the municipal councils; this would come at the expense of the high nobility, including Castilian families such as Pimentel, Ponce de León, Mendoza, Fernández de Córdoba, and Alvarez de Toledo; and Galician ones such as Castro. As a result, in 1354 a coalition of nobles rose in defence of a pactual monarchy,[156] although this coalition did not last long.Henry, illegitimate son of Alfonso XI of Castile and half-brother of Peter, took advantage of the dissatisfaction among the noblemen to launch a war against Peter, with the support of Peter IV of Aragon, with whom Peter I was already at war, and along companies of mercenaries such as that commanded by Bertrand du Guesclin. Meanwhile, Peter I drew his support from the municipalities and part of the nobility, most notably the Galician Castro family headed by Fernando Rodrigues de Castro, Pertegueiro Maior of Santiago and Adelantado Mayor of Galicia, who, after defecting from Henry's side in 1355,[156] was playing the same role as the Traba family two hundred years before. Other notable supporters were Sueiro Eans Parada, Men Rodrigues de Sanabria, and the Moscoso family.In 1366 Pedro was forced to flee into Andalusia, while Fernando de Castro returned to Galicia. After a dangerous journey through Portugal, King Pedro made it to Galicia, where an assembly of supporters decided to send him into Gascony to seek English support,[157] whilst at the same time internal enemies such as the archbishop of Compostela were assassinated or prosecuted.[158] This same year, with Pedro abroad, a temporary truce permitted Henry to surface in Galicia, where he obtained the support of some important aristocrats, most notably Fernan Peres de Andrade.[159]In 1367, counting on the additional support of the archers of the English prince Edward of Woodstock, Peter won the battle of Nájera, which allowed him to take the war into Andalusia. However, the entry of England's enemy Charles V of France on Henry's side had a destabilising effect. In 1369 the new archbishop of Santiago, the loyalist Rodrigo de Moscoso, urgently ordered his knights to march to Andalusia and support the King and Fernando de Castro, but the call was ignored.[160] The capture of Peter during the Battle of Montiel and his subsequent murder left Henry II in control of the Crown of Castile.","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fernando-P.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Salvaterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvaterra_de_Mi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Order of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Redondela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondela"},{"link_name":"Ribadavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribadavia"},{"link_name":"Padrón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Tui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Baiona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiona,_Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Du Guesclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Guesclin"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"}],"sub_title":"Ferdinand I of Portugal king in Galicia","text":"Ferdinand I of PortugalThe triumph of the high nobility in Castile,[161] as represented by the death of Peter I and crowning of their candidate, Henry II, was resented by the majority of Galician nobles, who had been forgiven by the new King.[162] Under the leadership of Fernando de Castro, the Galician loyalist party and the cities,[163] invited Ferdinand I of Portugal to be their king, assuring him that the Galician nobles and citizens would \"raise their voices for him ... and they hand him the cities and recognize as lord and will honor him\".[164]In his triumphant entrance Ferdinand was accompanied by many aristocratic Galician supporters, including Fernando de Castro, Count of Trastámara; Alvar Peres de Castro, the lord of Salvaterra; and Nuno Freire de Andrade, Master of the Portuguese Order of Christ. He was acclaimed in the cities and towns:[165] Tui, Redondela, Ribadavia, Ourense, Lugo, Padrón, Compostela, and finally A Coruña,[166] which was given to the king by its keeper, Joan Fernandes de Andeiro.During his brief government in Galicia, Ferdinand I set about restoring the Galician strongholds, including Tui and Baiona, and liberalized trade between Galicia and Portugal, supplying grain and wine by sea to the war-weakened Galician populace.[167] He also made provisions for the issuance of gold and silver coinage at Tui and A Coruña[168] to be recognized as valid throughout Galicia and Portugal.Despite these measures, the presence of the Portuguese monarch was short-lived. Henry II of Castile, with the support of the mercenaries of Du Guesclin, launched an offensive that forced Ferdinand I back to Portugal. Later, in 1371, with the Portuguese troops defending themselves from Henry's mercenaries, Fernando de Castro and his fellow nobles were defeated in the battle of Porto de Bois, near Lugo, by Henry's men: Pedro Manrique, governor of Castile, and Pedro Rois Sarmento.[169] Fernando de Castro fled to Portugal, but was later banished to Gascony under the terms of the Treaty of Santarém, which forced Portugal to expel many of the Galician supporters of Fernando I, dying there in 1377.In 1372, after Henry had defeated Men Rodrigues de Sanabria, Castilian rule was re-established over most of Galicia, although A Coruña, regularly supplied by Portuguese ships, held out until 1373.[170]","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dukeoflancaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Jean Froissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnofgaunt.jpg"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"King Edward III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Poitou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitou"},{"link_name":"Hundred Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Urban IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_IV"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_people"},{"link_name":"John I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrol,_Spain"},{"link_name":"John I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Ribadavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribadavia"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Thomas Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Jean Froissart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Froissart"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_(disease)"},{"link_name":"John I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"}],"sub_title":"John of Gaunt","text":"John of Gaunt entering Santiago de Compostela, from a manuscript of Jean Froissart's chroniclesJohn of GauntThe expulsion of Ferdinand I of Portugal, and the abandonment of his claim to Galicia, was followed a year later by the capture of Tui by Diego Sarmento on behalf of Henry II. However, the town of Coruña remained faithful to Portugal until 1373, whilst João Fernandes de Andeiro, exiled in England, entered negotiations for further support for the loyalist Galician party, at the same time laying the foundation of the secular alliance between England and Portugal.[171] On July 10, 1372 a treaty was signed by which Constance, daughter of Peter I, claimed the legitimate right to succeed her father. Her husband, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and son of King Edward III of England, then claimed the Castilian Crown on her behalf.[172]John's first attempt to make good on this claim failed when his troops were diverted to Poitou to participate in the clashes against France as part of the Hundred Years' War. On July 25, 1386, with the support of a papal bull of Urban IV confirming his right to the Crown of Castile, he landed in Coruña with some 1500 archers, 1500 lancers and some 4000 other supporters, without fighting or attacking the city.[173] Following negotiations it was agreed that the city would open its gates once the Duke was received in Santiago de Compostela; being admitted there, John's troops, assisted by Galician exiles, took control of Pontevedra, Vigo, Baiona and Betanzos without a fight, whilst John himself proceeded to Ourense, defended by Breton troops in the service of John I of Castile. Meanwhile, the port of Ferrol was taken by John's ally the Portuguese king John I of Portugal, and the town of Ribadavia—where the local Jews, most of them of Leonese extraction, apparently presented a fierce defence[174]—was assaulted after a siege by troops commanded by Thomas Percy.[175] With the capture of Ferrol, the Duke controlled the whole Kingdom of Galicia, as reported in the chronicles of Jean Froissart: «avoient mis en leur obeissance tout le roiaulme de Gallice».[176]John was unable to capitalize on this initial success, as plague decimated the English army in Galicia during 1386 and 1387. Later, in 1387, together with the Portuguese, he launched an unsuccessful assault into the dry terrain of Castile; finally, John was forced to negotiate with John I of Castile. In their 1388 peace treaty, the Duke of Lancaster and Constance of Castile renounced their claims to Castile in exchange for monetary compensation and a marriage alliance between their daughter and the son and heir of Henry II, the future Henry III of Castile.[177] The withdrawal of the English armies brought an end to Galicia's attempts, spearheaded by its nobles and town councils, to secede from the Crown of Castile.","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Andrade,_Pontedeume,_Galiza.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrade"},{"link_name":"Pontedeume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontedeume"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Bierzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierzo"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Andrades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrade"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Generales#History_of_the_Cortes"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"John II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"}],"sub_title":"The 15th century","text":"Castle of the House of Andrade, A Nogueirosa, PontedeumeAfter the defeat of the loyalist party, with their leaders consequently exiled in Portugal or dead abroad, Henry II and John I introduced a series of foreign noble houses in Galicia as tenants of important fiefs. For example, the County of Trastámara, ancient dominion of the Traba and Castro houses, was given first to Pedro Eníquez de Castro, nephew of Henry II;[178] later, in 1440, it was divided into two counties, Trastámara and Lemos, and given to the Osorios, of the frontier lands of Bierzo.[179] In the South some important concessions were given to the Sarmento family, which, in time, would hold the job of Adelantado Mayor of the Kingdom of Galicia as a family legacy; and to the Pimentels of Benavente.[180] Some of these families, most notably the Osorios, would become during the 16th and 17th centuries the most influential defenders of Galician causes. But during the 15th century, in the absence of solid leadership, such as exercised in the past by the archbishop of Santiago or by the Counts of Trastámara, the Kingdom of Galicia was reduced to a set of semi-independent and rival fiefdoms,[181] militarily important, but with little political influence abroad.The 15th century was characterized by the rapacity of these and other local noble houses (among others, the Moscosos in western Galicia, the Andrades in the North, the Soutomaiors and the Estradas in the South and West, and the Ulloas in central Galicia)[182] each one directed by the heir of the lineage, not unusually a woman. The houses, and their minor knights and squires, tried to acquire every type of economic and jurisdictional title (usually as encomendeiros, that is, protectors) over towns and cities, monasteries, bishoprics, and even over royal properties, towns and territories. Castles and mottes were used all over Galicia to hold and keep the noblemen's armies, and as raiding outposts. The noblemen frequently fought each other for the possession of these strongholds.Similar conflicts were frequent between the city councils and the Church, even occasioning the deaths of the bishop of Lugo in 1403 and the bishop of Ourense in 1419.[184] All these wars, together with rampant banditry, created a climate of violence and insecurity throughout Galicia.[185] The remoteness of the King was partly to blame: during the 15th century no monarch ever come to visit Galicia, except for the Catholic Monarchs in 1486.[186] This absence on the one hand transformed the King into a remote ideal of Justice, whilst on the other affirmed the sensation of impunity and defencelessness among the inhabitants of the Kingdom.[187]The remoteness of the monarch also resulted in Galicia losing its vote in the Cortes (Parliament) sometime during the late 14th or early 15th centuries. In 1423, in the absence of the Galician cities, the city of Zamora (located in León, but historically linked to Galicia) asked to be treated as the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia, which was granted, with their deputies sitting next to the monarch at his right.[188] Zamora represented the Kingdom of Galicia in the Cortes until 1640, usually against the will and the advice of the Galician cities.Under these difficult circumstances, with constant wars and a broken judicial system, the cities of Galicia, which progressively acquired a leading role during this century, engaged in a tax revolt between 1430 and 1460.[189] They refused to pay certain taxes to John II and Henry IV, citing the many and onerous services the Kingdom rendered to the King; the lack of effective law enforcement, which had led to the economic destruction of the Kingdom;[190] and the absence of Galician deputies in the Parliament.[191]","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Retablo_de_Belvis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Pambre_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Palas de Rei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palas_de_Rei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelo_de_Soutomaior,_San_Salvador_de_Soutomaior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soutomaior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soutomaior"},{"link_name":"irmandades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermandad"},{"link_name":"Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrade"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Noia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noia"},{"link_name":"Muros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muros,_A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Betanzos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betanzos"},{"link_name":"Viveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viveiro"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo"},{"link_name":"Allariz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allariz"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Melide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melide,_A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlos_Barros:_Xunta-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Betanzos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betanzos"},{"link_name":"Ponferrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponferrada"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"}],"sub_title":"Irmandinos Wars","text":"14th century 'Retablo de Belvis'The castle of Pambre, Palas de Rei, which resisted the Irmandiños troopsCastle of SoutomaiorDuring the 15th century, a time of social and economic crisis in Europe, a series of insurrections roiled the Kingdom, the result the brutal behavior of the bishops and the noblemen toward the churchmen, artisans and peasants. The insurgents were generally organized in irmandades ('brotherhoods'), groups of men who, in exceptional circumstances, and allegedly with the king's approval, armed themselves to act as policemen in defence of peace and justice.One of these brotherhoods, established in Compostela in 1418, took advantage of the temporary absence of the archbishop, and violently overthrew the city council in 1422. Another one, called Fusquenlla or 'The Mad Brotherhood', rose up in the north of the kingdom against the House of Andrade. The armies of the brotherhood, directed by the lesser nobleman Roi Xordo, were finally defeated by the Andrades' armies by the gates of Compostela in 1431. Later, in 1453, the troops of the bishop of Ourense and that of the council of the city fought fiercely for the possession of the local castles, even using tronos (cannons; lit., 'thunders'), and forcing the bishop into exile.[192] In 1458 a brotherhood was established among some important noblemen (the House of Moscoso, the House of Estrada, and Sueiro Gomes de Soutomaior among others) and the cities and towns of Compostela, Noia, and Muros, against the archbishop of Santiago, who was taken prisoner, kept and paraded in a cage for two years, and then banished for ten years after his supporters paid a large ransom. Similar revolts were occurring all over the kingdom, in Betanzos, Viveiro, Lugo and Allariz. All of these Galician brotherhoods acted autonomously, sometimes even against King's will and direct orders.[193]In 1465 the Crown of Castile was again in crisis, with King Henry IV under siege by Castilian noblemen who were supporting an aristocratic candidate to the throne. Henry sent letters all around the realm, calling for the establishment of brotherhoods to defend the status quo. From 1465 to 1467 local brotherhoods were organized all over Galicia, gaining the allegiance of churchmen, artisans, peasants, and some noblemen.[194]In the spring of 1467 a General Council of the Kingdom of Galicia (Junta General do Reyno de Galizia) was held in Melide. After an angry debate it was decided that noblemen should deliver all of their strongholds and castles to the officials of the Irmandade, resulting in the flight of many lesser nobles, while others resisted the armies of the Irmandiños ('little brothers'), only to be slowly beaten back into Castile and Portugal;[195] as described by a contemporary, 'the sparrows pursued the falcons'.[196] For the rest of the year the armies of the Brotherhood marched all over Galicia, fighting the lords and demolishing tens of strongholds.From 1467 to 1469 the Kingdom of Galicia was governed by the Irmandade, directed by the city dwellers, whilst its armies—composed mostly of armed peasants—were commanded by sympathizing noblemen, as the veteran soldiers they were. General Councils of the Kingdom were later held in Betanzos and Santiago de Compostela in 1467, in Lugo in 1468, and in Ourense in 1469. But in autumn of 1469 the exiled noblemen, joining forces, marched into Galicia: Pedro Alvares de Soutomaior entered from Portugal with gunmen and mercenaries; the archbishop Fonseca of Compostela from Zamora; and the Count of Lemos from Ponferrada. Meanwhile, other noblemen who had resisted inside the Kingdom also pushed forward. In 1469 and 1470 the Irmandiño armies were defeated all over the Country, except in some well defended cities such as A Coruña.[197]In 1470, after the defeat of the Brotherhood, the noblemen, regaining their states and granting themselves sonorous titles[198] ordered the reconstructions of a number of strongholds, usually using the rebels as labour force. This same year, the noblemen assigned a pact of mutual assistance, signaling the beginning of a long war against the archbishop of Santiago—among which were Pedro Alvarez de Soutomaior, called Pedro Madruga,[199] designated as leader of the nobility.[200]The situation of the Kingdom of Galicia in 1473 is described by a nobleman in his last will:\"The Kingdom is totally scrambled in war, with so many thieveries and deaths, and ill facts: to rise up a large mob of commoners against the knights; and many knights to rise up against the King himself, our Master; and other lords of the land to make war on each other; and to dash to the ground so many houses and towers\".[201]","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Mariscala.JPG"},{"link_name":"Joanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_la_Beltraneja"},{"link_name":"Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Fernando II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Afonso V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_V_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Pedro Álvarez de Soutomaior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Madruga"},{"link_name":"Caminha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caminha"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"Viveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viveiro"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Tui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Salvaterra de Miño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvaterra_de_Mi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De_zes_kinderen_van_Filips_de_Schone_en_Johanna_van_Castili%C3%AB.JPG"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"maravedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravedi"},{"link_name":"Columbus' first journey to America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#First_voyage"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Real Audiencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Audiencia"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"}],"sub_title":"Catholic monarchs","text":"A Mariscala, the chain which allegedly kept prisoner Marshal Pardo de Cela before his execution. Museo Arqueolóxico Provincial de LugoAt the death of Henry IV in 1474 civil war broke out between his daughter Joanna and his half-sister Isabella. Isabella had married her cousin, Fernando II of Aragon, and was supported by the Aragonese and Catalans, while Joanna married the king of Portugal, Afonso V, thereby obtaining his country's support. In Galicia, Archbishop Fonseca sided with Isabella, while Pedro Álvarez de Soutomaior, who had large interests in Portugal and in southern Galicia, sided with Joanna, and was accordingly rewarded by the king of Portugal with the title of Count of Caminha. Notwithstanding, most noblemen behaved cautiously, waiting to join the winner's side.[203]In October 1476 Fonseca unsuccessfully attacked the well-defended city of Pontevedra, held by Pedro Madruga, with an army composed of 200 lancers and 5000 infantrymen, while a Basque navy commanded by Ladrón de Guevara took Baiona and assaulted Viveiro; but Pedro's tenacity resulted in a draw.[204] In 1479, the armies of Fonseca moved south again against Pedro Madruga, and, after a series of battles, forced the Count of Caminha into Portugal, although Tui, Salvaterra de Miño and other towns and strongholds were still held by his people and their Portuguese allies. In 1480, a peace treaty recognised Isabella and Fernando, the Catholic Monarchs, as queen and king. Under the terms of the peace treaty with Portugal and Juana, all the enemies of Isabel, including Pedro Madruga, were granted pardons.The Habsburg and their kingdoms and possessions, early 16th century. The kingdom of Galicia is fifth from the bottom rightThis same year, and against the advice of the Galician nobility,[205] the Catholic monarchs sent a Castilian police and military corps, the Santa Hermandad, to Galicia. It was soon criticised not only as an institution composed mostly of foreigners,[206] but also as a heavy burden on the local economy, costing more than 6 million maravedi per year—-by comparison, the budget of Columbus' first journey to America was just 2 million maravedi-—but also due to its arbitrariness and rudeness with the local inhabitants.[207]This corps, reinforced with mercenary troops and under the pretension of pacifying the country and getting rid of adventurers and thieves, was also used as field army at the service of the policies of the monarchs.[208] As personal representatives, the Catholic Monarchs also sent a new plenipotentiary Governor of the Kingdom of Galicia—an office first established in 1475—and a Justiçia Mayor (Attorney general), together with a series of other officials and collection agents. They also appointed royal aldermen in some of the cities and towns.[209]From 1480 to 1485, the Santa Hermandad and the new official, endorsed by local supporters, worked jointly in harassing the largely-rebellious[210] nobility, both economically and militarily.[211] However, the resistance was ended with the death of its leader, the Count of Lemos, and the wars against Marshal Pardo de Cela and Count Pedro Madruga concluded around the same time; de Cela was beheaded in Mondoñedo in 1483, whilst Pedro was deposed in 1485 by his own son, Álvaro--a desperate attempt to save the lineage of Soutomaior.[212]\nThe establishment in 1500 of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia (a permanent royal tribunal), and later the forced reformation and submission of the Galician monasteries to the Castilian ones, represented the integration de facto of the Kingdom of Galicia under the Crown of Castile.[213]","title":"Late Middle Ages"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_reino_de_Galicia_-_Kingdom_of_Galicia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"}],"text":"Flag and arms of the Kingdom of Galicia (16th century), after the funeral of Emperor Charles V, also king of Galicia, by Joannes and Lucas Doetecum","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"representative assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_assembly"},{"link_name":"hermandades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermandades"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Cortes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"fidalgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidalgo_(Spanish_nobility)"},{"link_name":"local councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"A Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Betanzos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betanzos"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo"},{"link_name":"Mondoñedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo%C3%B1edo"},{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"},{"link_name":"Tui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Artaza_1998_XXIX-217"},{"link_name":"Viveiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viveiro"},{"link_name":"Pontevedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Captain General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_General"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Artaza_1998_XXIX-217"},{"link_name":"Peninsular war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_war"},{"link_name":"Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ourense"}],"sub_title":"The Junta or General Assembly of the Kingdom","text":"The Junta, Junta General, Juntas, or Cortes of the Kingdom of Galicia[214] was the representative assembly of the Kingdom from the 15th century, when it originated as a general assembly of all the powers of Galicia aimed at the constitution of hermandades (brotherhood),[215] and until 1834, when the Kingdom and its General Assembly were officially disbanded by a Royal decree.Initially the Juntas Generales was an assembly where representatives of the three states of the Kingdom (noblemen, churchmen, and the commoners) met, but it soon followed the evolution prompted by the King in other representative institutions, such as the Cortes of Castile, becoming the assembly monopolized by the bourgeoisie and lesser nobility (fidalgos), who controlled most of the local councils of the cities and towns of the Kingdom, and at the expenses of Church and nobility.[216] From 1599 the composition of the assembly became fixed and reduced to just seven deputies, each one representing one of the Kingdom's provinces, and appointed by the local council of the province's capital —Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Betanzos, Lugo, Mondoñedo, Ourense, and Tui[217]— from among its members. Other towns, namely Viveiro and Pontevedra, tried during the 17th and 18th centuries to regain their seats in the assembly, to no effect.[218]The Junta had no direct role in law making,[219] and was permitted little control in the Royal administration,[220] but it could nevertheless rise armies, ships and taxes, conceding or denying the King's petitions on behalf of the local powers of the Kingdom, and it could also petition the King directly, being recognized as the voice and representative of the Kingdom and the depositary of its will,[221] traditions and rights (foros). Notwithstanding, the King never consented on the petition of the assembly to meet at will, and from 1637 he decreed that the meetings of the assembly could only take place when in presence of a representative of the monarch, with voice, usually the Governor-Captain General of the Kingdom, in an attempt to maintain a tighter grip on the institution and its agreements.[222]As a reaction of the abdication of King Ferdinand VII in favour of Napoleon, the Junta declared itself the sovereign and supreme authority of the Kingdom on June 18, 1808,[217] during the Peninsular war, thereby becoming the legitimate and de facto government of the Kingdom until Galicia was conquered by Napoleon in 1809. In an effort to broaden its representation, it briefly admitted churchmen (viz., the bishop of Ourense) and titled nobility.","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sofonisba Anguissola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofonisba_Anguissola"},{"link_name":"Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Philip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Habsburgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lutherans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"Scientific revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_revolution"},{"link_name":"Spanish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"burned at the stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake"},{"link_name":"linguistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"ethnic cleansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"Alpujarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpujarra"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Francis Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Drake"},{"link_name":"María Pita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Pita"}],"sub_title":"Policies of Philip II (1556–1598)","text":"The reign of Philip II of Habsburg saw a deep economic and social crisis, and was disastrous for its cultural development; portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola.In 1556, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, abdicated the throne and divided his realm between his brother Ferdinand I of Habsburg, and his son Philip II. In practice this resulted in the disappearance of the European empire of the Habsburgs and the idea of a universal Catholic monarchy. Ferdinand was declared Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia, while Philip inherited the Netherlands, Naples and Sicily, the Crown of Aragon and Castile, including the Kingdom of Galicia.The 42-year reign of Philip II was characterized from the beginning by wars of expansion—against the Netherlands, France, England, Portugal and the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed] Stretching across the Atlantic and northern Europe these wars had disastrous consequences for Galicia's society and economy.Battle between the naval fleets of Philip II of Habsburg (nicknamed the \"Invincible Armada\") and Elizabeth I of England in 1588, leaving the English victoriousWith his private crusade against the Lutherans, the Catholic monarch prevented the participation of the Kingdom of Galicia in the three most important revolutionary processes of the age: the Reformation, the opening up of the New World, and the Scientific revolution. In 1562, Philip II deployed the Holy Office, via the Spanish Inquisition, in the Kingdom of Galicia, after the failure of Charles V's attempts to do so due to the opposition of the Galician clergy.The Inquisition was an instrument of cultural and religious repression without precedent, which began operating in Portugal from 1575, led by the Castilian Inquisitor Quijano del Mercado. The Inquisition's stated aim was to prevent the \"contamination\" of the Kingdom of Galicia by the reformist ideas of the Lutherans, which arrived in Galicia via English, Dutch and French traders. This situation also had serious commercial consequences, as merchant ships could not dock without the Inquisition's approval, and sailors believed to be heretics could be burned at the stake. The Inquisition even went as far as proposing the closure of all Galician seaports to avoid religious contamination. Such measures eventually exceeded the patience of the inhabitants of cities like A Coruña, which requested the end of inquisitorial activity at the seaport in 1589 due to the effect on maritime traffic.Philip II's reign saw the continuation of the expulsion of the Jews begun on May 30, 1492, linguistic persecution (from 1566 the adoption of Castilian was enforced, and the use of Arabic was punished by the Crown), and religious persecutions effectively constituted ethnic cleansing. For example, in Alpujarra in the Kingdom of Granada in 1568, led by self-proclaimed king Muhammad ibn Umayya, Philip ordered the forced dispersal of 80,000 Granadian Muslims throughout the realm, and the introduction of Christians in their place. Thousands of Galician families were sent to Granada for that purpose between the years 1572–77, with many of them dying in the process.Although Spain generally militarized in order to conduct its war against the Netherlands—used primarily to garner support for the Crown—Galicia was left relatively undefended, a result of the prior dismantling of the Galician strongholds. Thus, in 1580 the Board of the Kingdom of Galicia requested troops from Philip in order to defend the coast, just months after a recruitment drive had taken place. However, although Phillip assented, these troops were not used to protect Galicia, but instead to attack Portugal, in an attempt to add it to Phillip's empire.Despite claims to the contrary, the military campaign against Portugal was not carried out by professional soldiers billeted at A Coruña, Ferrol, or Baiona, and was not paid for by the crown, but was rather conducted by ill-equipped peasant troops, and paid for by Galician nobles such as Pedro Fernandes de Castro II, the Count of Monterrei, Gaspar de Zúñiga e Azevedo, and others. The war against England (1585–1604), motivated by the traditional English support of Portugal and Holland, also had disastrous consequences for the Kingdom of Galicia. This was due to both the disruption of trade relations with northern Europe, which since the Middle Ages had provided enormous wealth to the kingdom, and to England's constant operations in the region, staged in order to end Phillip's maritime expeditions, such as the Spanish Armada in 1588.The outcome of all this was the complete ruin of Galician villages such as Ferrol, where the civilians were driven from their homes by Philip's soldiers, who seized all their crops and property, and drove the fishermen into forced labor. Towns like A Coruña also suffered constant attacks by the English fleet, such as that led by Francis Drake in 1589, with the cities being protected by civilian troops and folk heroes, such as María Pita.","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Descripcion_Reyno_de_Galizia_de_Ojea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip III of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Castilian Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Castile"}],"sub_title":"The last Habsburgs (1598–1700)","text":"The Kingdom of Galicia in 1603The death of Philip II in 1598 failed to effect a dramatic improvement in Galicia's fortunes. Although the reign of Philip III of Spain (1598–1621) was marked by a more conciliatory foreign policy and was more peaceful than that of his father, throughout the rest of the 17th century (viz., the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II) witnessed a series of wars between the Habsburgs and Holland, England, France and especially Portugal, which collectively had a remarkable social and economic impact in Galicia.Thus, while conflicts against the Ottomans resulted in a devastating battle in the Rias Baixas in 1617, the unpopular war against Portugal (1640–1668) and the decades-long war against the Netherlands, both took a heavy toll on Galician peasants, sent to various fronts from the Atlantic seaports. Fray Felipe de la Gandara, official chronicler of the kingdom of Galicia, complained that during 25 years (1624–1659), \"the kingdom of Galicia has served for now during the glorious reign of His Majesty [Philip IV] until the year 1659 with more than 68,000 men and 18,001,000 ducats\".The war also affected the Galician economy. Trade was paralysed, as Galicia's traditional commercial partners were now enemy powers: England, France, Flanders, and its main customer, Portugal, whose border had been closed for over three decades.The provisions of the Spanish monarchs against trading timber in the kingdom also deepened the crisis. With the imposition a new (and controversial) administrative figure, the juez de plantíos y dehesas (\"judge of forests and plantings\"), the Castilian Council reclaimed its rights to the Galician forests for the construction of warships. This led to the perverse situation of locals being arrested for collecting firewood to heat their houses, leading in turn to resentment against the Galician junta.","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Conde_de_gondomar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diego Sarmiento de Acuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Sarmiento_de_Acu%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Gondomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondomar,_Pontevedra"},{"link_name":"Council of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Galician language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"King John II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Council of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"oligarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligarchy"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"Melide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melide,_A_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamora,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Diego Sarmiento de Acuña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Sarmiento_de_Acu%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Philip IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain"}],"sub_title":"Restoration of voting at the Council of Castile (1623)","text":"Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count of Gondomar, was one of the main advocates of voting rights at the Council of Castile. A humanist ambassador and lover of the Galician language and culture, he was respected and appreciated in the kingdom and abroad; c. 17th centurySince the reign of King John II of Castile, the kingdom of Galicia was no longer on the Crown Council, and from about 1476 Zamora in León acted on behalf of Galicia in the assembly. However, in 1518 the Galician cities and towns began to demand their legitimate positions in the Council of Castile, and to protest the Zamoran leaders speaking for them.The recovery of their voting rights at the Council of Castile was a goal shared by the Galician aristocracy and oligarchs. In 1520 the Archbishop of Santiago, Afonso III da Fonseca, and the Counts of Benavente and Andrade complained about it during a celebration of the Castilian Council in the Galician capital, Compostela, but to no avail. These elites organized an assembly, headed by Alfonso and consisting of nobles and prelates, in the town of Melide in central Galicia on December 4, 1520. They sent a new demand to Emperor Charles V on the subject of the vote, but he again refused to give Galicia an independent voice.A year after the emperor's refusal, the Galician city councils tried another tack, resulting in a 1557 proposal to offer 20,000 ducats in exchange for restoring Galicia's vote in the Castilian Council. This proposal was put to successive meetings of the Galician assembly, until in 1599 the assembly accepted it and agreed to take the lead on negotiations. Two delegations were chosen to go to Madrid, but the new offer was rejected like the rest.However, in 1621, circumstances turned in favor of Galicia. The Empire needed the political and financial cooperation of its kingdoms in order to wage another war, following the end of a twelve-year truce. The oligarchy and the Galician city councils were able to seize this opportunity, and, despite the resistance of Zamora and other cities with exclusionary voting at the Courts, the Crown bowed to military necessity, and in 1623 the kingdom of Galicia regained its Council vote, dependent upon paying 100,000 ducats to build a navy to defend its own coastline. The influence of Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, Count Gondomar, was crucial to the success of this effort, and Philip IV signed the resolution on October 13, 1623.","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Ourense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Ourense"},{"link_name":"Diego Ros de Medrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Ros_de_Medrano"},{"link_name":"Duke of Uceda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Uceda"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"}],"sub_title":"Charles II of Spain","text":"In 1686 Charles II of Spain broke the custom of appointing the archbishops of Santiago as governors of the Kingdom of Galicia in case of substitution or interim, and being Bishop of the Diocese of Ourense, Don Diego Ros de Medrano was appointed Governor Captain General of the Kingdom of Galicia (October 9, 1686) replacing the Duke of Uceda, who had been given permission to move to the Court.[223]","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles II of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Philip V of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"crown of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Charles VI of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"centralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralism"},{"link_name":"federalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Nueva Planta Decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Planta_Decrees"},{"link_name":"Crown of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Council of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Castile"}],"sub_title":"The establishment of the Bourbons (18th century)","text":"In 1700, Charles II of Habsburg died without an heir. This caused a war between those who supported the French Philip V of Bourbon as the successor (mainly the crown of Castile and France) and those who supported the Austrian Archduke Charles VI of Habsburg (the Crown of Aragon, England and Holland among others). In fact the struggle between these two suitors was also basically a struggle between two political conceptions: on the one hand the absolutist centralism of Philip V, and on the other the federalism of Charles VI of Habsburg. In the ensuing war (1701–1714) between the crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, the kingdom of Galicia could not avail itself of an independent policy due to being controlled strongly since 1486 by Castile, and Galicia was forced to provide military support to the suitor supported by the Castilian Crown, Philip V of Bourbon, who eventually won the war.The political result of this war was the establishment of a monarchy based in Castile, from where it attempted to impose uniform governance on the region. The culmination of this policy was the \"Nueva Planta Decrees\" (1707–1716), designed to punish the Crown of Aragon by eliminating its political bodies and imposing an Audiencia similar to that in Galicia 200 years before. Once the old crowns -Castile and Aragon- were dissolved in 1715, the \"Crown of Spain\", governed solely by the Castilian government—notably by the Council of Castile—replaced them. In addition, the Bourbons established a \"provincial Intendance\" on their territories according to the French model, including the kingdom of Galicia, under the command of a General Captain.There was also a firm Bourbon policy aimed at standardizing culture and language within their Spanish territories. Explicit and stringent laws were designed to end linguistic diversity in Bourbon territories with non-Castilian native languages:Finally, I command that the teaching of the first letters, Latin and rhetoric will only in Castilian language, taking care this compliance the Audiencias and the respective Courts. May 23, 1768. Charles III of Bourbon.","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"political economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Martín Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"American colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies"},{"link_name":"ecclesiastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastic"},{"link_name":"Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Martín Sarmiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"natural medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_medicine"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"Galician language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"}],"sub_title":"The Enlightenment (1746–1788)","text":"The Age of Enlightenment arose during the 18th century in Europe, representing new interests in empirical ideas, in philosophy, political economy, and sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Thus began a renewal of interest in the historical personality, as well as the cultural and economic diversity, of the Kingdom of Galicia, attributable to important local writers who knew Galicia as a distinct polity with particular needs.Portrait of Martín SarmientoIn the vast task of modernizing the kingdom to best leverage its human and natural resources, Galician societies and academies played a prominent role, such as the Academy of Agriculture of the Kingdom of Galicia (inaugurated on January 20, 1765), The Economic Society of Friends of the Kingdom of Galicia (February 15, 1784), and the Societies of Friends of the Country to Santiago de Compostela (1784) and Lugo (1785), as well as ambitious proposals such as the Royal Fishermen's Pawnshop of the Kingdom of Galicia (1775).The Enlightenment writers were the first to denounce the Kingdom's contemporary problems, most of them arising from the harmful policies of the Catholic Monarchs and the Habsburgs. These writers began reporting on the state of roads, the unnecessary imports, the mass emigration, the linguistic acculturation polities, and the economic marginalization of the kingdom. Due to their demands, they achieved, inter alia, the constitution of a Maritime and Land Consulate in A Coruña, allowing Galicia to trade with the American colonies.Two ecclesiastics, Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro and Martín Sarmiento, stood out for their enormous contributions to the language and culture of the kingdom. Montenegro was the first to denounce the misery of the Galician peasants, proposing changes in the administration of the kingdom. Sarmiento, with extensive knowledge of botany and natural medicines, devoted himself to philology; and was a great defender of the Galician language, composing the Catalogue of voices and phrases of the Galician language (1745–1755). Economic themes were highlighted by other Galician aristocrats, such as Joseph Cornide Saavedra, Pedro Antonio Sánchez, and Lucas Labrada, as well as ecclesiastics like Francisco de Castro, and merchants like Antonio Raimundo Ibáñez. They were all authors of many works of vital importance to economic development, such as the Report on sardine fishing off the coast of Galicia (1774), and the Economic description of the Kingdom of Galicia (1804).","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Mártires de Carral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtires_de_Carral"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"The Kingdom of Galicia and the Junta continued to formally exist until the State Liberal Reform of 1833, at the time of the provincial division under the regency of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Galicia regained its territorial unity for twenty-four days by the constitution of the Junta de Gobierno de Galicia following a liberal armed uprising in 1846, the Mártires de Carral, but never regained the status of a kingdom.","title":"Modern age"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"}],"text":"Due to myths surrounding Galicia's history (especially during the era of the kingdom), the Kingdom has been referred to as \"Terra Meiga\" (land of the witches) or \"Reino Meiga\" (kingdom of the witches).[224]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TumboA_Alfonso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfonso IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Romanesque miniature representing Alfonso IX, King of León. In the upper part appears his historic title Rex Legionensium et Gallecie, while the lower part shows the purple lion, symbol of the Leonese monarchy","title":"Symbols of the kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heraldic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"medieval helmets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_helmet#Medieval_and_early_modern_militaries"},{"link_name":"chivalrous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalry"},{"link_name":"Alphonse VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile"},{"link_name":"punning reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_arms"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Alphonse IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"}],"sub_title":"The purple lion","text":"The custom of painting symbols, such as the heraldic shields of war, was forged in the battlefields of Europe after the middle decades of the 12th century, due to a confluence of different circumstances. One was the need to differentiate between allies and adversaries on the battlefield, as facial protection in medieval helmets tended to obscure the combatants' faces, but also due to the high ornamental value of decorated shields with bright, crisp, and alternate shapes in the context of chivalrous society.The first heraldic signs were used by kings as personal marks to identify themselves. Shortly after, they began to be shared by the upper social levels close to the royalty, and finally were used to represent the territory in which they exercised their jurisdiction, the kingdom.One of the first kings in Europe to make use of a heraldic emblem was the Leonese king, Alphonse VII. At the beginning of the 12th century he began timidly using a purple lion in accordance with its ancient symbolism, as Leo Fortis, the \"strong lion\", symbolized power and primacy of the monarch, but would also have represented a punning reference to the name of his kingdom, León. The emblem was developed with his son Ferdinand II, and was finally established by Alphonse IX.","title":"Symbols of the kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armorials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial"},{"link_name":"Canting arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canting_arms"},{"link_name":"phonetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetic"},{"link_name":"Coat of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"chalice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalice"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reino_de_Galicia_-_Kingdom_of_Galicia_-_Segars_Roll.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reino_de_Galicia-kingdom_of_Galicia-Maximiliano.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reino_de_Galicia_-_Kingdom_of_Galicia_-_CarolumV.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reino_de_Galicia_-_kingdom_of_Galicia_-_Hierosme.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_reino_de_galicia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo-reyno_de_galizia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cedulareinogaliza.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reino_de_Galicia_-kingdom_of_Galicia-troncoso.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Galicia.svg"}],"sub_title":"The Chalice, symbol of the kingdom","text":"Parallel to the process of development and consolidation of European royal emblems from the late 13th century, collections of them, the Armorials, displayed lists of kingdoms and their royal symbols. In the case of Galicia, the prominence which the Kingdom had had for centuries saw it included in the early European armorials. However, the absence of an exclusive symbol for Galician kings, who were also kings of León since the 12th century, forced the medieval heraldists to use Canting arms, a symbol derived from the phonetics of the name.An English armorial named Segar's Roll, produced in 1282, was the first Armorial which assigned the chalice as the Coat of Arms for the King and Kingdom of Galicia (Roy de Galice), probably coming directly from the Anglo-Norman word for Galicia, Galyce, which was very close to the word Calice (chalice). Following that time, different European armorials began to use the chalice as the emblem of the Kingdom of Galicia.[225] In the mid-15th century, this symbol came to Galicia, where it was easily and readily accepted, as the Holy Grail was already a symbol widely spread over Europe and already present in Galician history and its deepest beliefs.Thereafter, the purple lion of the former Galician-Leonese monarchy lost its representative character in favor of the better known canting arms, being then adopted exclusively by the Kingdom of León, whilst in Galicia the chalice would develop into the modern coat-of-arms of Galicia.Arms of the Kings of Galicia, Segar's Roll, 13th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of the kingdom of Galicia in the \"Great Triumphal Chariot of Maximilian\", Year 1515.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of the kingdom of Galicia in the Historia originis et succesionis regnorum et imperiorum a Noe usque ad Carolum V, 1548.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of the kingdom od Galicia, Le blason des Armoiries, Year 1581\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of the Kingdom of Galicia, illustrated in L´armorial Le Blancq, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 16th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of the Kingdom of Galicia, Pedro de Teixeira, 17th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tComercial Company of the Kingdom of Galicia, 18th century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of the kingdom of Galicia, Galicia.Reino de Christo Sacramentado y primogénita de la Iglesia entre las gentes, Year 1750.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArms of Galicia, today","title":"Symbols of the kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WesternEurope_BeatusOsma.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burgo de Osma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgo_de_Osma-Ciudad_de_Osma,_Soria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1125_Lambert_de_Saint_Omer_Liber_Floridus_Peninsula_Iberica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liber 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Augustodunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_Augustodunensis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1234_Convento_de_Ebstorfer_Gervase_of_Tilbury_Gallicia_Regio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1320_Pietro_Vesconte_(Liber_Secretorum_de_Marino_Sanuto)_Norte_Peninsula_Iberica.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galicia_in_pirrus_de_noha_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1420_Salustio_de_Ginebra_Peninsula_Iberica.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1475_Rudimentum_Novitorum_Lucas_Brandis_occidente_europeo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Borgia_XV_noroeste_Peninsula_Iberica.jpg"}],"text":"The Kingdom of Galicia in medieval cartography\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBurgo de Osma´s map (1086), with the names Gallecia (occupying the whole Northwest Iberian Peninsula), Asturias (occupying the Cantabrian linecoast), and Spania (occupying the rest of Iberia)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Liber Floridus (1125), by Lambert of Saint-Omer, showing the names Galitia, Hispania, Lusitania, and Wasconia, among others\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Tabula Rogeriana (1154), by Muhammad al-Idrisi, showing the name Ard Galika\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Imago Mundi (1190), by Honorius Augustodunensis, showing the names Galicia and Hispania\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEbstorf Map (1234), showing the name Gallicia Regio\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Liber Secretorum (1125), by Marino Sanuto, where the name Galitia occupies the entire northwestern Iberia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPirrus de Noha's map (1414) where Galicia occupies the northwestern Iberia.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSallust de Geneve's map (1420), where the name Galaecia occupies the entire northwestern Iberia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIn Rudimentum Novitorum (1475), by Lucas Brandis, showing the names Galicia, Hispani, and Anglia, among others\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthwest Iberian Peninsula (15th century) with the names Galiicia and nearby infidelis Yspania","title":"Medieval cartography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781317678670","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317678670"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van 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Historia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbe.rah.es/biografias/42273/diego-ros-de-medrano"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-224"},{"link_name":"\"Legends of the Camino de Santiago | Terra meiga | Santiago Ways\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//santiagoways.com/en/myths-and-legends-of-the-camino-de-santiago/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-225"},{"link_name":"Os símbolos de Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//consellodacultura.org/mediateca/extras/simbolos_de_galicia.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-96530-46-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96530-46-1"}],"text":"^ Richards, Jeffrey (2014). Consul of God (Routledge Revivals): The Life and Times of Gregory the Great. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 9781317678670.\n\n^ Lodewijckx, Marc (1996). Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer. Leuven: Leuven University Press. pp. 335–337. ISBN 90-6186-722-3.\n\n^ Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1997). García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV. Burgos: Editorial La Olmeda. ISBN 84-920046-8-1.\n\n^ De Artaza (1998:483)\n\n^ This is a debated point, completely denied by Thompson (2002: 160), but cf. Arce, Javier (2005). Bárbaros y romanos en Hispania (400–507 A.D.). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 52–56. ISBN 84-96467-02-3..\n\n^ Historia Francorum. Grégoire de Tours.\n\n^ De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis. Sigebertus Gembalensis.\n\n^ RISCO, M., España Sagrada 40- 41.\n\n^ Martini Episcopi Bracarensis Opera Omnia pp. 288–304.\n\n^ 80,000 Vandals and Alans passed into Africa in 429, on the account of Victor Vitensis.\n\n^ Cf. Arias (2007) pp. 15–16.\n\n^ Thompson (2002) p. 171.\n\n^ Historians like José Antonio López Silva, translator of Idatius' chronicles, the primary written source for the period, find that the essential temper of Galician culture was established in the blending of Ibero-Roman culture with that of the Suebi. Cf Varias investigacións recuperan a memoria do Reino Suevo Archived December 2, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. 5 / 7 / 2004.\n\n^ Thompson (2002) p. 162.\n\n^ Together with the Suebi came another Germanic tribe, the Buri, that settled in the lands known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri) in what is now Portugal.\n\n^ Arias (2007) p. 22\n\n^ Formula Vitae Honestae\n\n^ Cf. López Carreira (2005) pp. 57–60.\n\n^ Arias (2007) pp. 24–25.\n\n^ Arias (2007) p. 29\n\n^ Arias (2007) pp. 32–33.\n\n^ Kremer, Dieter (2004). El elemento germánico y su influencia en la historia lingüística peninsular (1. ed.). Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 133–148. ISBN 84-344-8261-4.\n\n^ Cf \"O primeiro dos reinos\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2005. Varias investigacións recuperan a memoria do Reino Suevo. 5 / 7 / 2004.\n\n^ In Monumenta Germania Historica.\n\n^ Ferreiro, Alberto (1986). \"The Omission of St. Martin Of Braga In John Of Biclaro's Chronica and the Third Council of Toledo\". Antigüedad y Cristianismo. III: 145–150.\n\n^ At that council assisted episcoporum totius Hispaniae, Galliae and Gallaetiae (\"all bishops of Spain, Gaul, and Galicia\"), in words of John of Biclara. Cf. Chronicon Iohannis Biclarensis 590.1 = vv 330–341.\n\n^ a b Díaz, Pablo C. (2004). \"Minting and administrative organization in late antique Gallaecia\". Zephyrus. 57: 367–375.\n\n^ Isla Fernández (1992) p. 6.\n\n^ Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. p. 22. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.\n\n^ Nam et si quilibet infra fines Spanie, Gallie, Gallecie vel in cunctis provinciis Wamba Lex\n\n^ San Fructuoso de Braga: vida y novena, Juan Llorens, Vicente Rafael. 2007. p 21. See also \"Braga, Fructuoso de\". Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011..\n\n^ Isla Fernández (1992) pp. 33-34-\n\n^ Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 1–43. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.\n\n^ Roger Collins (2004), Visigothic Spain, 409–711. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.), 110. ISBN 0-631-18185-7.\n\n^ As assumed by the 10th century Chronicle of Alfonso III.\n\n^ Bernard S. Bachrach (1973), \"A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589–711.\" The American Historical Review, 78:1 (Feb.), pp 31–32. Lucas' account has a large number of both detractors (Graetz, Katz, and Dahn) and supporters (Scherer, Ziegler, and Altamira) and even if true it is possible that Lucas' story is based on the minutes of XVIII Toledo, which still survived in his time.\n\n^ at the Latin Library.\n\n^ Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford UK/Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.\n\n^ Isla Frez (1992) pp. 134–140.\n\n^ Baliñas Pérez, Carlos (1998). Gallegos del año mil. A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. pp. 98–103. ISBN 84-89748-27-6.\n\n^ This 'discovery' is named 'inventio' in contemporary Latin sources. For the significance of this fact Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (2000). España, un enigma histórico (1. ed. en \"Ensayo histórico.\" ed.). Barcelona: Edhasa. pp. 275ss. ISBN 84-350-2607-8.: \"La invención del sepulcro de Santiago de Compostela...\"\n\n^ Such as count Froila of Lugo in the 9th century, who was briefly claimed the crown after expelling Alfonso III.\n\n^ Queen Elvira, first wife of Ordoño II, or queen Goto, wife of Garcia I Ordóñez, belonged to Galician noble families. Cf. Rodríguez Fermández (1997) pp. 40 and 188.\n\n^ Cf Carballeira Debasa (2007).\n\n^ Alfonso II of Asturias was addressed as: \"DCCXCVIII. Venit etiam et legatus Hadefonsi regis Galleciae et Asturiae, nomine Froia, papilionem mirae pulchritudinis praesentans. (...) Hadefonsus rex Galleciae et Asturiae praedata Olisipona ultima Hispaniae civitate insignia victoriae suae loricas, mulos captivosque Mauros domno regi per legatos suos Froiam et Basiliscum hiemis tempore misit.” (ANNALES REGNI FRANCORUM); “Hadefuns rex Gallaeciae Carolo prius munera pretiosa itemque manubias suas pro munere misit.” (CODEX AUGIENSIS); \"Galleciarum princeps\" (VITA LUDOVICI) Cf. López Carreira (2005) pp. 231–248.Alfonso VI of León and Castile was addressed as: Aldefonso rege Galliciae (Gesta Regum Anglorum) Cf. English Historical Society (1840). Publications, Number 6, Volume 2 (. ed.). London: Sumptibus Societatis. p. 461.Alfonso IX of León was addressed as: rex Gallaeciae (Ad Petrum Compostellanum archaepiscopum, year 1199) Cf. Llorente, Juan Antonio (1826). Disertación sobre el poder que los reyes españoles ejercieron hasta el siglo duodecimo en la división de obispados (. ed.). p. 266.;\n«Considerandum etiam quod, cum sint quinque regna in Ispaniorum, videlicet Arragonensium, Navarrorum et eorum qui specificato vocabulo Ispani dicuntur, quorum metropolis est Tolletum, item incholarum Galicie et Portugalensium»: Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium A.D. 1189 Cf. Bruno Meyer (2000): \"El papel de los cruzados alemanes en la reconquista de la Península Ibérica en los siglos XII y XIII\" Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. En la España Medieval, 23: 41–66; \"post mortem Aldefonsi Galliciensium Principis\". Chronicon Silensis, 77.Cf also Portela Silva (2001) p. 36-37: William of Malmesbury, Orderic Vitalis, or the Pope Urban II referred to Alfonso VI of León as King of Galicia.\n\n^ The Historia Compostellana of the 12th century records a popular proverb: \"Bishop of Santiago: Staff and Crossbow\" (HC, II.1)\n\n^ The presence of Norman (Viking) raiders by the coasts of Galicia is constant during much of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries; even a bishop, Sisenand II, was killed while fighting them, in the Battle of Fornelos, in 977. Cf. Morales Romero, Eduardo (2004). Historia de los vikingos en España : ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX-XI (2. ed.). Madrid: Miraguano. ISBN 84-7813-270-8.\n\n^ Isla Frez (1992) p. 144.\n\n^ López Ferreiro (1895) pp. 155–165.\n\n^ The modern Galician, Portuguese and Spanish words for cattle (gando, gado, ganado, respectively) derive from a term meaning per se – \"the earned thing\".\n\n^ During the High Middle Ages not unusually a king would refer to a Galician nobleman or to a noblewoman as uncle or aunt.\n\n^ For instance, the list of the rebels against Alfonso III include in Galicia noblemen such as count Froila Lemundi, who was briefly king; duke Uittiza in southern Galicia, who resisted for seven years; count Flacidio in Lugo; the brothers Aldreto and Flacencius again in Lugo; Oduarius in the east; Hermegildo and Iberia in the west... Cf. Baliñas Pérez (1998) pp. 104–107.\n\n^ Cf. Bishko (1984).\n\n^ In Galicia the most important chartularies for the Early and High Middle Ages are those from the monasteries of Sobrado, with documents from the 8th–13th centuries, Celanova (9th–13th), Samos (8th–13th) ... And of the cathedrals of Santiago and Lugo, with documents dated from the 8th century. In Portugal the most notable documentation for the period was edited and published by Alexandre Herculano in the 19th century, under the title Portugaliae Monumenta Historica.\n\n^ For instance, in the 10th century Saint Rudesind freed his Muslim governess, granting her a series of properties, together with 'Roman citizenship'.\n\n^ For the pagan survivals: Cf. Stephen McKenna (1938) Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom .\n\n^ Pace Onega, José Ramón (1999). Los judíos en el reino de Galicia (2. ed.). Madrid: Editora Nacional. ISBN 84-931225-1-3.\n\n^ For the anthoponymy of medieval Galicia cf. Boullón Agrelo, Ana I. (1999). Antroponimia medieval galega (ss. VIII-XII). Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1999. ISBN 978-3-484-55512-9.\n\n^ Carballeira Debasa, Ana María (2007). Galicia y los gallegos en las fuentes árabes medievales. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas. p. 150. ISBN 978-84-00-08576-6.\n\n^ 'Ego Ansuario uobis domno nostro et serenissimus rex domnus Santius universe urbe Gallecie princeps, necnon et domina nostra, domestica uestra, Goto regina'. In José M., Andrade (1995). O tombo de Celanova : estudio introductorio, edición e índices (ss. IX-XII). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. ISBN 84-87172-91-1.\n\n^ Portela Silva, Ermelindo (2001). García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065–1090). Burgos: La Olmeda. p. 209. ISBN 84-89915-16-4.\n\n^ Fernández Rodríguez (1997) pp. 40–43.\n\n^ Isla Fernandez (1999) p. 25.\n\n^ Rodríguez Fernández (1997) p. 212.\n\n^ Portela Silva (2001) p. 165.\n\n^ After returning to the throne he frequently spoke of his \"returning back from Spain\": \"Era DCCCCa LXLVIII anno regni nostri quarto & de adventu Spanie secundo\", (document from the Monastery of Sahagún). On the Muslim support, cf. Isla Fernandez (1992) p. 191.\n\n^ Cf. Isla Fernández (1999) p. 37. On this particular invasion: Morales Romero, Eduardo (2004). Historia de los vikingos en España : ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX-XI (2. ed.). Madrid: Miraguano. pp. 184–185. ISBN 84-7813-270-8.\n\n^ Some Leonese and Castilian charters still claim Ramiro as king as late as 985, or even later. Cf. Gregorio del Ser Quijano, Documentación de la Catedral de León (s. IX-X). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca. pp. 273–279.\n\n^ Isla Fernández (1992) pp. 194–195.\n\n^ a b Portela Silva (2001) pp. 47–48.\n\n^ Reilly (1998) p. 26.\n\n^ Reilly (1998) p. 27.\n\n^ Reilly (1998) p. 28.\n\n^ Portela Silva (2001) pp. 140–142.\n\n^ \"quod Gallaecia Regnum prodere Regi Anglorum & Normannorum & auferre Regi Hispanorum satageret.\", is Expaña Sagrada, XX, II.II. Cf. Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. p. 299. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.. On the deposition of Diego Peláez, Portela Silva (2001) pp. 137–139. Cf. also Medieval culture and the Mexican American borderlands, pp. 172ss.\n\n^ The charters he issued shows a man whose authority, although derived of that of his father-in-law, was absolute: ego comes domnus Raimundus, totius Gallecie imperator seu Adefonsi Tolletane principis gener (document from the chartulary known as Tumbo A, cathedral of Santiago, 1107. In Lucas Álvarez, Manuel (1997). La documentación del tumbo A de la catedral de Santiago de Compostela : estudio y edición. Santiago: Seminario de Estudos Galegos. ISBN 84-87667-21-X.\n\n^ Reilly (1982) p. 27.\n\n^ a b Reilly (1982) p. 29.\n\n^ totius Gallecie domina (Santiago, 1107), tocius Gallecie imperatrix (Lugo, 1108). Cf. Reilly (1982) p. 48, 50.\n\n^ Reilly (1982) p. 49.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 361.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 363.\n\n^ Fletcher (1984) p. 115.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 231–236.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 237–247.\n\n^ \"si Regina mater mea thoro viduitatis contenta maneret, totius Gallaeciae Regnum in manibus vestris & patrui mei Vienensis Archiespiscopi eius dominio subiugaretur. Si vero maritale foedus iniret, rediret ad me Regnum Gallaeciae... Tu autem quem ego prae omnibus huiusmodi hominibus amplector & ueneror, utpote Dmn. Meum, patronum meum, qui me fonte baptismatis regenerasti, & post nom longum tempus in Ecclesia S. Iacobi in Regem unxisti.\" (HISTORIA COMPOSTELLANA, I.108) Cf. Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. pp. 255–256. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 364.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 364–381.\n\n^ A number of authors consider that Diego Gelmírez and Pedro Fróilaz aspired to the full independence of the Kingdom. Cf, as an example, Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 362.\n\n^ The number and amount of these donations, together with the correspondence interchanged by Diego Gelmírez and the Pope's representatives has been preserved in the Historia Compostellana.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 219-223.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 224-230.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) p. 414.\n\n^ tenente Gallicie rex Fernandus (chartulary of the monastery of Xuvia, 1152); Adefonsus Ymperator, una cum coniuge sua dona Riga dominante regnante in tota Yspania. Sancius rex in Castella. Fredenandus rex in Galicia. (document from the monastery of Vilanova de Oscos, 1153); Imperatoris Adefonsus, regis Fernandi imperat Galletia. (Ibidem, 1155); Adefonsus dei gratia hispaniarum imperator laudat et confirmat. Sanctius filius eius rex Castelle laudat et confirmat. Fernandus filius eius rex Galletie laudat et confirmat. (document from the cathedral of Lugo, 1155).\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 249.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 255-256.\n\n^ Cf. González Balasch, María Teresa (2004). Tumbo B de la Catedral de Santiago. Santiago: Cabildo de la S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago. ISBN 978-84-8485-170-7.\n\n^ Alfonso VII had yet granted a constitutional charter on Allariz in 1152, while the consuetudinal \"practices and customs\" of Santiago de Compostela's townspeople had been approved by Count Raymond back in 1095.\n\n^ Cf. Martínez Martínez, Faustino (October 2003). \"Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)\" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho: 257–343. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.\n\n^ González López (1978) 261–267.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 268.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 472–473.\n\n^ \"Rex Legionis\" and \"Rex Legionis et Gallcie\". Cf. González Balasch, María Teresa (2004). Tumbo B de la Catedral de Santiago. Santiago: Cabildo de la S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago. ISBN 978-84-8485-170-7.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 268–284.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 468–469.\n\n^ Villacañas Berlanga (2006) pp. 473–474 and González López (1978) p. 318.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 305–307.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 289–295.\n\n^ For the first time we know of Jewish communities established in Galicia during the 12th and 13th centuries. Cf. González López (1978) pp. 288.\n\n^ López Carreira (1999) pp. 223–225.\n\n^ Martínez Martínez, Faustino (October 2003). \"Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)\" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho: 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.\n\n^ \"Considerandum etiam quod, cum sint quinque regna in Ispaniorum, videlicet Arragonensium, Navarrorum et eorum qui specificato vocabulo Ispani dicuntur, quorum metropolis est Tolletum, item incholarum Galicie et Portugalensium\". Cf. Bruno Meyer (2000): \"El papel de los cruzados alemanes en la reconquista de la Península Ibérica en los siglos XII y XIII\" Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. En la España Medieval, 23: 41–66.\n\n^ López Carreira (1999) pp. 237–244.\n\n^ Cf. López Carreira (1999) p. 241.\n\n^ Cf. López Carreira (1999) pp. 242–266.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 357–359.\n\n^ Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 361.\n\n^ Cf. González López (1978) p. 360, where he anyway just mentions the Galician consuetudinary laws which equates the rights of women and men.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 286.\n\n^ Cf. González López (1978) p. 360-366.\n\n^ As an example, in a passage of the Historia Compostellana it is stated, as a notable event, that bishop Diego Gelmirez spoke publicly in Latin.\n\n^ Cf Souto Cabo 2008.\n\n^ Queixas Zas (2001) p. 14.\n\n^ Queixas Zas (2001) pp. 24–61.\n\n^ Queixas Zas (2001) pp. 66–74.\n\n^ Boullón Agrelo, Ana Isabel, ed. (2007). Na nosa lyngoage galega : a emerxencia do galego como lingua escrita na Idade Media (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 447–473. ISBN 978-84-96530-44-7.\n\n^ Souto Cabo (2008) p. 51.\n\n^ Mariño Paz (1998) pp. 201–230.\n\n^ Mariño Paz (1998) pp. 231–265.\n\n^ After the acquisition of the kingdoms of León and Galicia he signed as King of Castile and Toledo, of León and Galicia (\"Rex Catelle et Toleti, Legionis et Gallecie\"). Posterior monarchs would add their new acquired titles to this growing list: Seville, Granada, Aragon, Neaples, Sicilly, etcetera.\n\n^ López Carreira (2005) pp. 396–397.\n\n^ Cf. García Oro (1987) vol. I, pp. 26–27. These officials were known as merino mayor in Spanish, in Castile and León.\n\n^ Cf. García Oro (1987) vol. I, pp. 26–27; and González López (1978) pp. 363–364.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 373–378.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 390.\n\n^ González López (1978) p. 391.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 388.\n\n^ López Carreira (2005) p. 396.\n\n^ 'Germanitas Regnorum Legionis et Gallecie'. Cf. Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I, p. 69 and Martín Martín, José Luis (1989). Documentacion medieval de la Iglesia Catedral de Coria (1a ed.). Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-84-7481-520-7. germanitas.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 406–415.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 415–416.\n\n^ González López (1978) pp. 419–420.\n\n^ \"E en el pleito avianle tratado e puesto de esta manera, que diesen luego al infante Don Juan todo el reino de Galicia, e que se llamase ende Rey\", Crónica General del Rey Don Fernando IV, cap IV, in González López (1978) pp. 422–423.\n\n^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 61–87.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 281–290.\n\n^ His flight was itself an astonishing Hollywood story, narrated in the Historia Compostellana, I.114–116.\n\n^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 62.\n\n^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 63–64.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 284.\n\n^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I p. 80.\n\n^ Garcia Oro (1987) vol. I pp. 96.\n\n^ It came to the world such a pestilence and death of people that most of them were gone, charter from Baiona (1349) in López Carreira 1999, 185.\n\n^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 37.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 290–291.\n\n^ a b Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 103.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 104.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 291.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 105–106.\n\n^ It's precise that you come immediately and as fast as you can («Compre que veñades logo et o mais a presa que poderdes»). Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 106–107.\n\n^ López Carreira 2005, 406.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 107–108.\n\n^ Tui, A Coruña, Lugo and Santiago most notably. Cf. Garcia Oro, vol. I, 108.\n\n^ Fernão Lopes, Crónica, ed. 1966, p. 75.\n\n^ Fernão Lopes, Crónica, ed. 1966, p.86 \"os da villa o sairom todos a reçeber\".\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 292.\n\n^ Fernão Lopes, Crónica, ed. 966, p. 87. \"Carregar em Lisboa navios e cevada e vinhos, que levassem todo a aquelle logar para seer bastecido\".\n\n^ On the abundant Portuguese coinage of the mints of A Coruña, Tui and Milmanda: Iglesias Almeida, Ernesto (2010). As moedas medievais galegas (in Galician). Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 81–86. ISBN 978-84-92792-34-4.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 109.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 109; López Carreira 2005, 406–411; López Carreira 1999, 293.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 110–111.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 293.\n\n^ \"The grand master Davis had news few days ago of how the Duke of Lancaster had arrived with ships and militarymen at the town of Coruña in Galicia, the day of St. James, and how he took some ships of the king of Castile, and the military-men were 1500 lances and alike number of archers and all of them were good. And he brought with him his wife Constance, who was the daughter of king Peter and a daughter who had been born of her, who was called Catherine, and he brought other two daughters who the Duke had of another woman he married before, who was daughter of another Duke of Lancaster and Earl of Derby, the elder was called Philippa, who married the grand master of Davis, who was called king of Portugal, as further on we tell, and the other daughter was called Elisabeth, who married then a knight who come with the Duke, who was called John of Holland, who was son of the princess and Thomas of Holland, because the Duke of Lancaster made him his military chief.\" Ayala's Chronicles (J. L. Martín ed. 1991: 607).\n\n^ de Antonio Rubio, María Gloria (2004). Los judíos de Ribadavia : la judería de Ribadavia y sus personajes en los siglos XIV – XV. Santiago de Compostela: Ed. Lóstrego. pp. 19–28. ISBN 84-933244-4-2.\n\n^ López Carreira 2005, 412–413.\n\n^ Froissart Chronique, t. 12, p.214.\n\n^ López Carreira 2005, 413.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 265.\n\n^ \"Pont Ferrat, fin d'Espage, commecemnt de Galice\" (Itinerary of Senlis, c.15th century). Cf. López Carreira 2005, 418.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 265–267.\n\n^ López Carreira 2005, 417.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, 116 and 267–269.\n\n^ Ferro Couselo, Xesús (1996). A vida e a fala dos devanceiros : escolma de documentos en galego dos seculos XIII ao XVI (Reimp. ed.). [Vigo, Spain]: Galaxia. p. 701. ISBN 978-84-8288-051-8.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 296–297.\n\n^ The Bohemian nobleman Baron León Rosmithal, in his pilgrimage to Santiago in 1466, was a witness of these conflict-ridden times, when first he and his retinue were confronted by a group of some 100 peasants, armed with spears, swords and crossbows, after a boy had accidentally hit with a stone a passerby; whilst later he found the City of Santiago raised on arms against the bishop, who was a prisoner inside the Cathedral. Cf. 84-7154-909-3, pp. 32–40.\n\n^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 41.\n\n^ Cf. Barros Guimeráns 1988, 39–47.\n\n^ Nieto Soria, José Manuel (2006). La monarquía como conflicto en la Corona castellano-leonesa (C. 1230–1504). Madrid: Sílex. p. 155. ISBN 978-84-7737-174-8.\n\n^ Barros Guimeráns 1994, 84–85.\n\n^ Due to the decline of thy justice and thou not having remedied this (...) thou have a great burden in thy conscience; Barros Guimeráns 1994, 88.\n\n^ In a letter to the King, the Council of Ourense accused the Kingdoms of León and of Castile of acting unfairly, charging on Galicia part of their own taxes, taking advantage on the absence of Galician deputies. Cf. López Carreira 2005, 420.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 299–302.\n\n^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 39–45.\n\n^ Barros Guimeráns 1988, 94.\n\n^ Barros Guimeráns, Carlos. \"As orixes medievais da Xunta de Galicia\". Retrieved June 4, 2011.\n\n^ Garcia Oro, vol. I, 314.\n\n^ López Carreira 1999, 306; and Garcia Oro, vol. I, 314.\n\n^ Many of the noblemen acquired titles such as Viscount of Tui, Marshal of Baiona, Count of Altamira, Count of Monterrei. One notable exception was the Lord of Andrade, who refused to acquire a title for himself, declaring that 'he either would prefer to be a good knight, than a bad count'. Cf. da Ponte, Vasco (2008). Relación dalgunhas casas e liñaxes do reino de Galiza (1a. ed.). Noia, A Coruña: Toxosoutos. ISBN 978-84-96673-03-8.\n\n^ Meaning who get up early, because of his capacity to draw ahead of his enemies.\n\n^ Garcia Oro, vol. I, 315–319.\n\n^ \"O reino todo rebolto en guerras, e tantos roubos e mortes, e todos malos feitos; lebantarse grande chusma de comuneiros contra os cabaleiros e moitos cabaleiros contra el mismo Rey noso señor e outros señores da terra façer guerra contra outros e deitar por terra tantas casas e torres\". Last Will of the Knight Fernan Garçia Barba de Figueroa, 1473. In Coleccion Diplomatica de Galicia Historica p. 31.\n\n^ (in Spanish) Jerónimo Zurita, LIBRO XIX, Anales de Aragón\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 319.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 323-330.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 331-333.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 335-336.\n\n^ Cf. Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 337-340, who also narrates some episodes of cruelty and mass punishment.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 335.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 289-309.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 350.\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 334-335\n\n^ Garcia Oro 1987, vol. I, p. 353.\n\n^ López Carreira 2005, 426.\n\n^ De Artaza (1998:475–476)\n\n^ Barros, Carlos. \"As orixes medievais da Xunta de Galicia\". Retrieved November 9, 2011.\n\n^ De Artaza (1998:46–47)\n\n^ a b De Artaza (1998:XXIX)\n\n^ De Artaza (1998:48)\n\n^ Goodman, David (2002). Spanish naval power, 1589–1665 : reconstruction and defeat. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-521-52257-1.\n\n^ Only occasionally the King permitted the deputies to supervise the labour of the Real Audiencia del Reino de Galicia, or other King's officials. Cf. De Artaza (1998:258–289).\n\n^ De Artaza (1998:15)\n\n^ De Artaza (1998:147)\n\n^ \"Diego Ros de Medrano | Real Academia de la Historia\". dbe.rah.es. Retrieved March 31, 2024.\n\n^ \"Legends of the Camino de Santiago | Terra meiga | Santiago Ways\". May 7, 2017.\n\n^ Fernández, Barreiro (2007). Ramón, Xosé (ed.). Os símbolos de Galicia (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-84-96530-46-1.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Arms of the Kingdom of Galicia, illustrated in L´armorial Le Blancq, Bibliothèque nationale de France, 1560","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Escudo_reino_de_galicia.jpg/220px-Escudo_reino_de_galicia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Theodemar (or Ariamir), king of Galicia with the bishops Lucrecio, Andrew, and Martin. Codex Vigilanus (or Albeldensis), Escurial library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ariamirogaliza.jpg/220px-Ariamirogaliza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miro, king of Galicia, and Martin of Braga, from an 1145 manuscript of Martin's Formula Vitae Honestae,[17] now in the Austrian National Library. The book was originally dedicated to King Miro with the header \"To King Miro, the most glorious and calm, the pious, distinguished for his Catholic faith\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Cvp-00791-109v.jpg/220px-Cvp-00791-109v.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monastery of San Pedro de Rocas, Galicia, founded in 575 and inhabited until the early 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/San_Pedro_de_Rocas_%28Esgos%2C_Galiza%29.jpg/220px-San_Pedro_de_Rocas_%28Esgos%2C_Galiza%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman walls of Lugo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg/220px-Muralla.Lugo.Galicia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political map of southwestern Europe around the year 600, which referred to three different areas under Visigothic government: Hispania, Gallaecia, and Septimania.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe-600.jpg/220px-Europe-600.jpg"},{"image_text":"Church of Santa Comba de Bande, built c. 7th century, rebuilt in the 9th century after being ruined for more than 200 years.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Iglesia_de_Santa_Comba_de_Bande.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_Santa_Comba_de_Bande.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tombstone of the sepulcher of bishop Theodemar of Iria (d. 847), discoverer of the tomb attributed to apostle Saint James the Great","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Theodemirus.JPG/220px-Theodemirus.JPG"},{"image_text":"Statue of Vímara Peres, conqueror of Porto in 868","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vimaraperes.jpg/220px-Vimaraperes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern replicas of Viking ships by the castle of Torres de Oeste, Catoira","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dragon_ships_in_Catoira.JPG/220px-Dragon_ships_in_Catoira.JPG"},{"image_text":"Romanesque cathedral of San Martiño de Mondoñedo (9th–11th centuries); first construction dates from the 6th–7th centuries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/San_Marti%C3%B1o_de_Mondo%C3%B1edo-Foz%28Lugo%29.jpg/220px-San_Marti%C3%B1o_de_Mondo%C3%B1edo-Foz%28Lugo%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political situation in the Northern Iberian Peninsula around 1065: Garcia II's domains (Galicia) Badajoz, owing tribute to Garcia Seville, owing tribute to Garcia Alfonso VI's domains (León) Toledo, owing tribute to Alfonso Sancho II's domains (Castile) Zaragoza, owing tribute to Sancho","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Europe-south-west-kingdoms.png/220px-Europe-south-west-kingdoms.png"},{"image_text":"Queen Urraca ruled Galicia with her husband, Raymond of Burgundy, until the death of her father Alfonso VI. Medieval portrait, Tumbo A chartulary of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/UrracaRegina_TumboA.jpg/170px-UrracaRegina_TumboA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political Map of the northwest Iberian peninsula at the end of the 12th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Europe-south-west-kingdoms12th.png/220px-Europe-south-west-kingdoms12th.png"},{"image_text":"Pórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Santiago_Catedral_P%C3%B3rtico_da_gloria_GDFL6.JPG/220px-Santiago_Catedral_P%C3%B3rtico_da_gloria_GDFL6.JPG"},{"image_text":"Medieval miniatures of Ferdinand II (left) and Alfonso IX (right), kings of León and Galicia. Chartulary of the monastery of Toxosoutos, Lousame, 13th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tumbo_de_Toxos_Outos._Fernando_y_Alfonso%2C_reyes_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Galicia.jpg/220px-Tumbo_de_Toxos_Outos._Fernando_y_Alfonso%2C_reyes_de_Le%C3%B3n_y_Galicia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sepulchre of a merchant: Pero Carneiro, son of Pero Afonso da Corredoira, in the church of St. Mary a Nova, Noia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pero_Carneiro.JPG/220px-Pero_Carneiro.JPG"},{"image_text":"One of the oldest legal charters written in Galician, the constitutional charter of the Bo Burgo (Good Burg) of Castro Caldelas. Year 1228.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ForoBoBurgo.jpg/220px-ForoBoBurgo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miniatures from a manuscript of the Cantigas de Santa Maria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cantiga_bagpipes_1.jpg/220px-Cantiga_bagpipes_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sepulchre of the knight Sueiro Gomes de Soutomaior. The inscription, in Galician, reads \"[Here] lies Sueiro Gomes de Souto Maior, who died [...]\": SUEIRO GOMES DE SOUTO MAIOR Q FALECEU","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sueiro_Gomes_de_Souto_Maior.JPG/220px-Sueiro_Gomes_de_Souto_Maior.JPG"},{"image_text":"Romance portrait of Castilian King Ferdinand III; flanking him are the canting arms of his kingdoms, the purple lion of León, and the castle of Castile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fernando_III_de_Castilla_%28Tumbo_A%29.jpg/220px-Fernando_III_de_Castilla_%28Tumbo_A%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paio Gómez Chariño's Tomb, Convent of San Francisco, Pontevedra, Galicia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Sartego_Pai_G%C3%B3mez_Chari%C3%B1o.jpg/220px-Sartego_Pai_G%C3%B3mez_Chari%C3%B1o.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of the castle of A Rocha Forte, torn down in 1467 by the Irmandiños. There Bérenger de Landore's men assassinated the members of the Council of Compostela in 1320.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Castelo_da_Rocha_forte_1.JPG/220px-Castelo_da_Rocha_forte_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Sepulchre of Alvaro Paz Carneiro, church of St. Mary 'A Nova' in Noia, 'who died in the Mortality, August 15, 1348'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sartego_de_Alvaro_Paz_Carneiro_en_Noia.JPG/220px-Sartego_de_Alvaro_Paz_Carneiro_en_Noia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Battle of Nájera. Galician armies fought with Pedro I and Edward of Woodstock, defeating the Castilian armies of Henry of Trastámara","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_battle_of_Navaret.jpg/220px-The_battle_of_Navaret.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ferdinand I of Portugal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fernando-P.jpg/200px-Fernando-P.jpg"},{"image_text":"John of Gaunt entering Santiago de Compostela, from a manuscript of Jean Froissart's chronicles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dukeoflancaster.jpg/220px-Dukeoflancaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"John of Gaunt","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Johnofgaunt.jpg/200px-Johnofgaunt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Castle of the House of Andrade, A Nogueirosa, Pontedeume","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Castelo_de_Andrade%2C_Pontedeume%2C_Galiza.jpg/220px-Castelo_de_Andrade%2C_Pontedeume%2C_Galiza.jpg"},{"image_text":"14th century 'Retablo de Belvis'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Retablo_de_Belvis.jpg/220px-Retablo_de_Belvis.jpg"},{"image_text":"The castle of Pambre, Palas de Rei, which resisted the Irmandiños troops","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Castelo_de_Pambre_2.JPG/220px-Castelo_de_Pambre_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"Castle of Soutomaior","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Castelo_de_Soutomaior%2C_San_Salvador_de_Soutomaior.jpg/220px-Castelo_de_Soutomaior%2C_San_Salvador_de_Soutomaior.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Mariscala, the chain which allegedly kept prisoner Marshal Pardo de Cela before his execution. Museo Arqueolóxico Provincial de Lugo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_Mariscala.JPG/220px-A_Mariscala.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Habsburg and their kingdoms and possessions, early 16th century. The kingdom of Galicia is fifth from the bottom right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/De_zes_kinderen_van_Filips_de_Schone_en_Johanna_van_Castili%C3%AB.JPG/220px-De_zes_kinderen_van_Filips_de_Schone_en_Johanna_van_Castili%C3%AB.JPG"},{"image_text":"Flag and arms of the Kingdom of Galicia (16th century), after the funeral of Emperor Charles V, also king of Galicia, by Joannes and Lucas Doetecum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Escudo_reino_de_Galicia_-_Kingdom_of_Galicia.jpg/220px-Escudo_reino_de_Galicia_-_Kingdom_of_Galicia.jpg"},{"image_text":"The reign of Philip II of Habsburg saw a deep economic and social crisis, and was disastrous for its cultural development; portrait by Sofonisba Anguissola.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Battle between the naval fleets of Philip II of Habsburg (nicknamed the \"Invincible Armada\") and Elizabeth I of England in 1588, leaving the English victorious","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/220px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Kingdom of Galicia in 1603","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Descripcion_Reyno_de_Galizia_de_Ojea.jpg/220px-Descripcion_Reyno_de_Galizia_de_Ojea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, count of Gondomar, was one of the main advocates of voting rights at the Council of Castile. A humanist ambassador and lover of the Galician language and culture, he was respected and appreciated in the kingdom and abroad; c. 17th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Conde_de_gondomar.jpg/170px-Conde_de_gondomar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Martín Sarmiento","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento.jpeg/170px-Mart%C3%ADn_Sarmiento.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Romanesque miniature representing Alfonso IX, King of León. In the upper part appears his historic title Rex Legionensium et Gallecie, while the lower part shows the purple lion, symbol of the Leonese monarchy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/TumboA_Alfonso.jpg/170px-TumboA_Alfonso.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Richards, Jeffrey (2014). Consul of God (Routledge Revivals): The Life and Times of Gregory the Great. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 9781317678670.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317678670","url_text":"9781317678670"}]},{"reference":"Lodewijckx, Marc (1996). Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer. Leuven: Leuven University Press. pp. 335–337. ISBN 90-6186-722-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2NAAS5jBI-IC&pg=PA335","url_text":"Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6186-722-3","url_text":"90-6186-722-3"}]},{"reference":"Rodríguez Fernández, Justiniano (1997). García I, Ordoño II, Fruela II, Alfonso IV. Burgos: Editorial La Olmeda. ISBN 84-920046-8-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-920046-8-1","url_text":"84-920046-8-1"}]},{"reference":"Arce, Javier (2005). Bárbaros y romanos en Hispania (400–507 A.D.). Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia. pp. 52–56. ISBN 84-96467-02-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-96467-02-3","url_text":"84-96467-02-3"}]},{"reference":"Kremer, Dieter (2004). El elemento germánico y su influencia en la historia lingüística peninsular (1. ed.). Barcelona: Ariel. pp. 133–148. ISBN 84-344-8261-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-344-8261-4","url_text":"84-344-8261-4"}]},{"reference":"\"O primeiro dos reinos\". Archived from the original on December 2, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051202190958/http://www.culturagalega.org/temadia_arquivo.php?id=4740","url_text":"\"O primeiro dos reinos\""},{"url":"http://www.culturagalega.org/temadia_arquivo.php?id=4740","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ferreiro, Alberto (1986). \"The Omission of St. Martin Of Braga In John Of Biclaro's Chronica and the Third Council of Toledo\". Antigüedad y Cristianismo. III: 145–150.","urls":[{"url":"http://revistas.um.es/ayc/article/viewFile/58861/56681","url_text":"\"The Omission of St. Martin Of Braga In John Of Biclaro's Chronica and the Third Council of Toledo\""}]},{"reference":"Díaz, Pablo C. (2004). \"Minting and administrative organization in late antique Gallaecia\". Zephyrus. 57: 367–375.","urls":[{"url":"http://campus.usal.es/~revistas_trabajo/index.php/0514-7336/article/viewFile/5413/5450","url_text":"\"Minting and administrative organization in late antique Gallaecia\""}]},{"reference":"Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. p. 22. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://libro.uca.edu/monastic/monastic.htm","url_text":"Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-136-4","url_text":"0-86078-136-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Braga, Fructuoso de\". Archived from the original on October 1, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111001075839/http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/personajes/1387.htm","url_text":"\"Braga, Fructuoso de\""},{"url":"http://www.artehistoria.jcyl.es/civilizaciones/personajes/1387.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300. London: Variorum Reprints. pp. 1–43. ISBN 0-86078-136-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://libro.uca.edu/monastic/monastic.htm","url_text":"Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600–1300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-136-4","url_text":"0-86078-136-4"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Roger (1989). The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797. Oxford UK/Cambridge, USA: Blackwell. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-631-19405-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19405-3","url_text":"0-631-19405-3"}]},{"reference":"Baliñas Pérez, Carlos (1998). Gallegos del año mil. A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. pp. 98–103. ISBN 84-89748-27-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89748-27-6","url_text":"84-89748-27-6"}]},{"reference":"Sánchez-Albornoz, Claudio (2000). España, un enigma histórico (1. ed. en \"Ensayo histórico.\" ed.). Barcelona: Edhasa. pp. 275ss. ISBN 84-350-2607-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-350-2607-8","url_text":"84-350-2607-8"}]},{"reference":"English Historical Society (1840). Publications, Number 6, Volume 2 (. ed.). London: Sumptibus Societatis. p. 461.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Llorente, Juan Antonio (1826). Disertación sobre el poder que los reyes españoles ejercieron hasta el siglo duodecimo en la división de obispados (. ed.). p. 266.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morales Romero, Eduardo (2004). Historia de los vikingos en España : ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX-XI (2. ed.). Madrid: Miraguano. ISBN 84-7813-270-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7813-270-8","url_text":"84-7813-270-8"}]},{"reference":"Onega, José Ramón (1999). Los judíos en el reino de Galicia (2. ed.). Madrid: Editora Nacional. ISBN 84-931225-1-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-931225-1-3","url_text":"84-931225-1-3"}]},{"reference":"Carballeira Debasa, Ana María (2007). Galicia y los gallegos en las fuentes árabes medievales. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientifícas. p. 150. ISBN 978-84-00-08576-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08576-6","url_text":"978-84-00-08576-6"}]},{"reference":"José M., Andrade (1995). O tombo de Celanova : estudio introductorio, edición e índices (ss. IX-XII). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. ISBN 84-87172-91-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87172-91-1","url_text":"84-87172-91-1"}]},{"reference":"Portela Silva, Ermelindo (2001). García II de Galicia, el rey y el reino (1065–1090). Burgos: La Olmeda. p. 209. ISBN 84-89915-16-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-89915-16-4","url_text":"84-89915-16-4"}]},{"reference":"Morales Romero, Eduardo (2004). Historia de los vikingos en España : ataques e incursiones contra los reinos cristianos y musulmanes de la Península Ibérica en los siglos IX-XI (2. ed.). Madrid: Miraguano. pp. 184–185. ISBN 84-7813-270-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7813-270-8","url_text":"84-7813-270-8"}]},{"reference":"Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. p. 299. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-460-0417-8","url_text":"84-460-0417-8"}]},{"reference":"Lucas Álvarez, Manuel (1997). La documentación del tumbo A de la catedral de Santiago de Compostela : estudio y edición. Santiago: Seminario de Estudos Galegos. ISBN 84-87667-21-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87667-21-X","url_text":"84-87667-21-X"}]},{"reference":"Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. pp. 255–256. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-460-0417-8","url_text":"84-460-0417-8"}]},{"reference":"González Balasch, María Teresa (2004). Tumbo B de la Catedral de Santiago. Santiago: Cabildo de la S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago. ISBN 978-84-8485-170-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8485-170-7","url_text":"978-84-8485-170-7"}]},{"reference":"Martínez Martínez, Faustino (October 2003). \"Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)\" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho: 257–343. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304221431/http://revistas.ucm.es/der/11337613/articulos/CUHD0303110257A.PDF","url_text":"\"Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)\""},{"url":"http://revistas.ucm.es/der/11337613/articulos/CUHD0303110257A.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"González Balasch, María Teresa (2004). Tumbo B de la Catedral de Santiago. Santiago: Cabildo de la S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago. ISBN 978-84-8485-170-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8485-170-7","url_text":"978-84-8485-170-7"}]},{"reference":"Martínez Martínez, Faustino (October 2003). \"Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)\" (PDF). Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho: 279. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304221431/http://revistas.ucm.es/der/11337613/articulos/CUHD0303110257A.PDF","url_text":"\"Antología de textos forales del Antiguo Reino de Galicia (siglos XII-XIV)\""},{"url":"http://revistas.ucm.es/der/11337613/articulos/CUHD0303110257A.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Falque, Emma (1994). Historia compostelana. Madrid, España: Akal Ediciones. ISBN 84-460-0417-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-460-0417-8","url_text":"84-460-0417-8"}]},{"reference":"Boullón Agrelo, Ana Isabel, ed. (2007). Na nosa lyngoage galega : a emerxencia do galego como lingua escrita na Idade Media (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 447–473. 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ISBN 978-84-7481-520-7. germanitas.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/documentacionmed0000mart","url_text":"Documentacion medieval de la Iglesia Catedral de Coria"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/documentacionmed0000mart/page/55","url_text":"55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7481-520-7","url_text":"978-84-7481-520-7"}]},{"reference":"Iglesias Almeida, Ernesto (2010). As moedas medievais galegas (in Galician). Noia: Toxosoutos. pp. 81–86. ISBN 978-84-92792-34-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92792-34-4","url_text":"978-84-92792-34-4"}]},{"reference":"de Antonio Rubio, María Gloria (2004). Los judíos de Ribadavia : la judería de Ribadavia y sus personajes en los siglos XIV – XV. Santiago de Compostela: Ed. Lóstrego. pp. 19–28. 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Os símbolos de Galicia (PDF). Santiago de Compostela: Consello da Cultura Galega. pp. 38–40. ISBN 978-84-96530-46-1.","urls":[{"url":"http://consellodacultura.org/mediateca/extras/simbolos_de_galicia.pdf","url_text":"Os símbolos de Galicia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96530-46-1","url_text":"978-84-96530-46-1"}]},{"reference":"De Artaza, Manuel María (1998), Rey, Reino y representación. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_Rabinowicz | Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa | ["1 Early life","2 Rabbinic position","3 Legacy","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Bibliography"] | Yaakov Yitzchak of PeshischaTitleYid Hakudosh (ייִד הקדוש)PersonalBornJakub Izaak Rabinowicz1766Przedbórz, Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthDiedOctober 13, 1813Przysucha, Congress PolandReligionJudaismNationalityPolishSpouse(1) Braindel Koppel, (2) Sheindel Freida KoppelChildrenYerachmiel Rabinowicz, Nehemia Jehiel Rabinowicz, Joshua Asher Rabinowicz, Sarah Leah Rabinowicz, Rebecca Rachel RabinowiczParentsAsher Rabinowicz of Przedbórz (father)Moteil (mother)Jewish leaderPredecessorYaakov Yitzchak of LublinSuccessorSimcha Bunim of PeshischaEnded1813Yahrtzeit19 TishreiBuriedPrzysucha, Poland
Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz of Peshischa (Yiddish: יעקב יצחק ראבינאוויטש פון פשיסחא; c. 1766 – October 13, 1813) also known as the Yid Hakudosh (lit. 'the Holy Jew') or the Yehudi was the founder and first Grand Rabbi of the Peshischa movement of Hasidic philosophy, and an important figure of Polish Hasidism. The leading disciple of Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin, the Yehudi preached an "elitist" approach to Hasidism, in which he parred traditional Talmudic learning with the highly spiritual Kavanah of Hasidism. He encouraged individuality of thought, which brought his movement into conflict with the Hasidic establishment. Nevertheless, several of his teachings would go on to influence large percentages of modern Hasidism. Following his death in 1813, he was succeeded by his main disciple Simcha Bunim of Peshischa, who increased his movement's influence tenfold. The Yehudi is the patriarch of the Porisov and Biala Hasidic dynasties.
Early life
Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz was born in 1766 in Przedbórz, Poland. His father Asher Rabinowicz of Przedbórz was a maggid and the Av Beit Din of Przedbórz. His father was the great-grandson of Isaac HaLevi Segal, who was in part, the great-grandson of Eliezer Treves of Frankfurt who was a descendant of Rashi. In his early years, he studied under David Tevele of Lissa and Aryeh Leib Halperin whom he followed to Opatów, where he was introduced to Hasidism by Moses Leib of Sasov. He spent several years teaching in the local yeshivot and married Braindel Koppel, the daughter of the wealthy innkeeper Jacob Koppel of Opatów. Following this, he became a disciple of David of Lelov who convinced the Yehudi to travel to the Hasidic court of Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz (the Seer) in Lublin. During his time in Lublin, the Yehudi soon becoming the leading disciple of the Seer, who affectionally called him the "Yehudi" so that he would not be called by his rebbe's name. As the Seer became preoccupied with the responsibilities of mass movement he began directing newly arrived young scholars visiting Lublin into the care of the Yehudi. However, over time, the Yehudi began to greatly resent the atmosphere in Lublin. In the court of the Seer, the rebbe served as the impetus of God and worked within a mystical and kabbalistic framework. The Yehudi began to detest the all-encompassing role in which the Seer played within his follower's lives, and so he founded his own religious movement based in Przysucha (Peshischa). Several of the Seer's most distinguished disciples followed the Yehudi to Przysucha, such as Simcha Bunim of Peshischa and Menahem Mendel of Kotsk. This break from the Seer was dramatically recounted in Martin Buber's "Gog Und Magog".
Rabbinic position
The Yehudi believed that an individual should always examine his intentions, and if they are corrupt he should cleanse them through a process of understanding. Once famously saying "God's seal is 'truth,' it can not be forged, since if it is forged it is true no more". It was this fundamental belief in individuality and autonomy of self which resulted in a continuous dispute between the Seer and the Yehudi. The Seer believed that it was his duty to bring an end to the Napoleonic wars, by using Kabbalah, and asked the Yehudi to join this spiritual endeavour, the latter refused, believing that one finds redemption through a highly personal process of self-cleansing. The Yehudi believed that humility is the core virtue of a person who truly knows himself, recognizing his own imperfection. He also believed that one should not be influenced by the status quo as it can lead to impure motives. The Yehudi stated that "Each person should have two sides, after showing one to himself he will not be troubled by others and will be able to show the other to the rest of the world" In this, the Yehudi expresses the fundamental ideal of authenticity. Believing that if one has faults, they should be open about said faults instead of living in a place of shame.
Part of a series onPeshischa Hasidism
Rebbes & Disciples
Rebbes
Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz (Yid Hakudosh)
Simcha Bunim Bonhardt (Rebbe Reb Bunim)
Avraham Moshe Bonhardt (Illui Hakudosh)
Disciples
Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz (II) (Biala Hasidism)
Joshua Asher Rabinowicz (Porisov Hasidism)
Shmuel Abba Zychlinski (Zychlin Hasidism)
Yaakov Aryeh Guterman (Radzymin Hasidism)
Menachem Mendel Morgensztern (Kotzk Hasidism)
Avrohom Bornsztain (Sochatchov Hasidism)
Mordechai Yosef Leiner (Izhbitza Hasidism)
Yitzchak Meir Alter (Ger Hasidism)
Yehuda Leib Eiger (Lublin Hasidism)
Israel Yitzhak Kalish (Vurka Hasidism)
Yaakov Dovid Kalish (Amshinov Hasidism)
Shraga Fayvel Dancyger (Aleksander Hasidism)
Aaron Zvi Landau (Strikov Hasidism)
Moshe Biderman (Lelov Hasidism)
Tzvi Hersh Mordechai Bonhardt
Yerachmiel Rabinowicz
Nosson Nuta of Makov
Pinchas Menachem Justman
Avraham Landau
Yechiel Meir of Gostynin
Samuel of Sieniawa
Other
Temerl Bergson
Przysucha
Hasidic Judaism in Poland
Martin Buber
vte
The Yehudi believed that the path to enlightenment required critical judgment of religious routine, stating that "all the rules that a person makes for himself to worship God are not rules, and this rule is not a rule either". The Yehudi removed himself from earthly desires, such as sex or eating, believing that it was his specific path to self-cleansing. This stood in staunch contrast with the materialistic nature of the Seer, who believed that self-cleansing was done through miracles tied to the rebbe. The Yehudi believed that the main role of the rebbe was to guide his disciples in their struggle for spiritual depth, and not to serve as a miracle-worker. This teaching appealed to the followers of Peshischa, who were an elite and highly educated group of young Hasidim who were willing to sacrifice their material well-being as well as their inner peace in the name of self-cleansing.
The Yehudi believed that one of the main paths to self-cleansing was the parring of traditional Talmudic learning with the deeply spiritual Kavanah of Hasidism. Unlike his Hasidic contemporaries, the Yehudi believed that Learning Talmud became central to the worship of God stating that "learning Talmud and Tosafot purifies the mind and makes one ready for praying" Ultimately the Yehudi believed that critical search for truth was crucial to enlightenment, and that process of enlightenment could only be done by an individual rather than through a rebbe. After his death in 1813, the Yehudi was succeeded by his main disciple Simcha Bunim of Peshischa who brought the movement its highest point and kickstarted a counter-revolutionary movement that challenged the Hasidic norm.
Legacy
Grave of the Yehudi in Przysucha, Poland.
During his life, the Yehudi wrote no works of his own, but many of his teachings were transmitted orally and published, much later on after his death. The following are collections of the Yehudi's oral teachings:
Nifla'ot ha-Yehudi (נפלאות היהודי) – Published in 1908 in Piotrków Trybunalsk by Baruch ben Avraham of Kasov.
Tiferet ha-Yehudi (תפארת היהודי) – Published in 1912 in Warsaw by Baruch ben Avraham of Kasov.
Torat ha-Yehudi (תורת היהודי) – Published in 1911 in Bilgoraj by Yaakov ben Zeev Yehuda Orner.
His eldest son, Yerachmiel married Golda, daughter of Dov, the Av Beit Din of Bila Tserkva, their son Natan David Rabinowicz founded the Biala Hasidic Dynasty. The Yehudi's second son, Joshua Asher of Parysów married Lili Halberstadter, the daughter of Naftali Zvi Halberstadter and founded the Porisov Hasidic dynasty, their son Yaakov Zvi Rabinowicz authored "Atarah LeRosh Tzadik". The Yehudi's third son, Nehemia Jehiel of Bychawa married the daughter of Hayyim of Bila Tserkva, their son Haim Gedalliah Rabinowicz was a Admor in Bychawa. The Yehudi's eldest daughter, Rivka Rochel married Moshe Biderman of Lelov, son of Rabbi Dovid of Lelov, their son Eleazar Mendel Biderman of Lelov was the Third Grand Rabbi of the Lelov Hasidic dynasty. The Yehudi's youngest child, Sarah Leah married Samuel Raphaels of Józefów , their daughter Braindel Faiga Raphaels married Avraham Moshe Bonhardt of Peshischa, son of Rabbi Simcha Bunim Bonhardt of Peshischa. Their son, Tzvi Hersh Mordechai Bonhardt was an Admor in Przysucha.
References
Citations
^ Britannica 2020.
^ a b Dynner 2006, p. 314.
^ a b c d Encyclopaedia Judaica 2020.
^ Rosen 2008, p. 15-16,20-21.
^ Kosov 1912, p. 50.
^ Kosov 1912, p. 76.
^ Kosov 1912, p. 96.
^ Kosov 1912, p. 29.
Bibliography
Dynner, Glenn (2006). Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199785148.
Britannica (2020). Jacob Isaac ben Asher Przysucha. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.
Encyclopaedia Judaica (2020). Przysucha (Pshishkha), Jacob Isaac ben Asher. Encyclopaedia Judaica.
Rosen, Michael (2008). The Quest for Authenticity: the thought of Reb Simhah Bunim. Urim Publications. ISBN 9789655240030. OCLC 190789076.
Kosov, Baruch ben Avraham (1912). Tiferes haYehudi. Torah Database.
Authority control databases International
FAST
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WorldCat
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Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Grand Rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Rabbi"},{"link_name":"Peshischa movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshischa_(Hasidic_group)"},{"link_name":"Hasidic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Polish Hasidism.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Talmudic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Kavanah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavanah"},{"link_name":"Simcha Bunim of Peshischa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa"},{"link_name":"Porisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porisov_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Biala Hasidic dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritannica2020-1"}],"text":"Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz of Peshischa (Yiddish: יעקב יצחק ראבינאוויטש פון פשיסחא; c. 1766 – October 13, 1813) also known as the Yid Hakudosh (lit. 'the Holy Jew') or the Yehudi was the founder and first Grand Rabbi of the Peshischa movement of Hasidic philosophy, and an important figure of Polish Hasidism. The leading disciple of Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin, the Yehudi preached an \"elitist\" approach to Hasidism, in which he parred traditional Talmudic learning with the highly spiritual Kavanah of Hasidism. He encouraged individuality of thought, which brought his movement into conflict with the Hasidic establishment. Nevertheless, several of his teachings would go on to influence large percentages of modern Hasidism. Following his death in 1813, he was succeeded by his main disciple Simcha Bunim of Peshischa, who increased his movement's influence tenfold. The Yehudi is the patriarch of the Porisov and Biala Hasidic dynasties.[1]","title":"Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Przedbórz, Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedb%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"Asher Rabinowicz of Przedbórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_Rabinowicz_of_Przedb%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"maggid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggid"},{"link_name":"Av Beit Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av_Beit_Din"},{"link_name":"Isaac HaLevi Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_HaLevi_Segal"},{"link_name":"Eliezer Treves of Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eliezer_Treves&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynner2006314-2"},{"link_name":"Opatów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opat%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Moses Leib of Sasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Leib_of_Sasov"},{"link_name":"yeshivot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"David of Lelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovid_Biderman"},{"link_name":"Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"mystical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism"},{"link_name":"kabbalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah"},{"link_name":"Przysucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przysucha"},{"link_name":"Simcha Bunim of Peshischa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa"},{"link_name":"Menahem Mendel of Kotsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Kotzk"},{"link_name":"Martin Buber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_Judaica2020-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen200815-16,20-21-4"}],"text":"Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz was born in 1766 in Przedbórz, Poland. His father Asher Rabinowicz of Przedbórz was a maggid and the Av Beit Din of Przedbórz. His father was the great-grandson of Isaac HaLevi Segal, who was in part, the great-grandson of Eliezer Treves of Frankfurt who was a descendant of Rashi.[2] In his early years, he studied under David Tevele of Lissa and Aryeh Leib Halperin whom he followed to Opatów, where he was introduced to Hasidism by Moses Leib of Sasov. He spent several years teaching in the local yeshivot and married Braindel Koppel, the daughter of the wealthy innkeeper Jacob Koppel of Opatów. Following this, he became a disciple of David of Lelov who convinced the Yehudi to travel to the Hasidic court of Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz (the Seer) in Lublin. During his time in Lublin, the Yehudi soon becoming the leading disciple of the Seer, who affectionally called him the \"Yehudi\" so that he would not be called by his rebbe's name. As the Seer became preoccupied with the responsibilities of mass movement he began directing newly arrived young scholars visiting Lublin into the care of the Yehudi. However, over time, the Yehudi began to greatly resent the atmosphere in Lublin. In the court of the Seer, the rebbe served as the impetus of God and worked within a mystical and kabbalistic framework. The Yehudi began to detest the all-encompassing role in which the Seer played within his follower's lives, and so he founded his own religious movement based in Przysucha (Peshischa). Several of the Seer's most distinguished disciples followed the Yehudi to Przysucha, such as Simcha Bunim of Peshischa and Menahem Mendel of Kotsk. This break from the Seer was dramatically recounted in Martin Buber's \"Gog Und Magog\".[3][4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosov191250-5"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_Judaica2020-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosov191276-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_Judaica2020-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosov191296-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopaedia_Judaica2020-3"},{"link_name":"Tosafot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosafot"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosov191229-8"}],"text":"The Yehudi believed that an individual should always examine his intentions, and if they are corrupt he should cleanse them through a process of understanding. Once famously saying \"God's seal is 'truth,' it can not be forged, since if it is forged it is true no more\".[5] It was this fundamental belief in individuality and autonomy of self which resulted in a continuous dispute between the Seer and the Yehudi. The Seer believed that it was his duty to bring an end to the Napoleonic wars, by using Kabbalah, and asked the Yehudi to join this spiritual endeavour, the latter refused, believing that one finds redemption through a highly personal process of self-cleansing.[3] The Yehudi believed that humility is the core virtue of a person who truly knows himself, recognizing his own imperfection. He also believed that one should not be influenced by the status quo as it can lead to impure motives. The Yehudi stated that \"Each person should have two sides, after showing one to himself he will not be troubled by others and will be able to show the other to the rest of the world\" [6] In this, the Yehudi expresses the fundamental ideal of authenticity. Believing that if one has faults, they should be open about said faults instead of living in a place of shame.[3]The Yehudi believed that the path to enlightenment required critical judgment of religious routine, stating that \"all the rules that a person makes for himself to worship God are not rules, and this rule is not a rule either\".[7] The Yehudi removed himself from earthly desires, such as sex or eating, believing that it was his specific path to self-cleansing. This stood in staunch contrast with the materialistic nature of the Seer, who believed that self-cleansing was done through miracles tied to the rebbe. The Yehudi believed that the main role of the rebbe was to guide his disciples in their struggle for spiritual depth, and not to serve as a miracle-worker. This teaching appealed to the followers of Peshischa, who were an elite and highly educated group of young Hasidim who were willing to sacrifice their material well-being as well as their inner peace in the name of self-cleansing.[3]The Yehudi believed that one of the main paths to self-cleansing was the parring of traditional Talmudic learning with the deeply spiritual Kavanah of Hasidism. Unlike his Hasidic contemporaries, the Yehudi believed that Learning Talmud became central to the worship of God stating that \"learning Talmud and Tosafot purifies the mind and makes one ready for praying\" [8] Ultimately the Yehudi believed that critical search for truth was crucial to enlightenment, and that process of enlightenment could only be done by an individual rather than through a rebbe. After his death in 1813, the Yehudi was succeeded by his main disciple Simcha Bunim of Peshischa who brought the movement its highest point and kickstarted a counter-revolutionary movement that challenged the Hasidic norm.","title":"Rabbinic position"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%90_(6).JPG"},{"link_name":"Nifla'ot ha-Yehudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hebrewbooks.org/3880"},{"link_name":"Piotrków Trybunalsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski"},{"link_name":"Tiferet ha-Yehudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hebrewbooks.org/3881"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Torat ha-Yehudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hebrewbooks.org/9297"},{"link_name":"Bilgoraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%82goraj"},{"link_name":"Bila Tserkva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bila_Tserkva"},{"link_name":"Natan David Rabinowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natan_David_Rabinowitz"},{"link_name":"Biala Hasidic Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Parysów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parys%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Porisov Hasidic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porisov_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Admor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe"},{"link_name":"Bychawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bychawa"},{"link_name":"Moshe Biderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Biderman"},{"link_name":"Lelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelov"},{"link_name":"Dovid of Lelov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dovid_Biderman"},{"link_name":"Lelov Hasidic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lelov"},{"link_name":"Józefów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Avraham Moshe Bonhardt of Peshischa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Moshe_of_Peshischa"},{"link_name":"Simcha Bunim Bonhardt of Peshischa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcha_Bunim_of_Peshischa"},{"link_name":"Tzvi Hersh Mordechai Bonhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzvi_Hersh_Mordechai_Bonhardt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDynner2006314-2"}],"text":"Grave of the Yehudi in Przysucha, Poland.During his life, the Yehudi wrote no works of his own, but many of his teachings were transmitted orally and published, much later on after his death. The following are collections of the Yehudi's oral teachings:Nifla'ot ha-Yehudi (נפלאות היהודי) – Published in 1908 in Piotrków Trybunalsk by Baruch ben Avraham of Kasov.\nTiferet ha-Yehudi (תפארת היהודי) – Published in 1912 in Warsaw by Baruch ben Avraham of Kasov.\nTorat ha-Yehudi (תורת היהודי) – Published in 1911 in Bilgoraj by Yaakov ben Zeev Yehuda Orner.His eldest son, Yerachmiel married Golda, daughter of Dov, the Av Beit Din of Bila Tserkva, their son Natan David Rabinowicz founded the Biala Hasidic Dynasty. The Yehudi's second son, Joshua Asher of Parysów married Lili Halberstadter, the daughter of Naftali Zvi Halberstadter and founded the Porisov Hasidic dynasty, their son Yaakov Zvi Rabinowicz authored \"Atarah LeRosh Tzadik\". The Yehudi's third son, Nehemia Jehiel of Bychawa married the daughter of Hayyim of Bila Tserkva, their son Haim Gedalliah Rabinowicz was a Admor in Bychawa. The Yehudi's eldest daughter, Rivka Rochel married Moshe Biderman of Lelov, son of Rabbi Dovid of Lelov, their son Eleazar Mendel Biderman of Lelov was the Third Grand Rabbi of the Lelov Hasidic dynasty. The Yehudi's youngest child, Sarah Leah married Samuel Raphaels of Józefów , their daughter Braindel Faiga Raphaels married Avraham Moshe Bonhardt of Peshischa, son of Rabbi Simcha Bunim Bonhardt of Peshischa. Their son, Tzvi Hersh Mordechai Bonhardt was an Admor in Przysucha.[2]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Grave of the Yehudi in Przysucha, Poland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%90_%286%29.JPG/190px-%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%90_%286%29.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Dynner, Glenn (2006). Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199785148.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=smrRCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199785148","url_text":"9780199785148"}]},{"reference":"Britannica (2020). Jacob Isaac ben Asher Przysucha. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacob-Isaac-ben-Asher-Przysucha","url_text":"Jacob Isaac ben Asher Przysucha"}]},{"reference":"Encyclopaedia Judaica (2020). Przysucha (Pshishkha), Jacob Isaac ben Asher. Encyclopaedia Judaica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/przysucha-pshishkha-jacob-isaac-ben-asher","url_text":"Przysucha (Pshishkha), Jacob Isaac ben Asher"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Michael (2008). The Quest for Authenticity: the thought of Reb Simhah Bunim. Urim Publications. ISBN 9789655240030. OCLC 190789076.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190789076","url_text":"The Quest for Authenticity: the thought of Reb Simhah Bunim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789655240030","url_text":"9789655240030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190789076","url_text":"190789076"}]},{"reference":"Kosov, Baruch ben Avraham (1912). Tiferes haYehudi. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I81B4U | I81B4U | ["1 Overview","2 Track listing","3 Credits","4 External links"] | 1988 EP by Gang GreenI81B4UEP by Gang GreenReleased1988RecordedNewbury Sound, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.GenreCrossover ThrashHardcore punk Speed Metal Thrash MetalLength15:05LabelRoadrunnerProducerDaniel ReyRoss HumphreyGang Green chronology
You Got It(1987)
I81B4U(1988)
Older... Budweiser(1989)
I81B4U was an EP from Boston hardcore punk / speed metal band, Gang Green. It was released in 1988, after the previous year's debut for Roadrunner Records, You Got It and before 1989's release, Older... Budweiser.
The title is a reference to Van Halen's album, OU812 released in the same year. I81B4U translates phonetically to "I Ate One Before You".
Overview
This EP shows the band's musical style as an intermediate point between hardcore punk and speed metal – also known as crossover thrash. Sing-along choruses and distinguished riffs combined with proficient guitar solos are trademarks of both of the former subgenres.
A few songs featured the band's trademark melodic mutant rock and roll style; "Bartender" and "Lost Chapter" have frequently been played during live shows.
Tracks 3 and 5 detail the love of loose women; the lyrics, including titles, contain noticeable sexual innuendo.
Track listing
All songs written by Chris Doherty, unless stated
"Bartender" – 3:16
"Lost Chapter" (Joe Gittleman, Doherty) – 2:59
"Rent" – 2:07
"Put Her On Top" – 3:42
"Cum in U" – 3:02
Credits
Chris Doherty – vocals, guitar
Fritz Ericson – guitar
Joe Gittleman – bass
Brian Betzger – drums
Recorded and mixed in 1988 at Newbury Sound, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Tracks 1, 2, and 4 produced by Daniel Rey
Tracks 3 and 5 produced by Ross Humphrey
Engineered by Drew Townson
Mastered by Tom Coyne at Frankford/Wayne, New York City, USA
Illustrations by Joel Adams
External links
Taang Records band page
Trouserpress entry for Gang Green
More info on Gang Green
vteGang Green
Bob Cenci
Chris Doherty
Walter Gustafson
Matt Sandonato
Brian Betzger
Kevin Brooks
Mike Dean
Mike Earls
Fritz Ericson
Joe Gittleman
Mike Lucantonio
Bill Manley
Tony Nichols
Josh Pappe
Chuck Stilphen
Glen Stilphen
Studio albums
Another Wasted Night
You Got It
Older... Budweiser
Another Case of Brewtality
Live albums
Can't Live Without It
Compilations
King of Bands
Preschool
The Taang Years
EPs
Sold Out 7"
Drunk and Disorderly 10"
P.M.R.C. Sucks 12"
Skate to Hell 7"
I81B4U
Back & Gacked
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"speed metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_metal"},{"link_name":"Gang Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Green"},{"link_name":"Roadrunner Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records"},{"link_name":"You Got It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Got_It_(album)"},{"link_name":"Older... Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Older..._Budweiser"},{"link_name":"Van Halen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Halen"},{"link_name":"OU812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OU812"}],"text":"I81B4U was an EP from Boston hardcore punk / speed metal band, Gang Green. It was released in 1988, after the previous year's debut for Roadrunner Records, You Got It and before 1989's release, Older... Budweiser.The title is a reference to Van Halen's album, OU812 released in the same year. I81B4U translates phonetically to \"I Ate One Before You\".","title":"I81B4U"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"speed metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_metal"},{"link_name":"crossover thrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_thrash"},{"link_name":"sexual innuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_innuendo"}],"text":"This EP shows the band's musical style as an intermediate point between hardcore punk and speed metal – also known as crossover thrash. Sing-along choruses and distinguished riffs combined with proficient guitar solos are trademarks of both of the former subgenres.A few songs featured the band's trademark melodic mutant rock and roll style; \"Bartender\" and \"Lost Chapter\" have frequently been played during live shows.Tracks 3 and 5 detail the love of loose women; the lyrics, including titles, contain noticeable sexual innuendo.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All songs written by Chris Doherty, unless stated\"Bartender\"\t–\t3:16\n\"Lost Chapter\" (Joe Gittleman, Doherty)\t–\t2:59\n\"Rent\"\t–\t2:07\n\"Put Her On Top\"\t–\t3:42\n\"Cum in U\"\t–\t3:02","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Chris Doherty – vocals, guitar\nFritz Ericson – guitar\nJoe Gittleman – bass\nBrian Betzger – drums\nRecorded and mixed in 1988 at Newbury Sound, Boston, Massachusetts, USA\nTracks 1, 2, and 4 produced by Daniel Rey\nTracks 3 and 5 produced by Ross Humphrey\nEngineered by Drew Townson\nMastered by Tom Coyne at Frankford/Wayne, New York City, USA\nIllustrations by Joel Adams","title":"Credits"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060822030458/http://www.taang.com/bands_ganggreen_body.html","external_links_name":"Taang Records band page"},{"Link":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=gang_green","external_links_name":"Trouserpress entry for Gang Green"},{"Link":"http://homepages.nyu.edu/~cch223/usa/ganggreen_main.html","external_links_name":"More info on Gang Green"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/2922ec0c-aa26-3e07-9a02-e8a78fc792ad","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly_delegation_from_Gombe | Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Gombe | ["1 9th Assembly (2019–Date)","2 See also","3 References"] | Gombe's delegation in Nigeria's National Assembly
Politics of Nigeria
Constitution
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Government
President (list)
Bola Tinubu
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Cabinet
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(List of members of the Senate)
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(List of members of the House)
State delegations
Abia
Adamawa
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vte
The Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Gombe State comprises three Senators and seven Representatives.
9th Assembly (2019–Date)
The 9th National Assembly (2019 -Date) was inaugurated on 12 June 2019.
The All Peoples' Congress (APC) won all the Senate and House of Representatives'seats.
Senators representing Gombe State in the 9th Assembly are:
Senator
Constituency
Party
Mohammed Danjuma Goje
Central
APC
Sa'idu Ahmed Alkali
North
APC
Bulus Kilawangs Amos
South
APC
Representatives in the 9th Assembly are:
Representative
Constituency
Party
Yaya Bauchi Tongo
Gombe,Kwami &Funakaye
APC
Karu Simon Elisha
Kaltungo/Shongom
APC
Aishatu Jibril Dukku
Dukku / Nafada
APC
Usman Bello Kumo
Akko Federal Constituency
APC
Victor Mela Danzaria
Balanga/Billiri
APC
Yunusa Abubakar
Yamaltu-Deba
APC
See also
Senate of Nigeria
Nigerian National Assembly
References
^ "Senators – Gombe". National Assembly of Nigeria. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
^ "Members – Gombe". National Assembly of Nigeria. Retrieved 6 June 2010.
vteNigerian National Assembly delegationsBy session
5th (members 2003–2007)
6th (members 2007–2011)
7th (members 2011-2015)
8th (members 2015-2019)
9th (members 2019–2023)
10th (members 2023–2027)
By state
Abia
Adamawa
Akwa Ibom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
Cross River
Delta
Ebonyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
Federal Capital Territory | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"The Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Gombe State comprises three Senators and seven Representatives.","title":"Nigerian National Assembly delegation from Gombe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Peoples' Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Peoples%27Congress_(Nigeria)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gombe State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_State"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 9th National Assembly (2019 -Date) was inaugurated on 12 June 2019.\nThe All Peoples' Congress (APC) won all the Senate and House of Representatives'seats.Senators representing Gombe State in the 9th Assembly are:[1]Representatives in the 9th Assembly are:[2]","title":"9th Assembly (2019–Date)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Senate of Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Nigeria"},{"title":"Nigerian National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_National_Assembly"}] | [{"reference":"\"Senators – Gombe\". National Assembly of Nigeria. Retrieved 6 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nassnig.org/senate/members.php?state=38&party=all&button=Submit","url_text":"\"Senators – Gombe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Members – Gombe\". National Assembly of Nigeria. Retrieved 6 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nassnig.org/house/members.php?state=38&party=all&button=Submit","url_text":"\"Members – Gombe\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nassnig.org/senate/members.php?state=38&party=all&button=Submit","external_links_name":"\"Senators – Gombe\""},{"Link":"http://www.nassnig.org/house/members.php?state=38&party=all&button=Submit","external_links_name":"\"Members – Gombe\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KonoSuba_(season_1) | KonoSuba season 1 | ["1 Episodes","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"] | 2016 Japanese anime television series
Season of television series
KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!Season 1Promotional posterNo. of episodes10ReleaseOriginal networkTokyo MXOriginal releaseJanuary 14 (2016-01-14) –March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)Season chronologyNext →Season 2List of episodes
The first season of KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! adapted the first two light novel volumes and ran in Japan on Tokyo MX and other networks from January 14 to March 17, 2016. The season was streamed internationally by Crunchyroll and AnimeLab. The opening theme song is "Fantastic Dreamer" performed by Machico, while the ending theme song is "Chīsana Bōken-sha" (ちいさな冒険者, lit. 'Little Adventurer') performed by Sora Amamiya, Rie Takahashi, and Ai Kayano.
Episodes
See also: List of KonoSuba episodes
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Ref.11"This Self-Proclaimed Goddess and Reincarnation in Another World!"Transliteration: "Kono Jishō Megami to Isekai Tensei o!" (Japanese: この自称女神と異世界転生を！)Shunji YoshidaMakoto UezuTakaomi KanasakiJanuary 14, 2016 (2016-01-14)
While out buying a game, a sleep-deprived shut-in named Kazuma Satō mistakes a tractor for a speeding truck and rushes in to push a girl out of the way, dying from shock as a result. In the afterlife, Kazuma is greeted by a goddess named Aqua, who offers to transport him to an RPG-like world in order to battle against a Devil King instead of going to heaven or reincarnation. Given the option to choose any item or ability to arm himself with, Kazuma, annoyed by Aqua's attitude, decides to drag her along with him to the town of Axel. With Aqua unable to return until the Devil King is defeated, the two earn some money to register as adventurers, with Kazuma assigned to a rather generic Adventurer class while Aqua is assigned as an Archpriest. The two then spend the following weeks working carefree lives as laborers before eventually remembering that they need to do some actual adventuring.
22"An Explosion for This Chunibyo!"Transliteration: "Kono Chūnibyō ni Bakuen o!" (Japanese: この中二病に爆焔を！)Masato MiyoshiAoi AkashiroTakaomi KanasakiJanuary 21, 2016 (2016-01-21)
After struggling to defeat some giant frogs, Kazuma and Aqua seek out members to join their party. After a long wait with no respondents to their advertisement for advanced class adventurers only, they are approached by Megumin, a magician capable of performing powerful explosion magic. However, she becomes incapacitated immediately after casting an Explosion spell and is too stubborn to learn anything else. Kazuma reluctantly keeps Megumin in his party so she wouldn't make him seem like a perverted freak in public. Kazuma is then approached by a crusader named Darkness, who also seems to have a dubious quirk.
33"A Panty Treasure in This Right Hand!"Transliteration: "Kono Migite ni Pantsu o!" (Japanese: この右手にお宝（ぱんつ）を！)Hidehiko KadotaKōjirō NakamuraTetsuhito SaitoJanuary 28, 2016 (2016-01-28)
Darkness reveals she hardly ever hits anything with her attacks and is strictly a meat shield, so Kazuma rejects her, but Darkness persists in following him. Her thief friend Chris teaches him a Steal skill, which he inadvertently uses to steal girls' panties. Chris humiliates him by recounting his panty theft in a crowded tavern. Kazuma tries to get everyone but Aqua to leave the party by warning them of their quest to defeat the Devil King, but this only succeeds in exciting Darkness's masochistic urges. The entire town is brought together to defeat an army of cabbage monsters for the harvest, where the party performs admirably, to Kazuma's frustration: Darkness shields the villagers from enemy attacks while also showing off her exhibitionist tendencies, Megumin blows up the entire cabbage horde with a single spell, and Aqua uses water magic to boost morale and preserve the freshness of the harvested cabbages.
44"Explosion Magic for This Formidable Enemy!"Transliteration: "Kono Kyōteki ni Bakuretsu Mahō o!" (Japanese: この強敵に爆裂魔法を！)Bob ShirohataMakoto UezuTakayuki InagakiFebruary 4, 2016 (2016-02-04)
With hunting requests declining due to one of the Devil King's generals moving in nearby, Kazuma accompanies Megumin as she practices her explosion magic on a seemingly abandoned castle. This infuriates the general, Verdia the Dullahan, who had been living in that castle. Placing a death curse upon Darkness, Verdia demands that Megumin come to his castle within a week in order to save Darkness' life. However, after Verdia takes his leave, Aqua removes the curse from Darkness, eliminating the need to journey to the castle.
55"A Price for This Cursed Sword!"Transliteration: "Kono Maken ni Onedan o!" (Japanese: この魔剣にお値段を！)Takatoshi SuzukiAoi AkashiroTakaomi KanasakiFebruary 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
Wanting to earn some money despite only hard quests being available, Aqua takes on a request to purify a lake filled with alligator monsters, with the others putting her in a cage to keep her safe. Though Aqua gets the quest done, she is left traumatized from hours of alligator attacks. On their return, the group encounters Kyouya Mitsurugi, another human Aqua sent to Axel, who is displeased with how Aqua is treated. However, Aqua refuses to leave Kazuma's party, and the rest of the party refuses to let Kyouya join them. Kyouya challenges Kazuma to a duel to determine whether Aqua will join Kyouya's party or stay with Kazuma's. However, he is quickly defeated after Kazuma steals the cursed sword he received when he came to the RPG world. Kyouya tries to repurchase the sword the next day, but Kazuma has sold it. Verdia returns to the town, wondering why no one came to fight him.
66"A Conclusion to This Worthless Fight!"Transliteration: "Kono Rokudemonai Tatakai ni Ketchaku o!" (Japanese: このろくでもない戦いに決着を！)Shunji YoshidaMakoto UezuTetsuhito SaitoFebruary 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
Annoyed that Megumin is still using his castle for explosion practice, Verdia, after proving easily susceptible to Aqua's purification magic, summons an undead army, which is defeated by Megumin's explosion magic. As Verdia then battles against Darkness, Kazuma deduces that he is weak against water and has Aqua attack him with a flood. With Verdia weakened, Kazuma steals Verdia's head, allowing Aqua to defeat him with the spell Turn Undead. The next day, Kazuma and his party earn a hefty reward for defeating Verdia, which is put towards paying off the damages Aqua's flood caused to the town.
77"A Second Death in This Freezing Season!"Transliteration: "Kono Kogoesō na Kisetsu ni Nidome no Shi o!" (Japanese: この凍えそうな季節に二度目の死を！)Masato MiyoshiAoi AkashiroMasahiro IseFebruary 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
Needing money to pay off his debts and survive the freezing weather, Kazuma and his party take on a quest to kill Snow Sprites. However, their hunt attracts the attention of a powerful Winter Shogun, who kills Kazuma, sending him to the world's afterlife, where he meets the goddess Eris. Eris offers to reincarnate him into a wealthy family in Japan, but Kazuma finds he misses his companions from the RPG world. Aqua calls for Kazuma to return to his body, having already cast magic to bring him back to life. Kazuma willingly returns but refuses to thank Aqua for resurrecting him, declares Eris the main heroine of his story, and is disenchanted at his companions with their odd personalities.
88"A Loving Hand for Our Party When We Can't Make It Through Winter!"Transliteration: "Kono Fuyu o Kosenai Ore-tachi ni Ai no Te o!" (Japanese: この冬を越せない俺達に愛の手を！)Hidehiko KadotaKōjirō NakamuraTakaomi KanasakiMarch 3, 2016 (2016-03-03)
Kazuma and Aqua visit a magic shop run by a kind-hearted lich named Wiz, who reveals herself to be one of the Devil King's generals in charge of protecting a barrier surrounding the Devil King's castle. After Wiz teaches Kazuma the Drain Touch skill, the party takes on a request to exorcise evil spirits from a mansion where they can stay during the winter. That night, Kazuma and Megumin find themselves on the run from an army of possessed dolls while also desperately needing the bathroom. Aqua saves the day again with her Turn Undead spells. The following morning, Aqua reveals that her actions after first meeting Wiz led to the mansion being haunted in the first place.
99"God's Blessing on This Wonderful Shop!"Transliteration: "Kono Subarashii Mise ni Shukufuku o!" (Japanese: この素晴らしい店に祝福を！)Tarō KuboAoi AkashiroTakayuki InagakiMarch 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
Kazuma and his adventure friends Keith and Dust go to a shop run by succubi, who provide male adventurers with erotic dreams. After having a luxurious crab meal and falling asleep in the bath, Kazuma mistakes Darkness entering the bath as the dream and orders her to wash his back. The belief that he is dreaming makes Kazuma more domineering than usual, so the submission-loving Darkness gives in to his demand. Before they can proceed further, Aqua announces that she has trapped a succubus, who says she was sent to incite Kazuma's dream, leading Kazuma to get beaten up by the others while helping the succubus escape. The next day, a mobile fortress known as the Destroyer approaches town.
1010"Final Flame for This Over-the-top Fortress!"Transliteration: "Kono Rifujin na Yōsai ni Shūen o!" (Japanese: この理不尽な要塞に終焔を！)Shunji YoshidaMakoto UezuTetsuhito SaitoMarch 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
Darkness tells Kazuma that her true name is Dustiness Ford Lalatina, the daughter of a well-regarded family. Using Aqua's barrier-breaking spells and Megumin and Wiz's explosion magic, the party takes down the Destroyer, which sets off a self-destruct sequence. Heading inside to find a way to stop the Destroyer from exploding, Kazuma finds the power source and has Wiz teleport it elsewhere. Megumin uses explosion to destroy the fortress. As peace returns to the town, Kazuma finds himself under arrest as the power source he teleported away destroyed a noble's mansion.
Notes
^ English translated titles are taken from Crunchyroll.
References
^ "Crunchyroll to Stream KonoSuba". Anime News Network. January 12, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
^ "New Titles for AnimeLab 2016 Winter Simulcast Season". Anime News Network. December 21, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
^ "KonoSuba anime staff" (in Japanese). KonoSuba.com. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
^ a b c d "Sutōrī | Anime "Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!" Kōshiki Saito" STORY | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト . konosuba.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
^ "Hōsō Jōhō | Anime "Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!" Kōshiki Saito" 放送情報 | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト . konosuba.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2024.
^ "第1話 この自称女神と異世界転生を!" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
^ "第2話 この中二病に爆焔を!" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
^ "第3話 この右手にお宝（ぱんつ）を!" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
^ "第4話 この強敵に爆裂魔法を!" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
^ "第5話 この魔剣にお値段を!" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
^ "第6話 このろくでもない戦いに決着を！" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "第7話 この凍えそうな季節に二度目の死を！" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "第8話 この冬を越せない俺達に愛の手を！" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
^ "第9話 この素晴らしい店に祝福を！" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved March 9, 2016.
^ "第10話 この理不尽な要塞に終焔を！" (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekain ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
External links
Official anime website (in Japanese)
Official website at Crunchyroll
KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! at IMDb
KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
vteKonoSuba by Natsume AkatsukiPrint
Characters
Kazuma Satou
Megumin
Volumes
TV seriesMain series
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
Legend of Crimson
Spin-off
Isekai Quartet
An Explosion on This Wonderful World! | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KonoSuba:_God%27s_Blessing_on_This_Wonderful_World!"},{"link_name":"Tokyo MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_MX"},{"link_name":"Crunchyroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll"},{"link_name":"AnimeLab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimeLab"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crunchyroll-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimeLab-2"},{"link_name":"Machico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machico_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Sora Amamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora_Amamiya"},{"link_name":"Rie Takahashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rie_Takahashi"},{"link_name":"Ai Kayano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Kayano"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Staff-3"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe first season of KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World! adapted the first two light novel volumes and ran in Japan on Tokyo MX and other networks from January 14 to March 17, 2016. 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Retrieved February 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-12/crunchyroll-to-stream-konosuba-god-blessing-on-this-wonderful-world-anime/.97499","url_text":"\"Crunchyroll to Stream KonoSuba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"New Titles for AnimeLab 2016 Winter Simulcast Season\". Anime News Network. December 21, 2015. Retrieved February 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-12-22/new-titles-for-animelab-2016-winter-simulcast-season/.96781","url_text":"\"New Titles for AnimeLab 2016 Winter Simulcast Season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"}]},{"reference":"\"KonoSuba anime staff\" (in Japanese). KonoSuba.com. Retrieved January 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/staff_cast/","url_text":"\"KonoSuba anime staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sutōrī | Anime \"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!\" Kōshiki Saito\" STORY | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト [Story | Anime \"KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!\" Official Site]. konosuba.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/","url_text":"\"Sutōrī | Anime \"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!\" Kōshiki Saito\" STORY | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012032632/http://konosuba.com/1st/story/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hōsō Jōhō | Anime \"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!\" Kōshiki Saito\" 放送情報 | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト [Broadcast Information | Anime \"KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!\" Official Site]. konosuba.com (in Japanese). Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/onair/","url_text":"\"Hōsō Jōhō | Anime \"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!\" Kōshiki Saito\" 放送情報 | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012032535/http://konosuba.com/1st/onair/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"第1話 この自称女神と異世界転生を!\" [Episode 1 This Self Proclaimed Goddess and Reincarnation in Another World!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=01","url_text":"\"第1話 この自称女神と異世界転生を!\""}]},{"reference":"\"第2話 この中二病に爆焔を!\" [Episode 2 An Explosion for This Chuunibyo!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=02","url_text":"\"第2話 この中二病に爆焔を!\""}]},{"reference":"\"第3話 この右手にお宝（ぱんつ）を!\" [Episode 3 A Panty Treasure in This Right Hand!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=03","url_text":"\"第3話 この右手にお宝（ぱんつ）を!\""}]},{"reference":"\"第4話 この強敵に爆裂魔法を!\" [Episode 4 Explosion Magic for This Formidable Enemy!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=04","url_text":"\"第4話 この強敵に爆裂魔法を!\""}]},{"reference":"\"第5話 この魔剣にお値段を!\" [Episode 5 A Price for This Magic Sword!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=05","url_text":"\"第5話 この魔剣にお値段を!\""}]},{"reference":"\"第6話 このろくでもない戦いに決着を！\" [Episode 6 A Conclusion to This Worthless Fight!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=06","url_text":"\"第6話 このろくでもない戦いに決着を！\""}]},{"reference":"\"第7話 この凍えそうな季節に二度目の死を！\" [Episode 7 A Second Death in This Freezing Season!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=07","url_text":"\"第7話 この凍えそうな季節に二度目の死を！\""}]},{"reference":"\"第8話 この冬を越せない俺達に愛の手を！\" [Episode 8 A Loving Hand for Our Party When We Can't Make It Through Winter!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved February 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=08","url_text":"\"第8話 この冬を越せない俺達に愛の手を！\""}]},{"reference":"\"第9話 この素晴らしい店に祝福を！\" [Episode 9 God's Blessing On This Wonderful Shop!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved March 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=09","url_text":"\"第9話 この素晴らしい店に祝福を！\""}]},{"reference":"\"第10話 この理不尽な要塞に終焔を！\" [Episode 10 A Final Flame for this Over-the-top Fortress!] (in Japanese). Kono Subarashii Sekain ni Shukufuku o!. Retrieved March 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=09","url_text":"\"第10話 この理不尽な要塞に終焔を！\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-12/crunchyroll-to-stream-konosuba-god-blessing-on-this-wonderful-world-anime/.97499","external_links_name":"\"Crunchyroll to Stream KonoSuba\""},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-12-22/new-titles-for-animelab-2016-winter-simulcast-season/.96781","external_links_name":"\"New Titles for AnimeLab 2016 Winter Simulcast Season\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/staff_cast/","external_links_name":"\"KonoSuba anime staff\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/","external_links_name":"\"Sutōrī | Anime \"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!\" Kōshiki Saito\" STORY | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012032632/http://konosuba.com/1st/story/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/onair/","external_links_name":"\"Hōsō Jōhō | Anime \"Kono Subarashii Sekai ni Shukufuku wo!\" Kōshiki Saito\" 放送情報 | アニメ「この素晴らしい世界に祝福を！」公式サイト"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161012032535/http://konosuba.com/1st/onair/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=01","external_links_name":"\"第1話 この自称女神と異世界転生を!\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=02","external_links_name":"\"第2話 この中二病に爆焔を!\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=03","external_links_name":"\"第3話 この右手にお宝（ぱんつ）を!\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=04","external_links_name":"\"第4話 この強敵に爆裂魔法を!\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=05","external_links_name":"\"第5話 この魔剣にお値段を!\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=06","external_links_name":"\"第6話 このろくでもない戦いに決着を！\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=07","external_links_name":"\"第7話 この凍えそうな季節に二度目の死を！\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=08","external_links_name":"\"第8話 この冬を越せない俺達に愛の手を！\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=09","external_links_name":"\"第9話 この素晴らしい店に祝福を！\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/story/?mode=detail&id=09","external_links_name":"\"第10話 この理不尽な要塞に終焔を！\""},{"Link":"http://konosuba.com/1st/","external_links_name":"Official anime website"},{"Link":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/series/GYE5K3GQR/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5370118/episodes?season=1","external_links_name":"KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=17123","external_links_name":"KonoSuba: God's Blessing on This Wonderful World!"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an_faction | Yan'an faction | ["1 Influence","2 List","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Sources"] | 1945–1956 faction in North Korea
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Yan'an factionChosŏn'gŭl연안파Hancha延安派Revised RomanizationYeonanpaMcCune–ReischauerYŏnanp'a
The Yan'an faction (Korean: 연안파; RR: yeonanpa) were a group of pro-China communists in the North Korean government after the division of Korea following World War II.
The group was involved in a power struggle with pro-Soviet factions but Kim Il Sung was eventually able to defeat both factions and dominate the North Korean government, allowing him to push for unification during the Korean War. "Yeonan" is the Korean reading of the Chinese communist town Yan'an, the capital of the Yan'an Soviet.
Led first by Mu Chong and then by Kim Tu-bong and Choe Chang-ik, the Korean exiles had lived in Yan'an Soviet and joined the Chinese Communist Party whose headquarters were at Yan'an. They had formed their own party, in exile, the "North-Chinese League for the Independence of Korea". In the autumn of 1945, the Soviet Union allowed some 4,000 Koreans who had joined the Chinese communist movement to fight with the People's Liberation Army to return to North Korea, though they disarmed them. They then formed the New People's Party, which merged with the Communist Party in 1946 to form the Workers Party of North Korea. Many members of the Yan'an faction had fought in the Chinese Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army and thus had close relations with Mao Zedong.
Influence
The group included thirty Korean People's Army (KPA) generals by the time the Korean War started. Mu Chong was vice marshal at the Ministry of Defence, Pak Il-u was minister of internal affairs, and deputy commander North Korea-China Combined Forces Command. Kim Ung was KPA front commander in 1951, Pang Ho-san, Lee Kwon-mu and Kim Chang-dok were corps commanders.
List
Kim Tu-bong
Choe Chang-ik
Mu Chong
Ho Jong-suk
Pak Il-u
Han Pin
Yun Kong-hum
So Hwi
Kim Chang-man
Kim Won-bong
Ri Yu-min
References
Citations
^ a b Rober M. Collins (2014). "Korean People's Army". The Ashgate Research Companion to the Korean War. Ashgate research companions. Professor Donald W Boose Jr, Professor James I Matray (editors). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 257. ISBN 9781472405838.
Sources
Bragg, Christine: Korea, Vietnam and US Foreign Policy 1945-75, Heinemann, 2005 ISBN 0-435-32708-9
Noack, David: Das Wendejahr (The turn-around year), junge Welt, 3 December 2011 (in German)
vte China–North Korea relations Diplomatic posts
Embassy of China, Pyongyang
Ambassadors of China to North Korea
Embassy of North Korea, Beijing
Consulate-General of China, Chongjin
Diplomacy
Kim–Xi meetings
Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty
Sino–Korean Border Agreement
Incidents
2018 North Korea bus accident
Dandong shooting incident
Goguryeo controversies
Yan'an faction
Related
Border
Hong Kong–North Korea relations
Ponghwa Chemical Factory
Taean Friendship Glass Factory
Sup'ung Dam
Taipingwan Dam
Unbong Dam
Wiwon Dam
Category:China–North Korea relations | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"North Korean government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korean_government"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Kim Il Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Yan'an Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Mu Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Chong"},{"link_name":"Kim Tu-bong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong"},{"link_name":"Choe Chang-ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Chang-ik"},{"link_name":"Yan'an Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%27an_Soviet"},{"link_name":"Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashgate-1"},{"link_name":"New People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People%27s_Party_(Korea)"},{"link_name":"Workers Party of North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers_Party_of_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Eighth Route Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army"},{"link_name":"New Fourth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Fourth_Army"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"}],"text":"The Yan'an faction (Korean: 연안파; RR: yeonanpa) were a group of pro-China communists in the North Korean government after the division of Korea following World War II.The group was involved in a power struggle with pro-Soviet factions but Kim Il Sung was eventually able to defeat both factions and dominate the North Korean government, allowing him to push for unification during the Korean War. \"Yeonan\" is the Korean reading of the Chinese communist town Yan'an, the capital of the Yan'an Soviet.Led first by Mu Chong and then by Kim Tu-bong and Choe Chang-ik, the Korean exiles had lived in Yan'an Soviet and joined the Chinese Communist Party whose headquarters were at Yan'an. They had formed their own party, in exile, the \"North-Chinese League for the Independence of Korea\". In the autumn of 1945, the Soviet Union allowed some 4,000 Koreans who had joined the Chinese communist movement to fight with the People's Liberation Army to return to North Korea, though they disarmed them.[1] They then formed the New People's Party, which merged with the Communist Party in 1946 to form the Workers Party of North Korea. Many members of the Yan'an faction had fought in the Chinese Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army and thus had close relations with Mao Zedong.","title":"Yan'an faction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mu Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Chong"},{"link_name":"Pak Il-u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Il-u"},{"link_name":"North Korea-China Combined Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Korea-China_Combined_Forces_Command&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Ung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ung"},{"link_name":"Pang Ho-san","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang_Ho-san"},{"link_name":"Lee Kwon-mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kwon-mu"},{"link_name":"Kim Chang-dok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Chang-dok&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashgate-1"}],"text":"The group included thirty Korean People's Army (KPA) generals by the time the Korean War started. Mu Chong was vice marshal at the Ministry of Defence, Pak Il-u was minister of internal affairs, and deputy commander North Korea-China Combined Forces Command. Kim Ung was KPA front commander in 1951, Pang Ho-san, Lee Kwon-mu and Kim Chang-dok were corps commanders.[1]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kim Tu-bong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong"},{"link_name":"Choe Chang-ik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choe_Chang-ik"},{"link_name":"Mu Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Chong"},{"link_name":"Ho Jong-suk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Jong-suk"},{"link_name":"Pak Il-u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak_Il-u"},{"link_name":"Han Pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Han_Pin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yun Kong-hum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yun_Kong-hum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"So Hwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=So_Hwi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Chang-man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kim_Chang-man&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kim Won-bong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Won-bong"},{"link_name":"Ri Yu-min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri_Yu-min"}],"text":"Kim Tu-bong\nChoe Chang-ik\nMu Chong\nHo Jong-suk\nPak Il-u\nHan Pin\nYun Kong-hum\nSo Hwi\nKim Chang-man\nKim Won-bong\nRi Yu-min","title":"List"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Rober M. Collins (2014). \"Korean People's Army\". The Ashgate Research Companion to the Korean War. Ashgate research companions. Professor Donald W Boose Jr, Professor James I Matray (editors). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 257. ISBN 9781472405838.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472405838","url_text":"9781472405838"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://davidnoack.net/v2/2011/12/das-wendejahr/","external_links_name":"Noack, David: Das Wendejahr (The turn-around year)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Josef_Zuber | Christian Joseph Zuber | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Culture canon","4 References"] | Main Building of Moesgård
Christian Joseph Zuber (11 January 1736 – 16 September 1802) was a Danish Royal architect who was strongly influenced by Nicolas-Henri Jardin.
Early life
After completing grammar school, Zuber attended the Imperial Engineering Academy in Vienna and from 1759 the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen where he was awarded the large silver medal in 1761 and the large gold medal (for designing a barracks accommodating 10,000 men) in 1762.
Career
From 1760, he worked for seven years under Nicolas-Henri Jardin as architectural designer for the construction of Marienlyst Castle in Helsingør (1760–1762) and Glorup Manor on the island of Funen (from 1773). From 1766, under a grant from the Academy, he spent six years travelling in France, Italy and Austria. On his return, he built Moesgård Manor near Aarhus (1776–1778) and Rosenfeldt near Vordingborg, both strongly influenced by Jardin. Rosenfeldt is considered to be his finest work. His buildings have a Baroque tone but he was overshadowed by the more modern Caspar Frederik Harsdorff.
Culture canon
Zuber is listed in the Danish Culture Canon together with Jardin in connection with the reconstruction of Glorup Manor (1773–1775).
References
^ Nagel, Per (2001). Living Architecture. Living Architecture Aps. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
^ "Cristian Joseph Zuber", Den Store Danske. (in Danish) Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ a b "C.J. Zuber", Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. (in Danish) Retrieved 14 January 2013.
^ "Glorup Herregård" Archived December 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Kulturkanonen. (in Danish) Retrieved 14 January 2013.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Nicolas-Henri Jardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Henri_Jardin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nagel2001-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Christian Joseph Zuber (11 January 1736 – 16 September 1802) was a Danish Royal architect who was strongly influenced by Nicolas-Henri Jardin.[1][2]","title":"Christian Joseph Zuber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Engineering Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-3"}],"text":"After completing grammar school, Zuber attended the Imperial Engineering Academy in Vienna and from 1759 the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen where he was awarded the large silver medal in 1761 and the large gold medal (for designing a barracks accommodating 10,000 men) in 1762.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolas-Henri Jardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas-Henri_Jardin"},{"link_name":"Marienlyst Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marienlyst_Castle"},{"link_name":"Helsingør","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsing%C3%B8r"},{"link_name":"Glorup Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorup_Manor"},{"link_name":"Funen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funen"},{"link_name":"Moesgård","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesg%C3%A5rd"},{"link_name":"Aarhus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus"},{"link_name":"Rosenfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeldt_Manor"},{"link_name":"Vordingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vordingborg"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Caspar Frederik Harsdorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Frederik_Harsdorff"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbl-3"}],"text":"From 1760, he worked for seven years under Nicolas-Henri Jardin as architectural designer for the construction of Marienlyst Castle in Helsingør (1760–1762) and Glorup Manor on the island of Funen (from 1773). From 1766, under a grant from the Academy, he spent six years travelling in France, Italy and Austria. On his return, he built Moesgård Manor near Aarhus (1776–1778) and Rosenfeldt near Vordingborg, both strongly influenced by Jardin. Rosenfeldt is considered to be his finest work. His buildings have a Baroque tone but he was overshadowed by the more modern Caspar Frederik Harsdorff.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish Culture Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Culture_Canon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Zuber is listed in the Danish Culture Canon together with Jardin in connection with the reconstruction of Glorup Manor (1773–1775).[4]","title":"Culture canon"}] | [{"image_text":"Main Building of Moesgård","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Moesg%C3%A5rd_hovedbygning.jpg/220px-Moesg%C3%A5rd_hovedbygning.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Nagel, Per (2001). Living Architecture. Living Architecture Aps. Retrieved 17 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mgRVAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Living Architecture"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mgRVAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Living Architecture"},{"Link":"http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Norden/Christian_Joseph_Zuber","external_links_name":"\"Cristian Joseph Zuber\""},{"Link":"http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Dansk_Biografisk_Leksikon/Kunst_og_kultur/Arkitektur/Arkitekt/C.J._Zuber","external_links_name":"\"C.J. Zuber\""},{"Link":"http://kum.dk/Documents/Temaer/Kulturkanon/KUM_kulturkanonen_OK2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Glorup Herregård\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121211223858/http://kum.dk/Documents/Temaer/Kulturkanon/KUM_kulturkanonen_OK2.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/18147602540757641536","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/18945007X","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Paralympics | Germany at the 1994 Winter Paralympics | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Sporting event delegationGermany at the1994 Winter ParalympicsIPC codeGERNPCNational Paralympic Committee GermanyWebsitewww.dbs-npc.de (in German)in LillehammerCompetitors43MedalsRanked 2nd
Gold
25
Silver
21
Bronze
18
Total
64
Winter Paralympics appearances (overview)1976198019841988199219941998200220062010201420182022
Germany competed at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in Lillehammer, Norway. 43 competitors from Germany won 64 medals including 25 gold, 21 silver, and 18 bronze and finished 2nd in the medal table.
See also
Germany at the Paralympics
Germany at the 1994 Winter Olympics
References
^ "Germany - National Paralympic Committee". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
vteNations at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in Lillehammer, NorwayAfrica
None
America
Canada
United States
Asia
Japan
Kazakhstan
South Korea
Europe
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Iceland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Russia
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
This article about sports in Germany is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1994 Winter Paralympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"1994 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Lillehammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillehammer"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"medal table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Paralympics_medal_table"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Germany competed at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in Lillehammer, Norway. 43 competitors from Germany won 64 medals including 25 gold, 21 silver, and 18 bronze and finished 2nd in the medal table.[1]","title":"Germany at the 1994 Winter Paralympics"}] | [] | [{"title":"Germany at the Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_Paralympics"},{"title":"Germany at the 1994 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Olympics"}] | [{"reference":"\"Germany - National Paralympic Committee\". www.paralympic.org. Retrieved 2016-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/germany","url_text":"\"Germany - National Paralympic Committee\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dbs-npc.de/","external_links_name":"www.dbs-npc.de"},{"Link":"https://www.paralympic.org/germany","external_links_name":"\"Germany - National Paralympic Committee\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Paralympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany_at_the_1994_Winter_Paralympics&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Discoveries | Dead Sea Discoveries | ["1 History","2 Abstracting and indexing","3 References","4 External links"] | Biblical Studies Journal
Academic journalDead Sea DiscoveriesDisciplineBiblical studies; Dead Sea ScrollsLanguageEnglishEdited byM. ZahnPublication detailsHistory1994–presentPublisherBrillStandard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Dead Sea Discov.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN0929-0761 (print)1568-5179 (web)Links
Journal homepage
Online access
Dead Sea Discoveries is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is published by Brill Academic Publishers and the editor-in-chief is Molly M. Zahn of the University of Kansas.
History
The journal was established in 1994. Previous editors include George J. Brooke, James VanderKam, Lawrence H. Schiffman, Eibert Tigchelaar (2007-2012) and Charlotte Hempel.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is included in the Scopus database and Web of Science. According to the Scimago Journal and Country Rank, the journal has a 2021 SJR-score of 0.231.
References
^ "Back Matter". Dead Sea Discoveries. 24 (1). 2017. JSTOR 26396301.
^ Harding, Mark (June 2002). "Introduction II: Recent History of Dead Sea Scrolls Scholarship". Journal of Religious History. 26 (2): 145–156. doi:10.1111/1467-9809.00147.
^ a b c "Back Matter". Vetus Testamentum. 43 (4). 1993. JSTOR 1518515.
^ "Dead Sea Scrolls Expert Dr. Lawrence Schiffman Named Scholar-in-Residence at Congregation Ezrath Israel in Ellenville, NY". Business Wire. 10 May 2007. Gale A163188914.
^ Shor, Chana Thompson. Recovering Jewish History: Lawrence H. Schiffman. Publishers Weekly Online, 17 Oct. 2013. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ Mekking, Suzanne (2012). "Publisher's Note". Dead Sea Discoveries. 19 (3): 247. doi:10.1163/15685179-12341241. JSTOR 41720846.
^ "Source details: Dead Sea Discoveries". Elsevier. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ "Scopus journals". ORES Science Platform. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ "Journal Info". Life. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
^ "Dead Sea Discoveries". Scimago. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
External links
Official website
This article about an academic journal on biblical studies is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Brill Academic Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Publishers"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"University of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DSD-1"}],"text":"Academic journalDead Sea Discoveries is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls. It is published by Brill Academic Publishers and the editor-in-chief is Molly M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Healey | Frank Healy | ["1 References"] | For other people named Francis Healy, see Francis Healy (disambiguation).
Frank HealyFrank Healy performing with Memoriam in 2022.Background informationBorn (1962-08-30) 30 August 1962 (age 61)Handsworth, Birmingham, EnglandGenresDeath metaldoom metalInstrument(s)BassguitarMusical artist
Francis "Frank" Healy (born 30 August 1962) is an English musician, he is a former guitarist of Napalm Death. Healy also was the bass player for Cerebral Fix. He also played bass in the first live Anaal Nathrakh session for the John Peel show. He was the bassist in the band Benediction from 1991 until 2017. He's currently in Sacrilege since 2014 as well as in Memoriam since 2016.
Healy played guitar with Napalm Death in 1987, following the departure of Justin Broadrick, on a trial period, he was succeeded by Bill Steer after the band had a reshuffle following the departure of frontman Nic Bullen.
References
^ "Benediction - Interview mit Frank Healy zu "Killing Music" • metal.de". metal.de. 23 August 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
^ "Cerebral Fix Parts Ways With Bassist Frank Healy". Blabbermouth.net. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
^ "Benediction To Embark On 'No Reunion Needed' Tour". Blabbermouth.net. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
vteNapalm Death
Shane Embury
Danny Herrera
Barney Greenway
John Cooke
Nicholas Bullen
Lee Dorrian
Justin Broadrick
Frank Healy
Bill Steer
Jesse Pintado
Miles Ratledge
Mick Harris
Jim Whitely
Mitch Harris
Studio albums
Scum
From Enslavement to Obliteration
Harmony Corruption
Utopia Banished
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Diatribes
Inside the Torn Apart
Words from the Exit Wound
Enemy of the Music Business
Order of the Leech
The Code Is Red...Long Live the Code
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Utilitarian
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Live albums
Live Corruption
Bootlegged in Japan
Punishment in Capitals
The Peel Sessions/The Complete Radio One Sessions
Compilation albums
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Discography
Napalm Death: Thrash to Death
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This article about a British bass guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Healy (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Healy_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Napalm Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Death"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cerebral Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_Fix"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Benediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benediction_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sacrilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege_(band)"},{"link_name":"Memoriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoriam"},{"link_name":"Justin Broadrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Broadrick"},{"link_name":"Bill Steer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Steer"},{"link_name":"Nic Bullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bullen"}],"text":"For other people named Francis Healy, see Francis Healy (disambiguation).Musical artistFrancis \"Frank\" Healy (born 30 August 1962) is an English musician, he is a former guitarist of Napalm Death.[1] Healy also was the bass player for Cerebral Fix.[2] He also played bass in the first live Anaal Nathrakh session for the John Peel show. He was the bassist in the band Benediction[3] from 1991 until 2017. He's currently in Sacrilege since 2014 as well as in Memoriam since 2016.Healy played guitar with Napalm Death in 1987, following the departure of Justin Broadrick, on a trial period, he was succeeded by Bill Steer after the band had a reshuffle following the departure of frontman Nic Bullen.","title":"Frank Healy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Benediction - Interview mit Frank Healy zu \"Killing Music\" • metal.de\". metal.de. 23 August 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metal.de/interviews/benediction-interview-mit-frank-healy-zu-killing-music-36874/","url_text":"\"Benediction - Interview mit Frank Healy zu \"Killing Music\" • metal.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cerebral Fix Parts Ways With Bassist Frank Healy\". Blabbermouth.net. 10 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063943/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=96742","url_text":"\"Cerebral Fix Parts Ways With Bassist Frank Healy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=96742","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Benediction To Embark On 'No Reunion Needed' Tour\". Blabbermouth.net. 3 July 2008. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063947/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100201","url_text":"\"Benediction To Embark On 'No Reunion Needed' Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"},{"url":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100201","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.metal.de/interviews/benediction-interview-mit-frank-healy-zu-killing-music-36874/","external_links_name":"\"Benediction - Interview mit Frank Healy zu \"Killing Music\" • metal.de\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063943/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=96742","external_links_name":"\"Cerebral Fix Parts Ways With Bassist Frank Healy\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=96742","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606063947/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100201","external_links_name":"\"Benediction To Embark On 'No Reunion Needed' Tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=100201","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0e2e5258-59d8-421d-988f-3aa57c0a997a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Healy&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadrique_Alfonso | Fadrique Alfonso | ["1 Biography","2 Descendants","3 Ancestors","4 References"] | Illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile (1334–1358)
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Don Fadrique AlfonsoLord of HaroFadrique bidding farewell to his mother Leonor de Guzmán before her executionBorn13 January 1334SevilleDied29 May 1358(1358-05-29) (aged 24)SevilleNoble familyHouse of EnríquezSpouse(s)Leonor de AnguloIssueAlonso EnríquezFatherAlfonso XI of CastileMotherEleanor of Guzman
Fadrique Alfonso of Castile, 1st Señor de Haro (1334–1358), 25th Master of the Order of Santiago (1342–1358), was the fifth illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile and Eleanor of Guzman. He was born in Seville.
Biography
Fadrique was a twin to Henry of Trastámara. While his father lived, the children of Eleanor de Guzman, the king's favorite, profited from appointments and royal grants. With this backing, in 1342, Fadrique rose to the leading role of Maestre of the militant monastic Order of Santiago. The prior Maestre had been Alonso Meléndez de Guzmán, his maternal uncle.In 1354, Fadrique was granted the role as custodian (Adelantado Mayor de la Frontera) of the Portuguese frontier. The rebelling Count Henry of Trastamara took refuge in the French court of Jean II after he was cornered in Asturias in 1354, and the count sought support from the French monarchy. Fadrique did not join his brother's rebellion until much later, during the War of Two Peters (Aragon vs. Castile).
When Alfonso XI died from the Black Death during a siege of Gibraltar, the sons of Dona Eleanor Guzman rebelled after the king's death, refusing to acknowledge the new fifteen year-old heir, Pedro I of Castile. During the reign of King Alfonso XI, Dona Eleanor de Guzman (the king's favorite concubine) had taken Queen Maria of Portugal's place at many important events, thus causing bad feelings between the two. Queen Maria of Portugal was regent for one year after her husband's death. When Dona Eleanor's sons' rebelled Count Jao de Albuquerque easily convinced the Queen Mother that Eleanor de Guzman had played a part in the rebellion, and not needing much prodding, Dona Eleanor was executed. The subsequent execution of Eleanor in Talavera in 1351, added more fuel to the fire of the rebellion by Guzman's sons, in particular her fourth born, Count Henry of Trastamara, who through marriage, ruled the northeastern portion of the kingdom. The future Henry II of Castile and Leon, had several brothers: Fadrique, Tello of Castile, and Sancho of Castile. Through a combination of threats and diplomacy, Peter I of Castile was able to elicit fealty and a temporary reconciliation with his half-brothers. But this was not to last. Master Fadrique of The Order of Santiago, a religious knight, was named royal emissary to Bourbon, France, when he went to escort Pedro's bride-to-be, Blanche of Bourbon. There were rumors he had slept with his brother's bride. “Just what had happened, it is somewhat difficult to discover, and the story is told that the king, listening to scandalous talk, was made to believe that his royal messenger and half-brother, Fadrique, had played the role of Sir Tristan as he had brought the lady back and that she had been a somewhat willing Isolde.” Women of Romance Countries, John Effinger (2021). The subsequent turmoil of this marriage and Pedro's entanglement with his concubine, María de Padilla, who King Pedro later swore he had married in a secret ceremony, was unlikely to have help cement a relationship between King Pedro and Master Fadrique.
Fadrique died when he joined the rebellion on the frontier during the War with Aragon, when he was fighting with his brother Tello. A propaganda legend was created that one finds in many manuscripts which claims that he and his knights met with the king in Seville, while paying visits to the King's mistress, Maria de Padilla. He was then apprehended and killed by being tossed out the window while the king ate his lunch. This legend is in reality the real-life death of the exiled Prince Jean of Aragon, the king's cousin, who was plotting to take the throne as the king had no acknowledged legitimate heirs, as yet. Jean foolishly thought King Pedro I would make him the Lord of Vizcaya and dimwittedly met with the autocratic king, who had no intention of handing over a valuable part of his kingdom to him. Prince Jean of Aragon, after angering the king, was promptly killed by being thrown out the window, which Ayala then used later in his propaganda by stating the king yelled as the prince's body fell, "Here is your Lord of Vizcaya!" Propagandists then made this Master Fadrique's death and kept out a lot of the historical details, such as the War of Two Pedros, between Aragon and France vs. Castile and Navarre, which was taking place at the time, known as the One Hundred Years War.
After M. Fadrique de Guzman died in battle, his body was most likely interred in a church nearby in Aragon. In 1579, his mortal remains were transferred to the crypt of the royal chapel, probably by order of the Trastamara ruler, to the Cathedral in Seville where they remain to this day.
Descendants
As Maester of the Order of Santiago, Fadrique was putatively required to remain celibate. Through illegitimate marriages he fathered the lineage of the Enríquez family, who became Admirals of Castile and later Dukes of Medina de Rioseco.
By an unknown woman (possibly a Sephardic Jewish woman named Paloma), he had one illegitimate son:
Alfonso Enríquez de Castilla (b. 1354, d. 1429), 1st Señor de Medina de Río Seco, married to Juana de Mendoza (b. circa 1360, d. January 24, 1431), had issue
By Leonor de Angulo y Córdoba (b. c. 1340), a Castilian noblewoman, he had two illegitimate children:
Pedro Enríquez de Castilla (b. 1355, d. May 5, 1400), 1st Conde de Trastámara, 2nd Constable of Castile, married in 1385 to Isabel de Castro (b. circa 1360), had issue
Leonor Enríquez de Castilla (b. circa 1357), married to Diego Gómez Sarmiento, Marshall of Castile (b. circa 1355, d. August 14, 1385), had issue.
His descendant Juana Enriquez (1425 – February 13, 1468), was the second wife of John II of Aragon and the mother of Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ancestors
Ancestors of Fadrique Alfonso 8. Sancho IV of Castile 4. Ferdinand IV of Castile 9. María de Molina 2. Alfonso XI of Castile 10. Denis of Portugal 5. Constance of Portugal 11. Elizabeth of Aragon Fadrique Alfonso, Lord of Haro 12. Álvaro Perez de Guzman 6. Pedro Núñez de Guzmán 13. Maria Giron 3. Eleanor of Guzman 14. Fernán Pérez Ponce de León, Lord Cangas and la Puebla 7. Beatriz Ponce de León 15. Urraca Gutiérrez de Meneses
Preceded byAlonso Meléndez de Guzmán
Grand Master of the Order of Santiago 1342–1358
Succeeded byGarci Álvarez de Toledo
References
^ Douglas Richardson; Kimball G. Everingham; David Faris (2004). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families. Genealogical Publishing. ISBN 0-8063-1750-7.
^ a b "Fadrique Alfonso, Master of Santiago", Fernão Lopes's chronicles, University of Georgia
^ Estow, Clara (1995). Pedro the Cruel of Castile: 1350-1369. BRILL. ISBN 9004100946.
^ de Sousa, Antonio Caetano (1735). Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza. Lisboa Occidental. p. 415. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haro,_La_Rioja"},{"link_name":"Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XI of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Guzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Guzman"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fadrique Alfonso of Castile, 1st Señor de Haro (1334–1358), 25th Master of the Order of Santiago (1342–1358), was the fifth illegitimate child of Alfonso XI of Castile and Eleanor of Guzman. He was born in Seville.[1]","title":"Fadrique Alfonso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Order of Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Santiago"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lopes-2"},{"link_name":"Alonso Meléndez de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Mel%C3%A9ndez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Peter I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"María de Padilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Padilla"}],"text":"Fadrique was a twin to Henry of Trastámara. While his father lived, the children of Eleanor de Guzman, the king's favorite, profited from appointments and royal grants. With this backing, in 1342, Fadrique rose to the leading role of Maestre of the militant monastic Order of Santiago.[2] The prior Maestre had been Alonso Meléndez de Guzmán, his maternal uncle.In 1354, Fadrique was granted the role as custodian (Adelantado Mayor de la Frontera) of the Portuguese frontier.[3] The rebelling Count Henry of Trastamara took refuge in the French court of Jean II after he was cornered in Asturias in 1354, and the count sought support from the French monarchy. Fadrique did not join his brother's rebellion until much later, during the War of Two Peters (Aragon vs. Castile).When Alfonso XI died from the Black Death during a siege of Gibraltar, the sons of Dona Eleanor Guzman rebelled after the king's death, refusing to acknowledge the new fifteen year-old heir, Pedro I of Castile. During the reign of King Alfonso XI, Dona Eleanor de Guzman (the king's favorite concubine) had taken Queen Maria of Portugal's place at many important events, thus causing bad feelings between the two. Queen Maria of Portugal was regent for one year after her husband's death. When Dona Eleanor's sons' rebelled Count Jao de Albuquerque easily convinced the Queen Mother that Eleanor de Guzman had played a part in the rebellion, and not needing much prodding, Dona Eleanor was executed. The subsequent execution of Eleanor in Talavera in 1351, added more fuel to the fire of the rebellion by Guzman's sons, in particular her fourth born, Count Henry of Trastamara, who through marriage, ruled the northeastern portion of the kingdom. The future Henry II of Castile and Leon, had several brothers: Fadrique, Tello of Castile, and Sancho of Castile. Through a combination of threats and diplomacy, Peter I of Castile was able to elicit fealty and a temporary reconciliation with his half-brothers. But this was not to last. Master Fadrique of The Order of Santiago, a religious knight, was named royal emissary to Bourbon, France, when he went to escort Pedro's bride-to-be, Blanche of Bourbon. There were rumors he had slept with his brother's bride. “Just what had happened, it is somewhat difficult to discover, and the story is told that the king, listening to scandalous talk, was made to believe that his royal messenger and half-brother, Fadrique, had played the role of Sir Tristan as he had brought the lady back and that she had been a somewhat willing Isolde.” Women of Romance Countries, John Effinger (2021). The subsequent turmoil of this marriage and Pedro's entanglement with his concubine, María de Padilla, who King Pedro later swore he had married in a secret ceremony, was unlikely to have help cement a relationship between King Pedro and Master Fadrique.Fadrique died when he joined the rebellion on the frontier during the War with Aragon, when he was fighting with his brother Tello. A propaganda legend was created that one finds in many manuscripts which claims that he and his knights met with the king in Seville, while paying visits to the King's mistress, Maria de Padilla. He was then apprehended and killed by being tossed out the window while the king ate his lunch. This legend is in reality the real-life death of the exiled Prince Jean of Aragon, the king's cousin, who was plotting to take the throne as the king had no acknowledged legitimate heirs, as yet. Jean foolishly thought King Pedro I would make him the Lord of Vizcaya and dimwittedly met with the autocratic king, who had no intention of handing over a valuable part of his kingdom to him. Prince Jean of Aragon, after angering the king, was promptly killed by being thrown out the window, which Ayala then used later in his propaganda by stating the king yelled as the prince's body fell, \"Here is your Lord of Vizcaya!\" Propagandists then made this Master Fadrique's death and kept out a lot of the historical details, such as the War of Two Pedros, between Aragon and France vs. Castile and Navarre, which was taking place at the time, known as the One Hundred Years War.After M. Fadrique de Guzman died in battle, his body was most likely interred in a church nearby in Aragon. In 1579, his mortal remains were transferred to the crypt of the royal chapel, probably by order of the Trastamara ruler, to the Cathedral in Seville where they remain to this day.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medina de Rioseco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_de_Rioseco"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lopes-2"},{"link_name":"Sephardic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Enríquez de Castilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonso_Enr%C3%ADquez_(1354-1429)"},{"link_name":"Medina de Río Seco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_de_R%C3%ADo_Seco"},{"link_name":"Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Constable of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Juana Enriquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Enriquez"},{"link_name":"John II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon"}],"text":"As Maester of the Order of Santiago, Fadrique was putatively required to remain celibate. Through illegitimate marriages he fathered the lineage of the Enríquez family, who became Admirals of Castile and later Dukes of Medina de Rioseco.[2]By an unknown woman (possibly a Sephardic Jewish woman named Paloma), he had one illegitimate son:Alfonso Enríquez de Castilla (b. 1354, d. 1429), 1st Señor de Medina de Río Seco, married to Juana de Mendoza (b. circa 1360, d. January 24, 1431), had issueBy Leonor de Angulo y Córdoba (b. c. 1340), a Castilian noblewoman, he had two illegitimate children:Pedro Enríquez de Castilla (b. 1355, d. May 5, 1400), 1st Conde de Trastámara, 2nd Constable of Castile, married in 1385 to Isabel de Castro (b. circa 1360), had issue\nLeonor Enríquez de Castilla (b. circa 1357), married to Diego Gómez Sarmiento, Marshall of Castile (b. circa 1355, d. August 14, 1385), had issue.His descendant Juana Enriquez (1425 – February 13, 1468), was the second wife of John II of Aragon and the mother of Ferdinand II of Aragon.","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sancho IV of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand IV of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"María de Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Molina"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XI of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XI_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Denis of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Constance of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Guzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Guzman"}],"text":"Ancestors of Fadrique Alfonso[4] 8. Sancho IV of Castile 4. Ferdinand IV of Castile 9. María de Molina 2. Alfonso XI of Castile 10. Denis of Portugal 5. Constance of Portugal 11. Elizabeth of Aragon Fadrique Alfonso, Lord of Haro 12. Álvaro Perez de Guzman 6. Pedro Núñez de Guzmán 13. Maria Giron 3. Eleanor of Guzman 14. Fernán Pérez Ponce de León, Lord Cangas and la Puebla 7. Beatriz Ponce de León 15. Urraca Gutiérrez de Meneses","title":"Ancestors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Douglas Richardson; Kimball G. Everingham; David Faris (2004). Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study In Colonial And Medieval Families. Genealogical Publishing. ISBN 0-8063-1750-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8063-1750-7","url_text":"0-8063-1750-7"}]},{"reference":"Estow, Clara (1995). Pedro the Cruel of Castile: 1350-1369. BRILL. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ming-yi | Wu Ming-yi | ["1 Biography","2 Work","3 Works","3.1 Novels","3.2 Essay Collections","3.3 Literary Theory","3.4 Edited","4 Awards and honors","4.1 International","4.2 Domestic","5 References","6 External links"] | Taiwanese writer
In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu.
Wu Ming-yiBorn20 June 1971Taoyuan, Taiwan (now Taoyuan District, Taoyuan City)OccupationAuthor, ScholarNationalityTaiwaneseAlma materNational Central UniversityFu Jen Catholic UniversityNotable worksThe Man with the Compound Eyes (2011)The Stolen Bicycle (2015)Notable awardsDream of the Red Chamber Award final candidate (2016)Man Booker International Prize nomination (2018)Websitehomepage18.seed.net.tw/web@5/utopiawu/index.html
Wu Ming-yiTraditional Chinese吳明益Simplified Chinese吳明益TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWú Míngyì
Wu Ming-yi (Chinese: 吳明益; born 20 June 1971) is a multidisciplinary Taiwanese artist, author, Professor of Sinophone literature at National Dong Hwa University and environmental activist. His ecological parable The Man with the Compound Eyes (2011) was published in English in 2013.
Biography
Wu was born in 1971 in Taoyuan, Taiwan (now Taoyuan District, Taoyuan). He holds a BA in marketing from Fu Jen Catholic University and a PhD in Chinese Literature from National Central University. He published his first novel in 1997.
In 2000, he began teaching Chinese literature and creative writing at National Dong Hwa University.
In 2006, Wu resigned from teaching to take uninterrupted time to write and travel, which is when he started his Book The Man with the Compound Eyes.
Dong Hwa University later agreed to a one year sabbatical.
Work
Wu is known for writing environmental literature. He is the author of several literary works, including collections of essays, short stories and novels. He is considered one of the major Taiwanese writers of his generation with writings translated into English, French, Turkish, Japanese, Korean, Czech and Indonesian. In Chinese, he is especially well known for his non-fiction books on butterflies, The Book of Lost Butterflies (2000) and The Dao of Butterflies (2003), which he also designed and illustrated.
In The Man with the Compound Eyes, an ecological parable or eco-fantasy, he tells the story of a young Pacific islander, Atelie (Atile'i in the English translation), from the fictitious island of Wayo Wayo (suggesting Bora Bora) who arrives on the East Coast of Taiwan when the 'trash vortex', a floating mountain of trash which has formed out of the Great Pacific Trash Vortex, collides with the island. The book has been described as "a masterpiece of environmental literature about an apocalyptic aboriginal encounter with modernity...Trash, resource shortages, and the destruction of Taiwan's coastline as a result of the pursuit of unenlightened self-interest are unremarkable raw materials, but mashes them into art." His literature agent described it as a "Taiwanese Life of Pi".
His 2015 book The Stolen Bicycle has been described as a study of bicycles in Taiwan during World War II. An English translation was published in 2017, and in March 2018 the book was nominated for the Man Booker International Prize. It became the center of a diplomatic dispute when, after pressure from the People's Republic of China, the awards organizer changed his nationality from Taiwan to "Taiwan, China". In April 2018, the Man Booker International Prize made the final call stating that "Wu Ming-Yi is listed as ‘Taiwan’".
Works
Novels
We're Closed Today 《本日公休》（Chiuko 九歌出版社，1997）
Grandfather Tiger 《虎爺》（Chiuko 九歌出版社，2003）
Routes in the Dream 《睡眠的航線》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2007）
The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011) 304 Pages, published in English August 29, 2013 by Harvill Secker Randomhouse Paperback and e book, 3 March 2015 and by Vintage Pantheon in North America in spring 2014.
The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》 （Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）
The Stolen Bicycle 《單車失竊記》(Cite Publishing Ltd. 麥田城邦文化，2015) 416 Pages, published in English August 28, 2017 by Text Publishing
The Land of Little Rain 《苦雨之地》(Thinkingdom Media Group Ltd. 新經典文化，2019)
Essay Collections
The Book of Lost Butterflies 《迷蝶誌》（Wheat Field Press 麥田出版社，2000）；（Reprinted by Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2010）
The Dao of Butterflies 《蝶道》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2003）；修訂版（二魚文化，2010）
So Much Water So Close to Home 《家離水邊那麼近》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2007）
Above Flame 《浮光》（ThinKingDom 新經典文化，2014）
Literary Theory
Liberating Nature through Writing 《以書寫解放自然：台灣現代自然書寫的探索》（Da'an Press 大安出版社，2011）；Reprinted under the name 'The Search for Modern Taiwanese Nature Writing 1980-2002：Liberating Nature through Writing' 《臺灣現代自然書寫的探索 1980-2002：以書寫解放自然 BOOK 1》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）
(Co-edited With Wu Sheng) Wetlands - Petrochemicals - Island Imagination 《溼地．石化．島嶼想像》（Unique Route 有鹿文化，2011）
Essays by Taiwanese Nature Writers 1980-2002: Liberating Nature through Writing, vol. 2 《臺灣自然書寫的作家論 1980-2002：以書寫解放自然 BOOK 2》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）
The Heart of Nature—From Nature Writing to Ecological Criticism: Liberating Nature through Writing, vol. 3 《自然之心─從自然書寫到生態批評：以書寫解放自然 BOOK 3》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）
Edited
Selected Taiwanese Nature Writing 《臺灣自然寫作選》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2003）
Awards and honors
International
2007: Routes in the Dream 《睡眠的航線》 named on Asia Weekly's Chinese Language Best 10 Books
2014: Prix du livre insulaire (fr) for The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》
2015: The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》 named on Time Out Beijing's The best Chinese fiction books of the last century
2016: The Twitter Literature Award (ja) ranked second in Overseas category for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》
2016: Japan Booksellers' Award ranked third in Excellent translations category for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》
2016: The Best Translation Award (ja) final candidate for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》
2016: Dream of the Red Chamber Award final candidate for The Stolen Bicycle《單車失竊記》
2018: Man Booker International Prize nomination for The Stolen Bicycle 《單車失竊記》
Domestic
1989: National Students Literature Award for Father's Wooden Ruler 〈父親的木尺〉
1992: UNITAS Debut New Author Short Story Award for The Last Xiyilieke〈最後的希以列克〉
1996: Taiwan Literature Magazine Wang Shixun New Author Award for Traces of the Enemy 〈敵蹤〉
1998: Liang Shiqiu Literary Award for Lost Butterflies 〈迷蝶〉
1998: Ecology and Reporting Literature Award for Flying〈飛〉
1999: Central Daily Literature Award for Eyes〈眼〉
2000: Taipei Literature Award Creativity Award for The Book of Lost Butterflies《迷蝶誌》
2001: UDN Literature Award Best Novel for Grandfather Tiger 〈虎爺〉
2003: China Times Open Book Award for The Way of Butterflies
2007: China Times Openbook Award for So Much Water So Close to Home《家離水邊那麼近》
2010: Tao of Butterflies 《蝶道》 named on Kingstone Bookstore's Most Influential Books of the Year
2011: China Times Open Book Award for The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》
2012: China Times Open Book Award for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》
2012: The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》 named on Books.com.tw's Best Book of the Year
2014: Chiuko Prose Award for Miracle (negative film) 《美麗世（負片）》
2015: Above Flame《浮光》 named on Kingstone Bookstore's Most Influential Books of the Year
2015: China Times Openbook Award for Above Flame 《浮光》
2015: Golden Tripod Award for Above Flame 《浮光》
2016: Taiwan Literature Award (zh) for The Stolen Bicycle 《單車失竊記》
2016: UDN Literature Prize (zh) for The Stolen Bicycle, The Magician on the Skywalk, and So Much Water So Close to Home
References
^ "Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi". capelland.com. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ a b c d Wu Ming-Yi The Grayhawk Agency, literature agency, Taiwan, undated, accessed 2 September 2018
^ a b "Antonio Chen on Taiwanese novelists in 2011". asymptotejournal.com. 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ "Wu Ming-Yi – The Script Road". thescriptroad.org. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 2018-03-30.
^ "Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi". capelland.com. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ Yahsin Huang Bicycles and War: A Review of Wu Ming-yi’s ‘The Stolen Bicycle’ Thinking Taiwan Foundation, December 1, 2015
^ Text Publishing. 29 November 2019. ISBN 9781911231240.
^ Writer protests Man Booker listing nationality as 'Taiwan, China' ABS-CBN.30 March 2018
^ "Statement on behalf of the Man Booker International Prize". themanbookerprize.com. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
^ "Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Man with the Compound Eyes". capelland.com. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
^ Text Publishing -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Stolen Bicycle. textpublishing.com.au. 2017. ISBN 9781911231240. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
^ Twitter文学賞投票結果上位一覧
^ 2016年本屋大賞、翻訳小説部門 結果発表！/
^ 第六屆「紅樓夢獎」結果
^ Wu Ming-Yi Random House, retrieved 3 September 2018
External links
, official website
Wu Ming-Yi The Grayhawk Agency, Literature agency Taiwan, undated, accessed 2 September 2018
Dan Bloom Shooting for the stars, Taipei Times, April 29, 2013. Article about English translation of The Man with the Compound Eyes.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
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CiNii
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"National Dong Hwa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dong_Hwa_University"},{"link_name":"environmental activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_activist"},{"link_name":"The Man with the Compound Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Compound_Eyes"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wu.Wu Ming-yi (Chinese: 吳明益; born 20 June 1971) is a multidisciplinary Taiwanese artist, author, Professor of Sinophone literature at National Dong Hwa University and environmental activist. His ecological parable The Man with the Compound Eyes (2011) was published in English in 2013.","title":"Wu Ming-yi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taoyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoyuan_District"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Fu Jen Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Jen_Catholic_University"},{"link_name":"National Central University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Central_University"},{"link_name":"National Dong Hwa University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dong_Hwa_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grayhawk-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grayhawk-2"}],"text":"Wu was born in 1971 in Taoyuan, Taiwan (now Taoyuan District, Taoyuan). He holds a BA in marketing from Fu Jen Catholic University and a PhD in Chinese Literature from National Central University. He published his first novel in 1997.In 2000, he began teaching Chinese literature and creative writing at National Dong Hwa University.[1]In 2006, Wu resigned from teaching to take uninterrupted time to write and travel, which is when he started his Book The Man with the Compound Eyes.[2]\nDong Hwa University later agreed to a one year sabbatical.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Book of Lost Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Lost_Butterflies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Dao of Butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dao_of_Butterflies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grayhawk-2"},{"link_name":"Great Pacific Trash Vortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Trash_Vortex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen-3"},{"link_name":"Life of Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_Pi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grayhawk-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Man Booker International Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_International_Prize"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan,_China"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Wu is known for writing environmental literature.[3] He is the author of several literary works, including collections of essays, short stories and novels. He is considered one of the major Taiwanese writers of his generation with writings translated into English, French, Turkish, Japanese, Korean, Czech and Indonesian.[4] In Chinese, he is especially well known for his non-fiction books on butterflies, The Book of Lost Butterflies (2000) and The Dao of Butterflies (2003), which he also designed and illustrated.[5]In The Man with the Compound Eyes, an ecological parable or eco-fantasy,[2] he tells the story of a young Pacific islander, Atelie (Atile'i in the English translation), from the fictitious island of Wayo Wayo (suggesting Bora Bora) who arrives on the East Coast of Taiwan when the 'trash vortex', a floating mountain of trash which has formed out of the Great Pacific Trash Vortex, collides with the island. The book has been described as \"a masterpiece of environmental literature about an apocalyptic aboriginal encounter with modernity...Trash, resource shortages, and the destruction of Taiwan's coastline as a result of the pursuit of unenlightened self-interest are unremarkable raw materials, but [Wu Mingyi] mashes them into art.\"[3] His literature agent described it as a \"Taiwanese Life of Pi\".[2]His 2015 book The Stolen Bicycle has been described as a study of bicycles in Taiwan during World War II.[6] An English translation was published in 2017,[7] and in March 2018 the book was nominated for the Man Booker International Prize. It became the center of a diplomatic dispute when, after pressure from the People's Republic of China, the awards organizer changed his nationality from Taiwan to \"Taiwan, China\".[8] In April 2018, the Man Booker International Prize made the final call stating that \"Wu Ming-Yi is listed as ‘Taiwan’\".[9]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvill Secker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvill_Secker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Text Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Publishing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"We're Closed Today 《本日公休》（Chiuko 九歌出版社，1997）\nGrandfather Tiger 《虎爺》（Chiuko 九歌出版社，2003）\nRoutes in the Dream 《睡眠的航線》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2007）\nThe Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011) 304 Pages, published in English August 29, 2013 by Harvill Secker[10] Randomhouse Paperback and e book, 3 March 2015 and by Vintage Pantheon in North America in spring 2014.\nThe Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》 （Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）\nThe Stolen Bicycle 《單車失竊記》(Cite Publishing Ltd. 麥田城邦文化，2015) 416 Pages, published in English August 28, 2017 by Text Publishing[11]\nThe Land of Little Rain 《苦雨之地》(Thinkingdom Media Group Ltd. 新經典文化，2019)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Essay Collections","text":"The Book of Lost Butterflies 《迷蝶誌》（Wheat Field Press 麥田出版社，2000）；（Reprinted by Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2010）\nThe Dao of Butterflies 《蝶道》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2003）；修訂版（二魚文化，2010）\nSo Much Water So Close to Home 《家離水邊那麼近》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2007）\nAbove Flame 《浮光》（ThinKingDom 新經典文化，2014）","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Literary Theory","text":"Liberating Nature through Writing 《以書寫解放自然：台灣現代自然書寫的探索》（Da'an Press 大安出版社，2011）；Reprinted under the name 'The Search for Modern Taiwanese Nature Writing 1980-2002：Liberating Nature through Writing' 《臺灣現代自然書寫的探索 1980-2002：以書寫解放自然 BOOK 1》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）\n(Co-edited With Wu Sheng) Wetlands - Petrochemicals - Island Imagination 《溼地．石化．島嶼想像》（Unique Route 有鹿文化，2011）\nEssays by Taiwanese Nature Writers 1980-2002: Liberating Nature through Writing, vol. 2 《臺灣自然書寫的作家論 1980-2002：以書寫解放自然 BOOK 2》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）\nThe Heart of Nature—From Nature Writing to Ecological Criticism: Liberating Nature through Writing, vol. 3 《自然之心─從自然書寫到生態批評：以書寫解放自然 BOOK 3》（Summer Festival 夏日出版社，2011）","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Edited","text":"Selected Taiwanese Nature Writing 《臺灣自然寫作選》（2-fishes 二魚文化，2003）","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asia Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Prix du livre insulaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prix_du_livre_insulaire&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_du_livre_insulaire"},{"link_name":"Time Out Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Twitter Literature Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twitter_Literature_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Japan Booksellers' Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Booksellers%27_Award"},{"link_name":"Best Translation Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Translation_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%9E"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dream of the Red Chamber Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_of_the_Red_Chamber_Award"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Man Booker International Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_Booker_International_Prize"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"2007: Routes in the Dream 《睡眠的航線》 named on Asia Weekly's Chinese Language Best 10 Books\n2014: Prix du livre insulaire (fr) for The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》\n2015: The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》 named on Time Out Beijing's The best Chinese fiction books of the last century\n2016: The Twitter Literature Award (ja) ranked second in Overseas category for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》[12]\n2016: Japan Booksellers' Award ranked third in Excellent translations category for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》\n2016: The Best Translation Award (ja) final candidate for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》[13]\n2016: Dream of the Red Chamber Award final candidate for The Stolen Bicycle《單車失竊記》[14]\n2018: Man Booker International Prize nomination for The Stolen Bicycle 《單車失竊記》","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liang Shiqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Shiqiu"},{"link_name":"Central Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Taipei Literature Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taipei_Literature_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"UDN Literature Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UDN_Literature_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"China Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Times"},{"link_name":"Kingstone Bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingstone_Bookstore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Books.com.tw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books.com.tw"},{"link_name":"Kingstone Bookstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingstone_Bookstore&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Tripod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Tripod"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Literature Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Literature_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E"},{"link_name":"UDN Literature Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UDN_Literature_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%A0%B1%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%8D%8E"}],"sub_title":"Domestic","text":"1989: National Students Literature Award for Father's Wooden Ruler 〈父親的木尺〉\n1992: UNITAS Debut New Author Short Story Award for The Last Xiyilieke〈最後的希以列克〉\n1996: Taiwan Literature Magazine Wang Shixun New Author Award for Traces of the Enemy 〈敵蹤〉\n1998: Liang Shiqiu Literary Award for Lost Butterflies 〈迷蝶〉\n1998: Ecology and Reporting Literature Award for Flying〈飛〉\n1999: Central Daily Literature Award for Eyes〈眼〉\n2000: Taipei Literature Award Creativity Award for The Book of Lost Butterflies《迷蝶誌》\n2001: UDN Literature Award Best Novel for Grandfather Tiger 〈虎爺〉\n2003: China Times Open Book Award for The Way of Butterflies[15]\n2007: China Times Openbook Award for So Much Water So Close to Home《家離水邊那麼近》\n2010: Tao of Butterflies 《蝶道》 named on Kingstone Bookstore's Most Influential Books of the Year\n2011: China Times Open Book Award for The Man with the Compound Eyes 《複眼人》\n2012: China Times Open Book Award for The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》\n2012: The Magician on the Skywalk 《天橋上的魔術師》 named on Books.com.tw's Best Book of the Year\n2014: Chiuko Prose Award for Miracle (negative film) 《美麗世（負片）》\n2015: Above Flame《浮光》 named on Kingstone Bookstore's Most Influential Books of the Year\n2015: China Times Openbook Award for Above Flame 《浮光》\n2015: Golden Tripod Award for Above Flame 《浮光》\n2016: Taiwan Literature Award (zh) for The Stolen Bicycle 《單車失竊記》\n2016: UDN Literature Prize (zh) for The Stolen Bicycle, The Magician on the Skywalk, and So Much Water So Close to Home","title":"Awards and honors"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi\". capelland.com. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capelland.com/pages/authors/index.asp?CID=275","url_text":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Antonio Chen on Taiwanese novelists in 2011\". asymptotejournal.com. 2013. Retrieved April 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Special_Feature&id=57&curr_index=30&curPage=current","url_text":"\"Antonio Chen on Taiwanese novelists in 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wu Ming-Yi – The Script Road\". thescriptroad.org. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 2018-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://thescriptroad.org/guest/wu-ming-yi/","url_text":"\"Wu Ming-Yi – The Script Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi\". capelland.com. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capelland.com/pages/authors/index.asp?CID=275","url_text":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi\""}]},{"reference":"Text Publishing. 29 November 2019. 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Retrieved April 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capelland.com/pages/authors/title.asp?CID=275&TID=648","url_text":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Man with the Compound Eyes\""}]},{"reference":"Text Publishing -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Stolen Bicycle. textpublishing.com.au. 2017. ISBN 9781911231240. Retrieved January 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/the-stolen-bicycle","url_text":"Text Publishing -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Stolen Bicycle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911231240","url_text":"9781911231240"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://homepage18.seed.net.tw/web@5/utopiawu/index.html","external_links_name":"homepage18.seed.net.tw/web@5/utopiawu/index.html"},{"Link":"http://www.capelland.com/pages/authors/index.asp?CID=275","external_links_name":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi\""},{"Link":"https://grayhawk-agency.blogspot.com/p/wu-ming-yi.html","external_links_name":"Wu Ming-Yi"},{"Link":"http://www.asymptotejournal.com/article.php?cat=Special_Feature&id=57&curr_index=30&curPage=current","external_links_name":"\"Antonio Chen on Taiwanese novelists in 2011\""},{"Link":"http://thescriptroad.org/guest/wu-ming-yi/","external_links_name":"\"Wu Ming-Yi – The Script Road\""},{"Link":"http://www.capelland.com/pages/authors/index.asp?CID=275","external_links_name":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi\""},{"Link":"http://thinking-taiwan.com/of-bicycles-and-war-huang/Of","external_links_name":"Bicycles and War: A Review of Wu Ming-yi’s ‘The Stolen Bicycle’"},{"Link":"https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/the-stolen-bicycle","external_links_name":"Text Publishing"},{"Link":"http://news.abs-cbn.com/life/03/30/18/writer-protests-man-booker-listing-nationality-as-taiwan-china","external_links_name":"Writer protests Man Booker listing nationality as 'Taiwan, China'"},{"Link":"http://themanbookerprize.com/resources/media/pressreleases/statement-behalf-man-booker-international-prize-2","external_links_name":"\"Statement on behalf of the Man Booker International Prize\""},{"Link":"http://www.capelland.com/pages/authors/title.asp?CID=275&TID=648","external_links_name":"\"Capel & Land -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Man with the Compound Eyes\""},{"Link":"https://www.textpublishing.com.au/books/the-stolen-bicycle","external_links_name":"Text Publishing -- Wu Ming-Yi -- The Stolen Bicycle"},{"Link":"http://prizesworld.com/prizes/novel/twtr.htm#list006","external_links_name":"Twitter文学賞投票結果上位一覧"},{"Link":"http://www.hontai.or.jp/","external_links_name":"2016年本屋大賞、翻訳小説部門 結果発表！"},{"Link":"http://redchamber.hkbu.edu.hk/upload/pdf/6thRedChamberAwardResult.pdf","external_links_name":"第六屆「紅樓夢獎」結果"},{"Link":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/180791/wu-ming-yi","external_links_name":"Wu Ming-Yi"},{"Link":"http://homepage18.seed.net.tw/web@5/utopiawu/index.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://grayhawk-agency.blogspot.com/p/wu-ming-yi.html","external_links_name":"Wu Ming-Yi"},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2013/04/29/2003560974/1","external_links_name":"Shooting for the stars"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000058898272","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311180121","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhdfhGYXxBRdTMy8rr6rq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16754522w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16754522w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1068331658","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007406974605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2013068571","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000218173&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=000007949&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Taiwan"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001200789","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0207935&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an52692702","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201813587","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p343272628","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810819833505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1820507X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/156860333","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumburu | Chumburu | ["1 References"] | Ethnic group in Ghana
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This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Chumburu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014)
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The Chumburu are part of the Guan ethnic group in Ghana and are located in three regions:Northern, Volta and Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. They are indigenous in three Regions of Ghana:
In Northern Ghana, they are located in Kpandai District
In Oti, they are dominant in Krachi East, Krachi West and Krachi-Chumburung Districts
And in Brong-Ahafo, they are dominant in Yeji, Pru and Atebobu Districts.
Both traditional areas of Chumburung in Brong-Ahafo and Volta regions are on the shores of Lake Volta.
The Chumburu speak the Chumburung language.
References
^ "Open Book". www.northernghanapeoples.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
vte Ethnic groups in GhanaIndigenous
Adele
Agave
Akan
Abidji
Ahafo
Akyem
Anyi
Ahanta
Ashanti
Assin
Avatime
Bono
Evalue
Fante
Nzema
Bimoba
Bissa
Chumburu
Dagaaba
Dagomba
Dyula
Ewe
Anlo Ewe
Avenor Ewe
Frafra
Ga-Adangbe
Guang
Efutu
Gonja
Kyode
Gurunsi
Jakhanke
Karamogo
Kassena
Konkomba
Krobo
Kusasi
Logba
Mamprusi
Nafana
Tallensi
Tem
Tshi
Wala
Yeji
Non-indigenous
Hausa
Fula
Mossi
Soninke
Yoruba
Zarma
African Americans
Arabs
Chinese
Gold Coast Euro-Africans
Indians
Tabom | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guang_people"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kpandai District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpandai_District"},{"link_name":"Krachi East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krachi_East_District"},{"link_name":"Krachi West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krachi_West_District"},{"link_name":"Yeji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeji_District"},{"link_name":"Pru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pru_District"},{"link_name":"Atebobu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atebubu_District"},{"link_name":"Lake Volta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Volta"},{"link_name":"Chumburung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumburung_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Chumburu are part of the Guan ethnic group in Ghana and are located in three regions:Northern, Volta and Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana. They are indigenous in three Regions of Ghana:In Northern Ghana, they are located in Kpandai District\nIn Oti, they are dominant in Krachi East, Krachi West and Krachi-Chumburung Districts\nAnd in Brong-Ahafo, they are dominant in Yeji, Pru and Atebobu Districts.Both traditional areas of Chumburung in Brong-Ahafo and Volta regions are on the shores of Lake Volta.The Chumburu speak the Chumburung language.[1]","title":"Chumburu"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Open Book\". www.northernghanapeoples.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northernghanapeoples.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Open Book\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chumburu&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Chumburu%22","external_links_name":"\"Chumburu\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Chumburu%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Chumburu%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Chumburu%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Chumburu%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Chumburu%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chumburu&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"http://www.northernghanapeoples.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Open Book\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_Kiel | Holstein Kiel | ["1 History","1.1 Foundation to WWII","1.2 Postwar to 2000","1.3 2000–2017: Regionalliga and 3. Liga","1.4 2017–present: 2. Bundesliga and promotion to Bundesliga","2 Honours","2.1 Reserve team","3 Recent seasons","3.1 Holstein Kiel","3.2 Holstein Kiel II","4 League history","5 Players","5.1 Current squad","5.2 Out on loan","5.3 Notable former players","5.4 Germany international footballers","6 Coaching staff","7 Women's section","8 Other departments","9 References","10 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°20′55″N 10°07′27″E / 54.34861°N 10.12417°E / 54.34861; 10.12417German association football club
This article is about the football club. For the German royal family, see Holstein-Kiel.
Football clubHolstein KielFull nameKieler SportvereinigungHolstein von 1900 e.V.Nickname(s)Die Störche (The Storks)Founded7 October 1900; 123 years ago (1900-10-07)GroundHolstein-StadionCapacity15,034Executive directorWolfgang SchwenkePresidentSteffen SchneeklothHead coachMarcel RappLeagueBundesliga2023–242. Bundesliga, 2nd of 18 (promoted)WebsiteClub website
Home colours
Away colours
Current season
Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e.V., commonly known as Holstein Kiel (German pronunciation: ⓘ) or KSV Holstein, is a German association football and sports club based in the city of Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein. From the 1900s through the 1960s, the club was one of the most dominant sides in northern Germany. Some notable honors from that period include the German football championship in 1912, and being vice-champions 1910 and 1930. Holstein also won six regional titles and finished as runners-up another nine times. They remained a first-division side until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. They will make their debut in the Bundesliga in the 2024–25 season after gaining promotion from the 2. Bundesliga in 2024.
History
Foundation to WWII
Holstein Kiel is the product of the merger of predecessor sides Kieler Fußball-Verein von 1900 and Kieler Fußball-Club Holstein. The earliest of these two sides was Kieler Fußball-Verein (later 1. KFV) established on 7 October 1900 out of the membership of the gymnastics club Kieler Männerturnvereins von 1844. Later the club concentrated on track and field athletics.
Kieler Fußball-Club Holstein was formed on 4 May 1902 and was renamed Fußball-Verein Holstein von 1902 (FV Holstein Kiel) sometime in 1908. The club quickly became competitive and, in 1910, they reached the German championship final, where they lost 0–1 in extra time to Karlsruher FV. In 1912, they won the German championship with a 2–1 overtime semi-final victory over defending champions Viktoria 89 Berlin followed by a 1–0 win in the final over the previous year's champions, Karlsruher FV. In 1914, the club renamed again after the new branches of hockey and athletics were added, becoming Sportverein Holstein von 1902.
On 7 June 1917, 1. Kieler Fussball Verein von 1900 and Sportverein Holstein von 1902, severely weakened by World War I, merged to form the current day club. The new association adopted the foundation date of the older club, while taking up the ground, kit, colours, logo and the name Holstein from SV Holstein Kiel. Through the 1920s, the team made regular appearances in the national playoffs and in 1926 reached the semi-finals where they were eliminated 1–3 by SpVgg Greuther Fürth. In 1930, they played their way to the final, losing 4–5 to Hertha BSC. The following year they reached the semi-finals where they were eliminated 0–2 by TSV 1860 Munich.
Under the Third Reich, German football was re-organized into sixteen top flight divisions. Kiel played in the Gauliga Nordmark, but failed to attain a title. In 1942, the Gauliga Nordmark was broken up into the Gauliga Hamburg and Gauliga Schleswig-Holstein. No longer in the company of Hamburger SV and other strong teams from the city, Kiel immediately won the title of the new division and defended it over the next two seasons until the end of World War II brought play to a halt across the country.
Those titles earned Kiel entry into the national playoff rounds. They made their best run in 1943 when they advanced as far as the semi-finals before losing to eventual champions Dresdner SC. The team secured third place by defeating First Vienna FC. The next year, they were eliminated early on and no final was played in 1945.
Postwar to 2000
Historical chart of Holstein Kiel league performance
Aerial view of the Holstein-Stadion (2019)
Since the end of the war, Kiel has primarily been a tier II and III club. After the conflict, football in the western half of the country was re-organized into five regional top flight divisions. Holstein Kiel played from 1947 until 1963 in the Oberliga Nord (I) and twice finished as runners-up (1953, 1957). In 1961 the reserve team won the German amateur championship. After the 1963 formation of a single national first division known as the Bundesliga, the club became a second division side and played in the Regionalliga Nord (II). Kiel did not advance to the Bundesliga after its 1965 Regionalliga Nord championship. German football was restructured in 1974 with the formation of a new second division known as the 2. Bundesliga and the team slipped to third division play in the Amateuroberliga Nord (III). Holstein Kiel won promotion to second-tier competition in 1978 as part of the 2. Bundesliga Nord and was relegated in 1981.
With the reunification of Germany in 1990, teams from the former East Germany became part of a combined national competition. German football was re-organized again in 1994 and Holstein Kiel qualified for the new tier three division Regionalliga Nord (III). In 1996, the club was relegated for the first time to the Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV) and returned to Regionalliga Nord (III) in 1998.
2000–2017: Regionalliga and 3. Liga
The club were relegated again to the Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV) in 2000–01, after failing to qualify for the restructured Regionalliga (III), which went from four divisions to two. They did advance the next year to Regionalliga North, then narrowly missed promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in the 2005–06 season. By 2007, they had slipped to the Oberliga Nord (IV), but earned two consecutive promotions to reach the new 3. Liga (III) in 2009. After one year in the third division, the club were relegated again in the Regionalliga Nord (IV). The team reached the quarter-finals of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal, after beating FC Energie Cottbus, MSV Duisburg and 1. FSV Mainz 05. In the quarter-final they lost to Borussia Dortmund 4–0. Since 2013, the club played again in the third division, and, in 2017, they were promoted after 36 years to the second division.
2017–present: 2. Bundesliga and promotion to Bundesliga
In the 2017–18 2. Bundesliga, after Holstein Kiel finished in 3rd place as the highest-scoring team with 71 goals, they lost 4–1 on aggregate to Wolfsburg in the relegation play-offs. In 2019, the club entered an official partnership with American USL League Two club San Francisco Glens SC. The team reached the semi-finals of the 2020–21 DFB-Pokal after beating Bayern Munich in the second round.
In the 2020–21 2. Bundesliga, Holstein Kiel missed direct promotion to the Bundesliga by losing the last two matches in the league by the same score 3–2 against Karlsruher SC and SV Darmstadt 98, to finish in third place behind VfL Bochum and Greuther Fürth. In the promotion play-offs, they won the first leg away 1–0 against FC Köln, but lost the second leg at home 5–1 to miss another chance of promotion.
On 11 May 2024, the club secured their inaugural promotion to the Bundesliga, clinching a top-two finish in the 2023–24 2. Bundesliga with a 1–1 draw against third-placed Fortuna Düsseldorf.
Honours
Viktoria trophy awarded to the German champions from 1903 to 1944
National titles
German Championship
Champions: 1912
Runners-up: 1910, 1930
German Cup
Semi-finals: 1941, 2021
Quarter-finals: 1943, 2012
Round of 16: 1962, 1966, 1971, 1979, 2019
Regional
Northern German football championship (I)
Champions: 1910, 1911, 1912, 1926, 1927, 1930
Runners-up: 1914, 1922, 1923, 1928, 1929, 1931, 1932
Gauliga Nordmark (I)
Runners-up: 1937
Gauliga Schleswig-Holstein (I)
Champions: 1943, 1944
Regionalliga Nord (II)
Champions: 1965
Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV)
Champions: 1998, 2001
Oberliga Nord (IV)
Champions: 2008
Regionalliga Nord (IV)
Champions: 2009, 2013
Schleswig-Holstein Cup (Tiers III-IV)
Winners: 1978, 1983, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017
Reserve team
German amateur championship
Champions: 1961
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
Champions: 1961, 1994, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2010
Schleswig-Holstein Cup
Winners: 1961, 1962, 1966
order: (league/achievement/tier/year)
Recent seasons
The recent season-by-season performance of the club:
This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (January 2024)
Holstein Kiel
Year
Division
Tier
Position
2001–02
Regionalliga Nord
III
13th
2002–03
Regionalliga Nord
13th
2003–04
Regionalliga Nord
12th
2004–05
Regionalliga Nord
10th
2005–06
Regionalliga Nord
4th
2006–07
Regionalliga Nord
15th ↓
2007–08
Oberliga Nord
IV
1st ↑
2008–09
Regionalliga Nord
1st ↑
2009–10
3. Liga
III
19th ↓
2010–11
Regionalliga Nord
IV
6th
2011–12
Regionalliga Nord
2nd
2012–13
Regionalliga Nord
1st ↑
2013–14
3. Liga
III
16th
2014–15
3. Liga
3rd
2015–16
3. Liga
14th
2016–17
3. Liga
2nd ↑
2017–18
2. Bundesliga
II
3rd
2018–19
2. Bundesliga
6th
2019–20
2. Bundesliga
11th
2020–21
2. Bundesliga
3rd
2021–22
2. Bundesliga
9th
2022–23
2. Bundesliga
8th
2023–24
2. Bundesliga
2nd ↑
2024–25
Bundesliga
I
Holstein Kiel II
Year
Division
Tier
Position
2001–02
Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein
V
1st ↑
2002–03
Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein
IV
15th
2003–04
Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein
1st
2004–05
Oberliga Nord
7th
2005–06
Oberliga Nord
6th
2006–07
Oberliga Nord
9th ↓
2007–08
Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein
V
1st
2008–09
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
1st
2009–10
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
1st
2010–11
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
7th
2011–12
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
3rd
2012–13
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
2nd
2013–14
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
4th
2014–15
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
2nd
2015–16
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
3rd
2016–17
Schleswig-Holstein-Liga
2nd
2017–18
Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein
1st ↑
2018–19
Regionalliga Nord
IV
10th
2019–20
Regionalliga Nord
7th
2020–21
Regionalliga Nord
9th
2021–22
Regionalliga Nord
1st
2022–23
Regionalliga Nord
12th
2023–24
Regionalliga Nord
2024–25
Regionalliga Nord
With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.
Key
↑ Promoted
↓ Relegated
League history
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Holstein Kiel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Since 1947
1947–63 Oberliga Nord (I)
1963–74 Regionalliga Nord (II)
1974–78 Amateuroberliga Nord/Oberliga Nord (III)
1978–81 2. Bundesliga Nord (II)
1981–94 Amateuroberliga Nord/Oberliga Nord (III)
1994–96 Regionalliga Nord (III)
1996–98 Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV)
1998–00 Regionalliga Nord (III)
2000–01 Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV)
2001–07 Regionalliga Nord (III)
2007–08 Oberliga Nord (IV)
2008–09 Regionalliga Nord (IV)
2009–10 3. Liga (III)
2010–13 Regionalliga Nord (IV)
2013–17 3. Liga (III)
2017–24 2. Bundesliga (II)
2024– Bundesliga (I)
Players
Current squad
As of 14 June 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
1
GK
GER
Timon Weiner
2
DF
DEN
Mikkel Kirkeskov
3
DF
GER
Marco Komenda
4
DF
GER
Patrick Erras
5
DF
SWE
Carl Johansson
6
MF
SRB
Marko Ivezić
7
MF
GER
Steven Skrzybski
8
FW
GER
Finn Porath
9
FW
AUT
Benedikt Pichler
10
MF
GER
Lewis Holtby
11
FW
SWE
Alexander Bernhardsson
13
FW
JPN
Shuto Machino
15
MF
GER
Marvin Schulz
17
DF
GER
Timo Becker
18
DF
GER
Tom Rothe (on loan from Borussia Dortmund)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
19
FW
ISL
Hólmbert Friðjónsson
20
FW
GER
Fiete Arp
21
GK
GER
Thomas Dähne
22
MF
GER
Nicolai Remberg
23
DF
GER
Lasse Rosenboom
26
MF
GER
Lucas Wolf
27
FW
GER
Joshua Mees
28
MF
GER
Aurel Wagbe
29
MF
GER
Niklas Niehoff
31
GK
GER
Marcel Engelhardt
32
MF
GER
Jonas Sterner
34
DF
GER
Colin Kleine-Bekel
38
DF
USA
Nico Carrera
—
MF
NOR
Magnus Knudsen
Out on loan
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
GHA
Kwasi Okyere Wriedt (at VfL Osnabrück until 30 June 2024)
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
FW
GER
Ba-Muaka Simakala (at 1. FC Kaiserslautern until 30 June 2024)
Notable former players
This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists. Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria, or discuss this issue on the talk page. (January 2024)
Germany
Adolf Werner (1902–1923)
Ernst Möller (1910–1916) (Scored the lone goal in 1912's championship match.)
Werner Baßler (1942–1944)
Ottmar Walter (1943)
Alfred Kelbassa (1943–1944)
Henry Peper (1950–1962) (Record goalkeeper after WW2 with 271 appearances)
Hans Peter Ehlers (1953–66) (Record for the most matches after WW2 with 368 appearances)
Gerd Koll (1959–1968) (Record goalscorer with 141 goals)
Gerd Saborowski (1963–1966, 1971-1973)
Franz-Josef Hönig (1964–1967)
Andreas Köpke (1967–1983)
Francisco Copado (1989–1991)
Oliver Held (1993–1995)
Torben Hoffmann (1993–1995)
Daniel Jurgeleit (1999–2003)
Dirk Bremser (1999–2000)
Niels Hansen (2000–2005)
Marcus Marin (2001–2002)
Jens Dowe (2002–2004)
André Trulsen (2002–2004)
Sidney Sam (2002–2004)
André Breitenreiter (2003–2007)
Timo Schultz (2002–2005)
Simon Henzler (2004–2011)
Björn Lindemann (2004–2006)
Mike Rietpietsch (2006)
Christian Jürgensen (2006–2013)
Stefan Schnoor (2006–2007)
Christian Mikolajczak (2006–2007)
Tim Siedschlag (2007–2010, 2011–2018)
Alexander Nouri (2008–2010)
Marc Heider (2009–2016)
Fiete Sykora (2009–2015)
Patrick Herrmann (2011–2019)
Marcel Schied (2012–2014)
Patrick Kohlmann (2014–2017)
Manuel Schäffler (2014–2016)
Rafael Czichos (2015–2018)
Dominik Schmidt (2015–2020)
Dominick Drexler (2016–2018)
Dominic Peitz (2016–2019)
Marvin Ducksch (2017–2018)
Christopher Lenz (2017–2018)
Johannes van den Bergh (2017–2022)
Atakan Karazor (2017–2019)
David Kinsombi (2017–2019)
Jannik Dehm (2018–2021)
Jonas Meffert (2018–2021)
Phil Neumann (2019–2022)
International
Sophus Nielsen (1910–1911)
Gábor Obitz (1925–1926)
Dimitrios Daras (1980–1981)
Émerson Luiz Firmino (1993–1994)
Pavel Dochev (1994–1995)
Dmitrijus Guščinas (1999–2003, 2007–2010)
Marek Trejgis (2001–2004)
Daniel Teixeira (2003–2004)
Pavel Dobrý (2004–2007)
Ryan Coiner (2005–2006)
Michél Mazingu-Dinzey (2007–2008)
Kenneth Kronholm (2014–2019)
Kingsley Schindler (2016–2019)
Lee Jae-sung (2018–2021)
Masaya Okugawa (2018–2019)
László Bénes (2019)
Salih Özcan (2019–2020)
Germany international footballers
Franz Esser (1 / 0 / 1922)
Willi Fick (1 / 1 / 1910)
Walter Krause (5 / 0 / 1921–1924)
Georg Krogmann (3 / 0 / 1912)
Johannes Ludwig (3 / 2 / 1930–1931)
Ernst Möller (9 / 4 / 1911–1913)
Hans Reese (1 / 0 / 1912)
Oskar Ritter (1 / 0 / 1925)
Karl Schulz (2 / 0 / 1925)
Kurt Voß (2 / 2 / 1925)
Adolf Werner (9 / 0 / 1909–1912)
August Werner (2 / 0 / 1925)
Werner Widmayer (2 / 0 / 1931)
Players which achieve during their active years at Holstein Kiel to become Germany international footballers. In parentheses (games / goals/ years).
Coaching staff
Position
Name
Head Coach
Marcel Rapp
Assistant Head Coach
Dirk Bremser
Assistant Coach
Alexander Hahn
Goalkeeper Coach
Patrik Borger Niklas Jakusch
Fitness Coach
Timm Sörensen
Athletic Coach
Lasse Bork
Match Analyst
Alexander Rudies
Team Doctor
Andre Hönig Dr. Marco Diekmann
Head of Physiotherapy
Tim Höper
Physiotherapist
Timm Pflügler Tim Rosenthal Sebastian Süß Timo Syroka Lennart Schlegel
Organizational Leader
Jan Uphues
Team Manager
Sebastian Ermuth-von Petersdorff
Bus Driver
Tim Petersen Tim Brockmüller
Women's section
Since July 2004, the club has a women's football section as Wittenseer SV-TUS Felde dissolved their club to join Holstein Kiel. The team played from 2005–06 to 2010-11 in the 2. Bundesliga. In 2011 the team were relegated to the third division.
Recent seasons
Year
Division
Position
2004–05
Regionalliga Nord (III)
1st (promoted)
2005–06
2. Bundesliga (II)
6th
2006–07
2. Bundesliga (II)
7th
2007–08
2. Bundesliga (II)
6th
2008–09
2. Bundesliga (II)
7th
2009–10
2. Bundesliga (II)
10th
2010–11
2. Bundesliga (II)
12th (relegated)
2011–12
Regionalliga Nord (III)
1st (promoted)
2012–13
2. Bundesliga (II)
11th (relegated)
2013–14
Regionalliga Nord (III)
1st (promoted)
2014–15
2. Bundesliga (II)
10th
2015–16
2. Bundesliga (II)
12th (relegated)
2016–17
Regionalliga Nord (III)
4th
2017–18
Regionalliga Nord (III)
5th
2018–19
Regionalliga Nord (III)
4th
2019–20
Regionalliga Nord (III)
4th
2020–21
Regionalliga Nord (III)
Other departments
Other departments are team handball (men and women), tennis, and cheerleading. The women's handball team won the 1971 German handball championship.
References
^ "Holstein Kiel: Baugenehmigung für Osttribüne ist da - Sportbuzzer.de". web.archive.org. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Wolfgang Schwenke bleibt Geschäftsführer bei Holstein Kiel". Süddeutsche (in German). 5 March 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Steffen Schneekloth neuer Holstein-Präsident". FL-ARENA (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Holstein-Präsident: Schneekloth verwundert über Personalplanungen in Vereinen". T-Online (in German). 7 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ Grüne, Hardy (2001)Vereinslexikon. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag ISBN 3-89784-147-9
^ Grüne, Hardy (1996). Vom Kronprinzen bis zur Bundesliga. Kassel: AGON Sportverlag ISBN 3-928562-85-1
^ "Hertha BSC - Kieler SV Holstein, 5:4, Deutsche Meisterschaft 1929/30 Finale". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Relegation 2021: 1. FC Köln mit Schützenfest zum Klassenerhalt – Das Spiel in der TICKER-Nachlese". Goal (website) (in German). 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ "Herzlich willkommen in der Bundesliga, Holstein Kiel!" (in German). Bundesliga. 11 May 2024.
^ "Germany 1909/10". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1910/11". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1911/12". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1925/26". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1926/27". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1929/30". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1913/14". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1921/22". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1922/23". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1927/28". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1928/29". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1930/31". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1931/32". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1936/37". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1942/43". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany 1943/44". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Regionalliga Nord (63 -74) 1964/1965 Tabelle, 34. Spieltag". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Oberliga Hamburg/SH 1997/1998 Tabelle, 30. Spieltag". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Oberliga Hamburg/SH 2000/2001 Tabelle, 34. Spieltag". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Oberliga Nord 2007/2008 Tabelle, 34. Spieltag". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Germany - Amateur Championship 1950-1995". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv" (in German). f-archiv.de. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
^ "Ergebnisse" (in German). Fussball.de. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
^ "Kader – Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V." Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
^ "Die Torhüter von Holstein Kiel – heute und damals". Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V. (in German). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "26. Mai 1912: Als Holstein Kiel deutscher Meister wurde". NDR (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Ottmar Walter". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Henry Peper". weltfussball.com (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Hans-Peter Ehlers". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Holstein Kiel: Who are the Bundesliga newcomers?". bundesliga.com. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Holstein Kiel trauert um Gerd Koll". Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V. (in German). 19 March 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Gerd Saborowski". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Franz-Josef Hönig". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Andreas Köpke". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Francisco Copado". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Oliver Held". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Torben Hoffmann". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Daniel Jurgeleit". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Dirk Bremser". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Niels Hansen". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Marcus Marin". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Jens Dowe". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "André Trulsen". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Sidney Sam". worldfootball.net. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "André Breitenreiter". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Timo Schultz". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Simon Henzler". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Björn Lindemann". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Mike Rietpietsch". DFB data center. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Christian Jürgensen". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Stefan Schnoor". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Christian Mikolajczak". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
^ "Tim Siedschlag". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Alexander Nouri". worldfootball.net. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Marc Heider". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Fiete Sykora". weltfussball.at (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Patrick Herrmann". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Marcel von Walsleben-Schied". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Patrick Kohlmann - Player profile". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Manuel Schäffler". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Rafael Czichos". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Holstein Kiel: Was wurde aus den Abgängen 2020?". www.liga-zwei.de (in German). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Dominick Drexler". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Dominic Peitz". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Marvin Ducksch". bundesliga.com. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Christopher Lenz bleibt bis 2018". Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V. (in German). 7 June 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "2. Bundesliga: Holstein Kiel und Profi van den Bergh lösen Vertrag auf". Die Zeit (in German). 17 December 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Atakan Karazor". bundesliga.com. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "David Kinsombi". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Hannover 96 holt Jannik Dehm von Holstein Kiel". SPORT1 (in German). 19 July 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "HSV verpflichtet Jonas Meffert". HSV.de. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ Dittmar, Dominik (10 May 2022). "Ex-Schalker Phil Neumann wechselt von Kiel nach Hannover". MSPW (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Holstein Kiel, Deutsche Meisterschaft 1925/26". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Dimitrios Daras". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Émerson". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Pavel Dotchev". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Dimitrijus Guščinas". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Marek Trejgis". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Daniel Teixeira". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Pavel Dobrý". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Michél Mazingu-Dinzey". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Kenneth Kronholm". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Kingsley Schindler". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "05ER VERPFLICHTEN JAE-SUNG LEE". web.archive.org. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Masaya Okugawa". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Lászlo Bénes - Spielerprofil". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "Salih Özcan joins Borussia Dortmund from Cologne". Bundesliga. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Holstein Kiel.
Official website
Abseits Guide to German Soccer
vteKieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e.V.Information
Club
Managers
Players
Seasons
Stadium
Seasons
2015–16
2017–18
2020–21
2021–22
Matches
1910 German football championship Final
1912 German football championship Final
1930 German football championship Final
vte2. BundesligaSeasons
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
2024–25 clubs
Eintracht Braunschweig
Darmstadt 98
Fortuna Düsseldorf
SV Elversberg
Greuther Fürth
Hamburger SV
Hannover 96
Hertha BSC
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Karlsruher SC
1. FC Köln
1. FC Magdeburg
Preußen Münster
1. FC Nürnberg
SC Paderborn
Jahn Regensburg
Schalke 04
SSV Ulm 1846
Former clubs2. Bundesliga (1981–present)
Alemannia Aachen
VfR Aalen
Rot Weiss Ahlen
Viktoria Aschaffenburg
Erzgebirge Aue
FC Augsburg
SV Babelsberg 03
SpVgg Bayreuth
Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin
Tennis Borussia Berlin
Union Berlin
Arminia Bielefeld
VfL Bochum
Stahl Brandenburg
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VfR Bürstadt
SC Charlottenburg
Chemnitzer FC
Energie Cottbus
Dynamo Dresden
MSV Duisburg
Rot-Weiß Erfurt
Rot-Weiss Essen
Eintracht Frankfurt
FSV Frankfurt
Freiburger FC
SC Freiburg
FC Gütersloh
Hallescher FC
TSV Havelse
1. FC Heidenheim
1899 Hoffenheim
FC Homburg
FC Ingolstadt
Carl Zeiss Jena
Hessen Kassel
Holstein Kiel
TuS Koblenz
Fortuna Köln
RB Leipzig
VfB Leipzig
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1. FSV Mainz 05
Waldhof Mannheim
SV Meppen
Borussia Mönchengladbach
TSV 1860 Munich
Kickers Offenbach
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen
VfB Oldenburg
VfL Osnabrück
FC Remscheid
SSV Reutlingen
Hansa Rostock
1. FC Saarbrücken
FSV Salmrohr
SV Sandhausen
TuS Schloß Neuhaus
1. FC Schweinfurt 05
Sportfreunde Siegen
Union Solingen
FC St. Pauli
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SpVgg Unterhaching
Wattenscheid 09
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2. Bundesliga Nord (1974–1981)
HSV Barmbek-Uhlenhorst
Wacker 04 Berlin
1. FC Bocholt
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OSC Bremerhaven
Borussia Dortmund
SpVgg Erkenschwick
Schwarz-Weiß Essen
1. SC Göttingen 05
DJK Gütersloh
Arminia Hannover
OSV Hannover
SC Herford
Westfalia Herne
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1. FC Mülheim
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DSC Wanne-Eickel
Olympia Wilhelmshaven
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Eintracht Bad Kreuznach
KSV Baunatal
VfB Eppingen
FC Hanau 93
VfR Heilbronn
Bayern Hof
ESV Ingolstadt
MTV Ingolstadt
VfR Mannheim
Borussia Neunkirchen
FK Pirmasens
BSV 07 Schwenningen
Röchling Völklingen
Würzburger FV
Clubs
Introduction
Promotion to 2. Bundesliga
Promotion to Bundesliga
Top scorers
vte3. LigaSeasons
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
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2023–24
2024–25
2024–25 clubs
Alemannia Aachen
Erzgebirge Aue
Arminia Bielefeld
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Dynamo Dresden
Rot-Weiss Essen
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FC Ingolstadt
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Waldhof Mannheim
1860 Munich
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Hansa Rostock
1. FC Saarbrücken
SV Sandhausen
VfB Stuttgart II
SpVgg Unterhaching
SC Verl
SV Wehen Wiesbaden
Former clubs
VfR Aalen
Rot Weiss Ahlen
SV Babelsberg 03
SpVgg Bayreuth
1. FC Union Berlin
Viktoria Berlin
Eintracht Braunschweig
Werder Bremen II
Wacker Burghausen
Chemnitzer FC
Darmstadt 98
Borussia Dortmund II
MSV Duisburg
Fortuna Düsseldorf
SV Elversberg
Kickers Emden
Rot-Weiß Erfurt
FSV Frankfurt
SC Freiburg II
SG Sonnenhof Großaspach
Hallescher FC
TSV Havelse
1. FC Heidenheim
Carl Zeiss Jena
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Karlsruher SC
Holstein Kiel
TuS Koblenz
Fortuna Köln
RB Leipzig
Sportfreunde Lotte
VfB Lübeck
1. FC Magdeburg
1. FSV Mainz 05 II
SV Meppen
Bayern Munich II
Türkgücü München
Preußen Münster
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen
Kickers Offenbach
VfB Oldenburg
SC Paderborn 07
Jahn Regensburg
Stuttgarter Kickers
KFC Uerdingen 05
SSV Ulm 1846
Wuppertaler SV
Würzburger Kickers
FSV Zwickau
Promotion to 3. Liga
Promotion to 2. Bundesliga
vteRegionalliga Nord (IV) – 2024–25 clubs
Bremer SV
SV Drochtersen/Assel
Eintracht Norderstedt
Hamburger SV II
TSV Havelse
Holstein Kiel II
SSV Jeddeloh
Kickers Emden
Blau-Weiß Lohne
1. FC Phönix Lübeck
VfB Lübeck
SV Meppen
VfB Oldenburg
FC St. Pauli II
FC Teutonia Ottensen
SV Todesfelde
SC Weiche Flensburg 08
Werder Bremen II
vteUnder 19 Bundesliga North/Northeast 2022–23 clubs
Berliner AK 07
Hertha BSC
1. FC Union Berlin
FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin
SV Werder Bremen
FC Energie Cottbus
Dynamo Dresden
JLZ Elmsland
Hamburger SV
Hannover 96
Holstein Kiel
RB Leipzig
1. FC Magdeburg
FC Hansa Rostock
FC St. Pauli
VfL Wolfsburg
Hertha Zehlendorf
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
54°20′55″N 10°07′27″E / 54.34861°N 10.12417°E / 54.34861; 10.12417 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holstein-Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein-Kiel"},{"link_name":"[ˌhɔlʃtaɪn ˈkiːl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/De-Holstein_Kiel.ogg/De-Holstein_Kiel.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Holstein_Kiel.ogg"},{"link_name":"German association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"German football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024-25_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_2._Bundesliga"}],"text":"German association football clubThis article is about the football club. For the German royal family, see Holstein-Kiel.Football clubKieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e.V., commonly known as Holstein Kiel (German pronunciation: [ˌhɔlʃtaɪn ˈkiːl] ⓘ) or KSV Holstein, is a German association football and sports club based in the city of Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein. From the 1900s through the 1960s, the club was one of the most dominant sides in northern Germany. Some notable honors from that period include the German football championship in 1912, and being vice-champions 1910 and 1930. Holstein also won six regional titles and finished as runners-up another nine times. They remained a first-division side until the formation of the Bundesliga in 1963. They will make their debut in the Bundesliga in the 2024–25 season after gaining promotion from the 2. Bundesliga in 2024.","title":"Holstein Kiel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher FV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_FV"},{"link_name":"Viktoria 89 Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_89_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher FV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_FV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"SpVgg Greuther Fürth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Greuther_F%C3%BCrth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hertha BSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertha_BSC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"TSV 1860 Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSV_1860_Munich"},{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Nordmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Nordmark"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hamburger SV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_SV"},{"link_name":"Dresdner SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresdner_SC"},{"link_name":"First Vienna FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Vienna_FC"}],"sub_title":"Foundation to WWII","text":"Holstein Kiel is the product of the merger of predecessor sides Kieler Fußball-Verein von 1900 and Kieler Fußball-Club Holstein. The earliest of these two sides was Kieler Fußball-Verein (later 1. KFV) established on 7 October 1900 out of the membership of the gymnastics club Kieler Männerturnvereins von 1844. Later the club concentrated on track and field athletics.Kieler Fußball-Club Holstein was formed on 4 May 1902 and was renamed Fußball-Verein Holstein von 1902 (FV Holstein Kiel) sometime in 1908.[5] The club quickly became competitive and, in 1910, they reached the German championship final, where they lost 0–1 in extra time to Karlsruher FV. In 1912, they won the German championship with a 2–1 overtime semi-final victory over defending champions Viktoria 89 Berlin followed by a 1–0 win in the final over the previous year's champions, Karlsruher FV.[6] In 1914, the club renamed again after the new branches of hockey and athletics were added, becoming Sportverein Holstein von 1902.On 7 June 1917, 1. Kieler Fussball Verein von 1900 and Sportverein Holstein von 1902, severely weakened by World War I, merged to form the current day club. The new association adopted the foundation date of the older club, while taking up the ground, kit, colours, logo and the name Holstein from SV Holstein Kiel.[citation needed] Through the 1920s, the team made regular appearances in the national playoffs and in 1926 reached the semi-finals where they were eliminated 1–3 by SpVgg Greuther Fürth.[citation needed] In 1930, they played their way to the final, losing 4–5 to Hertha BSC.[7] The following year they reached the semi-finals where they were eliminated 0–2 by TSV 1860 Munich.Under the Third Reich, German football was re-organized into sixteen top flight divisions. Kiel played in the Gauliga Nordmark, but failed to attain a title. In 1942, the Gauliga Nordmark was broken up into the Gauliga Hamburg and Gauliga Schleswig-Holstein.[citation needed] No longer in the company of Hamburger SV and other strong teams from the city, Kiel immediately won the title of the new division and defended it over the next two seasons until the end of World War II brought play to a halt across the country.Those titles earned Kiel entry into the national playoff rounds. They made their best run in 1943 when they advanced as far as the semi-finals before losing to eventual champions Dresdner SC. The team secured third place by defeating First Vienna FC. The next year, they were eliminated early on and no final was played in 1945.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holstein_Kiel_Performance_Chart.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holstein-Stadion_Luftbild_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holstein-Stadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein-Stadion"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord_(1947%E2%80%9363)"},{"link_name":"German amateur championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_amateur_football_championship"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord_(1963%E2%80%931974)"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Amateuroberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga_Nord_(1974%E2%80%9381)"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein"}],"sub_title":"Postwar to 2000","text":"Historical chart of Holstein Kiel league performanceAerial view of the Holstein-Stadion (2019)Since the end of the war, Kiel has primarily been a tier II and III club. After the conflict, football in the western half of the country was re-organized into five regional top flight divisions. Holstein Kiel played from 1947 until 1963 in the Oberliga Nord (I) and twice finished as runners-up (1953, 1957). In 1961 the reserve team won the German amateur championship. After the 1963 formation of a single national first division known as the Bundesliga, the club became a second division side and played in the Regionalliga Nord (II). Kiel did not advance to the Bundesliga after its 1965 Regionalliga Nord championship. German football was restructured in 1974 with the formation of a new second division known as the 2. Bundesliga and the team slipped to third division play in the Amateuroberliga Nord (III). Holstein Kiel won promotion to second-tier competition in 1978 as part of the 2. Bundesliga Nord and was relegated in 1981.With the reunification of Germany in 1990, teams from the former East Germany became part of a combined national competition. German football was re-organized again in 1994 and Holstein Kiel qualified for the new tier three division Regionalliga Nord (III). In 1996, the club was relegated for the first time to the Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV) and returned to Regionalliga Nord (III) in 1998.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2011–12 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"FC Energie Cottbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Energie_Cottbus"},{"link_name":"MSV Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSV_Duisburg"},{"link_name":"1. FSV Mainz 05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FSV_Mainz_05"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"}],"sub_title":"2000–2017: Regionalliga and 3. Liga","text":"The club were relegated again to the Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV) in 2000–01, after failing to qualify for the restructured Regionalliga (III), which went from four divisions to two. They did advance the next year to Regionalliga North, then narrowly missed promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in the 2005–06 season. By 2007, they had slipped to the Oberliga Nord (IV), but earned two consecutive promotions to reach the new 3. Liga (III) in 2009. After one year in the third division, the club were relegated again in the Regionalliga Nord (IV). The team reached the quarter-finals of the 2011–12 DFB-Pokal, after beating FC Energie Cottbus, MSV Duisburg and 1. FSV Mainz 05. In the quarter-final they lost to Borussia Dortmund 4–0. Since 2013, the club played again in the third division, and, in 2017, they were promoted after 36 years to the second division.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017–18 2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Wolfsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Wolfsburg"},{"link_name":"relegation play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Bundesliga#Relegation_play-offs"},{"link_name":"USL League Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_League_Two"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Glens SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Glens"},{"link_name":"2020–21 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"2020–21 2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Karlsruher SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruher_SC"},{"link_name":"SV Darmstadt 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98"},{"link_name":"VfL Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Bochum"},{"link_name":"Greuther Fürth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpVgg_Greuther_F%C3%BCrth"},{"link_name":"promotion play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Bundesliga#Relegation_play-offs"},{"link_name":"FC Köln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_K%C3%B6ln"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2023–24 2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Fortuna Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2017–present: 2. Bundesliga and promotion to Bundesliga","text":"In the 2017–18 2. Bundesliga, after Holstein Kiel finished in 3rd place as the highest-scoring team with 71 goals, they lost 4–1 on aggregate to Wolfsburg in the relegation play-offs. In 2019, the club entered an official partnership with American USL League Two club San Francisco Glens SC. The team reached the semi-finals of the 2020–21 DFB-Pokal after beating Bayern Munich in the second round.In the 2020–21 2. Bundesliga, Holstein Kiel missed direct promotion to the Bundesliga by losing the last two matches in the league by the same score 3–2 against Karlsruher SC and SV Darmstadt 98, to finish in third place behind VfL Bochum and Greuther Fürth. In the promotion play-offs, they won the first leg away 1–0 against FC Köln, but lost the second leg at home 5–1 to miss another chance of promotion.[8]On 11 May 2024, the club secured their inaugural promotion to the Bundesliga, clinching a top-two finish in the 2023–24 2. Bundesliga with a 1–1 draw against third-placed Fortuna Düsseldorf.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Schalke-Museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viktoria trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoria_(trophy)"},{"link_name":"German Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_football_champions"},{"link_name":"German Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Northern German football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_German_football_championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Nordmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Nordmark"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gauliga Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauliga_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord_(1963-74)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Verbandspokal"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Verbandspokal"}],"text":"Viktoria trophy awarded to the German champions from 1903 to 1944National titlesGerman Championship\nChampions: 1912\nRunners-up: 1910, 1930\nGerman Cup\nSemi-finals: 1941, 2021\nQuarter-finals: 1943, 2012\nRound of 16: 1962, 1966, 1971, 1979, 2019RegionalNorthern German football championship (I)\nChampions: 1910,[10] 1911,[11] 1912,[12] 1926,[13] 1927,[14] 1930[15]\nRunners-up: 1914,[16] 1922,[17] 1923,[18] 1928,[19] 1929,[20] 1931,[21] 1932[22]\nGauliga Nordmark (I)\nRunners-up: 1937[23]\nGauliga Schleswig-Holstein (I)\nChampions: 1943,[24] 1944[25]\nRegionalliga Nord (II)\nChampions: 1965[26]\nOberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV)\nChampions: 1998,[27] 2001[28]\nOberliga Nord (IV)\nChampions: 2008[29]\nRegionalliga Nord (IV)\nChampions: 2009, 2013\nSchleswig-Holstein Cup (Tiers III-IV)\nWinners: 1978, 1983, 1991, 1994, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2017","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German amateur championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_amateur_championship"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Liga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Cup"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Reserve team","text":"German amateur championship\nChampions: 1961[30]\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\nChampions: 1961, 1994, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2010[citation needed]\nSchleswig-Holstein Cup\nWinners: 1961, 1962, 1966[citation needed]order: (league/achievement/tier/year)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archiv-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fuss-32"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holstein_Kiel&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2024–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holstein_Kiel&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbandsliga_Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein-Liga"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Schleswig-Holstein-Liga"},{"link_name":"2015–16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Schleswig-Holstein-Liga"},{"link_name":"2018–19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2022–23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"2024–25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024%E2%80%9325_Regionalliga#Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Regionalligas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The recent season-by-season performance of the club:[31][32]Holstein Kiel[edit]\n\n\n\nYear\n\nDivision\n\nTier\n\nPosition\n\n\n2001–02\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\nIII\n\n13th\n\n\n2002–03\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n13th\n\n\n2003–04\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n12th\n\n\n2004–05\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n10th\n\n\n2005–06\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n4th\n\n\n2006–07\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n15th ↓\n\n\n2007–08\n\nOberliga Nord\n\nIV\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2008–09\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2009–10\n\n3. Liga\n\nIII\n\n19th ↓\n\n\n2010–11\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\nIV\n\n6th\n\n\n2011–12\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n2nd\n\n\n2012–13\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2013–14\n\n3. Liga\n\nIII\n\n16th\n\n\n2014–15\n\n3. Liga\n\n3rd\n\n\n2015–16\n\n3. Liga\n\n14th\n\n\n2016–17\n\n3. Liga\n\n2nd ↑\n\n\n2017–18\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\nII\n\n3rd\n\n\n2018–19\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n6th\n\n\n2019–20\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n11th\n\n\n2020–21\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n3rd\n\n\n2021–22\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n9th\n\n\n2022–23\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n8th\n\n\n2023–24\n\n2. Bundesliga\n\n2nd ↑\n\n\n2024–25\n\nBundesliga\n\nI\n\n\n\n\n\nHolstein Kiel II[edit]\n\n\n\nYear\n\nDivision\n\nTier\n\nPosition\n\n\n2001–02\n\nVerbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein\n\nV\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2002–03\n\nOberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein\n\nIV\n\n15th\n\n\n2003–04\n\nOberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein\n\n1st\n\n\n2004–05\n\nOberliga Nord\n\n7th\n\n\n2005–06\n\nOberliga Nord\n\n6th\n\n\n2006–07\n\nOberliga Nord\n\n9th ↓\n\n\n2007–08\n\nVerbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein\n\nV\n\n1st\n\n\n2008–09\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n1st\n\n\n2009–10\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n1st\n\n\n2010–11\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n7th\n\n\n2011–12\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n3rd\n\n\n2012–13\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n2nd\n\n\n2013–14\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n4th\n\n\n2014–15\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n2nd\n\n\n2015–16\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n3rd\n\n\n2016–17\n\nSchleswig-Holstein-Liga\n\n2nd\n\n\n2017–18\n\nOberliga Schleswig-Holstein\n\n1st ↑\n\n\n2018–19\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\nIV\n\n10th\n\n\n2019–20\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n7th\n\n\n2020–21\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n9th\n\n\n2021–22\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n1st\n\n\n2022–23\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n12th\n\n\n2023–24\n\nRegionalliga Nord\n\n\n\n\n2024–25\n\nRegionalliga NordWith the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier.[citation needed]Key","title":"Recent seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord_(1947%E2%80%9363)"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord_(1963%E2%80%931974)"},{"link_name":"Amateuroberliga Nord/Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord#The_second_Oberliga_Nord:_1974-1994"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga_Nord_(1974%E2%80%9381)"},{"link_name":"Amateuroberliga Nord/Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord#The_second_Oberliga_Nord:_1974-1994"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord#Foundation_of_the_Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord#Foundation_of_the_Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord#Expansion_of_the_league_in_2000"},{"link_name":"Oberliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord#The_league_reform_in_2008"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"}],"text":"Since 19471947–63 Oberliga Nord (I)\n1963–74 Regionalliga Nord (II)\n1974–78 Amateuroberliga Nord/Oberliga Nord (III)\n1978–81 2. Bundesliga Nord (II)\n1981–94 Amateuroberliga Nord/Oberliga Nord (III)\n1994–96 Regionalliga Nord (III)\n1996–98 Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV)\n1998–00 Regionalliga Nord (III)\n2000–01 Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein (IV)\n2001–07 Regionalliga Nord (III)\n2007–08 Oberliga Nord (IV)\n2008–09 Regionalliga Nord (IV)\n2009–10 3. Liga (III)\n2010–13 Regionalliga Nord (IV)\n2013–17 3. Liga (III)\n2017–24 2. Bundesliga (II)\n2024– Bundesliga (I)","title":"League history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 14 June 2024[33]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Adolf Werner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Werner"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ernst Möller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%B6ller"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Werner Baßler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Ba%C3%9Fler"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ottmar Walter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottmar_Walter"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Alfred Kelbassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kelbassa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Henry Peper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Peper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Hans Peter Ehlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Peter_Ehlers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerd Koll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Koll&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Gerd Saborowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Saborowski"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Franz-Josef Hönig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Josef_H%C3%B6nig"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Andreas Köpke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_K%C3%B6pke"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Francisco Copado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Copado"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Oliver Held","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Held"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Torben Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torben_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Daniel Jurgeleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Jurgeleit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dirk Bremser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Bremser"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Niels Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Hansen_(German_footballer)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Marcus Marin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Marin"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jens Dowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Dowe"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"André Trulsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Trulsen"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Sidney Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Sam"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"André Breitenreiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breitenreiter"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Timo Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Schultz"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Simon Henzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Henzler"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Björn Lindemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Lindemann"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Mike Rietpietsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Rietpietsch"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Christian Jürgensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Stefan Schnoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Schnoor"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Christian Mikolajczak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Mikolajczak"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Tim Siedschlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Siedschlag"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Alexander Nouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nouri"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Marc Heider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Heider"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Fiete Sykora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiete_Sykora"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Patrick Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Herrmann_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Marcel Schied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Schied"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Patrick Kohlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Kohlmann"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Manuel Schäffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Sch%C3%A4ffler"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Rafael Czichos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Czichos"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dominik Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dominick Drexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominick_Drexler"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dominic Peitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Peitz"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Marvin Ducksch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Ducksch"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Christopher Lenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Lenz"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Johannes van den Bergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Bergh"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Atakan Karazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakan_Karazor"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"David Kinsombi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kinsombi"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jannik Dehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jannik_Dehm"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Jonas Meffert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Meffert"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Phil Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Neumann"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sophus Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Gábor Obitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Obitz"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Dimitrios Daras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrios_Daras"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Émerson Luiz Firmino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89merson_Luiz_Firmino"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Pavel Dochev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Dochev"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Dmitrijus Guščinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitrijus_Gu%C5%A1%C4%8Dinas"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Marek Trejgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Trejgis"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Daniel Teixeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Teixeira"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Pavel Dobrý","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Dobr%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ryan Coiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Coiner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Michél Mazingu-Dinzey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mich%C3%A9l_Mazingu-Dinzey"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Kronholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kronholm"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kingsley Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Schindler"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Lee Jae-sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Jae-sung_(footballer,_born_1992)"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Masaya Okugawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaya_Okugawa"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"László Bénes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_B%C3%A9nes"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Salih Özcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih_%C3%96zcan"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Notable former players","text":"Germany\n Adolf Werner (1902–1923)[34]\n Ernst Möller (1910–1916)[citation needed] (Scored the lone goal in 1912's championship match.[35])\n Werner Baßler (1942–1944)[citation needed]\n Ottmar Walter (1943)[36]\n Alfred Kelbassa (1943–1944)[citation needed]\n Henry Peper (1950–1962)[37] (Record goalkeeper after WW2 with 271 appearances[citation needed])\n Hans Peter Ehlers (1953–66)[38] (Record for the most matches after WW2 with 368 appearances[citation needed])\n Gerd Koll (1959–1968)[39] (Record goalscorer with 141 goals[40])\n Gerd Saborowski (1963–1966, 1971-1973)[41]\n Franz-Josef Hönig (1964–1967)[42]\n Andreas Köpke (1967–1983)[43]\n Francisco Copado (1989–1991)[44]\n Oliver Held (1993–1995)[45]\n Torben Hoffmann (1993–1995)[46]\n Daniel Jurgeleit (1999–2003)[47]\n Dirk Bremser (1999–2000)[48]\n Niels Hansen (2000–2005)[49]\n Marcus Marin (2001–2002)[50]\n Jens Dowe (2002–2004)[51]\n André Trulsen (2002–2004)[52]\n Sidney Sam (2002–2004)[53]\n André Breitenreiter (2003–2007)[54]\n Timo Schultz (2002–2005)[55]\n Simon Henzler (2004–2011)[56]\n Björn Lindemann (2004–2006)[57]\n Mike Rietpietsch (2006)[58]\n Christian Jürgensen (2006–2013)[59]\n Stefan Schnoor (2006–2007)[60]\n Christian Mikolajczak (2006–2007)[61]\n Tim Siedschlag (2007–2010, 2011–2018)[62]\n Alexander Nouri (2008–2010)[63]\n Marc Heider (2009–2016)[64]\n Fiete Sykora (2009–2015)[65]\n Patrick Herrmann (2011–2019)[66]\n Marcel Schied (2012–2014)[67]\n Patrick Kohlmann (2014–2017)[68]\n Manuel Schäffler (2014–2016)[69]\n Rafael Czichos (2015–2018)[70]\n Dominik Schmidt (2015–2020)[71]\n Dominick Drexler (2016–2018)[72]\n Dominic Peitz (2016–2019)[73]\n Marvin Ducksch (2017–2018)[74]\n Christopher Lenz (2017–2018)[75]\n Johannes van den Bergh (2017–2022)[76]\n Atakan Karazor (2017–2019)[77]\n David Kinsombi (2017–2019)[78]\n Jannik Dehm (2018–2021)[79]\n Jonas Meffert (2018–2021)[80]\n Phil Neumann (2019–2022)[81]\nInternational\n Sophus Nielsen (1910–1911)[citation needed]\n Gábor Obitz (1925–1926)[82]\n Dimitrios Daras (1980–1981)[83]\n Émerson Luiz Firmino (1993–1994)[84]\n Pavel Dochev (1994–1995)[85]\n Dmitrijus Guščinas (1999–2003, 2007–2010)[86]\n Marek Trejgis (2001–2004)[87]\n Daniel Teixeira (2003–2004)[88]\n Pavel Dobrý (2004–2007)[89]\n Ryan Coiner (2005–2006)[citation needed]\n Michél Mazingu-Dinzey (2007–2008)[90]\n Kenneth Kronholm (2014–2019)[91]\n Kingsley Schindler (2016–2019)[92]\n Lee Jae-sung (2018–2021)[93]\n Masaya Okugawa (2018–2019)[94]\n László Bénes (2019)[95]\n Salih Özcan (2019–2020)[96]","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany international footballers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Germany international footballers","text":"Players which achieve during their active years at Holstein Kiel to become Germany international footballers. In parentheses (games / goals/ years).","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Coaching staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Frauen-Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since July 2004, the club has a women's football section as Wittenseer SV-TUS Felde dissolved their club to join Holstein Kiel.[citation needed] The team played from 2005–06 to 2010-11 in the 2. Bundesliga.[citation needed] In 2011 the team were relegated to the third division.[citation needed]\nRecent seasons","title":"Women's section"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"team handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"cheerleading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerleading"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Other departments are team handball (men and women), tennis, and cheerleading.[citation needed] The women's handball team won the 1971 German handball championship.","title":"Other departments"}] | [{"image_text":"Historical chart of Holstein Kiel league performance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Holstein_Kiel_Performance_Chart.png/260px-Holstein_Kiel_Performance_Chart.png"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of the Holstein-Stadion (2019)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Holstein-Stadion_Luftbild_2019.jpg/260px-Holstein-Stadion_Luftbild_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Viktoria trophy awarded to the German champions from 1903 to 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Victoria_Schalke-Museum.jpg/170px-Victoria_Schalke-Museum.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Holstein Kiel: Baugenehmigung für Osttribüne ist da - Sportbuzzer.de\". web.archive.org. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133512/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/holstein-kiel-baugenehmigung-fur-osttribune-ist-da/","url_text":"\"Holstein Kiel: Baugenehmigung für Osttribüne ist da - Sportbuzzer.de\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolfgang Schwenke bleibt Geschäftsführer bei Holstein Kiel\". Süddeutsche (in German). 5 March 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/kiel-wolfgang-schwenke-bleibt-geschaeftsfuehrer-bei-holstein-kiel-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-210305-99-706247","url_text":"\"Wolfgang Schwenke bleibt Geschäftsführer bei Holstein Kiel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steffen Schneekloth neuer Holstein-Präsident\". FL-ARENA (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fl-arena.de/artikel/steffen-schneekloth-neuer-holstein-praesident/","url_text":"\"Steffen Schneekloth neuer Holstein-Präsident\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holstein-Präsident: Schneekloth verwundert über Personalplanungen in Vereinen\". T-Online (in German). 7 June 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.t-online.de/sport/fussball/2-bundesliga/id_90172624/holstein-praesident-schneekloth-verwundert-ueber-personalplanungen-in-vereinen.html","url_text":"\"Holstein-Präsident: Schneekloth verwundert über Personalplanungen in Vereinen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hertha BSC - Kieler SV Holstein, 5:4, Deutsche Meisterschaft 1929/30 Finale\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/deutsche-meisterschaft/1929-1930/finale/2031661","url_text":"\"Hertha BSC - Kieler SV Holstein, 5:4, Deutsche Meisterschaft 1929/30 Finale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Relegation 2021: 1. FC Köln mit Schützenfest zum Klassenerhalt – Das Spiel in der TICKER-Nachlese\". Goal (website) (in German). 29 May 2021. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goal.com/de/meldungen/relegation-2021-holstein-kiel-koeln-live-ticker-heute/fg5qpf3e3wpn16pmael3o3pqb","url_text":"\"Relegation 2021: 1. FC Köln mit Schützenfest zum Klassenerhalt – Das Spiel in der TICKER-Nachlese\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210529183849/https://www.goal.com/de/meldungen/relegation-2021-holstein-kiel-koeln-live-ticker-heute/fg5qpf3e3wpn16pmael3o3pqb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Herzlich willkommen in der Bundesliga, Holstein Kiel!\" (in German). Bundesliga. 11 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga/news/holstein-kiel-aufstieg-klub-58-bundesligist-marcel-rapp-27233","url_text":"\"Herzlich willkommen in der Bundesliga, Holstein Kiel!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany 1909/10\". www.rsssf.org. 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Spieltag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oberliga Nord 2007/2008 Tabelle, 34. Spieltag\". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/oberliga/nord/2008/tabelle/","url_text":"\"Oberliga Nord 2007/2008 Tabelle, 34. Spieltag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Germany - Amateur Championship 1950-1995\". www.rsssf.org. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/duitamachampfull.html#61","url_text":"\"Germany - Amateur Championship 1950-1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv\" (in German). f-archiv.de. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.f-archiv.de/","url_text":"\"Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180222131522/http://www.f-archiv.de/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ergebnisse\" (in German). Fussball.de. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussball.de/homepage#!/","url_text":"\"Ergebnisse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923015726/http://www.fussball.de/homepage#!/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kader – Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V.\" Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holstein-kiel.de/teams/kader/","url_text":"\"Kader – Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V.\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190805192742/https://www.holstein-kiel.de/teams/kader/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Torhüter von Holstein Kiel – heute und damals\". Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V. (in German). 18 March 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holstein-kiel.de/news-herren/holsteins-torhueter-heute-und-damals/","url_text":"\"Die Torhüter von Holstein Kiel – heute und damals\""}]},{"reference":"\"26. Mai 1912: Als Holstein Kiel deutscher Meister wurde\". NDR (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ndr.de/sport/mehr_sport/26-Mai-1912-Als-Holstein-Kiel-deutscher-Meister-wurde,kiel1699.html","url_text":"\"26. Mai 1912: Als Holstein Kiel deutscher Meister wurde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ottmar Walter\". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/ottmar-walter/vereine/","url_text":"\"Ottmar Walter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Peper\". weltfussball.com (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.com/spieler_profil/henry-peper/","url_text":"\"Henry Peper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hans-Peter Ehlers\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/hans-peter-ehlers/","url_text":"\"Hans-Peter Ehlers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holstein Kiel: Who are the Bundesliga newcomers?\". bundesliga.com. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/who-are-holstein-kiel-promotion-holtby-skrzybski-16011","url_text":"\"Holstein Kiel: Who are the Bundesliga newcomers?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holstein Kiel trauert um Gerd Koll\". Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V. (in German). 19 March 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holstein-kiel.de/news/holstein-kiel-trauert-um-gerd-koll/","url_text":"\"Holstein Kiel trauert um Gerd Koll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gerd Saborowski\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/gerd-saborowski/spieler/bundesliga/1966-67/eintracht-braunschweig","url_text":"\"Gerd Saborowski\""}]},{"reference":"\"Franz-Josef Hönig\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/franz-josef-hoenig/","url_text":"\"Franz-Josef Hönig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andreas Köpke\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/andreas-koepke/laufbahn","url_text":"\"Andreas Köpke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francisco Copado\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/francisco-copado/laufbahn","url_text":"\"Francisco Copado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oliver Held\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/oliver-held/spieler/bundesliga/1997-98/fc-schalke-04","url_text":"\"Oliver Held\""}]},{"reference":"\"Torben Hoffmann\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/torben-hoffmann/laufbahn/2-bundesliga/2008-09/1860-muenchen","url_text":"\"Torben Hoffmann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Jurgeleit\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/daniel-jurgeleit/","url_text":"\"Daniel Jurgeleit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dirk Bremser\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/dirk-bremser/","url_text":"\"Dirk Bremser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Niels Hansen\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/niels-hansen/spieler/2-bundesliga/2005-06/sc-freiburg","url_text":"\"Niels Hansen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marcus Marin\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/marcus-marin/","url_text":"\"Marcus Marin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jens Dowe\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/jens-dowe/","url_text":"\"Jens Dowe\""}]},{"reference":"\"André Trulsen\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/andre-trulsen/spieler/spiele-in-saison/regionalliga-nord/2003-2004/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"André Trulsen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sidney Sam\". worldfootball.net. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/sidney-sam/","url_text":"\"Sidney Sam\""}]},{"reference":"\"André Breitenreiter\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/andre-breitenreiter/","url_text":"\"André Breitenreiter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timo Schultz\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/timo-schultz/spieler/spiele-in-saison/regionalliga-nord/2002-2003/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Timo Schultz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Henzler\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/simon-henzler/","url_text":"\"Simon Henzler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Björn Lindemann\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/bjoern-lindemann/spieler/spiele-in-saison/dfb-pokal/2005-2006/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Björn Lindemann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mike Rietpietsch\". DFB data center. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/people/mike-rietpietsch/player/matches-in-season/bundesliga/2005-2006/msv-duisburg","url_text":"\"Mike Rietpietsch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christian Jürgensen\". weltfussball.de (in German). Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/christian-juergensen/","url_text":"\"Christian Jürgensen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stefan Schnoor\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/stefan-schnoor/","url_text":"\"Stefan Schnoor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christian Mikolajczak\". worldfootball.net. Retrieved 4 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/christian-mikolajczak/","url_text":"\"Christian Mikolajczak\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tim Siedschlag\". Fussballdaten (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/tim-siedschlag/","url_text":"\"Tim Siedschlag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexander Nouri\". worldfootball.net. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/alexander-nouri/","url_text":"\"Alexander Nouri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marc Heider\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/marc-heider/spieler/spiele-in-saison/3-liga/2015-2016/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Marc Heider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiete Sykora\". weltfussball.at (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.at/spieler_profil/fiete-sykora/","url_text":"\"Fiete Sykora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Herrmann\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/patrick-herrmann/spieler/2-bundesliga/2018-19/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Patrick Herrmann\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/marcel-von-walsleben-schied/spieler/spiele-in-saison/3-liga/2013-2014/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Marcel von Walsleben-Schied\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Kohlmann - Player profile\". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/people/patrick-kohlmann/player/matches-in-season/3-liga/2016-2017/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Patrick Kohlmann - Player profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manuel Schäffler\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/manuel-schaeffler/spieler","url_text":"\"Manuel Schäffler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rafael Czichos\". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/people/rafael-czichos/player/matches-in-season/dfb-cup/2017-2018/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Rafael Czichos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Holstein Kiel: Was wurde aus den Abgängen 2020?\". www.liga-zwei.de (in German). 12 November 2020. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liga-zwei.de/holstein-kiel-was-wurde-aus-den-abgaengen-2020/","url_text":"\"Holstein Kiel: Was wurde aus den Abgängen 2020?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dominick Drexler\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/dominick-drexler/spieler/spiele-in-saison/relegation-bundesliga/2017-2018/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Dominick Drexler\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dominic Peitz\". kicker (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/dominic-peitz/spieler","url_text":"\"Dominic Peitz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marvin Ducksch\". bundesliga.com. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesliga.com/en/2bundesliga/player/marvin-ducksch","url_text":"\"Marvin Ducksch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christopher Lenz bleibt bis 2018\". Kieler Sportvereinigung Holstein von 1900 e. V. (in German). 7 June 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.holstein-kiel.de/news/christopher-lenz-bleibt-bis-2018/","url_text":"\"Christopher Lenz bleibt bis 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"2. Bundesliga: Holstein Kiel und Profi van den Bergh lösen Vertrag auf\". Die Zeit (in German). 17 December 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-12/17/holstein-kiel-und-profi-van-den-bergh-loesen-vertrag-auf","url_text":"\"2. Bundesliga: Holstein Kiel und Profi van den Bergh lösen Vertrag auf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atakan Karazor\". bundesliga.com. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/player/atakan-karazor","url_text":"\"Atakan Karazor\""}]},{"reference":"\"David Kinsombi\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/david-kinsombi/spieler/spiele-in-saison/2-bundesliga/2018-2019/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"David Kinsombi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hannover 96 holt Jannik Dehm von Holstein Kiel\". SPORT1 (in German). 19 July 2021. 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Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/dimitrijus-guscinas/","url_text":"\"Dimitrijus Guščinas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marek Trejgis\". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/people/marek-trejgis/player/matches-in-season/regional-league-south-1994-2012/2004-2005/stuttgarter-kickers","url_text":"\"Marek Trejgis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Teixeira\". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/people/daniel-teixeira/player/matches-in-season/regional-league-north/2003-2004/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Daniel Teixeira\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pavel Dobrý\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/pavel-dobry/spieler/spiele-in-saison/regionalliga-nord/2006-2007/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Pavel Dobrý\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michél Mazingu-Dinzey\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/michel-mazingu-dinzey/spieler","url_text":"\"Michél Mazingu-Dinzey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kenneth Kronholm\". DFB Datencenter (in German). Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/datencenter/personen/kenneth-kronholm/spieler","url_text":"\"Kenneth Kronholm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kingsley Schindler\". DFB data center. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dfb.de/en/data-center/people/kingsley-schindler/player/matches-in-season/2-bundesliga/2018-2019/holstein-kiel","url_text":"\"Kingsley Schindler\""}]},{"reference":"\"05ER VERPFLICHTEN JAE-SUNG LEE\". web.archive.org. 8 July 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210708170629/https://www.mainz05.de/news/05er-verpflichten-jae-sung-lee/","url_text":"\"05ER VERPFLICHTEN JAE-SUNG LEE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Masaya Okugawa\". kicker (in German). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington_Hills | Addington Hills | ["1 Description","2 Facilities","2.1 Cricket venue","3 Wildlife","4 Habitats","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°21′47″N 0°03′29″W / 51.363°N 0.058°W / 51.363; -0.058
Addington HillsView from Addington Hills viewpointAddington HillsTypePublic parkLocationAddingtonCoordinates51°21′47″N 0°03′29″W / 51.363°N 0.058°W / 51.363; -0.058Area130 acres (53 ha)Operated byLondon Borough of CroydonOpenAll yearPublic transit accessTramlink to Coombe Lane tram stop
Addington Hills (also referred to as Shirley Hills) is a park in Upper Shirley, London, England. It is managed by the London Borough of Croydon. It was part of the old parish of Addington before the suburb of Shirley was developed in the 1930s. The site consists largely of woodland on a gravel bed, with London's largest area of heathland at its heart. It is a Site of Metropolitan Importance. In the mid-18th century, it was a noted cricket venue used by the then-prominent Addington Cricket Club.
Addington Hills and Croham Hurst, a short distance to the southwest, form popular open spaces in Croydon. It is a peaceful area with many pathways, close to central Croydon. There is a viewpoint with fine views across Croydon and across to north London, including Docklands and Parliament Hill. It is served by Coombe Lane tram stop on the London Tramlink route to New Addington which runs along the southern edge of the land. The park covers an area of 130 acres (53 ha). The London Loop path runs through the park. The park is fully accessible at all times.
Description
A path across Addington Hills
Tramlink tram no 2538 eastbound, climbs towards the Coombe Lane tram stop
Addington Hills reaches 460 feet (140 m) above sea level. The terrain drops sharply to the north, exposing the hills' pebbly composition at the end of the gullies. Addington Hills borders Coombe Park / Lloyd Park on its west and Coombe Wood on its south.
The area was originally called the hill of Pripledeane or Prible Dean, a name meaning "Gravel Valley" that came from the Middle English words prebel ("gravel") and dene ("valley"). The land was acquired by Croydon Board of Health in four parts over a 45-year period.
Facilities
Addington Hills facilities include:
Car parking – off Shirley Hills Road and Oaks Road, at the junction with Coombe Lane
London Loop path
Chinese restaurant
Takeaway coffee
Horse rides
Viewpoint
Cricket venue
The first definite mention of Addington Hills in a cricket connection is a 1745 match there on Thursday, 23 May between Addington and London. Little about the match is known except that Addington won. The venue was used for matches on at least four occasions between 1745 and 1752, a period which coincided with Addington Cricket Club having one of the strongest teams in England. The last match known to have been played there was Addington v Dartford on 12 August 1752.
Wildlife
The heathland areas are dominated by heather and gorse, with some bilberry and goldenrod. Drier spots are indicated by the occurrence of bell heather. Fine-leaved fescues, wavy hair-grass and purple moor-grass dominate the acid grassland areas with a mix of wood sage, heath bedstraw and other typical species. Marsh violet and hard fern (both London rarities) occur in the damper areas.
Burrowing bees and wasps occur in the bare patches of soil and the bushy heathers and acid-loving grasses provide home to a wide range of insects, spiders and other invertebrates, each well adapted to the warm, dry conditions at ground level.
The invertebrate fauna plays an important part in supporting a range of birds and reptiles – and all benefit from the varied mosaic of open and scrubland habitats. In open areas, common lizards and slowworms thrive. Green woodpeckers may be seen in the woods and on the heath, and goldcrests among the woodland edges and in the gorse.
Habitats
The northern area of woodland is by far the oldest, in particular the very old oak pollards near Oaks Road. Other wooded areas are comparatively recent, and the small pine plantations near the southern boundary were only established during the mid-19th century.
Until the 1920s, there were only a few scattered oak, pine and birch on the hills, which were then almost entirely covered in heather. Now there is far more extensive tree cover, and heather is limited to the slopes and ridges where it tolerates the harsh conditions provided by the very dry and acidic poor soil.
See also
List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon
Ashburton Park
Woodside Green
Brickfields Meadow
Addington Interchange
References
^ The plateau is mainly rolled chalk flints, see Outlines of the geology of England and Wales, William Daniel Conybeare
^ Mills, A.D. (2010). A Dictionary of London Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780199566785.
^ "Addington Hills history" (PDF). Croydon Council. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
^ ACS (1982). A. Guide to First-Class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles. Nottingham: ACS. p. 21.
^ Ashley-Cooper, F. S. (1900). At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751. Cricket magazine. p. 36.
^ Buckley, G. B. (1935). Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket. Cotterell. p. 30.
^ a b Taken from London Heathland Heritage website Croydon page Archived June 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Adapted from London Biodiversity Partnership / London's Heathland Heritage / Croydon Council information board near the Addington Hills car park.
External links
Croydon Online
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City of Westminster | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Upper Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley,_London"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington,_London"},{"link_name":"Site of Metropolitan Importance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site_of_Metropolitan_Importance"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Addington Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Croham Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croham_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Docklands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Docklands"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill,_London"},{"link_name":"Coombe Lane tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe_Lane_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"Tramlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"},{"link_name":"New Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Addington"},{"link_name":"London Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Loop"}],"text":"Addington Hills (also referred to as Shirley Hills) is a park in Upper Shirley, London, England. It is managed by the London Borough of Croydon. It was part of the old parish of Addington before the suburb of Shirley was developed in the 1930s. The site consists largely of woodland on a gravel bed, with London's largest area of heathland at its heart. It is a Site of Metropolitan Importance. In the mid-18th century, it was a noted cricket venue used by the then-prominent Addington Cricket Club.Addington Hills and Croham Hurst, a short distance to the southwest, form popular open spaces in Croydon. It is a peaceful area with many pathways, close to central Croydon. There is a viewpoint with fine views across Croydon and across to north London, including Docklands and Parliament Hill. It is served by Coombe Lane tram stop on the London Tramlink route to New Addington which runs along the southern edge of the land. The park covers an area of 130 acres (53 ha). The London Loop path runs through the park. The park is fully accessible at all times.","title":"Addington Hills"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Addington_Hills_London_Surrey_UK_Summer_2011.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tramlink_tram_no_2538_at_Addington_Hills.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coombe Lane tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe_Lane_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Coombe Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe_Park"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Park_(Croydon)"},{"link_name":"Coombe Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coombe_Wood"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A path across Addington HillsTramlink tram no 2538 eastbound, climbs towards the Coombe Lane tram stopAddington Hills reaches 460 feet (140 m) above sea level. The terrain drops sharply to the north, exposing the hills' pebbly composition[1] at the end of the gullies. Addington Hills borders Coombe Park / Lloyd Park on its west and Coombe Wood on its south.The area was originally called the hill of Pripledeane or Prible Dean, a name meaning \"Gravel Valley\" that came from the Middle English words prebel (\"gravel\") and dene (\"valley\").[2] The land was acquired by Croydon Board of Health in four parts over a 45-year period.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Loop"}],"text":"Addington Hills facilities include:Car parking – off Shirley Hills Road and Oaks Road, at the junction with Coombe Lane\nLondon Loop path\nChinese restaurant\nTakeaway coffee\nHorse rides\nViewpoint","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1745 match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1745_English_cricket_season"},{"link_name":"Addington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACS21-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASW36-5"},{"link_name":"Addington Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Cricket venue","text":"The first definite mention of Addington Hills in a cricket connection is a 1745 match there on Thursday, 23 May between Addington and London. Little about the match is known except that Addington won.[4][5] The venue was used for matches on at least four occasions between 1745 and 1752, a period which coincided with Addington Cricket Club having one of the strongest teams in England. The last match known to have been played there was Addington v Dartford on 12 August 1752.[6]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericaceae"},{"link_name":"gorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorse"},{"link_name":"bilberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry"},{"link_name":"goldenrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldenrod"},{"link_name":"bell heather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_heather"},{"link_name":"fescues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fescues"},{"link_name":"wood sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_sage"},{"link_name":"heath bedstraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath_bedstraw"},{"link_name":"Marsh violet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_violet"},{"link_name":"hard fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_fern"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhh-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lbp-8"},{"link_name":"common lizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lizards"},{"link_name":"slowworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowworm"},{"link_name":"Green woodpeckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_green_woodpecker"},{"link_name":"goldcrests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldcrests"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lhh-7"}],"text":"The heathland areas are dominated by heather and gorse, with some bilberry and goldenrod. Drier spots are indicated by the occurrence of bell heather. Fine-leaved fescues, wavy hair-grass and purple moor-grass dominate the acid grassland areas with a mix of wood sage, heath bedstraw and other typical species. Marsh violet and hard fern (both London rarities) occur in the damper areas.[7]Burrowing bees and wasps occur in the bare patches of soil and the bushy heathers and acid-loving grasses provide home to a wide range of insects, spiders and other invertebrates, each well adapted to the warm, dry conditions at ground level.[8]The invertebrate fauna plays an important part in supporting a range of birds and reptiles – and all benefit from the varied mosaic of open and scrubland habitats. In open areas, common lizards and slowworms thrive. Green woodpeckers may be seen in the woods and on the heath, and goldcrests among the woodland edges and in the gorse.[7]","title":"Wildlife"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pollards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lbp-8"}],"text":"The northern area of woodland is by far the oldest, in particular the very old oak pollards near Oaks Road. Other wooded areas are comparatively recent, and the small pine plantations near the southern boundary were only established during the mid-19th century.Until the 1920s, there were only a few scattered oak, pine and birch on the hills, which were then almost entirely covered in heather. Now there is far more extensive tree cover, and heather is limited to the slopes and ridges where it tolerates the harsh conditions provided by the very dry and acidic poor soil.[8]","title":"Habitats"}] | [{"image_text":"A path across Addington Hills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Addington_Hills_London_Surrey_UK_Summer_2011.jpg/220px-Addington_Hills_London_Surrey_UK_Summer_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tramlink tram no 2538 eastbound, climbs towards the Coombe Lane tram stop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tramlink_tram_no_2538_at_Addington_Hills.jpg/220px-Tramlink_tram_no_2538_at_Addington_Hills.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parks_and_Open_Spaces_in_Croydon"},{"title":"Ashburton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburton_Park"},{"title":"Woodside Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodside_Green"},{"title":"Brickfields Meadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickfields_Meadow"},{"title":"Addington Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addington_Interchange"}] | [{"reference":"Mills, A.D. (2010). A Dictionary of London Place-Names. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9780199566785.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199566785","url_text":"9780199566785"}]},{"reference":"\"Addington Hills history\" (PDF). Croydon Council. Retrieved 3 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/sites/default/files/articles/downloads/addington-hill-history.pdf","url_text":"\"Addington Hills history\""}]},{"reference":"ACS (1982). A. Guide to First-Class Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles. Nottingham: ACS. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Cricket_Statisticians_and_Historians","url_text":"ACS"}]},{"reference":"Ashley-Cooper, F. S. (1900). At the Sign of the Wicket: Cricket 1742–1751. Cricket magazine. p. 36.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._S._Ashley-Cooper","url_text":"Ashley-Cooper, F. S."}]},{"reference":"Buckley, G. B. (1935). Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket. Cotterell. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Buckley","url_text":"Buckley, G. B."}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Addington_Hills¶ms=51.363_N_0.058_W_type:landmark_region:GB-CRY","external_links_name":"51°21′47″N 0°03′29″W / 51.363°N 0.058°W / 51.363; -0.058"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Addington_Hills¶ms=51.363_N_0.058_W_type:landmark_region:GB-CRY","external_links_name":"51°21′47″N 0°03′29″W / 51.363°N 0.058°W / 51.363; -0.058"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcMQAAAAIAAJ&dq=blackheath+bed+pebble&pg=PA50","external_links_name":"Outlines of the geology of England and Wales, William Daniel Conybeare"},{"Link":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/sites/default/files/articles/downloads/addington-hill-history.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Addington Hills history\""},{"Link":"http://www.lbp.org.uk/lhhwebsite/Sites/Croydon.htm","external_links_name":"Croydon page"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613025339/http://www.lbp.org.uk/lhhwebsite/Sites/Croydon.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/community/online-communities","external_links_name":"Croydon Online"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessey_de_L%C3%A9tourdie | Bessey de Létourdie | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Seychellois sprinter
Bessey de LétourdiePersonal informationNationalitySeychelloisBorn (1962-07-15) 15 July 1962 (age 61)SportSportSprintingEvent100 metres
Elizabeth "Bessey" de Létourdie (born 15 July 1962) is a Seychellois sprinter. She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Russia.
References
^ "Bessey de Létourdie". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Bessey de Létourdie Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
External links
Bessey de Létourdie at Olympedia
This biographical article relating to Seychellois athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"women's 100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_100_metres"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-2"}],"text":"Elizabeth \"Bessey\" de Létourdie (born 15 July 1962) is a Seychellois sprinter.[1] She competed in the women's 100 metres at the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, Russia.[2]","title":"Bessey de Létourdie"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bessey de Létourdie\". Olympedia. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/75552","url_text":"\"Bessey de Létourdie\""}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Bessey de Létourdie Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061908/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/bessey-de-letourdie-1.html","url_text":"\"Bessey de Létourdie Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/bessey-de-letourdie-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/75552","external_links_name":"\"Bessey de Létourdie\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061908/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/bessey-de-letourdie-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Bessey de Létourdie Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/de/bessey-de-letourdie-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/75552","external_links_name":"Bessey de Létourdie"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31829852#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bessey_de_L%C3%A9tourdie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_Developments | UTV Ignition Games | ["1 History","2 Games published","3 Cancelled","4 References"] | Former British video game company
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "UTV Ignition Games" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ignition Entertainment LimitedLogo used from 2011 to 2012Trade nameIgnition EntertainmentUTV Ignition GamesFormerlyValecombe LimitedUTV Ignition EntertainmentCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFounded26 September 2001; 22 years ago (2001-09-26) in Waltham Abbey, LondonDefunct20 January 2012; 12 years ago (2012-01-20)FateLiquidationHeadquartersHammersmith, London, EnglandKey peopleJatin TalwarParentThe Walt Disney Company IndiaSubsidiariesIgnition London LimitedIgnition Entertainment Limited USA
Ignition Entertainment Limited, doing business as UTV Ignition Games, was a video game publisher of Indian media conglomerate UTV Software Communications. After The Walt Disney Company acquired UTV Software Communications as a wholly owned subsidiary for The Walt Disney Company India, UTV Ignition Games assets were liquidated.
History
UTV Ignition Games originated as a British video game publisher in September 2001 called Valecombe Limited and was located in Waltham Abbey. The company was renamed Ignition Entertainment on 30 March 2002. It was created from a selection of smaller developers and publishers, such as Archer Maclean's Awesome Studios (also known as Awesome Developments and Awesome Games). In 2007, the company was acquired by UTV Software Communications and opened two new branches: Ignition Tokyo in Japan and Ignition Florida in the United States.
Focused on the production of games for the PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS, the company has produced a selection of budget titles for the Game Boy Advance: Pool Paradise from Awesome Studios as well as the Nintendo DS game Zoo Keeper. The company also published SNK's full lineup in Europe which includes the Metal Slug series, Samurai Shodown series as well as The King of Fighters series. In 2005, the company had several games planned, including Mercury, The King of Fighters Neowave and Pool Paradise International. The company had acquired the rights to the tactical role-playing game Spectral Force Genesis. The game was released later that year in North America and Europe.
On 20 April 2007, the company announced the completion of their acquisition by UTV Software Communications, a media conglomerate based in India. On 17 December 2007, they announced the opening of two development studios – Ignition Florida, and Ignition Tokyo. Both studios were said to be working on proprietary intellectual property for next-generation platforms. The Tokyo studio was composed of former members of Clover Studio and Capcom, worked on the game El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron. On 21 April 2009, Ignition announced that they would be publishing Muramasa: The Demon Blade for the Wii in North America. On 22 October, they announced they would be publishing Arc Rise Fantasia. Ignition Entertainment also published The King of Fighters XII in North America and Europe for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 during Summer 2009.
On 2 November 2010, sources at UTV confirmed the closing of the Florida-based studio. Staff were given opportunities to relocate to Texas or find other work. This announcement followed the widespread allegations of sexual harassment by former boss Paul Steed and mismanagement of company funds. The title they were producing, Reich, had completed 2 of 9 major levels' costing roughly US$23 million. Despite major setbacks, the London office continued on in a more limited scope. Leaked footage of Reich was uploaded to YouTube in November 2010 by an unknown source.
Games published
Year
Title
Platform(s)
Developer(s)
2002
Monster! Bass Fishing
Game Boy Advance
AIA USA
Demon Driver: Time to Burn Rubber!
Super Dropzone: Intergalactic Rescue Mission
Game Boy Advance, PlayStation
Eurocom
2003
Chop N' Drop
System 3
Strike Force Hydra
Digi-Guys
Archer Maclean's Pool
Archer Maclean
Stadium Games
Game Boy Advance
Ignition Entertainment
2004
Metal Slug 3
PlayStation 2, Xbox
SNK
Metal Slug Advance
Game Boy Advance
Noise Factory
The King of Fighters 2000
PlayStation 2
SNK
The King of Fighters 2001
Archer Maclean Presents Pool Paradise
GameCube, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2
Awesome Studios
2005
The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact
PlayStation 2, Xbox
SNK, Noise Factory
Zoo Keeper
Nintendo DS
Success
SVC Chaos: SNK vs. Capcom
PlayStation 2, Xbox
SNK
Animaniacs: The Great Edgar Hunt
PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube
Warthog
Animaniacs: Lights, Camera, Action!
Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS
Archer Maclean's Mercury
PlayStation Portable
Awesome Studios
The King of Fighters 2002
PlayStation 2, Xbox
SNK, Eolith
Metal Slug 4
Mega Enterprise, BrezzaSoft, Noise Factory, SNK
2006
Metal Slug 5
Noise Factory, SNK
The King of Fighters: Maximum Impact 2
Noise Factory
PoPoLoCrois
PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable
Epics
Samurai Shodown V
PlayStation 2, Xbox
Yuki Enterprise
Mercury Meltdown
PlayStation Portable
Ignition Banbury
Puyo Pop Fever
Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable
Sonic Team
The King of Fighters Neowave
PlayStation 2, Xbox
SNK
NeoGeo Battle Coliseum
PlayStation 2
SNK
Mercury Meltdown Remix
PlayStation 2
Ignition Branbury
2007
Blade Dancer: Lineage of Light
PlayStation Portable
Hit Maker
Metal Slug Anthology
PlayStation Portable, PlayStation 2, Wii
Terminal Reality
Art of Fighting: Anthology
PlayStation 2
SNK Playmore
The King of Fighters XI
Terminal Reality, Alpha Denshi, SNK Playmore
Mercury Meltdown Revolution
Wii
Ignition Banbury
New Zealand Story Revolution
Nintendo DS
Taito
2008
SNK vs. Capcom: Card Fighters DS
SNK
George of the Jungle and the Search for the Secret
PlayStation 2
7 Studios, Payapa Studios
World Heroes Anthology
Prosoft
SNK Arcade Classics Vol. 1
PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii
Terminal Reality, Alpha Denshi, SNK
Fatal Fury: Battle Archives Volume 1
PlayStation 2
SNK Playmore
Metal Slug 7
Nintendo DS
Obscure II
Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii
Hydravision Entertainment
The King of Fighters Collection: The Orochi Saga
PlayStation 2
Terminal Reality
Teenage Zombies: Invasion of the Alien Brain Thingys!
Nintendo DS
inLight Entertainment
Tornado
SKONEC Entertainment
Red Bull BC One
Smack Down Productions
2009
Blue Dragon Plus
Mistwalker, Feelplus, Brownie Brown
Boing! Docomodake DS
Suzack, AQ Interactive
Lux-Pain
Killaware
Nostalgia
Matrix Software, Red Entertainment
Muramasa: The Demon Blade
Wii
Vanillaware
The King of Fighters XII
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
SNK
Samurai Shodown Anthology
PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Wii
SNK, Terminal Reality
The King of Fighters '98: Ultimate Match
PlayStation 2
SNK
2010
Arc Rise Fantasia
Wii
Imageepoch
Deadly Premonition
Xbox 360
Access Games
Spectral Force Genesis
Nintendo DS
Idea Factory
Blacklight: Tango Down
Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Zombie Studios
2011
Swarm
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Hothead Games
El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron
Ignition Tokyo
Faxion Online
Microsoft Windows
UTV True Games
National Geographic Challenge!
PlayStation 3, Wii
Gusto Games
Mercury Hg
PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Eiconic Games
2012
Magical Drop V
Microsoft Windows
Golgoth Studio
Fractured Soul: Deep Void
Nintendo 3DS
Endgame Studios
Order Up!!
SuperVillain Studios
Planet Crashers
Renegade Kid
2013
Kung-Fu: High Impact
Xbox 360
Virtual Air Guitar Company
Cancelled
Reich
WarDevil / Project Kane
References
^ "Ignition Nabs Muramasa". IGN. 21 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
^ "Ignition closes US Studio". Develop-Online.net. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^ "In-Game Reich footage". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^ Hartup, Andy (18 July 2013). "12 cancelled Xbox 360 and PS3 games (that we actually miss)". gamesradar. Retrieved 24 May 2024.
vteMercury gamesGames
Archer Maclean's Mercury
Mercury Meltdown
Mercury Hg
Related
Archer Maclean
UTV Ignition Games
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doing_business_as"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company_India"}],"text":"Ignition Entertainment Limited, doing business as UTV Ignition Games, was a video game publisher of Indian media conglomerate UTV Software Communications. After The Walt Disney Company acquired UTV Software Communications as a wholly owned subsidiary for The Walt Disney Company India, UTV Ignition Games assets were liquidated.","title":"UTV Ignition Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltham Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltham_Abbey_(town)"},{"link_name":"developers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_developer"},{"link_name":"Archer Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Maclean"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Pool Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Zoo Keeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_Keeper_(2003_video_game)"},{"link_name":"SNK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNK_Playmore"},{"link_name":"Metal Slug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Slug_(series)"},{"link_name":"Samurai Shodown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai_Shodown_(series)"},{"link_name":"The King of Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(game)"},{"link_name":"The King of Fighters Neowave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_Neowave"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Clover Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clover_Studio"},{"link_name":"Capcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom"},{"link_name":"El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Shaddai:_Ascension_of_the_Metatron"},{"link_name":"Muramasa: The Demon Blade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muramasa:_The_Demon_Blade"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arc Rise Fantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_Rise_Fantasia"},{"link_name":"The King of Fighters XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_XII"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_3"},{"link_name":"Paul Steed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Steed"},{"link_name":"Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"UTV Ignition Games originated as a British video game publisher in September 2001 called Valecombe Limited and was located in Waltham Abbey. The company was renamed Ignition Entertainment on 30 March 2002. It was created from a selection of smaller developers and publishers, such as Archer Maclean's Awesome Studios (also known as Awesome Developments and Awesome Games). In 2007, the company was acquired by UTV Software Communications and opened two new branches: Ignition Tokyo in Japan and Ignition Florida in the United States.Focused on the production of games for the PlayStation Portable and Nintendo DS, the company has produced a selection of budget titles for the Game Boy Advance: Pool Paradise from Awesome Studios as well as the Nintendo DS game Zoo Keeper. The company also published SNK's full lineup in Europe which includes the Metal Slug series, Samurai Shodown series as well as The King of Fighters series. In 2005, the company had several games planned, including Mercury, The King of Fighters Neowave and Pool Paradise International. The company had acquired the rights to the tactical role-playing game Spectral Force Genesis. The game was released later that year in North America and Europe.On 20 April 2007, the company announced the completion of their acquisition by UTV Software Communications, a media conglomerate based in India. On 17 December 2007, they announced the opening of two development studios – Ignition Florida, and Ignition Tokyo. Both studios were said to be working on proprietary intellectual property for next-generation platforms. The Tokyo studio was composed of former members of Clover Studio and Capcom, worked on the game El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron. On 21 April 2009, Ignition announced that they would be publishing Muramasa: The Demon Blade for the Wii in North America.[1] On 22 October, they announced they would be publishing Arc Rise Fantasia. Ignition Entertainment also published The King of Fighters XII in North America and Europe for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 during Summer 2009.On 2 November 2010, sources at UTV confirmed the closing of the Florida-based studio. Staff were given opportunities to relocate to Texas or find other work. This announcement followed the widespread allegations of sexual harassment by former boss Paul Steed and mismanagement of company funds. The title they were producing, Reich, had completed 2 of 9 major levels' costing roughly US$23 million. Despite major setbacks, the London office continued on in a more limited scope.[2] Leaked footage of Reich was uploaded to YouTube in November 2010 by an unknown source.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Reich\nWarDevil / Project Kane[4]","title":"Cancelled"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Ignition Nabs Muramasa\". IGN. 21 April 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423083830/http://wii.ign.com/articles/974/974820p1.html","url_text":"\"Ignition Nabs Muramasa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"http://wii.ign.com/articles/974/974820p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ignition closes US Studio\". Develop-Online.net. Retrieved 14 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/36243/Ignition-closes-US-studio","url_text":"\"Ignition closes US Studio\""}]},{"reference":"\"In-Game Reich footage\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3cpQ2OyXpo","url_text":"\"In-Game Reich footage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/g3cpQ2OyXpo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hartup, Andy (18 July 2013). \"12 cancelled Xbox 360 and PS3 games (that we actually miss)\". gamesradar. Retrieved 24 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/12-cancelled-xbox-360-and-ps3-games-we-actually-miss/","url_text":"\"12 cancelled Xbox 360 and PS3 games (that we actually miss)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22UTV+Ignition+Games%22","external_links_name":"\"UTV Ignition Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22UTV+Ignition+Games%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22UTV+Ignition+Games%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22UTV+Ignition+Games%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22UTV+Ignition+Games%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22UTV+Ignition+Games%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090423083830/http://wii.ign.com/articles/974/974820p1.html","external_links_name":"\"Ignition Nabs Muramasa\""},{"Link":"http://wii.ign.com/articles/974/974820p1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/36243/Ignition-closes-US-studio","external_links_name":"\"Ignition closes US Studio\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3cpQ2OyXpo","external_links_name":"\"In-Game Reich footage\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/g3cpQ2OyXpo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/12-cancelled-xbox-360-and-ps3-games-we-actually-miss/","external_links_name":"\"12 cancelled Xbox 360 and PS3 games (that we actually miss)\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107197756","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123570536","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010017542","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rapids_Roadhouse | Black Rapids Roadhouse | ["1 Black Rapids Glacier","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 63°31′46″N 145°51′31″W / 63.52946°N 145.85854°W / 63.52946; -145.85854This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Black Rapids Roadhouse" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
United States historic placeRapids RoadhouseU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesAlaska Heritage Resources Survey
A south facing photo of the roadhouse.LocationMile 227.4 of Richardson Highway, about 35 miles (56 km) south of Delta JunctionNearest cityDelta JunctionCoordinates63°31′46″N 145°51′31″W / 63.52946°N 145.85854°W / 63.52946; -145.85854Arealess than one acreBuilt1902 (1902)NRHP reference No.01000021AHRS No.XMH-00223Added to NRHPFebruary 2, 2001
An east facing photo of the roadhouse with the new lodge visible in the background.
The Black Rapids Roadhouse, also known as the Rapids Roadhouse and the Rapids Hunting Lodge, is a historic Alaskan structure along the Richardson Highway in east-central Alaska. It was built in 1902. Construction of the Alaska Railroad led to a decline in the 1920s, but the original roadhouse continued to operate until 1993. A new, modern lodge was built near the roadhouse in 2001 and the original building is preserved as a historical curiosity and tourist attraction.
The original roadhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
Black Rapids Glacier
Black Rapids Roadhouse is across the Delta River from the Black Rapids Glacier. For three months in 1937 the Black Rapids Glacier made national news by advancing across the valley at the rate of a mile a month-it was known as the "galloping glacier." The 27-mile (43 km) long glacier has since retreated, but the moraine can still be seen from Richardson Highway pullout.
History
The Rapids Roadhouse, variously known as Black Rapids Roadhouse or Rapids Hunting Lodge, opened at least by 1904 to serve travelers on the new Valdez-Fairbanks Trail. Of more than thirty roadhouses that operated along the route between 1902 and 1923, Rapids Roadhouse is one of the few that survive.
Rapids Roadhouse continued to operate until 1993, although its peak years had been during the first decades of the 20th century. Because of this, period of significance ended in 1923.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska
References
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ a b "NRHP nomination for Rapids Roadhouse". National Park Service. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
^ Sherry Simpson. "Roadhouse". Alaska magazine.
^ The Rapids Roadhouse: History Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ Michael Parrish. "Finding Gold Rush tales and roadhouse comforts on the Richardson Highway". Los Angeles Times.
External links
Lodge at Black Rapids
vteProperties on the National Register of Historic Places in AlaskaBoroughs
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There are no sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Kusilvak Census Area.
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blackrapidsroadhouse2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)"},{"link_name":"Richardson Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Highway"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alaska Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Railroad"},{"link_name":"lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodging"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"}],"text":"United States historic placeAn east facing photo of the roadhouse with the new lodge visible in the background.The Black Rapids Roadhouse, also known as the Rapids Roadhouse and the Rapids Hunting Lodge, is a historic Alaskan structure along the Richardson Highway in east-central Alaska. It was built in 1902.[2][3][4][5] Construction of the Alaska Railroad led to a decline in the 1920s, but the original roadhouse continued to operate until 1993. A new, modern lodge was built near the roadhouse in 2001 and the original building is preserved as a historical curiosity and tourist attraction.The original roadhouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.[2]","title":"Black Rapids Roadhouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delta River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_River"}],"text":"Black Rapids Roadhouse is across the Delta River from the Black Rapids Glacier. For three months in 1937 the Black Rapids Glacier made national news by advancing across the valley at the rate of a mile a month-it was known as the \"galloping glacier.\" The 27-mile (43 km) long glacier has since retreated, but the moraine can still be seen from Richardson Highway pullout.","title":"Black Rapids Glacier"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Rapids Roadhouse, variously known as Black Rapids Roadhouse or Rapids Hunting Lodge, opened at least by 1904 to serve travelers on the new Valdez-Fairbanks Trail. Of more than thirty roadhouses that operated along the route between 1902 and 1923, Rapids Roadhouse is one of the few that survive.\nRapids Roadhouse continued to operate until 1993, although its peak years had been during the first decades of the 20th century. Because of this, period of significance ended in 1923.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"An east facing photo of the roadhouse with the new lodge visible in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Blackrapidsroadhouse2.JPG/220px-Blackrapidsroadhouse2.JPG"}] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Southeast_Fairbanks_Census_Area,_Alaska"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"NRHP nomination for Rapids Roadhouse\". National Park Service. Retrieved June 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/01000021_text","url_text":"\"NRHP nomination for Rapids Roadhouse\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_Rapids_Roadhouse¶ms=63.52946_N_145.85854_W_type:landmark_region:US-AK","external_links_name":"63°31′46″N 145°51′31″W / 63.52946°N 145.85854°W / 63.52946; -145.85854"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Black+Rapids+Roadhouse%22","external_links_name":"\"Black Rapids Roadhouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Black+Rapids+Roadhouse%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Black+Rapids+Roadhouse%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Black+Rapids+Roadhouse%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Black+Rapids+Roadhouse%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Black+Rapids+Roadhouse%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_Rapids_Roadhouse¶ms=63.52946_N_145.85854_W_type:landmark_region:US-AK","external_links_name":"63°31′46″N 145°51′31″W / 63.52946°N 145.85854°W / 63.52946; -145.85854"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/01000021","external_links_name":"01000021"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/01000021_text","external_links_name":"\"NRHP nomination for Rapids Roadhouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.alaskamagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=306&Itemid=14","external_links_name":"\"Roadhouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.blackrapids.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"The Rapids Roadhouse: History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930003333/http://www.blackrapids.org/history.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://travel.latimes.com/articles/la-tr-richardsonhwy28jul28","external_links_name":"\"Finding Gold Rush tales and roadhouse comforts on the Richardson Highway\""},{"Link":"http://www.lodgeatblackrapids.com/","external_links_name":"Lodge at Black Rapids"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W252CM | WLAC | ["1 Programming","2 History","2.1 Early years","2.2 Late night rhythm and blues","2.3 Talk radio era","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Radio station in Nashville, Tennessee
For other uses, see WLAC (disambiguation).
WLACNashville, TennesseeBroadcast areaNashville metropolitan areaFrequency1510 kHz (Clear Channel)BrandingTalkradio 98.3 and 1510ProgrammingFormatTalk radioAffiliationsNBC News RadioPremiere NetworksCompass Media NetworksGenesis Communications NetworkThe Weather ChannelVanderbilt IMG Sports NetworkWZTVOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWNRQ, WRVW, WSIX-FM, WUBTHistoryFirst air dateNovember 24, 1926; 97 years ago (1926-11-24)Former frequencies1330 kHz (1926–1928)1490 kHz (1928–1930)1470 kHz (1930–1941)Call sign meaningLife And Casualty Insurance CompanyTechnical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID34391ClassAPower50,000 wattsTransmitter coordinates36°16′19″N 86°45′28″W / 36.27194°N 86.75778°W / 36.27194; -86.75778Translator(s)98.3 W252CM (Nashville, relays WSIX-HD2)Repeater(s)97.9 WSIX-HD2 (Nashville)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen LiveWebsitewlac.iheart.com
WLAC (1510 AM) is a commercial radio station in Nashville, Tennessee. Owned by iHeartMedia, it broadcasts a talk radio format. The studios are in Nashville's Music Row district. It identifies itself as "TalkRadio 98.3 and 1510 WLAC" using the dial position of its FM translator at 98.3 MHz, as well as its AM frequency.
WLAC operates around the clock at 50,000 watts, the highest power authorized for AM stations in the United States. It is one of two clear-channel stations in Tennessee, the other being WSM, also in Nashville. A single tower radiates the transmitter's full power during the day to most of Middle Tennessee. At night, it uses a directional pattern that limits its signal toward the west to originally protect KGA in Spokane (which has since downgraded its night signal) and to the northeast to protect WMEX in Boston. Even with these restrictions, it can be heard across much of the eastern and central North America with a good radio. It has a three-tower array in the city's Northside neighborhood. WLAC broadcasts an HD Radio signal utilizing the in-band on-channel standard. Programming is simulcast over a digital subchannel of 97.9 WSIX-FM and on FM translator W252CM at 98.3 FM.
Programming
WLAC carries nationally syndicated conservative talk shows, including The Glenn Beck Radio Program, The Sean Hannity Show, The Ramsey Show with Dave Ramsey, The Michael Berry Show, The Dr. Asa Show with Asa Andrew, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal. In 2021, WLAC became the flagship station for The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show.
Weekend shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown and The Ben Ferguson Show. WLAC carries Vanderbilt University Commodores football and basketball games.
History
Early years
WLAC has traditionally traced its founding to November 24, 1926. That was the day the station made its first broadcast under the WLAC call sign. However, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) records list WLAC's "Date first licensed" as September 11, 1925, reflecting the initial license date for station WDAD, which was consolidated with WLAC in 1927.
WDAD was first licensed in September 1925 to "Dad's Auto Accessories (Inc.)" at 160 Eighth Avenue North in Nashville. It initially transmitted on 1330 kHz. It made its debut broadcast on September 14. WLAC was first authorized in November 1926, owned by the Life & Casualty Insurance Co., with its call letters chosen as an acronym of the owner's name. Studios were located on the fifth floor of the Life and Casualty building in downtown Nashville. WLAC initially operated on a timesharing basis with WDAD on 1330 kHz.
In mid-1927 Dad's Auto and Life & Casualty formed a partnership for joint operation of their combined stations, as WDAD-WLAC. The following November Life & Casualty purchased WDAD's interest in the combined stations, and announced that, effective November 21, 1927, the "call letters WDAD will be discontinued and the station operated only under the call letters WLAC in the future". The November 30, 1928, issue of the Radio Service Bulletin therefore instructed its readers that, for the current WDAD-WLAC station list entry, to "strike-out call WDAD, as Dad's Auto Accessories (Inc.) is no longer joint licensee".
On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40, WLAC moved to 1490 kHz, operating with 5,000 watts on a timesharing basis with the Waldrum Drug Co.'s WBAW. The next year WBAW's call letters were changed to WTNT, after that station had been taken over by The Tennessean newspaper. In early 1930 WLAC and WTNT were reassigned from 1490 kHz to 1470 kHz. (WCKY, on 1480 kHz in Covington, Kentucky, had been encountering mutual interference over much of Kentucky and Tennessee with WLAC, and was moved to 1490 kHz at the same time).
On December 16, 1930, WTNT was taken over by Life & Casualty. The next day WTNT, which previously had been allotted 1/3rd time on the shared frequency, ceased broadcasting, allowing WLAC to again operate a fulltime schedule, and WTNT was subsequently deleted.
In 1928, WLAC became Nashville's CBS Radio Network affiliate. Its main competitor, WSM, was affiliated with the NBC Red Network. In the early years of the station, WLAC provided local news, studio-orchestra musical features (accompanied by an in-studio pipe organ), farm reports, and some educational programming. Its main competitor in that era, WSM, became known as the radio station where country music essentially developed and became a national phenomenon. When country music became a big business in the late 1940s, WLAC added early-morning and Saturday-afternoon country shows in an attempt to steal some of WSM's thunder. Otherwise, the station prided itself as a pillar of the community and placed emphasis on general full-service programs.
In 1941, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), WLAC moved to a "Clear Channel" assignment of 1510 kHz, and received permission to increase its power to 50,000 watts. WLAC thus became the second clear-channel station in Tennessee, after WSM. While WSM was a Class I-A station, using a non-directional antenna at all times, WLAC shared its clear channel assignment with KGA in Spokane, Washington. Since WLAC and KGA were designated as co-equal Class I-B stations, both were required to use a directional antenna at night to mutually protect each other's signals. KGA has since given up its clear-channel status, but WLAC is still required to conform its nighttime signal. Even with this restriction, it reaches parts of 28 states and three Canadian provinces at night, including most of the eastern half of the continent. Even at 50,000 watts, WLAC provides only secondary coverage of several inner-ring suburbs, such as Murfreesboro. In contrast, WSM's lower frequency allows it to be heard at city-grade strength in all of Middle Tennessee, with secondary coverage of five states. WLAC's simulcasts on HD Radio serve in part to alleviate this shortfall.
Late night rhythm and blues
In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, WLAC was legendary for its quartet of nighttime rhythm and blues shows hosted by Gene Nobles, "John R." (John Richbourg), Herman Grizzard, and Bill "Hossman" (or simply "Hoss") Allen. Thanks to the station's clear channel designation, the signal reached most of the Northeast and Midwestern United States. WLAC described itself as the nighttime station for half the nation with African-American listeners, especially in the Deep South as the intended audience of the programs. Further, several foreign countries, particularly islands in the Caribbean and southern Canada, were within range of the station's nighttime signal; the music heard on WLAC played a notable role in the development of ska music as a result. WLAC was also popular with some young white teenagers. Radio historians believe that the nightly "Rhythm and blues" WLAC shows, in part, laid the foundational audience for the rock and roll phenomenon that began in the late 1950s.
Nobles began the move, in 1946, to play what were considered at the time "race" records, a euphemism intended to deter supposedly respectable audiences. But he and the others reached large numbers of African-American listeners in places like the Mississippi Delta, the Carolina Lowcountry, Louisiana, Chicago, and Detroit, people whom practically no other radio stations were serving. Gradually phasing in artists like Amos Milburn, Chuck Berry, and Fats Domino in the early 1950s to supplement the big-band artists of the era such as Tommy Dorsey and Glenn Miller, the WLAC announcers presided over the development of what became "rhythm and blues" music. They did this mainly to attract advertisers who serviced the African-American community, such as hair-care products like Royal Crown Hair Pomade or chicken hatcheries, which packaged baby scrub roosters and other undesirable stock in large quantities for sale. The disc jockeys developed a reputation for colorfully pitching those products on air; some product slogans lent themselves to sexually suggestive double entendres, which only increased the announcers' popularity among teen listeners. The deejays conducted the advertising sales on a "per inquiry", or commission, basis, meaning that the station did not rely on traditional ratings to gauge the programs' successes.
WLAC sales manager E.G. Blackman sought to hire the nation's first African-American news radio broadcaster employed by a major, white-owned radio station, Don Whitehead. Whitehead, a graduate of Tennessee State University, began his career shortly after the April 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Whitehead started in the nighttime slot, announcing the news at the top of the hour. He traveled around WLAC's listening area to promote the historically black colleges and universities and played a big role in increasing enrollment of African-Americans attending college.
Performers of later years, such as Johnny Winter, and the Allman brothers, Duane and Gregg, have credited the station as being a valuable source of inspiration for their artistic development. According to Levon Helm, Robbie Robertson (both members of The Band, a 1970s roots rock group) listened to WLAC at night while in Toronto. As a teenager, Robertson would stay up all night to hear blues from deejay John R. A strange irony about the phenomenon was unknown to most listeners of that time: all four disc jockeys were in fact middle-aged white men, not African-Americans, as their Southern, gravelly, drawling voices suggested. Richbourg and Allen in particular made frequent use of colloquialisms most familiar to their audience, thereby convincing many that they were "soul brothers," as a common expression of that day.
Other regular sponsors of the four shows included Randy's Record Shop of Gallatin, Tennessee, Ernie's Record Mart, and Buckley's Record Shop, the latter two of Nashville, all of which conducted mail-order business selling the recordings featured on the shows, and had affiliations with record companies in Middle Tennessee. Buckley's Record Shop folded in the early 1970s; Randy's Record Shop ceased operations in the late 1990s, although as of January 2019, its former building still stands. Allen and Richbourg also had financial interests in recording companies, artist management, and recording studios at varying points in their careers.
Each deejay's program lasted from one to two hours per evening Mondays through Saturdays, occupying roughly (with adjustments over the years) the period between 8 p.m. and 2 a.m. Central Time. On Sunday nights, Richbourg or Allen hosted programs featuring black gospel recordings. Richbourg and Allen took credit for helping to start or boost the careers of artists like James Brown, Ray Charles, B. B. King, Otis Redding, Jackie Wilson, Aretha Franklin; Nobles helped the likes of Little Richard.
Other than the famous late-night shows, WLAC followed a fairly conventional news/talk (relatively middle-of-the-road politically, unlike today ) and middle of the road music format in the daytime until the early 1970s, when new management attempted to program a Top 40 format, competing against ratings leader WMAK (1300 AM) for the Nashville-area teenage audience. This move, in particular, is believed to have prompted Richbourg and Nobles to retire, as they had no interest in conforming to a predetermined, pop-oriented playlist arranged by an outside consultant.
In addition to this, most markets in WLAC's night-time coverage area now had black-oriented stations of their own, most of which attracted the demographic groups that formerly listened to Allen, Richbourg, and Nobles' shows as their only source for R&B and soul music (as it was known by the 1960s). Furthermore, musical tastes among younger listeners in particular changed as the 1970s approached, as white youth began to prefer the hard rock that initially modeled itself on the blues (especially on the upstart FM stations that began playing it), while African-American kids gravitated toward the grittier edges of funk or early disco and, eventually, rap. This made the Motown, Muscle Shoals, and Memphis sounds favored by the DJ trio (Grizzard died in 1971) seem passé, and the hosts' audience, unsurprisingly, began to age, something that advertisers, focusing by then on youth rather ethnicity, almost always react adversely against. Changing tastes also brought about the end to record labels such as Stax, which were major suppliers of music heard on the R&B/Soul shows.
To replace the retiring jocks, the station recruited young Spider Harrison, a native New Yorker who at the time was an afternoon urban air personality and program director at WTLC-FM in Indianapolis. Harrison steered the nighttime format into a blend of soul and rock, in an attempt to target an entire new generation of young night-time listeners throughout the country. However, WLAC struggled for most of the 1970s to obtain Arbitron ratings improvements from local listeners, despite frequent promotional events staged throughout the Nashville area. Only Hoss Allen kept his program, which he converted to an urban gospel format, by moving it to the overnight/early morning hours.
In 1964, WLAC added an FM adjunct by purchasing WFMB on 105.9 MHz, changing its call sign to WLAC-FM. A decade earlier, in 1954, it had started Nashville's third television station, WLAC-TV (Channel 5); owing to WLAC's affiliation with the CBS Radio Network, WLAC-TV took the CBS TV affiliation from WSIX-TV (channel 8, now WKRN-TV on channel 2). WLAC-TV was sold to the Hobby Family of Houston in 1975, changing the call sign to WTVF, and is now owned by the E. W. Scripps Company.
Talk radio era
On February 7, 1979, the station, under the direction of Jim Ward, station manager, and Robert H. Ruark, veteran talk show host and newly appointed program manager, pulled the plug on its unsuccessful run as a Top 40 outlet and changed formats to news and talk in daytime hours, making it one of the first stations in the Southern U.S. to adopt that format for at least a preponderance of its programming lineup. The new schedule, (as reported in The Nashville Tennessean newspaper's "Sunday Showcase") included news coverage weekdays from 6 to 9:30 a.m., Noon to 1 p.m., and 4:30 to 7 p.m., when the regular nighttime "ethnic music" programming began. The mid-morning and mid-afternoon talk show programming featured debate-type discussions with local or national figures via telephone and listeners calling in to ask questions or join in the discussions. Weekends followed the same basic format, and on Saturday mornings, a guest host was featured. Roger Frazier and J. Paul Robinson debuted the new programming as featured newscasters and talk show hosts.
Despite the new programming, Hoss Allen was able to keep his early-morning gospel music program and continued with it until his 1993 retirement from the station. Eventually, it became the only music featured on WLAC by the early 1980s.
In 1986, WLAC pioneered sports talk in Middle Tennessee, when it began a two-hour-long afternoon drive-time sports show hosted by record company executive and sports fan Rick Baumgartner, along with former WSMV-TV sportscaster Charlie McAlexander, who resigned from WSMV specifically to take the WLAC job. Also, former WSM, WSMV and WKRN-TV personality Teddy Bart launched his critically acclaimed "Roundtable" interview program on WLAC's morning schedule in 1985. The show, which featured newsmakers in Tennessee politics, later moved to several other Nashville stations before discontinuing production in 2005. Bart is now deceased.
Much in the same manner as in years past when network programming gave way at sunset to R&B music for a different audience, for many years after WLAC changed to news and talk, the station abruptly switched, without any warning to unacquainted listeners, at 8 p.m. Central Time (when the clear-channel signal settled into place) to a Christian talk and teaching format. The nighttime line-up included paid broadcasts of many evangelical, fundamentalist, and Pentecostal preachers, seeking donations for their ministries, with the news/talk format resuming at daybreak (after the Hoss Allen show). This practice was discontinued shortly after the station's purchase by AMFM, Inc. in 1999. AMFM was later merged into San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications, which became iHeartMedia in 2014.
WLAC's longtime logo used from the late 1990s up until 2017.
For many years, WLAC was the Nashville home of the University of Tennessee Volunteers, bringing Vols football and men's basketball to much of North America at night. In 2010, the Vol Network moved its Nashville affiliation to WGFX-FM. Since 2012, WLAC serves as the flagship of the Vanderbilt Commodores IMG Sports Network; the station has carried Vanderbilt games at various times in past years as well.
On September 21, 2018, translator station W252CM dropped its classic country format, branded as The Big Legend, and began to simulcast WLAC on FM, with the station's branding changing to TalkRadio 98.3. Along with the translator, WLAC is also simulcast on WSIX-FM-HD2.
In 2018, the station announced the addition of a new morning show, The Tennessee Star Report with Steve Gill, beginning September 24. Gill ran into legal problems the following year; according to The Tennessean, Gill failed to pay $170,000 in child support, resulting in his arrest. He spent more than a week in the Williamson County Jail and resigned his position with the conservative news website "The Tennessee Star."
WLAC, since 2021, has become the flagship of the EIB Network, featuring The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show.
See also
List of Nashville media
Nathanial Dowd Gaston Williams, a pioneering Tennessee African-American disc jockey
Joseph Deighton Gibson Jr., a disc jockey who used mannerisms similar to Allen, Grizzard, Richbourg, and Nobles
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for WLAC". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "AM Query Results". transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
^ "Station Guide - WLAC". hdradio.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
^ Directory of Radio: Tennessee: Nashville", Broadcasting Yearbook (2009 edition), page D-504.
^ "AM Query Results: WLAC: First license" (FCC.gov)
^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, October 1, 1925, page 3.
^ "Programs Bring Throngs to Dad's", The (Nashville) Tennessean, September 25, 1925, page 2.
^ "New Stations", Radio Service Bulletin, November 30, 1926, page 4.
^ "Broadcasting Stations" (December 31, 1926), Radio Service Bulletin, December 31, 1926, pages 15, 18.
^ "List of licensed broadcasting stations arranged by call letters in effect July 1, 1927", Second Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission (for the year ended June 30, 1928), page 56.
^ "Life & Casualty Company Buys WDAD Station", Nashville Tennessean, November 20, 1927, page 1.
^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, November 30, 1928, page 11.
^ "Revised list of broadcasting stations, by frequencies, effective 3 a. m., November 11, 1928, eastern standard time", Second Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission (for the year ended June 30, 1928), page 213.
^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, June 29, 1929, page 17.
^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, February 28, 1930, page 23.
^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, March 31, 1930, page 14.
^ "Shifts At 17 Stations Set". Dayton Daily News. February 13, 1930. p. F-14.
^ "Radio broadcasting stations consolidated during the fiscal year 1931", Fifth Annual Report of the Federal Radio Commission (Fiscal Year 1931), page 13.
^ "WLAC Assumes Control of WTNT", Nashville Tennessean, December 17, 1930, page 3.
^ "Alterations and Corrections", Radio Service Bulletin, January 31, 1931, page 11.
^ "United States Assignments", page 1443.
^ "2015 Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame Inductees". tennesseeradiohalloffame. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
^ "Jazz to Ska Mania". Jazz Times. Retrieved May 28, 2010.
^ Broven, John (2009). "Chapter 6: Riding the Nashville Airways". Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers. University of Illinois Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-252-03290-5. Retrieved September 29, 2020 – via Google Books. His name was E. G. Blackman, and he was the sales manager.
^ "For the Record: Existing FM Stations: Call Letters Assigned", Broadcasting, August 17, 1964, page 90.
^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2000 page D-420
^ "The Big Legend Gives Way To WLAC Simulcast In Nashville". RadioInsight. September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.
^ West, Emily R. "'I'm terrified:' Court files reveal allegations of abuse against radio host Steve Gill". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
External links
Official website
WLAC in the FCC AM station database
WLAC in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
FCC History Cards for WLAC (covering 1927-1980 as WDAD / WDAD-WLAC / WLAC)
WLAC history (nashvillebroadcastinghistory.com)
March 16, 1960 station aircheck (airchexx.com)
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vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WLAC (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLAC_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"link_name":"talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_format"},{"link_name":"studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_studio"},{"link_name":"Music Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Row"},{"link_name":"FM translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_translator"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"clear-channel stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear-channel_station"},{"link_name":"WSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"directional pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antenna"},{"link_name":"KGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGA"},{"link_name":"Spokane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane"},{"link_name":"WMEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMEX_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"tower array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_array"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"in-band on-channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-band_on-channel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"WSIX-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSIX-FM"}],"text":"For other uses, see WLAC (disambiguation).WLAC (1510 AM) is a commercial radio station in Nashville, Tennessee. Owned by iHeartMedia, it broadcasts a talk radio format. The studios are in Nashville's Music Row district. It identifies itself as \"TalkRadio 98.3 and 1510 WLAC\" using the dial position of its FM translator at 98.3 MHz, as well as its AM frequency.WLAC operates around the clock at 50,000 watts, the highest power authorized for AM stations in the United States. It is one of two clear-channel stations in Tennessee, the other being WSM, also in Nashville. A single tower radiates the transmitter's full power during the day to most of Middle Tennessee. At night, it uses a directional pattern that limits its signal toward the west to originally protect KGA in Spokane (which has since downgraded its night signal) and to the northeast to protect WMEX in Boston. Even with these restrictions, it can be heard across much of the eastern and central North America with a good radio. It has a three-tower array in the city's Northside neighborhood.[2] WLAC broadcasts an HD Radio signal utilizing the in-band on-channel standard.[3] Programming is simulcast over a digital subchannel of 97.9 WSIX-FM and on FM translator W252CM at 98.3 FM.","title":"WLAC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationally syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"conservative talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_talk"},{"link_name":"The Glenn Beck Radio Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glenn_Beck_Radio_Program"},{"link_name":"The Sean Hannity Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sean_Hannity_Show"},{"link_name":"The Ramsey Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ramsey_Show"},{"link_name":"Dave Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"The Michael Berry Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Berry_(radio_host)"},{"link_name":"The Dr. Asa Show with Asa Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa_Andrew"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM"},{"link_name":"George Noory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Noory"},{"link_name":"This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Morning,_America%27s_First_News_with_Gordon_Deal"},{"link_name":"flagship station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_station"},{"link_name":"The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clay_Travis_and_Buck_Sexton_Show"},{"link_name":"Rich DiMuro on Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_Guy"},{"link_name":"The Weekend with Michael Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Brown"},{"link_name":"The Ben Ferguson Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ben_Ferguson_Show"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Commodores football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_men%27s_basketball"}],"text":"WLAC carries nationally syndicated conservative talk shows, including The Glenn Beck Radio Program, The Sean Hannity Show, The Ramsey Show with Dave Ramsey, The Michael Berry Show, The Dr. Asa Show with Asa Andrew, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal. In 2021, WLAC became the flagship station for The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show.Weekend shows include Rich DiMuro on Tech, The Weekend with Michael Brown and The Ben Ferguson Show. WLAC carries Vanderbilt University Commodores football and basketball games.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Life & Casualty Insurance Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Casualty_Insurance_Company_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"call letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_letters"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Federal Radio Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Radio_Commission"},{"link_name":"General Order 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_40"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"WCKY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCKY_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio"},{"link_name":"Network affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_affiliate"},{"link_name":"WSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSM_(AM)"},{"link_name":"NBC Red Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Red_Network"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Class I-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_North_American_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"non-directional antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-directional_antenna"},{"link_name":"KGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGA"},{"link_name":"Spokane, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane,_Washington"},{"link_name":"directional antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_antenna"},{"link_name":"Murfreesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murfreesboro"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"WLAC has traditionally traced its founding to November 24, 1926.[4] That was the day the station made its first broadcast under the WLAC call sign. However, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) records list WLAC's \"Date first licensed\" as September 11, 1925, reflecting the initial license date for station WDAD, which was consolidated with WLAC in 1927.[5]WDAD was first licensed in September 1925 to \"Dad's Auto Accessories (Inc.)\" at 160 Eighth Avenue North in Nashville. It initially transmitted on 1330 kHz.[6] It made its debut broadcast on September 14.[7] WLAC was first authorized in November 1926, owned by the Life & Casualty Insurance Co.,[8] with its call letters chosen as an acronym of the owner's name. Studios were located on the fifth floor of the Life and Casualty building in downtown Nashville. WLAC initially operated on a timesharing basis with WDAD on 1330 kHz.[9]In mid-1927 Dad's Auto and Life & Casualty formed a partnership for joint operation of their combined stations, as WDAD-WLAC.[10] The following November Life & Casualty purchased WDAD's interest in the combined stations, and announced that, effective November 21, 1927, the \"call letters WDAD will be discontinued and the station operated only under the call letters WLAC in the future\".[11] The November 30, 1928, issue of the Radio Service Bulletin therefore instructed its readers that, for the current WDAD-WLAC station list entry, to \"strike-out call WDAD, as Dad's Auto Accessories (Inc.) is no longer joint licensee\".[12]On November 11, 1928, under the provisions of the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40, WLAC moved to 1490 kHz, operating with 5,000 watts on a timesharing basis with the Waldrum Drug Co.'s WBAW.[13] The next year WBAW's call letters were changed to WTNT, after that station had been taken over by The Tennessean newspaper.[14] In early 1930 WLAC[15] and WTNT[16] were reassigned from 1490 kHz to 1470 kHz. (WCKY, on 1480 kHz in Covington, Kentucky, had been encountering mutual interference over much of Kentucky and Tennessee with WLAC, and was moved to 1490 kHz at the same time).[17]On December 16, 1930, WTNT was taken over by Life & Casualty.[18] The next day WTNT, which previously had been allotted 1/3rd time on the shared frequency, ceased broadcasting, allowing WLAC to again operate a fulltime schedule,[19] and WTNT was subsequently deleted.[20]In 1928, WLAC became Nashville's CBS Radio Network affiliate. Its main competitor, WSM, was affiliated with the NBC Red Network. In the early years of the station, WLAC provided local news, studio-orchestra musical features (accompanied by an in-studio pipe organ), farm reports, and some educational programming. Its main competitor in that era, WSM, became known as the radio station where country music essentially developed and became a national phenomenon. When country music became a big business in the late 1940s, WLAC added early-morning and Saturday-afternoon country shows in an attempt to steal some of WSM's thunder. Otherwise, the station prided itself as a pillar of the community and placed emphasis on general full-service programs.In 1941, with the implementation of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement (NARBA), WLAC moved to a \"Clear Channel\" assignment of 1510 kHz, and received permission to increase its power to 50,000 watts.[21] WLAC thus became the second clear-channel station in Tennessee, after WSM. While WSM was a Class I-A station, using a non-directional antenna at all times, WLAC shared its clear channel assignment with KGA in Spokane, Washington. Since WLAC and KGA were designated as co-equal Class I-B stations, both were required to use a directional antenna at night to mutually protect each other's signals. KGA has since given up its clear-channel status, but WLAC is still required to conform its nighttime signal. Even with this restriction, it reaches parts of 28 states and three Canadian provinces at night, including most of the eastern half of the continent. Even at 50,000 watts, WLAC provides only secondary coverage of several inner-ring suburbs, such as Murfreesboro. In contrast, WSM's lower frequency allows it to be heard at city-grade strength in all of Middle Tennessee, with secondary coverage of five states. WLAC's simulcasts on HD Radio serve in part to alleviate this shortfall.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"Gene Nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Nobles"},{"link_name":"John R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R."},{"link_name":"Herman Grizzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Grizzard"},{"link_name":"Bill \"Hossman\" (or simply \"Hoss\") Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%22Hoss%22_Allen"},{"link_name":"Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Midwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jazztimes-23"},{"link_name":"white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American"},{"link_name":"Rhythm and blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"rock and roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"\"race\" records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_records"},{"link_name":"Mississippi Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Delta"},{"link_name":"Carolina Lowcountry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Amos Milburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Milburn"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"Fats Domino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fats_Domino"},{"link_name":"Tommy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Glenn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Miller"},{"link_name":"double entendres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_entendres"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_University"},{"link_name":"assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"historically black colleges and universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities"},{"link_name":"Johnny Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Winter"},{"link_name":"Allman brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allman_brothers"},{"link_name":"Levon Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Helm"},{"link_name":"Robbie Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Robertson"},{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"roots rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_rock"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"deejay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deejay"},{"link_name":"white men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_men"},{"link_name":"African-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-Americans"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_American_English"},{"link_name":"Gallatin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Middle Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Central Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"black gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"B. B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._B._King"},{"link_name":"Otis Redding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Redding"},{"link_name":"Jackie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Aretha Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aretha_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Little Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Richard"},{"link_name":"middle of the road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_of_the_road_(music)"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"WMAK (1300 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNQM"},{"link_name":"soul music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"Motown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown"},{"link_name":"Muscle Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_Shoals"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_demographic"},{"link_name":"Stax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stax_Records"},{"link_name":"urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"WTLC-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTLC-FM"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Arbitron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbitron"},{"link_name":"urban gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_gospel"},{"link_name":"WFMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNRQ"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"CBS Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"WKRN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRN-TV"},{"link_name":"Hobby Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Jr."},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"call sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_sign"},{"link_name":"WTVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVF"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"}],"sub_title":"Late night rhythm and blues","text":"In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, WLAC was legendary for its quartet of nighttime rhythm and blues shows hosted by Gene Nobles, \"John R.\" (John Richbourg), Herman Grizzard, and Bill \"Hossman\" (or simply \"Hoss\") Allen. Thanks to the station's clear channel designation, the signal reached most of the Northeast and Midwestern United States. WLAC described itself as the nighttime station for half the nation with African-American listeners, especially in the Deep South as the intended audience of the programs.[22] Further, several foreign countries, particularly islands in the Caribbean and southern Canada, were within range of the station's nighttime signal; the music heard on WLAC played a notable role in the development of ska music as a result.[23] WLAC was also popular with some young white teenagers. Radio historians believe that the nightly \"Rhythm and blues\" WLAC shows, in part, laid the foundational audience for the rock and roll phenomenon that began in the late 1950s.Nobles began the move, in 1946, to play what were considered at the time \"race\" records, a euphemism intended to deter supposedly respectable audiences. But he and the others reached large numbers of African-American listeners in places like the Mississippi Delta, the Carolina Lowcountry, Louisiana, Chicago, and Detroit, people whom practically no other radio stations were serving. Gradually phasing in artists like Amos Milburn, Chuck Berry, and Fats Domino in the early 1950s to supplement the big-band artists of the era such as Tommy Dorsey and Glenn Miller, the WLAC announcers presided over the development of what became \"rhythm and blues\" music. They did this mainly to attract advertisers who serviced the African-American community, such as hair-care products like Royal Crown Hair Pomade or chicken hatcheries, which packaged baby scrub roosters and other undesirable stock in large quantities for sale. The disc jockeys developed a reputation for colorfully pitching those products on air; some product slogans lent themselves to sexually suggestive double entendres, which only increased the announcers' popularity among teen listeners. The deejays conducted the advertising sales on a \"per inquiry\", or commission, basis, meaning that the station did not rely on traditional ratings to gauge the programs' successes.WLAC sales manager E.G. Blackman[24] sought to hire the nation's first African-American news radio broadcaster employed by a major, white-owned radio station, Don Whitehead. Whitehead, a graduate of Tennessee State University, began his career shortly after the April 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Whitehead started in the nighttime slot, announcing the news at the top of the hour. He traveled around WLAC's listening area to promote the historically black colleges and universities and played a big role in increasing enrollment of African-Americans attending college.Performers of later years, such as Johnny Winter, and the Allman brothers, Duane and Gregg, have credited the station as being a valuable source of inspiration for their artistic development. According to Levon Helm, Robbie Robertson (both members of The Band, a 1970s roots rock group) listened to WLAC at night while in Toronto. As a teenager, Robertson would stay up all night to hear blues from deejay John R. A strange irony about the phenomenon was unknown to most listeners of that time: all four disc jockeys were in fact middle-aged white men, not African-Americans, as their Southern, gravelly, drawling voices suggested. Richbourg and Allen in particular made frequent use of colloquialisms most familiar to their audience, thereby convincing many that they were \"soul brothers,\" as a common expression of that day.Other regular sponsors of the four shows included Randy's Record Shop of Gallatin, Tennessee, Ernie's Record Mart, and Buckley's Record Shop, the latter two of Nashville, all of which conducted mail-order business selling the recordings featured on the shows, and had affiliations with record companies in Middle Tennessee. Buckley's Record Shop folded in the early 1970s; Randy's Record Shop ceased operations in the late 1990s, although as of January 2019, its former building still stands. Allen and Richbourg also had financial interests in recording companies, artist management, and recording studios at varying points in their careers.Each deejay's program lasted from one to two hours per evening Mondays through Saturdays, occupying roughly (with adjustments over the years) the period between 8 p.m. and 2 a.m. Central Time. On Sunday nights, Richbourg or Allen hosted programs featuring black gospel recordings. Richbourg and Allen took credit for helping to start or boost the careers of artists like James Brown, Ray Charles, B. B. King, Otis Redding, Jackie Wilson, Aretha Franklin; Nobles helped the likes of Little Richard.Other than the famous late-night shows, WLAC followed a fairly conventional news/talk (relatively middle-of-the-road politically, unlike today [see below]) and middle of the road music format in the daytime until the early 1970s, when new management attempted to program a Top 40 format, competing against ratings leader WMAK (1300 AM) for the Nashville-area teenage audience. This move, in particular, is believed to have prompted Richbourg and Nobles to retire, as they had no interest in conforming to a predetermined, pop-oriented playlist arranged by an outside consultant.In addition to this, most markets in WLAC's night-time coverage area now had black-oriented stations of their own, most of which attracted the demographic groups that formerly listened to Allen, Richbourg, and Nobles' shows as their only source for R&B and soul music (as it was known by the 1960s). Furthermore, musical tastes among younger listeners in particular changed as the 1970s approached, as white youth began to prefer the hard rock that initially modeled itself on the blues (especially on the upstart FM stations that began playing it), while African-American kids gravitated toward the grittier edges of funk or early disco and, eventually, rap. This made the Motown, Muscle Shoals, and Memphis sounds favored by the DJ trio (Grizzard died in 1971) seem passé, and the hosts' audience, unsurprisingly, began to age, something that advertisers, focusing by then on youth rather ethnicity, almost always react adversely against. Changing tastes also brought about the end to record labels such as Stax, which were major suppliers of music heard on the R&B/Soul shows.To replace the retiring jocks, the station recruited young Spider Harrison, a native New Yorker who at the time was an afternoon urban air personality and program director at WTLC-FM in Indianapolis. Harrison steered the nighttime format into a blend of soul and rock, in an attempt to target an entire new generation of young night-time listeners throughout the country. However, WLAC struggled for most of the 1970s to obtain Arbitron ratings improvements from local listeners, despite frequent promotional events staged throughout the Nashville area. Only Hoss Allen kept his program, which he converted to an urban gospel format, by moving it to the overnight/early morning hours.In 1964, WLAC added an FM adjunct by purchasing WFMB on 105.9 MHz, changing its call sign to WLAC-FM.[25] A decade earlier, in 1954, it had started Nashville's third television station, WLAC-TV (Channel 5); owing to WLAC's affiliation with the CBS Radio Network, WLAC-TV took the CBS TV affiliation from WSIX-TV (channel 8, now WKRN-TV on channel 2). WLAC-TV was sold to the Hobby Family of Houston in 1975, changing the call sign to WTVF, and is now owned by the E. W. Scripps Company.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_talk"},{"link_name":"WSMV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSMV-TV"},{"link_name":"WKRN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRN-TV"},{"link_name":"clear-channel signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_channel_station"},{"link_name":"Christian talk and teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_talk_and_teaching"},{"link_name":"evangelical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical"},{"link_name":"fundamentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism"},{"link_name":"Pentecostal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal"},{"link_name":"preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preacher"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLAC.png"},{"link_name":"University of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Vol Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_Network"},{"link_name":"WGFX-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGFX-FM"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores"},{"link_name":"IMG Sports Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_IMG_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"classic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_country"},{"link_name":"WSIX-FM-HD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSIX-FM"},{"link_name":"Steve Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gill"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Tennessean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tennessean"},{"link_name":"Williamson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamson_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clay_Travis_and_Buck_Sexton_Show"}],"sub_title":"Talk radio era","text":"On February 7, 1979, the station, under the direction of Jim Ward, station manager, and Robert H. Ruark, veteran talk show host and newly appointed program manager, pulled the plug on its unsuccessful run as a Top 40 outlet and changed formats to news and talk in daytime hours, making it one of the first stations in the Southern U.S. to adopt that format for at least a preponderance of its programming lineup. The new schedule, (as reported in The Nashville Tennessean newspaper's \"Sunday Showcase\") included news coverage weekdays from 6 to 9:30 a.m., Noon to 1 p.m., and 4:30 to 7 p.m., when the regular nighttime \"ethnic music\" programming began. The mid-morning and mid-afternoon talk show programming featured debate-type discussions with local or national figures via telephone and listeners calling in to ask questions or join in the discussions. Weekends followed the same basic format, and on Saturday mornings, a guest host was featured. Roger Frazier and J. Paul Robinson debuted the new programming as featured newscasters and talk show hosts.Despite the new programming, Hoss Allen was able to keep his early-morning gospel music program and continued with it until his 1993 retirement from the station. Eventually, it became the only music featured on WLAC by the early 1980s.In 1986, WLAC pioneered sports talk in Middle Tennessee, when it began a two-hour-long afternoon drive-time sports show hosted by record company executive and sports fan Rick Baumgartner, along with former WSMV-TV sportscaster Charlie McAlexander, who resigned from WSMV specifically to take the WLAC job. Also, former WSM, WSMV and WKRN-TV personality Teddy Bart launched his critically acclaimed \"Roundtable\" interview program on WLAC's morning schedule in 1985. The show, which featured newsmakers in Tennessee politics, later moved to several other Nashville stations before discontinuing production in 2005. Bart is now deceased.Much in the same manner as in years past when network programming gave way at sunset to R&B music for a different audience, for many years after WLAC changed to news and talk, the station abruptly switched, without any warning to unacquainted listeners, at 8 p.m. Central Time (when the clear-channel signal settled into place) to a Christian talk and teaching format. The nighttime line-up included paid broadcasts of many evangelical, fundamentalist, and Pentecostal preachers, seeking donations for their ministries, with the news/talk format resuming at daybreak (after the Hoss Allen show). This practice was discontinued shortly after the station's purchase by AMFM, Inc. in 1999.[26] AMFM was later merged into San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications, which became iHeartMedia in 2014.WLAC's longtime logo used from the late 1990s up until 2017.For many years, WLAC was the Nashville home of the University of Tennessee Volunteers, bringing Vols football and men's basketball to much of North America at night. In 2010, the Vol Network moved its Nashville affiliation to WGFX-FM. Since 2012, WLAC serves as the flagship of the Vanderbilt Commodores IMG Sports Network; the station has carried Vanderbilt games at various times in past years as well.On September 21, 2018, translator station W252CM dropped its classic country format, branded as The Big Legend, and began to simulcast WLAC on FM, with the station's branding changing to TalkRadio 98.3. Along with the translator, WLAC is also simulcast on WSIX-FM-HD2.In 2018, the station announced the addition of a new morning show, The Tennessee Star Report with Steve Gill, beginning September 24.[27] Gill ran into legal problems the following year; according to The Tennessean, Gill failed to pay $170,000 in child support, resulting in his arrest. He spent more than a week in the Williamson County Jail and resigned his position with the conservative news website \"The Tennessee Star.\"[28]WLAC, since 2021, has become the flagship of the EIB Network, featuring The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"WLAC's longtime logo used from the late 1990s up until 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2c/WLAC.png"}] | [{"title":"List of Nashville media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nashville_media"},{"title":"Nathanial Dowd Gaston Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathanial_Dowd_Gaston_Williams"},{"title":"Joseph Deighton Gibson Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Deighton_Gibson_Jr."}] | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WLAC\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=34391","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WLAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"AM Query Results\". transition.fcc.gov. Retrieved January 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?list=0&facid=34391","url_text":"\"AM Query Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Guide - WLAC\". hdradio.com. Retrieved August 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdradio.com/station_guides/widget.php?latitude=36.16588973999&longitude=-86.784439086914","url_text":"\"Station Guide - WLAC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shifts At 17 Stations Set\". Dayton Daily News. February 13, 1930. p. F-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60662221/","url_text":"\"Shifts At 17 Stations Set\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame Inductees\". tennesseeradiohalloffame. Retrieved January 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseeradiohalloffame.wildapricot.org/Class-of-2015","url_text":"\"2015 Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame Inductees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jazz to Ska Mania\". Jazz Times. Retrieved May 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://jazztimes.com/articles/14829-jazz-to-ska-mania","url_text":"\"Jazz to Ska Mania\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Times","url_text":"Jazz Times"}]},{"reference":"Broven, John (2009). \"Chapter 6: Riding the Nashville Airways\". Record Makers and Breakers: Voices of the Independent Rock 'n' Roll Pioneers. University of Illinois Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-252-03290-5. Retrieved September 29, 2020 – via Google Books. His name was E. G. Blackman, and he was the [WLAC] sales manager.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uFrYsNvmrvQC&q=blackman+wlac&pg=PA99","url_text":"\"Chapter 6: Riding the Nashville Airways\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03290-5","url_text":"978-0-252-03290-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Legend Gives Way To WLAC Simulcast In Nashville\". RadioInsight. September 21, 2018. Retrieved September 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/170708/the-big-legend-gives-way-to-wlac-simulcast-in-nashville/","url_text":"\"The Big Legend Gives Way To WLAC Simulcast In Nashville\""}]},{"reference":"West, Emily R. \"'I'm terrified:' Court files reveal allegations of abuse against radio host Steve Gill\". The Tennessean. Retrieved February 15, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/williamson/2019/08/28/court-files-reveal-allegations-abuse-against-radio-host-steve-gill/2144102001/","url_text":"\"'I'm terrified:' Court files reveal allegations of abuse against radio host Steve Gill\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WLAC¶ms=36_16_19_N_86_45_28_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"36°16′19″N 86°45′28″W / 36.27194°N 86.75778°W / 36.27194; -86.75778"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/am-profile/WLAC","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=34391","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/wlac-2149/?autoplay=true","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://wlac.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"wlac.iheart.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=34391","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WLAC\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?list=0&facid=34391","external_links_name":"\"AM Query Results\""},{"Link":"https://hdradio.com/station_guides/widget.php?latitude=36.16588973999&longitude=-86.784439086914","external_links_name":"\"Station Guide - WLAC\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2009/Radio-BC-YB-2009.pdf#page=505","external_links_name":"Directory of Radio: Tennessee: Nashville\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?list=0&facid=34391","external_links_name":"\"AM Query Results: WLAC: First license\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705609&view=1up&seq=29","external_links_name":"\"New Stations\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/45289483/wdad-9201925-article/","external_links_name":"\"Programs Bring Throngs to Dad's\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938390&view=1up&seq=22","external_links_name":"\"New Stations\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938390&view=1up&seq=53","external_links_name":"\"Broadcasting Stations\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011384305&view=1up&seq=92&skin=2021","external_links_name":"\"List of licensed broadcasting stations arranged by call letters in effect July 1, 1927\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938382&view=1up&seq=261","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and Corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c021003683&view=1up&seq=249","external_links_name":"\"Revised list of broadcasting stations, by frequencies, effective 3 a. m., November 11, 1928, eastern standard time\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221818&view=1up&seq=955","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and Corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938374&view=1up&seq=218","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and Corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066938374&view=1up&seq=238","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and Corrections"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60662221/","external_links_name":"\"Shifts At 17 Stations Set\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011384305&view=1up&seq=545","external_links_name":"\"Radio broadcasting stations consolidated during the fiscal year 1931\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221819&view=1up&seq=347","external_links_name":"\"Alterations and Corrections\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437010939748&view=1up&seq=587","external_links_name":"\"United States Assignments\""},{"Link":"https://tennesseeradiohalloffame.wildapricot.org/Class-of-2015","external_links_name":"\"2015 Tennessee Radio Hall of Fame Inductees\""},{"Link":"http://jazztimes.com/articles/14829-jazz-to-ska-mania","external_links_name":"\"Jazz to Ska Mania\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uFrYsNvmrvQC&q=blackman+wlac&pg=PA99","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 6: Riding the Nashville Airways\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1964/1964-08-17-BC.pdf#page=90","external_links_name":"\"For the Record: Existing FM Stations: Call Letters Assigned\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2000/D-Radio-All-BC-YB-2000-2.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2000 page D-420"},{"Link":"https://radioinsight.com/headlines/170708/the-big-legend-gives-way-to-wlac-simulcast-in-nashville/","external_links_name":"\"The Big Legend Gives Way To WLAC Simulcast In Nashville\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/williamson/2019/08/28/court-files-reveal-allegations-abuse-against-radio-host-steve-gill/2144102001/","external_links_name":"\"'I'm terrified:' Court files reveal allegations of abuse against radio host Steve Gill\""},{"Link":"https://wlac.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WLAC","external_links_name":"WLAC"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WLAC","external_links_name":"WLAC"},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=62698&.pdf","external_links_name":"FCC History Cards for WLAC"},{"Link":"http://www.nashvillebroadcastinghistory.com/id5.html","external_links_name":"WLAC history"},{"Link":"http://airchexx.com/composite-1510-wlac-nashville-march-16-1960/","external_links_name":"March 16, 1960 station aircheck"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155000994","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008162260","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_Card | MultiMediaCard | ["1 History","2 Variants","2.1 RS-MMC","2.2 DV-MMC","2.3 MMCplus and MMCmobile","2.4 MMCmicro","2.5 MiCard","2.6 eMMC","3 Uses","4 Similar formats","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Memory card format
Not to be confused with SD card.
MultiMediaCard32 MB MMCplus cardMedia typeMemory cardCapacityUp to 512 GBDeveloped byJEDECDimensionsStandard: 32 × 24 × 1.4 mmWeightStandard: ~2.0 gUsagePortable devicesExtended toSecure Digital (SD)Released1997
MultiMediaCard, officially abbreviated as MMC, is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage. Unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens, MMC is based on a surface-contact low pin-count serial interface using a single memory stack substrate assembly, and is therefore much smaller than earlier systems based on high pin-count parallel interfaces using traditional surface-mount assembly such as CompactFlash. Both products were initially introduced using SanDisk NOR-based flash technology.
MMC is about the size of a postage stamp: 32 mm × 24 mm × 1.4 mm. MMC originally used a 1-bit serial interface, but newer versions of the specification allow transfers of 4 or 8 bits at a time. MMC can be used in many devices that can use Secure Digital (SD) cards. MMCs may be available in sizes up to 16 gigabytes (GB).
They are used in almost every context in which memory cards are used, like cellular phones, digital audio players, digital cameras, and PDAs. Typically, an MMC operates as a storage medium for devices, in a form that can easily be removed for access by a PC via a connected MMC reader.
eMMC (embedded MMC) is a small MMC chip used as embedded non-volatile memory that is normally soldered on printed circuit boards, though pluggable eMMC modules are used on some devices (e.g. Orange Pi and ODROID).
History
Top of four types of MMC cards (clockwise from left): MMC, RS-MMC, MMCplus, MMCmobile, metal extenderBottom of the same four cards
The latest version of the eMMC standard (JESD84-B51) by JEDEC is version 5.1A, released January 2019, with speeds (250 MB/s read, 125 MB/s write) rivaling discrete SATA-based SSDs (400 MB/s).
Undersides of an MMC (left) and SD card (right) showing the differences between the two formats
As of 23 September 2008, the MultimediaCard Association (MMCA) turned over all MMC specifications to the JEDEC organization including embedded MMC (eMMC), SecureMMC, and miCARD assets. JEDEC is an organization devoted to standards for the solid-state industry.
The latest eMMC specifications can be requested from JEDEC, free-of-charge for JEDEC members. Older versions of the standard are freely available, but some optional enhancements to the standard such as MiCard and SecureMMC specifications, must be purchased separately.
While there is no royalty charged for devices to host an MMC or eMMC, a royalty may be necessary in order to manufacture the cards themselves.
A highly detailed datasheet that contains essential information for writing an MMC host driver is available online.
Variants
RS-MMC
In 2004, the Reduced-Size MultiMediaCard (RS-MMC) was introduced as a smaller form factor of the MMC, with about half the size: 24 mm × 18 mm × 1.4 mm. The RS-MMC uses a simple mechanical adapter to elongate the card so it can be used in any MMC (or SD) slot. RS-MMCs are currently available in sizes up to and including 2 GB.
The modern continuation of an RS-MMC is commonly known as MiniDrive (MD-MMC). A MiniDrive is generally a microSD card adapter in the RS-MMC form factor. This allows a user to take advantage of the wider range of modern MMCs available to exceed the historic 2 GB limitations of older chip technology.
Implementations of RS-MMCs include Nokia and Siemens, who used RS-MMC in their Series 60 Symbian smartphones, the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet, and generations 65 and 75 (Siemens). However, since 2006, all of Nokia's new devices with card slots have used miniSD or microSD cards, with the company dropping support for the MMC standard in its products. While Siemens exited the mobile phone business completely in 2006, the company continues to use MMC for some PLC storage leveraging MD-MMC advances.
DV-MMC
The Dual-Voltage MultimediaCard (DV-MMC) was one of the first changes in MMC. These cards can operate at 1.8 V in addition to 3.3 V. Running at lower voltages reduces the card's energy consumption, which is important in mobile devices. However, simple dual-voltage parts quickly went out of production in favor of MMCplus and MMCmobile, which offer capabilities in addition to dual-voltage capability.
MMCplus and MMCmobile
Recreations of the MMCplus and MMCmobile logos
The version 4.x of the MMC standard, introduced in 2005, introduced two significant changes to compete against SD cards: (1) the ability to run at higher speeds (26 MHz and 52 MHz) than the original MMC (20 MHz) or SD (25 MHz, 50 MHz), and (2) a four- or eight-bit-wide data bus.
Version 4.x full-size cards and reduced-size cards can be marketed as MMCplus and MMCmobile, respectively.
Version 4.x cards are fully backward compatible with existing readers but require updated hardware and software to use their new capabilities. Even though the four-bit-wide bus and high-speed modes of operation are deliberately electrically compatible with SD, the initialization protocol is different, so firmware and software updates are required to use these features in an SD reader.
MMCmicro
MMCmicro
MMCmicro is a smaller version of MMC. With dimensions of 14 mm × 12 mm × 1.1 mm, it is smaller and thinner than RS-MMC. Like MMCmobile, MMCmicro allows dual voltage, is backward compatible with MMC, and can be used in full-size MMC and SD slots with a mechanical adapter. MMCmicro cards have the high-speed and four-bit-bus features of the 4.x spec, but not the eight-bit bus, due to the absence of the extra pins.
This variant was formerly known as S-card when introduced by Samsung on 13 December 2004. It was later adapted and introduced in 2005 by the MultiMediaCard Association (MMCA) as the third form factor memory card in the MultiMediaCard family.
MMCmicro appears very similar to microSD, but the two formats are not physically compatible and have incompatible pinouts.
MiCard
The MiCard is a backward-compatible extension of the MMC standard with a theoretical maximum size of 2048 GB (2 terabytes) announced on 2 June 2007. The card is composed of two detachable parts, much like a microSD card with an SD adapter. The small memory card fits directly in a USB port and has MMC-compatible electrical contacts. With an included electromechanical adapter, it can also fit in traditional MMC and SD card readers. To date, only one manufacturer (Pretec) has produced cards in this format.
The MiCard was developed by the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan. At the time of the announcement, twelve Taiwanese companies (including ADATA Technology, Asustek, BenQ, Carry Computer Eng. Co., C-One Technology, DBTel, Power Digital Card Co., and RiCHIP) had signed on to manufacture the new memory card. However, as of June 2011, none of the listed companies had released any such cards, nor had any further announcements been made about plans for the format.
The card was announced to be available starting in the third quarter of 2007. It was expected to save the 12 Taiwanese companies who planned to manufacture the product and related hardware up to US$40 million in licensing fees, which presumably would otherwise be paid to owners of competing flash memory formats. The initial card was to have a capacity of 8 GB, while the standard would allow sizes up to 2048 GB. It was stated to have data transfer speeds of 480 Mbit/s (60 Mbyte/s), with plans to increase data over time.
eMMC
eMMC KLMAG2GE4A-A002 inside the Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1
The currently implemented embedded MMC (eMMC or e.MMC) architecture puts the MMC components (flash memory, buffer and controller) into a small ball grid array (BGA) IC package for use in circuit boards as an embedded non-volatile memory system. This is noticeably different from other versions of MMC as this is not a user-removable card, but rather a permanent attachment to the printed circuit board (PCB). Therefore, in the event of an issue with either the memory or its controller, the eMMC would need to be replaced or repaired. In eMMC, the host system simply reads and writes data to and from the logical block addresses. The eMMC controller hardware and firmware lifts the burden on the host system by performing error correction and data management. eMMC exists in 100, 153, and 169 ball packages and is based on an 8-bit parallel interface.
Almost all mobile phones and tablets used this form of flash for main storage until 2016, when Universal Flash Storage (UFS) started to take control of the market. However, as of 2023, eMMC is still used in many consumer applications, including lower-end smartphones, such that Kioxia has introduced new 64 GB and 128 GB eMMC 5.1 modules based on modern 3D NAND flash scheduled for mass production in 2024.
eMMC does not support the SPI-bus protocol and uses NAND flash.
eMMC versions
Version
Sequential read (MB/s)
Sequential write (MB/s)
Random read (IO/s)
Random write (IO/s)
Clock frequency (MHz)
Used in
4.3
4.4
4.41
52
4.5
140
50
7000
2000
200
Snapdragon 800
5.0
250
90
7000
13000
Snapdragon 801
5.1
250
125
11000
13000
Snapdragon 820
Uses
Modern computers, both laptops and desktops, often have SD slots, which can additionally read MMCs if the operating system drivers can. Since the introduction of SD cards, few companies build MMC slots into their devices (an exception is some mobile devices like the Nokia 9300 communicator in 2004, where the smaller size of the MMC is a benefit), but the slightly thinner, pin-compatible MMCs can be used in almost any device that can use SD cards if the software/firmware on the device is capable.
While few companies build MMC slots into devices as of 2018, due to SD cards dominating the memory card market, the embedded MMC (e.MMC) is still widely used in consumer electronics as a primary means of integrated storage and boot ROM in portable devices. eMMC provides a low-cost flash-memory system with a built-in controller that can reside inside an Android or Windows phone or in a low-cost PC and can appear to its host as a bootable device, in lieu of a more expensive form of solid-state storage, such as a traditional NVMe solid-state drive, UFS chip, or SD card.
Similar formats
In 2004, a group of companies—including Seagate and Hitachi—introduced an interface called CE-ATA for small form factor hard disk drives. This interface was electrically and physically compatible with the MMC specification. However, support for further development of the standard ended in 2008.
The game card format used on the PlayStation Vita was found to be based on the MMC standard, but with a different pinout and support for custom initialization commands as well as copy protection.
See also
Comparison of memory cards
References
^ Scott Mueller (3 August 2014). Upgrading And Repairing PCs 21st Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789750006. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Hunt, Cale (6 February 2023). "eMMC vs. SSD storage: What's the difference?". Windows Central. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ Ree, Brian. "eMMC Memory Modules: A Simple Guide". ODROID Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ "Orange Pi 32GB/64GB/256GB eMMC Module". www.orangepi.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ "e.MMC v5.1". JEDEC. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
^ "MultiMediaCard Association Merges with JEDEC | JEDEC". www.jedec.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Standards & Documents Search | JEDEC". www.jedec.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00 datasheet(1/102 Pages) SAMSUNG | SAMSUNG MultiMediaCard". Html.AllDatasheet.com. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
^ TheMiniDrive.com, http://www.TheMiniDrive.com. Extracted 23 April 2014.
^ "Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website" (in Russian). Samsung.com. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
^ allmemorycards.com, MMCmicro. Extracted 22 April 2006.
^ "Pretec Announces S-Diamond, 1st in the World to Implement miCARD Standard". Retrieved 21 January 2010.
^ "What is eMMC Memory – software support - Reliance Nitro". datalight.com.
^ "Flash Memory Form Factors". The Fundamentals of Reliable Flash Storage. Hyperstone GmbH. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ "KIOXIA Introduces Next Generation e-MMC Ver. 5.1-Compliant Embedded Flash Memory Products". www.businesswire.com. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
^ Shilov, Anton. "eMMC Destined to Live a Bit Longer: KIOXIA Releases New Generation of eMMC Modules". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 28 September 2023.
^ "NAND and eMMC: All You Need to Know About Flash Memory". 6 September 2016.
^ Linaro (20 March 2014). "Q4.11: Introduction to eMMC". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ "eMMC to UFS: How NAND Memory for Mobile Products Is Evolving". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ "eMMC Chips".
^ "New Consumer Electronic Interface on Future Hard Drives". Phys.org. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ "Consumer Electronics ATA (CE-ATA)". Technopedia. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
^ wololo (25 August 2016). "Playstation Vita Cartridge Dump explained". Wololo.net. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Multi Media Card.
JEDEC - Solid State Technology Association
Sandisk OEM Manual for MMC and RS-MMC (PDF)
KingMax MMC technical document (PDF)
MMC pinout (tech.)
MMCplus pinout (tech.)
vteMemory cardsMain articles
Memory card reader
Comparison of memory cards
Types
CompactFlash (CF, CFast)
CFexpress
Express Card
JEIDA
MultiMediaCard (MMC)
Memory Stick (MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)
miCard
Microdrive (MD)
MiniCard
NT Card
P2 (MicroP2)
PC Card (PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)
Secure Digital (SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)
SmartMedia (SM)
SxS
Universal Flash Storage (UFS)
xD-Picture
XQD | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SD card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_card"},{"link_name":"memory card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"solid-state storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_storage"},{"link_name":"SanDisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SanDisk"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"CompactFlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompactFlash"},{"link_name":"NOR-based flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOR_flash"},{"link_name":"bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit"},{"link_name":"serial interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_interface"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Secure Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital"},{"link_name":"gigabytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte"},{"link_name":"memory cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"cellular phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"PDAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"embedded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"embedded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"non-volatile memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory"},{"link_name":"printed circuit boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_boards"},{"link_name":"Orange Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Pi"},{"link_name":"ODROID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ODROID"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with SD card.MultiMediaCard, officially abbreviated as MMC, is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage. Unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens,[1] MMC is based on a surface-contact low pin-count serial interface using a single memory stack substrate assembly, and is therefore much smaller than earlier systems based on high pin-count parallel interfaces using traditional surface-mount assembly such as CompactFlash. Both products were initially introduced using SanDisk NOR-based flash technology.MMC is about the size of a postage stamp: 32 mm × 24 mm × 1.4 mm. MMC originally used a 1-bit serial interface, but newer versions[when?] of the specification allow transfers of 4 or 8 bits at a time. MMC can be used in many devices that can use Secure Digital (SD) cards. MMCs may be available in sizes up to 16 gigabytes (GB).They are used in almost every context in which memory cards are used, like cellular phones, digital audio players, digital cameras, and PDAs. Typically, an MMC operates as a storage medium for devices, in a form that can easily be removed for access by a PC via a connected MMC reader.eMMC (embedded MMC) is a small MMC chip used as embedded non-volatile memory that is normally soldered on printed circuit boards, though pluggable eMMC modules are used on some devices (e.g. Orange Pi and ODROID).[2][3][4]","title":"MultiMediaCard"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_MMC_cards_front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:01fourcardsrev.curve.jpg"},{"link_name":"JESD84-B51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd84-b51"},{"link_name":"SATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_ATA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMC_card_vs_SDHC_card_undersides_angle.jpg"},{"link_name":"MultimediaCard Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MultimediaCard_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"JEDEC organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JEDEC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Top of four types of MMC cards (clockwise from left): MMC, RS-MMC, MMCplus, MMCmobile, metal extenderBottom of the same four cardsThe latest version of the eMMC standard (JESD84-B51) by JEDEC is version 5.1A, released January 2019, with speeds (250 MB/s read, 125 MB/s write) rivaling discrete SATA-based SSDs (400 MB/s).[5]Undersides of an MMC (left) and SD card (right) showing the differences between the two formatsAs of 23 September 2008, the MultimediaCard Association (MMCA) turned over all MMC specifications to the JEDEC organization including embedded MMC (eMMC), SecureMMC, and miCARD assets.[6] JEDEC is an organization devoted to standards for the solid-state industry.The latest eMMC specifications can be requested from JEDEC, free-of-charge for JEDEC members.[7] Older versions of the standard are freely available, but some optional enhancements to the standard such as MiCard and SecureMMC specifications, must be purchased separately.While there is no royalty charged for devices to host an MMC or eMMC, a royalty may be necessary in order to manufacture the cards themselves.A highly detailed datasheet[8] that contains essential information for writing an MMC host driver is available online.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"microSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_cellular_telephones"},{"link_name":"Series 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_60"},{"link_name":"Symbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian"},{"link_name":"smartphones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"Nokia 770 Internet Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_770_Internet_Tablet"},{"link_name":"miniSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiniSD"},{"link_name":"microSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD"},{"link_name":"PLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller"}],"sub_title":"RS-MMC","text":"In 2004, the Reduced-Size MultiMediaCard (RS-MMC) was introduced as a smaller form factor of the MMC, with about half the size: 24 mm × 18 mm × 1.4 mm. The RS-MMC uses a simple mechanical adapter to elongate the card so it can be used in any MMC (or SD) slot. RS-MMCs are currently available in sizes up to and including 2 GB.The modern continuation of an RS-MMC is commonly known as MiniDrive (MD-MMC). A MiniDrive is generally a microSD card adapter in the RS-MMC form factor. This allows a user to take advantage of the wider range of modern MMCs available[9] to exceed the historic 2 GB limitations of older chip technology.Implementations of RS-MMCs include Nokia and Siemens, who used RS-MMC in their Series 60 Symbian smartphones, the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet, and generations 65 and 75 (Siemens). However, since 2006, all of Nokia's new devices with card slots have used miniSD or microSD cards, with the company dropping support for the MMC standard in its products. While Siemens exited the mobile phone business completely in 2006, the company continues to use MMC for some PLC storage leveraging MD-MMC advances.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"DV-MMC","text":"The Dual-Voltage MultimediaCard (DV-MMC) was one of the first changes in MMC.[citation needed] These cards can operate at 1.8 V in addition to 3.3 V. Running at lower voltages reduces the card's energy consumption, which is important in mobile devices. However, simple dual-voltage parts quickly went out of production in favor of MMCplus and MMCmobile, which offer capabilities in addition to dual-voltage capability.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MMCplus_and_MMCmobile_logo_(recreated).png"},{"link_name":"data bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_(computing)"}],"sub_title":"MMCplus and MMCmobile","text":"Recreations of the MMCplus and MMCmobile logosThe version 4.x of the MMC standard, introduced in 2005, introduced two significant changes to compete against SD cards: (1) the ability to run at higher speeds (26 MHz and 52 MHz) than the original MMC (20 MHz) or SD (25 MHz, 50 MHz), and (2) a four- or eight-bit-wide data bus.Version 4.x full-size cards and reduced-size cards can be marketed as MMCplus and MMCmobile, respectively.Version 4.x cards are fully backward compatible with existing readers but require updated hardware and software to use their new capabilities. Even though the four-bit-wide bus and high-speed modes of operation are deliberately electrically compatible with SD, the initialization protocol is different, so firmware and software updates are required to use these features in an SD reader.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mmc-micro.PNG"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"microSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD"}],"sub_title":"MMCmicro","text":"MMCmicroMMCmicro is a smaller version of MMC. With dimensions of 14 mm × 12 mm × 1.1 mm, it is smaller and thinner than RS-MMC. Like MMCmobile, MMCmicro allows dual voltage, is backward compatible with MMC, and can be used in full-size MMC and SD slots with a mechanical adapter. MMCmicro cards have the high-speed and four-bit-bus features of the 4.x spec, but not the eight-bit bus, due to the absence of the extra pins.[10]This variant was formerly known as S-card when introduced by Samsung on 13 December 2004. It was later adapted and introduced in 2005 by the MultiMediaCard Association (MMCA) as the third form factor memory card in the MultiMediaCard family.[11]MMCmicro appears very similar to microSD, but the two formats are not physically compatible and have incompatible pinouts.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-micard-12"},{"link_name":"Industrial Technology Research Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Technology_Research_Institute"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"ADATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADATA"},{"link_name":"Asustek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asustek"},{"link_name":"BenQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BenQ"},{"link_name":"Carry Computer Eng. Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carry_Computer_Eng._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C-One Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C-One_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DBTel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DBTel"},{"link_name":"Power Digital Card Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Power_Digital_Card_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RiCHIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RiCHIP&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mbit/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/s"},{"link_name":"Mbyte/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyte/s"}],"sub_title":"MiCard","text":"The MiCard is a backward-compatible extension of the MMC standard with a theoretical maximum size of 2048 GB (2 terabytes) announced on 2 June 2007. The card is composed of two detachable parts, much like a microSD card with an SD adapter. The small memory card fits directly in a USB port and has MMC-compatible electrical contacts. With an included electromechanical adapter, it can also fit in traditional MMC and SD card readers. To date, only one manufacturer (Pretec) has produced cards in this format.[12]The MiCard was developed by the Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan. At the time of the announcement, twelve Taiwanese companies (including ADATA Technology, Asustek, BenQ, Carry Computer Eng. Co., C-One Technology, DBTel, Power Digital Card Co., and RiCHIP) had signed on to manufacture the new memory card. However, as of June 2011, none of the listed companies had released any such cards, nor had any further announcements been made about plans for the format.The card was announced to be available starting in the third quarter of 2007. It was expected to save the 12 Taiwanese companies who planned to manufacture the product and related hardware up to US$40 million in licensing fees, which presumably would otherwise be paid to owners of competing flash memory formats. The initial card was to have a capacity of 8 GB, while the standard would allow sizes up to 2048 GB. It was stated to have data transfer speeds of 480 Mbit/s (60 Mbyte/s), with plans to increase data over time.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_2_10.1_-_Samsung_KLMAG2GE4A-A002-3955.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_2_10.1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ball grid array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_grid_array"},{"link_name":"printed circuit board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board"},{"link_name":"logical block addresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_block_addressing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Universal Flash Storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage"},{"link_name":"Kioxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioxia"},{"link_name":"3D NAND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_NAND"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"SPI-bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"eMMC","text":"eMMC KLMAG2GE4A-A002 inside the Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1The currently implemented embedded MMC[13] (eMMC or e.MMC) architecture puts the MMC components (flash memory, buffer and controller) into a small ball grid array (BGA) IC package for use in circuit boards as an embedded non-volatile memory system. This is noticeably different from other versions of MMC as this is not a user-removable card, but rather a permanent attachment to the printed circuit board (PCB). Therefore, in the event of an issue with either the memory or its controller, the eMMC would need to be replaced or repaired. In eMMC, the host system simply reads and writes data to and from the logical block addresses. The eMMC controller hardware and firmware lifts the burden on the host system by performing error correction and data management. eMMC exists in 100, 153, and 169 ball packages and is based on an 8-bit parallel interface.[14]Almost all mobile phones and tablets used this form of flash for main storage until 2016, when Universal Flash Storage (UFS) started to take control of the market. However, as of 2023, eMMC is still used in many consumer applications, including lower-end smartphones, such that Kioxia has introduced new 64 GB and 128 GB eMMC 5.1 modules based on modern 3D NAND flash scheduled for mass production in 2024.[15][16]eMMC does not support the SPI-bus protocol and uses NAND flash.[17]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia 9300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_9300"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MultiMediaCard&action=edit"},{"link_name":"memory card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_card"},{"link_name":"boot ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_ROM"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"NVMe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVMe"},{"link_name":"solid-state drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"},{"link_name":"UFS chip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage"}],"text":"Modern computers, both laptops and desktops, often have SD slots, which can additionally read MMCs if the operating system drivers can. Since the introduction of SD cards, few companies build MMC slots into their devices (an exception is some mobile devices like the Nokia 9300 communicator in 2004, where the smaller size of the MMC is a benefit), but the slightly thinner, pin-compatible MMCs can be used in almost any device that can use SD cards if the software/firmware on the device is capable.While few companies build MMC slots into devices as of 2018[update], due to SD cards dominating the memory card market, the embedded MMC (e.MMC) is still widely used in consumer electronics as a primary means of integrated storage and boot ROM in portable devices. eMMC provides a low-cost[20] flash-memory system with a built-in controller that can reside inside an Android or Windows phone or in a low-cost PC and can appear to its host as a bootable device, in lieu of a more expensive form of solid-state storage, such as a traditional NVMe solid-state drive, UFS chip, or SD card.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seagate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagate_Technology"},{"link_name":"Hitachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"CE-ATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CE-ATA"},{"link_name":"small form factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_committee"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vitadump-23"}],"text":"In 2004, a group of companies—including Seagate and Hitachi—introduced an interface called CE-ATA for small form factor hard disk drives.[21] This interface was electrically and physically compatible with the MMC specification. However, support for further development of the standard ended in 2008.[22]The game card format used on the PlayStation Vita was found to be based on the MMC standard, but with a different pinout and support for custom initialization commands as well as copy protection.[23]","title":"Similar formats"}] | [{"image_text":"Undersides of an MMC (left) and SD card (right) showing the differences between the two formats","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MMC_card_vs_SDHC_card_undersides_angle.jpg/220px-MMC_card_vs_SDHC_card_undersides_angle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Recreations of the MMCplus and MMCmobile logos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/MMCplus_and_MMCmobile_logo_%28recreated%29.png/220px-MMCplus_and_MMCmobile_logo_%28recreated%29.png"},{"image_text":"MMCmicro","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Mmc-micro.PNG"},{"image_text":"eMMC KLMAG2GE4A-A002 inside the Samsung Galaxy Tab 2 10.1","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_2_10.1_-_Samsung_KLMAG2GE4A-A002-3955.jpg/220px-Samsung_Galaxy_Tab_2_10.1_-_Samsung_KLMAG2GE4A-A002-3955.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Comparison of memory cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_memory_cards"}] | [{"reference":"Scott Mueller (3 August 2014). Upgrading And Repairing PCs 21st Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0789750006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/flash-removable-storage-ssd-drive,3626-3.html","url_text":"Upgrading And Repairing PCs 21st Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0789750006","url_text":"978-0789750006"}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Cale (6 February 2023). \"eMMC vs. SSD storage: What's the difference?\". Windows Central. Archived from the original on 18 February 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/emmc-vs-ssd","url_text":"\"eMMC vs. SSD storage: What's the difference?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240218153058/https://www.windowscentral.com/emmc-vs-ssd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ree, Brian. \"eMMC Memory Modules: A Simple Guide\". ODROID Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://magazine.odroid.com/article/emmc-memory-modules-a-simple-guide/","url_text":"\"eMMC Memory Modules: A Simple Guide\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230921195144/https://magazine.odroid.com/article/emmc-memory-modules-a-simple-guide/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Orange Pi 32GB/64GB/256GB eMMC Module\". www.orangepi.org. Archived from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orangepi.org/html/hardWare/computerAndMicrocontrollers/details/Orange-Pi-emmc.html","url_text":"\"Orange Pi 32GB/64GB/256GB eMMC Module\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240206002753/http://www.orangepi.org/html/hardWare/computerAndMicrocontrollers/details/Orange-Pi-emmc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"e.MMC v5.1\". JEDEC. Retrieved 21 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/technology-focus-areas/flash-memory-ssds-ufs-emmc/e-mmc","url_text":"\"e.MMC v5.1\""}]},{"reference":"\"MultiMediaCard Association Merges with JEDEC | JEDEC\". www.jedec.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jedec.org/news/pressreleases/multimediacard-association-merges-jedec","url_text":"\"MultiMediaCard Association Merges with JEDEC | JEDEC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standards & Documents Search | JEDEC\". www.jedec.org. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jedec.org/document_search?search_api_views_fulltext=jesd84-b51","url_text":"\"Standards & Documents Search | JEDEC\""}]},{"reference":"\"MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00 datasheet(1/102 Pages) SAMSUNG | SAMSUNG MultiMediaCard\". Html.AllDatasheet.com. 22 September 2005. Retrieved 13 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/141187/SAMSUNG/MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00/305/1/MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00.html","url_text":"\"MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00 datasheet(1/102 Pages) SAMSUNG | SAMSUNG MultiMediaCard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website\" (in Russian). Samsung.com. Retrieved 13 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.samsung.com/Products/Semiconductor/FlashCard/MMC/micro_mmc.htm","url_text":"\"Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pretec Announces S-Diamond, 1st in the World to Implement miCARD Standard\". Retrieved 21 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070604006489&newsLang=en","url_text":"\"Pretec Announces S-Diamond, 1st in the World to Implement miCARD Standard\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is eMMC Memory – software support - Reliance Nitro\". datalight.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.datalight.com/solutions/technologies/emmc/what-is-emmc","url_text":"\"What is eMMC Memory – software support - Reliance Nitro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flash Memory Form Factors\". The Fundamentals of Reliable Flash Storage. Hyperstone GmbH. Retrieved 19 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hyperstone.com/en/Registration-Hyperstone-1125.html","url_text":"\"Flash Memory Form Factors\""}]},{"reference":"\"KIOXIA Introduces Next Generation e-MMC Ver. 5.1-Compliant Embedded Flash Memory Products\". www.businesswire.com. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230927535891/en/KIOXIA-Introduces-Next-Generation-e-MMC-Ver.-5.1-Compliant-Embedded-Flash-Memory-Products","url_text":"\"KIOXIA Introduces Next Generation e-MMC Ver. 5.1-Compliant Embedded Flash Memory Products\""}]},{"reference":"Shilov, Anton. \"eMMC Destined to Live a Bit Longer: KIOXIA Releases New Generation of eMMC Modules\". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 28 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/21074/emmc-to-live-a-bit-longer-kioxia-releases-new-emmc-products","url_text":"\"eMMC Destined to Live a Bit Longer: KIOXIA Releases New Generation of eMMC Modules\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAND and eMMC: All You Need to Know About Flash Memory\". 6 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/nand-emmc-need-know-flash-memory/","url_text":"\"NAND and eMMC: All You Need to Know About Flash Memory\""}]},{"reference":"Linaro (20 March 2014). \"Q4.11: Introduction to eMMC\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/linaroorg/intro-to-emmc","url_text":"\"Q4.11: Introduction to eMMC\""}]},{"reference":"\"eMMC to UFS: How NAND Memory for Mobile Products Is Evolving\". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.samsung.com/global/emmc-to-ufs-how-nand-memory-for-mobile-products-is-evolving","url_text":"\"eMMC to UFS: How NAND Memory for Mobile Products Is Evolving\""}]},{"reference":"\"eMMC Chips\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mouser.com/c/semiconductors/memory-ics/emmc/?sort=pricing","url_text":"\"eMMC Chips\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Consumer Electronic Interface on Future Hard Drives\". Phys.org. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2004-09-consumer-electronic-interface-future-hard.html","url_text":"\"New Consumer Electronic Interface on Future Hard Drives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consumer Electronics ATA (CE-ATA)\". Technopedia. Retrieved 1 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26017/consumer-electronics-ata-ce-ata","url_text":"\"Consumer Electronics ATA (CE-ATA)\""}]},{"reference":"wololo (25 August 2016). \"Playstation Vita Cartridge Dump explained\". Wololo.net. Retrieved 29 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wololo.net/2016/08/25/playstation-vita-cartridge-dump-explained/","url_text":"\"Playstation Vita Cartridge Dump explained\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd84-b51","external_links_name":"JESD84-B51"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MultiMediaCard&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/flash-removable-storage-ssd-drive,3626-3.html","external_links_name":"Upgrading And Repairing PCs 21st Edition"},{"Link":"https://www.windowscentral.com/emmc-vs-ssd","external_links_name":"\"eMMC vs. SSD storage: What's the difference?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240218153058/https://www.windowscentral.com/emmc-vs-ssd","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://magazine.odroid.com/article/emmc-memory-modules-a-simple-guide/","external_links_name":"\"eMMC Memory Modules: A Simple Guide\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230921195144/https://magazine.odroid.com/article/emmc-memory-modules-a-simple-guide/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.orangepi.org/html/hardWare/computerAndMicrocontrollers/details/Orange-Pi-emmc.html","external_links_name":"\"Orange Pi 32GB/64GB/256GB eMMC Module\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240206002753/http://www.orangepi.org/html/hardWare/computerAndMicrocontrollers/details/Orange-Pi-emmc.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/technology-focus-areas/flash-memory-ssds-ufs-emmc/e-mmc","external_links_name":"\"e.MMC v5.1\""},{"Link":"https://www.jedec.org/news/pressreleases/multimediacard-association-merges-jedec","external_links_name":"\"MultiMediaCard Association Merges with JEDEC | JEDEC\""},{"Link":"https://www.jedec.org/document_search?search_api_views_fulltext=jesd84-b51","external_links_name":"\"Standards & Documents Search | JEDEC\""},{"Link":"http://html.alldatasheet.com/html-pdf/141187/SAMSUNG/MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00/305/1/MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00.html","external_links_name":"\"MC2GH512NMCA-2SA00 datasheet(1/102 Pages) SAMSUNG | SAMSUNG MultiMediaCard\""},{"Link":"http://www.theminidrive.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.TheMiniDrive.com"},{"Link":"http://www.samsung.com/Products/Semiconductor/FlashCard/MMC/micro_mmc.htm","external_links_name":"\"Samsung Semiconductor Global Official Website\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmemorycards.com/mmc-micro.htm","external_links_name":"MMCmicro"},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070604006489&newsLang=en","external_links_name":"\"Pretec Announces S-Diamond, 1st in the World to Implement miCARD Standard\""},{"Link":"http://www.datalight.com/solutions/technologies/emmc/what-is-emmc","external_links_name":"\"What is eMMC Memory – software support - Reliance Nitro\""},{"Link":"https://www.hyperstone.com/en/Registration-Hyperstone-1125.html","external_links_name":"\"Flash Memory Form Factors\""},{"Link":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230927535891/en/KIOXIA-Introduces-Next-Generation-e-MMC-Ver.-5.1-Compliant-Embedded-Flash-Memory-Products","external_links_name":"\"KIOXIA Introduces Next Generation e-MMC Ver. 5.1-Compliant Embedded Flash Memory Products\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandtech.com/show/21074/emmc-to-live-a-bit-longer-kioxia-releases-new-emmc-products","external_links_name":"\"eMMC Destined to Live a Bit Longer: KIOXIA Releases New Generation of eMMC Modules\""},{"Link":"https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/nand-emmc-need-know-flash-memory/","external_links_name":"\"NAND and eMMC: All You Need to Know About Flash Memory\""},{"Link":"https://www.slideshare.net/linaroorg/intro-to-emmc","external_links_name":"\"Q4.11: Introduction to eMMC\""},{"Link":"https://news.samsung.com/global/emmc-to-ufs-how-nand-memory-for-mobile-products-is-evolving","external_links_name":"\"eMMC to UFS: How NAND Memory for Mobile Products Is Evolving\""},{"Link":"https://www.mouser.com/c/semiconductors/memory-ics/emmc/?sort=pricing","external_links_name":"\"eMMC Chips\""},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2004-09-consumer-electronic-interface-future-hard.html","external_links_name":"\"New Consumer Electronic Interface on Future Hard Drives\""},{"Link":"https://www.techopedia.com/definition/26017/consumer-electronics-ata-ce-ata","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Electronics ATA (CE-ATA)\""},{"Link":"https://wololo.net/2016/08/25/playstation-vita-cartridge-dump-explained/","external_links_name":"\"Playstation Vita Cartridge Dump explained\""},{"Link":"http://www.jedec.org/","external_links_name":"JEDEC"},{"Link":"http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/File/OEM/Manuals/ProdManRS-MMCv1.3.pdf","external_links_name":"Sandisk OEM Manual for MMC and RS-MMC (PDF)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071010143502/http://www.kingmaxdigi.com/product/MMC.pdf","external_links_name":"KingMax MMC technical document (PDF)"},{"Link":"http://www.hardwarebook.info/MMC","external_links_name":"MMC pinout (tech.)"},{"Link":"http://www.hardwarebook.info/MMCplus","external_links_name":"MMCplus pinout (tech.)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudecca | Giudecca | ["1 Geography","2 History","2.1 Resort town","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 45°25′31″N 12°19′35″E / 45.425142°N 12.326482°E / 45.425142; 12.326482Island in the Venetian Lagoon, Italy
For the central point of hell named after Judas Iscariot, see Cocytus. For Jewish districts in Southern Italy, see La Giudecca.
GiudeccaView of Giudecca from St Mark's CampanileGiudeccaLocation in the Venetian LagoonGeographyCoordinates45°25′31″N 12°19′35″E / 45.425142°N 12.326482°E / 45.425142; 12.326482Adjacent toVenetian LagoonAdministrationItalyComuneVenice
Giudecca (Italian: ; Venetian: Zueca) is an island in the Venetian Lagoon, in northern Italy. It is part of the sestiere of Dorsoduro and is a locality of the comune of Venice.
Geography
Giudecca lies immediately south of the central islands of Venice, from which it is separated by the Giudecca Canal. San Giorgio Maggiore lies off its eastern tip.
History
Giudecca was known in ancient times as the Spinalunga (meaning "Long Thorn"). The name Giudecca may represent a corruption of the Latin "Judaica" ("Judaean") and so may be translated as "the Jewry": a number of towns in Southern Italy and Sicily have Jewish quarters named Giudecca or Judeca. Venice historian John Julius Norwich writes in the 1989 edition of his book, A History of Venice: “…by the middle of the thirteenth century there was already a considerable Jewish population in the city and its immediate neighborhood—perhaps 3,000 or more. Many lived at Mestre, on the mainland; others —particularly those who had mercantile dealings with Dalmatia—occupied the island of Spinalunga and were in fact responsible for its change of name to Giudecca.” However, the term "Giudecca" was not generally used to denote the Jewish quarters of towns in northern Italy.
It wasn't until 1516 that the first segregated Jewish quarter in Europe, called the New Foundry, or "Ghetto Nuovo," was established in the Cannaregio district in Venice. Jews were required to live in a confined area and were subject to various restrictions. The term "ghetto" itself originated from this Venetian district.
Giudecca was historically an area of large palaces with gardens, the island became an industrial area in the early 20th century with shipyards and factories, and a film studio. Much of the industry went into decline after World War II, but it is now once more regarded as a quiet residential area of largely working-class housing with some chic apartments and exclusive houses. It is known for its long dock and its churches, including the Palladio-designed Il Redentore. The island was the home of a huge flour mill, the Molino Stucky, which has been converted into a luxury hotel and apartment complex. At the other end of Giudecca is the famous five-star Cipriani hotel with large private gardens and salt-water pool.
Resort town
Modern renovations of some antique architecture in Giudecca have bolstered the island's reputation as a vacation locale. In 2011, Venetian developers reopened the lodgings of a prominent 16th-century mansion as long-term rentals under the name "Villa F."
Gallery
Il Redentore church
The pier that connects Giudecca with Venice during the Festa del Redentore in July
Le Zitelle church
The modern Junghans quarter
Junghans contemporary theater, seat of the Venetian Theatrical Academy
Aerial view of the Giudecca Canal (left)
See also
List of islands of Italy
References
^ Lawrence, Vanessa (September 2011). "La Dolce Villa". W. Condé Nast: 276. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Giudecca (Venice).
Satellite image from Google Maps
Guide, news, events in Giudecca - 2015 archive
Mini Guide to Giudecca
Portals: Geography Islands Italy
vteIslands of the Venetian LagoonNorthern lagoon
Buel del Lovo
Burano
Crevan
Cason Montiron
Isola dei Laghi
La Certosa
La Cura
Madonna del Monte
Mazzorbo
Mazzorbetto
Monte dell'Oro
Motta dei Cunicci
Motta di San Lorenzo
Murano
Salina
San Francesco del Deserto
San Giàcomo in Paludo
San Michele
Lazzaretto Nuovo
Santa Cristina
Sant'Andrea
Sant'Ariano
Sant'Erasmo
Torcello
Vignole
Central group
Giudecca
Sacca Fisola
Sacca San Biagio
San Giorgio Maggiore
San Pietro di Castello
San Secondo
Sant'Elena
Tronchetto
Venice
Southern lagoon
Lazzaretto Vecchio
Venice Lido
Pellestrina
Poveglia
Sacca Sessola
San Clemente
San Giorgio in Alga
San Lazzaro degli Armeni
San Marco in Boccalama
San Servolo
Sant'Angelo della Polvere
Santa Maria della Grazia
Sottomarina
Authority control databases: National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bowie_(politician) | Andrew Bowie (politician) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","3 Parliamentary career","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | Scottish politician (born 1987)
This article's subject is standing for re-election to the UK's House of Commons on 4 July, and has not been an MP since Parliament's dissolution on 30 May. The article may be out of date during this period. Please improve it (updates without reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page.
Andrew BowieMPOfficial portrait, 2019Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nuclear and RenewablesIncumbentAssumed office 7 February 2023Prime MinisterRishi SunakPreceded byPosition establishedParliamentary Under-Secretary of State for ExportsIn office28 October 2022 – 7 February 2023Prime MinisterRishi SunakPreceded byMarcus FyshSucceeded byThe Lord Offord of GarvelVice Chairman of the Conservative PartyIn office24 July 2019 – November 2021LeaderBoris JohnsonChairJames CleverlyBen ElliotAmanda MillingOliver DowdenPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byBim AfolamiParliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime MinisterIn office29 December 2018 – 24 July 2019Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded bySeema KennedySucceeded byAlex Burghart Trudy HarrisonMember of Parliament for West Aberdeenshire and KincardineIncumbentAssumed office 8 June 2017Preceded byStuart DonaldsonMajority843 (1.6%)
Personal detailsBorn (1987-05-28) 28 May 1987 (age 37)Arbroath, ScotlandPolitical partyConservative and Unionist PartySpouseMadeleine ClarkeAlma materBritannia Royal Naval CollegeUniversity of Aberdeen (MA)Websitewww.andrewbowie.org.ukMilitary serviceAllegiance United KingdomBranch/service Royal NavyYears of service2007–102022–RankSub-LieutenantMidshipman
Andrew Campbell Bowie (born 28 May 1987) is a Scottish politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine since the 2017 general election. He has served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nuclear and Networks since February 2023.
Early life and education
Andrew Bowie was born in Arbroath and educated at Inverurie Academy in Aberdeenshire. While studying at Inverurie Academy, Bowie was chosen to join the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland, playing the violin. After leaving school, he joined the Royal Navy and attended Britannia Royal Naval College before serving as an officer, remaining on the rank of Sub-Lieutenant.
After leaving the navy, Bowie studied History and Politics at the University of Aberdeen, where he was a member of the Aberdeen University Royal Naval Unit and where he was elected Chairman of the University of Aberdeen Conservative and Unionist Association for the 2012/13 academic year.
Political career
After graduating from the University of Aberdeen, Bowie was employed as a Military Projects Coordinator for the Westhill-based diving equipment supplier Divex. Bowie left Divex in January 2014 to assume a post as the North Scotland Campaign Manager for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, and was seconded to the Better Together campaign for the duration of the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.
Following the referendum, Bowie transitioned to parliamentary politics by serving as a senior advisor to the Conservative MEP Ian Duncan. In 2016, following the Scottish Parliament election, 2016, Bowie was hired as office manager to Liam Kerr MSP, who was elected as the Scottish Conservative and Unionist MSP for the North East Scotland region. In 2016, while working for Kerr, he was forced to apologise to a female SNP councillor to whom he accidentally sent an offensive email.
Parliamentary career
At the snap 2017 general election, Bowie was elected to Parliament as MP for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine with 47.9% of the vote and a majority of 7,950.
From October 2017 until June 2018, he was a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee.
In February 2018, Bowie was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport under Matt Hancock, and later under Jeremy Wright.
In December 2018, he was promoted to Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister by Theresa May until her resignation in July 2019.
In July 2019, Bowie was appointed as one of six Vice-Chairmen of the Conservative Party and is responsible for the Young Conservatives.
Bowie was re-elected as MP for West Aberdeenshire & Kincardine at the 2019 general election with a decreased vote share of 42.7% and a decreased majority of 843 votes.
In November 2021, Bowie announced he would resign as a Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party once a replacement was selected, soon after the forced resignation of Owen Paterson from the party, giving the reason "to focus on representing my constituents in West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine".
He is an advocate of the Down Syndrome Bill, which would recognise people with Down syndrome as a specific minority group.
Personal life
He is married to Madeleine Clarke.
References
^ a b As Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nuclear and Networks until January 2024
^ "Bowie joins RNR". The Times. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
^ "Andrew Bowie MP". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
^ Davidson, Peter (9 June 2017). "Bowie says 'people have spoken' after landslide win in West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine". Evening Express. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
^ "Andrew Bowie MP". GOV.UK. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ "Bowie, Andrew". Who's Who. Vol. 2018 (February 2018 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 13 February 2018. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ PoliticsHome.com (1 July 2019). "Unparliamentary Language: Andrew Bowie". PoliticsHome.com. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
^ a b "Who are Scotland's new MPs?". BBC News. 9 June 2017.
^ "Tory chief apologises after "flipping woman" email". 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^ "SNP councillor reported to standards watchdog over suggestion Andrew Bowie should be 'dangled' from a bridge". Press and Journal. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^ "Results" (PDF). www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
^ "Commons Briefing Paper 7979. General Election 2017: results and analysis" (PDF) (Second ed.). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019.
^ "UK Parliamentary Election Results - West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine" (PDF).
^ McKiernan, Jennifer. "First Scottish Conservative promoted to leave the back benches is Andrew Bowie". Press and Journal. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
^ Robertson, Kirsten (31 December 2018). "Aberdeenshire MP promoted to prestigious government role". Press and Journal. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ "The Party's new line-up of Deputy and Vice Chairmen". Conservative Home. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ wpengine (13 December 2019). "General Election 2019 - Tories keep hold of West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine by just 843 votes". Forres Local. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
^ "General Election 2019". Aberdeenshire Council. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
^ "Aberdeenshire West & Kincardine parliamentary constituency - Election 2019". Retrieved 15 December 2019.
^ "Commons Briefing Paper 8749. General Election 2019: results and analysis" (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
^ Allegretti, Aubrey (10 November 2021). "Tory party vice-chair Andrew Bowie resigns in protest over sleaze". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ Rodger, Hannah (10 November 2021). "Tory MP Andrew Bowie quits as vice chair of the Conservative party". The Herald. Scotland. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
^ "MP voices support for Down Syndrome Bill". Grampian Online. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andrew Bowie.
Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom
Contributions in Parliament at Hansard
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Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byStuart Donaldson
Member of Parliamentfor West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine 2017–present
Incumbent
vteScottish Conservative MPs
Andrew Bowie
Lisa Cameron
David Duguid
Alister Jack
John Lamont
David Mundell
Douglas Ross
Category
Politics of Scotland
vteParliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime MinisterPrime Minister's Officeto Henry Campbell-Bannerman
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UK Parliament | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Aberdeenshire_and_Kincardine_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nuclear and Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DESNZ_PUSoS-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Andrew Campbell Bowie (born 28 May 1987) is a Scottish politician who has been the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine since the 2017 general election.[2][3] He has served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Nuclear and Networks since February 2023.[a][4]","title":"Andrew Bowie (politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath"},{"link_name":"Inverurie Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverurie_Academy"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"National Youth Orchestra of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Youth_Orchestra_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Britannia Royal Naval College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Royal_Naval_College"},{"link_name":"Sub-Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen University Royal Naval Unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_University_Royal_Naval_Unit"},{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen Conservative and Unionist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen_Conservative_and_Unionist_Association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-8"}],"text":"Andrew Bowie was born in Arbroath and educated at Inverurie Academy in Aberdeenshire.[5] While studying at Inverurie Academy, Bowie was chosen to join the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland, playing the violin.[6] After leaving school, he joined the Royal Navy and attended Britannia Royal Naval College before serving as an officer, remaining on the rank of Sub-Lieutenant.After leaving the navy, Bowie studied History and Politics at the University of Aberdeen, where he was a member of the Aberdeen University Royal Naval Unit and where he was elected Chairman of the University of Aberdeen Conservative and Unionist Association for the 2012/13 academic year.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Westhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhill,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Divex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divex"},{"link_name":"Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives"},{"link_name":"Better Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Together_(campaign)"},{"link_name":"2014 Scottish Independence Referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"MEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Ian Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Duncan,_Baron_Duncan_of_Springbank"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament election, 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election"},{"link_name":"Liam Kerr MSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Scottish Conservative and Unionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Conservative_and_Unionist"},{"link_name":"MSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"North East Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"After graduating from the University of Aberdeen, Bowie was employed as a Military Projects Coordinator for the Westhill-based diving equipment supplier Divex. Bowie left Divex in January 2014 to assume a post as the North Scotland Campaign Manager for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, and was seconded to the Better Together campaign for the duration of the 2014 Scottish Independence Referendum.Following the referendum, Bowie transitioned to parliamentary politics by serving as a senior advisor to the Conservative MEP Ian Duncan. In 2016, following the Scottish Parliament election, 2016, Bowie was hired as office manager to Liam Kerr MSP, who was elected as the Scottish Conservative and Unionist MSP for the North East Scotland region.[7] In 2016, while working for Kerr, he was forced to apologise to a female SNP councillor to whom he accidentally sent an offensive email.[8][9]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Aberdeenshire_and_Kincardine_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBP-7979-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Work and Pensions Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_and_Pensions_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"Matt Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Wright"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary_to_the_Prime_Minister"},{"link_name":"Theresa May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Young Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBP-8749-20"},{"link_name":"forced resignation of Owen Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Paterson#Lobbying_and_breach_of_Commons_advocacy_rules"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-20211110-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heraldscotland-20211110-22"},{"link_name":"Down Syndrome Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_Syndrome_Bill"},{"link_name":"Down syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"At the snap 2017 general election, Bowie was elected to Parliament as MP for West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine with 47.9% of the vote and a majority of 7,950.[10][11][12]From October 2017 until June 2018, he was a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee.In February 2018, Bowie was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport under Matt Hancock, and later under Jeremy Wright.[13]In December 2018, he was promoted to Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Prime Minister by Theresa May until her resignation in July 2019.[14]In July 2019, Bowie was appointed as one of six Vice-Chairmen of the Conservative Party and is responsible for the Young Conservatives.[15]Bowie was re-elected as MP for West Aberdeenshire & Kincardine at the 2019 general election with a decreased vote share of 42.7% and a decreased majority of 843 votes.[16][17][18][19]In November 2021, Bowie announced he would resign as a Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party once a replacement was selected, soon after the forced resignation of Owen Paterson from the party, giving the reason \"to focus on representing my constituents in West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine\".[20][21]He is an advocate of the Down Syndrome Bill, which would recognise people with Down syndrome as a specific minority group.[22]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He is married to Madeleine Clarke.","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bowie joins RNR\". The Times. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-times-diary-naval-mp-andrew-bowie-ukraine-kgwtvkplk","url_text":"\"Bowie joins RNR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Bowie MP\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 2 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/andrew-bowie/4601","url_text":"\"Andrew Bowie MP\""}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Peter (9 June 2017). \"Bowie says 'people have spoken' after landslide win in West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine\". Evening Express. Retrieved 9 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eveningexpress.co.uk/fp/news/local/bowie-says-people-spoken-landslide-win-west-aberdeenshire-kincardine/","url_text":"\"Bowie says 'people have spoken' after landslide win in West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Andrew Bowie MP\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/andrew-bowie","url_text":"\"Andrew Bowie MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bowie, Andrew\". Who's Who. Vol. 2018 (February 2018 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 13 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U289461","url_text":"\"Bowie, Andrew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"PoliticsHome.com (1 July 2019). \"Unparliamentary Language: Andrew Bowie\". PoliticsHome.com. Retrieved 6 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/houses/commons/house/house-magazine/104896/unparliamentary-language-andrew-bowie","url_text":"\"Unparliamentary Language: Andrew Bowie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who are Scotland's new MPs?\". BBC News. 9 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-40118318","url_text":"\"Who are Scotland's new MPs?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tory chief apologises after \"flipping woman\" email\". 26 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2016/10/26/tory-chief-apologises-flipping-woman-email/","url_text":"\"Tory chief apologises after \"flipping woman\" email\""}]},{"reference":"\"SNP councillor reported to standards watchdog over suggestion Andrew Bowie should be 'dangled' from a bridge\". Press and Journal. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/politics/scottish-politics/2359178/snp-councillor-reported-to-standards-watchdog-over-suggestion-andrew-bowie-should-be-dangled-from-a-bridge/","url_text":"\"SNP councillor reported to standards watchdog over suggestion Andrew Bowie should be 'dangled' from a bridge\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_and_Journal","url_text":"Press and Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Results\" (PDF). www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk. Retrieved 26 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/media/20933/ukperesultswak.pdf","url_text":"\"Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commons Briefing Paper 7979. General Election 2017: results and analysis\" (PDF) (Second ed.). House of Commons Library. 29 January 2019 [7 April 2018]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7979/CBP-7979.pdf","url_text":"\"Commons Briefing Paper 7979. 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Retrieved 29 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/politics/1426031/first-scottish-conservative-promoted-to-leave-the-back-benches-is-andrew-bowie/","url_text":"\"First Scottish Conservative promoted to leave the back benches is Andrew Bowie\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Kirsten (31 December 2018). \"Aberdeenshire MP promoted to prestigious government role\". Press and Journal. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/aberdeenshire/1642009/aberdeenshire-mp-promoted-to-prestigious-government-role/","url_text":"\"Aberdeenshire MP promoted to prestigious government role\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Party's new line-up of Deputy and Vice Chairmen\". Conservative Home. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.conservativehome.com/parliament/2019/08/the-partys-line-up-of-deputy-and-vice-chairmen.html","url_text":"\"The Party's new line-up of Deputy and Vice Chairmen\""}]},{"reference":"wpengine (13 December 2019). \"General Election 2019 - Tories keep hold of West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine by just 843 votes\". Forres Local. Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229011722/https://forreslocal.com/general-election-2019-tories-keep-hold-of-west-aberdeenshire-and-kincardine-by-just-843-votes/","url_text":"\"General Election 2019 - Tories keep hold of West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine by just 843 votes\""},{"url":"https://forreslocal.com/general-election-2019-tories-keep-hold-of-west-aberdeenshire-and-kincardine-by-just-843-votes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"General Election 2019\". Aberdeenshire Council. Retrieved 16 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/council-and-democracy/elections/uk-parliamentary-election-2019/","url_text":"\"General Election 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberdeenshire West & Kincardine parliamentary constituency - Election 2019\". Retrieved 15 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/constituencies/S14000058","url_text":"\"Aberdeenshire West & Kincardine parliamentary constituency - Election 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commons Briefing Paper 8749. General Election 2019: results and analysis\" (PDF). London: House of Commons Library. 28 January 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8749/CBP-8749.pdf","url_text":"\"Commons Briefing Paper 8749. 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Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/politics/19706377.tory-mp-andrew-bowie-quits-vice-chair-conservative-party/","url_text":"\"Tory MP Andrew Bowie quits as vice chair of the Conservative party\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP voices support for Down Syndrome Bill\". Grampian Online. 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_Bipantah | Ducati Bipantah engine | ["1 History","2 Technical overview","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Reciprocating internal combustion engine
Ducati BipantahOverviewManufacturerDucatiProductionprototype onlyLayoutConfiguration90° V4 petrol engineDisplacement994 cc (60.7 cu in)Cylinder bore78.0 mm (3.07 in)Piston stroke52.0 mm (2.05 in)Cylinder block materialCast aluminium alloyCylinder head materialCast aluminium alloyValvetrainDesmodromic valve 2-valve/cylCombustionFuel system4 Dell'Orto 40mm carburettorsFuel typePetrolOil systemWet sumpCooling systemAir-oil coolingOutputPower output105–132 PS (77.2–97.1 kW; 103.6–130.2 bhp) @ 9,500–11,000 rpmDimensionsDry weight98 kg (216 lb)ChronologyPredecessorDucati ApolloSuccessorDucati Desmosedici
Ducati Bipantah was a prototype 90° V4 four-stroke motorcycle engine made by Ducati in 1981. It was designed by Pierluigi Mengoli under the supervision of Fabio Taglioni. It had four cylinders and made coupling two Ducati Pantah V-twin engines. It remained a prototype, although it had good results during dyno-tests. The project ended in late 1982, when then-owners VM Motori decided not to build the bike for which the motor was intended for.
History
Ducati's technical director, Fabio Taglioni, desired to launch a whole new family of Ducati motorbikes to provide the manufacturer a solid position on markets, with reasonable production figures. At the beginning of the 1980s, world motorcycle sales were decreasing and the public was losing interest on Ducati V-twins models. So, Taglioni thought that a brand new project would be the best choice, but it had to be different from Japanese models: first he conceived a 90° V-4, a wooden-metal model of which was realized in 1980, then he ordered another 90° V-4 engine to be built, but with an "L" layout, the prototype of which was built in 1981, one year earlier than the launch of the then very innovative 750cc V-4 Honda VF.
BMW motorcycle division managers took the same technical/commercial direction with their new in-line four cylinder engine for K100. They wanted to produce higher range bikes, while the Japanese manufacturers were moving toward smaller 750 cc engines. VM Motori, which had owned Ducati since 1978, had different plans. Instead of investing money for a new range of bikes, they wanted to turn the Borgo Panigale factory into an engine supplier for other motorcycle manufacturers. In late 1982, the entire project was canceled.
Diesel engines, designed by VM Motori, along with Pantah engines, were produced at the Ducati plant at the time, with the latter provided to Cagiva for their bigger bikes. The high cost of retooling the factory for a new engine and new bike, the high price of which could lead to low sales, scared the VM Motori managers and the Castiglioni brothers at Cagiva. The Castiglioni's bought Ducati in May 1985. The new owners then decided to start new projects in order to compete with Japanese firms. After extensive technical discussions, they preferred Desmoquattro over Bipantah, because the first could be easily installed on the existing bikes.
Technical overview
The name of the Bipantah engine is taken from the side by side coupling of two 500cc L-twin Ducati Pantah engines, sharing the same crankshaft. With a SOHC on each cylinder bank, to form a 1000cc 90° V-four.
This project embedded all of Taglioni's technical ideas that evolved from his dissertation written in 1948, that concerned a 250 cc 90° V4 engine. Bipantah was the most "oversquare" engine he designed (78mm bore x 52mm stroke = 994cc displacement), in order to reduce overall length and height for a better accommodation inside the frame. In spite of this, it was only 100 mm wider than a "single" Pantah. Rear cylinders were bolted almost vertically to the crankcase, while the front ones were almost horizontal. This arrangement was necessary as they were tilted 20° backwards to provide room for the front wheel to move during compression under braking. Taglioni preferred air cooling for thermodynamic, weight, and size reasons, so they were widely finned.
Other engine features were desmodromic valves, timing belts, two valves per cylinder (Taglioni did not love multi-valve), two-segment pistons (to reduce friction), a bearing type single-piece crankshaft with coupled connecting rods, and four 40mm Dell'Orto carburettors installed on long inlet manifolds between the cylinder banks.
Taglioni and his team dyno-tested the engine and claimed that Bipantah produced 105 PS (77.2 kW; 103.6 bhp) @ 9,500 rpm on the wheel with a significant thrust from 3,000 rpm in road legal camshaft/muffler configuration, while it produced 132 PS (97 kW; 130 bhp) @ 11,000 rpm (with thrust from 6,000 rpm) in racing configuration, with an expected power of 150 PS (110 kW; 148 bhp) if electronic fuel injection would have replaced carburetors.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Bipantah! - Ducati's other V-four". Motorcyclist. April 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
^ Phil Aynsley (June 2007). "Phil Aynsley Photography > Bikes > Ducati > Other Models > 1980 1000 Bi-Pantah". www.philaphoto.com. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Phil Aynsley (June 2007). "Phil Aynsley Photography > Bikes > Ducati > Other Models > 1982 1000 BiPantah". www.philaphoto.com. Retrieved August 29, 2012.
^ Claudio Falanga (January 1998). "NEL NOME DEL QUATTRO VALVOLE" . Mondo Ducati (in Italian) (5). Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved August 28, 2012.
Further reading
Alan Cathcart (October 2011). "TECNICA - VEDO DOPPIO" - I see double]. Mondo Ducati (in Italian) (74). Moto italiane. Archived from the original on 2012-09-18. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
External links
"Bipantah! - Ducati's other V-four". www.motorcyclistonline.com. April 2009. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
Ducati Bipantah engine
Bipantah engine (without carburettors) on a dyno
Bipantah engine images inside a gallery of "never entered production" Ducati engines
Ducati Treasured Engines
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Volkswagen Group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V4_engine"},{"link_name":"four-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine"},{"link_name":"motorcycle engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_engine"},{"link_name":"Ducati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati"},{"link_name":"Fabio Taglioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Taglioni"},{"link_name":"Ducati Pantah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducati_Pantah"},{"link_name":"V-twin engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-twin_engine"},{"link_name":"VM Motori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VM_Motori"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-other-1"}],"text":"Ducati Bipantah was a prototype 90° V4 four-stroke motorcycle engine made by Ducati in 1981. It was designed by Pierluigi Mengoli under the supervision of Fabio Taglioni. It had four cylinders and made coupling two Ducati Pantah V-twin engines. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Magnus_von_Buddenbrock | Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock | ["1 Biography","2 Children","3 See also","4 References","5 Ancestors"] | Lieutenant generalBaronHenrik Magnus von BuddenbrockOil on canvas, by Johan StarbusBirth nameHenrik Magnus von BuddenbrockBorn(1685-07-22)22 July 1685Swedish Livonia, Swedish EmpireDied16 July 1743(1743-07-16) (aged 57)Stockholm, SwedenAllegiance
Swedish Empire
Sweden
Service/branchSwedish ArmyYears of service1702–1743RankLieutenant generalBattles/warsGreat Northern War Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock (22 July 1685 – between 16 and 27 July 1743) was a Swedish baron and Lieutenant General. He and Carl Emil Lewenhaupt were executed for negligence in the Russo-Swedish War, in the aftermath of the defeat at Villmanstrand.
Biography
He was born on 22 July 1685 in Swedish Livonia. He was the son of the landed gentleman and Swedish Empire army officer Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock (1648–1727) and Charlotta Cronman. He enlisted as an officer of the Swedish army, becoming a captain of the Life Guards in 1711, Major of grenadiers in 1715, Major General in 1721. He was elevated to friherre (matricle number 206) in 1731 and promoted to Lieutenant General of the infantry in 1739. As such, he was in 1741 commander of the troops in Finland, under General Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, at the onset of the Russo-Swedish War.
On 23 August 1741 (3 September 1741) Swedish Major General Carl Henrik Wrangel and his corps in Villmanstrand in Karelia, at the long disputed frontier between Sweden and Russia, was attacked and defeated by a Russian army under General Peter Lacy before Buddenbrock, less than 10 kilometers away, could come to his assiantance.
As the war was developing unfavorably for Sweden, the defeat was blamed on Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock. In August 1742 they were dismissed from Finland and immediately arrested by Vice Admiral Ritterstolpe upon their return. On the night of 28 September Buddenbrock was brought to Stockholm, where he was imprisoned and closely guarded. A court martial was convened under Field Marshal Hugo Johan Hamilton (sv) on 8 October to investigate the two cases. The prosecutor was Chancellor of Justice Silverschildt, who submitted an extensive indictment. Buddenbrock was accused of, among other things, not assembling his troops in a timely fashion to cross the Russian border, as planned. In addition he had not arrived at Villmanstrand in time to rescue Major General Wrangel.
Buddenbrock defended himself so well, that had he only faced the nobility, he would have left with his life. However the other Estates of the Riksdag, in particular the peasants, were embittered and demanded a scapegoat. The verdict of the commission was announced to a large congregation on 29 May. Buddenbrock was to be dishonored, his property confiscated, and he himself beheaded with an axe. In an appeal, Buddenbrock wrote a comprehensive account where he detailed his services to the kingdom, but despite this and the pleading of his family, the verdict was confirmed by the Estates the following day. Even a request to be beheaded with a sword as befitting a nobleman, or to be executed by firing squad was denied. The date of his execution was set to 20 July but king Frederick postponed it another week. On 27 July 1743 General von Buddenbrock was executed in Stockholm. His wife, Magdalena Elisabeth Rahm, and their four children left Sweden for the Netherlands.
Children
Magdalena Elisabeth von Buddenbrock (1717-1768), she married her cousin Carl Magnus von Buddenbrock (died 1778)
Friedrich Magnus von Buddenbrock (1719-c.1785)
Ulrike Dorothea von Buddenbrock (1721-1788) married in 1743 to Cornet Isaac Tham
Carl Heinrich von Buddenbrock (1725-1745) Swedish Lieutenant who was killed in action at Tournay
See also
Carl Emil Lewenhaupt
References
^ a b c d Herman Hofberg, Frithiof Heurlin, Viktor Millqvist, and Olof Rubenson (1906). "Henrik Magnus Buddenbrock". Nordisk Familjebok (in Swedish).{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Lars Bergquist (2005). Swedenborg's secret: the meaning and significance of the word of God, the life of the angels, and service to God. Swedenborg Society. p. 159. ISBN 0-85448-143-5. The Hats had chosen two generals as scapegoats for the defeat, both former officers under Charles XII: Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock and Carl Emil Lewenhaupt. They were brought before a military tribunal and executed in August 1743. ...
^ "Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock" (in Swedish). Retrieved 2011-01-09. Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock föddes 1685 i Livland, som då tillhörde Sverige, som son till Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock och Charlotta Cronman. Buddenbrock gick in i krigshären redan som ung och var en av dem som efter slaget vid Poltava gick med Karl XII över Dnepr in i Turkiet. 1711 blev han kapten i livgardet, 1714 grenadiermajor, 1717 överste för Västerbottens regemente, 1730 generalmajor och året därpå friherre. Femtiotre år gammal (1738) blev han chef för Värmlands och Nerikes regemente, och två år senare generallöjtnant. ...
Ancestors
Henrik Magnus Buddenbrock's ancestors in three generations
Henrik Magnus Buddenbrock
Father:Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock
Paternal Grandfather:
Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Paternal Grandmother:
Paternal Great-Grandfather:
Paternal Great-Grandmother:
Mother:Charlotta Cronman
Maternal Grandfather:Fritz Cronman
Maternal Great-Grandfather:Hans Detterman Croman
Maternal Great-Grandmother:Ursula Kordes
Maternal Grandmother:Christina Ottiliana Börner
Maternal Great-grandfather:
Maternal Great-Grandmother:
Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock at Geni.com
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Sweden
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"Carl Emil Lewenhaupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Emil_Lewenhaupt"},{"link_name":"Russo-Swedish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741-1743)"},{"link_name":"defeat at Villmanstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Villmanstrand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock (22 July 1685 – between 16 and 27 July 1743) was a Swedish baron and Lieutenant General. He and Carl Emil Lewenhaupt were executed for negligence in the Russo-Swedish War, in the aftermath of the defeat at Villmanstrand.[1][2][3]","title":"Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish Livonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Livonia"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Charlotta Cronman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotta_Cronman"},{"link_name":"Life Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svea_Life_Guards"},{"link_name":"grenadiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenadier"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"friherre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friherre"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_General"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Charles Emil Lewenhaupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emil_Lewenhaupt"},{"link_name":"Russo-Swedish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741-1743)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Carl Henrik Wrangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Henrik_Wrangel"},{"link_name":"Villmanstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappeenranta"},{"link_name":"Karelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelia"},{"link_name":"attacked and defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Villmanstrand"},{"link_name":"Peter Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"court martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Hugo Johan Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Johan_Hamilton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Johan_Hamilton_(1668%E2%80%931748)"},{"link_name":"indictment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"Villmanstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villmanstrand"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility"},{"link_name":"Estates of the Riksdag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword"},{"link_name":"executed by firing squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Elisabeth Rahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Elisabeth_Rahm"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"He was born on 22 July 1685 in Swedish Livonia. He was the son of the landed gentleman and Swedish Empire army officer Henrik Gotthard von Buddenbrock (1648–1727) and Charlotta Cronman. He enlisted as an officer of the Swedish army, becoming a captain of the Life Guards in 1711, Major of grenadiers in 1715, Major General in 1721. He was elevated to friherre (matricle number 206) in 1731 and promoted to Lieutenant General of the infantry in 1739. As such, he was in 1741 commander of the troops in Finland, under General Charles Emil Lewenhaupt, at the onset of the Russo-Swedish War.[1]On 23 August 1741 (3 September 1741) Swedish Major General Carl Henrik Wrangel and his corps in Villmanstrand in Karelia, at the long disputed frontier between Sweden and Russia, was attacked and defeated by a Russian army under General Peter Lacy before Buddenbrock, less than 10 kilometers away, could come to his assiantance.[1]As the war was developing unfavorably for Sweden, the defeat was blamed on Lewenhaupt and Buddenbrock. In August 1742 they were dismissed from Finland and immediately arrested by Vice Admiral Ritterstolpe upon their return. On the night of 28 September Buddenbrock was brought to Stockholm, where he was imprisoned and closely guarded. A court martial was convened under Field Marshal Hugo Johan Hamilton (sv) on 8 October to investigate the two cases. The prosecutor was Chancellor of Justice Silverschildt, who submitted an extensive indictment. Buddenbrock was accused of, among other things, not assembling his troops in a timely fashion to cross the Russian border, as planned. In addition he had not arrived at Villmanstrand in time to rescue Major General Wrangel.Buddenbrock defended himself so well, that had he only faced the nobility, he would have left with his life. However the other Estates of the Riksdag, in particular the peasants, were embittered and demanded a scapegoat. The verdict of the commission was announced to a large congregation on 29 May. Buddenbrock was to be dishonored, his property confiscated, and he himself beheaded with an axe. In an appeal, Buddenbrock wrote a comprehensive account where he detailed his services to the kingdom, but despite this and the pleading of his family, the verdict was confirmed by the Estates the following day. Even a request to be beheaded with a sword as befitting a nobleman, or to be executed by firing squad was denied. The date of his execution was set to 20 July but king Frederick postponed it another week. On 27 July 1743 General von Buddenbrock was executed in Stockholm. His wife, Magdalena Elisabeth Rahm, and their four children left Sweden for the Netherlands.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Magnus von Buddenbrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Magnus_von_Buddenbrock&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isaac Tham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Tham&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Magdalena Elisabeth von Buddenbrock (1717-1768), she married her cousin Carl Magnus von Buddenbrock (died 1778)\nFriedrich Magnus von Buddenbrock (1719-c.1785)\nUlrike Dorothea von Buddenbrock (1721-1788) married in 1743 to Cornet Isaac Tham\nCarl Heinrich von Buddenbrock (1725-1745) Swedish Lieutenant who was killed in action at Tournay","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.geni.com/people/Henrik-Frhr-von-Buddenbrock/3907116"},{"link_name":"Geni.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni.com"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321706#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000051064443"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/27944431"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhMH7VfyKtv4FPvD6HYP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/122082222"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/mkz26s2552rn5h7"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122082222.html?language=en"}],"text":"Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock at Geni.comAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nSweden\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Ancestors"}] | [] | [{"title":"Carl Emil Lewenhaupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Emil_Lewenhaupt"}] | [{"reference":"Herman Hofberg, Frithiof Heurlin, Viktor Millqvist, and Olof Rubenson (1906). \"Henrik Magnus Buddenbrock\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_constraint | Binary constraint | ["1 References"] | A binary constraint, in mathematical optimization, is a constraint that involves exactly two variables.
For example, consider the n-queens problem, where the goal is to place n chess queens on an n-by-n chessboard such that none of the queens can attack each other (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally). The formal set of constraints are therefore "Queen 1 can't attack Queen 2", "Queen 1 can't attack Queen 3", and so on between all pairs of queens. Each constraint in this problem is binary, in that it only considers the placement of two individual queens.
Linear programs in which all constraints are binary can be solved in strongly polynomial time, a result that is not known to be true for more general linear programs.
References
^ Marriott, Kim; Stuckey, Peter J. (1998), Programming with Constraints: An Introduction, MIT Press, p. 282, ISBN 9780262133418.
^ Megiddo, Nimrod (1983), "Towards a genuinely polynomial algorithm for linear programming", SIAM Journal on Computing, 12 (2): 347–353, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.76.5, doi:10.1137/0212022, MR 0697165.
This applied mathematics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"n-queens problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-queens_problem"},{"link_name":"chess queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Linear programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_program"},{"link_name":"strongly polynomial time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_polynomial_time"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For example, consider the n-queens problem, where the goal is to place n chess queens on an n-by-n chessboard such that none of the queens can attack each other (horizontally, vertically, or diagonally). The formal set of constraints are therefore \"Queen 1 can't attack Queen 2\", \"Queen 1 can't attack Queen 3\", and so on between all pairs of queens. Each constraint in this problem is binary, in that it only considers the placement of two individual queens.[1]Linear programs in which all constraints are binary can be solved in strongly polynomial time, a result that is not known to be true for more general linear programs.[2]","title":"Binary constraint"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Marriott, Kim; Stuckey, Peter J. (1998), Programming with Constraints: An Introduction, MIT Press, p. 282, ISBN 9780262133418","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jBYAleHTldsC&pg=PA282","url_text":"Programming with Constraints: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262133418","url_text":"9780262133418"}]},{"reference":"Megiddo, Nimrod (1983), \"Towards a genuinely polynomial algorithm for linear programming\", SIAM Journal on Computing, 12 (2): 347–353, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.76.5, doi:10.1137/0212022, MR 0697165","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_Megiddo","url_text":"Megiddo, Nimrod"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIAM_Journal_on_Computing","url_text":"SIAM Journal on Computing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.76.5","url_text":"10.1.1.76.5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F0212022","url_text":"10.1137/0212022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0697165","url_text":"0697165"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jBYAleHTldsC&pg=PA282","external_links_name":"Programming with Constraints: An Introduction"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.76.5","external_links_name":"10.1.1.76.5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1137%2F0212022","external_links_name":"10.1137/0212022"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0697165","external_links_name":"0697165"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binary_constraint&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_newspaper | List of Jewish newspapers | ["1 References"] | List of Jewish newspapers past and present
A Jewish newspaper is a newspaper which focuses on topics of special interest to Jews, although Jewish newspapers also include articles on topics of a more general interest as well. Political orientations and religious orientations cover a wide range.
This list includes dailies, weeklies, and papers of other frequencies. It includes newspapers in Hebrew, Yiddish, and a variety of other languages. It includes defunct as well as active publications.
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (September 2019)
Newspapers
Name
Language(s)
Translated name
Current country
Region
Years active
Circulation
Frequency
More info
Der Beobachter an der Weichsel
Polish, German
The Vistula Observer
Poland
Warsaw
1823-1824
150
Weekly
The first ever Jewish newspaper
The Jewish Word
Polish, Yiddish
1992–Present
Periodical
Primary Polish Jewish publication
Folks-Sztyme
Polish, Yiddish
1946-1991
Daily
Australian Jewish News
English
Australia
Weekly
See Australian Jewish Media
Calgary Jewish News
English
Canada
1962–88
Canadian Jewish News
The Jewish Post & News
Winnipeg
The Jewish Star (Alberta)
Alberta
1980–90
The Jewish Tribune (Canada)
1964–2015
The Jewish Independent
Vancouver
Israel's Messenger
English
China
Shanghai
1904-41
Shanghai Jewish Chronicle
German
1939-48
Renamed to Shanghai Echo
in 1945
Jüdische Zeitung
German
Germany
2005-2014
Еврейская газета
Russian
Jewish newspaper
2002-
Еврейская газета,
Published by Jüdische Zeitung
Jewish Voice From Germany
English
German
Jüdische Allgemeine
German
Jewish general
1946–Present
Jüdische Allgemeine
Jüdische Rundschau
German
1902-38
See: Jüdische Welt-Rundschau
Yidishe heftn
Yiddish
Yiddish notebook
France
Paris
1996-?
http://yiddish-sources.com/yidishe-heftn-les-cahiers-yiddish
Revista Cultului Mozaic din R.P.R.
Romanian, Yiddish, Hebrew, English
Romania
Bucharest
1956-1995
Realitatea Evreiască
Romanian, Yiddish, Hebrew, English
Bucharest
1995–Present
Renamed from Revista Cultului Mozaic din R.P.R.
Új Kelet
Hungarian
New East
Transylvania
1918-1940
Moved to Tel Aviv, Israel
Szombat
Hungarian
Saturday
Hungary
1989–Present
https://www.szombat.org/about
Új Élet
Hungarian
New Life
1945–Present
Neolog paper, maintained by Mazsihisz since 1990.
Remeny
Hungarian
Hope
2002-15
http://www.remeny.org/
Kibic Magazin
Hungarian
Kibitzer
2013–Present
http://akibic.hu/
Múlt és Jövő
Hungarian
Past and Future
1911-1944; 1988–Present
http://www.multesjovo.hu/en/?___from_store=hu
Sófár Újság
Hungarian
Shofar newspaper
1998?-Present
unrelated to Shofar (journal)
Új Kelet
Hungarian
New East
1948–Present
Gut Sábesz
Hungarian
Good Shabbat
2002/3-Present
Costs 300 Ft, and Chabad Paper
Egység
Hungarian
Unity
Monthly
Birobidzhaner Shtern
Yiddish, Russian
Russia
Birobidzhan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast
1930-44
Ha-Melitz
Hebrew
Saint Petersburg
1860-1904
Şalom
Turkish, Ladino
Peace/Hello
Turkey
1947–Present
El Amaneser
Ladino
The Dawn
Turkey
Istanbul
2003–Present
6000
Monthly
Currently the only full Ladino newspaper in the world
Aki Yerushalayim
Ladino
Jerusalem Here!
Israel
Jerusalem, Israel
1979-2016
Dos Yiddishe Licht/ Beleichtungen
Yiddish/English
The Jewish Light
Jerusalem, Israel
1950–Present
Weekly
Started in 1923 in New York
Kol Mevasser
Yiddish
Russia (in 2019, Ukraine)
Odessa
1862-72
Supplemented Ha-Melitz
The Jewish Chronicle
English
United Kingdom
1841–Present
Longest running Jewish paper
Jewish Telegraph
English
1950–Present
Jewish Tribune (UK)
English, Yiddish
1962–Present
Only current paper in UK with Yiddish
Jewish News
English
1997–Present
The Jewish Sefardies
London
The Jewish Voice
English
United States
New York
2003–Present
Original name The Sephardic Voice
The Jewish World
English
Capital District, New York
1965–Present
Also published as Schenectady Jewish World and Albany Jewish World
Der Blatt
Yiddish
New York
2000–Present
Weekly
Kindline (magazine)
Yiddish
New York
2014–Present
Five Towns Jewish Times
English
5 Towns, New York
2000–Present
20,000
Weekly
Hatsofe B'Erez Hachadosho
Hebrew
1871-76
First Hebrew periodical in US
The Hebrew Standard
English
NYC
late 1800s-early 20th century
Jewish Post of New York
English
New York
1974–Present
21,000
New Jersey Jewish News
English
New Jersey
1946–2020
24,000
Weekly
The Jewish Week
English
New York
1875–Present
55,000
Weekly
UJA funded
Yated Ne'eman
English
Monsey, New York
1987–Present
20,000
Weekly
Der Yid
Yiddish
1953–Present
25,000
Weekly
Westchester Jewish Life
English
Westchester, New York
The Long Island Jewish World
English
Long Island, New York
1976
16,000
Weekly
The Manhattan Jewish Sentinel
English
The Rockland & Westchester Jewish Tribune
English
The Israelite (1854–1874); The American Israelite (1874–present)
English
Cincinnati
1854–Present
6,500
Weekly
Second longest running paper
The Atlanta Jewish Times
English
Atlanta, Georgia
1925–Present
6,500
Weekly
JTNews
English
Seattle, Washington
1924-2015
Biweekly
Mishpacha (News magazine)
English, Hebrew
1984–Present
50,000
Weekly
Washington Jewish Week
English
Washington D.C.
1930–Present
10,000
Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle
English
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
1921–Present
3,000
Weekly
Texas Jewish Post
English
Texas
1947–Present
4,000
The St. Louis Jewish Light
English
St. Louis, Missouri
1947–Present
10,000
Weekly
Philadelphia Jewish Voice
English
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2005–2019
Weekly
Baltimore Jewish Times
English
Baltimore, Maryland
1919–Present
Chicago Jewish Star
English
Chicago, Illinois
1991-2018
17,500
Twice-monthly
Chicago Jewish News
English
1994-2019
10,000
Cleveland Jewish News
English
Cleveland, Ohio
1964–Present
12,000
Weekly
The Detroit Jewish News
English
Detroit, Michigan
1942–Present
17,000
Weekly
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
English
1917–Present
The Jewish Press
English
Brooklyn, New York
1960–Present
50,000
Weekly
The Jewish Observer (Los Angeles)
English
Los Angeles, California
1999–Present
Jewish Herald-Voice
English
Houston, Texas
1908–Present
7,000
Weekly
Longest running paper in South US
Jewish News of Greater Phoenix
English
Phoenix, Arizona
1948–Present
6,000
Weekly
Jewish Ledger
English
Connecticut
1929–Present
15,000
Weekly
The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles
English
Los Angeles, California
1985–Present
50,000
Weekly
The Jewish Journal (Boston North)
English
Boston, Massachusetts
1976–Present
17,000
Bi-weekly
Federation Star
English
Naples, Florida
Greater Naples, Florida
3,000
Monthly
Florida Jewish News
English
South Florida
2005-2007
Florida Jewish Journal
English
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
125,000
Weekly
The Jewish News of Sarasota-Manatee
English
Sarasota, Florida
13,000
Monthly
L'Chayim, Florida
English
Fort Myers, Florida
1989-Present
Monthly
http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00032761/00073/citation
Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle
English
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
1962–Present
8,500
Weekly
The Jewish Exponent
English
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
1887–Present
24,000
Weekly
The Jewish Advocate (Boston)
English
Boston, Massachusetts
1902–Present
40,000
Weekly
Intermountain Jewish News
English
Denver-Boulder, Colorado
1913–Present
30,000
Weekly
J. The Jewish News of Northern California
English
San Francisco, California
1895–Present
17,000
Weekly print edition, daily online edition
Algemeiner Journal
Yiddish, English
Brooklyn, New York
1972–Present
23,000
Weekly
The American Jewish World
English
Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota
1912–Present
4,000
Monthly
http://ajwnews.com/about/
Buffalo Jewish Review
English
Buffalo, New York
3,500
Weekly
The Forward/Forverts
English, Yiddish
Lower East Side, New York City. Moved to Brooklyn in late 20th century.
1897–Present
English: 28,000
English: weekly.
Yiddish: biweekly
Charlotte Jewish News
English
Charlotte, North Carolina
4,000
Monthly
Hamodia
English, Hebrew, French
Brooklyn, New York
1950–Present
Weekdays
Jewish Review
English
Portland, Oregon
1959–2012
Twice-monthly
Jewish Standard
English
Teaneck, New Jersey
1931–Present
24,000
Weekly
oldest Jewish weekly in New Jersey
The Jewish Star (New York)
English, Hebrew column
Garden City, New York
2002–Present
Weekly
The New Standard (newspaper)
English
Columbus, Ohio
Semi-monthly
Westchester Jewish Life
English
Westchester County, New York
1995?-Present
24,000
Monthly
Belaaz News
English
Online News Outlet
Queens,
New York
2012–Present
15,000
Weekly
The Asmonean
English
Occident and American Jewish Advocate
English
Jewish South
English
Di Tzeitung
Yiddish
The Newspaper
Brooklyn, New York
1988–Present
Weekly
Dos Yiddishe Licht
Yiddish/English
The Jewish Light
New York
1923-1927
Weekly
Revived in 1950 in Jerusalem
Maalos
Yiddish
Virtue/steps
New York
1996–Present
Monthly
Der Bay
Yiddish/English
San Mateo, California
1991-2016
Monthly
Flatbush Jewish Journal
English
New York
2010–Present
Weekly
Jewish Rhode Island
English
Rhode Island
1929-present
Weekly
The Iowa Jewish News
English
Des Moines, Iowa
1932-1952
1,817
Weekly
Magen David
Armenian, Hebrew, Russian
Yerevan, Armenia
2002–Present
Monthly
References
^ "Jewish Post of New York". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "NEW JERSEY JEWISH NEWS. Date: Thursday March 20, 2014. Circulation: 24,000" (PDF).
^ "Advertiser Information- The Jewish Week Media Group". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ Chizhik-Goldschmidt, Avital (11 August 2015). "Inside the World of ultra-Orthodox Media: Haredi Journalists Tell It Like It Is". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^ Eric Pace (1998-09-13). "Rabbi Sender Deutsch, 76, Editor, Publisher Of Der Yid". Sun-Sentinel.
^ "Long Island Jewish World". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "American Israelite". Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Atlanta Jewish Times". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
^ Yaron Katz (2012). "Technology Use in the Religious Communities in Israel: Combining Traditional Society and Advanced Communications". Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture. 1 (2). Archived from the original on 2015-04-22.
^ Guttman, Nathan,"Did D.C. editor lose her job because of politics?", retrieved March 3, 2011.
^ "Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Texas Jewish Post". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ Eileen P. Duggan (2012-04-23). "Jewish Light changing with the times". Retrieved 2016-03-28.
^ "Chicago Jewish Star". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Chicago Jewish News". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Cleveland Jewish News". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Detroit Jewish News". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ Beckerman, Gal (January 20, 2010). "Hold the Presses: Newspapers Are Competing for Orthodox Readers". The Forward. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
^ "The Exhilaration of Openness" (PDF). Rochester, New York. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
^ "Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles". Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
^ "Jewish Journal Boston North". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Circulation Verification Council Audit (Florida Jewish Journal Broward North, Broward South, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach Central, Palm Beach North and Palm Beach South)". Circulation Verification Council. Retrieved July 9, 2016.
^ L'chayim. Fort Myers, FL : Jewish Federation of Lee County. 1900.
^ "Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ Jared Shelly (2015-06-03). "Jewish Exponent Lays Off Editorial Staff". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
^ "The Jewish Advocate circulation holds strong at over 40,000". The Jewish Advocate. 2015-09-25. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
^ "Intermountain Jewish News". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Marketing Advice for Website Re-Launch". The Jewish Community Federation and Endowment Fund. Retrieved 2016-12-09.
^ "Algemeiner Journal". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "American Jewish World". Retrieved 2016-12-26.
^ "Buffalo Jewish Review". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
^ "Total Circ for US Newspapers". Alliance for Audited Media. March 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.
^ "Jewish Standard". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.
^ "Westchester Jewish life". Retrieved 2018-09-03.
^ "Westchester Jewish Life". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-26.
^ "Archives 2012". www.queensjewishlink.com. Retrieved 2019-05-01. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"}],"text":"A Jewish newspaper is a newspaper which focuses on topics of special interest to Jews, although Jewish newspapers also include articles on topics of a more general interest as well. Political orientations and religious orientations cover a wide range.This list includes dailies, weeklies, and papers of other frequencies. It includes newspapers in Hebrew, Yiddish, and a variety of other languages. It includes defunct as well as active publications.","title":"List of Jewish newspapers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Jewish Post of New York\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/32/1861/4582","url_text":"\"Jewish Post of New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW JERSEY JEWISH NEWS. Date: Thursday March 20, 2014. Circulation: 24,000\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wilfcampus.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Stein-Hospice-Advantage-032014.pdf","url_text":"\"NEW JERSEY JEWISH NEWS. Date: Thursday March 20, 2014. Circulation: 24,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advertiser Information- The Jewish Week Media Group\". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on 2016-04-05. Retrieved 2018-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405222326/http://www.thejewishweek.com/advertise/advertiser_information","url_text":"\"Advertiser Information- The Jewish Week Media Group\""},{"url":"http://www.thejewishweek.com/advertise/advertiser_information","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chizhik-Goldschmidt, Avital (11 August 2015). \"Inside the World of ultra-Orthodox Media: Haredi Journalists Tell It Like It Is\". Haaretz. Retrieved 11 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-features/.premium-1.669916","url_text":"\"Inside the World of ultra-Orthodox Media: Haredi Journalists Tell It Like It Is\""}]},{"reference":"Eric Pace (1998-09-13). \"Rabbi Sender Deutsch, 76, Editor, Publisher Of Der Yid\". Sun-Sentinel.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1998-09-13/news/9809120236_1_brooklyn-satmar-rabbi-hertz-frankel-hasidic-jewish","url_text":"\"Rabbi Sender Deutsch, 76, Editor, Publisher Of Der Yid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun-Sentinel","url_text":"Sun-Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Long Island Jewish World\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/32/1833/25388","url_text":"\"Long Island Jewish World\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"American Israelite\". Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/35/1922/25399","url_text":"\"American Israelite\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Jewish Times\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/10/567/1610","url_text":"\"Atlanta Jewish Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"Yaron Katz (2012). \"Technology Use in the Religious Communities in Israel: Combining Traditional Society and Advanced Communications\". Journal of Religion, Media and Digital Culture. 1 (2). Archived from the original on 2015-04-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150422081621/http://jrmdc.com/papers/technology-use-israel/","url_text":"\"Technology Use in the Religious Communities in Israel: Combining Traditional Society and Advanced Communications\""},{"url":"http://jrmdc.com/papers/technology-use-israel/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/49/2715/25411","url_text":"\"Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Jewish Post\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/43/2372/25407","url_text":"\"Texas Jewish Post\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"Eileen P. Duggan (2012-04-23). \"Jewish Light changing with the times\". Retrieved 2016-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://gatewayjr.org/2012/04/23/jewish-light-changing-with-the-times/","url_text":"\"Jewish Light changing with the times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Jewish Star\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/13/741/25368","url_text":"\"Chicago Jewish Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Jewish News\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/13/741/1901","url_text":"\"Chicago Jewish News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland Jewish News\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/35/1923/15611","url_text":"\"Cleveland Jewish News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Detroit Jewish News\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/22/1210/3056","url_text":"\"Detroit Jewish News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"Beckerman, Gal (January 20, 2010). \"Hold the Presses: Newspapers Are Competing for Orthodox Readers\". The Forward. Retrieved February 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://forward.com/articles/123924/","url_text":"\"Hold the Presses: Newspapers Are Competing for Orthodox Readers\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Exhilaration of Openness\" (PDF). Rochester, New York. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170405072308/http://media.nanawall.com/files/Articles/The%20Exhilaration%20of%20Openness.pdf","url_text":"\"The Exhilaration of Openness\""},{"url":"http://media.nanawall.com/files/Articles/The%20Exhilaration%20of%20Openness.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles\". Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. Retrieved 2016-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=160","url_text":"\"Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Journal Boston North\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/21/1106/2963","url_text":"\"Jewish Journal Boston North\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Circulation Verification Council Audit (Florida Jewish Journal Broward North, Broward South, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach Central, Palm Beach North and Palm Beach South)\". Circulation Verification Council. Retrieved July 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cvcaudit.com/media/index.aspx","url_text":"\"Circulation Verification Council Audit (Florida Jewish Journal Broward North, Broward South, Miami-Dade, Palm Beach Central, Palm Beach North and Palm Beach South)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_Verification_Council","url_text":"Circulation Verification Council"}]},{"reference":"L'chayim. Fort Myers, FL : Jewish Federation of Lee County. 1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/18337726","url_text":"L'chayim"}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/38/2169/7000","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"Jared Shelly (2015-06-03). \"Jewish Exponent Lays Off Editorial Staff\". Philadelphia Magazine. Retrieved 2016-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phillymag.com/business/2015/06/03/jewish-exponent-lays-off-editorial-staff/","url_text":"\"Jewish Exponent Lays Off Editorial Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jewish Advocate circulation holds strong at over 40,000\". The Jewish Advocate. 2015-09-25. Archived from the original on 2016-06-10. Retrieved 2016-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610021107/http://www.thejewishadvocate.com/news/2015-09-25/Top_News/The_Jewish_Advocate_circulation_holds_strong_at_ov.html","url_text":"\"The Jewish Advocate circulation holds strong at over 40,000\""},{"url":"http://www.thejewishadvocate.com/news/2015-09-25/Top_News/The_Jewish_Advocate_circulation_holds_strong_at_ov.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intermountain Jewish News\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/6/402/1233","url_text":"\"Intermountain Jewish News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Marketing Advice for Website Re-Launch\". The Jewish Community Federation and Endowment Fund. Retrieved 2016-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishfed.org/get-involved/opportunities/marketing-advice-website-re-launch","url_text":"\"Marketing Advice for Website Re-Launch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Algemeiner Journal\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/32/1861/25391","url_text":"\"Algemeiner Journal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"American Jewish World\". Retrieved 2016-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/23/1347/25373","url_text":"\"American Jewish World\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buffalo Jewish Review\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/32/1810/25387","url_text":"\"Buffalo Jewish Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Total Circ for US Newspapers\". Alliance for Audited Media. March 31, 2013. Archived from the original on March 6, 2013. Retrieved June 16, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130306175039/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp","url_text":"\"Total Circ for US Newspapers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Audited_Media","url_text":"Alliance for Audited Media"},{"url":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jewish Standard\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/30/5810/25378","url_text":"\"Jewish Standard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Westchester Jewish life\". Retrieved 2018-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn2001062046/","url_text":"\"Westchester Jewish life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Westchester Jewish Life\". Mondo Times. Retrieved 2016-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mondotimes.com/1/world/us/32/1873/25392","url_text":"\"Westchester Jewish Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_Times","url_text":"Mondo Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Archives 2012\". www.queensjewishlink.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades_Corporation | Avocent | ["1 Product range","2 Acquisitions","3 References"] | Avocent CorporationCompany typeSubsidiaryFounded2000; 24 years ago (2000)FateAcquiredHeadquartersHuntsville, Alabama, U.S.ProductsKVM switches, serial consoles, IT infrastructure productsParentVertivWebsitevertiv.com
Avocent Corporation was an information-technology products manufacturer headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. Avocent formed in 2000 from the merger of the world's two largest manufacturers of KVM (keyboard, video and mouse) equipment, Apex and Cybex Computer Products Corporation. As of August 2006, the company employed more than 1,800 people worldwide.
On October 6, 2009, it was announced that Emerson Electric would buy Avocent for $1.2 billion USD. The tender was finalized on December 11, resulting in Avocent becoming part of Emerson Network Power, a division of Emerson Electric. On August 2, 2016, Emerson announced an agreement to sell Network Power to Platinum Equity. Emerson Network Power was rebranded as Vertiv.
Since 2016, Avocent has operated as a subsidiary of Vertiv.
Product range
Avocent focuses on out-of-band infrastructure management within the following fields:
Server management
Power management
Service-processor management
Console-server management
KVM management
IPMI for OEM partners
A wide range of embedded-software
Desktop management
ITIL market
IT service management
Avocent's product development has spanned three eras:
the growth of the analog KVM switch - paralleling the growth of server architecture in the data center
the growth of the digital KVM switch - enabling the remote control of geographically dispersed data-centers
the diversification and “management” phase (revolving around the acquisition of LANDesk (2006) and Touchpaper software (2008) and the capabilities they provide)
Acquisitions
Avocent's history of acquisitions includes:
2001 - Equinox Systems, the makers of various serial communications devices.
2002 - 2C Computing, which focused on PCI-bus extension, suitable to remotely connect office users to datacenter-housed PCs.
2003 - Soronti, Inc., makers of KVM over IP technology.
2004 - Crystal Link Technologies, OSA Technologies, Inc., and Sonic Mobility, Inc.
2006 - Cyclades Corporation and LANDesk Software.
2008 - Touchpaper Software and Ergo 2000, an LCD rack-based console maker.
References
^
"Information for Our Investors". Avocent.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-05.
^ "Emerson Reaches Agreement to Sell Network Power for $4 Billion to Platinum Equity". Retrieved 2017-08-04.
^ "Emerson Network Power Rebrands As Vertiv, Appoints New CEO". Retrieved 2017-08-04.
^ Splashtop Instant-On Desktop from DeviceVM Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
vteEmerson ElectricSubsidiaries
Emerson Network Power
ASCO
Avocent
Branson Ultrasonics
Chloride Group
Liebert
InSinkErator
Ridgid
Former and defunct
GE Automation & Controls
Skil
People
Charles F. Knight
David Farr
John Wesley Emerson
Stuart Symington
This article related to a manufacturing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"KVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVM_switch"},{"link_name":"Emerson Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Electric"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"Emerson Network Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Network_Power"},{"link_name":"Emerson Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Electric"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vertiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiv"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Vertiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertiv"}],"text":"Avocent Corporation was an information-technology products manufacturer headquartered in Huntsville, Alabama. 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The tender was finalized on December 11, resulting in Avocent becoming part of Emerson Network Power, a division of Emerson Electric.[1] On August 2, 2016, Emerson announced an agreement to sell Network Power to Platinum Equity.[2] Emerson Network Power was rebranded as Vertiv.[3]Since 2016, Avocent has operated as a subsidiary of Vertiv.","title":"Avocent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"out-of-band infrastructure management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-band_management"},{"link_name":"Power management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_management"},{"link_name":"Console-server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_server"},{"link_name":"KVM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVM_switch"},{"link_name":"IPMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface"},{"link_name":"OEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer"},{"link_name":"embedded-software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_software"},{"link_name":"Desktop management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_management"},{"link_name":"ITIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL"},{"link_name":"IT service management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_service_management"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"LANDesk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANDesk"}],"text":"Avocent focuses on out-of-band infrastructure management within the following fields:Server management\nPower management\nService-processor management\nConsole-server management\nKVM management\nIPMI for OEM partners\nA wide range of embedded-software\nDesktop management\nITIL market\nIT service managementAvocent's product development has spanned three eras:the growth of the analog KVM switch - paralleling the growth of server architecture in the data center[when?]\nthe growth of the digital KVM switch - enabling the remote control of geographically dispersed data-centers\nthe diversification and “management” phase (revolving around the acquisition of LANDesk (2006) and Touchpaper software (2008) and the capabilities they provide)","title":"Product range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equinox Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equinox_Systems"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cyclades Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades_Corporation"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclades"},{"link_name":"LANDesk Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANDesk"}],"text":"Avocent's history of acquisitions includes:2001 - Equinox Systems, the makers of various serial communications devices.\n2002 - 2C Computing, which focused on PCI-bus extension, suitable to remotely connect office users to datacenter-housed PCs.\n2003 - Soronti, Inc., makers of KVM over IP technology.\n2004 - Crystal Link Technologies, OSA Technologies, Inc.,[4] and Sonic Mobility, Inc.\n2006 - Cyclades Corporation [pt] and LANDesk Software.\n2008 - Touchpaper Software and Ergo 2000, an LCD rack-based console maker.","title":"Acquisitions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Information for Our Investors\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Allen_(country_singer) | Terry Allen (artist) | ["1 Early life","2 Visual artist","3 Music","4 Discography","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | American singer-songwriter
For other similarly named individuals, see Terry Allen.
Terry AllenTerry Allen at the 2010 Texas Book FestivalBackground informationBorn (1943-05-07) May 7, 1943 (age 81)Wichita, KansasGenres
Outlaw country
alt-country
Texas country
Occupation(s)
Singer-songwriter
painter
sculptor
conceptual artist
Instrument(s)
Vocals
piano
guitar
Years active1965–presentMusical artist
Terry Allen in Dallas, 2018
Terry Allen (born May 7, 1943) is an American singer-songwriter and visual artist from Lubbock, Texas. Allen's musical career spans several albums in the Texas country and outlaw country genres, and his visual art includes painting, conceptual art, performance, and sculpture, with a number of notable bronze sculptures installed publicly in various cities throughout the United States. He currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Allen has recorded twelve albums of original songs, including the landmark releases Juarez (1975) and Lubbock (On Everything) (1979). His song "Amarillo Highway" has been covered by Bobby Bare, Sturgill Simpson and Robert Earl Keen. Other artists who have recorded Allen's songs include Guy Clark, Little Feat, David Byrne, Doug Sahm, Ricky Nelson, and Lucinda Williams. Rolling Stone magazine describes his catalog, reaching back to Juarez as "..uniformly eccentric and uncompromising, savage and beautiful, literate and guttural."
Allen also works with a wide variety of media including musical and theatrical performances, sculpture, painting, drawing and video, and installations which incorporate any and all of these media. His work has been shown throughout the United States and internationally.
Early life
He was born in Wichita, Kansas, United States.
Allen's father was Fletcher ("Sled") Allen (August 23, 1886 in West Plains, Missouri – October 16, 1959 in Lubbock, Texas) a catcher in 1910 for the St. Louis Browns, who continued his career as a player-manager in the Texas League.
Allen attended Monterey High School in Lubbock, Texas. His contemporaries at Monterey High School included Butch Hancock, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Joe Ely, Jo Harvey Allen and Jo Carol Pierce. Trained as an architect, he received a B.F.A. from the Chouinard Art Institute in 1966. After briefly teaching at his alma mater (1968-1969) and the University of California, Berkeley (1971), Allen served on the faculty of the California State University, Fresno as a guest lecturer (1971-1973), associate professor (1974-1977) and professor (1978-1979) of art before resigning his appointment to pursue other opportunities. His art has been supported by three National Endowment for the Arts grants and a prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship. His work Trees (the music, literary and third trees) is installed on the campus of the University of California, San Diego as part of the Stuart Collection. His artwork has been featured at the L.A. Louver art gallery in Venice, California.
Visual artist
His works are represented in the collections of many international museums including the New York Museum of Modern Art, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, the San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Espace Lyonnais d'Art Contemporain, Musée Saint-Pierre, Lyon, France, the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Contemporary Austin, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Art Museum of Southeast Texas, and the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art.
Kansas City, Missouri is home to both his controversial public sculpture "Modern Communication" as well as The Belger Collection which features Terry Allen as one of their seven "core artists".
Music
Allen first learned to play piano from his mother, Pauline Pierce Allen, a professional musician. In 1962, while in high school, he wrote his first song, "Red Bird", which he would go on to perform live on Shindig! in 1965, and record for his 1980 album Smokin' the Dummy.
In 1975, Allen released his debut art-country album, Juarez, which is considered "one of the greatest concept albums of all time" according to PopMatters. Rolling Stone later called it an "outlaw classic".
Allen's 1979 follow up was the groundbreaking Lubbock (On Everything). The songwriter's deeply moving and satirical lyrics capture his complex memory of growing up in his hometown of Lubbock. According to AllMusic, Lubbock (On Everything) is "one of the finest country albums of all time" and a progenitor of the alt-country movement. One of the songs, "New Delhi Freight Train", was first recorded by Little Feat and appears on their 1977 album Time Loves a Hero. Guy Clark said of the song, "It's such an interesting piece of work. It’s really fun to play. The music, it’s really nice. But it's the juxtaposition of the song."
In 1980, Allen released Smokin' the Dummy, recorded with the Panhandle Mystery Band.
His 1983 album Bloodlines includes one of his better-known songs, "Gimme a Ride to Heaven Boy", the tale of a driver who picks up a hitchhiker on the road one night who claims to be Jesus Christ.
In 1986, Allen collaborated with director David Byrne on the soundtrack for the film True Stories.
Over the following decade (1985-1995), Allen released a series of albums with avant-garde elements, as companions to visual art, theatrical and musical projects – Pedal Steal, Amerasia and Chippy (the latter also the soundtrack of a stage play in collaboration with Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, Robert Earl Keen and Wayne Hancock).
In 1996, he released the country album Human Remains, which features guests including David Byrne, Joe Ely, Charlie and Will Sexton and Lucinda Williams.
In 2007, Allen appeared on the track "Ghost of Travelin' Jones" on Ryan Bingham's album Mescalito.
Allen's 2013 album Bottom of the World features "Queenie's Song", inspired by the death of his dog and co-written with Guy Clark.
Discography
Juarez (1975)
Lubbock (On Everything) (1979)
Smokin' the Dummy (1980)
Bloodlines (1983)
Pedal Steal (1985)
Amerasia (1987)
Silent Majority (Terry Allen's Greatest Missed Hits) (1992)
Chippy (1995)
Human Remains (1996)
Salivation (1999)
Live at Al's Grand Hotel. Recorded May 7, 1971 (2012)
Bottom of the World (2013)
Pedal Steal + Four Corners (2019)
Just Like Moby Dick (2020)
References
^ a b c Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Country Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 0-85112-726-6.
^ "Biography of Terry Allen / Artist / Songwriter". Terryallenartmusic.com. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
^ "TERRY ALLEN". Paradise of Bachelors. 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
^ "Terry Allen / Artist / Songwriter". Terryallenartmusic.com. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
^ "Sled Allen Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-10-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b "Terry Allen Biography" (PDF). LA Louver. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
^ "The Stuart Collection". Stuartcollection.ucsd.edu. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
^ "Controversial statue finds new home near police headquarters | the Kansas City Star the Kansas City Star". www.kansascity.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
^ "Belger Arts - KC,MO". Belgearts.org. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
^ "Modern Day Renaissance Man Terry Allen's "Tables and Angels" at the Belger". Kcur.org. 7 July 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2021.
^ "Tale of a Tale Spinner". Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "Terry Allen: Crossing The Horizon". TJ Music Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "Terry Allen (from LoneStarMusic Magazine, Jan/Feb 2013)". SkanseLand: The Richard Skanse Archives. 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "Terry Allen: Juarez". PopMatters. 2004-04-20. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "Terry Allen Resurrects Iconic Concept Album 'Juarez'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "Lubbock (On Everything) - Terry Allen | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "New Delhi Freight Train - Little Feat | Song Info | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
^ "Terry Allen: Crossing The Horizon". TJ Music Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-27.
^ "Terry Allen inhabits his art". statesman. Retrieved 2018-05-30.
^ "Sugar Hill Records - The Best in Roots Music". 2007-05-26. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Further reading
Robert Faires, "Tale of a Tale spinner:How a ballplayer, a piano player, beatnik poetry, and Lubbock shaped Terry Allen as an epic storyteller", Austin Chronicle, December 19, 2003.
Jason Gross, "Terry Allen Interview", Perfect Sound Forever, May 1998.
Chris Oglesby, Chris Oglesby Interviews Terry Allen above the Caravan of Dreams, Ft. Worth, virtualblock, March 26, 1998.
External links
Terry Allen's website.
Booking and tour information (music) from Davis McLarty Agency, Austin, Texas.
Art exhibitions and sales from Gallery Paule Anglim, San Francisco, California.
Dugout, a multimedia, multi-venue art exhibition and theatre program in Los Angeles. February – May 2004.
Terry Allen's bio page at LA Louver gallery.
Oral history interview with Terry Allen, 1998 Apr. 22 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art.
Authority control databases International
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terry Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Allen_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TerryAllenDallas2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinCountry-1"},{"link_name":"Lubbock, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_country_music"},{"link_name":"outlaw country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_country"},{"link_name":"conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lubbock (On Everything)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_(On_Everything)"},{"link_name":"Bobby Bare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Bare"},{"link_name":"Sturgill Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturgill_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Robert Earl Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Earl_Keen"},{"link_name":"Guy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Clark"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"David Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byrne"},{"link_name":"Doug Sahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Sahm"},{"link_name":"Ricky Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Lucinda Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda_Williams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other similarly named individuals, see Terry Allen.Musical artistTerry Allen in Dallas, 2018Terry Allen (born May 7, 1943)[1] is an American singer-songwriter and visual artist from Lubbock, Texas. Allen's musical career spans several albums in the Texas country and outlaw country genres, and his visual art includes painting, conceptual art, performance, and sculpture, with a number of notable bronze sculptures installed publicly in various cities throughout the United States. He currently lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico.Allen has recorded twelve albums of original songs, including the landmark releases Juarez (1975) and Lubbock (On Everything) (1979). His song \"Amarillo Highway\" has been covered by Bobby Bare, Sturgill Simpson and Robert Earl Keen. Other artists who have recorded Allen's songs include Guy Clark, Little Feat, David Byrne, Doug Sahm, Ricky Nelson, and Lucinda Williams.[2] Rolling Stone magazine describes his catalog, reaching back to Juarez as \"..uniformly eccentric and uncompromising, savage and beautiful, literate and guttural.\"[3]Allen also works with a wide variety of media including musical and theatrical performances, sculpture, painting, drawing and video, and installations which incorporate any and all of these media. His work has been shown throughout the United States and internationally.[4]","title":"Terry Allen (artist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wichita, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinCountry-1"},{"link_name":"Fletcher (\"Sled\") Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sled_Allen"},{"link_name":"West Plains, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Plains,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Monterey High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_High_School_(Lubbock)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lubbock, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Butch Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Dale Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Dale_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Joe Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ely"},{"link_name":"Jo Harvey Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Harvey_Allen"},{"link_name":"Jo Carol Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Carol_Pierce"},{"link_name":"B.F.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Chouinard Art Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouinard_Art_Institute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lal-7"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"California State University, Fresno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Fresno"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lal-7"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of California, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Stuart Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Collection"},{"link_name":"L.A. Louver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A._Louver"},{"link_name":"Venice, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_California"}],"text":"He was born in Wichita, Kansas, United States.[1]\nAllen's father was Fletcher (\"Sled\") Allen (August 23, 1886 in West Plains, Missouri – October 16, 1959 in Lubbock, Texas) a catcher in 1910 for the St. Louis Browns, who continued his career as a player-manager in the Texas League.[5]Allen attended Monterey High School[6] in Lubbock, Texas. His contemporaries at Monterey High School included Butch Hancock, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Joe Ely, Jo Harvey Allen and Jo Carol Pierce. Trained as an architect, he received a B.F.A. from the Chouinard Art Institute in 1966.[7] After briefly teaching at his alma mater (1968-1969) and the University of California, Berkeley (1971), Allen served on the faculty of the California State University, Fresno as a guest lecturer (1971-1973), associate professor (1974-1977) and professor (1978-1979) of art before resigning his appointment to pursue other opportunities.[7] His art has been supported by three National Endowment for the Arts grants and a prestigious Guggenheim Fellowship. His work Trees[8] (the music, literary and third trees) is installed on the campus of the University of California, San Diego as part of the Stuart Collection. His artwork has been featured at the L.A. Louver art gallery in Venice, California.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Detroit Institute of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson-Atkins_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Kansas City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"New York Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Espace Lyonnais d'Art Contemporain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espace_Lyonnais_d%27Art_Contemporain"},{"link_name":"Musée Saint-Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Pierre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lyon, France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon,_France"},{"link_name":"Houston Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"The Contemporary Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Contemporary_Austin"},{"link_name":"Dallas Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Art Museum of Southeast Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Museum_of_Southeast_Texas"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"His works are represented in the collections of many international museums including the New York Museum of Modern Art, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City, the San Diego Museum of Contemporary Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Espace Lyonnais d'Art Contemporain, Musée Saint-Pierre, Lyon, France, the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, The Contemporary Austin, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Art Museum of Southeast Texas, and the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art.Kansas City, Missouri is home to both his controversial public sculpture \"Modern Communication\"[9] as well as The Belger Collection[10][11] which features Terry Allen as one of their seven \"core artists\".","title":"Visual artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shindig!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shindig!"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Smokin' the Dummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokin%27_the_Dummy/Bloodlines"},{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(album)"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"outlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw_country"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lubbock (On Everything)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_(On_Everything)"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"alt-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-country"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"Time Loves a Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Loves_a_Hero"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Guy Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Clark"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Smokin' the Dummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokin%27_the_Dummy/Bloodlines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinCountry-1"},{"link_name":"Bloodlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodlines_(Terry_Allen_album)"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"David Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byrne"},{"link_name":"True Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Stories_(film)"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Pedal Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_Steal"},{"link_name":"Amerasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerasia"},{"link_name":"Chippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippy_(album)"},{"link_name":"Joe Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ely"},{"link_name":"Butch Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Robert Earl Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Earl_Keen"},{"link_name":"Wayne Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Human Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Remains_(Terry_Allen_album)"},{"link_name":"David Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byrne_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Joe Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ely"},{"link_name":"Charlie and Will Sexton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sexton"},{"link_name":"Lucinda Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucinda_Williams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Mescalito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mescalito_(album)"}],"text":"Allen first learned to play piano from his mother, Pauline Pierce Allen, a professional musician.[12] In 1962, while in high school, he wrote his first song, \"Red Bird\",[13] which he would go on to perform live on Shindig! in 1965,[14] and record for his 1980 album Smokin' the Dummy.In 1975, Allen released his debut art-country album, Juarez, which is considered \"one of the greatest concept albums of all time\" according to PopMatters.[15] Rolling Stone later called it an \"outlaw classic\".[16]Allen's 1979 follow up was the groundbreaking Lubbock (On Everything). The songwriter's deeply moving and satirical lyrics capture his complex memory of growing up in his hometown of Lubbock. According to AllMusic, Lubbock (On Everything) is \"one of the finest country albums of all time\" and a progenitor of the alt-country movement.[17] One of the songs, \"New Delhi Freight Train\", was first recorded by Little Feat and appears on their 1977 album Time Loves a Hero.[18] Guy Clark said of the song, \"It's such an interesting piece of work. It’s really fun to play. The music, it’s really nice. But it's the juxtaposition of the song.\"[19]In 1980, Allen released Smokin' the Dummy, recorded with the Panhandle Mystery Band.[1]His 1983 album Bloodlines includes one of his better-known songs, \"Gimme a Ride to Heaven Boy\", the tale of a driver who picks up a hitchhiker on the road one night who claims to be Jesus Christ.[20]In 1986, Allen collaborated with director David Byrne on the soundtrack for the film True Stories.Over the following decade (1985-1995), Allen released a series of albums with avant-garde elements, as companions to visual art, theatrical and musical projects – Pedal Steal, Amerasia and Chippy (the latter also the soundtrack of a stage play in collaboration with Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, Robert Earl Keen and Wayne Hancock).In 1996, he released the country album Human Remains, which features guests including David Byrne, Joe Ely, Charlie and Will Sexton and Lucinda Williams.[21]In 2007, Allen appeared on the track \"Ghost of Travelin' Jones\" on Ryan Bingham's album Mescalito.Allen's 2013 album Bottom of the World features \"Queenie's Song\", inspired by the death of his dog and co-written with Guy Clark.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juarez_(album)"},{"link_name":"Lubbock (On Everything)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_(On_Everything)"},{"link_name":"Smokin' the Dummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokin%27_the_Dummy/Bloodlines"},{"link_name":"Bloodlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokin%27_the_Dummy/Bloodlines"},{"link_name":"Pedal Steal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_Steal"},{"link_name":"Amerasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerasia_(album)"},{"link_name":"Silent Majority (Terry Allen's Greatest Missed Hits)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Majority_(Terry_Allen%27s_Greatest_Missed_Hits)"},{"link_name":"Chippy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippy_(album)"},{"link_name":"Human Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Remains_(Terry_Allen_album)"},{"link_name":"Salivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivation_(album)"}],"text":"Juarez (1975)\nLubbock (On Everything) (1979)\nSmokin' the Dummy (1980)\nBloodlines (1983)\nPedal Steal (1985)\nAmerasia (1987)\nSilent Majority (Terry Allen's Greatest Missed Hits) (1992)\nChippy (1995)\nHuman Remains (1996)\nSalivation (1999)\nLive at Al's Grand Hotel. Recorded May 7, 1971 (2012)\nBottom of the World (2013)\nPedal Steal + Four Corners (2019)\nJust Like Moby Dick (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Tale of a Tale spinner:How a ballplayer, a piano player, beatnik poetry, and Lubbock shaped Terry Allen as an epic storyteller\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austinchronicle.com/arts/2003-12-19/190619/"},{"link_name":"Austin Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"\"Terry Allen Interview\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070205103846/http://www.furious.com/perfect/terryallen.html"},{"link_name":"Chris Oglesby Interviews Terry Allen above the Caravan of Dreams, Ft. Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.virtualubbock.com/intTerryAllen.html"}],"text":"Robert Faires, \"Tale of a Tale spinner:How a ballplayer, a piano player, beatnik poetry, and Lubbock shaped Terry Allen as an epic storyteller\", Austin Chronicle, December 19, 2003.\nJason Gross, \"Terry Allen Interview\", Perfect Sound Forever, May 1998.\nChris Oglesby, Chris Oglesby Interviews Terry Allen above the Caravan of Dreams, Ft. Worth, virtualblock, March 26, 1998.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Terry Allen in Dallas, 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TerryAllenDallas2018.jpg/220px-TerryAllenDallas2018.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1993). The Guinness Who's Who of Country Music (First ed.). Guinness Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 0-85112-726-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Guinness Who's Who of Country Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Publishing","url_text":"Guinness Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-726-6","url_text":"0-85112-726-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Terry Allen / Artist / Songwriter\". Terryallenartmusic.com. Retrieved 2018-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terryallenartmusic.com/biography.php","url_text":"\"Biography of Terry Allen / Artist / Songwriter\""}]},{"reference":"\"TERRY ALLEN\". Paradise of Bachelors. 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2018-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paradiseofbachelors.com/terry-allen/","url_text":"\"TERRY ALLEN\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen / Artist / Songwriter\". Terryallenartmusic.com. Retrieved 2018-05-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.terryallenartmusic.com/","url_text":"\"Terry Allen / Artist / Songwriter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sled Allen Stats\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/a/allensl01.shtml","url_text":"\"Sled Allen Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2009-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027065511/http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Parthenon/6865/allen1.html","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/athens/parthenon/6865/allen1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen Biography\" (PDF). LA Louver. Retrieved November 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lalouver.com/html/gallery-history-images/artist-biographies/terry-allen_biography.pdf","url_text":"\"Terry Allen Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stuart Collection\". Stuartcollection.ucsd.edu. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://stuartcollection.ucsd.edu/StuartCollection/Allen.htm","url_text":"\"The Stuart Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Controversial statue finds new home near police headquarters | the Kansas City Star the Kansas City Star\". www.kansascity.com. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150122040754/http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article300352/Controversial-statue-finds-new-home-near-police-headquarters.html","url_text":"\"Controversial statue finds new home near police headquarters | the Kansas City Star the Kansas City Star\""},{"url":"http://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article300352/Controversial-statue-finds-new-home-near-police-headquarters.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Belger Arts - KC,MO\". Belgearts.org. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://belgerarts.org/","url_text":"\"Belger Arts - KC,MO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Modern Day Renaissance Man Terry Allen's \"Tables and Angels\" at the Belger\". Kcur.org. 7 July 2010. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcur.org/2010-07-07/modern-day-renaissance-man-terry-allens-tables-and-angels-at-the-belger","url_text":"\"Modern Day Renaissance Man Terry Allen's \"Tables and Angels\" at the Belger\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tale of a Tale Spinner\". Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austinchronicle.com/arts/2003-12-19/190619/","url_text":"\"Tale of a Tale Spinner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen: Crossing The Horizon\". TJ Music Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://turnstyledjunkpiled.com/2017/06/12/terry-allen-crossing-the-horizon/","url_text":"\"Terry Allen: Crossing The Horizon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen (from LoneStarMusic Magazine, Jan/Feb 2013)\". SkanseLand: The Richard Skanse Archives. 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://richardskanse.wordpress.com/2014/02/17/terry-allen-from-lonestarmusic-janfeb-2013/","url_text":"\"Terry Allen (from LoneStarMusic Magazine, Jan/Feb 2013)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen: Juarez\". PopMatters. 2004-04-20. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/allenterry-juarez-2495828243.html","url_text":"\"Terry Allen: Juarez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen Resurrects Iconic Concept Album 'Juarez'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/premieres/terry-allen-resurrects-iconic-concept-album-juarez-20160516","url_text":"\"Terry Allen Resurrects Iconic Concept Album 'Juarez'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lubbock (On Everything) - Terry Allen | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/lubbock-on-everything-mw0000678475","url_text":"\"Lubbock (On Everything) - Terry Allen | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Delhi Freight Train - Little Feat | Song Info | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-05-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/new-delhi-freight-train-mt0011934166","url_text":"\"New Delhi Freight Train - Little Feat | Song Info | AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen: Crossing The Horizon\". TJ Music Magazine. Retrieved 2018-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://turnstyledjunkpiled.com/2017/06/12/terry-allen-crossing-the-horizon/","url_text":"\"Terry Allen: Crossing The Horizon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Terry Allen inhabits his art\". statesman. Retrieved 2018-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statesman.com/entertainment/music/terry-allen-inhabits-his-art/v4TW9Xh0sH8OTalBMh8FKM/","url_text":"\"Terry Allen inhabits his art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sugar Hill Records - The Best in Roots Music\". 2007-05-26. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Forbes_Brown | Horatio Brown | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Works","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"] | Scottish historian
1907 autograph
Horatio Robert Forbes Brown (16 February 1854 – 19 August 1926) was a Scottish historian who specialized in the history of Venice and Italy.
Born in Nice, he grew up in Midlothian, Scotland, was educated in England at Clifton College and Oxford, and spent most of his life in Venice, publishing several books about the city. He also wrote for the Cambridge Modern History, was the biographer of John Addington Symonds, and was a poet and alpinist.
Early life
Born at Nice (then part of the kingdom of Sardinia) on 16 February 1854, Brown was the son of Hugh Horatio Brown, an advocate, of New Hall House, Carlops, who was a Deputy Lieutenant for Midlothian, and of Gulielmina Forbes, the sixth daughter of Colonel Ranaldson MacDonnell of Glengarry and Clanranald (1773–1828). The marriage was in 1853, and his mother was a good deal younger than his father, who died on 17 October 1866, at the age of 66.
Brown's maternal grandfather, Ranaldson MacDonnell, of Invergarry Castle on Loch Oich in Inverness, Chief of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, had been one of Walter Scott's closest friends.
His other grandfather was Robert Brown, Esq. (died 1834), of New Hall, Carlops, a large country house about twelve miles from the centre of Edinburgh, mostly dating from the 18th century but incorporating parts of a medieval castle. Enlargements to the house in 1785 were designed by Robert Brown, who later wrote a play called Mary's Bower and a book of Comic Poems in Scots. He was a lover of art, commissioning new work by Henry Raeburn, Andrew Geddes and John Watson Gordon.
Hugh and Gulielmina Brown had three sons, Horatio, Allan, and Chadwick, who were sent to Clifton College in 1864. After their father's death, Mrs. Brown moved to Bristol to be near her sons. At Clifton, Horatio was befriended by a young schoolmaster, John Addington Symonds, who lectured on the Greek poets and became an important influence on his life. From there, he went up to New College, Oxford, in 1873, in 1877 gaining second class honours in Greats, although he did not take his degree.
Brown spoke Italian, French, and German well and was also strong in classical Greek, while a contemporary later described him as "a fair-haired, breezy out-of-doors person with a crisp Highland-Scottish speech".
Career
In 1877, the Brown family found itself in a bad financial position. Allan Brown emigrated to New South Wales, and a tenant was found for the family home in Midlothian, Newhall House. In 1879, Brown and his mother decided to live in Italy. They went first to Florence, where Gulielmina Brown's Forbes aunts lived, and then settled at Venice, taking an apartment in the Palazzo Balbi Valier on the Grand Canal.
In Venice, Brown met the archaeologist Giacomo Boni, who became his colleague in a common passion for the antiquities of Venice and of Italy. Brown became a leading figure in the English-speaking community, churchwarden of St George's Church in campo San Vio, president of the city's Cosmopolitan Hospital, and honorary treasurer of the Sailors' Institute. He also befriended local gondoliers and fishermen, helping them in their battles, gaining the material for a book of local colour, Life on the Lagoons, which appeared in 1884. The ailing Robert Louis Stevenson (whom Brown had met in 1881 at Symonds's house at Davos, Switzerland) read it and wrote the poem "To H. F. Brown" to celebrate "your spirited and happy book".
Symonds joined his friend Brown for holidays in Venice, when they liked to drift through the lagoons in Brown's sandolo, called Fisole, which had orange sails decorated with a fleur-de-lis, or to play tre sette or bocce.
In 1885, the Browns bought a tall, narrow, tenement building on the Zattere looking down the Giudecca Canal and reconstructed it as a house called Cà Torresella. Brown's close friend Antonio Salin, a gondolier, also lived in the house with his wife and family.
In 1889, Brown took a job. The late Rawdon Brown (no relation) had been working for the British government's Public Record Office on Venetian state papers in the Frari, concentrating on the reports of Venetian ambassadors at the Court of St James's. He died in 1883, and at first George Cavendish-Bentinck as Rawdon Brown's executor completed some of the unfinished work, but in 1889 the task of taking it further was given to Horatio Brown. From 1889 to 1905 he spent his mornings producing calendars covering the years from 1581 to 1613. In the afternoons he would go out and about with his gondolier, Salin. Brown's name as an historian was made by the five volumes of Calendar of State Papers (Venetian) which he published between 1895 and 1905.
The receptions he gave at home on Mondays were described by Frederick Rolfe, known as Baron Corvo.
An alpinist, Brown climbed peaks in Switzerland, the Carnic Alps and the Tyrol, and was a member of the Alpine Club of Venice.
He published Venetian Studies (1887), a historical miscellany, followed by a more comprehensive history, Venice, an Historical Sketch (1893), later abbreviated as The Venetian Republic (1902), and his The Venetian Printing Press (1891) came out of unpublished material he found in his researches at the Frari.
Lord Ronald Gower stayed with Brown in Venice in the 1890s and noted in his diary: "Every morning Horatio Brown goes to his work at the Archives, and I go a-sight-seeing." Brown spent part of the summer of 1895 staying with Gower in London, when they visited picture galleries together. In 1899, his portrait was painted by Henry Scott Tuke.
Brown's friend Symonds appointed him his literary executor, so that in 1893 when Symonds died Brown received all his private papers. He went on to publish John Addington Symonds, a Biography (1895), followed in 1923 by Letters and Papers of John Addington Symonds. In both, he suppressed almost all of Symonds's homosexuality, and in Brown's own Will he left orders for the destruction of the papers, apart from Symonds's autobiography, and that was not to be published for at least fifty years. In 1923, an equally discreet obituary of Frederick Rolfe was printed in the London Mercury, and Brown commented with sympathy: 'If it was necessary to modify concerning Rolfe – a freelance with no ties – imagine what I was forced to do in my John Addington Symonds books, with his daughters and their husbands insisting on seeing the MS before it was printed!"
Brown and Symonds admired the friar Paolo Sarpi and his maxim "I never tell a lie, but I do not tell the whole truth to everyone". In 1895, Brown gave the Taylorian Lecture in Oxford on Sarpi.
In 1901, Brown's brother Allan died in Australia. After the discovery of the Lacus Curtius in the Roman Forum in 1903, Brown was invited to go to Rome to pour a libation.
Studies in the History of Venice (1907) was Brown's most significant work. He also wrote two chapters of the Cambridge Modern History, and in the early 1920s a chapter of the Cambridge Medieval History. The University of Edinburgh gave him the honorary degree of doctor of law, the British Academy a gold medal, and the king of Italy honoured him with the rank of cavaliere.
Brown published some homoerotic poems in his collection Drift (1900), but was hostile to the Uranian writers in the circle of Edward Carpenter, and because of his suppression of the truth about Symonds they saw him as a hindrance to homosexual emancipation.
His mother died in 1909, and Brown began to spend the summers in Midlothian, staying at the inn of Penicuik or with his friend Lord Rosebery, a former prime minister. During the Great War he stayed in Venice, and when the Austrians seemed likely to capture the city he moved to Florence, then home to Scotland, where he lived between the New club in Edinburgh and his home village of Carlops. After the war he went back to Venice, but his eyesight was getting poor, his income was lower, and he sold most of his Venetian house, keeping an apartment. In March 1925 he had a heart attack, but recovered. A final book, Dalmatia, appeared in 1925, copiously illustrated by Walter Tyndale.
Brown had now sold the Newhall estate, and he died of heart failure on 19 August 1926 aged 72 at Belluno, where he had gone to escape the summer heat. He was cremated on San Michele, earlier the final resting place of his friend Symonds. His estate at death was £6,117, a substantial sum.
Brown's friend and fellow-historian Frederick York Powell described him as "Horatio Brown, the Venetian historian, a real good sort, cheery, broad-faced, shock-headed, tumble-dressed", while after his death The Cornhill Magazine called him a "Scotch laird, with his ruddy countenance, muscular limbs, and sturdy frame".
Works
Life on the Lagoons (London: 1884; 5th edition by Rivingtons, 1909
Venetian studies (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & co., 1887)
The Venetian printing press, 1469–1800 (London: John Nimmo, 1891)
Venice: an historical sketch of the Republic (London: Rivington Percival, 1893; 2nd edition, 1895), 434 pp.
Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591, 1895
Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1592–1603, 1897
Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1603–1607, 1900
Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1607–1610, 1904
Calendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1610–1613, 1905
John Addington Symonds: a Biography (1895)
Drift: verses (London: G. Richards, 1900)
Temple Primer: The Venetian Republic (London: R. Clay & sons, 1902)
Venice, chapter 8 of Cambridge Modern History vol. I The Renaissance (1902)
Bracciano, Viterbo, Toscanella (1904)
In and Around Venice (1905)
The Valtelline (1603–39), chapter 2 of Cambridge Modern History vol. IV The Thirty Years War (1906)
Pensieri persi, in Die Festschrift des Herren Prälat Schneider (1906)
Molmenti's Venice, translation of vols. 1, 2, 3 and 4 (1907)
Studies in the history of Venice (London: John Murray, 1907)
Introduction to The Poems of T. E. Brown (Golden Treasury series, 1908
Molmenti's Venice, translation of vols. 5 and 6 (1908)
Letters and Papers of John Addington Symonds (1923)
Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 4, chapter 8 (1923)
Dalmatia: painted by Walter Tyndale, described by Horatio F. Brown (London: A. & C. Black, 1925)
Honours
Cavaliere of the Kingdom of Italy
Honorary degree of Doctor of law (LL.D.), University of Edinburgh, 1900
Member of the Ateneo Veneto
Gold medal of the British Academy
Taylorian Lecturer, 1895
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32111. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Legal Obituary". The Law Times. Vol. 42. Office of The Law times. 3 November 1866. p. 17.
^ a b c d e Addison, H.R.; Oakes, C.H.; Lawson, W.J.; Sladen, D.B.W. (1906). "Brown, Horatio". Who's who. Vol. 58. A. & C. Black.
^ a b Sylvanus Urban, ed. (1866). The Gentleman's Magazine. Vol. 122. Bradbury, Evans, and Co. p. 707.
^ Olcott, Charles Sumner (1913). The Country of Sir Walter Scott. Houghton Mifflin. p. 123.
^ "Newhall House". Canmore. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
^ Brown, Robert (1811). Mary's Bower, or, the Castle on the Glen. Edinburgh: John Moir Royal Bank Close.
^ Brown, Horatio F. (1919). "Newhall on the North Esk, with Its Artistic and Literary Associations". The Scottish Historical Review. 16 (63): 177–190. JSTOR 25519152. Robert Brown was naturally intimate with most of the artists of the day; Steel made a bust of him, Raeburn painted his portrait, and Geddes a large family group of Robert Brown, his wife, Elizabeth Ker, and their son Hugh all in a Pentland landscape. ... Watson-Gordon painted a portrait of Mrs. Brown and also a series of six large canvases to illustrate Robert Brown's drama of Mary's Bower
^ J. A. O. Muirhead, ed., hdl=2027/mdp.39015074169684 Clifton College register, 1862 to 1947 (Bristol: J. W. Arrowsmith for Old Cliftonian Society, April 1948) p. 8
^ a b c Pullan, Brian (1993). "Horatio Brown, John Addington Symonds and the History of Venice". In John Rigby Hale; David Chambers; Cecil H. Clough; Michael Mallett (eds.). War, Culture and Society in Renaissance Venice: Essays in Honour of John Hale. A&C Black. pp. 219–221. ISBN 978-1-85285-090-6.
^ a b Consolato, Sandro (2006). "Giacomo Boni larcheologovate della Terza Roma". In De Turris, Gianfranco (ed.). Esoterismo e fascismo: storia, interpretazioni, documenti (in Italian). Edizioni Mediterranee. p. 183. ISBN 978-88-272-1831-0.
^ Stevenson, Robert Louis (2008). The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, to His Family and Friends. Vol. 1. Read Books. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4437-1167-8.
^ James, WP (1907). "Changing Skies and the Delectable Mountain". In Littell, Eliakim; Littell, Robert S (eds.). The Living Age. Vol. 255. p. 536. hdl:2027/coo.31924057460135.
^ Grosskurth, Phyllis (1975). John Addington Symonds: A Biography. Arno Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-405-07356-4. These lazy, dream-like holidays were shared with Horatio Brown, who had become a regular 'Inglese venezianato'... scenes are described by Brown in Life on the Lagoons (1884)
^ Rolfe, Frederick (1934). The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole: A Romance of Modern Venice. Cassell, limited.
^ Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower (1902). Old Diaries, 1881–1901. John Murray. pp. 233, 240, 249.
^ Brown, HRF (1900). "Paolo Sarpi". Studies in European literature, being the Taylorian lectures 1889–1899. Clarendon Press. pp. 209–252. OCLC 3737642.
^ a b Brown, Horatio Forbes (1925). Dalmatia: Painted by Walter Tyndale. A. & C. Black.
^ Powell, Frederick York (1906). Elton, Oliver (ed.). Frederick York Powell: A Life and a Selection from His Letters and Occasional Writings. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press. p. 148.
^ Smith, George (1936). The Cornhill Magazine. Vol. 153. Smith, Elder. p. 5.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes, (16 Feb. 1854–19 Aug. 1926)". Who Was Who 1916–1928. Black. 1992. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194031. ISBN 978-0-7136-3143-2.
^ Horatio Forbes Brown (1895). Venice: An Historical Sketch of the Republic. Rívington, Percival.
^ "University intelligence". The Times. No. 36080. London. 3 March 1900. p. 8.
External links
Wikisource has original works by or about:Horatio Brown
Works by Horatio Brown at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Horatio Brown at Internet Archive
Horatio F. Brown, Life on the Lagoons (3rd edition, 1900) – full text online at ebooksread.com
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SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autograph_Collection_-_Brown,_Horatio_Robert_Forbes_-_DPLA_-_7e3f1baadb5b8244c80248bec0660f9b.jpg"},{"link_name":"history of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice#History"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Clifton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Modern_History"},{"link_name":"John Addington Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds"},{"link_name":"alpinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinism"}],"text":"1907 autographHoratio Robert Forbes Brown (16 February 1854 – 19 August 1926) was a Scottish historian who specialized in the history of Venice and Italy.Born in Nice, he grew up in Midlothian, Scotland, was educated in England at Clifton College and Oxford, and spent most of his life in Venice, publishing several books about the city. He also wrote for the Cambridge Modern History, was the biographer of John Addington Symonds, and was a poet and alpinist.","title":"Horatio Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Carlops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlops"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian"},{"link_name":"Colonel Ranaldson MacDonnell of Glengarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ranaldson_MacDonell_of_Glengarry"},{"link_name":"Clanranald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanranald"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gent-4"},{"link_name":"Invergarry Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergarry_Castle"},{"link_name":"Loch Oich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Oich"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"Clan MacDonell of Glengarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacDonell_of_Glengarry"},{"link_name":"Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Esq.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gent-4"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Henry Raeburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Raeburn"},{"link_name":"Andrew Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Geddes_(artist)"},{"link_name":"John Watson Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson_Gordon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Clifton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton_College"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"schoolmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolmaster"},{"link_name":"John Addington Symonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Addington_Symonds"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Greek"},{"link_name":"New College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"second class honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_class_honours"},{"link_name":"Greats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literae_Humaniores"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"}],"text":"Born at Nice (then part of the kingdom of Sardinia) on 16 February 1854, Brown was the son of Hugh Horatio Brown, an advocate, of New Hall House, Carlops, who was a Deputy Lieutenant for Midlothian, and of Gulielmina Forbes, the sixth daughter of Colonel Ranaldson MacDonnell of Glengarry and Clanranald (1773–1828).[1] The marriage was in 1853, and his mother was a good deal younger than his father, who died on 17 October 1866, at the age of 66.[2][3][4]Brown's maternal grandfather, Ranaldson MacDonnell, of Invergarry Castle on Loch Oich in Inverness, Chief of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, had been one of Walter Scott's closest friends.[5]His other grandfather was Robert Brown, Esq. (died 1834), of New Hall, Carlops,[4] a large country house about twelve miles from the centre of Edinburgh, mostly dating from the 18th century but incorporating parts of a medieval castle. Enlargements to the house in 1785 were designed by Robert Brown,[6] who later wrote a play called Mary's Bower[7] and a book of Comic Poems in Scots. He was a lover of art, commissioning new work by Henry Raeburn, Andrew Geddes and John Watson Gordon.[8]Hugh and Gulielmina Brown had three sons, Horatio, Allan, and Chadwick, who were sent to Clifton College in 1864.[9] After their father's death, Mrs. Brown moved to Bristol to be near her sons. At Clifton, Horatio was befriended by a young schoolmaster, John Addington Symonds, who lectured on the Greek poets and became an important influence on his life. From there, he went up to New College, Oxford, in 1873, in 1877 gaining second class honours in Greats, although he did not take his degree.[1][3][10]Brown spoke Italian, French, and German well and was also strong in classical Greek, while a contemporary later described him as \"a fair-haired, breezy out-of-doors person with a crisp Highland-Scottish speech\".[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Grand Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"archaeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologist"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consolato-11"},{"link_name":"churchwarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchwarden"},{"link_name":"St George's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Venice"},{"link_name":"Life on the Lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_the_Lagoons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Davos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"To H. F. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/To_H._F._Brown_(Stevenson)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"sandolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandolo"},{"link_name":"fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"tre sette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tressette"},{"link_name":"bocce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocce"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"tenement building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenement_building"},{"link_name":"gondolier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolier"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Rawdon Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawdon_Brown"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Public Record Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Record_Office"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"state papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_papers"},{"link_name":"Frari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frari"},{"link_name":"Court of St James's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_St._James%27s"},{"link_name":"George Cavendish-Bentinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cavendish-Bentinck"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick Rolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Rolfe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"alpinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinism"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Carnic Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnic_Alps"},{"link_name":"Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Alpine Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Lord Ronald Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Ronald_Gower"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"Henry Scott Tuke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Scott_Tuke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"literary executor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_executor"},{"link_name":"Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"London Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Mercury"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war-10"},{"link_name":"Paolo Sarpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi"},{"link_name":"maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-war-10"},{"link_name":"Taylorian Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorian_Lecture"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Lacus Curtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacus_Curtius"},{"link_name":"Roman Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Forum"},{"link_name":"libation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consolato-11"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Modern_History"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Medieval History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Medieval_History"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"doctor of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_law"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"cavaliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_orders_of_knighthood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"homoerotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeroticism"},{"link_name":"Uranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranianism"},{"link_name":"Edward Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"Penicuik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicuik"},{"link_name":"Lord Rosebery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Great War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"New club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Club,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Carlops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlops"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Walter Tyndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Tyndale"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalmatia-18"},{"link_name":"Belluno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belluno"},{"link_name":"cremated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation"},{"link_name":"San Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_di_San_Michele"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Frederick York Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_York_Powell"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Cornhill Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cornhill_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 1877, the Brown family found itself in a bad financial position. Allan Brown emigrated to New South Wales, and a tenant was found for the family home in Midlothian, Newhall House. In 1879, Brown and his mother decided to live in Italy. They went first to Florence, where Gulielmina Brown's Forbes aunts lived, and then settled at Venice, taking an apartment in the Palazzo Balbi Valier on the Grand Canal.[1]In Venice, Brown met the archaeologist Giacomo Boni, who became his colleague in a common passion for the antiquities of Venice and of Italy.[11] Brown became a leading figure in the English-speaking community, churchwarden of St George's Church in campo San Vio, president of the city's Cosmopolitan Hospital, and honorary treasurer of the Sailors' Institute. He also befriended local gondoliers and fishermen, helping them in their battles, gaining the material for a book of local colour, Life on the Lagoons, which appeared in 1884.[1] The ailing Robert Louis Stevenson (whom Brown had met in 1881 at Symonds's house at Davos, Switzerland)[12] read it and wrote the poem \"To H. F. Brown\" to celebrate \"your spirited and happy book\".[13]Symonds joined his friend Brown for holidays in Venice, when they liked to drift through the lagoons in Brown's sandolo, called Fisole, which had orange sails decorated with a fleur-de-lis, or to play tre sette or bocce.[14]In 1885, the Browns bought a tall, narrow, tenement building on the Zattere looking down the Giudecca Canal and reconstructed it as a house called Cà Torresella. Brown's close friend Antonio Salin, a gondolier, also lived in the house with his wife and family.[1]In 1889, Brown took a job. The late Rawdon Brown (no relation) had been working for the British government's Public Record Office on Venetian state papers in the Frari, concentrating on the reports of Venetian ambassadors at the Court of St James's. He died in 1883, and at first George Cavendish-Bentinck as Rawdon Brown's executor completed some of the unfinished work, but in 1889 the task of taking it further was given to Horatio Brown. From 1889 to 1905 he spent his mornings producing calendars covering the years from 1581 to 1613. In the afternoons he would go out and about with his gondolier, Salin. Brown's name as an historian was made by the five volumes of Calendar of State Papers (Venetian) which he published between 1895 and 1905.[1]The receptions he gave at home on Mondays were described by Frederick Rolfe, known as Baron Corvo.[15]An alpinist, Brown climbed peaks in Switzerland, the Carnic Alps and the Tyrol, and was a member of the Alpine Club of Venice.[1]He published Venetian Studies (1887), a historical miscellany, followed by a more comprehensive history, Venice, an Historical Sketch (1893), later abbreviated as The Venetian Republic (1902), and his The Venetian Printing Press (1891) came out of unpublished material he found in his researches at the Frari.[1]Lord Ronald Gower stayed with Brown in Venice in the 1890s and noted in his diary: \"Every morning Horatio Brown goes to his work at the Archives, and I go a-sight-seeing.\" Brown spent part of the summer of 1895 staying with Gower in London, when they visited picture galleries together.[16] In 1899, his portrait was painted by Henry Scott Tuke.[1]Brown's friend Symonds appointed him his literary executor, so that in 1893 when Symonds died Brown received all his private papers. He went on to publish John Addington Symonds, a Biography (1895), followed in 1923 by Letters and Papers of John Addington Symonds. In both, he suppressed almost all of Symonds's homosexuality, and in Brown's own Will he left orders for the destruction of the papers, apart from Symonds's autobiography, and that was not to be published for at least fifty years.[1] In 1923, an equally discreet obituary of Frederick Rolfe was printed in the London Mercury, and Brown commented with sympathy: 'If it was necessary to modify concerning Rolfe – a freelance with no ties – imagine what I was forced to do in my John Addington Symonds books, with his daughters and their husbands insisting on seeing the MS before it was printed!\"[10]Brown and Symonds admired the friar Paolo Sarpi and his maxim \"I never tell a lie, but I do not tell the whole truth to everyone\".[10] In 1895, Brown gave the Taylorian Lecture in Oxford on Sarpi.[17]In 1901, Brown's brother Allan died in Australia.[1] After the discovery of the Lacus Curtius in the Roman Forum in 1903, Brown was invited to go to Rome to pour a libation.[11]Studies in the History of Venice (1907) was Brown's most significant work. He also wrote two chapters of the Cambridge Modern History, and in the early 1920s a chapter of the Cambridge Medieval History. The University of Edinburgh gave him the honorary degree of doctor of law, the British Academy a gold medal, and the king of Italy honoured him with the rank of cavaliere.[1]Brown published some homoerotic poems in his collection Drift (1900), but was hostile to the Uranian writers in the circle of Edward Carpenter, and because of his suppression of the truth about Symonds they saw him as a hindrance to homosexual emancipation.[1]His mother died in 1909, and Brown began to spend the summers in Midlothian, staying at the inn of Penicuik or with his friend Lord Rosebery, a former prime minister. During the Great War he stayed in Venice, and when the Austrians seemed likely to capture the city he moved to Florence, then home to Scotland, where he lived between the New club in Edinburgh and his home village of Carlops. After the war he went back to Venice, but his eyesight was getting poor, his income was lower, and he sold most of his Venetian house, keeping an apartment. In March 1925 he had a heart attack, but recovered.[1] A final book, Dalmatia, appeared in 1925, copiously illustrated by Walter Tyndale.[18]Brown had now sold the Newhall estate, and he died of heart failure on 19 August 1926 aged 72 at Belluno, where he had gone to escape the summer heat. He was cremated on San Michele, earlier the final resting place of his friend Symonds. His estate at death was £6,117, a substantial sum.[1]Brown's friend and fellow-historian Frederick York Powell described him as \"Horatio Brown, the Venetian historian, a real good sort, cheery, broad-faced, shock-headed, tumble-dressed\",[19] while after his death The Cornhill Magazine called him a \"Scotch laird, with his ruddy countenance, muscular limbs, and sturdy frame\".[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life on the Lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_the_Lagoons"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Modern History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Modern_History"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who2-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dalmatia-18"}],"text":"Life on the Lagoons (London: 1884; 5th edition by Rivingtons, 1909[21]\nVenetian studies (London: Kegan Paul, Trench & co., 1887)[21]\nThe Venetian printing press, 1469–1800 (London: John Nimmo, 1891)[21]\nVenice: an historical sketch of the Republic (London: Rivington Percival, 1893; 2nd edition, 1895), 434 pp.[22]\nCalendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1581–1591, 1895[21]\nCalendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1592–1603, 1897[21]\nCalendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1603–1607, 1900[21]\nCalendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1607–1610, 1904[21]\nCalendar of State Papers (Venetian): 1610–1613, 1905[21]\nJohn Addington Symonds: a Biography (1895)[1]\nDrift: verses (London: G. Richards, 1900)[21]\nTemple Primer: The Venetian Republic (London: R. Clay & sons, 1902)\nVenice, chapter 8 of Cambridge Modern History vol. I The Renaissance (1902)[21]\nBracciano, Viterbo, Toscanella (1904)\nIn and Around Venice (1905)\nThe Valtelline (1603–39), chapter 2 of Cambridge Modern History vol. IV The Thirty Years War (1906)[21]\nPensieri persi, in Die Festschrift des Herren Prälat Schneider (1906)[21]\nMolmenti's Venice, translation of vols. 1, 2, 3 and 4 (1907)[21]\nStudies in the history of Venice (London: John Murray, 1907)\nIntroduction to The Poems of T. E. Brown (Golden Treasury series, 1908[21]\nMolmenti's Venice, translation of vols. 5 and 6 (1908)[21]\nLetters and Papers of John Addington Symonds (1923)[1]\nCambridge Medieval History, vol. 4, chapter 8 (1923)[21]\nDalmatia: painted by Walter Tyndale, described by Horatio F. Brown (London: A. & C. Black, 1925)[18]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cavaliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_orders_of_knighthood"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Doctor of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_law"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ateneo Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_Veneto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-3"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odnb-1"},{"link_name":"Taylorian Lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylorian_Lecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-3"}],"text":"Cavaliere of the Kingdom of Italy[1]\nHonorary degree of Doctor of law (LL.D.), University of Edinburgh, 1900[3][23]\nMember of the Ateneo Veneto[3]\nGold medal of the British Academy[1]\nTaylorian Lecturer, 1895[3]","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"1907 autograph","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Autograph_Collection_-_Brown%2C_Horatio_Robert_Forbes_-_DPLA_-_7e3f1baadb5b8244c80248bec0660f9b.jpg/220px-Autograph_Collection_-_Brown%2C_Horatio_Robert_Forbes_-_DPLA_-_7e3f1baadb5b8244c80248bec0660f9b.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F32111","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/32111"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Obituary\". The Law Times. Vol. 42. Office of The Law times. 3 November 1866. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-JADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"Legal Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Addison, H.R.; Oakes, C.H.; Lawson, W.J.; Sladen, D.B.W. (1906). \"Brown, Horatio\". Who's who. Vol. 58. A. & C. Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7khLAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Who's who"}]},{"reference":"Sylvanus Urban, ed. (1866). The Gentleman's Magazine. Vol. 122. Bradbury, Evans, and Co. p. 707.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z_UIAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA707","url_text":"The Gentleman's Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Olcott, Charles Sumner (1913). The Country of Sir Walter Scott. Houghton Mifflin. p. 123.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/countrysirwalte00olcogoog","url_text":"The Country of Sir Walter Scott"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/countrysirwalte00olcogoog/page/n187","url_text":"123"}]},{"reference":"\"Newhall House\". Canmore. Retrieved 26 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://canmore.org.uk/site/50148/newhall-house","url_text":"\"Newhall House\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Robert (1811). Mary's Bower, or, the Castle on the Glen. Edinburgh: John Moir Royal Bank Close.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kloxuAEACAAJ","url_text":"Mary's Bower, or, the Castle on the Glen"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Horatio F. (1919). \"Newhall on the North Esk, with Its Artistic and Literary Associations\". The Scottish Historical Review. 16 (63): 177–190. JSTOR 25519152. Robert Brown was naturally intimate with most of the artists of the day; Steel made a bust of him, Raeburn painted his portrait, and Geddes a large family group of Robert Brown, his wife, Elizabeth Ker, and their son Hugh all in a Pentland landscape. ... Watson-Gordon painted a portrait of Mrs. Brown and also a series of six large canvases to illustrate Robert Brown's drama of Mary's Bower","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25519152","url_text":"25519152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Raeburn","url_text":"Raeburn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Geddes_(artist)","url_text":"Geddes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Watson_Gordon","url_text":"Watson-Gordon"}]},{"reference":"Pullan, Brian (1993). \"Horatio Brown, John Addington Symonds and the History of Venice\". 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ISBN 978-88-272-1831-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pgrCbVilI8C","url_text":"Esoterismo e fascismo: storia, interpretazioni, documenti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-272-1831-0","url_text":"978-88-272-1831-0"}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Robert Louis (2008). The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, to His Family and Friends. Vol. 1. Read Books. p. 232. ISBN 978-1-4437-1167-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FMand_AhxDsC&pg=PA232","url_text":"The Letters of Robert Louis Stevenson, to His Family and Friends"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-1167-8","url_text":"978-1-4437-1167-8"}]},{"reference":"James, WP (1907). \"Changing Skies and the Delectable Mountain\". In Littell, Eliakim; Littell, Robert S (eds.). The Living Age. Vol. 255. p. 536. hdl:2027/coo.31924057460135.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924057460135?urlappend=%3Bseq=550","url_text":"\"Changing Skies and the Delectable Mountain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo.31924057460135","url_text":"2027/coo.31924057460135"}]},{"reference":"Grosskurth, Phyllis (1975). John Addington Symonds: A Biography. Arno Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-405-07356-4. These lazy, dream-like holidays were shared with Horatio Brown, who had become a regular 'Inglese venezianato'... scenes are described by Brown in Life on the Lagoons (1884)","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AgM4GwEXVGEC","url_text":"John Addington Symonds: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-405-07356-4","url_text":"978-0-405-07356-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_on_the_Lagoons","url_text":"Life on the Lagoons"}]},{"reference":"Rolfe, Frederick (1934). The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole: A Romance of Modern Venice. Cassell, limited.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Rolfe","url_text":"Rolfe, Frederick"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=z-cNAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Desire and Pursuit of the Whole: A Romance of Modern Venice"}]},{"reference":"Lord Ronald Sutherland Gower (1902). Old Diaries, 1881–1901. 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Frederick York Powell: A Life and a Selection from His Letters and Occasional Writings. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Elton","url_text":"Elton, Oliver"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F1Y1AAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Frederick York Powell: A Life and a Selection from His Letters and Occasional Writings"}]},{"reference":"Smith, George (1936). The Cornhill Magazine. Vol. 153. Smith, Elder. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aYoRAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Cornhill Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Brown, Horatio Robert Forbes, (16 Feb. 1854–19 Aug. 1926)\". Who Was Who 1916–1928. Black. 1992. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194031. ISBN 978-0-7136-3143-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who Was Who 1916–1928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.u194031","url_text":"10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u194031"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7136-3143-2","url_text":"978-0-7136-3143-2"}]},{"reference":"Horatio Forbes Brown (1895). Venice: An Historical Sketch of the Republic. Rívington, Percival.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/veniceanhistori01browgoog","url_text":"Venice: An Historical Sketch of the Republic"}]},{"reference":"\"University intelligence\". The Times. No. 36080. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Europe_Bridge | New Europe Bridge | ["1 History and geography","1.1 Controversy about the location","1.2 Financing sources","2 Construction progress","2.1 Delay before and during construction","2.2 Construction becoming visible","2.3 Bridge deck ready, but finishing works still lasted 8 months","2.4 Opening date","2.5 Work left to be done","3 Connecting road network","3.1 Bulgarian perspective","3.2 Romanian perspective","3.3 Number of vehicles per day","4 Tolls","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | Road and rail bridge over the Danube
New Europe BridgeCoordinates44°00′08″N 22°56′54″E / 44.0021554°N 22.9482770°E / 44.0021554; 22.9482770CarriesFour lanes of roadway, one railway track and a combined bicycle path/pedestrian walkway (the designed second walkway was not completed: it runs only from the Bulgarian river bank to the island under the bridge)CrossesDanubeLocaleBetween Calafat, Romania and Vidin, Bulgaria, at river kilometer 796Official nameNew Europe BridgeWebsitevidincalafatbridge.bg/enCharacteristicsDesignExtradosed bridgeTotal length1,971 m (6,467 ft)Width31.35 m (102.9 ft)Longest span180 m (590 ft)HistoryDesignerFernández CasadoConstructed byFCC ConstruccionOpened14 June 2013StatisticsDaily traffic2,590 vehicles/dayToll0–37 euroLocation
The New Europe Bridge, also known as Danube Bridge 2 (Bulgarian: Мост Нова Европа/Дунав мост 2, romanized: Most Nova Evropa/Dunav most 2; Romanian: Podul Noua Europă) is a road and rail bridge between the cities of Vidin, Bulgaria, and Calafat, Romania. It is the second bridge on the shared section of the Danube between the two countries. It is an extradosed bridge and was built by the Spanish company Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, at the cost of €226 million. It was officially opened with a ceremony held on 14 June 2013. The first vehicles were allowed to cross the bridge after midnight, on 15 June 2013.
It was previously known as Danube Bridge 2 (Bulgarian: Дунав мост 2, romanized: Dunav most 2; Romanian: Podul 2 peste Dunăre) and informally called the Vidin–Calafat Bridge or Calafat–Vidin Bridge (Bulgarian: Мост Видин–Калафат, romanized: Most Vidin–Kalafat; Romanian: Podul Calafat–Vidin). The latter is the most common name it receives in Romania.
History and geography
As early as in 1909 the local authorities in Vidin (in Bulgaria) had first expressed their interest in building a bridge to Calafat (in Romania), by sending a petition to the Bulgarian parliament and to Aleksandar Malinov, who was prime minister at that time. These historical documents were shown on Bulgarian television in June 2013, during a report on the Second Danube Bridge. Bulgarian newspapers hence described the opening of the New Europe Bridge across the Danube river as 'the materialising of a century old dream'.
Building a bridge between Calafat (in Romania) and Vidin (in Bulgaria) had been discussed more seriously since the late 1970s, but the plan was abandoned over and over again. For centuries there had been no bridges crossing the Danube river between Bulgaria and Romania since the destruction of Constantine's Bridge, which was built by the Romans, until the Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge was built and opened in 1954. During the late 1990s, Bulgaria had to close its border with Yugoslavia, because of the war in Kosovo, followed by an international economic boycott against Yugoslavia. This caused great damage to the already weak economy in northwestern Bulgaria. In fact, the whole country became isolated, since Bulgarians had always been relying on the road through Serbia for their transit transport to Western Europe.
A ferry shuttle service between Vidin and Calafat used to run night and day, but the ferry boat would not start to cross the river before it was fully loaded with trucks. During the night, with little trucks arriving, ferry passengers had to wait several hours to cross the Danube river. Dry summers come with low water levels in the Danube river, which sometimes caused the ferry to get stuck at the loading ramp, making waiting times even longer. Another factor that would make ferry traffic impossible or difficult were the very cold winters, when the Danube river sometimes freezes completely. About one month after the opening of the bridge, the ferry service between Vidin and Calafat was suspended.
Travellers from Bulgaria (and Turkey) towards Central and Western Europe who wanted to avoid both the long waiting times and high transfer prices for the Calafat-Vidin ferry crossing and the customs procedures and road tolls one would face when travelling through Serbia, which is outside the European Union border, had to make a long detour towards the Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge. This bridge is located 307 kilometres (191 mi) downstream and before 2013 it was the only other bridge across the Danube border that Bulgaria shares with Romania. This detour to Ruse often took longer than waiting for a ferry in Vidin or Oryahovo, however, both ways of crossing the border can take a long time. Travelling through Serbia was usually faster, but crossing outside the borders of the European Union can be a hassle with customs. Waiting at the Serbian customs can take 1 to 5 hours, especially during the summer season, when many immigrants travel back to their families.
The Danube Bridge 2 makes travelling in and out of Bulgaria through Vidin much easier than it was previously by ferry boat. Even though the linking roads are still far from motorway standards, the New Europe Bridge (Danube Bridge 2) has become highly popular among transport companies, because it provides a road with no custom checks from Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey to Austria, Germany and the rest of Europe, through Romania and Hungary, without leaving the European Union.
The Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge was built with help from the Soviet Union and opened in 1954 as the Friendship Bridge (Bulgarian: Мост на дружбата, romanized: Most na druzhbata; Romanian: Podul Prieteniei). Instead of its official name, Bulgarians tend to simply call it the Dunav most, which means Danube Bridge. Hence the name Dunav most 2 for the second bridge crossing the Danube between Vidin and Calafat. On the other hand, in Romania, this trend is not as common. Kilometer markers are set up along the Danube river and counting starts at the Black Sea.
Although Bulgaria is south of Romania, crossing the Danube Bridge 2 from Vidin towards Calafat is done from northwest to southeast. This is because here the Danube has a very large mirrored S-shape, spanning across approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi), starting at Novo Selo and ending in Lom. The bridge is located near the middle of this reversed S.
At most part of the Danube river, the Bulgarian bank lies slightly higher above water than the Romanian river bank. However, the city of Vidin is lying lower and is protected by dikes, while the bank on the Calafat side is high above Danube river.
Controversy about the location
Starting from 1993, there was a long and bitter dispute between Romania and Bulgaria about the location of the second Danube bridge. Bulgaria wanted to revive the isolated city of Vidin, as well as to have the bridge on the shortest possible route to Central and Western Europe and argued for putting the bridge as far west as possible, between Vidin and Calafat. A research under the European PHARE programme found that the most profitable place for the bridge would have been between Lom and Rast, but neither countries agreed with this. Romania wanted transiting trucks to stay in their country as long as possible by placing the bridge further east, between Turnu Măgurele and Nikopol.
In 1998, Greece offered to invest in the bridge, since they wanted a road linking Thessaloniki to the rest of Europe through Romania, as Greece was also cut off from Europe by the war in Kosovo and the boycott against Yugoslavia. The final agreement was that the second Danube bridge was to be built between Vidin and Calafat, but Romania refused to invest in other than the adjacent infrastructure on their territory.
Financing sources
In 1999, a stability pact for South East Europe was signed by banks and national governments, aiming to bring investments to countries like Bulgaria and Romania. Chairman of this stability pact was Bodo Hombach, who had set up a great lobby in favor of the new bridge between Vidin and Calafat. The cost of building the bridge, without the adjoining infrastructures was estimated in 2000 to be €99 million. Bulgarian Prime Minister Ivan Kostov wanted to give the project a credit loan of US$180 million. Thanks to the lobby of Bodo Hombach, the European Investment Bank granted the project a credit loan of €50 million in December 2000. In January 2001, the cost for the bridge construction and the adjacent roads toward the bridge was estimated at US$200 million.
In 2004, a research on the design of the bridge was financed by the PHARE program. In 2005 and 2006, consultants were hired to control all procedures in the building process and private companies were invited to send in a bid.
In 2012, the cost of building the Danube Bridge 2 and its adjoining infrastructures raised to the sum of €226 million.
Construction progress
Construction of the Vidin–Calafat Bridge as seen in 2010 on the Bulgarian river bank. View towards the small island in the Bulgarian non-navigable part of the Danube river. The ferry boat terminal is about 4km down the river from the bridge.
External images Panoramic view of the bridge under construction (14 October 2012) (A location map of the images is placed down below on the same page)
Construction officially began on 13 May 2007 in Vidin in the presence of Bulgarian Prime Minister Sergei Stanishev and Special Coordinator of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe Erhard Busek. According to former Romanian Minister of Transport, Constructions and Tourism Radu Berceanu, construction was planned to be completed in 2010, with most of the construction to be done by Bulgarian subcontractors.
Delay before and during construction
The Bulgarian Ministry of Transport delayed the start of the construction at least three times before the inaugural ceremony. Soon after the official ceremony, trouble started. Vidin municipality had split up land that was needed for the bridge into smaller parcels. Since these parcels were sold out to different people, the Bulgarian minister of transport had to wait for a law that made it possible to expropriate the new landowners. These procedures slowed down the real start of the building process to a great extent.
Between 2007 and 2009 not much progress had been achieved. Taking a closer look on the Bulgarian side, one could notice some preparation of the track leading towards the future bridge, with a small office being built. Meanwhile, the Danube riverbank was being prepared for the construction of a concrete factory. Trees on the small island on the Bulgarian side of the Danube however took a long time to be cut off.
In 2009, it became clear that the building of the second Danube Bridge could not be finished by the end of 2010, since it had not yet really begun. Due to the failure to meet the original deadline, Bulgaria almost lost the financing of the whole project, but they were granted more time to finish the bridge by the end of 2012.
Construction becoming visible
Visible construction actually started in 2009, on the Bulgarian bank of the Danube river. During the first year of rapidly building the concrete factory, FCC Construccion was preparing the segments for the bridge. The idea was to have these segments ready long before they were needed, so that the assembly of the superstructure of the bridge could not be delayed because of possible quality problems with the concrete.
The Danube Bridge 2 consists of eight pillars that are in the non-navigable channel of Danube river, crossing from the low lying Bulgarian bank over the small island, followed by its four main pillars, numbered PB9, PB10, PB11 and PB12. The design was to have 13 pairs of stay cables attached to every main pillar in the navigable channel of the Danube river.
By June 2010, only the bridge crossing over the small island had been built. The foundation of the pillars in the navigable channel of the river were built during the same year by special foundation contractor TERRATEST. Foundation per pier was composed by 24 in situ piles 2 m diameter and depths ranging between 68 and 80 m (one of the deepest in situ foundation project in Europe), executed by maritime means. The main pillars became clearly visible throughout 2011.
In February 2012, the Bulgarian Minister of European Union Funds Management Tomislav Donchev said that he expected the bridge to be finished by the end of 2012. Throughout the year 2012 the bridge got into shape. Starting at PB9, the bridge deck was extended segment by segment and soon the first stay cables could be seen.
By April 2012, only one segment in between the bridge decks of PB 9 and PB10 was still missing. After this gap was closed, one could walk halfway across the Danube river. The gap between the bridge decks of pillars PB10 and PB11 was closed during the summer. Despite the low water levels in the Danube river construction continued swiftly, working on the abutment A3, on the Romanian river bank.
On 1 October 2012, the gap between the bridge deck at PB12 and the abutment A3 on the Romanian river bank was closed. On 3 October 2012, the remaining gap in the bridge was only 18 metres (59 ft). Bulgarian radio reporters found out about a technical problem: the difference in the height of the bridge deck between two sides of the gap was 45 centimetres (18 in), so closing of the gap was not possible before both bridge decks were adjusted to the same height level.
Bridge deck ready, but finishing works still lasted 8 months
If the building process continued at the same speed, reportedly, one may have expected that the last gap, between pillars PB11 and PB12, was closed in November 2012. It remained however uncertain when vehicles were to be able to cross the bridge, as the finishing works, such as paving the bridge deck and mounting safety barriers, were expected to take several months.
On 24 October 2012, the two countries' Prime Ministers, joined by the European Union Regional Policy Commissioner Johannes Hahn, met halfway on the bridge, after the two shores of the Danube were finally connected during the preceding week. At the event, the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov declared that he expected that the bridge would be opened in spring 2013.
Calafat - Vidin bridge, as seen in March 2013, from the Romanian bank of the Danube
Another issue that had to be solved was the establishment of a management company that has to operate the bridge and collect tolls. Pending issues were how and where that company would be registered, dispute resolution methods and what fiscal law it would be subject to. In October 2012 it was expected that this company would be located in Sofia.
The building of the bridge saw a fatal victim in November 2012, when a Romanian worker fell off the bridge. His body was not found.
In May 2013, the FCC subcontractor Eptisa tested the bridge with heavily loaded train cars and trucks. The total weight used for the tests was 1,992 tonnes.
The longest line of waiting trucks on the bridge could add up to 100 trucks, with a total maximum weight of 4,000 tonnes, assuming that every truck would be loaded to a maximum of 40 tonnes.
Opening date
On 22 May 2013, the Bulgarian president announced that the opening ceremony of the Danube Bridge 2 was set to take place on 14 June 2013, and that the toll for passenger cars would be six euro.
The issue of the establishment of a management company that would operate the bridge and collect tolls was solved. The company that manages the bridge is based in Vidin, the road tolls are collected at the Romanian side of the bridge and each side receives the part of the tolls that they have invested in the bridge (about 80% of the toll funds will go to Bulgaria).
The opening of the bridge was estimated to take place in May 2013, but technical problems have caused further delay. Some of these technical details consisted of setting up cabins for the border police that checks the traffic between Bulgaria and Romania. The two countries were initially set to become part of the Schengen Area by the time the bridge would open, and no border police cabins had been ordered until the very last moment.
After some delay, the bridge was officially opened on 14 June 2013.
Work left to be done
In its first year of operation, it was discovered that water was leaking in between the asphalt road cover and the bridge deck. Repairs took 4 months and were paid by the FCC company, through the warranty established.
The bridge has a separated path for pedestrians and cyclists, but the approach to this cycling track seems to be not signposted clearly enough. Cyclists approaching the bridge from Vidin, Bulgaria would have to cross the approach road 1/E79 at some point, to get to the cycling track on the left side of the road, but crash barriers stand in their way. Cyclists therefore often continue cycling on the main road instead, as can be seen in this video.
Only 16 months after its official opening there are potholes in the road from the bridge to the toll gates, as can be seen further on in the aforementioned video
Approaching the bridge from Vidin, Bulgaria, in the summer of 2013 it was not very clearly signposted that traffic past the Vidin exit, which lies approximately 5 kilometres from the bridge, would automatically end up at the Calafat toll gates, with no possibility to escape the toll fares. This has been fixed by a sign warning that the road ahead is a toll road, just a few hundred metres before the bridge. At the point where the railway meets the road, a gap in the median crash barrier has been adapted to serve as a U-turn lane. The main road (1/E79) was supposed to have 2 lanes in each direction, but the left lane now ends into the U-turn-facility, which is signposted rather sparsely, thus forming a safety risk to both traffic overtaking at higher speeds and cyclists, as can be seen in this video, filmed in October 2014.
Last, the Calafat-Vidin bridge does not yet have any motorway connections (see below).
Connecting road network
Pan-European corridor IV highlighted in red
The Danube Bridge 2 is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV. It is also part of the European route E79, that runs from Miskolc (Hungary) to Thessaloniki (Greece), via the Romanian cities of Beiuş, Deva, Petroşani, Târgu Jiu and Craiova.
According to the planned road network of Pan-European corridors, the bridge was supposed to have access to the Bucharest – Craiova – Timișoara – Budapest motorway by 2017, allowing rapid transit from North-western Bulgaria, to South-western Romania, Eastern Hungary and the rest of Europe.
Bulgarian perspective
The national road from Sofia to Vidin (I-1/E79) is linked to the Hemus motorway (A2) up to the city of Botevgrad, and continues with a dual carriageway road to Vratsa. The road from Montana to Vidin is a rehabilitated two-lane single carriageway road.
There is also another road from Sofia to Vidin (81), via Kostinbrod and through the Petrohan Pass to Montana. This road is shorter and very scenic, but it takes more time as it runs over the Balkan Mountains and through the villages.
There are plans for upgrading the road from Botevgrad to Vidin to an expressway (dual carriageway road without hard shoulder), with a tender for the construction of several sections announced at the end of 2012. Traffic analysis on this route have indicated that (as of 2013) it did not require a motorway status, therefore Bulgaria's priorities remain finishing the already started motorway projects, such as the Hemus and the Struma motorways, as well as the new planned Europe motorway, between Sofia and the Serbian border.
Romanian perspective
In Romania, the bridge provides access to national roads connecting with Craiova and Drobeta-Turnu Severin. These are not among the busiest roads in the country, according to a study conducted in 2010.
The DN56 road from Calafat to Craiova, considered to be in a poor condition, is currently under rehabilitation works and runs through most of the settlements on the route. The DN56A road from Calafat to Drobeta-Turnu Severin has recently been rehabilitated.
Further from Drobeta-Turnu Severin, the DN6 road to Lugoj, has also recently been under rehabilitation works and bypasses all the major settlements on the route. From Lugoj, the first 11.5 km long section of the A6 motorway provides a link to the currently partially under construction A1 motorway and thereby further to Nădlac and the Hungarian border.
The remainder of the A6 motorway, currently in the pre-feasibility phase, would include a connection to the bridge in one of its considered routes, and a new planned European transit route named Via Carpathia, connecting Lithuania to Greece, was recently discussed in the European Parliament and includes the Calafat–Vidin Bridge on its route. The Romanian PM Victor Ponta made a statement after the inauguration of the bridge that Romania plans to build a motorway between Craiova and Calafat.
Most of the international transit traffic across the bridge is between Bulgaria and Hungary, with a significant part of the freight traffic coming from Turkey. The route from Kapitan Andreevo (the border between Bulgaria and Turkey) to Nădlac (the border between Romania and Hungary) across the Calafat–Vidin Bridge is approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) shorter than the route across the Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge, which had been the most used route between the two countries for the freight traffic. It is also an important alternative, in terms of time, to the transit route through Serbia, which despite being shorter and providing more kilometers of motorway, has pricier road tolls and can take more time for customs procedures, due to the fact that the country is not a member of the European Union.
Number of vehicles per day
Before the opening of the bridge, Bulgarian Minister of Transport Ivaylo Moskovski said that he expected traffic across the bridge to exceed 100,000 vehicles in the first year, although initially estimates suggested a volume of 3,000 vehicles per day, which is closer to the one of the Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge.
508,294 vehicles crossed the bridge in the first year after the opening, thus surpassing the initial prognosis.
Tolls
Effective from 1 July 2013, the following tolls apply for crossing the New Europe Bridge:
Vehicle
Euro
Leva
Lei
Up to 8+1 seats; Up to 3.5 t
6 euro
12 leva
27 lei
Trucks up to 7.5 t; Vehicles between 9 and 23 seats
12 euro
23 leva
54 lei
Trucks up to 12 t
18 euro
35 leva
81 lei
Trucks over 12 t with up to 3 axles; Vehicles with over 23 seats
25 euro
49 leva
113 lei
Trucks over 12 t with 4 or more axles
37 euro
72 leva
167 lei
Pedestrians; Cyclists
free
free
free
The toll is collected at toll booths, located on the Romanian side. They will serve also as border checkpoints until both Bulgaria and Romania enter the Schengen Area.
In June 2013, it was possible for cars coming from Bulgaria to drive over the bridge and turn around just before the toll gates and escape the tolls, as shown in this video, filmed in the first hour after the bridge had been opened for traffic. However, another video recorded in October 2014 shows that it is no longer possible to sneak through that parking lot and drive back over the bridge to Bulgaria for free.
Gallery
Images with the construction status of the bridge were posted regularly on the official website of the project, when it was under construction by FCC Construción.
A live traffic camera has been installed. As of October 2014, any vehicle driving from Vidin to Calafat can be seen on this webcam, pointing towards the Romanian bank of the Danube river. Vehicles driving into Bulgaria are hard to see, since they drive behind a crash barrier next to the railway track.
See also
Bulgaria–Romania border
Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge
List of crossings of the Danube river
List of bridges in Bulgaria
List of bridges in Romania
Notes
^ Since 15 June 2013.
References
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Further reading
Bulgaria: Bulgaria-Romania 2nd Danube Bridge 73% Completed, article about the bridge construction status by the Sofia News Agency
Bulgarian-Romanian bridge delayed by land plot disputes, Sofia Echo article about the land that was needed for the bridge
Danube Bridge 2 between Bulgaria and Romania: The Bridge of Shame!, article by Ivan Dakov, published on Novinite, 12 December 2012
External links
Official website of the maintenance company of the bridge with information and toll prices
website of the construction of Danube Bridge 2
Construction of ... Bridge ... at Vidin-Calafat, ISPA report
Bridge ... between Vidin (Bulgaria) and Calafat (Romania), EIA case study
FCC`s teamwork in the Danube Vidin-Calafat`s bridge, YouTube video
New bridge opens on the River Danube, Euronews article
New bridge opening on River Danube, BBC News article
Major transport hub in the making?, Deutsche Welle article
Bridges/Dams of the Danube
UpstreamIron Gate IIOstrovul Mare Bridge
New Europe Bridge
DownstreamGiurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge
Constantine's Bridge (historical) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"rail bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_bridge"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Calafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafat"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"extradosed bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradosed_bridge"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomento_de_Construcciones_y_Contratas"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-7"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"}],"text":"The New Europe Bridge, also known as Danube Bridge 2 (Bulgarian: Мост Нова Европа/Дунав мост 2, romanized: Most Nova Evropa/Dunav most 2; Romanian: Podul Noua Europă) is a road and rail bridge between the cities of Vidin, Bulgaria, and Calafat, Romania. It is the second bridge on the shared section of the Danube between the two countries. It is an extradosed bridge and was built by the Spanish company Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas, at the cost of €226 million. It was officially opened with a ceremony held on 14 June 2013.[6] The first vehicles were allowed to cross the bridge after midnight, on 15 June 2013.It was previously known as Danube Bridge 2 (Bulgarian: Дунав мост 2, romanized: Dunav most 2; Romanian: Podul 2 peste Dunăre) and informally called the Vidin–Calafat Bridge or Calafat–Vidin Bridge (Bulgarian: Мост Видин–Калафат, romanized: Most Vidin–Kalafat; Romanian: Podul Calafat–Vidin). The latter is the most common name it receives in Romania.","title":"New Europe Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Malinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Malinov"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge"},{"link_name":"Constantine's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine%27s_Bridge_(Danube)"},{"link_name":"Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu%E2%80%93Ruse_Friendship_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruse,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Oryahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryahovo"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Novo Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Selo_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"dikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"}],"text":"As early as in 1909[7] the local authorities in Vidin (in Bulgaria) had first expressed their interest in building a bridge to Calafat (in Romania), by sending a petition to the Bulgarian parliament and to Aleksandar Malinov, who was prime minister at that time. These historical documents were shown on Bulgarian television in June 2013, during a report on the Second Danube Bridge. Bulgarian newspapers hence described the opening of the New Europe Bridge across the Danube river as 'the materialising of a century old dream'.[8]Building a bridge between Calafat (in Romania) and Vidin (in Bulgaria) had been discussed more seriously since the late 1970s, but the plan was abandoned over and over again. For centuries there had been no bridges crossing the Danube river between Bulgaria and Romania since the destruction of Constantine's Bridge, which was built by the Romans, until the Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge was built and opened in 1954. During the late 1990s, Bulgaria had to close its border with Yugoslavia, because of the war in Kosovo, followed by an international economic boycott against Yugoslavia. This caused great damage to the already weak economy in northwestern Bulgaria.[9] In fact, the whole country became isolated, since Bulgarians had always been relying on the road through Serbia for their transit transport to Western Europe.[10]A ferry shuttle service between Vidin and Calafat used to run night and day, but the ferry boat would not start to cross the river before it was fully loaded with trucks. During the night, with little trucks arriving, ferry passengers had to wait several hours to cross the Danube river. Dry summers come with low water levels in the Danube river, which sometimes caused the ferry to get stuck at the loading ramp, making waiting times even longer.[11] Another factor that would make ferry traffic impossible or difficult were the very cold winters, when the Danube river sometimes freezes completely.[12][13] About one month after the opening of the bridge, the ferry service between Vidin and Calafat was suspended.Travellers from Bulgaria (and Turkey) towards Central and Western Europe who wanted to avoid both the long waiting times and high transfer prices for the Calafat-Vidin ferry crossing and the customs procedures and road tolls one would face when travelling through Serbia, which is outside the European Union border, had to make a long detour towards the Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge. This bridge is located 307 kilometres (191 mi) downstream and before 2013 it was the only other bridge across the Danube border that Bulgaria shares with Romania.[14] This detour to Ruse often took longer than waiting for a ferry in Vidin or Oryahovo, however, both ways of crossing the border can take a long time. Travelling through Serbia was usually faster, but crossing outside the borders of the European Union can be a hassle with customs. Waiting at the Serbian customs can take 1 to 5 hours, especially during the summer season, when many immigrants travel back to their families.The Danube Bridge 2 makes travelling in and out of Bulgaria through Vidin much easier than it was previously by ferry boat. Even though the linking roads are still far from motorway standards, the New Europe Bridge (Danube Bridge 2) has become highly popular among transport companies, because it provides a road with no custom checks from Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey to Austria, Germany and the rest of Europe, through Romania and Hungary, without leaving the European Union.The Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge was built with help from the Soviet Union and opened in 1954 as the Friendship Bridge (Bulgarian: Мост на дружбата, romanized: Most na druzhbata; Romanian: Podul Prieteniei). Instead of its official name, Bulgarians tend to simply call it the Dunav most, which means Danube Bridge. Hence the name Dunav most 2 for the second bridge crossing the Danube between Vidin and Calafat. On the other hand, in Romania, this trend is not as common. Kilometer markers are set up along the Danube river and counting starts at the Black Sea.Although Bulgaria is south of Romania, crossing the Danube Bridge 2 from Vidin towards Calafat is done from northwest to southeast. This is because here the Danube has a very large mirrored S-shape, spanning across approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi), starting at Novo Selo and ending in Lom. The bridge is located near the middle of this reversed S.At most part of the Danube river, the Bulgarian bank lies slightly higher above water than the Romanian river bank. However, the city of Vidin is lying lower and is protected by dikes, while the bank on the Calafat side is high above Danube river.","title":"History and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PHARE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHARE"},{"link_name":"Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Rast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rast,_Dolj"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Turnu Măgurele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnu_M%C4%83gurele"},{"link_name":"Nikopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Controversy about the location","text":"Starting from 1993, there was a long and bitter dispute between Romania and Bulgaria about the location of the second Danube bridge. Bulgaria wanted to revive the isolated city of Vidin, as well as to have the bridge on the shortest possible route to Central and Western Europe and argued for putting the bridge as far west as possible, between Vidin and Calafat. A research under the European PHARE programme found that the most profitable place for the bridge would have been between Lom and Rast, but neither countries agreed with this.[15] Romania wanted transiting trucks to stay in their country as long as possible by placing the bridge further east, between Turnu Măgurele and Nikopol.In 1998, Greece offered to invest in the bridge, since they wanted a road linking Thessaloniki to the rest of Europe through Romania, as Greece was also cut off from Europe by the war in Kosovo and the boycott against Yugoslavia.[16] The final agreement was that the second Danube bridge was to be built between Vidin and Calafat, but Romania refused to invest in other than the adjacent infrastructure on their territory.[17]","title":"History and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodo Hombach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_Hombach"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kostov"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-10"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Financing sources","text":"In 1999, a stability pact for South East Europe was signed by banks and national governments, aiming to bring investments to countries like Bulgaria and Romania. Chairman of this stability pact was Bodo Hombach, who had set up a great lobby in favor of the new bridge between Vidin and Calafat. The cost of building the bridge, without the adjoining infrastructures was estimated in 2000 to be €99 million. Bulgarian Prime Minister Ivan Kostov wanted to give the project a credit loan of US$180 million.[18][19] Thanks to the lobby of Bodo Hombach, the European Investment Bank granted the project a credit loan of €50 million in December 2000.[9] In January 2001, the cost for the bridge construction and the adjacent roads toward the bridge was estimated at US$200 million.In 2004, a research on the design of the bridge was financed by the PHARE program. In 2005 and 2006, consultants were hired to control all procedures in the building process and private companies were invited to send in a bid.[20][21]In 2012, the cost of building the Danube Bridge 2 and its adjoining infrastructures raised to the sum of €226 million.[22]","title":"History and geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vidin_-_Calafat_bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sergei Stanishev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Stanishev"},{"link_name":"Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_Pact_for_South_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Erhard Busek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Busek"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Romanian Minister of Transport, Constructions and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport,_Constructions_and_Tourism_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Radu Berceanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu_Berceanu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsbg-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnr-27"}],"text":"Construction of the Vidin–Calafat Bridge as seen in 2010 on the Bulgarian river bank. View towards the small island in the Bulgarian non-navigable part of the Danube river. The ferry boat terminal is about 4km down the river from the bridge.Construction officially began on 13 May 2007 in Vidin in the presence of Bulgarian Prime Minister Sergei Stanishev and Special Coordinator of the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe Erhard Busek.[23][24] According to former Romanian Minister of Transport, Constructions and Tourism Radu Berceanu, construction was planned to be completed in 2010, with most of the construction to be done by Bulgarian subcontractors.[25][26]","title":"Construction progress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Delay before and during construction","text":"The Bulgarian Ministry of Transport delayed the start of the construction at least three times before the inaugural ceremony.[27] Soon after the official ceremony, trouble started. Vidin municipality had split up land that was needed for the bridge into smaller parcels.[28] Since these parcels were sold out to different people, the Bulgarian minister of transport had to wait for a law that made it possible to expropriate the new landowners.[29] These procedures slowed down the real start of the building process to a great extent.Between 2007 and 2009 not much progress had been achieved.[30][31] Taking a closer look on the Bulgarian side, one could notice some preparation of the track leading towards the future bridge, with a small office being built. Meanwhile, the Danube riverbank was being prepared for the construction of a concrete factory. Trees on the small island on the Bulgarian side of the Danube however took a long time to be cut off.In 2009, it became clear that the building of the second Danube Bridge could not be finished by the end of 2010, since it had not yet really begun. Due to the failure to meet the original deadline, Bulgaria almost lost the financing of the whole project,[32] but they were granted more time to finish the bridge by the end of 2012.[33]","title":"Construction progress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FCC Construccion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomento_de_Construcciones_y_Contratas"},{"link_name":"Tomislav Donchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomislav_Donchev"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standart-35"},{"link_name":"abutment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abutment"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Construction becoming visible","text":"Visible construction actually started in 2009, on the Bulgarian bank of the Danube river. During the first year of rapidly building the concrete factory, FCC Construccion was preparing the segments for the bridge. The idea was to have these segments ready long before they were needed, so that the assembly of the superstructure of the bridge could not be delayed because of possible quality problems with the concrete.The Danube Bridge 2 consists of eight pillars that are in the non-navigable channel of Danube river, crossing from the low lying Bulgarian bank over the small island, followed by its four main pillars, numbered PB9, PB10, PB11 and PB12. The design was to have 13 pairs of stay cables attached to every main pillar in the navigable channel of the Danube river.By June 2010, only the bridge crossing over the small island had been built. The foundation of the pillars in the navigable channel of the river were built during the same year by special foundation contractor TERRATEST. Foundation per pier was composed by 24 in situ piles 2 m diameter and depths ranging between 68 and 80 m (one of the deepest in situ foundation project in Europe), executed by maritime means. The main pillars became clearly visible throughout 2011.In February 2012, the Bulgarian Minister of European Union Funds Management Tomislav Donchev said that he expected the bridge to be finished by the end of 2012.[34] Throughout the year 2012 the bridge got into shape. Starting at PB9, the bridge deck was extended segment by segment and soon the first stay cables could be seen.By April 2012, only one segment in between the bridge decks of PB 9 and PB10 was still missing. After this gap was closed, one could walk halfway across the Danube river. The gap between the bridge decks of pillars PB10 and PB11 was closed during the summer. Despite the low water levels in the Danube river construction continued swiftly, working on the abutment A3, on the Romanian river bank.On 1 October 2012, the gap between the bridge deck at PB12 and the abutment A3 on the Romanian river bank was closed. On 3 October 2012, the remaining gap in the bridge was only 18 metres (59 ft).[35] Bulgarian radio reporters found out about a technical problem: the difference in the height of the bridge deck between two sides of the gap was 45 centimetres (18 in), so closing of the gap was not possible before both bridge decks were adjusted to the same height level.","title":"Construction progress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"European Union Regional Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Regional_Policy"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hahn"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Boyko Borisov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyko_Borisov"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Podul_Calafat_-_Vidin,_martie_2013.JPG"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Bridge deck ready, but finishing works still lasted 8 months","text":"If the building process continued at the same speed, reportedly, one may have expected that the last gap, between pillars PB11 and PB12, was closed in November 2012. It remained however uncertain when vehicles were to be able to cross the bridge, as the finishing works, such as paving the bridge deck and mounting safety barriers, were expected to take several months.[36]On 24 October 2012, the two countries' Prime Ministers, joined by the European Union Regional Policy Commissioner Johannes Hahn, met halfway on the bridge, after the two shores of the Danube were finally connected during the preceding week.[37] At the event, the Bulgarian Prime Minister Boyko Borisov declared that he expected that the bridge would be opened in spring 2013.[38]Calafat - Vidin bridge, as seen in March 2013, from the Romanian bank of the DanubeAnother issue that had to be solved was the establishment of a management company that has to operate the bridge and collect tolls. Pending issues were how and where that company would be registered, dispute resolution methods and what fiscal law it would be subject to.[39] In October 2012 it was expected that this company would be located in Sofia.[40]The building of the bridge saw a fatal victim in November 2012, when a Romanian worker fell off the bridge.[41] His body was not found.In May 2013, the FCC subcontractor Eptisa tested the bridge with heavily loaded train cars and trucks. The total weight used for the tests was 1,992 tonnes.[42]The longest line of waiting trucks on the bridge could add up to 100 trucks, with a total maximum weight of 4,000 tonnes, assuming that every truck would be loaded to a maximum of 40 tonnes.[citation needed]","title":"Construction progress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-7"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-7"}],"sub_title":"Opening date","text":"On 22 May 2013, the Bulgarian president announced that the opening ceremony of the Danube Bridge 2 was set to take place on 14 June 2013, and that the toll for passenger cars would be six euro.[6]The issue of the establishment of a management company that would operate the bridge and collect tolls was solved. The company that manages the bridge is based in Vidin,[43] the road tolls are collected at the Romanian side of the bridge and each side receives the part of the tolls that they have invested in the bridge (about 80% of the toll funds will go to Bulgaria).[44]The opening of the bridge was estimated to take place in May 2013,[45][46] but technical problems have caused further delay. Some of these technical details consisted of setting up cabins for the border police that checks the traffic between Bulgaria and Romania. The two countries were initially set to become part of the Schengen Area by the time the bridge would open, and no border police cabins had been ordered until the very last moment.[47]\nAfter some delay, the bridge was officially opened on 14 June 2013.[6]","title":"Construction progress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"this video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHEUH8bbBNI&t=5m50s"},{"link_name":"further on in the aforementioned video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHEUH8bbBNI&t=8m20s"},{"link_name":"this video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHEUH8bbBNI&t=5m55s"}],"sub_title":"Work left to be done","text":"In its first year of operation, it was discovered that water was leaking in between the asphalt road cover and the bridge deck. Repairs took 4 months and were paid by the FCC company, through the warranty established.The bridge has a separated path for pedestrians and cyclists, but the approach to this cycling track seems to be not signposted clearly enough. Cyclists approaching the bridge from Vidin, Bulgaria would have to cross the approach road 1/E79 at some point, to get to the cycling track on the left side of the road, but crash barriers stand in their way. Cyclists therefore often continue cycling on the main road instead, as can be seen in this video.Only 16 months after its official opening there are potholes in the road from the bridge to the toll gates, as can be seen further on in the aforementioned videoApproaching the bridge from Vidin, Bulgaria, in the summer of 2013 it was not very clearly signposted that traffic past the Vidin exit, which lies approximately 5 kilometres from the bridge, would automatically end up at the Calafat toll gates, with no possibility to escape the toll fares. This has been fixed by a sign warning that the road ahead is a toll road, just a few hundred metres before the bridge. At the point where the railway meets the road, a gap in the median crash barrier has been adapted to serve as a U-turn lane. The main road (1/E79) was supposed to have 2 lanes in each direction, but the left lane now ends into the U-turn-facility, which is signposted rather sparsely, thus forming a safety risk to both traffic overtaking at higher speeds and cyclists, as can be seen in this video, filmed in October 2014.Last, the Calafat-Vidin bridge does not yet have any motorway connections (see below).","title":"Construction progress"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pan-European_corridor_4.svg"},{"link_name":"Pan-European Corridor IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_IV"},{"link_name":"European route E79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E79"},{"link_name":"Miskolc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miskolc"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Beiuş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiu%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deva,_Romania"},{"link_name":"Petroşani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro%C5%9Fani"},{"link_name":"Târgu Jiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Jiu"},{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova"},{"link_name":"Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsbg-26"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnr-27"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Pan-European corridor IV highlighted in redThe Danube Bridge 2 is part of the Pan-European Corridor IV. It is also part of the European route E79, that runs from Miskolc (Hungary) to Thessaloniki (Greece), via the Romanian cities of Beiuş, Deva, Petroşani, Târgu Jiu and Craiova.[48]According to the planned road network of Pan-European corridors, the bridge was supposed to have access to the Bucharest – Craiova – Timișoara – Budapest motorway by 2017, allowing rapid transit from North-western Bulgaria, to South-western Romania, Eastern Hungary and the rest of Europe.[25][failed verification][26][dead link]","title":"Connecting road network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Vidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidin"},{"link_name":"I-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-1_road_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"Hemus motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemus_motorway"},{"link_name":"Botevgrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botevgrad"},{"link_name":"dual carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"Vratsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratsa"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"single carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_carriageway"},{"link_name":"Kostinbrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostinbrod"},{"link_name":"Petrohan Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohan_Pass"},{"link_name":"Balkan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_road"},{"link_name":"hard shoulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_shoulder"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Hemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemus_motorway"},{"link_name":"Struma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struma_motorway"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe_motorway"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Bulgarian perspective","text":"The national road from Sofia to Vidin (I-1/E79) is linked to the Hemus motorway (A2) up to the city of Botevgrad, and continues with a dual carriageway road to Vratsa. The road from Montana to Vidin is a rehabilitated[49] two-lane single carriageway road.There is also another road from Sofia to Vidin (81), via Kostinbrod and through the Petrohan Pass to Montana. This road is shorter and very scenic, but it takes more time as it runs over the Balkan Mountains and through the villages.There are plans for upgrading the road from Botevgrad to Vidin to an expressway (dual carriageway road without hard shoulder), with a tender for the construction of several sections announced at the end of 2012.[50] Traffic analysis on this route have indicated that (as of 2013) it did not require a motorway status,[51] therefore Bulgaria's priorities remain finishing the already started motorway projects, such as the Hemus and the Struma motorways, as well as the new planned Europe motorway, between Sofia and the Serbian border.[52][53]","title":"Connecting road network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova"},{"link_name":"Drobeta-Turnu Severin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drobeta-Turnu_Severin"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"DN6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DN6"},{"link_name":"Lugoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugoj"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lugoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugoj"},{"link_name":"A6 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_motorway_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"A1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_motorway_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Nădlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83dlac"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"A6 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A6_motorway_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Via Carpathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_Carpathia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Victor Ponta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Ponta"},{"link_name":"Craiova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiova"},{"link_name":"Calafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafat"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Kapitan Andreevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitan_Andreevo"},{"link_name":"Nădlac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83dlac"},{"link_name":"Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu%E2%80%93Ruse_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"road tolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_pricing"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Romanian perspective","text":"In Romania, the bridge provides access to national roads connecting with Craiova and Drobeta-Turnu Severin.[54] These are not among the busiest roads in the country, according to a study conducted in 2010.[55]The DN56 road from Calafat to Craiova, considered to be in a poor condition, is currently under rehabilitation works[56] and runs through most of the settlements on the route. The DN56A road from Calafat to Drobeta-Turnu Severin has recently been rehabilitated.[57] \nFurther from Drobeta-Turnu Severin, the DN6 road to Lugoj, has also recently been under rehabilitation works and bypasses all the major settlements on the route.[citation needed] From Lugoj, the first 11.5 km long section of the A6 motorway provides a link to the currently partially under construction A1 motorway and thereby further to Nădlac and the Hungarian border.[58]The remainder of the A6 motorway, currently in the pre-feasibility phase, would include a connection to the bridge in one of its considered routes,[59] and a new planned European transit route named Via Carpathia, connecting Lithuania to Greece, was recently discussed in the European Parliament and includes the Calafat–Vidin Bridge on its route.[60] The Romanian PM Victor Ponta made a statement after the inauguration of the bridge that Romania plans to build a motorway between Craiova and Calafat.[61]Most of the international transit traffic across the bridge is between Bulgaria and Hungary, with a significant part of the freight traffic coming from Turkey.[62] The route from Kapitan Andreevo (the border between Bulgaria and Turkey) to Nădlac (the border between Romania and Hungary) across the Calafat–Vidin Bridge is approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) shorter than the route across the Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge, which had been the most used route between the two countries for the freight traffic.[63] It is also an important alternative, in terms of time, to the transit route through Serbia, which despite being shorter and providing more kilometers of motorway, has pricier road tolls and can take more time for customs procedures, due to the fact that the country is not a member of the European Union.[64]","title":"Connecting road network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivaylo Moskovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivaylo_Moskovski"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Number of vehicles per day","text":"Before the opening of the bridge, Bulgarian Minister of Transport Ivaylo Moskovski said that he expected traffic across the bridge to exceed 100,000 vehicles in the first year,[65] although initially estimates suggested a volume of 3,000 vehicles per day,[66] which is closer to the one of the Giurgiu–Ruse Bridge.[67]508,294 vehicles crossed the bridge in the first year after the opening, thus surpassing the initial prognosis.[68]","title":"Connecting road network"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_road"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"toll booths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_house"},{"link_name":"border checkpoints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_checkpoint"},{"link_name":"Schengen Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Area"},{"link_name":"this video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AoaSieDR5Y#&t=7m20s"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHEUH8bbBNI&t=9m30s"}],"text":"Effective from 1 July 2013, the following tolls apply for crossing the New Europe Bridge:[69]The toll is collected at toll booths, located on the Romanian side. They will serve also as border checkpoints until both Bulgaria and Romania enter the Schengen Area.In June 2013, it was possible for cars coming from Bulgaria to drive over the bridge and turn around just before the toll gates and escape the tolls, as shown in this video, filmed in the first hour after the bridge had been opened for traffic. However, another video recorded in October 2014 shows that it is no longer possible to sneak through that parking lot and drive back over the bridge to Bulgaria for free.","title":"Tolls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"official website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121019144042/http://danubebridge2.com/indexen.php"},{"link_name":"this webcam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//178.239.225.102/view/viewer_index.shtml"}],"text":"Images with the construction status of the bridge were posted regularly on the official website of the project, when it was under construction by FCC Construción.\nA live traffic camera has been installed. As of October 2014, any vehicle driving from Vidin to Calafat can be seen on this webcam, pointing towards the Romanian bank of the Danube river. Vehicles driving into Bulgaria are hard to see, since they drive behind a crash barrier next to the railway track.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Since 15 June 2013.[2][3]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgaria: Bulgaria-Romania 2nd Danube Bridge 73% Completed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=138645"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian-Romanian bridge delayed by land plot disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sofiaecho.com/2007/10/29/656910_bulgarian-romanian-bridge-delayed-by-land-plot-disputes"},{"link_name":"Danube Bridge 2 between Bulgaria and Romania: The Bridge of Shame!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=145998"}],"text":"Bulgaria: Bulgaria-Romania 2nd Danube Bridge 73% Completed, article about the bridge construction status by the Sofia News Agency\nBulgarian-Romanian bridge delayed by land plot disputes, Sofia Echo article about the land that was needed for the bridge\nDanube Bridge 2 between Bulgaria and Romania: The Bridge of Shame!, article by Ivan Dakov, published on Novinite, 12 December 2012","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Construction of the Vidin–Calafat Bridge as seen in 2010 on the Bulgarian river bank. View towards the small island in the Bulgarian non-navigable part of the Danube river. The ferry boat terminal is about 4km down the river from the bridge.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Vidin_-_Calafat_bridge.jpg/500px-Vidin_-_Calafat_bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"Calafat - Vidin bridge, as seen in March 2013, from the Romanian bank of the Danube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Podul_Calafat_-_Vidin%2C_martie_2013.JPG/220px-Podul_Calafat_-_Vidin%2C_martie_2013.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pan-European corridor IV highlighted in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pan-European_corridor_4.svg/220px-Pan-European_corridor_4.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Bulgaria–Romania border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Romania_border"},{"title":"Giurgiu–Ruse Friendship Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu%E2%80%93Ruse_Friendship_Bridge"},{"title":"List of crossings of the Danube river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crossings_of_the_Danube_river"},{"title":"List of bridges in Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Bulgaria"},{"title":"List of bridges in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Romania"}] | [{"reference":"\"Construction of ... Bridge ... at Vidin-Calafat\" (PDF). ISPA. 15 December 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519140331/http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funds/download/ispa/bulg/bulg_trans_vidincala_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Construction of ... Bridge ... at Vidin-Calafat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_for_Structural_Policies_for_Pre-Accession","url_text":"ISPA"},{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funds/download/ispa/bulg/bulg_trans_vidincala_en.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic statistics (in Bulgarian)\". Vidin-Calafat Bridge JSC. Retrieved 27 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vidincalafatbridge.bg/bg/page/117","url_text":"\"Traffic statistics (in Bulgarian)\""}]},{"reference":"Peter S. Green (6 January 2001). \"The Danube's Economic Blues; Balkan Area Hopes a Bridge Can Put It on Road to Riches\". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/06/business/danube-s-economic-blues-balkan-area-hopes-bridge-can-put-it-road-riches.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"The Danube's Economic Blues; Balkan Area Hopes a Bridge Can Put It on Road to Riches\""}]},{"reference":"\"Вторият мост над Дунав\" (in Bulgarian). Mediapool.bg. 25 March 2005. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162329/http://www.mediapool.bg/site/balkans/2005/03/25/01_250305ba.shtml","url_text":"\"Вторият мост над Дунав\""},{"url":"http://www.mediapool.bg/site/balkans/2005/03/25/01_250305ba.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Record Danube Low Freezes River Traffic\". Novinite.com. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=134654","url_text":"\"Record Danube Low Freezes River Traffic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria faces further fatal freeze a day after Black Sea devastation\". Sofia Echo. 9 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sofiaecho.com/2012/02/09/1762523_bulgaria-faces-further-fatal-freeze-a-day-after-black-sea-devastation","url_text":"\"Bulgaria faces further fatal freeze a day after Black Sea devastation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria: Danube Freeze Shuts Bulgarian-Romanian Ferries\". Novinite.com. 11 February 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=136573","url_text":"\"Bulgaria: Danube Freeze Shuts Bulgarian-Romanian Ferries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liste der Donaubrücken\" (PDF) (in German). Via Donau. 26 April 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130811010128/http://www.donauschifffahrt.info/fileadmin/group_upload/7/Daten_und_Fakten/Verkehrswege_Donau/2010-04-26__Donaubruecken_via-donau_work_DE.pdf","url_text":"\"Liste der Donaubrücken\""},{"url":"http://www.donauschifffahrt.info/fileadmin/group_upload/7/Daten_und_Fakten/Verkehrswege_Donau/2010-04-26__Donaubruecken_via-donau_work_DE.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Balkan experts to tackle Danube bridge stalemate\". Athens News Agency. 13 April 1998. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hri.org/news/greek/apeen/1998/98-04-13_1.apeen.html","url_text":"\"Balkan experts to tackle Danube bridge stalemate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria, Romania disagree again over Danube bridge\". Radio Free Europe. 5 October 1998. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/1998/98-10-05.rferl.html#19","url_text":"\"Bulgaria, Romania disagree again over Danube bridge\""}]},{"reference":"Yordanka Gancheva. \"The Second Danube Bridge: Where Is the Problem Actually?\". Institute for Market Economics. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130602074329/http://ime.bg/pdf_docs/papers/bridge.doc","url_text":"\"The Second Danube Bridge: Where Is the Problem Actually?\""},{"url":"http://ime.bg/pdf_docs/papers/bridge.doc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New bridge over the Danube\". BBC News. 27 March 2000. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/692559.stm","url_text":"\"New bridge over the Danube\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Investment Bank Activities in South Eastern Europe\" (PDF). Eib.org. 20 November 2001. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eib.org/attachments/balkans/seeurope.pdf","url_text":"\"European Investment Bank Activities in South Eastern Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Milka Dimitrova. \"Danube bridge 2\". Vidin Estates. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121104163520/http://www.vidinestates.com/pages.aspx?id=63","url_text":"\"Danube bridge 2\""},{"url":"http://www.vidinestates.com/pages.aspx?id=63","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matthew Brunwasser (14 June 2006). \"Bridge to a new era for Bulgaria and Romania\". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/14/world/europe/14iht-span.1974908.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&","url_text":"\"Bridge to a new era for Bulgaria and Romania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria: EC Backs Down over Danube Bridge Funding\". Novinite.com. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=115519","url_text":"\"Bulgaria: EC Backs Down over Danube Bridge Funding\""}]},{"reference":"\"The construction of Danube Bridge II begins\". Council of Ministers of the Republic of Bulgaria. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 5 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0137&n=418&g=","url_text":"\"The construction of Danube Bridge II begins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Станишев направи първа копка на Дунав мост 2\" (in Bulgarian). News.bg. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 13 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_266418233","url_text":"\"Станишев направи първа копка на Дунав мост 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Строителството на Дунав мост 2 стартира през юни\" (in Bulgarian). News.bg. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ibox.bg/news/id_1808663213","url_text":"\"Строителството на Дунав мост 2 стартира през юни\""}]},{"reference":"\"През юни тази година ще започне строителството на моста на р. Дунав между Видин и Калафат\" (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian National Radio. 10 February 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bnr.bg/RadioBulgaria/Emission_Bulgarian/News/1002-puente+14.htm","url_text":"\"През юни тази година ще започне строителството на моста на р. Дунав между Видин и Калафат\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio","url_text":"Bulgarian National Radio"}]},{"reference":"\"Danube Bridge 2\". Ministry of Transport, Information Technology and Communications. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(lunar_crater) | Swift (lunar crater) | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 19°18′N 53°24′E / 19.3°N 53.4°E / 19.3; 53.4Crater on the Moon
For other uses, see Swift (crater).
Feature on the moonSwiftApollo 17 mapping camera imageCoordinates19°18′N 53°24′E / 19.3°N 53.4°E / 19.3; 53.4Diameter10 kmColongitude307° at sunriseEponymLewis A. Swift
Oblique view from Apollo 17, facing north
Swift (above center) and Peirce (center) from Apollo 17. The rays from the left are from Proclus. NASA photo.
Swift is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the northwestern part of the Mare Crisium, in the northeast part of the Moon's near side. Within two crater diameters to the south is the larger crater Peirce. It was named after American astronomer Lewis A. Swift. Swift was previously designated Peirce B.
This formation is circular and bowl-shaped, with a small floor at the midpoint of the sloping interior walls. It is a symmetrical crater with little appearance of wear from minor impacts.
This crater has been incorrectly named 'Graham' on some maps.
References
^ "Swift (lunar crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swift (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_(crater)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swift_crater_AS17-P-2691.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AS17-M-0431.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apollo 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17"},{"link_name":"rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_system"},{"link_name":"Proclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclus_(crater)"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Mare Crisium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Crisium"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Peirce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirce_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Lewis A. Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._Swift"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Crater on the MoonFor other uses, see Swift (crater).Feature on the moonOblique view from Apollo 17, facing northSwift (above center) and Peirce (center) from Apollo 17. The rays from the left are from Proclus. NASA photo.Swift is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the northwestern part of the Mare Crisium, in the northeast part of the Moon's near side. Within two crater diameters to the south is the larger crater Peirce. It was named after American astronomer Lewis A. Swift.[1] Swift was previously designated Peirce B.This formation is circular and bowl-shaped, with a small floor at the midpoint of the sloping interior walls. It is a symmetrical crater with little appearance of wear from minor impacts.This crater has been incorrectly named 'Graham' on some maps.[citation needed]","title":"Swift (lunar crater)"}] | [{"image_text":"Oblique view from Apollo 17, facing north","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Swift_crater_AS17-P-2691.jpg/220px-Swift_crater_AS17-P-2691.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swift (above center) and Peirce (center) from Apollo 17. The rays from the left are from Proclus. NASA photo.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/AS17-M-0431.jpg/220px-AS17-M-0431.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Swift (lunar crater)\". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5788","url_text":"\"Swift (lunar crater)\""}]},{"reference":"Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, E. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bussey","url_text":"Bussey, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Spudis","url_text":"Spudis, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81528-4","url_text":"978-0-521-81528-4"}]},{"reference":"Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271","url_text":"Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936389-27-1","url_text":"978-0-936389-27-1"}]},{"reference":"McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). \"Lunar Nomenclature\". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://host.planet4589.org/astro/lunar/","url_text":"\"Lunar Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%27s_Space_Report","url_text":"Jonathan's Space Report"}]},{"reference":"Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). \"Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU\". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","url_text":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","url_text":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","url_text":"122125855"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Moore","url_text":"Moore, Patrick"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr","url_text":"On the Moon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Co","url_text":"Sterling Publishing Co"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35469-6","url_text":"978-0-304-35469-6"}]},{"reference":"Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33500-3","url_text":"978-0-521-33500-3"}]},{"reference":"Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_R%C3%BCkl","url_text":"Rükl, Antonín"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Books","url_text":"Kalmbach Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913135-17-4","url_text":"978-0-913135-17-4"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_William_Webb","url_text":"Webb, Rev. T. W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb","url_text":"Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20917-3","url_text":"978-0-486-20917-3"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, Ewen A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62248-6","url_text":"978-0-521-62248-6"}]},{"reference":"Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-193-1","url_text":"978-1-85233-193-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swift_(lunar_crater)¶ms=19.3_N_53.4_E_globe:moon_type:landmark","external_links_name":"19°18′N 53°24′E / 19.3°N 53.4°E / 19.3; 53.4"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Swift_(lunar_crater)¶ms=19.3_N_53.4_E_globe:moon_type:landmark","external_links_name":"19°18′N 53°24′E / 19.3°N 53.4°E / 19.3; 53.4"},{"Link":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/5788","external_links_name":"\"Swift (lunar crater)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271","external_links_name":"Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature"},{"Link":"http://host.planet4589.org/astro/lunar/","external_links_name":"\"Lunar Nomenclature\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","external_links_name":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","external_links_name":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","external_links_name":"122125855"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr","external_links_name":"On the Moon"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb","external_links_name":"Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_Still_Rises | The Sun Still Rises | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | 1946 film
Il sole sorge ancoraDirected byAldo VerganoWritten byGiuseppe Gorgerino Guido Aristarco Giuseppe De Santis Carlo Lizzani Aldo Vergano Vittorio CottafaviProduced byGiorgio AglianiStarringElli Parvo Massimo Serato Lea PadovaniCinematographyAldo TontiEdited byGabriele VarrialeMusic byGiuseppe RosatiProductioncompanyANPIDistributed byENICRelease date
6 November 1946 (1946-11-06)
Running time90 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian
The Sun Still Rises (Italian: Il sole sorge ancora) also known as Outcry is a 1946 Italian neorealist war-drama film directed by Aldo Vergano and starring Elli Parvo, Massimo Serato and Lea Padovani.
It was one of two films produced by the ANPI movement along with Giuseppe De Santis's Tragic Hunt (1947).
The film entered the competition at the 7th Venice International Film Festival. For his performance Massimo Serato won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actor. The film also won a special Nastro d'Argento for outstanding formal merits.
Synopsis
Following the Armistice of 1943, Cesare and his comrades leave the army and return to their homes. For Cesare this is a village in the Lombardy countryside outside Milan. There he becomes involved with Laura, a seamstress, but is also attracted to Mathilde an aristocrat. He is drawn back into the war when both the Italian Resistance and the German Army move into the area. After they shoot the local priest, the inhabitants rise up against the Germans and drive them out with the assistance of the partisans.
Cast
Elli Parvo as Matilde
Lea Padovani as Laura
Vittorio Duse as Cesare
Massimo Serato as Major Heinrich
Gillo Pontecorvo as Pietro
Checco Rissone as Mario
Carlo Lizzani as Don Camillo
Ada Cristina Almirante as Countess
Egisto Olivieri as Laura's Father
Giuseppe De Santis as Count's attendant
Alfonso Gatto as Train conductor
Mirko Ellis as Nazi officer
Checco Durante
Guido Aristarco
References
^ Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8876055487.
^ a b Enrico Lancia (1998). I premi del cinema. Gremese Editore, 1998. ISBN 8877422211.
Bibliography
Gundle, Stephen. Fame Amid the Ruins: Italian Film Stardom in the Age of Neorealism. Berghahn Books, 2019.
External links
The Sun Still Rises at IMDb
This article related to an Italian film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a war drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_films_of_1946"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"neorealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_neorealism"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_film"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Aldo Vergano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Vergano"},{"link_name":"Elli Parvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_Parvo"},{"link_name":"Massimo Serato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Serato"},{"link_name":"Lea Padovani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Padovani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45-59-1"},{"link_name":"ANPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANPI"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe De Santis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Santis"},{"link_name":"Tragic Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragic_Hunt"},{"link_name":"7th Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Venice_International_Film_Festival_(1946)"},{"link_name":"Massimo Serato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Serato"},{"link_name":"Nastro d'Argento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento_for_Best_Supporting_Actor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premi-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-premi-2"}],"text":"The Sun Still Rises (Italian: Il sole sorge ancora) also known as Outcry is a 1946 Italian neorealist war-drama film directed by Aldo Vergano and starring Elli Parvo, Massimo Serato and Lea Padovani.[1]It was one of two films produced by the ANPI movement along with Giuseppe De Santis's Tragic Hunt (1947).The film entered the competition at the 7th Venice International Film Festival. For his performance Massimo Serato won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actor.[2] The film also won a special Nastro d'Argento for outstanding formal merits.[2]","title":"The Sun Still Rises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armistice of 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"seamstress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamstress"},{"link_name":"aristocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocrat"},{"link_name":"Italian Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"German Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)"}],"text":"Following the Armistice of 1943, Cesare and his comrades leave the army and return to their homes. For Cesare this is a village in the Lombardy countryside outside Milan. There he becomes involved with Laura, a seamstress, but is also attracted to Mathilde an aristocrat. He is drawn back into the war when both the Italian Resistance and the German Army move into the area. After they shoot the local priest, the inhabitants rise up against the Germans and drive them out with the assistance of the partisans.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elli Parvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elli_Parvo"},{"link_name":"Lea Padovani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Padovani"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Duse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Duse"},{"link_name":"Massimo Serato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Serato"},{"link_name":"Gillo Pontecorvo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillo_Pontecorvo"},{"link_name":"Checco Rissone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checco_Rissone"},{"link_name":"Carlo Lizzani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Lizzani"},{"link_name":"Egisto Olivieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egisto_Olivieri"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe De Santis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_De_Santis"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Gatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Gatto"},{"link_name":"Mirko Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Checco Durante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checco_Durante"},{"link_name":"Guido Aristarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Aristarco"}],"text":"Elli Parvo as Matilde\nLea Padovani as Laura\nVittorio Duse as Cesare\nMassimo Serato as Major Heinrich\nGillo Pontecorvo as Pietro\nChecco Rissone as Mario\nCarlo Lizzani as Don Camillo\nAda Cristina Almirante as Countess\nEgisto Olivieri as Laura's Father\nGiuseppe De Santis as Count's attendant\nAlfonso Gatto as Train conductor\nMirko Ellis as Nazi officer\nChecco Durante\nGuido Aristarco","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gundle, Stephen. Fame Amid the Ruins: Italian Film Stardom in the Age of Neorealism. Berghahn Books, 2019.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Roberto Chiti; Roberto Poppi; Enrico Lancia. Dizionario del cinema italiano: I film. Gremese, 1991. ISBN 8876055487.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8876055487","url_text":"8876055487"}]},{"reference":"Enrico Lancia (1998). I premi del cinema. Gremese Editore, 1998. ISBN 8877422211.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8877422211","url_text":"8877422211"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038963/","external_links_name":"The Sun Still Rises"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_Still_Rises&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sun_Still_Rises&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEORGE_(autocode_system) | GEORGE (programming language) | ["1 Description","2 Historical note","3 References"] | Not to be confused with George (algebraic compiler).
GEORGE (General Order Generator) is a programming language invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957. It was designed around a push-down pop-up stack for arithmetic operations, and employed reverse Polish notation. The language included loops, subroutines, conditionals, vectors, and matrices.
Description
Algebraic expressions were written in reverse Polish notation; thus,
a
+
b
{\displaystyle a+b}
was written a b +, and similarly for the other arithmetic operations of subtraction, multiplication, and division.
The algebraic expression
a
x
2
+
b
x
+
c
{\displaystyle ax^{2}+bx+c}
was written a x dup × × b x × + c +, where 'dup' meant 'duplicate the value'.
Following the reverse Polish form, an assignment statement to evaluate the formula
y
=
a
x
2
+
b
x
+
c
{\displaystyle y=ax^{2}+bx+c}
was written as a x dup × × b x × + c + (y).
The computer evaluated the expression as follows: the values of a, then x, were pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack; 'dup' caused a copy of the top-most value (x) to be pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack; Multiply (×) caused the top two values, namely, x and x, to be removed (popped) and multiplied, returning the product to the top of the accumulator stack. The second multiply (×) then caused the top two values on the stack (namely, a and x**2) to be popped and multiplied, and the product (a×x**2) to be pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack. And so on the remaining components of the expression. The final operation, namely (y), returned the value of the expression to storage without changing the status of the accumulator stack.
Assuming that the value on the top of the accumulator stack was not required immediately, it would be removed (cleared) by using the operator (;).
The following program reads in eight values and forms their sum:
0,
1, 8 rep (j)
R +
]
(P)
The first line initialises the sum by pushing the value zero onto the top of the accumulator stack.
The second line introduces a loop, is spoken as "for 1 to 8 repeat for j", and is terminated by the square bracket.
In the third line, R causes one number to be read in and pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack, and the plus sign (+) causes that value to be added to the (partial) sum, leaving only the partial sum on the top of the accumulator stack.
After the loop terminates, the (P) causes the final sum to be punched on a card.
Manipulation of vectors and matrices requires subscript notation. In GEORGE, the subscript(s) preceded the vector or matrix name. Thus A(j) was written j | A.
The following program reads in vector a of 10 values, then forms the squares of those values, and finally prints those values.
1, 10 R1 (a)
1, 10 rep (j)
j | a dup * j | (a) ;
]
1, 10 P1 (a)
In the program, the first line is a vector read that reads in the ten values into a(1) through a(10).
The second line introduces a loop to run through the ten values of j.
The third line fetches a(j), duplicates it, multiplies those two values giving the square, and then stores it in a(j). Note the semicolon (;), which clears (or cancels) the top entry in the accumulator stack. Were this not done, the accumulator would gradually fill up with the squares of the values.
The final line is a vector punch (i.e., print) to write out the ten squares.
GEORGE coding table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15
0
/
0
16
a
q
(a)
(q)
log
R
1
,
//
1
17
b
r
(b)
(r)
exp
(P)
2
;
~
2
18
c
s
(c)
(s)
pow
3
*
&
3
19
d
t
(d)
(t)
rem
4
∨
4
20
e
u
(e)
(u)
sqrt
5
+
]
5
21
f
v
(f)
(v)
sin
6
-
↓
6
22
g
w
(g)
(w)
cos
7
×
↑
7
23
h
x
(h)
(x)
8
÷
rep
8
24
i
y
(i)
(y)
R1
9
neg
I
9
25
j
z
(j)
(z)
P1
10
mod
10
26
k
α
(k)
(α)
R11
11
max
11
27
l
β
(l)
(β)
P11
12
dup
12
28
m
γ
(m)
(γ)
13
rev
13
29
n
λ
(n)
(λ)
14
=
14
30
Θ
μ
(Θ)
(μ)
15
>
15
31
p
ω
(p)
(ω)
The above GEORGE coding table assisted in transcribing a program onto punch cards.
Conditional operations were written as jumps, as follows:
if a > 0 go to 5 (which transfers to label 5 if a is greater than zero)
would be written
0 a > 5 ↑
Label 5 was indicated by including *5 elsewhere in the program.
Unconditional transfers were written 5↑
Subroutine calls were made with the down arrow, .g., to call subroutine labelled 17, write 17↓, where the label 17 was encoded using column 3 of the above table.
Historical note
In the first version running by May 1957 on an English Electric DEUCE, all values were stored in binary fixed-point form in a 32-bit word, with 16 binary places.
In the second version introduced by 1958, values were held in floating-point form, with one value per word: 22 bits for the mantissa and 10 bits for the exponent.
Some form of coding table was needed because the printing equipment of the time provided only 26 letters of the alphabet, a decimal point, plus sign, minus sign, and slash.
References
^ Hamblin, Charles Leonard (May 1957). An Addressless Coding Scheme based on Mathematical Notation (Typescript). New South Wales University of Technology.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Hamblin, Charles Leonard (June 1957). "An addressless coding scheme based on mathematical notation". Proceedings of the First Australian Conference on Computing and Data Processing. Salisbury, South Australia: Weapons Research Establishment.
^ Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1957). "Computer Languages". The Australian Journal of Science (20?): 135–139; Hamblin, Charles Leonard (November 1985). "Computer Languages". The Australian Computer Journal (Reprint). 17 (4): 195–198.
^ Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1958). GEORGE IA and II: A semi-translation programming scheme for DEUCE: Programming and Operation Manual (PDF). School of Humanities, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-27.
^ Beard, Bob (Autumn 1997) . "The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On" (PDF). Resurrection - The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society. No. 18. Computer Conservation Society (CCS). pp. 7–15. ISSN 0958-7403. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27. The KDF9 is remarkable because it is the believed to be the first zero-address instruction format computer to have been announced (in 1960). It was first delivered at about the same time (early 1963) as the other famous zero-address computer, the Burroughs B5000 in America. Like many modern pocket calculators, a zero-address machine allows the use of Reverse Polish arithmetic; this offers certain advantages to compiler writers. It is believed that the attention of the English Electric team was first drawn to the zero-address concept through contact with George (General Order Generator), an autocode programming system written for a Deuce computer by the University of Sydney, Australia, in the latter half of the 1950s. George used Reversed Polish, and the KDF9 team were attracted to this convention for the pragmatic reason of wishing to enhance performance by minimising accesses to main store. This may be contrasted with the more `theoretical' line taken independently by Burroughs. Besides a hardware nesting store or stack - the basic mechanism of a zero-address computer - the KDF9 had other groups of central registers for improving performance which gave it an interesting internal structure. (NB. This is an edited version of a talk given to North West Group of the Society at the Museum of Science and Industry, Manchester, UK on 1996-10-01.)
^ Programming Course. School of Electrical Engineering, The University of New South Wales. n.d. p. 24. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George (algebraic compiler)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_(algebraic_compiler)"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"Charles Leonard Hamblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamblin_1957_1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamblin_1957_2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamblin_1957_3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamblin_1958-4"},{"link_name":"reverse Polish notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_notation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beard_1997-5"},{"link_name":"loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(computing)"},{"link_name":"subroutines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine"},{"link_name":"conditionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_(programming)"},{"link_name":"vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_data_structure"},{"link_name":"matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with George (algebraic compiler).GEORGE (General Order Generator) is a programming language invented by Charles Leonard Hamblin in 1957.[1][2][3][4] It was designed around a push-down pop-up stack for arithmetic operations, and employed reverse Polish notation.[5] The language included loops, subroutines, conditionals, vectors, and matrices.","title":"GEORGE (programming language)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accumulator stack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_machine"}],"text":"Algebraic expressions were written in reverse Polish notation; thus, \n \n \n \n a\n +\n b\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a+b}\n \n was written a b +, and similarly for the other arithmetic operations of subtraction, multiplication, and division.The algebraic expression \n \n \n \n a\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n b\n x\n +\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle ax^{2}+bx+c}\n \n was written a x dup × × b x × + c +, where 'dup' meant 'duplicate the value'.Following the reverse Polish form, an assignment statement to evaluate the formula \n \n \n \n y\n =\n a\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n b\n x\n +\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y=ax^{2}+bx+c}\n \n was written as a x dup × × b x × + c + (y).The computer evaluated the expression as follows: the values of a, then x, were pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack; 'dup' caused a copy of the top-most value (x) to be pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack; Multiply (×) caused the top two values, namely, x and x, to be removed (popped) and multiplied, returning the product to the top of the accumulator stack. The second multiply (×) then caused the top two values on the stack (namely, a and x**2) to be popped and multiplied, and the product (a×x**2) to be pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack. And so on the remaining components of the expression. The final operation, namely (y), returned the value of the expression to storage without changing the status of the accumulator stack.Assuming that the value on the top of the accumulator stack was not required immediately, it would be removed (cleared) by using the operator (;).The following program reads in eight values and forms their sum:0,\n1, 8 rep (j)\n R +\n]\n(P)The first line initialises the sum by pushing the value zero onto the top of the accumulator stack.\nThe second line introduces a loop, is spoken as \"for 1 to 8 repeat for j\", and is terminated by the square bracket.\nIn the third line, R causes one number to be read in and pushed onto the top of the accumulator stack, and the plus sign (+) causes that value to be added to the (partial) sum, leaving only the partial sum on the top of the accumulator stack.\nAfter the loop terminates, the (P) causes the final sum to be punched on a card.Manipulation of vectors and matrices requires subscript notation. In GEORGE, the subscript(s) preceded the vector or matrix name. Thus A(j) was written j | A.\nThe following program reads in vector a of 10 values, then forms the squares of those values, and finally prints those values.1, 10 R1 (a)\n1, 10 rep (j)\n j | a dup * j | (a) ;\n]\n1, 10 P1 (a)In the program, the first line is a vector read that reads in the ten values into a(1) through a(10).\nThe second line introduces a loop to run through the ten values of j.\nThe third line fetches a(j), duplicates it, multiplies those two values giving the square, and then stores it in a(j). Note the semicolon (;), which clears (or cancels) the top entry in the accumulator stack. Were this not done, the accumulator would gradually fill up with the squares of the values.\nThe final line is a vector punch (i.e., print) to write out the ten squares.The above GEORGE coding table assisted in transcribing a program onto punch cards.Conditional operations were written as jumps, as follows:\nif a > 0 go to 5 (which transfers to label 5 if a is greater than zero)\nwould be written0 a > 5 ↑Label 5 was indicated by including *5 elsewhere in the program.\nUnconditional transfers were written 5↑Subroutine calls were made with the down arrow, .g., to call subroutine labelled 17, write 17↓, where the label 17 was encoded using column 3 of the above table.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Electric DEUCE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE"}],"text":"In the first version running by May 1957 on an English Electric DEUCE, all values were stored in binary fixed-point form in a 32-bit word, with 16 binary places.In the second version introduced by 1958, values were held in floating-point form, with one value per word: 22 bits for the mantissa and 10 bits for the exponent.Some form of coding table was needed because the printing equipment of the time provided only 26 letters of the alphabet, a decimal point, plus sign, minus sign, and slash.","title":"Historical note"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard (May 1957). An Addressless Coding Scheme based on Mathematical Notation (Typescript). New South Wales University of Technology.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin","url_text":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_University_of_Technology","url_text":"New South Wales University of Technology"}]},{"reference":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard (June 1957). \"An addressless coding scheme based on mathematical notation\". Proceedings of the First Australian Conference on Computing and Data Processing. Salisbury, South Australia: Weapons Research Establishment.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin","url_text":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_Research_Establishment","url_text":"Weapons Research Establishment"}]},{"reference":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1957). \"Computer Languages\". The Australian Journal of Science (20?): 135–139;","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin","url_text":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard"}]},{"reference":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard (November 1985). \"Computer Languages\". The Australian Computer Journal (Reprint). 17 (4): 195–198.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin","url_text":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard"}]},{"reference":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard (1958). GEORGE IA and II: A semi-translation programming scheme for DEUCE: Programming and Operation Manual (PDF). School of Humanities, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leonard_Hamblin","url_text":"Hamblin, Charles Leonard"},{"url":"http://members.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/deuce/GEORGEProgrammingManual.pdf","url_text":"GEORGE IA and II: A semi-translation programming scheme for DEUCE: Programming and Operation Manual"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200404093021/http://members.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/deuce/GEORGEProgrammingManual.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beard, Bob (Autumn 1997) [1996-10-01]. \"The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On\" (PDF). Resurrection - The Bulletin of the Computer Conservation Society. No. 18. Computer Conservation Society (CCS). pp. 7–15. ISSN 0958-7403. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-27. Retrieved 2020-07-27. […] The KDF9 is remarkable because it is the believed to be the first zero-address instruction format computer to have been announced (in 1960). It was first delivered at about the same time (early 1963) as the other famous zero-address computer, the Burroughs B5000 in America. Like many modern pocket calculators, a zero-address machine allows the use of Reverse Polish arithmetic; this offers certain advantages to compiler writers. It is believed that the attention of the English Electric team was first drawn to the zero-address concept through contact with George (General Order Generator), an autocode programming system written for a Deuce computer by the University of Sydney, Australia, in the latter half of the 1950s. George used Reversed Polish, and the KDF9 team were attracted to this convention for the pragmatic reason of wishing to enhance performance by minimising accesses to main store. This may be contrasted with the more `theoretical' line taken independently by Burroughs. Besides a hardware nesting store or stack - the basic mechanism of a zero-address computer - the KDF9 had other groups of central registers for improving performance which gave it an interesting internal structure. […]","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/Archive/Resurrection/pdf/res18.pdf","url_text":"\"The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(magazine)","url_text":"Resurrection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Conservation_Society","url_text":"Computer Conservation Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403","url_text":"0958-7403"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140754/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/Archive/Resurrection/pdf/res18.pdf","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDF9","url_text":"KDF9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_B5000","url_text":"Burroughs B5000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE","url_text":"Deuce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney","url_text":"University of Sydney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_Polish","url_text":"Reversed Polish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation","url_text":"Burroughs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesting_store","url_text":"nesting store"}]},{"reference":"Programming Course. School of Electrical Engineering, The University of New South Wales. n.d. p. 24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_New_South_Wales","url_text":"The University of New South Wales"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://members.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/deuce/GEORGEProgrammingManual.pdf","external_links_name":"GEORGE IA and II: A semi-translation programming scheme for DEUCE: Programming and Operation Manual"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200404093021/http://members.iinet.net.au/~dgreen/deuce/GEORGEProgrammingManual.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/Archive/Resurrection/pdf/res18.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The KDF9 Computer — 30 Years On\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0958-7403","external_links_name":"0958-7403"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200727140754/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/Archive/Resurrection/pdf/res18.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200427075718/http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/CCS/res/res18.htm#c","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Slovak_Superliga | 2000–01 Slovak Superliga | ["1 Teams","1.1 Stadiums and locations","2 League table","3 Results","3.1 First half of season","3.2 Second half of season","4 Season statistics","4.1 Top scorers","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Football league seasonMars superligaSeason2000–01Dates18 July 2000 – 13 June 2001ChampionsInter BratislavaRelegatedSpartak TrnavaChampions LeagueInter BratislavaUEFA CupSlovan BratislavaRužomberokMatador PúchovIntertoto CupArtmedia PetržalkaMatches played180Goals scored515 (2.86 per match)Top goalscorerSzilárd Németh(23 goals)Biggest home winSlovan 6:0 KošiceBiggest away winPrešov 0:4 RužomberokHighest scoringSlovan 5:3 Inter Trnava 4:4 KošiceAverage attendance 3,578← 1999–2000 2001–02 →
The 2000–01 Slovak First Football League (known as the Mars superliga for sponsorship reasons) was the eighth season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. It began on 18 July 2000 and ended on 13 June 2001. AŠK Inter Slovnaft Bratislava were the defending champions.
Teams
A total of 10 teams was contested in the league, including 9 sides from the 1999–2000 season and one promoted from the 2. Liga.
The seven teams (Koba Senec, ZTS Dubnica, 1. HFC Humenné, FC Nitra, DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda, Dukla Banská Bystrica and Baník Prievidza) were relegated to the 2000–01 2. Liga due to the decision of the organization of Mars superliga, that the number of teams in the league should be reduced from 16 to 10 teams from that season.
These relegated teams were replaced by FK Matador Púchov.
Stadiums and locations
TrenčínPúchovKošiceArtmediaPrešovRužomberokInterSlovanTrnavaŽilinaclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2000–01 Mars superliga
Team
Home city
Stadium
Capacity
1. FC Košice
Košice
Lokomotíva Stadium
9,000
Artmedia Petržalka
Petržalka
Štadión Petržalka
7,500
Inter Slovnaft Bratislava
Bratislava
Štadión Pasienky
12,000
Matador Púchov
Púchov
Mestský štadión
6,614
MFK SCP Ružomberok
Ružomberok
Štadión MFK Ružomberok
4,817
MŠK Žilina
Žilina
Štadión pod Dubňom
11,181
Ozeta Dukla Trenčín
Trenčín
Štadión na Sihoti
4,500
Slovan Bratislava
Bratislava
Tehelné pole
30,085
Spartak Trnava
Trnava
Štadión Antona Malatinského
18,448
Tatran Prešov
Prešov
Tatran Štadión
14,000
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Inter Bratislava (C)
36
25
5
6
73
28
+45
80
Qualification for Champions League second qualifying round
2
Slovan Bratislava
36
21
8
7
84
49
+35
71
Qualification for UEFA Cup qualifying round
3
Ružomberok
36
15
10
11
51
48
+3
55
4
Artmedia Petržalka
36
15
9
12
59
55
+4
54
Qualification for Intertoto Cup first round
5
Žilina
36
11
12
13
41
46
−5
45
6
Matador Púchov
36
9
13
14
47
53
−6
40
Qualification for UEFA Cup qualifying round
7
Tatran Prešov
36
10
10
16
44
54
−10
40
8
Ozeta Dukla Trenčín
36
11
6
19
35
59
−24
39
9
1. FC Košice
36
10
7
19
42
61
−19
37
10
Spartak Trnava (R)
36
8
10
18
39
62
−23
34
Relegation to 2. Liga
Source: RSSSF.orgRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:
^ Matador Púchov qualify for 2001–02 UEFA Cup as Slovakia ranked third in the UEFA Fair Play Ranking.
Results
First half of season
Home \ Away
ART
INT
KOŠ
PRE
PÚC
RUŽ
SLO
TRE
TRN
ŽIL
Artmedia Petržalka
0–2
2–2
3–2
1–1
3–1
2–2
2–0
2–1
2–4
Inter Bratislava
4–1
2–0
2–0
2–0
2–1
2–0
4–0
4–0
2–0
1. FC Košice
2–1
2–0
0–3
2–0
1–2
0–1
2–0
2–1
2–1
Prešov
4–1
0–3
1–0
1–0
2–3
2–1
3–1
0–2
1–2
Matador Púchov
0–0
0–2
4–3
0–0
3–1
1–1
1–1
2–0
2–0
Ružomberok
2–1
0–0
1–0
1–1
3–1
2–3
1–0
3–0
2–1
Slovan Bratislava
1–1
1–1
5–2
3–1
3–1
2–0
5–0
4–2
5–1
Ozeta Dukla Trenčín
3–3
1–3
1–0
2–2
1–0
0–1
0–3
4–0
0–3
Spartak Trnava
2–0
2–2
4–4
0–0
1–0
0–0
1–1
2–1
2–0
Žilina
3–1
1–2
0–0
2–2
0–0
0–0
1–2
0–0
2–1
Source: RSSSF.orgLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Second half of season
Home \ Away
ART
INT
KOŠ
PRE
PÚC
RUŽ
SLO
TRE
TRN
ŽIL
Artmedia Petržalka
2–1
3–1
3–1
1–1
4–2
3–0
1–0
3–0
0–0
Inter Bratislava
0–1
2–1
4–0
2–3
2–1
3–0
2–1
1–0
3–0
1. FC Košice
1–2
1–1
0–3
4–2
2–1
2–3
0–1
1–2
0–0
Prešov
1–3
2–1
0–0
1–1
0–4
1–1
0–0
2–0
3–0
Matador Púchov
1–1
1–3
1–2
2–2
1–1
2–5
5–1
3–1
1–1
Ružomberok
1–0
0–0
3–2
2–1
1–1
1–1
1–3
3–2
0–0
Slovan Bratislava
2–1
5–3
6–0
2–1
1–3
4–1
2–3
4–1
0–0
Ozeta Dukla Trenčín
3–1
1–4
2–0
1–0
1–0
1–3
1–2
1–0
0–2
Spartak Trnava
2–1
0–1
0–0
1–0
2–3
1–1
1–2
0–0
2–2
Žilina
2–3
0–1
0–1
3–1
1–0
3–1
2–1
1–0
3–3
Source: RSSSF.orgLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Season statistics
Top scorers
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Szilárd Németh
Inter Bratislava
23
2
Ľubomír Meszároš
Slovan Bratislava
18
3
Tibor Jančula
Slovan Bratislava
17
4
Alias Lembakoali
Matador Púchov
16
5
Ľubomír Reiter
Žilina
12
6
Tomáš Oravec
SCP Ružomberok
11
7
Róbert Vittek
Slovan Bratislava
10
Peter Babnič
Inter Bratislava
9
Jozef Mužlay
Matador Púchov
9
Norbert Hrnčár
Slovan Bratislava
See also
2000–01 Slovak Cup
2000–01 2. Liga (Slovakia)
References
^ "Top goalscorers". Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
External links
RSSSF.org (Tables and statistics)
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UEFA Cup (Final)
Intertoto Cup
Super Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"AŠK Inter Slovnaft Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"}],"text":"The 2000–01 Slovak First Football League (known as the Mars superliga for sponsorship reasons) was the eighth season of first-tier football league in Slovakia, since its establishment in 1993. It began on 18 July 2000 and ended on 13 June 2001. AŠK Inter Slovnaft Bratislava were the defending champions.","title":"2000–01 Slovak Superliga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999–2000 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Slovak_Superliga"},{"link_name":"Koba Senec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Senec"},{"link_name":"ZTS Dubnica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Dubnica"},{"link_name":"1. HFC Humenné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Futura_Humenn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"FC Nitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Nitra"},{"link_name":"DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_DAC_1904_Dunajsk%C3%A1_Streda"},{"link_name":"Dukla Banská Bystrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Dukla_Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica"},{"link_name":"Baník Prievidza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Ban%C3%ADk_Prievidza"},{"link_name":"2000–01 2. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_2._Liga_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"FK Matador Púchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_P%C3%BAchov"}],"text":"A total of 10 teams was contested in the league, including 9 sides from the 1999–2000 season and one promoted from the 2. Liga.The seven teams (Koba Senec, ZTS Dubnica, 1. HFC Humenné, FC Nitra, DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda, Dukla Banská Bystrica and Baník Prievidza) were relegated to the 2000–01 2. Liga due to the decision of the organization of Mars superliga, that the number of teams in the league should be reduced from 16 to 10 teams from that season.These relegated teams were replaced by FK Matador Púchov.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovakia_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Trenčín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Púchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_P%C3%BAchov"},{"link_name":"Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_VSS_Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Artmedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Petr%C5%BEalka"},{"link_name":"Prešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"Ružomberok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Ru%C5%BEomberok"},{"link_name":"Inter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Slovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"Trnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava"},{"link_name":"Žilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_%C5%BDilina"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slovakia_location_map.svg"}],"sub_title":"Stadiums and locations","text":"TrenčínPúchovKošiceArtmediaPrešovRužomberokInterSlovanTrnavaŽilinaclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2000–01 Mars superliga","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RSSSF.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_res_UCQRFP0.098922483203431_1-0"}],"text":"Source: RSSSF.orgRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Matador Púchov qualify for 2001–02 UEFA Cup as Slovakia ranked third in the UEFA Fair Play Ranking.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%E2%80%9301_Slovak_Superliga&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"ART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Petr%C5%BEalka"},{"link_name":"INT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"KOŠ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_VSS_Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"PRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"PÚC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_P%C3%BAchov"},{"link_name":"RUŽ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Ru%C5%BEomberok"},{"link_name":"SLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"TRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"TRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava"},{"link_name":"ŽIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_%C5%BDilina"},{"link_name":"Artmedia Petržalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Petr%C5%BEalka"},{"link_name":"Inter Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"1. FC Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_VSS_Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Prešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"Matador Púchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_P%C3%BAchov"},{"link_name":"Ružomberok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Ru%C5%BEomberok"},{"link_name":"Slovan Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"4–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_derby"},{"link_name":"Ozeta Dukla Trenčín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Spartak Trnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava"},{"link_name":"1–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_derby"},{"link_name":"Žilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_%C5%BDilina"},{"link_name":"RSSSF.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%E2%80%9301_Slovak_Superliga&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"ART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Petr%C5%BEalka"},{"link_name":"INT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"KOŠ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_VSS_Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"PRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"PÚC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_P%C3%BAchov"},{"link_name":"RUŽ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Ru%C5%BEomberok"},{"link_name":"SLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"TRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"TRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava"},{"link_name":"ŽIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_%C5%BDilina"},{"link_name":"Artmedia Petržalka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Petr%C5%BEalka"},{"link_name":"Inter Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Inter_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"1. FC Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_VSS_Ko%C5%A1ice"},{"link_name":"Prešov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._FC_Tatran_Pre%C5%A1ov"},{"link_name":"Matador Púchov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_P%C3%BAchov"},{"link_name":"Ružomberok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MFK_Ru%C5%BEomberok"},{"link_name":"Slovan Bratislava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava"},{"link_name":"4–1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_derby"},{"link_name":"Ozeta Dukla Trenčín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Spartak Trnava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Trnava"},{"link_name":"1–2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_derby"},{"link_name":"Žilina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A0K_%C5%BDilina"},{"link_name":"RSSSF.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html"}],"text":"First half of season[edit]\n\n\n\nHome \\ Away\n\nART\n\nINT\n\nKOŠ\n\nPRE\n\nPÚC\n\nRUŽ\n\nSLO\n\nTRE\n\nTRN\n\nŽIL\n\n\nArtmedia Petržalka\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–4\n\n\nInter Bratislava\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n1. FC Košice\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nPrešov\n\n4–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nMatador Púchov\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n4–3\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nRužomberok\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\n\n2–3\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nSlovan Bratislava\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n5–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n5–0\n\n4–2\n\n5–1\n\n\nOzeta Dukla Trenčín\n\n3–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n4–0\n\n0–3\n\n\nSpartak Trnava\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–4\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n\nŽilina\n\n3–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\nSource: RSSSF.orgLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.\n\n\nSecond half of season[edit]\n\n\n\nHome \\ Away\n\nART\n\nINT\n\nKOŠ\n\nPRE\n\nPÚC\n\nRUŽ\n\nSLO\n\nTRE\n\nTRN\n\nŽIL\n\n\nArtmedia Petržalka\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nInter Bratislava\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–3\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n\n1. FC Košice\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n0–3\n\n4–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nPrešov\n\n1–3\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nMatador Púchov\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–5\n\n5–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n\nRužomberok\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n\nSlovan Bratislava\n\n2–1\n\n5–3\n\n6–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n2–3\n\n4–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nOzeta Dukla Trenčín\n\n3–1\n\n1–4\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n\nSpartak Trnava\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n\nŽilina\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n\n\nSource: RSSSF.orgLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top scorers","title":"Season statistics"}] | [] | [{"title":"2000–01 Slovak Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Slovak_Cup"},{"title":"2000–01 2. Liga (Slovakia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_2._Liga_(Slovakia)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Top goalscorers\". Archived from the original on 30 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730031538/http://slovakfutball.com/ligakanonieri0001.htm","url_text":"\"Top goalscorers\""},{"url":"http://slovakfutball.com/ligakanonieri0001.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.org"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.org"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140730031538/http://slovakfutball.com/ligakanonieri0001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Top goalscorers\""},{"Link":"http://slovakfutball.com/ligakanonieri0001.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/slow01.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF.org (Tables and statistics)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_(dancer) | Cloud (dancer) | ["1 Early life","2 Dance career","3 Film career","4 References","5 External links"] | American dancer, director and choreographer
This article is about the dancer. For the 1980 film, see Cloud Dancer. For the jazz album, see Cloud Dance. For other uses, see Cloud (disambiguation).
CloudCloud dancing with Madonna on her Confessions Tour in Boston, MA.BornDaniel Campos (1983-05-06) May 6, 1983 (age 41)Adel, Georgia, USAOther namesCloudOccupations
Dancer
director
choreographer
AwardsDancer of the Year – World of Dance Industry Award 2012 (n/a)
Grand Prize – Filmerica Challenge 2005 Heaven Awaits
Daniel "Cloud" Campos (born May 6, 1983) is an American dancer, director, and choreographer raised in San Diego, California, and Orlando, Florida.
Early life
Cloud started dancing as a b-boy when he was 11. He learned breaking from his oldest brother Kevin "Deft-1" Campos who is also a b-boy. He spent his early life in San Diego then moved to Florida when he was 12. During his time in Florida he toured with High Voltage extreme acrobatics dance team and became a member of Skill Methodz b-boy crew, which was founded in 1995 in Tampa under the name B-Boy Connection. He described what his b-boy name means in a 2011 interview with KoreanRoc.com:
When a Cloud moves, it’s always shifting and changing forms and it’s creating art on the sky; floor is the sky and I’m the Cloud creating art.
Dance career
After moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the dance industry, he booked two tours with Madonna; first in 2004 on her Re-Invention World Tour and again in 2006 on her Confessions Tour. He also starred in Madonna's videos "Hung Up" in 2005 and "Sorry" in 2006. He also performed in the stage show Groovaloos. In 2009, he won first place with his crew Skill Methodz at the UK B-Boy Championships. Later the same year, he competed at Red Bull BC One and appeared in Shakira's music video "Did It Again" as the principal male dancer. In 2010, he appeared in the online series The LXD as The Illister and played the antagonist, Kid Darkness, in the film Step Up 3D. In 2011, he served as one of ten choreographers for Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour.
In October 2012, British blog The Next Hype ran an article about Cloud's appearances in two commercials by rivals Apple and Microsoft. In 2012, Cloud appeared as the lead dancer in a Microsoft Surface commercial directed by Jon M. Chu that went viral on YouTube. Three years earlier, he appeared in an iPod Nano commercial that advertised the release of the model's fifth generation, noted for the addition of a video camera. Although The Next Hype felt that Microsoft "...using as a figurehead for your new product after Apple used him 3 years ago is just sloppy", these instances were not the only times Cloud worked with either company. He has appeared in several iPod commercials and print ads dating back to 2004, and in 2013 he appeared as the lead dancer in another Jon Chu-directed Microsoft commercial that promoted the Surface Pro model.
Film career
External videos "Today's the Day" short film.
Cloud first developed an interest in film-making when he was 17. He made his first short film (called The Paperboy) in an alleyway at Universal Studios Florida. He uploaded the film on YouTube and after generating positive responses he decided to continue film-making. His short film Heaven Awaits won the Grand Prize at the 2005 Filmerica Challenge. In 2011, he successfully raised over $50,000 in individual donations through Kickstarter to fund a musical called Today's the Day.
In 2013, Cloud directed the music videos "Stay the Night" by Zedd and "Now" by Paramore. He co-directed and co-choreographed the music video for "Cold Front", by singer Laura Welsh, with his then wife Tamara Levinson-Campos (with the two having since then divorced). Levinson-Campos is also the principal female dancer in the video. After being uploaded to Cloud's Vimeo channel, the website chose "Cold Front" as a Staff Pick.
In November 2014, Cloud directed the video for "Salt" by Bad Suns. Cloud has directed three music videos for Panic! at the Disco: "Emperor's New Clothes", "This Is Gospel", and "Say Amen (Saturday Night)". "This is Gospel" was also choreographed by Levinson-Campos.
In 2017, Campos was the assistant choreographer for The Greatest Showman, and earned some notice as the silent bartender who rhythmically serves drinks to Philip Carlyle (Zac Efron) and P.T. Barnum (Hugh Jackman) during the song "The Other Side".
In 2019, 2020 and 2022 respectively, Campos directed the video for "BULLET TO THE HEART", "100 Ways" and "Blow" by Jackson Wang.
References
^ "2012 Industry World of Dance Award Results". WorldOfDance.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ a b c "Cloud". BlocAgency.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ a b Lee, Melly (March 27, 2012). "Daniel Cloud Campos - New Media Dancer & Filmmaker". NewMediaRockStars.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ a b c "CLOUD (SKILL METHODZ)". KoreanRoc.com. January 23, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
^ a b Feller, Allison (June 1, 2011). "The Guys, The Girl and The Go-Tos". DanceSpirit.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ "Members". Groovaloos.com. Retrieved September 27, 2013.
^ "UK BBoy Championships 2009 results Skill Methodz crew champions Dey Dey popping champion A Train Razzle Dazzle locking champions". AllStreetDance.co.uk. October 11, 2009. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ "Red Bull BC One USA 2009". RedBullBCOne.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
^ "Meet The Show's Creators". CirqueDuSoleil.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ a b Carrasco, Ed (February 12, 2013). "Jon M. Chu Talks to NMR About His Lastest Viral Ad for Microsoft Surface ". NewMediaRockStars.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ Hill, Ed (October 16, 2012). "The Surface Movement: Daniel 'Cloud' Campos". TheNextHype.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
^ "Daniel "Cloud" Campos resume" (PDF). BlocAgency.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.
^ "Daniel Cloud Campos raises $25,000 investment to make dance musical feature film Today's The Day". AllStreetDance.co.uk. March 23, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ Campos, Daniel (Director) (September 23, 2013). Zedd - Stay The Night ft. Hayley Williams. YouTube.com (Music video). Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ Montgomery, James (February 11, 2013). "Paramore's 'Now' Video: Watch It Here First!". MTV.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
^ Brown, Jimmy (June 17, 2013). "Laura Welsh 'Cold Front' by Daniel Cloud Campos & Tamara Levinson-Campos". PromoNews.tv. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
^ Campos, Daniel (Director). Welcome to the Vimeo Staff Picks. Vimeo.com (Music video). Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ "Bad Suns - Salt ". 13 November 2014 – via www.youtube.com.
^ Campos, Daniel (Director). Panic! At The Disco: This Is Gospel. Vimeo.com (Music video). Retrieved September 25, 2013.
^ "Jackson Wang - BULLET TO THE HEART". Youtube. 23 September 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
^ "Jackson Wang - 100 Ways (Official Music Video)". Youtube. 19 March 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
^ "Jackson Wang - Blow (Official Music Video)". Youtube. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
External links
The Paperboy short film on YouTube
The Vibe Microsoft Surface Pro commercial on YouTube
Cloud's channel on YouTube
Cloud on X
Cloud at IMDb
vteHip hop danceHistory of hip hop dancePrimary influences
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Flexing (dance)
Electro dance
Hip-hop theater
Bounce Streetdance Company
So You Think You Can Dance
The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers
World of Dance
The Hip Hop Dance Experience
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cloud Dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Dancer"},{"link_name":"Cloud Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Dance"},{"link_name":"Cloud (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"}],"text":"This article is about the dancer. For the 1980 film, see Cloud Dancer. For the jazz album, see Cloud Dance. For other uses, see Cloud (disambiguation).Daniel \"Cloud\" Campos (born May 6, 1983) is an American dancer, director, and choreographer raised in San Diego, California, and Orlando, Florida.","title":"Cloud (dancer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"b-boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdancing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmr-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloc-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ko-4"}],"text":"Cloud started dancing as a b-boy when he was 11.[3] He learned breaking from his oldest brother Kevin \"Deft-1\" Campos who is also a b-boy.[4] He spent his early life in San Diego[4] then moved to Florida when he was 12. During his time in Florida he toured with High Voltage extreme acrobatics dance team[2] and became a member of Skill Methodz b-boy crew, which was founded in 1995 in Tampa under the name B-Boy Connection. He described what his b-boy name means in a 2011 interview with KoreanRoc.com:When a Cloud moves, it’s always shifting and changing forms and it’s creating art on the sky; [when I dance, the] floor is the sky and I’m the Cloud creating art.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"Re-Invention World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-Invention_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Confessions Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_Tour"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-5"},{"link_name":"Hung Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_Up"},{"link_name":"Sorry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry_(Madonna_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UK B-Boy Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_B-Boy_Championships"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Red Bull BC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_BC_One"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"Did It Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did_It_Again_(Shakira_song)"},{"link_name":"The LXD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_LXD"},{"link_name":"Step Up 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Up_3D"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-info-5"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson:_The_Immortal_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jon M. Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_M._Chu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmc-10"},{"link_name":"fifth generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipod_nano#Fifth_generation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jmc-10"}],"text":"After moving to Los Angeles to pursue a career in the dance industry, he booked two tours with Madonna; first in 2004 on her Re-Invention World Tour and again in 2006 on her Confessions Tour.[5] He also starred in Madonna's videos \"Hung Up\" in 2005 and \"Sorry\" in 2006. He also performed in the stage show Groovaloos.[6] In 2009, he won first place with his crew Skill Methodz at the UK B-Boy Championships.[7] Later the same year, he competed at Red Bull BC One[8] and appeared in Shakira's music video \"Did It Again\" as the principal male dancer. In 2010, he appeared in the online series The LXD as The Illister and played the antagonist, Kid Darkness, in the film Step Up 3D.[5] In 2011, he served as one of ten choreographers for Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour.[9]In October 2012, British blog The Next Hype ran an article about Cloud's appearances in two commercials by rivals Apple and Microsoft. In 2012, Cloud appeared as the lead dancer in a Microsoft Surface commercial directed by Jon M. Chu that went viral on YouTube.[10] Three years earlier, he appeared in an iPod Nano commercial that advertised the release of the model's fifth generation, noted for the addition of a video camera. Although The Next Hype felt that Microsoft \"...using [Cloud] as a figurehead for your new product after Apple used him 3 years ago is just sloppy\",[11] these instances were not the only times Cloud worked with either company. He has appeared in several iPod commercials and print ads dating back to 2004,[12] and in 2013 he appeared as the lead dancer in another Jon Chu-directed Microsoft commercial that promoted the Surface Pro model.[10]","title":"Dance career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universal Studios Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nmr-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloc-2"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Zedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedd_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_(Paramore_song)"},{"link_name":"Paramore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramore"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Laura Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Welsh"},{"link_name":"Tamara Levinson-Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Levinson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Vimeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimeo"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bad Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Suns"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Panic! at the Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic!_at_the_Disco"},{"link_name":"Emperor's New Clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor%27s_New_Clothes_(song)"},{"link_name":"This Is Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Gospel"},{"link_name":"Say Amen (Saturday Night)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Amen_(Saturday_Night)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Greatest Showman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greatest_Showman"},{"link_name":"Zac Efron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac_Efron"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"Jackson Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Wang"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Cloud first developed an interest in film-making when he was 17. He made his first short film (called The Paperboy) in an alleyway at Universal Studios Florida. He uploaded the film on YouTube and after generating positive responses he decided to continue film-making.[3] His short film Heaven Awaits won the Grand Prize at the 2005 Filmerica Challenge.[2] In 2011, he successfully raised over $50,000 in individual donations through Kickstarter to fund a musical called Today's the Day.[13]In 2013, Cloud directed the music videos \"Stay the Night\" by Zedd[14] and \"Now\" by Paramore.[15] He co-directed and co-choreographed the music video for \"Cold Front\", by singer Laura Welsh, with his then wife Tamara Levinson-Campos (with the two having since then divorced). Levinson-Campos is also the principal female dancer in the video.[16] After being uploaded to Cloud's Vimeo channel, the website chose \"Cold Front\" as a Staff Pick.[17]In November 2014, Cloud directed the video for \"Salt\" by Bad Suns.[18] Cloud has directed three music videos for Panic! at the Disco: \"Emperor's New Clothes\", \"This Is Gospel\", and \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\". \"This is Gospel\" was also choreographed by Levinson-Campos.[19]In 2017, Campos was the assistant choreographer for The Greatest Showman, and earned some notice as the silent bartender who rhythmically serves drinks to Philip Carlyle (Zac Efron) and P.T. Barnum (Hugh Jackman) during the song \"The Other Side\".In 2019, 2020 and 2022 respectively, Campos directed the video for \"BULLET TO THE HEART\", \"100 Ways\" and \"Blow\" by Jackson Wang.[20][21][22]","title":"Film career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"2012 Industry World of Dance Award Results\". WorldOfDance.com. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130101203159/http://www.worldofdance.com/2012/02/20/2012-industry-world-of-dance-award-results/","url_text":"\"2012 Industry World of Dance Award Results\""},{"url":"http://www.worldofdance.com/2012/02/20/2012-industry-world-of-dance-award-results/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cloud\". BlocAgency.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130107061623/http://la.blocagency.com/talent/dance/cloud/","url_text":"\"Cloud\""},{"url":"http://la.blocagency.com/talent/dance/cloud","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Melly (March 27, 2012). \"Daniel Cloud Campos - New Media Dancer & Filmmaker\". NewMediaRockStars.com. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130128145310/http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/03/daniel-cloud-campos/","url_text":"\"Daniel Cloud Campos - New Media Dancer & Filmmaker\""},{"url":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2012/03/daniel-cloud-campos/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CLOUD (SKILL METHODZ)\". KoreanRoc.com. January 23, 2011. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130927100507/http://koreanroc.com/?p=1671","url_text":"\"CLOUD (SKILL METHODZ)\""},{"url":"http://koreanroc.com/?p=1671","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Feller, Allison (June 1, 2011). \"The Guys, The Girl and The Go-Tos\". DanceSpirit.com. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130602192135/http://www.dancespirit.com/2011/06/the_guys_the_girl_and_the_go-tos/","url_text":"\"The Guys, The Girl and The Go-Tos\""},{"url":"http://www.dancespirit.com/2011/06/the_guys_the_girl_and_the_go-tos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members\". Groovaloos.com. Retrieved September 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.groovaloos.com/groovaloos/MEMBERS.html","url_text":"\"Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK BBoy Championships 2009 results Skill Methodz crew champions Dey Dey popping champion A Train Razzle Dazzle locking champions\". AllStreetDance.co.uk. October 11, 2009. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016143535/http://allstreetdance.co.uk/2009/10/11/uk-bboy-championships-2009-results-skill-methodz-crew-champions-dey-dey-popping-champion-a-train-razzle-dazzle-locking-champions/","url_text":"\"UK BBoy Championships 2009 results Skill Methodz crew champions Dey Dey popping champion A Train Razzle Dazzle locking champions\""},{"url":"http://allstreetdance.co.uk/2009/10/11/uk-bboy-championships-2009-results-skill-methodz-crew-champions-dey-dey-popping-champion-a-train-razzle-dazzle-locking-champions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull BC One USA 2009\". RedBullBCOne.com. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724012445/http://www.redbullbcone.com/battles/red-bull-bc-one-usa-2009","url_text":"\"Red Bull BC One USA 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.redbullbcone.com/battles/red-bull-bc-one-usa-2009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet The Show's Creators\". CirqueDuSoleil.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111011194744/http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/michael-jackson-tour/show/creators.aspx","url_text":"\"Meet The Show's Creators\""},{"url":"http://www.cirquedusoleil.com/en/shows/michael-jackson-tour/show/creators.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carrasco, Ed (February 12, 2013). \"Jon M. Chu Talks to NMR About His Lastest [sic] Viral Ad for Microsoft Surface [EXCLUSIVE]\". NewMediaRockStars.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130928052648/http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/02/jon-m-chu-talks-to-nmr-about-his-lastest-viral-ad-for-microsoft-surface-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Jon M. Chu Talks to NMR About His Lastest [sic] Viral Ad for Microsoft Surface [EXCLUSIVE]\""},{"url":"http://newmediarockstars.com/2013/02/jon-m-chu-talks-to-nmr-about-his-lastest-viral-ad-for-microsoft-surface-exclusive/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Ed (October 16, 2012). \"The Surface Movement: Daniel 'Cloud' Campos\". TheNextHype.co.uk. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193043/http://www.thenexthype.co.uk/2012/10/the-surface-movement-daniel-cloud-campos.html","url_text":"\"The Surface Movement: Daniel 'Cloud' Campos\""},{"url":"http://www.thenexthype.co.uk/2012/10/the-surface-movement-daniel-cloud-campos.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel \"Cloud\" Campos resume\" (PDF). BlocAgency.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002120302/http://content.blocagency.com/la/artist-content/dance/cloud/resume/Cloud%20Bloc%20Resume.pdf","url_text":"\"Daniel \"Cloud\" Campos resume\""},{"url":"http://content.blocagency.com/la/artist-content/dance/cloud/resume/Cloud%20Bloc%20Resume.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daniel Cloud Campos raises $25,000 investment to make dance musical feature film Today's The Day\". AllStreetDance.co.uk. March 23, 2012. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://allstreetdance.co.uk/2012/03/23/daniel-cloud-campos-raises-25000-investment-to-make-dance-musical-feature-film-todays-the-day/","url_text":"\"Daniel Cloud Campos raises $25,000 investment to make dance musical feature film Today's The Day\""}]},{"reference":"Campos, Daniel (Director) (September 23, 2013). Zedd - Stay The Night ft. Hayley Williams. YouTube.com (Music video). Retrieved September 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i-gyZ35074k","url_text":"Zedd - Stay The Night ft. Hayley Williams"}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, James (February 11, 2013). \"Paramore's 'Now' Video: Watch It Here First!\". MTV.com. Archived from the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130215040523/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1701820/paramore-now-music-video-premiere.jhtml","url_text":"\"Paramore's 'Now' Video: Watch It Here First!\""},{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1701820/paramore-now-music-video-premiere.jhtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jimmy (June 17, 2013). \"Laura Welsh 'Cold Front' by Daniel Cloud Campos & Tamara Levinson-Campos\". PromoNews.tv. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130705182928/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/06/17/laura-welsh-cold-front-daniel-cloud-campos-tamara-levinson-campos","url_text":"\"Laura Welsh 'Cold Front' by Daniel Cloud Campos & Tamara Levinson-Campos\""},{"url":"http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2013/06/17/laura-welsh-cold-front-daniel-cloud-campos-tamara-levinson-campos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Campos, Daniel (Director). Welcome to the Vimeo Staff Picks. Vimeo.com (Music video). Retrieved September 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/channels/staffpicks/68161548","url_text":"Welcome to the Vimeo Staff Picks"}]},{"reference":"\"Bad Suns - Salt [Official Video]\". 13 November 2014 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJ-12-sFpLs","url_text":"\"Bad Suns - Salt [Official Video]\""}]},{"reference":"Campos, Daniel (Director). Panic! At The Disco: This Is Gospel. Vimeo.com (Music video). Retrieved September 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/72580057","url_text":"Panic! At The Disco: This Is Gospel"}]},{"reference":"\"Jackson Wang - BULLET TO THE HEART\". Youtube. 23 September 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbsCXrBcyA","url_text":"\"Jackson Wang - BULLET TO THE HEART\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jackson Wang - 100 Ways (Official Music Video)\". Youtube. 19 March 2020. 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At The Disco: This Is Gospel"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZbsCXrBcyA","external_links_name":"\"Jackson Wang - BULLET TO THE HEART\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87VRaM5_bAE","external_links_name":"\"Jackson Wang - 100 Ways (Official Music Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCZHarOQvc4","external_links_name":"\"Jackson Wang - Blow (Official Music Video)\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVwCdgC5UKU","external_links_name":"The Paperboy short film"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tr3dFSzh1yU","external_links_name":"The Vibe Microsoft Surface Pro commercial"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/floorstatik","external_links_name":"Cloud's channel"},{"Link":"https://x.com/DanCloudCampos","external_links_name":"Cloud"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2062817/","external_links_name":"Cloud"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/69dd329e-4301-4905-9c16-dc1c9e69b0b8","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Traveller_(The_Moody_Blues_album) | Time Traveller (The Moody Blues album) | ["1 Track listing","1.1 Disc One","1.2 Disc Two","1.3 Disc Three","1.4 Disc Four","1.5 Disc Five (not included in 1996 re-release)","2 Certifications","3 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Time Traveller" The Moody Blues album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1994 box set by The Moody BluesTime TravellerBox set by The Moody BluesReleased27 September 1994 (5 Disc)5 March 1996(4 Disc)Recorded1967 – 1994GenreRockLength307:42LabelPolydorPolyGramProducerVariousThe Moody Blues chronology
A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra(1993)
Time Traveller(1994)
The Best of the Moody Blues(1996)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link
Time Traveller is a box set by British rock band The Moody Blues, released in 1994.
The set is presented in chronological order, beginning with the 1966 addition of Justin Hayward and John Lodge (no material from the pre-Hayward/Lodge era was included). The set includes several previously unreleased or rare tracks, tracks from the 1975 Hayward/Lodge side-project Blue Jays, the track "Forever Autumn" from Jeff Wayne's 1978 album War of the Worlds featuring Hayward on lead vocals and a new 1994 track, "This is the Moment", which had been released earlier that year as a contribution to the 1994 FIFA album Soccer Rocks the Globe.
Originally released as a 5-CD set, the fifth CD contains "This is the Moment" plus eight live recordings that were leftover from the original 1993 release of A Night at Red Rocks. These tracks were later included in the 2003 deluxe re-release of that album.
In 1996 Time Traveller was re-released as a 4-CD box set with CD 5 removed, thus this version of the set ends at the 1991 Keys of the Kingdom album.
Track listing
Disc One
All tracks performed by The Moody Blues
Tracks 1, 3–4, 9, 11, 13 and 15 written by Justin Hayward, tracks 2, 10 and 18–20 by Mike Pinder, track 5 by Hayward, Graeme Edge and Peter Knight, track 6 by Edge and John Lodge, tracks 7 and 14 by Ray Thomas, track 8 by Lodge, tracks 12 and 17 by Edge and track 16 by Hayward and Thomas
No.TitlePlace of OriginLength1."Fly Me High"Non-album single (1967)2:532."Love and Beauty"Non-album single (1967)2:233."Cities""Nights in White Satin" single B-side (1967)2:214."Tuesday Afternoon (Forever Afternoon)"Days of Future Passed (1967)4:475."The Night: Nights in White Satin/Late Lament"Days of Future Passed (1967)7:406."Departure/Ride My See-Saw"In Search of the Lost Chord (1968)4:227."Legend of a Mind"In Search of the Lost Chord (1968)6:358."House of Four Doors (Parts 1 & 2)"In Search of the Lost Chord (1968, two separate tracks combined together for Time Traveller)6:009."Voices in the Sky"In Search of the Lost Chord (1968)3:2910."The Best Way to Travel"In Search of the Lost Chord (1968)3:1311."The Actor"In Search of the Lost Chord (1968)4:3912."In the Beginning"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)2:0713."Lovely to See You"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)2:3414."Dear Diary"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)3:5615."Never Comes the Day"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)4:4016."Are You Sitting Comfortably?"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)3:2917."The Dream"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)0:5318."Have You Heard (Part 1)"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)1:2319."The Voyage"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)4:0820."Have You Heard (Part 2)"On the Threshold of a Dream (1969)2:38
Disc Two
All tracks performed by The Moody Blues
Tracks 1, 5 and 11 written by Edge, tracks 2, 4, 8–10, 12, 14, 17 and 19 by Hayward, tracks 3, 7, 13 and 18 by Lodge, track 6 by Pinder and Lodge, track 9 by Hayward and Thomas, tracks 15 and 20 by Pinder and track 16 by Hayward, Lodge, Edge, Thomas and Pinder
No.TitlePlace of OriginLength1."Higher and Higher"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:582."Gypsy (Of a Strange and Distant Time)"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:313."Eyes of a Child"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:114."I Never Thought I'd Live to Be a Hundred"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)1:055."Beyond"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)2:586."Out and In"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:417."Candle of Life"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)4:128."I Never Thought I'd Live to be a Million"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)0:339."Watching and Waiting"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)4:1410."Question"A Question of Balance (1970)5:3911."Don't You Feel Small"A Question of Balance (1970)2:3512."It's Up to You"A Question of Balance (1970)3:1113."Minstrel's Song"A Question of Balance (1970)4:2414."Dawning Is the Day"A Question of Balance (1970)4:2415."Melancholy Man"A Question of Balance (1970)5:4416."Procession"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)4:4117."The Story in Your Eyes"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)2:5218."One More Time to Live"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)5:3919."You Can Never Go Home"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)4:1420."My Song"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)6:18
Disc Three
All tracks performed by The Moody Blues except tracks 7–13 performed by Justin Hayward and John Lodge with track 13 featuring backing by 10cc
Track 1 written by Pinder, tracks 2, 7, 9, 11–13, 15–16 by Hayward, track 3 by Thomas, tracks 4, 6, 10 and 14 by Lodge, track 5 by Hayward and Edge and track 8 by Hayward and Lodge
No.TitlePlace of OriginLength1."Lost in a Lost World"Seventh Sojourn (1972)4:412."New Horizons"Seventh Sojourn (1972)5:103."For My Lady"Seventh Sojourn (1972)3:574."Isn't Life Strange"Seventh Sojourn (1972)6:085."You and Me"Seventh Sojourn (1972)4:196."I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)"Seventh Sojourn (1972)4:177."This Morning"Blue Jays (1975)5:558."Remember Me (My Friend)"Blue Jays (1975)5:279."My Brother"Blue Jays (1975)3:2710."Saved by the Music"Blue Jays (1975)6:0811."I Dreamed Last Night"Blue Jays (1975)4:2612."When You Wake Up"Blue Jays (1975)5:1913."Blue Guitar"Non-album single (1975)3:3914."Steppin' in a Slide Zone"Octave (1978)5:2815."Driftwood"Octave (1978)4:2516."The Day We Meet Again"Octave (1978)6:18
Disc Four
All tracks performed by The Moody Blues except track 1 performed by Justin Hayward and Jeff Wayne
All tracks written by Hayward except track 1 by Jeff Wayne, Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne, tracks 3, 6 and 14 by Lodge and track 4 by Hayward and Lodge
No.TitlePlace of OriginLength1."Forever Autumn (edited)"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds (1978)4:312."The Voice"Long Distance Voyager (1981)5:163."Talking Out of Turn"Long Distance Voyager (1981)7:164."Gemini Dream"Long Distance Voyager (1981)4:055."Blue World"The Present (1983)5:106."Sitting at the Wheel"The Present (1983)5:377."Running Water"The Present (1983)3:218."Your Wildest Dreams"The Other Side of Life (1986)4:509."The Other Side of Life"The Other Side of Life (1986)6:5010."I Know You're Out There Somewhere"Sur la Mer (1988)6:3711."No More Lies"Sur la Mer (1988)5:1412."Say It with Love"Keys of the Kingdom (1991)3:5513."Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)"Keys of the Kingdom (1991)5:0914."Lean on Me (Tonight)"Keys of the Kingdom (1991)4:5715."Highway""Say It With Love" single B-side (1991)4:35
Disc Five (not included in 1996 re-release)
All tracks performed by The Moody Blues
All tracks written by Hayward except track 1 by Frank Wildhorn and Leslie Bricusse, track 5 by Lodge, track 8 by Thomas and track 9 by Hayward and Lodge
No.TitlePlace of OriginLength1."This Is the Moment"Soccer Rocks the Globe (1994)4:392."The Story in Your Eyes"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)3:433."Voices in the Sky"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:024."New Horizons"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)5:585."Emily's Song"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:316."Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:167."Say It with Love"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:528."Legend of a Mind"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)9:019."Gemini Dream"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:27
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)
Gold
500,000^
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
References
^ The Moody Blues - Time Traveller, retrieved 8 May 2022
^ "American album certifications – The Moody Blues – Time Traveller". Recording Industry Association of America.
vteThe Moody Blues
Graeme Edge
Mike Pinder
Ray Thomas
Justin Hayward
John Lodge
Denny Laine
Clint Warwick
Rodney Clark
Patrick Moraz
Studio albums
The Magnificent Moodies
Days of Future Passed
In Search of the Lost Chord
On the Threshold of a Dream
To Our Children's Children's Children
A Question of Balance
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour
Seventh Sojourn
Octave
Long Distance Voyager
The Present
The Other Side of Life
Sur la Mer
Keys of the Kingdom
Strange Times
December
Live albums
Caught Live + 5
A Night at Red Rocks with the Colorado Symphony Orchestra
Hall of Fame
Lovely to See You: Live
Live at the BBC: 1967-1970
Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970
Days of Future Passed Live
Compilations
This Is The Moody Blues
Voices in the Sky: The Best of The Moody Blues
Prelude
Greatest Hits
Time Traveller
The Best of The Moody Blues
Anthology
Gold
An Introduction to The Moody Blues
Singles
"Go Now"
"I Don't Want to Go On Without You"
"Life's Not Life"
"Nights in White Satin"
"Tuesday Afternoon"
"Voices in the Sky"
"Ride My See-Saw"
"Never Comes the Day"
"Watching and Waiting"
"Question"
"Melancholy Man"
"The Story in Your Eyes"
"Isn't Life Strange"
"I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)"
"Steppin' in a Slide Zone"
"Driftwood"
"Gemini Dream"
"The Voice"
"Talking Out of Turn"
"Blue World"
"Sitting at the Wheel"
"Running Water
"Your Wildest Dreams"
"The Other Side of Life"
"I Know You're Out There Somewhere"
"Here Comes the Weekend"
"No More Lies"
"Say It with Love"
"Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)"
"English Sunset"
Related articles
Band members
Discography
Threshold Records
Justin Hayward and Friends Sing the Moody Blues Classic Hits
Moody Bluegrass
Blue Jays
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Justin Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Hayward"},{"link_name":"John Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lodge_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Jays_(album)"},{"link_name":"Forever Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Autumn_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wayne"},{"link_name":"War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wayne%27s_Musical_Version_of_The_War_of_the_Worlds"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Soccer Rocks the Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloryland_(FIFA_album)"},{"link_name":"A Night at Red Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_at_Red_Rocks_with_the_Colorado_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Keys of the Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keys_of_the_Kingdom"}],"text":"1994 box set by The Moody BluesTime Traveller is a box set by British rock band The Moody Blues, released in 1994.[1]The set is presented in chronological order, beginning with the 1966 addition of Justin Hayward and John Lodge (no material from the pre-Hayward/Lodge era was included). 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Higher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_and_Higher_(Moody_Blues_song)"},{"link_name":"To Our Children's Children's Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Our_Children%27s_Children%27s_Children"},{"link_name":"Gypsy (Of a Strange and Distant Time)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsy_(Of_a_Strange_and_Distant_Time)"},{"link_name":"Eyes of a Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes_of_a_Child_(Moody_Blues_song)"},{"link_name":"I Never Thought I'd Live to Be a Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Never_Thought_I%27d_Live_to_Be_a_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_(song)"},{"link_name":"Out and In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_and_In"},{"link_name":"Candle of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Watching and 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Thomas, tracks 15 and 20 by Pinder and track 16 by Hayward, Lodge, Edge, Thomas and PinderNo.TitlePlace of OriginLength1.\"Higher and Higher\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:582.\"Gypsy (Of a Strange and Distant Time)\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:313.\"Eyes of a Child\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:114.\"I Never Thought I'd Live to Be a Hundred\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)1:055.\"Beyond\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)2:586.\"Out and In\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)3:417.\"Candle of Life\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)4:128.\"I Never Thought I'd Live to be a Million\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)0:339.\"Watching and Waiting\"To Our Children's Children's Children (1969)4:1410.\"Question\"A Question of Balance (1970)5:3911.\"Don't You Feel Small\"A Question of Balance (1970)2:3512.\"It's Up to You\"A Question of Balance (1970)3:1113.\"Minstrel's Song\"A Question of Balance (1970)4:2414.\"Dawning Is the Day\"A Question of Balance (1970)4:2415.\"Melancholy Man\"A Question of Balance (1970)5:4416.\"Procession\"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)4:4117.\"The Story in Your Eyes\"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)2:5218.\"One More Time to Live\"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)5:3919.\"You Can Never Go Home\"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)4:1420.\"My Song\"Every Good Boy Deserves Favour (1971)6:18","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"},{"link_name":"Seventh Sojourn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Sojourn"},{"link_name":"For My Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_My_Lady"},{"link_name":"Isn't Life Strange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%27t_Life_Strange"},{"link_name":"You and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_and_Me_(Moody_Blues_song)"},{"link_name":"I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Just_a_Singer_(In_a_Rock_and_Roll_Band)"},{"link_name":"Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Jays_(album)"},{"link_name":"Steppin' in a Slide Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppin%27_in_a_Slide_Zone"},{"link_name":"Octave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_(album)"},{"link_name":"Driftwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftwood_(Moody_Blues_song)"}],"sub_title":"Disc Three","text":"All tracks performed by The Moody Blues except tracks 7–13 performed by Justin Hayward and John Lodge with track 13 featuring backing by 10ccTrack 1 written by Pinder, tracks 2, 7, 9, 11–13, 15–16 by Hayward, track 3 by Thomas, tracks 4, 6, 10 and 14 by Lodge, track 5 by Hayward and Edge and track 8 by Hayward and LodgeNo.TitlePlace of OriginLength1.\"Lost in a Lost World\"Seventh Sojourn (1972)4:412.\"New Horizons\"Seventh Sojourn (1972)5:103.\"For My Lady\"Seventh Sojourn (1972)3:574.\"Isn't Life Strange\"Seventh Sojourn (1972)6:085.\"You and Me\"Seventh Sojourn (1972)4:196.\"I'm Just a Singer (In a Rock and Roll Band)\"Seventh Sojourn (1972)4:177.\"This Morning\"Blue Jays (1975)5:558.\"Remember Me (My Friend)\"Blue Jays (1975)5:279.\"My Brother\"Blue Jays (1975)3:2710.\"Saved by the Music\"Blue Jays (1975)6:0811.\"I Dreamed Last Night\"Blue Jays (1975)4:2612.\"When You Wake Up\"Blue Jays (1975)5:1913.\"Blue Guitar\"Non-album single (1975)3:3914.\"Steppin' in a Slide Zone\"Octave (1978)5:2815.\"Driftwood\"Octave (1978)4:2516.\"The Day We Meet Again\"Octave (1978)6:18","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Gary Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Osborne"},{"link_name":"Forever Autumn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Autumn_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Wayne%27s_Musical_Version_of_The_War_of_the_Worlds"},{"link_name":"The Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_(Moody_Blues_song)"},{"link_name":"Long Distance Voyager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Distance_Voyager"},{"link_name":"Talking Out of Turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Out_of_Turn"},{"link_name":"Gemini Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_Dream"},{"link_name":"Blue World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_World_(Moody_Blues_song)"},{"link_name":"The Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Present_(Moody_Blues_album)"},{"link_name":"Sitting at the Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitting_at_the_Wheel"},{"link_name":"Your Wildest Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Wildest_Dreams"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Life"},{"link_name":"The Other Side of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Life_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Know You're Out There Somewhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_You%27re_Out_There_Somewhere"},{"link_name":"Sur la Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_la_Mer"},{"link_name":"No More Lies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Lies_(Moody_Blues_song)"},{"link_name":"Say It with Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_It_with_Love"},{"link_name":"Keys of the Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keys_of_the_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bless_the_Wings_(That_Bring_You_Back)"}],"sub_title":"Disc Four","text":"All tracks performed by The Moody Blues except track 1 performed by Justin Hayward and Jeff WayneAll tracks written by Hayward except track 1 by Jeff Wayne, Paul Vigrass and Gary Osborne, tracks 3, 6 and 14 by Lodge and track 4 by Hayward and LodgeNo.TitlePlace of OriginLength1.\"Forever Autumn (edited)\"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds (1978)4:312.\"The Voice\"Long Distance Voyager (1981)5:163.\"Talking Out of Turn\"Long Distance Voyager (1981)7:164.\"Gemini Dream\"Long Distance Voyager (1981)4:055.\"Blue World\"The Present (1983)5:106.\"Sitting at the Wheel\"The Present (1983)5:377.\"Running Water\"The Present (1983)3:218.\"Your Wildest Dreams\"The Other Side of Life (1986)4:509.\"The Other Side of Life\"The Other Side of Life (1986)6:5010.\"I Know You're Out There Somewhere\"Sur la Mer (1988)6:3711.\"No More Lies\"Sur la Mer (1988)5:1412.\"Say It with Love\"Keys of the Kingdom (1991)3:5513.\"Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)\"Keys of the Kingdom (1991)5:0914.\"Lean on Me (Tonight)\"Keys of the Kingdom (1991)4:5715.\"Highway\"\"Say It With Love\" single B-side (1991)4:35","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Wildhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Wildhorn"},{"link_name":"Leslie Bricusse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Bricusse"},{"link_name":"This Is the Moment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_Moment"},{"link_name":"Soccer Rocks the Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloryland_(FIFA_album)"},{"link_name":"Red Rocks Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rocks_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"A Night at Red Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Night_at_Red_Rocks"}],"sub_title":"Disc Five (not included in 1996 re-release)","text":"All tracks performed by The Moody BluesAll tracks written by Hayward except track 1 by Frank Wildhorn and Leslie Bricusse, track 5 by Lodge, track 8 by Thomas and track 9 by Hayward and LodgeNo.TitlePlace of OriginLength1.\"This Is the Moment\"Soccer Rocks the Globe (1994)4:392.\"The Story in Your Eyes\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)3:433.\"Voices in the Sky\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:024.\"New Horizons\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)5:585.\"Emily's Song\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:316.\"Bless the Wings (That Bring You Back)\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:167.\"Say It with Love\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:528.\"Legend of a Mind\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)9:019.\"Gemini Dream\"Live at Red Rocks Amphitheatre (1992, previously unreleased, later included on 2003 Deluxe Edition of A Night at Red Rocks)4:27","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"The Moody Blues - Time Traveller, retrieved 8 May 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/524165-The-Moody-Blues-Time-Traveller","url_text":"The Moody Blues - Time Traveller"}]},{"reference":"\"American album certifications – The Moody Blues – Time Traveller\". Recording Industry Association of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=The+Moody+Blues&ti=Time+Traveller&format=Album&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American album certifications – The Moody Blues – Time Traveller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Time+Traveller%22+The+Moody+Blues+album","external_links_name":"\"Time Traveller\" The Moody Blues album"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Time+Traveller%22+The+Moody+Blues+album+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Time+Traveller%22+The+Moody+Blues+album&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Time+Traveller%22+The+Moody+Blues+album+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Time+Traveller%22+The+Moody+Blues+album","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Time+Traveller%22+The+Moody+Blues+album&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r204398","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/524165-The-Moody-Blues-Time-Traveller","external_links_name":"The Moody Blues - Time Traveller"},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=The+Moody+Blues&ti=Time+Traveller&format=Album&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American album certifications – The Moody Blues – Time Traveller\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f9882e19-39a7-3969-b20b-a11e2b54064a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Pavi%C4%87_(writer) | Milorad Pavić | ["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Dictionary of the Khazars","3 List of works available in English","4 Awards","5 Notes","6 References","6.1 Books","6.2 Websites","7 External links"] | Serbian writer
This article is about the Serbian writer. For the Serbian footballer, see Milorad Pavić (footballer).
Milorad PavićPavić at the 2007 Belgrade Book FairBorn(1929-10-15)15 October 1929Belgrade, Kingdom of YugoslaviaDied30 November 2009(2009-11-30) (aged 80)Belgrade, SerbiaResting placeNew Cemetery, BelgradeOccupationWriter • poet • literary historian • translatorLanguageSerbianNationalitySerbianAlma materUniversity of BelgradeGenresExperimental novel, Short story, playwright, poetryLiterary movementPostmodernismNotable worksDictionary of the KhazarsLandscape Painted with TeaThe Inner Side of the WindSpouseJasmina MihajlovićChildrenIvanJelenaWebsitewww.khazars.com/en/
Milorad Pavić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милорад Павић, pronounced ; 15 October 1929 – 30 November 2009) was a Serbian novelist, poet, short story writer, and literary historian. Born in Belgrade in 1929, he published a number of poems, short stories and novels during his lifetime, the most famous of which was the Dictionary of the Khazars (1984). Upon its release, it was hailed as "the first novel of the 21st century." Pavić's works have been translated into more than thirty languages. He was vastly popular in Europe and in South America, and was deemed "one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century." He won numerous prizes in Serbia and in the former Yugoslavia, and was mentioned several times as a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died in Belgrade in 2009.
Biography
Milorad Pavić was born in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1929 to a distinguished family of intellectuals and writers "that has produced well-known writers for six generations, since the 18th century". He received a Bachelor of Arts in literature from the University of Belgrade, and later obtained a PhD in literary history at the University of Zagreb.
Pavić entered the literary scene with two collections of poetry titled Palimpsests (Palimpsesti), and Moon Stone (Mesečev kamen), published in 1969 and 1971, respectively. Pavić's poems were soon translated into English, and included in the anthology titled Contemporary Yugoslav Poems. Soon after, Pavić dedicated himself to writing prose and several short story collections were published. Pavić's first and most famous novel, Dictionary of the Khazars (Hazarski rečnik), was published in 1984. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, and was hailed as "the first novel of the 21st century." Written as a poetic dictionary, the book has been described as "a quasi-historical account of the semi-imaginary tribe of the Khazars."
Monument to Milorad Pavić in Tašmajdan Park, Belgrade.
Pavić's second novel was titled Landscape Painted with Tea, and was published in 1988. Organized as a crossword puzzle, it follows a failed architect from Belgrade as he travels to Greece to trace the fate of his father who disappeared there during World War II. Pavić wrote many more novels, including The Inner Side of the Wind, or A Novel of Hero and Leander and Last Love in Constantinople: A Tarot Novel of Divination. Described as "highly imaginative", Pavić is said to have " everything to disrupt the traditional models of fiction writing such as the development of story and the notions of beginning and end." He was described as being "one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century." As a result, he was mentioned several times as a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Apart from writing, Pavić taught philosophy at the University of Novi Sad before joining the University of Belgrade. In 1991, he became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU). During this time, he translated a number of works of Russian fiction into the Serbian language. In 1993, he published his first and only play, titled Theatre Menu For Ever and a Day.
Pavić died in Belgrade on 30 November 2009, at the age of 80. His death came as the result of a heart attack. He was survived by his wife, Jasmina Mihajlović, and by his son Ivan, and his daughter Jelena. Pavić was buried in the "Alley of the Greats" at the Novo Groblje cemetery complex in Belgrade.
Works
Originally written in Serbian, Pavić's works have been translated into more than thirty languages. Pavić was renowned for his highly imaginative fiction, and his novels diverged from traditional literary notions by means of an open-ended structure and the entwining of the mythic and historical.
Dictionary of the Khazars
Dictionary of the Khazars was Pavić's first novel and it acquired international success. Written in 1984, it is a lexicon-format novel which follows the story of the Khazars – a people occupying the territory north of the Caucasus and west and north of the Caspian Sea between the 6th and 11th centuries. In the book, the Great Khan of the Khazars has a dream that is nearly impossible to interpret. To shed some light on it, he summons representatives of the world's three great religions: a Christian, a Jew and a Muslim. He asks the three to explain the dream, promising that the entire Khazar tribe will convert to the religion which provides the most convincing explanation. In three dictionaries – one Christian, one Jewish and one Muslim – three different versions of the story are presented, and from these accounts the reader must try to confect a coherent novel.
List of works available in English
Dictionary of the Khazars (1984) (Knopf, 1988)
Landscape Painted with Tea (1988) (Knopf, 1990)
The Inner Side of the Wind, or A Novel of Hero and Leander (1991) (Knopf, 1993)
Last Love in Constantinople (1994) (Peter Owen Publishers, 1998)
The Third Argument (1995), a graphic novel by Milorad Pavić, Zoran Tucić (artist) and Zoran Stefanović (scriptwriter)
For Ever and a Day (1997) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2012)
Damascene (1998) Available online (1998)
Writing Box (1999) (National Library of Serbia, 2012)
The Glass Snail (2003) Available online (2003)
Unique Item (2004) (Published in two volumes, Unique Item and Blue Book, as Kindle Edition e-books, 2010)
The Tale that Killed Emily Knorr (2005) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2012)
Second Body (2007) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2010)
Awards
Academician Milorad Pavić was the winner of several literary awards:
"Đorđe Jovanović" award, for the book History of Literature of the Baroque Era, 1971.
NIN's award, for the novel Khazarski rečnik, 1985.
"Meša Selimović" award, for the novel Landscape painted with tea, 1988.
Award of AVNOJ, 1989.
Seventh of July Award, 1989.
Award of the National Library of Serbia for the most read book of the year, for the novel Landscape painted with tea, 1990.
October Award of the City of Belgrade, for the entire book oeuvre, 1992.
"Borisav Stanković" award, for the novel Unutrašnja strana vetra, 1992.
Award "Golden Beočug" for lifetime achievement, 1992.
"Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša" award, 1994.
Kočić Award, 1994.
Prosvetina Award, for the novel Last Love in Constantinople, 1994.
"Laza Kostić" award, for the novel Last Love in Constantinople, 1995.
"Felix Romuliana" award, 1995.
Exceptional Wolf Award, 1996.
Award of the Jakov Ignjatović Foundation, for life's work, 1997.
The "Račanska čartita" award, for overall creativity, 1997.
"Deretina's Book of the Year" award, for the novel Zvezdani plast, 1998.
"Nušić's staff" award, for overall creativity, 1999.
The "Dušan Vasiljev" award, for a story-telling opus, 2000.
Andrić's award, for the series of short stories Stories from the Sava slopes, 2001.
"Belovod Rosette" Award, 2004.
High recognition "Dostoevsky", 2004.
"Kočić's Book" Award of the "Petar Kočić" Endowment, 2007.
Honorary doctor of Sofia University
President of the Serbian-Ukrainian Society
Member of the European Association for Culture, member of the Serbian PEN Center, member of the Crown Council.
Notes
^ a b c d B92 & 30 November 2009.
^ He thinks the way we dream by D. J. R. Bruckner
^ a b c d e Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 605.
^ Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 224.
^ Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 604.
^ Sollars & Jennings 2008, pp. 604–605.
^ a b c The New York Times & 16 December 2009.
^ B92 & 3 December 2009.
^ a b Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 223.
^ "Краљевска породица Србије" (in Serbian).
References
Books
Sollars, Michael David; Jennings, Arbolina Llamas (2008). The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0836-0.
Websites
"Preminuo Milorad Pavić". B92 (in Serbian). 30 November 2009.
"Sahranjen Milorad Pavić". B92 (in Serbian). 3 December 2009.
"Milorad Pavic, Unorthodox Novelist, Dies at 80". The New York Times. 16 December 2009.
External links
Official site
Pavić's library at Project Rastko – His works in Serbian, Russian and Slovene; a few articles on Pavić in English, French and German
vteNIN Award winning authors
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Mirko Božić (1955)
Oskar Davičo (1956)
Aleksandar Vučo (1957)
Branko Ćopić (1958)
N/A (1959)
Radomir Konstantinović (1960)
Dobrica Ćosić (1961)
Miroslav Krleža (1962)
Oskar Davičo (1963)
Oskar Davičo (1964)
Ranko Marinković (1965)
Meša Selimović (1966)
Erih Koš (1967)
Slobodan Novak (1968)
Bora Ćosić (1969)
Borislav Pekić (1970)
Miloš Crnjanski (1971)
Danilo Kiš (1972)
Mihailo Lalić (1973)
Jure Franičević Pločar (1974)
Miodrag Bulatović (1975)
Aleksandar Tišma (1976)
Petko Vojnić Purčar (1977)
Mirko Kovač (1978)
Pavle Ugrinov (1979)
Slobodan Selenić (1980)
Pavao Pavličić (1981)
Antonije Isaković (1982)
Dragoslav Mihailović (1983)
Milorad Pavić (1984)
Živojin Pavlović (1985)
Vidosav Stevanović (1986)
Voja Čolanović (1987)
Dubravka Ugrešić (1988)
Vojislav Lubarda (1989)
Miroslav Josić Višnjić (1990)
Milisav Savić (1991)
Živojin Pavlović (1992)
Radoslav Petković (1993)
Vladimir Arsenijević (1994)
Svetlana Velmar-Janković (1995)
David Albahari (1996)
Milovan Danojlić (1997)
Danilo Nikolić (1998)
Maksimilijan Erenrajh Ostojić (1999)
Goran Petrović (2000)
Zoran Ćirić (2001)
Mladen Markov (2002)
Vladan Matijević (2003)
Vladimir Tasić (2004)
Miro Vuksanović (2005)
Svetislav Basara (2006)
Dragan Velikić (2007)
Vladimir Pištalo (2008)
Grozdana Olujić (2009)
Gordana Ćirjanić (2010)
Slobodan Tišma (2011)
Aleksandar Gatalica (2012)
Goran Gocić (2013)
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Saša Ilić (2019)
Svetislav Basara (2020)
Milena Marković (2021)
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Antonije Isaković (1976)
Milisav Savić (1977)
Aleksandar Tišma (1978)
Mirko Kovač (1979)
Ćamil Sijarić (1980)
Svetlana Velmar Janković (1981)
David Albahari (1982)
Danilo Kiš (1983)
Vidosav Stevanović (1984)
Radoslav Bratić (1985)
Mladen Markov (1986)
Filip David (1987)
Jovan Radulović (1988)
Radoslav Petković (1989)
Saša Hadži Tančić (1990)
Milica Mićić Dimovska (1991)
Voja Čolanović (1992)
Živojin Pavlović (1993)
Vida Ognjenović (1994)
Pavle Ugrinov (1995)
Radoslav Beli Marković (1996)
Danilo Nikolić (1997)
Miroslav Josić Višnjić (1998)
Aleksandar Gatalica (1999)
Vladan Matijević (2000)
Milorad Pavić (2001)
Miroslav Toholj (2002)
Mihajlo Pantić (2003)
Jovica Aćin (2004)
Ljubica Arsić (2005)
Goran Petrović (2006)
Ljiljana Dugalić (2007)
Mirko Demić (2008)
Milenko Pajić (2009)
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Milovan Marčetić (2011)
Mirjana Pavlović (2012)
Drago Kekanović (2013)
Uglješa Šajtinac (2014)
Vule Žurić (2015)
Jelena Lengold (2016)
Vladimir Кecmanović (2017)
Dragan Stojanović (2018)
Anđelko Anušić (2019)
Dejan Stojiljković (2020)
Igor Marojević (2021)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milorad Pavić (footballer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milorad_Pavi%C4%87_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[mîloraːd pǎːʋitɕ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of the Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Khazars"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"}],"text":"This article is about the Serbian writer. For the Serbian footballer, see Milorad Pavić (footballer).Milorad Pavić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милорад Павић, pronounced [mîloraːd pǎːʋitɕ]; 15 October 1929 – 30 November 2009) was a Serbian novelist, poet, short story writer, and literary historian. Born in Belgrade in 1929, he published a number of poems, short stories and novels during his lifetime, the most famous of which was the Dictionary of the Khazars (1984). Upon its release, it was hailed as \"the first novel of the 21st century.\" Pavić's works have been translated into more than thirty languages. He was vastly popular in Europe and in South America, and was deemed \"one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century.\" He won numerous prizes in Serbia and in the former Yugoslavia, and was mentioned several times as a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He died in Belgrade in 2009.","title":"Milorad Pavić"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"literary history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_history"},{"link_name":"University of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605-3"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of the Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Khazars"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008224-4"},{"link_name":"dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milorad_Pavi%C4%871.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tašmajdan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%A1majdan_Park"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008604-5"},{"link_name":"crossword puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossword_puzzle"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008604%E2%80%93605-6"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009-1"},{"link_name":"University of Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''16_December_2009-7"},{"link_name":"Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''16_December_2009-7"},{"link_name":"Novo Groblje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_groblje,_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''B92''3_December_2009-8"}],"text":"Milorad Pavić was born in Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia on 15 October 1929 to a distinguished family of intellectuals and writers[1] \"that has produced well-known writers for six generations, since the 18th century\".[2] He received a Bachelor of Arts in literature from the University of Belgrade, and later obtained a PhD in literary history at the University of Zagreb.[3]Pavić entered the literary scene with two collections of poetry titled Palimpsests (Palimpsesti), and Moon Stone (Mesečev kamen), published in 1969 and 1971, respectively. Pavić's poems were soon translated into English, and included in the anthology titled Contemporary Yugoslav Poems. Soon after, Pavić dedicated himself to writing prose and several short story collections were published.[3] Pavić's first and most famous novel, Dictionary of the Khazars (Hazarski rečnik), was published in 1984. It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, and was hailed as \"the first novel of the 21st century.\"[4] Written as a poetic dictionary, the book has been described as \"a quasi-historical account of the semi-imaginary tribe of the Khazars.\"[3]Monument to Milorad Pavić in Tašmajdan Park, Belgrade.Pavić's second novel was titled Landscape Painted with Tea, and was published in 1988.[5] Organized as a crossword puzzle, it follows a failed architect from Belgrade as he travels to Greece to trace the fate of his father who disappeared there during World War II. Pavić wrote many more novels, including The Inner Side of the Wind, or A Novel of Hero and Leander and Last Love in Constantinople: A Tarot Novel of Divination. Described as \"highly imaginative\", Pavić is said to have \"[done] everything to disrupt the traditional models of fiction writing such as the development of story and the notions of beginning and end.\"[3] He was described as being \"one of the most intriguing writers from the beginning of the 21st century.\"[6] As a result, he was mentioned several times as a potential candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[1]Apart from writing, Pavić taught philosophy at the University of Novi Sad before joining the University of Belgrade.[7] In 1991, he became a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU). During this time, he translated a number of works of Russian fiction into the Serbian language.[1] In 1993, he published his first and only play, titled Theatre Menu For Ever and a Day.[3]Pavić died in Belgrade on 30 November 2009, at the age of 80. His death came as the result of a heart attack.[1] He was survived by his wife, Jasmina Mihajlović, and by his son Ivan, and his daughter Jelena.[7] Pavić was buried in the \"Alley of the Greats\" at the Novo Groblje cemetery complex in Belgrade.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''16_December_2009-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008223-9"}],"text":"Originally written in Serbian, Pavić's works have been translated into more than thirty languages.[7] Pavić was renowned for his highly imaginative fiction, and his novels diverged from traditional literary notions by means of an open-ended structure and the entwining of the mythic and historical.[9]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of the Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Khazars"},{"link_name":"lexicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008223-9"}],"sub_title":"Dictionary of the Khazars","text":"Dictionary of the Khazars was Pavić's first novel and it acquired international success. Written in 1984, it is a lexicon-format novel which follows the story of the Khazars – a people occupying the territory north of the Caucasus and west and north of the Caspian Sea between the 6th and 11th centuries. In the book, the Great Khan of the Khazars has a dream that is nearly impossible to interpret. To shed some light on it, he summons representatives of the world's three great religions: a Christian, a Jew and a Muslim. He asks the three to explain the dream, promising that the entire Khazar tribe will convert to the religion which provides the most convincing explanation. In three dictionaries – one Christian, one Jewish and one Muslim – three different versions of the story are presented, and from these accounts the reader must try to confect a coherent novel.[9]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of the Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Khazars"},{"link_name":"The Third Argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Third_Argument"},{"link_name":"Zoran Tucić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Tuci%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Zoran Stefanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoran_Stefanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Available online (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ezone.org/damaskin/"},{"link_name":"Available online (2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wordcircuits.com/gallery/glasssnail/"}],"text":"Dictionary of the Khazars (1984) (Knopf, 1988)\nLandscape Painted with Tea (1988) (Knopf, 1990)\nThe Inner Side of the Wind, or A Novel of Hero and Leander (1991) (Knopf, 1993)\nLast Love in Constantinople (1994) (Peter Owen Publishers, 1998)\nThe Third Argument (1995), a graphic novel by Milorad Pavić, Zoran Tucić (artist) and Zoran Stefanović (scriptwriter)\nFor Ever and a Day (1997) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2012)\nDamascene (1998) Available online (1998)\nWriting Box (1999) (National Library of Serbia, 2012)\nThe Glass Snail (2003) Available online (2003)\nUnique Item (2004) (Published in two volumes, Unique Item and Blue Book, as Kindle Edition e-books, 2010)\nThe Tale that Killed Emily Knorr (2005) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2012)\nSecond Body (2007) (Kindle Edition e-book, 2010)","title":"List of works available in English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Academician Milorad Pavić was the winner of several literary awards:\"Đorđe Jovanović\" award, for the book History of Literature of the Baroque Era, 1971.\nNIN's award, for the novel Khazarski rečnik, 1985.\n\"Meša Selimović\" award, for the novel Landscape painted with tea, 1988.\nAward of AVNOJ, 1989.\nSeventh of July Award, 1989.\nAward of the National Library of Serbia for the most read book of the year, for the novel Landscape painted with tea, 1990.\nOctober Award of the City of Belgrade, for the entire book oeuvre, 1992.\n\"Borisav Stanković\" award, for the novel Unutrašnja strana vetra, 1992.\nAward \"Golden Beočug\" for lifetime achievement, 1992.\n\"Stefan Mitrov Ljubiša\" award, 1994.\nKočić Award, 1994.\nProsvetina Award, for the novel Last Love in Constantinople, 1994.\n\"Laza Kostić\" award, for the novel Last Love in Constantinople, 1995.\n\"Felix Romuliana\" award, 1995.\nExceptional Wolf Award, 1996.\nAward of the Jakov Ignjatović Foundation, for life's work, 1997.\nThe \"Račanska čartita\" award, for overall creativity, 1997.\n\"Deretina's Book of the Year\" award, for the novel Zvezdani plast, 1998.\n\"Nušić's staff\" award, for overall creativity, 1999.\nThe \"Dušan Vasiljev\" award, for a story-telling opus, 2000.\nAndrić's award, for the series of short stories Stories from the Sava slopes, 2001.\n\"Belovod Rosette\" Award, 2004.\nHigh recognition \"Dostoevsky\", 2004.\n\"Kočić's Book\" Award of the \"Petar Kočić\" Endowment, 2007.\nHonorary doctor of Sofia University\nPresident of the Serbian-Ukrainian Society\nMember of the European Association for Culture, member of the Serbian PEN Center, member of the Crown Council.[10]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''B92''30_November_2009_1-3"},{"link_name":"B92 & 30 November 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFB9230_November_2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"He thinks the way we dream by D. J. R. Bruckner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/specials/pavic-khazars.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008605_3-4"},{"link_name":"Sollars & Jennings 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSollarsJennings2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008224_4-0"},{"link_name":"Sollars & Jennings 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSollarsJennings2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008604_5-0"},{"link_name":"Sollars & Jennings 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSollarsJennings2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008604%E2%80%93605_6-0"},{"link_name":"Sollars & Jennings 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSollarsJennings2008"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''16_December_2009_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''16_December_2009_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''16_December_2009_7-2"},{"link_name":"The New York Times & 16 December 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times16_December_2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''B92''3_December_2009_8-0"},{"link_name":"B92 & 3 December 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFB923_December_2009"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008223_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESollarsJennings2008223_9-1"},{"link_name":"Sollars & Jennings 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSollarsJennings2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Краљевска породица Србије\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.royalfamily.org/statements/state-det/state-2156_cir.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d B92 & 30 November 2009.\n\n^ He thinks the way we dream by D. J. R. Bruckner\n\n^ a b c d e Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 605.\n\n^ Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 224.\n\n^ Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 604.\n\n^ Sollars & Jennings 2008, pp. 604–605.\n\n^ a b c The New York Times & 16 December 2009.\n\n^ B92 & 3 December 2009.\n\n^ a b Sollars & Jennings 2008, p. 223.\n\n^ \"Краљевска породица Србије\" (in Serbian).","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Monument to Milorad Pavić in Tašmajdan Park, Belgrade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Milorad_Pavi%C4%871.JPG/250px-Milorad_Pavi%C4%871.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Краљевска породица Србије\" (in Serbian).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.royalfamily.org/statements/state-det/state-2156_cir.html","url_text":"\"Краљевска породица Србије\""}]},{"reference":"Sollars, Michael David; Jennings, Arbolina Llamas (2008). The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-0836-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SXkVKq86YIkC&q=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+the+World+Novel:+1900+to+the+Present","url_text":"The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0836-0","url_text":"978-1-4381-0836-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Preminuo Milorad Pavić\". B92 (in Serbian). 30 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=11&dd=30&nav_category=12&nav_id=395518","url_text":"\"Preminuo Milorad Pavić\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sahranjen Milorad Pavić\". B92 (in Serbian). 3 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=12&dd=03&nav_category=12&nav_id=396209","url_text":"\"Sahranjen Milorad Pavić\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milorad Pavic, Unorthodox Novelist, Dies at 80\". The New York Times. 16 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/arts/16pavic.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Milorad Pavic, Unorthodox Novelist, Dies at 80\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.khazars.com/en/","external_links_name":"www.khazars.com/en/"},{"Link":"http://ezone.org/damaskin/","external_links_name":"Available online (1998)"},{"Link":"http://www.wordcircuits.com/gallery/glasssnail/","external_links_name":"Available online (2003)"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/specials/pavic-khazars.html","external_links_name":"He thinks the way we dream by D. J. R. Bruckner"},{"Link":"http://www.royalfamily.org/statements/state-det/state-2156_cir.html","external_links_name":"\"Краљевска породица Србије\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SXkVKq86YIkC&q=The+Facts+on+File+Companion+to+the+World+Novel:+1900+to+the+Present","external_links_name":"The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present"},{"Link":"http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=11&dd=30&nav_category=12&nav_id=395518","external_links_name":"\"Preminuo Milorad Pavić\""},{"Link":"http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2009&mm=12&dd=03&nav_category=12&nav_id=396209","external_links_name":"\"Sahranjen Milorad Pavić\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/arts/16pavic.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Milorad Pavic, Unorthodox Novelist, Dies at 80\""},{"Link":"http://www.khazars.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090303053014/http://rastko.org.rs/knjizevnost/pavic/index_c.html","external_links_name":"Pavić's library at Project Rastko"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/91929/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122836376","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102339623","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhRDkhhqxHVQgVKkVKVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1143184","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120799952","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120799952","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119075245","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV094061","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266458905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82063430","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/97mqvldt3wbkxps","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00472829","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604374&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200813084","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201754811","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074768182","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631818105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04127761?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/029104467","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_night_(disambiguation) | Hell night | ["1 See also"] | Hell night or hellnight may refer to:
Hell Night, a 1981 horror film by Tom DeSimone
Hellnight, a Japanese horror video game by Atlus Co
See also
Hazing, a ritualistic test used as a means of initiation into a social group
Devil's Night, October 30, a night of vandalism and other mischief in some parts of the United States
Hell Knights, creatures from the Doom video game series
Topics referred to by the same term
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_British_North_America | Governor General of Canada | ["1 Appointment","1.1 Selection","1.2 Swearing-in ceremony","2 Role","2.1 Constitutional role","2.2 Ceremonial role","3 Residences and household","4 Symbols and protocol","5 History","5.1 French and British colonies","5.2 Responsible government","5.3 Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom","5.4 Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation","5.5 Withering and renaissance","6 Activities post-retirement","7 Spelling of the title","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Representative of the monarch of Canada
Governor General of CanadaGouverneure générale du CanadaBadge of the governor generalFlag of the governor generalIncumbentMary Simonsince 26 July 2021Style
Her Excellency the Right Honourable
AbbreviationGGResidence
Rideau Hall, Ottawa, Ontario
La Citadelle, Quebec City, Quebec
AppointerMonarch of Canadaon the advice of the prime ministerTerm lengthAt His Majesty's pleasureFormation1 July 1867First holderThe Viscount MonckDeputyDeputies of the governor general
Secretary to the governor generalJustices of the Supreme CourtSalary$342,100 annuallyWebsitewww.gg.ca
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The governor general of Canada (French: gouverneure générale du Canada) is the federal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently King Charles III. The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom. The monarch, on the advice of his or her Canadian prime minister, appoints a governor general to administer the government of Canada in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure—though, five years is the usual length of time. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders. The 30th and current governor general is Mary Simon, who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An Inuk leader from Nunavik in Quebec, Simon is the first Indigenous person to hold the office.
As the sovereign's representative, the governor general carries out the day-to-day constitutional and ceremonial duties of the monarch. The constitutional duties include appointing lieutenant governors, Supreme Court justices, and senators; signing orders-in-council; summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the federal parliament; granting royal assent to bills; calling elections; and signing commissions for officers of the Canadian Armed Forces. The ceremonial duties include delivering the speech from the throne at the state opening of parliament; accepting letters of credence from incoming ambassadors; and distributing honours, decorations, and medals. Per the tenets of responsible government, the governor general acts almost always (except on the matter of honours) on the advice of the prime minister.
The office began in the 17th century, when the French Crown appointed governors of the colony of Canada and, following the British conquest of the colony in 1763, the British monarch appointed governors of the Province of Quebec (later the Canadas). Consequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. The present version of the office emerged with Canadian Confederation and the passing of the British North America Act, 1867.
Although the post initially still represented the government of the United Kingdom (that is, the monarch in his British council), the office was gradually Canadianized until, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and the establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy, the governor general became the direct personal representative of the independently Canadian sovereign (the monarch in his Canadian council). Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, such as acting as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian militia in the monarch's stead, and, in 1927, the first official international visit by a governor general was made. In 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to exercise almost all powers on behalf of the monarch. As a matter of law, however, the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign; the office itself does not independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative. Any constitutional amendment that affects the Crown, including the office of governor general, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislative assembly as well as the Senate and House of Commons of Canada.
Appointment
First page of the proclamation of the Letters Patent, 1947, as published in the Canada Gazette
The position of governor general is mandated by both the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act, 1867), and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of the Canadian prime minister, the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission, prepared in Canada, and issued under the Great Seal of Canada and with the royal sign-manual. (Until the appointment of Vincent Massey in 1952, the royal commission was authorized by the monarch's signature and signet.) That individual is, from then until being sworn in, referred to as the governor general-designate.
Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate. Though there may therefore be variations to the following, the appointee will usually travel to Ottawa, there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at 7 Rideau Gate, and will begin preparations for their upcoming role, meeting with various high-level officials to ensure a smooth transition between governors general. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general-designate and their spouse into the Order of Canada as Companions, as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the Order of Military Merit and the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (should either person not have already received either of those honours).
The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years; though, this is only a developed convention and has been criticized as too short for an office meant to represent a Crown and sovereign meant to embody continuity. The governor general serves "at His Majesty's pleasure" (or the royal pleasure), meaning the prime minister may recommend to the King that the viceroy remain in his service for a longer period of time; some governors general have been in office for more than seven years. No additional formalities are necessary for such an "extension"; the governor general carries on until death, resignation, or the appointment of his or her successor. Only once, with the Earl Alexander of Tunis, has a royal proclamation been issued to end a governor general's incumbency.
Should a governor general die, resign, or leave the country for longer than one month, the chief justice of Canada (or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court) serves as the administrator of the government of Canada and exercises all powers of the governor general.
Selection
In a speech on the subject of Confederation, made in 1866 to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, John A. Macdonald said of the planned governor, "we place no restriction on Her Majesty's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence." However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet; until 1890, by the secretary of state for the colonies for approval by the prime minister. After that, a policy of consulting the Canadian Cabinet was established; though, this process was not always followed.
The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognized the governor general as no longer a stand-in for the British government, but, rather a direct representative of the Crown. At the Imperial Conference in 1930, it was decided that the Commonwealth ministers would "tender their formal advice after informal consultation with His Majesty," thereby settling the current procedure wherein the monarch appoints the governor general on the advice of the Canadian prime minister only. This was codified in the Statute of Westminster, 1931.
How many names the prime minister puts forward to the sovereign has varied. Richard Bennett suggested a number of names in an informal letter to King George V in 1930, all of which the King approved, leading Bennett to pick the Earl of Bessborough. Mackenzie King in 1945 gave three names to King George VI, who chose Harold Alexander (later the Viscount Alexander of Tunis). Mackenzie King then made the formal recommendation to the King, which was accepted. Louis St. Laurent, however, gave only one name—Massey's—to George VI. There is typically informal consultation between the prime minister and sovereign, either directly or via the incumbent governor general, on the appointment of the next viceroy before the prime minister gives his official advice to the monarch.
(Left to right) T.A. Crerar, King George VI, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, Queen Elizabeth, and Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir at the Château Laurier hotel in Ottawa, 1939. Mackenzie King was the only leader of the opposition to ever be involved in the appointment of a governor general, in 1935 deciding with then-Prime Minister Richard Bennett to choose Tweedsmuir.
The only time the leader of the opposition was consulted on the choice of name to put forward to the monarch for appointment as viceroy was when the Lord Tweedsmuir's predecessor, Bessborough, wished to resign as governor general coincidentally just ahead of Parliament reaching the end of its maximum five year life in July 1935, after which an election was required. Mackenzie King, at the time leader of the opposition, expected to win a majority in the upcoming election and stated he would not accept a governor general recommended by then-Prime Minister Bennett, which was a constitutionally unjustifiable position for Mackenzie King to take. King George V became concerned and instructed Bessborough to either remain in office until after the election or bring Bennett and Mackenzie King together to agree on a nominee for his replacement. The Governor General consulted with the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition and settled on Tweedsmuir.
Until 1952, all governors general were members of the British aristocracy or former British military officers, diplomats, or politicians raised to the peerage. These viceroys had spent no or little time in Canada prior to their appointment; though it was claimed as their travel schedules were so extensive that they could "learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime". The idea of a Canadian being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the Paris Peace Conference, Canadian prime minister Sir Robert Borden, consulted with South African prime minister Louis Botha, and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective dominions. Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s, but, it was not until Massey's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian-born individual. The Prime Minister at the time, Louis St. Laurent, wrote in a letter to the media, "t seems to me no one of the King's subjects, wherever he resides, should be considered unworthy to represent the King, provided he has the personal qualifications and a position in the community which are consonant with the dignity and responsibility of that office." Massey stated of this, "a Canadian makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada."
This practice continued until 1999, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson, a Hong Kong-born refugee to Canada. Moreover, the practice of alternating between francophone and anglophone Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Vanier, a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey. All persons whose names are put forward to the King for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.
Vincent Massey (left), the first Canadian-born viceroy since Confederation
Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were often former politicians; a number held seats in the British House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by Peter H. Russell, who stated in 2009: "much of advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent ." Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first Asian-Canadian and the second woman, following on Jeanne Sauvé. The third woman to hold this position was also the first Caribbean-Canadian governor general, Michaëlle Jean.
There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process. Citizens for a Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the sovereign, either by popular or parliamentary vote; a proposal echoed by Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee, but, also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana. Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the Monarchist League of Canada have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap", and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general. Retired University of Ottawa professor John E. Trent proposed the governor general be head of state and selected by the Officers of the Order of Canada, something Chris Selley argued would politicize both the head of state and the Order of Canada, itself. In 2021, Grand Chief Vernon Watchmaker and Chief Germaine Anderson of the Six Nations of the Grand River wrote to Queen Elizabeth II, suggesting that the federal Cabinet consult treaty nations before the appointment of a new governor general, stating, "we are partners with the Crown."
A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of David Johnston as governor general-designate. For the task, Prime Minister Stephen Harper convened a special search group—the Governor General Consultation Committee—which was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country. In 2012, the committee was made permanent and renamed as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments, with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners (though, the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch). However, the next ministry, headed by Justin Trudeau, disbanded the committee in 2017, before he recommended Payette as Johnston's successor that year. Following Payette's resignation, Trudeau formed the Advisory Group on the Selection of the Next Governor General, which selected Mary Simon for appointment as vicereine.
Swearing-in ceremony
Michaëlle Jean swearing the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache, 27 September 2005
The swearing-in ceremony begins with the arrival at 7 Rideau Gate of one of the ministers of the Crown, who then accompanies the governor general-designate to Parliament Hill, where a Canadian Forces guard of honour (consisting of the Army Guard, Royal Canadian Air Force Guard, and Flag Party of the Royal Canadian Navy) awaits to give a general salute. From there, the party is led by the King's parliamentary messenger—the usher of the Black Rod—to the Senate chamber, wherein all justices of the Supreme Court, senators, members of Parliament, and other guests are assembled. The King's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the secretary to the governor general and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the chief justice or one of the puisne justices of the Supreme Court; the three oaths are: the Oath of Allegiance, the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada. With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises, the individual is officially the governor general, and at that moment the flag of the governor general of Canada is raised on the Peace Tower, the "Vice Regal Salute" is played by the Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces, and a 21-gun salute is conducted by the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read, and then receives the Great Seal of Canada (which is passed to the registrar general for protection), as well as the chains of both the chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit. The governor general then gives a speech, outlining causes they will champion during their time as viceroy.
Role
Further information: Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspects
Governor General Adrienne Clarkson (right) meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) in the governor general's study of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000
If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion.
Governor General the Marquess of Aberdeen, 1893
Canada shares the person of the sovereign equally with 14 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and that individual, in the monarch's capacity as the Canadian sovereign, has 10 other legal personas within the Canadian federation. As the sovereign works and resides in the United Kingdom, the governor general's primary task is to perform federal constitutional duties on behalf of the monarch. As such, the governor general carries on "the government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the sovereign".
The governor general acts within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. For the most part, however, the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day-to-day basis by elected and appointed individuals, leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country; at such a moment, the governor general removes him or herself from public, though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general's ability to perform governmental roles.
Past governor general John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, said of the job, "it is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a cherub, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel", and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is "a representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers and, yet, securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an administration or parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence."
Constitutional role
Further information: Monarchy of Canada § Federal constitutional role
All executive, legislative, and judicial power in and over Canada is vested in the monarch. The governor general is permitted to exercise most of this power, including the royal prerogative, in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867, and some through various letters patent issued over the decades, particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada. The 1947 letters patent state, "and We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada." The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867, left unchanged. Among other duties, the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general. It is also stipulated that the governor general may appoint deputies—usually Supreme Court justices and the secretary to the governor general—who can perform some of the viceroy's constitutional duties in the governor general's absence, and the chief justice of the Supreme Court (or a puisne justice in the chief justice's absence) will act as the administrator of the government upon the death or removal, as well as the incapacitation, or absence of the governor general for more than one month.
Andrew Scheer (right), then Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, being admitted to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada by Governor General David Johnston (centre) at Rideau Hall, 25 September 2017
The governor general is required by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint for life persons to the King's Privy Council for Canada, who are all technically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the royal prerogative. Convention dictates, though, that the governor general must draw from the Privy Council an individual to appoint as prime minister. In almost all cases, this is the member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the House of Commons, whom the governor general must appoint to the Privy Council, if that person is not already a member, so the individual can be appointed prime minister. The prime minister then advises the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to a committee of the Privy Council known as the Cabinet and it is, in practice, only from this group of ministers of the Crown that the king and governor general will take advice on the use of executive power; an arrangement called the king-in-Council or, more specifically, the governor-in-Council. In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council. The governor-in-Council is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint in the monarch's name, the lieutenant governors of the provinces, senators, the speaker of the Senate, superior, district, and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and high commissioners and ambassadors. The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure the stability of government, by political convention typically binding. The governor general has mainly only the right to advise, encourage, and warn; to offer valued counsel to the prime minister.
Both the King and his viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the reserve powers, which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power. The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force the prime minister to resign on two occasions: In 1896, Prime Minister Charles Tupper refused to step down after his party failed to win a majority in the House of Commons during that year's election, leading Governor General the Earl of Aberdeen to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. In 1925, the King–Byng affair took place, in which Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a non-confidence motion in the House of Commons, advised Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy to dissolve the new parliament, but Byng refused.
Peter Hogg, a constitutional scholar, has opined that "a system of responsible government cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers." Further, Eugene Forsey stated "the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes the place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts."
Within the Dominions, until the 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a governor-general on the advice of either the local or the British Cabinet, with the latter taking precedence. After the Imperial Conference of 1926 produced the Balfour Declaration, formally establishing the autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors general ceased to be advised in any way by British ministers.
It was decided at the same Imperial Conference that the governor general "should be kept as fully informed as His Majesty the King in Great Britain of Cabinet business and public affairs." How frequently governors general and their prime ministers conversed has varied; some prime ministers have valued their meetings with the viceroy at the time. However, the pracice is usually informal and the prime minister will typically schedule a telephone call to request the governor general perform a significant task. The governor general regularly receives the minutes from Cabinet meetings and any documents referred to in those minutes.
The Lord Tweedsmuir gives the Throne Speech at the opening of the third session of the 18th Canadian Parliament, 27 January 1938
The governor general also summons Parliament, reads the speech from the throne, and prorogues and dissolves Parliament. The governor general grants royal assent in the King's name; legally, the governor general has three options: grant royal assent (making the bill a law), withhold royal assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the signification of the king's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent). If the governor general withholds the King's assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No governor general has denied royal assent to a bill. Provincial viceroys, however, are able to reserve royal assent to provincial bills for the governor general, which was last invoked in 1961 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan.
Ceremonial role
Further information: Monarchy of Canada § Cultural role
With most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. The governor general will host members of Canada's royal family, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent the King and country abroad on state visits to other nations, though the monarch's permission is necessary, via the prime minister, for the viceroy to leave Canada. Also as part of international relations, the governor general issues letters of credence and of recall for Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners and receives the same from foreign ambassadors and other Commonwealth countries' high commissioners appointed to Canada.
Governor General David Johnston greeting a crowd during Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, July 2016
The governor general is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride. Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959, to then-Governor General Vincent Massey, "maintain the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction." One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from all regions and ethnic groups in Canada, continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General the Lord Lisgar. The governor general will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the Governor General's Awards, and will also give out awards associated with private organizations, some of which are named for past governors general. During a federal election, the governor general will curtail these public duties, so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs.
Although the constitution of Canada states that the "Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen," the governor general acts in his place as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada. The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit Canadian Forces bases across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces. The governor general also serves as honorary Colonel of three household regiments: the Governor General's Horse Guards, Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards. This ceremonial position is directly under that of Colonel-in-Chief, which is held by the King. Since 1910, the governor general was also always made the chief scout for Canada, which was renamed Chief Scout of Canada after 1946 and again in 2011 as Patron Scout.
Residences and household
Rideau Hall, located in Ottawa, is the official residence of the Canadian monarch and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at the Citadel (La Citadelle) in Quebec City, Quebec. A governor general's wife is known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall, though there is no equivalent term for a governor general's husband.
Rideau Hall, the primary residence of the governor generalSecondary residence at the Citadelle of Quebec
The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the secretary to the governor general. The Chancellery of Honours depends from the King and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. As such, the viceroy's secretary ex officio holds the position of Herald Chancellor of Canada, overseeing the Canadian Heraldic Authority—the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which armorial bearings are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign. These organized offices and support systems include aides-de-camp, press officers, financial managers, speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as Government House and its departments are funded through the normal federal budgetary process, as is the governor general's salary of CAD$288,900, which has been taxed since 2013. Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the National Capital Commission, the Department of National Defence, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
The governor general's air transportation is assigned to 412 Transport Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron uses Bombardier Challenger 600 VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada.
Symbols and protocol
As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor general follows only the sovereign in the Canadian order of precedence, preceding even other members of the Royal Family. Though the federal viceroy is considered primus inter pares amongst provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the King's representative in the province, precedes the governor general. The incumbent governor general and their spouse are also the only people in Canada, other than serving Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners, entitled to the use of the style His or Her Excellency and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of the Right Honourable for their time in office and for life afterwards.
Michaëlle Jean wearing the insignia of the Order of Canada and Order of Military Merit along with the Canadian Forces' Decoration
Prior to 1952, all governors general of Canada were members of the peerage or heir apparent to a peerage. Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as the Duke of Devonshire, or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with the Earl Alexander of Tunis. None were life peers, the Life Peerages Act 1958 postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general. John Buchan was, in preparation for his appointment as governor general, made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King George V, six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy. The leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner. However, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. With the appointment of Massey as governor general in 1952, governors general ceased to be members of the peerage; successive prime ministers since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated (in 1934) principles of the 1919 Nickle Resolution.
Under the orders' constitutions, the governor general serves as Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada, Chancellor of the Order of Military Merit, and Chancellor of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces. The governor general also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem. As acting commander-in-chief, the governor general is further routinely granted the Canadian Forces' Decoration by the chief of the Defence Staff on behalf of the monarch. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards.
The Viceregal Salute — composed of the first six bars of the Royal Anthem ("God Save the King") followed by the first and last four bars of the national anthem ("O Canada") — is the salute used to greet the governor general upon arrival and departure from most official events. To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, airplane, or car in Canada, the governor general's flag is employed. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and, in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags except for the King's personal Canadian standard. When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the national flag is generally employed to mark governor general's presence. This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general.
The present flag of the governor general was adopted in 1981.
The crest of the Royal Arms of Canada is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.
1901
1921
1931
1953
1981
History
Further information: List of Governors General of Canada
French and British colonies
French colonization of North America began in the 1580s and Aymar de Chaste was appointed in 1602 by King Henry IV as Viceroy of Canada. The explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century, serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII. The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663, after whom 12 more people served in the post.
Statue of Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the third and sixth Governor General of New France, at the Quebec Parliament Building.
With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to Great Britain. King George III then issued in that same year a royal proclamation establishing, amongst other regulations, the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new Province of Quebec. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick remained completely separate colonies, each with their own governor, until the cabinet of William Pitt adopted in the 1780s the idea that they, along with Quebec and Prince Edward Island, should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as governor-in-chief. The post was created in 1786, with the Lord Dorchester as its first occupant. However, the governor-in-chief directly governed only Quebec. It was not until the splitting in 1791 of the Province of Quebec, to accommodate the influx of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American revolutionary war, that the king's representative, with a change in title to Governor General, directly governed Lower Canada, while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead.
Following the 1783 recognition of the independence of the 13 continental colonies that became the United States of America and the transfer of East Florida and West Florida to Spain, the remaining British colonies of North America, including Bermuda, were partly integrated as British North America. During the War of 1812, Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost was appointed as "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and Over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the Same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the Said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c."
Responsible government
Political organization of the Province of Canada, after the introduction of responsible government under the Union Act, 1848
The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces. As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, Governor-General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor of Canada East the Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill, despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation.
This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from the Canadian Privy Council. However, the governor still remained not a viceroy, in the true sense of the word, being still a representative of and liaison to the British government—the Queen in her British council of ministers—who answered to the secretary of state for the colonies in London and who, as a British observer of Canadian politics, held well into the First World War a suite of offices in the East Block of Parliament Hill. But, the new position of Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom, created in 1880, began to take over the governor general's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments, leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch. As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that was put to the test when John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, Macdonald, over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St-Just. On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the Canadian Cabinet, Campbell did eventually concede and released St-Just from duty. The governor general was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion's first cabinet crisis, wherein Macdonald died, leaving the Lord Stanley of Preston to select a new prime minister.
Governor General Prince Arthur inspects members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force at Valcartier Camp, 1914
As early as 1880, the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen's subjects: in July of that year, someone under the pseudonym Captain Mac included in a pamphlet called Canada: from the Lakes to the Gulf, a coarse satire of an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall, in which a retired inn-keeper and his wife undergo the rigorous protocol of the royal household and sprawl on the floor before the Duke of Argyll so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had "paid in cold, hard cash". Later, prior to the arrival of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (the uncle of King George V), to take up the post of governor general, there was a "feeble undercurrent of criticism" centring on worries about a rigid court at Rideau Hall; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors.
Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom
Marquess of Willingdon (left) during an official visit to Washington, D.C. as the governor general of Canada.
During the First World War, into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom, the governor general's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster. Starting in 1914, Governor General Prince Arthur donned his Field Marshal's uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents, inspecting army camps, and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe. These actions, however, led to conflict with the prime minister at the time, Robert Borden; though the latter placed blame on Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General". Prince Arthur's successor, the Duke of Devonshire, faced the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister, as well as members of the official opposition, on the matter. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Vincent Massey, Henri Bourassa, Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési, Duncan Campbell Scott, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, and Stephen Leacock, made efforts to conciliate Quebec, though he had little real success.
Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials; in 1918, The Toronto Star was even advocating the end of the office. The governor general's role was also changing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs, including the undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada, the first being that of the Marquess of Willingdon to the United States, where he was accorded by President Calvin Coolidge the full honours of representative of a head of state. It would be another decade, however, before the King-Byng Affair: another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada—indeed, all the dominions—and the United Kingdom, and thus the purpose of the governor general.
The Viscount Byng of Vimy, who was involved in the King–Byng affair, a catalyst for change over the role of the governor general in the British Empire
In 1926, Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a non-confidence vote in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party, requested that Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election. Byng, however, refused his Canadian prime minister's advice, citing both the facts that King held the minority of seats in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier; he thus called on Arthur Meighen to form a government. Within a week however, Meighen's Conservative government lost its own non-confidence vote, forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power. King then went on to the Imperial Conference that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the Balfour Declaration, which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years: namely, that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom. These new developments were codified in the Statute of Westminster, through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931, Canada, along with the Union of South Africa and the Irish Free State, immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK. In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy.
The governor general thus became solely the representative of the monarch within Canadian jurisdiction, ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet, and as such would be appointed only on the advice of his Canadian prime minister. The Canadian Cabinet's first recommendation under this new system was still, however, a British subject born outside of Canada, John Buchan (later the Lord Tweedsmuir).
Tweedsmuir's birthplace aside, though, the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity, travelling the length and breadth of the country, including, for the first time for a governor general, the Arctic regions. Not all Canadians, however, shared Tweedsmuir's views; the Baron raised the ire of imperialists when he said in Montreal in 1937: "a Canadian's first loyalty is not to the British Commonwealth of Nations, but to Canada and Canada's King", a statement the Montreal Gazette dubbed as "disloyal". During Tweedsmuir's time as viceroy, which started in 1935, calls began to emerge for a Canadian-born individual to be appointed as governor general; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940, while Canada was in the midst of the Second World War, and Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian. The Earl of Athlone was instead appointed by King George VI, Athlone's nephew, to be his viceroy for the duration of the war.
Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation
Georges Vanier, the 19th governor general of Canada. The convention of alternating between francophones and anglophones began with Vanier's appointment.
It was in 1952, a mere five days before King George VI's death, that Massey became the first Canadian-born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755, as well as the first not to be elevated to the peerage since Sir Edmund Walker Head in 1854. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy.
As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an anglophone, should be followed by a francophone Canadian; and so, in spite of his Liberal Party attachments, Vanier was chosen by Conservative prime minister John Diefenbaker as the next governor general. Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen Elizabeth II, in person, at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet, thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from Canada's two main linguistic groups. This move did not, however, placate those who were fostering the new Quebec nationalist movement, for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of the province's sovereigntists and, when he attended la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste in Montreal in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading "Vanier vendu" ("Vanier sold out") and "Vanier fou de la Reine" ("Vanier Queen's jester").
In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity, images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed, and Vanier's successor, Michener, was the last viceroy to practice many of the office's ancient traditions, such as the wearing of court uniform by the governor general, the requirement of court dress for state occasions, and expecting women to curtsey before the governor general. At the same time, he initiated new practices for the viceroy, including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of state visits. He presided over Canada's centennial celebrations and the coincidental Expo 67, to which French president Charles de Gaulle was invited. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous "Vive le Québec libre" speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener. With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution, the establishment of a distinct Canadian honours system, an increase of state visits coming with Canada's growing role on the world stage, and the more prevalent use of television to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs, the governor general became more publicly active in national life.
Jeanne Sauvé (left), Canada's first female governor general, with a Guardsman (private) of the Canadian Grenadier Guards of Montreal
The Cabinet in June 1978 proposed the constitutional amendment Bill C-60, that, amongst other changes, vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as First Canadian, but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers. When the constitution was patriated four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament. By 1984, Canada's first female governor general, Sauvé, was appointed. While it was she who created the Canadian Heraldic Authority, as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II, and who championed youth and world peace, Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine, closing to the public the grounds of the Queen's residence and self-aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions.
Withering and renaissance
Sarah, Duchess of York, said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to Prince Andrew, Duke of York, her husband was offered the position of governor general of Canada, and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break-up. Instead, Sauvé's tenure as governor general was book-ended by a series of appointments—Edward Schreyer, Ray Hnatyshyn, and Roméo LeBlanc—that have been generally regarded as mere patronage postings for former politicians and friends of the incumbent prime minister at the time, and despite the duties they carried out, their combined time in the viceregal office is generally viewed as unremarkable at best, and damaging to the office at worst. As David Smith described it: "Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public." It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due, in part, to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister.
Governor General Adrienne Clarkson (right) toasts Russian president Vladimir Putin in the ballroom of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000
It was with the Queen's appointment of Clarkson, on the advice of then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, that a shift in the office took place. Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position—coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation—was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada, the first from a visible minority (she is of Chinese ancestry), and, by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband, author and philosopher John Ralston Saul, the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement, in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture. Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians, winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors, her inspiring speeches, and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander-in-Chief's representative. This did not come without a cost, however, as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the governor general's increased spending on state affairs, for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10% the viceregal budget it had earlier supported, as well as for fostering the notion, through various demonstrations, that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself, an approach that was said by Jack Granatstein to have caused "a fury" with the Queen on one occasion in 2004. This attitude was not unique to Clarkson, though; it had been observed that, for some decades, staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state, part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s, if not the 1964 Truncheon Saturday riot in Quebec City. Indeed, international observers opined that the viceroys had been, over the years, making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign, for fear of being too closely associated with any "Britishness" the monarch embodied.
As the representative of Canada's head of state, the governor general, Michaëlle Jean, welcomes US President Barack Obama to Canada, 19 February 2009
Prime Minister Paul Martin followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts. Her appointment initially sparked accusations that she was a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, and it was observed that she had on a few occasions trodden into political matters, as well as continuing to foster the notion that the governor general had replaced the Queen as head of state, thereby "unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry". But Jean ultimately won plaudits, particularly for her solidarity with the Canadian Forces and the Indigenous peoples in Canada, as well as her role in the parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009.
With the appointment of academic David Johnston, former principal of McGill University and subsequently president of the University of Waterloo, there was a signalled emphasis for the governor general to vigorously promote learning and innovation. Johnston stated in his inaugural address: " a society that innovates, embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all." There was also a recognition of Johnston's expertise in constitutional law, following the controversial prorogations of Parliament in 2008 and 2009, which initiated some debate about the governor general's role as the representative of Canada's head of state.
In late 2021, the Governor General's office confirmed that its internal office network was breached as part of a "sophisticated cyber incident". Officials were unable to determine the extent of the information that was accessed. Former security officials speculated that another country may be responsible. The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, a branch of the Communications Security Establishment, is investigating the incident.
Activities post-retirement
Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices. Edward Schreyer, for instance, was appointed Canadian High Commissioner to Australia upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984, and Michaëlle Jean became the UNESCO special envoy to Haiti and, later, the secretary-general of La Francophonie. Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a New Democratic Party candidate. Prior to 1952, several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom, sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and, in some cases, taking a position in the British Cabinet. The Marquess of Lorne was elected a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom in 1895, and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords. Others were made governors in other countries or territories: the Viscount Monck was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Dublin, the Earl of Aberdeen was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Earl of Minto, and the Earl of Willingdon all subsequently served as Viceroy of India.
An outgoing governor general may leave an eponymous award as a legacy, such as the Stanley Cup, the Clarkson Cup, the Vanier Cup, or the Grey Cup. They may found an institution, as Vanier did with the Vanier Institute of the Family and Clarkson with the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. Three former governors general have released memoirs: the Lord Tweedsmuir (Memory Hold-the-Door), Massey (What's Past is Prologue), and Clarkson (Heart Matters).
As of 2021, former governors general are entitled to a lifetime pension of nearly $150,000 and also to claim an additional $206,000 in expenses each year.
Canadian institutions established by governors general
Institution
Founded by
Royal Society of Canada
John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne
Canada's first anti-tuberculosis association
The Earl of Minto
The Battlefields Park
The Earl Grey
King George V Silver Jubilee Cancer Fund for Canada
The Earl of Bessborough
Vanier Institute of the Family
Georges Vanier
Sauvé Foundation
Jeanne Sauvé
Governor General Ramon John Hnatyshyn Education Fund
Ray Hnatyshyn
International Council for Canadian Studies
The Hnatyshyn Foundation
Institute for Canadian Citizenship
Adrienne Clarkson
Michaëlle Jean Foundation
Michaëlle Jean
Rideau Hall Foundation
David Johnston
Spelling of the title
The letters patent constituting the office and official publications of the government of Canada spell the title governor general, without a hyphen, unlike in the other Commonwealth realms, which do include a hyphen. As governor is the noun, the title is pluralized as governors general, rather than governor generals.
See also
Canada portalPolitics portal
Governor General's Awards
List of governors general of Canada
Armorial of the governors general of Canada
List of awards presented by the governor general of Canada
Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft
Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces
Governor-general
Notes
^ When the position is held by a male, the French title is Gouverneur général du Canada.
^ Georges Vanier served as governor general between 15 September 1959 and 5 March 1967 and Roland Michener served for just under seven years, from 17 April 1967 to 14 January 1974.
^ The Lord Tweedsmuir died at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital on 11 February 1940 and Georges Vanier died at Rideau Hall on 5 March 1967.
^ Roméo LeBlanc resigned the viceregal post in 1999 and Julie Payette resigned in 2021.
^ As Alexander was to be appointed to the British Cabinet and the announcement made while he was still in Canada, the Canadian Cabinet felt it necessary to end Alexander's service as viceroy immediately, while sparing him the indignity of resignation.
^ The only individuals to serve as administrators of the government of Canada due to the deaths in office of governors general were Chief Justice Sir Lyman Poore Duff in 1940 and Chief Justice Robert Taschereau in 1967.
^ Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir said of King George VI being in the Senate in 1939 to grant Royal Assent to bills: " I cease to exist as Viceroy, and retain only a shadowy legal existence as Governor General in Council."
^ See Note 2 at King's Privy Council for Canada.
^ Robert Borden said, "it would be an absolute mistake to regard the governor general as a mere figurehead, a mere rubber stamp. During nine years of premiership, I had the opportunity of realizing how helpful may be the advice and counsel of a governor general in matters of delicacy and difficulty".
^ Some seven years after he left office, the Earl Alexander of Tunis was appointed as a Member of the Order of Merit. Similarly, Massey was awarded the Royal Victorian Chain by Queen Elizabeth II approximately six months after leaving the viceregal post and was in 1967 invested into the Order of Canada. ichener was presented with the Royal Victorian Chain a few months before he retired as governor general.
^ Kevin MacLeod, in his book A Crown of Maples, pegs the start date of Champlain's governorship at 1627, whereas the official website of the Governor General of Canada puts it at 1608.
^ The offices were subsequently incorporated into the Prime Minister's Office (PMO), but have been restored to their 19th century appearance after the PMO moved to the Langevin Block in the 1970s, and are now preserved as a tourist attraction along with other historic offices in the East Block.
^ The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems, as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had, counter to established common practice, not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart, H. H. Asquith.
^ During the Great Depression, the Earl of Bessborough voluntarily cut his salary by ten percent as a sign of his solidarity with the Canadian people.
^ Governors general had been venturing to Washington to meet informally with the President of the United States since the time of the Viscount Monck.
^ The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: "In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government."
^ LeBlanc's strong ties to the Liberal Party led other party leaders to protest his appointment by boycotting his installation ceremony.
^ In 1952, the Earl Alexander of Tunis resigned as governor general of Canada to accept an appointment as Minister of Defence in the Cabinet of Winston Churchill. The Marquess of Lansdowne and the Duke of Devonshire both also served in the British Cabinet following their viceregal careers, and Lansdowne went on to serve as leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords for over a decade.
References
^ The Royal Household, The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada, Queen's Printer, archived from the original on 20 February 2009, retrieved 2 June 2009
^ Aiello, Rachel (26 July 2021). "Mary Simon installed as Canada's 30th Governor General". CTVNews. Retrieved 26 July 2021.
^ a b MacLeod, Kevin S. (2015), A Crown of Maples (PDF), Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada, p. 34, ISBN 978-0-662-46012-1
^ Constitution Act, 1867, S.C. 1867, c. III, s. 10, as amended by R.S.C. 1985, App. II, No. 5 (Constitution Act, 1867 at Government of Canada)
^ MacLeod 2015, pp. 34–35
^ a b Public Works and Government Services Canada. "Parliament Hill > The History of Parliament Hill > East Block > Office of the Governor General". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
^ a b MacLeod 2015, p. 35
^ a b Department of Canadian Heritage (2008). Canada: Symbols of Canada. Ottawa: Queen's Printer for Canada. p. 3. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015.
^ a b c Office of the Governor General of Canada, Commander in Chief, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 30 September 2007, retrieved 5 November 2007
^ a b Constitution Act 1867, S. 15
^ a b Hubbard, R.H. (1977). Rideau Hall. Montreal and London: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-7735-0310-6.
^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Governor General > Former Governors General > The Marquess of Willingdon". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
^ Walters, Mark D. (2011). "The Law behind the Conventions of the Constitution: Reassessing the Prorogation Debate" (PDF). Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law. 5: 131–154. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ a b c d George VI (1947), Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada (published 1 October 1947), retrieved 29 May 2009
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^ Elizabeth II (28 September 1999), Royal Commission, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 13 August 2011, retrieved 13 July 2010
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^ a b c d e f Department of Canadian Heritage. "Monarchy in Canada > Governor General Designate". Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from the original on 14 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
^ "Gov. Gen. designate denies separatist link". CTV. 18 August 2005. Archived from the original on 11 February 2006. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ "Haitian community holds special church service for the governor general-designate". CBC. 27 August 2005. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^
^ Fidelis (2005). "The Installation of the Governor General in 2005: Innovation and Evolution?" (PDF). Canadian Monarchist News. Fall-Winter 2005 (24). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada: 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
^ Joyal, Serge (2020), "The Changing Role of the Governor General, or How the Personality of the Office Holder is Changing the Perception of the Monarchy", in Jackson, D. Michael (ed.), Royal Progress: Canada's Monarchy in the Age of Disruption, Toronto: Dundern, ISBN 978-1-4597-4575-9, retrieved 30 April 2023
^ "Part I > Proclamation" (PDF). Canada Gazette. Vol. Extra 139, no. 8. 27 September 2005. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
^ a b Government of Canada 1970, p. 106
^ Copeland, Lewis; Lamm, Lawrence W.; McKenna, Stephen J. (1999). The World's Great Speeches. Mineola: Courier Dover Publications. p. 381. ISBN 978-0-486-40903-0.
^ a b c d Feldman, Stephanie (19 April 2021), The Evolution of the Selection and Appointment of the Governor General, Library of Parliament, retrieved 11 August 2023
^ Government of Canada 1970, p. 104
^ Hubbard 1977, p. 145
^ Hubbard 1977, p. 147
^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. "Governor General > Former Governors General > Major General The Earl of Athlone". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
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Further reading
Coucill, Irma (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 1-55138-185-0.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"advice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)"},{"link_name":"Canadian prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_prime_minister"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_general"},{"link_name":"government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"at His Majesty's pleasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure"},{"link_name":"francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Mary Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Simon"},{"link_name":"Inuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuk"},{"link_name":"Nunavik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavik"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Indigenous person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"orders-in-council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders-in-council"},{"link_name":"proroguing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"federal parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"speech from the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne#Commonwealth_realms"},{"link_name":"state opening of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_the_Canadian_parliament"},{"link_name":"letters of credence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_of_credence"},{"link_name":"honours, decorations, and medals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"colony of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_(New_France)"},{"link_name":"Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)"},{"link_name":"the Canadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canadas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod34-4"},{"link_name":"Canadian Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"British North America Act, 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America_Act,_1867"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"government of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"in his British council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-in-Council"},{"link_name":"Statute of Westminster, 1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGParl-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod35-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCH3-9"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGCinC-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA1867-15-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard166-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947"},{"link_name":"viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-walters-14"},{"link_name":"royal prerogative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative"},{"link_name":"the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"}],"text":"The governor general of Canada (French: gouverneure générale du Canada)[n 1] is the federal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently King Charles III. The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in the United Kingdom. The monarch, on the advice of his or her Canadian prime minister,[1] appoints a governor general to administer the government of Canada in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure—though, five years is the usual length of time. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders. The 30th and current governor general is Mary Simon, who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An Inuk leader from Nunavik in Quebec, Simon is the first Indigenous person to hold the office.[2]As the sovereign's representative, the governor general carries out the day-to-day constitutional and ceremonial duties of the monarch. The constitutional duties include appointing lieutenant governors, Supreme Court justices, and senators; signing orders-in-council; summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the federal parliament; granting royal assent to bills; calling elections; and signing commissions for officers of the Canadian Armed Forces. The ceremonial duties include delivering the speech from the throne at the state opening of parliament; accepting letters of credence from incoming ambassadors; and distributing honours, decorations, and medals. Per the tenets of responsible government, the governor general acts almost always (except on the matter of honours) on the advice of the prime minister.The office began in the 17th century, when the French Crown appointed governors of the colony of Canada and, following the British conquest of the colony in 1763, the British monarch appointed governors of the Province of Quebec (later the Canadas). Consequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada.[3] The present version of the office emerged with Canadian Confederation and the passing of the British North America Act, 1867.[4]Although the post initially still represented the government of the United Kingdom (that is, the monarch in his British council), the office was gradually Canadianized until, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, 1931, and the establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy, the governor general became the direct personal representative of the independently Canadian sovereign (the monarch in his Canadian council).[5][6][7][8] Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, such as acting as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian militia in the monarch's stead,[9][10] and, in 1927, the first official international visit by a governor general was made.[11][12] In 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to exercise almost all powers on behalf of the monarch. As a matter of law, however, the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign;[13] the office itself does not independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative. Any constitutional amendment that affects the Crown, including the office of governor general, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislative assembly as well as the Senate and House of Commons of Canada.","title":"Governor General of Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png"},{"link_name":"Letters Patent, 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947"},{"link_name":"Canada Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Constitution Act, 1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867"},{"link_name":"letters patent issued in 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVII-15"},{"link_name":"Canadian prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Great Seal of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"royal sign-manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_sign-manual"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC105-16"},{"link_name":"Vincent Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Massey"},{"link_name":"signet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_(emblem)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC105-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"7 Rideau Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_Rideau_Gate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_(meeting)"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Order of Military Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Police Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Police_Forces"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"at His Majesty's pleasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_His_Majesty%27s_pleasure"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaz139-25"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Term1-26"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Term3-27"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Term2-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC106-29"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alex-30"},{"link_name":"chief justice of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_justice_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"administrator of the government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Admin-31"}],"text":"First page of the proclamation of the Letters Patent, 1947, as published in the Canada GazetteThe position of governor general is mandated by both the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act, 1867), and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI.[14] As such, on the recommendation of the Canadian prime minister, the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission, prepared in Canada, and issued under the Great Seal of Canada and with the royal sign-manual.[15] (Until the appointment of Vincent Massey in 1952, the royal commission was authorized by the monarch's signature and signet.[15]) That individual is, from then until being sworn in, referred to as the governor general-designate.[21]Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate.[18] Though there may therefore be variations to the following, the appointee will usually travel to Ottawa, there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at 7 Rideau Gate,[18][22] and will begin preparations for their upcoming role, meeting with various high-level officials to ensure a smooth transition between governors general. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general-designate and their spouse into the Order of Canada as Companions, as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the Order of Military Merit and the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (should either person not have already received either of those honours).[18]The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years; though, this is only a developed convention and has been criticized as too short for an office meant to represent a Crown and sovereign meant to embody continuity.[23] The governor general serves \"at His Majesty's pleasure\" (or the royal pleasure),[24] meaning the prime minister may recommend to the King that the viceroy remain in his service for a longer period of time; some governors general have been in office for more than seven years.[n 2] No additional formalities are necessary for such an \"extension\"; the governor general carries on until death,[n 3] resignation,[n 4] or the appointment of his or her successor.[25] Only once, with the Earl Alexander of Tunis, has a royal proclamation been issued to end a governor general's incumbency.[n 5]Should a governor general die, resign, or leave the country for longer than one month, the chief justice of Canada (or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of the Supreme Court) serves as the administrator of the government of Canada and exercises all powers of the governor general.[n 6]","title":"Appointment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"John A. Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"British Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"secretary of state for the colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_state_for_the_colonies"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lib-33"},{"link_name":"Balfour Declaration of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926"},{"link_name":"Imperial Conference in 1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_Imperial_Conference"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lib-33"},{"link_name":"Statute of Westminster, 1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster,_1931"},{"link_name":"Richard Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Bennett"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Bessborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vere_Ponsonby,_9th_Earl_of_Bessborough"},{"link_name":"Harold Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"Louis St. Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC105-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC105-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg"},{"link_name":"George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI"},{"link_name":"William Lyon Mackenzie King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother"},{"link_name":"the Lord Tweedsmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Château Laurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier"},{"link_name":"Richard Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._B._Bennett"},{"link_name":"the Lord Tweedsmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"leader of the opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919"},{"link_name":"Robert Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Borden"},{"link_name":"Louis Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Botha"},{"link_name":"dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lib-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"refugee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee"},{"link_name":"francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Canadian"},{"link_name":"anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Canadian"},{"link_name":"background checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_check"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Canadian Security Intelligence Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Security_Intelligence_Service"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCPremiers-40"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massey-moccasins.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent Massey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Massey"},{"link_name":"Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"nonpartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisan_politician"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"Peter H. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Russell"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Asian-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian-Canadian"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Sauvé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Caribbean-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Canadians"},{"link_name":"Michaëlle Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean"},{"link_name":"Citizens for a Canadian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Canadian_Republic"},{"link_name":"popular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Canadiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadiana"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Monarchist League of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"University of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Grand Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_6#Grand_chiefs_of_the_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Six Nations of the Grand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_of_the_Grand_River"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"treaty nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"partners with the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"David Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Justin Trudeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lib-33"},{"link_name":"Mary Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Simon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"Selection","text":"In a speech on the subject of Confederation, made in 1866 to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, John A. Macdonald said of the planned governor, \"we place no restriction on Her Majesty's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence.\"[26] However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet; until 1890, by the secretary of state for the colonies for approval by the prime minister. After that, a policy of consulting the Canadian Cabinet was established; though, this process was not always followed.[27]The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognized the governor general as no longer a stand-in for the British government, but, rather a direct representative of the Crown. At the Imperial Conference in 1930, it was decided that the Commonwealth ministers would \"tender their formal advice after informal consultation with His Majesty,\" thereby settling the current procedure wherein the monarch appoints the governor general on the advice of the Canadian prime minister only.[27] This was codified in the Statute of Westminster, 1931.How many names the prime minister puts forward to the sovereign has varied. Richard Bennett suggested a number of names in an informal letter to King George V in 1930, all of which the King approved, leading Bennett to pick the Earl of Bessborough. Mackenzie King in 1945 gave three names to King George VI, who chose Harold Alexander (later the Viscount Alexander of Tunis). Mackenzie King then made the formal recommendation to the King, which was accepted. Louis St. Laurent, however, gave only one name—Massey's—to George VI.[15] There is typically informal consultation between the prime minister and sovereign, either directly or via the incumbent governor general, on the appointment of the next viceroy before the prime minister gives his official advice to the monarch.[15](Left to right) T.A. Crerar, King George VI, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, Queen Elizabeth, and Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir at the Château Laurier hotel in Ottawa, 1939. Mackenzie King was the only leader of the opposition to ever be involved in the appointment of a governor general, in 1935 deciding with then-Prime Minister Richard Bennett to choose Tweedsmuir.The only time the leader of the opposition was consulted on the choice of name to put forward to the monarch for appointment as viceroy was when the Lord Tweedsmuir's predecessor, Bessborough, wished to resign as governor general coincidentally just ahead of Parliament reaching the end of its maximum five year life in July 1935, after which an election was required. Mackenzie King, at the time leader of the opposition, expected to win a majority in the upcoming election and stated he would not accept a governor general recommended by then-Prime Minister Bennett, which was a constitutionally unjustifiable position for Mackenzie King to take. King George V became concerned and instructed Bessborough to either remain in office until after the election or bring Bennett and Mackenzie King together to agree on a nominee for his replacement. The Governor General consulted with the Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition and settled on Tweedsmuir.[28]Until 1952, all governors general were members of the British aristocracy or former British military officers, diplomats, or politicians raised to the peerage. These viceroys had spent no or little time in Canada prior to their appointment; though it was claimed as their travel schedules were so extensive that they could \"learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime\".[29] The idea of a Canadian being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the Paris Peace Conference, Canadian prime minister Sir Robert Borden, consulted with South African prime minister Louis Botha, and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective dominions.[30] Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in the late 1930s,[31] but, it was not until Massey's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian-born individual. The Prime Minister at the time, Louis St. Laurent, wrote in a letter to the media, \"[i]t seems to me no one of the King's subjects, wherever he resides, should be considered unworthy to represent the King, provided he has the personal qualifications and a position in the community which are consonant with the dignity and responsibility of that office.\"[27] Massey stated of this, \"a Canadian [as governor general] makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada.\"[32]This practice continued until 1999, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson, a Hong Kong-born refugee to Canada. Moreover, the practice of alternating between francophone and anglophone Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Vanier, a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey. All persons whose names are put forward to the King for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service.[33][34]Vincent Massey (left), the first Canadian-born viceroy since ConfederationAlthough required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were often former politicians; a number held seats in the British House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by Peter H. Russell, who stated in 2009: \"much of [the] advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent [the King].\"[35] Clarkson was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first Asian-Canadian and the second woman, following on Jeanne Sauvé. The third woman to hold this position was also the first Caribbean-Canadian governor general, Michaëlle Jean.There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process. Citizens for a Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the sovereign, either by popular or parliamentary vote;[36] a proposal echoed by Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee,[37][38] but, also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana.[39] Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the Monarchist League of Canada have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with the viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being \"not elected is an asset, not a handicap\", and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general.[40][41] Retired University of Ottawa professor John E. Trent proposed the governor general be head of state and selected by the Officers of the Order of Canada,[42] something Chris Selley argued would politicize both the head of state and the Order of Canada, itself.[43] In 2021, Grand Chief Vernon Watchmaker and Chief Germaine Anderson of the Six Nations of the Grand River wrote to Queen Elizabeth II, suggesting that the federal Cabinet consult treaty nations before the appointment of a new governor general, stating, \"we are partners with the Crown.\"[44]A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of David Johnston as governor general-designate. For the task, Prime Minister Stephen Harper convened a special search group—the Governor General Consultation Committee[45]—which was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country.[50] In 2012, the committee was made permanent and renamed as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments, with a modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners (though, the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch).[51] However, the next ministry, headed by Justin Trudeau, disbanded the committee in 2017,[52] before he recommended Payette as Johnston's successor that year.[53] Following Payette's resignation, Trudeau formed the Advisory Group on the Selection of the Next Governor General,[27] which selected Mary Simon for appointment as vicereine.[54]","title":"Appointment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Oath.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michaëlle Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean"},{"link_name":"Michel Bastarache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bastarache"},{"link_name":"ministers of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"guard of honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_of_honour"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Army"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy"},{"link_name":"general salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_salute"},{"link_name":"usher of the Black Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_of_the_Black_Rod_of_the_Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Senate chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"justices of the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"secretary to the governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"chief justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"puisne justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puisne_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Oath of Allegiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"flag of the governor general of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Peace Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Tower"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19"},{"link_name":"Vice Regal Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Regal_Salute"},{"link_name":"Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Band_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"21-gun salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-gun_salute"},{"link_name":"Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery"},{"link_name":"registrar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCHGGDes-19"}],"sub_title":"Swearing-in ceremony","text":"Michaëlle Jean swearing the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache, 27 September 2005The swearing-in ceremony begins with the arrival at 7 Rideau Gate of one of the ministers of the Crown, who then accompanies the governor general-designate to Parliament Hill, where a Canadian Forces guard of honour (consisting of the Army Guard, Royal Canadian Air Force Guard, and Flag Party of the Royal Canadian Navy) awaits to give a general salute. From there, the party is led by the King's parliamentary messenger—the usher of the Black Rod—to the Senate chamber, wherein all justices of the Supreme Court, senators, members of Parliament, and other guests are assembled. The King's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the secretary to the governor general and the required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the chief justice or one of the puisne justices of the Supreme Court; the three oaths are: the Oath of Allegiance, the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada. With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises, the individual is officially the governor general, and at that moment the flag of the governor general of Canada is raised on the Peace Tower,[18] the \"Vice Regal Salute\" is played by the Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces, and a 21-gun salute is conducted by the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read, and then receives the Great Seal of Canada (which is passed to the registrar general for protection),[55] as well as the chains of both the chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit.[56] The governor general then gives a speech, outlining causes they will champion during their time as viceroy.[18]","title":"Appointment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#International_and_domestic_aspects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Russian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"the Marquess of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair"},{"link_name":"shares the person of the sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"14 other countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realm"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"10 other legal personas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Federal_and_provincial_aspects"},{"link_name":"Canadian federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalism"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"parliamentary democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"nonpartisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpartisanism"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGDuties-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[n 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGMon-71"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heard-73"},{"link_name":"cherub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherub"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"Further information: Monarchy of Canada § International and domestic aspectsGovernor General Adrienne Clarkson (right) meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) in the governor general's study of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... [A]loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in the fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of the inhabitants of the Dominion.[57]\n\n\nGovernor General the Marquess of Aberdeen, 1893Canada shares the person of the sovereign equally with 14 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and that individual, in the monarch's capacity as the Canadian sovereign, has 10 other legal personas within the Canadian federation. As the sovereign works and resides in the United Kingdom, the governor general's primary task is to perform federal constitutional duties on behalf of the monarch.[58][59] As such, the governor general carries on \"the government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the sovereign\".[60]The governor general acts within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power.[61][62][63] For the most part, however, the powers of the Crown are exercised on a day-to-day basis by elected and appointed individuals, leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country; at such a moment, the governor general removes him or herself from public,[n 7] though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general's ability to perform governmental roles.[65][66]Past governor general John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, said of the job, \"it is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a cherub, the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel\",[67] and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is \"a representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship and lifted far above the atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers and, yet, securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an administration or parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence.\"[68]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarchy of Canada § Federal constitutional role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Federal_constitutional_role"},{"link_name":"executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"legislative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative"},{"link_name":"judicial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod17-77"},{"link_name":"royal prerogative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_prerogative"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"those from 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod35-8"},{"link_name":"may appoint deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_(36647507344).jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scheer"},{"link_name":"Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Privy Council for Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"David Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnston"},{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"link_name":"King's Privy Council for Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_and_supply"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"ministers of the Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown"},{"link_name":"advice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"king-in-Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-in-Council"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod17-77"},{"link_name":"proclamations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation"},{"link_name":"orders in council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders_in_council"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governors of the provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"speaker of the Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_court"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"high commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC152-89"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"reserve powers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_powers"},{"link_name":"[n 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RP-92"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commons-93"},{"link_name":"Charles Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper"},{"link_name":"that year's election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"King–Byng affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair"},{"link_name":"non-confidence motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"dissolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Peter Hogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hogg"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"Eugene Forsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Forsey"},{"link_name":"Dominions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion"},{"link_name":"Imperial Conference of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC152-89"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC152-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopper-97"},{"link_name":"minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minutes"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Lord Tweedsmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Throne Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne"},{"link_name":"18th Canadian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Canadian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"speech from the throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne"},{"link_name":"prorogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"dissolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"royal assent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_assent"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"disallow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Constitutional role","text":"Further information: Monarchy of Canada § Federal constitutional roleAll executive, legislative, and judicial power in and over Canada is vested in the monarch.[69][70] The governor general is permitted to exercise most of this power, including the royal prerogative, in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867, and some through various letters patent issued over the decades, particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada.[71] The 1947 letters patent state, \"and We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with the advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada.\"[72] The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867, left unchanged.[73] Among other duties, the monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general.[7] It is also stipulated that the governor general may appoint deputies—usually Supreme Court justices and the secretary to the governor general—who can perform some of the viceroy's constitutional duties in the governor general's absence,[74] and the chief justice of the Supreme Court (or a puisne justice in the chief justice's absence) will act as the administrator of the government upon the death or removal, as well as the incapacitation, or absence of the governor general for more than one month.[75]Andrew Scheer (right), then Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, being admitted to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada by Governor General David Johnston (centre) at Rideau Hall, 25 September 2017The governor general is required by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint for life persons to the King's Privy Council for Canada,[76] who are all technically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the royal prerogative. Convention dictates, though, that the governor general must draw from the Privy Council an individual to appoint as prime minister. In almost all cases, this is the member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the House of Commons, whom the governor general must appoint to the Privy Council, if that person is not already a member, so the individual can be appointed prime minister. The prime minister then advises the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to a committee of the Privy Council known as the Cabinet and it is, in practice, only from this group of ministers of the Crown that the king and governor general will take advice on the use of executive power;[77] an arrangement called the king-in-Council or,[70] more specifically, the governor-in-Council. In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council. The governor-in-Council is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act, 1867, to appoint in the monarch's name, the lieutenant governors of the provinces,[78] senators,[79] the speaker of the Senate,[80] superior, district, and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick,[81] and high commissioners and ambassadors.[82] The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure the stability of government, by political convention typically binding. The governor general has mainly only the right to advise, encourage, and warn; to offer valued counsel to the prime minister.[83][84]Both the King and his viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the reserve powers, which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power.[n 8][85] The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force the prime minister to resign on two occasions: In 1896, Prime Minister Charles Tupper refused to step down after his party failed to win a majority in the House of Commons during that year's election, leading Governor General the Earl of Aberdeen to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. In 1925, the King–Byng affair took place, in which Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a non-confidence motion in the House of Commons, advised Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy to dissolve the new parliament, but Byng refused.Peter Hogg, a constitutional scholar, has opined that \"a system of responsible government cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers.\" Further, Eugene Forsey stated \"the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes the place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts.\"Within the Dominions, until the 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a governor-general on the advice of either the local or the British Cabinet, with the latter taking precedence. After the Imperial Conference of 1926 produced the Balfour Declaration, formally establishing the autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors general ceased to be advised in any way by British ministers.It was decided at the same Imperial Conference that the governor general \"should be kept as fully informed as His Majesty the King in Great Britain of Cabinet business and public affairs.\"[86] How frequently governors general and their prime ministers conversed has varied;[82] some prime ministers have valued their meetings with the viceroy at the time.[n 9] However, the pracice is usually informal[82] and the prime minister will typically schedule a telephone call to request the governor general perform a significant task.[89][88] The governor general regularly receives the minutes from Cabinet meetings and any documents referred to in those minutes.[90]The Lord Tweedsmuir gives the Throne Speech at the opening of the third session of the 18th Canadian Parliament, 27 January 1938The governor general also summons Parliament, reads the speech from the throne, and prorogues and dissolves Parliament. The governor general grants royal assent in the King's name; legally, the governor general has three options: grant royal assent (making the bill a law), withhold royal assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the signification of the king's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent).[91] If the governor general withholds the King's assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling the law in question. No governor general has denied royal assent to a bill. Provincial viceroys, however, are able to reserve royal assent to provincial bills for the governor general, which was last invoked in 1961 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan.[92]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarchy of Canada § Cultural role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada#Cultural_role"},{"link_name":"Canada's royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%27s_royal_family"},{"link_name":"state visits to other nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_and_official_visits_by_Canada"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGrole-102"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commons-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"letters of credence and of recall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_of_credence"},{"link_name":"ambassadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"high commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_commissioner_(Commonwealth)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_(28014776516).jpg"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyce-104"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"all regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"ethnic groups in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGrole-102"},{"link_name":"the Lord Lisgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Young,_1st_Baron_Lisgar"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"national orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Governor General's Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards"},{"link_name":"awards associated with private organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_presented_by_the_Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGrole-102"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CA1867-15-11"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGCinC-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVII-15"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_base"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGCinC-10"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"household regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Household_Division"},{"link_name":"Governor General's Horse Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Horse_Guards"},{"link_name":"Governor General's Foot Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Foot_Guards"},{"link_name":"Canadian Grenadier Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Grenadier_Guards"},{"link_name":"Colonel-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel-in-Chief"},{"link_name":"Patron Scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scouts_Canada#Organizational_structure"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"}],"sub_title":"Ceremonial role","text":"Further information: Monarchy of Canada § Cultural roleWith most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. The governor general will host members of Canada's royal family, as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent the King and country abroad on state visits to other nations,[93][85] though the monarch's permission is necessary, via the prime minister, for the viceroy to leave Canada.[94] Also as part of international relations, the governor general issues letters of credence and of recall for Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners and receives the same from foreign ambassadors and other Commonwealth countries' high commissioners appointed to Canada.Governor General David Johnston greeting a crowd during Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, July 2016The governor general is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride.[95] Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959, to then-Governor General Vincent Massey, \"maintain[ing] the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada [is] the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction.\"[96] One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from all regions and ethnic groups in Canada,[93] continuing the tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General the Lord Lisgar.[97] The governor general will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the Governor General's Awards, and will also give out awards associated with private organizations, some of which are named for past governors general.[93] During a federal election, the governor general will curtail these public duties, so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs.Although the constitution of Canada states that the \"Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen,\"[10] the governor general acts in his place as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada.[9][14] The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit Canadian Forces bases across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst the forces.[9] The governor general also serves as honorary Colonel of three household regiments: the Governor General's Horse Guards, Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards. This ceremonial position is directly under that of Colonel-in-Chief, which is held by the King. Since 1910, the governor general was also always made the chief scout for Canada, which was renamed Chief Scout of Canada after 1946 and again in 2011 as Patron Scout.[98]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toffoli-109"},{"link_name":"the Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Quebec City, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"governor general's wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_Rideau_Hall_P1350151.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Residence_of_the_Governor_General_(Quebec)_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Citadelle of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"secretary to the governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSTGG-111"},{"link_name":"Herald Chancellor of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Chancellor_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-112"},{"link_name":"Canadian Heraldic Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority"},{"link_name":"armorial bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herald-112"},{"link_name":"aides-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp#Canada"},{"link_name":"press officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSTGG-111"},{"link_name":"Government House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Houses_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaz143-113"},{"link_name":"federal budgetary process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_budget"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"CAD$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"National Capital Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Commission"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"The governor general's air transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft"},{"link_name":"412 Transport Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/412_Transport_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Bombardier Challenger 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Challenger_600"}],"text":"Rideau Hall, located in Ottawa, is the official residence of the Canadian monarch[99][100] and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at the Citadel (La Citadelle) in Quebec City, Quebec.[101] A governor general's wife is known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall, though there is no equivalent term for a governor general's husband.Rideau Hall, the primary residence of the governor generalSecondary residence at the Citadelle of QuebecThe viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the secretary to the governor general.[102] The Chancellery of Honours depends from the King and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. As such, the viceroy's secretary ex officio holds the position of Herald Chancellor of Canada,[103] overseeing the Canadian Heraldic Authority—the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which armorial bearings are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign.[103] These organized offices and support systems include aides-de-camp, press officers, financial managers,[102] speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. In this official and bureaucratic capacity, the entire household is often referred to as Government House[104] and its departments are funded through the normal federal budgetary process,[105] as is the governor general's salary of CAD$288,900,[106] which has been taxed since 2013.[107][108] Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the National Capital Commission, the Department of National Defence, and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.[109]The governor general's air transportation is assigned to 412 Transport Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron uses Bombardier Challenger 600 VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada.","title":"Residences and household"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian order of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"primus inter pares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primus_inter_pares"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassadors_and_High_Commissioners_from_Canada"},{"link_name":"style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)"},{"link_name":"Excellency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excellency"},{"link_name":"the Right Honourable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Honourable"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DND11-2-120"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod37-121"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCH_Titles-122"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michaëlle Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Order of Military Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces' Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"the Earl Alexander of Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis"},{"link_name":"life peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"Life Peerages Act 1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Peerages_Act_1958"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Nickle Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_titles_debate#The_Nickle_Resolution"},{"link_name":"Order of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Order of Military Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Police Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Police_Forces"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces' Decoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces%27_Decoration"},{"link_name":"chief of the Defence Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[n 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hons-129"},{"link_name":"Viceregal Salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honors_music"},{"link_name":"bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(music)"},{"link_name":"God Save the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_King"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem"},{"link_name":"O Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Canada"},{"link_name":"salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salute"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"governor general's flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flag-131"},{"link_name":"King's personal Canadian standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Personal_Canadian_Flag"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"national flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flag-131"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_(2138897131).jpg"},{"link_name":"flag of the governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Royal Arms of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"}],"text":"As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor general follows only the sovereign in the Canadian order of precedence, preceding even other members of the Royal Family. Though the federal viceroy is considered primus inter pares amongst provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the King's representative in the province, precedes the governor general.[110] The incumbent governor general and their spouse are also the only people in Canada, other than serving Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners, entitled to the use of the style His or Her Excellency and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of the Right Honourable for their time in office and for life afterwards.[111][112][113]Michaëlle Jean wearing the insignia of the Order of Canada and Order of Military Merit along with the Canadian Forces' DecorationPrior to 1952, all governors general of Canada were members of the peerage or heir apparent to a peerage. Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as the Duke of Devonshire, or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with the Earl Alexander of Tunis. None were life peers, the Life Peerages Act 1958 postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general. John Buchan was, in preparation for his appointment as governor general, made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King George V, six months before Buchan was sworn in as viceroy. The leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner.[114] However, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. With the appointment of Massey as governor general in 1952, governors general ceased to be members of the peerage; successive prime ministers since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated (in 1934) principles of the 1919 Nickle Resolution.Under the orders' constitutions, the governor general serves as Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada,[115] Chancellor of the Order of Military Merit,[116] and Chancellor of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces.[117] The governor general also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem.[118] As acting commander-in-chief, the governor general is further routinely granted the Canadian Forces' Decoration by the chief of the Defence Staff on behalf of the monarch. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or the receipt of other awards.[n 10]The Viceregal Salute — composed of the first six bars of the Royal Anthem (\"God Save the King\") followed by the first and last four bars of the national anthem (\"O Canada\") — is the salute used to greet the governor general upon arrival and departure from most official events.[120] To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, airplane, or car in Canada, the governor general's flag is employed. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and,[121] in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags except for the King's personal Canadian standard.[122] When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the national flag is generally employed to mark governor general's presence.[121] This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon the death of an incumbent or former governor general.[123]The present flag of the governor general was adopted in 1981.The crest of the Royal Arms of Canada is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation.[124]","title":"Symbols and protocol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Governors General of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada"}],"text":"Further information: List of Governors General of Canada","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Aymar de Chaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymar_Chaste"},{"link_name":"King Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Samuel de Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain"},{"link_name":"Governor of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"[n 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGdate-138"},{"link_name":"Charles Huault de Montmagny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Huault_de_Montmagny"},{"link_name":"King Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"Company of One Hundred Associates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_of_One_Hundred_Associates"},{"link_name":"King Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Augustin de Saffray de Mésy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_de_Saffray_de_M%C3%A9sy"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis de Buade de Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Governor General of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_New_France"},{"link_name":"Quebec Parliament Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Building_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"a royal proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763"},{"link_name":"Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763-1791)"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"William Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"the Lord Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist"},{"link_name":"American revolutionary war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"East Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Florida"},{"link_name":"West Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"George Prevost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Prevost"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"}],"sub_title":"French and British colonies","text":"French colonization of North America began in the 1580s and Aymar de Chaste was appointed in 1602 by King Henry IV as Viceroy of Canada.[125][126] The explorer Samuel de Champlain became the first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century,[n 11] serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII. The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663,[128] after whom 12 more people served in the post.Statue of Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the third and sixth Governor General of New France, at the Quebec Parliament Building.With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to Great Britain.[129] King George III then issued in that same year a royal proclamation establishing, amongst other regulations, the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new Province of Quebec.[130] Nova Scotia and New Brunswick remained completely separate colonies, each with their own governor, until the cabinet of William Pitt adopted in the 1780s the idea that they, along with Quebec and Prince Edward Island, should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as governor-in-chief. The post was created in 1786, with the Lord Dorchester as its first occupant. However, the governor-in-chief directly governed only Quebec. It was not until the splitting in 1791 of the Province of Quebec, to accommodate the influx of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American revolutionary war, that the king's representative, with a change in title to Governor General, directly governed Lower Canada, while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead.Following the 1783 recognition of the independence of the 13 continental colonies that became the United States of America and the transfer of East Florida and West Florida to Spain, the remaining British colonies of North America, including Bermuda, were partly integrated as British North America. During the War of 1812, Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost was appointed as \"Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and Over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the Same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the Said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c.\"[131]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_Canada_1848.png"},{"link_name":"Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"Rebellions of 1837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellions_of_1837"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_buildings_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"premiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Governor-General of the Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada#Governors_general_of_the_Province_of_Canada,_1841%E2%80%931867"},{"link_name":"Canada East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_East"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Elgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin"},{"link_name":"Rebellion Losses Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Losses_Bill"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Province of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heard-73"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"secretary of state for the colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"East Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Block"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill"},{"link_name":"[n 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-148"},{"link_name":"Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Luc Letellier de St-Just","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Letellier_de_St-Just"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"the Lord Stanley of Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars,_Montreal,_August_1914_(19533676175).jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Valcartier Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valcartier_Camp"},{"link_name":"pseudonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Duke of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn"},{"link_name":"King George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_V"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"}],"sub_title":"Responsible government","text":"Political organization of the Province of Canada, after the introduction of responsible government under the Union Act, 1848The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces.[132][133] As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, Governor-General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor of Canada East the Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to the Rebellion Losses Bill, despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation.[134]This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from the Canadian Privy Council. However, the governor still remained not a viceroy, in the true sense of the word, being still a representative of and liaison to the British government[66][135]—the Queen in her British council of ministers—who answered to the secretary of state for the colonies in London and who,[136] as a British observer of Canadian politics, held well into the First World War a suite of offices in the East Block of Parliament Hill.[n 12] But, the new position of Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom, created in 1880, began to take over the governor general's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments, leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch.[137] As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that was put to the test when John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, Macdonald, over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St-Just. On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the Canadian Cabinet, Campbell did eventually concede and released St-Just from duty.[138] The governor general was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve the Dominion's first cabinet crisis, wherein Macdonald died, leaving the Lord Stanley of Preston to select a new prime minister.Governor General Prince Arthur inspects members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force at Valcartier Camp, 1914As early as 1880, the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen's subjects: in July of that year, someone under the pseudonym Captain Mac included in a pamphlet called Canada: from the Lakes to the Gulf, a coarse satire of an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall, in which a retired inn-keeper and his wife undergo the rigorous protocol of the royal household and sprawl on the floor before the Duke of Argyll so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had \"paid in cold, hard cash\".[139] Later, prior to the arrival of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (the uncle of King George V), to take up the post of governor general, there was a \"feeble undercurrent of criticism\" centring on worries about a rigid court at Rideau Hall; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors.[140]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Governor_General_of_Canada_is_welcomed_to_Washington_by_Secretary_of_State_Kellogg._Attended_by_all_the_pomp_and_ceremony_a_republic_can_bestow,_Governor_General_Willingdon_of_Canada_was_LCCN2016888558.tif"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Willingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon"},{"link_name":"official visit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_visit"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"First World 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Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Campbell_Scott"},{"link_name":"Vilhjalmur Stefansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhjalmur_Stefansson"},{"link_name":"Stephen Leacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Leacock"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[n 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adv-156"},{"link_name":"The Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[n 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pons-159"},{"link_name":"the Marquess of Willingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"[n 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US-160"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hubbard166-12"},{"link_name":"King-Byng Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King-Byng_Affair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord-byng.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Viscount Byng of Vimy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Byng,_1st_Viscount_Byng_of_Vimy"},{"link_name":"King–Byng affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair"},{"link_name":"non-confidence vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"minority of seats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"},{"link_name":"Arthur Meighen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Meighen"},{"link_name":"form a government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissing_Hands"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Imperial Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Imperial_Conference"},{"link_name":"Balfour Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Declaration_of_1926"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Statute of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931"},{"link_name":"Union of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Irish Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"High Commissioner to Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_High_Commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_Canada"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[n 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balf-166"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCH3-9"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"British subject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_subject"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Arctic"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"imperialists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Montreal Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"}],"sub_title":"Emerging nationality to an independent kingdom","text":"Marquess of Willingdon (left) during an official visit to Washington, D.C. as the governor general of Canada.During the First World War, into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom, the governor general's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster. Starting in 1914, Governor General Prince Arthur donned his Field Marshal's uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents, inspecting army camps, and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe. These actions, however, led to conflict with the prime minister at the time, Robert Borden; though the latter placed blame on Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke \"laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General\".[141] Prince Arthur's successor, the Duke of Devonshire, faced the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister, as well as members of the official opposition, on the matter. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier, Vincent Massey, Henri Bourassa, Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési, Duncan Campbell Scott, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, and Stephen Leacock, made efforts to conciliate Quebec, though he had little real success.[142]Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through the country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials;[n 13] in 1918, The Toronto Star was even advocating the end of the office.[144] The governor general's role was also changing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs,[n 14] including the undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada, the first being that of the Marquess of Willingdon to the United States, where he was accorded by President Calvin Coolidge the full honours of representative of a head of state.[n 15][11] It would be another decade, however, before the King-Byng Affair: another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada—indeed, all the dominions—and the United Kingdom, and thus the purpose of the governor general.The Viscount Byng of Vimy, who was involved in the King–Byng affair, a catalyst for change over the role of the governor general in the British EmpireIn 1926, Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing a non-confidence vote in the House of Commons over a scandal in his party, requested that Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy dissolve parliament and call an election. Byng, however, refused his Canadian prime minister's advice, citing both the facts that King held the minority of seats in the house and that a general election had been held only months earlier; he thus called on Arthur Meighen to form a government. Within a week however, Meighen's Conservative government lost its own non-confidence vote, forcing the Governor General to dissolve parliament and call elections that saw Mackenzie King returned to power.[146] King then went on to the Imperial Conference that same year and there pushed for reorganizations that resulted in the Balfour Declaration, which declared formally the practical reality that had existed for some years: namely, that the Dominions were fully autonomous and equal in status to the United Kingdom.[147] These new developments were codified in the Statute of Westminster, through the enactment of which on 11 December 1931, Canada, along with the Union of South Africa and the Irish Free State, immediately obtained formal legislative independence from the UK.[148] In addition, the Balfour Declaration also held that the governor general would cease to act as the representative of the British government. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first High Commissioner to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's diplomatic role as the British government's envoy.[149]The governor general thus became solely the representative of the monarch within Canadian jurisdiction, ceasing completely to be an agent of the British Cabinet,[n 16][8][151] and as such would be appointed only on the advice of his Canadian prime minister.[152] The Canadian Cabinet's first recommendation under this new system was still, however, a British subject born outside of Canada, John Buchan (later the Lord Tweedsmuir).Tweedsmuir's birthplace aside, though, the professional author took further than any of his predecessors the idea of a distinct Canadian identity,[153] travelling the length and breadth of the country, including, for the first time for a governor general, the Arctic regions.[154] Not all Canadians, however, shared Tweedsmuir's views; the Baron raised the ire of imperialists when he said in Montreal in 1937: \"a Canadian's first loyalty is not to the British Commonwealth of Nations, but to Canada and Canada's King\",[155] a statement the Montreal Gazette dubbed as \"disloyal\".[156] During Tweedsmuir's time as viceroy, which started in 1935, calls began to emerge for a Canadian-born individual to be appointed as governor general; but Tweedsmuir died suddenly in office in 1940, while Canada was in the midst of the Second World War, and Mackenzie King did not feel it was the right time to search for a suitable Canadian.[157] The Earl of Athlone was instead appointed by King George VI, Athlone's nephew, to be his viceroy for the duration of the war.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georges Vanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vanier"},{"link_name":"the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Rigaud,_Marquis_de_Vaudreuil-Cavagnal"},{"link_name":"peerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"Sir Edmund Walker Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Walker_Head"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"francophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francophone"},{"link_name":"John Diefenbaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Diefenbaker"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Canada's two main linguistic groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Quebec nationalist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_nationalism"},{"link_name":"the province's sovereigntists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement"},{"link_name":"la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Holiday_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"court uniform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"court dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"curtsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtsey"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGMich-177"},{"link_name":"state visits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_visits"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGMich-177"},{"link_name":"Canada's centennial celebrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centennial"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"French president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_France"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"Vive le Québec libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vive_le_Qu%C3%A9bec_libre"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Canadian honours system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Sauvé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pepall-183"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"constitution was patriated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriation"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Canadian Heraldic Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pepall-183"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"}],"sub_title":"Quebec nationalism and constitutional patriation","text":"Georges Vanier, the 19th governor general of Canada. The convention of alternating between francophones and anglophones began with Vanier's appointment.It was in 1952, a mere five days before King George VI's death, that Massey became the first Canadian-born person to be appointed as a governor general in Canada since the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal was made Governor General of New France on 1 January 1755, as well as the first not to be elevated to the peerage since Sir Edmund Walker Head in 1854. There was some trepidation about this departure from tradition and Massey was intended to be a compromise: he was known to embody loyalty, dignity, and formality, as expected from a viceroy.[158]As his viceregal tenure neared an end, it was thought that Massey, an anglophone, should be followed by a francophone Canadian; and so, in spite of his Liberal Party attachments, Vanier was chosen by Conservative prime minister John Diefenbaker as the next governor general. Vanier was subsequently appointed by Queen Elizabeth II, in person, at a meeting of her Canadian Cabinet,[159] thus initiating the convention of alternating between individuals from Canada's two main linguistic groups. This move did not, however, placate those who were fostering the new Quebec nationalist movement, for whom the monarchy and other federal institutions were a target for attack. Though Vanier was a native of Quebec and fostered biculturalism, he was not immune to the barbs of the province's sovereigntists and, when he attended la Fête St-Jean-Baptiste in Montreal in 1964, a group of separatists held placards reading \"Vanier vendu\" (\"Vanier sold out\") and \"Vanier fou de la Reine\" (\"Vanier Queen's jester\").[160]In light of this regional nationalism and a resultant change in attitudes towards Canadian identity, images and the role of the monarchy were cautiously downplayed, and Vanier's successor, Michener, was the last viceroy to practice many of the office's ancient traditions, such as the wearing of court uniform by the governor general, the requirement of court dress for state occasions, and expecting women to curtsey before the governor general.[161] At the same time, he initiated new practices for the viceroy, including regular conferences with the lieutenant governors and the undertaking of state visits.[161] He presided over Canada's centennial celebrations and the coincidental Expo 67, to which French president Charles de Gaulle was invited. Michener was with de Gaulle when he made his infamous \"Vive le Québec libre\" speech in Montreal and was cheered wildly by the gathered crowd while they booed and jeered Michener.[162] With the additional recognition of the monarchy as a Canadian institution,[163][164] the establishment of a distinct Canadian honours system, an increase of state visits coming with Canada's growing role on the world stage, and the more prevalent use of television to visually broadcast ceremonial state affairs, the governor general became more publicly active in national life.Jeanne Sauvé (left), Canada's first female governor general, with a Guardsman (private) of the Canadian Grenadier Guards of MontrealThe Cabinet in June 1978 proposed the constitutional amendment Bill C-60, that, amongst other changes, vested executive authority directly in the governor general and renamed the position as First Canadian,[165][166][167] but the proposal was thwarted by the provincial premiers.[168][169][170] When the constitution was patriated four years later, the new amending formula for the documents outlined that any changes to the Crown, including the Office of the Governor General, would require the consent of all the provincial legislatures plus the federal parliament.[171] By 1984, Canada's first female governor general, Sauvé, was appointed. While it was she who created the Canadian Heraldic Authority, as permitted by letters patent from Queen Elizabeth II, and who championed youth and world peace, Sauvé proved to be a controversial vicereine, closing to the public the grounds of the Queen's residence and self-aggrandizingly breaching protocol on a number of occasions.[167][172][173]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah, Duchess of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew, Duke of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Edward Schreyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Schreyer"},{"link_name":"Ray Hnatyshyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Hnatyshyn"},{"link_name":"Roméo LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"patronage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"[n 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeBlanc-192"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyce-104"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pepall-183"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyce-104"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pepall-183"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toffoli-109"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMNLeB-191"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-193"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyce-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adrienne Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Russian president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"link_name":"Jean Chrétien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien"},{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"visible minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_minority"},{"link_name":"John Ralston Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMNSP05-198"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FraserNP-207"},{"link_name":"Jack Granatstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Granatstein"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pepall-183"},{"link_name":"1964 Truncheon Saturday riot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada#Turbulent_decades"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FraserNP-207"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boyce-104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michaëlle Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean"},{"link_name":"US President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-193"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"McGill University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_University"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"constitutional law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_law"},{"link_name":"prorogations of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityNewsSecBreach-221"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStarSecBreach-222"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCSecBreach-223"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCSecBreach-223"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityNewsSecBreach-221"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TorStarSecBreach-222"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBCSecBreach-223"}],"sub_title":"Withering and renaissance","text":"Sarah, Duchess of York, said in 2009 that sometime during her marriage to Prince Andrew, Duke of York, her husband was offered the position of governor general of Canada, and she speculated in hindsight that their agreement to refuse the commission may have been a contributing factor in their eventual break-up.[174] Instead, Sauvé's tenure as governor general was book-ended by a series of appointments—Edward Schreyer, Ray Hnatyshyn, and Roméo LeBlanc—that have been generally regarded as mere patronage postings for former politicians and friends of the incumbent prime minister at the time,[n 17][95][167] and despite the duties they carried out, their combined time in the viceregal office is generally viewed as unremarkable at best, and damaging to the office at worst.[95][167][100][175][176] As David Smith described it: \"Notwithstanding the personal qualities of the appointees, which have often been extraordinary, the Canadian governor general has become a hermetic head of state—ignored by press, politicians and public.\"[177] It was theorized by Peter Boyce that this was due, in part, to widespread misunderstanding about the governor general's role coupled with a lack of public presence compared to the media coverage dedicated to the increasingly presidentialized prime minister.[95]Governor General Adrienne Clarkson (right) toasts Russian president Vladimir Putin in the ballroom of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000It was with the Queen's appointment of Clarkson, on the advice of then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, that a shift in the office took place. Clarkson was the first Canadian viceroy to have not previously held any political or military position—coming as she did from a background of television journalism with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation—was the first since 1952 to have been born outside of Canada, the first from a visible minority (she is of Chinese ancestry), and, by her being accompanied to Rideau Hall by her husband, author and philosopher John Ralston Saul, the official appointment brought an unofficial pair to the viceregal placement,[178][179] in that the governor general would not be the only person actively exploring Canadian theory and culture. Clarkson managed to bring the viceregal office back into the collective consciousness of Canadians, winning praise for touring the country more than any of her predecessors, her inspiring speeches, and her dedication to the military in her role as the Commander-in-Chief's representative.[180][181][182][183][184][185] This did not come without a cost, however, as the attention also drew widespread criticism of the governor general's increased spending on state affairs, for which the office was symbolically rebuked by parliament when it voted in favour of cutting by 10% the viceregal budget it had earlier supported,[186][187] as well as for fostering the notion, through various demonstrations, that the governor general was ultimately the Canadian head of state above the Queen herself,[188][189][190] an approach that was said by Jack Granatstein to have caused \"a fury\" with the Queen on one occasion in 2004.[191] This attitude was not unique to Clarkson, though; it had been observed that, for some decades, staff at Rideau Hall and various government departments in Ottawa had been pushing to present the governor general as head of state,[192] part of a wider Liberal policy on the monarchy that had been in effect at least since the proposed constitutional changes in the 1970s,[167] if not the 1964 Truncheon Saturday riot in Quebec City.[190] Indeed, international observers opined that the viceroys had been, over the years, making deliberate attempts to distance themselves from the sovereign, for fear of being too closely associated with any \"Britishness\" the monarch embodied.[95]As the representative of Canada's head of state, the governor general, Michaëlle Jean, welcomes US President Barack Obama to Canada, 19 February 2009Prime Minister Paul Martin followed Chrétien's example and, for Clarkson's successor, put forward to the Queen the name of Michaëlle Jean, who was, like Clarkson, a woman, a refugee, a member of a visible minority, a CBC career journalist, and married to an intellectual husband who worked in the arts.[193] Her appointment initially sparked accusations that she was a supporter of Quebec sovereignty, and it was observed that she had on a few occasions trodden into political matters,[194][195][196] as well as continuing to foster the notion that the governor general had replaced the Queen as head of state, thereby \"unbalancing ... the federalist symmetry\".[197] But Jean ultimately won plaudits,[176] particularly for her solidarity with the Canadian Forces and the Indigenous peoples in Canada, as well as her role in the parliamentary dispute that took place between December 2008 and January 2009.[198][199][200]With the appointment of academic David Johnston, former principal of McGill University and subsequently president of the University of Waterloo, there was a signalled emphasis for the governor general to vigorously promote learning and innovation. Johnston stated in his inaugural address: \"[We want to be] a society that innovates, embraces its talent and uses the knowledge of each of its citizens to improve the human condition for all.\"[201] There was also a recognition of Johnston's expertise in constitutional law, following the controversial prorogations of Parliament in 2008 and 2009, which initiated some debate about the governor general's role as the representative of Canada's head of state.[202]In late 2021, the Governor General's office confirmed that its internal office network was breached as part of a \"sophisticated cyber incident\".[203][204][205][206] Officials were unable to determine the extent of the information that was accessed.[206] Former security officials speculated that another country may be responsible.[204][205] The Canadian Centre for Cyber Security, a branch of the Communications Security Establishment, is investigating the incident.[206]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian High Commissioner to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Commission_of_Canada,_Canberra"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"special envoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_envoy"},{"link_name":"La Francophonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"British Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[n 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-225"},{"link_name":"The Marquess of Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"the Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stanley_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Marquess_of_Aberdeen_and_Temair"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava"},{"link_name":"the Marquess of Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto"},{"link_name":"the Earl of Willingdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon"},{"link_name":"Viceroy of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"an eponymous award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_named_after_Governors_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"Clarkson Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Cup"},{"link_name":"Vanier Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanier_Cup"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"}],"text":"Retired governors general usually either withdraw from public life or go on to hold other public offices. Edward Schreyer, for instance, was appointed Canadian High Commissioner to Australia upon his departure from the viceregal role in 1984, and Michaëlle Jean became the UNESCO special envoy to Haiti and, later, the secretary-general of La Francophonie.[207] Schreyer also become the first former governor general to run for elected office in Canada when he unsuccessfully vied for a seat in the House of Commons as a New Democratic Party candidate. Prior to 1952, several former viceroys returned to political careers in the United Kingdom, sitting with party affiliations in the House of Lords and, in some cases, taking a position in the British Cabinet.[n 18] The Marquess of Lorne was elected a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom in 1895, and remained so until he became the Duke of Argyll and took his seat in the House of Lords. Others were made governors in other countries or territories: the Viscount Monck was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Dublin, the Earl of Aberdeen was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the Earl of Dufferin, the Marquess of Lansdowne, the Earl of Minto, and the Earl of Willingdon all subsequently served as Viceroy of India.An outgoing governor general may leave an eponymous award as a legacy, such as the Stanley Cup, the Clarkson Cup, the Vanier Cup, or the Grey Cup. They may found an institution, as Vanier did with the Vanier Institute of the Family and Clarkson with the Institute for Canadian Citizenship. Three former governors general have released memoirs: the Lord Tweedsmuir (Memory Hold-the-Door), Massey (What's Past is Prologue), and Clarkson (Heart Matters).As of 2021, former governors general are entitled to a lifetime pension of nearly $150,000 and also to claim an additional $206,000 in expenses each year.[208]","title":"Activities post-retirement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"hyphen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyphen"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realms"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GVII-15"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"noun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun"},{"link_name":"pluralized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural"}],"text":"The letters patent constituting the office and official publications of the government of Canada spell the title governor general, without a hyphen, unlike in the other Commonwealth realms, which do include a hyphen.[14][214] As governor is the noun, the title is pluralized as governors general, rather than governor generals.","title":"Spelling of the title"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Term1_26-0"},{"link_name":"Georges Vanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vanier"},{"link_name":"Roland Michener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Michener"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Term3_27-0"},{"link_name":"Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Neurological_Institute"},{"link_name":"Georges Vanier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vanier"},{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Term2_28-0"},{"link_name":"Roméo LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Julie Payette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Payette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alex_30-0"},{"link_name":"British Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GoC106-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Admin_31-0"},{"link_name":"Lyman Poore Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Poore_Duff"},{"link_name":"Robert Taschereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taschereau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GGMon_71-0"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RP_92-0"},{"link_name":"Note 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada#cite_note-RP-13"},{"link_name":"King's Privy Council for Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-96"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hons_129-0"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GGdate_138-0"},{"link_name":"Kevin MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_S._MacLeod"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLeod34-4"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB_148-0"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Langevin Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langevin_Block"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GGParl-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Adv_156-0"},{"link_name":"H. H. Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pons_159-0"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-US_160-0"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"the Viscount Monck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Monck,_4th_Viscount_Monck"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Balf_166-0"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LeBlanc_192-0"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMNLeB-191"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Post_225-0"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"The Marquess of Lansdowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Petty-FitzMaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne"},{"link_name":"the Duke of Devonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"}],"text":"^ When the position is held by a male, the French title is Gouverneur général du Canada.\n\n^ Georges Vanier served as governor general between 15 September 1959 and 5 March 1967 and Roland Michener served for just under seven years, from 17 April 1967 to 14 January 1974.\n\n^ The Lord Tweedsmuir died at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital on 11 February 1940 and Georges Vanier died at Rideau Hall on 5 March 1967.\n\n^ Roméo LeBlanc resigned the viceregal post in 1999 and Julie Payette resigned in 2021.\n\n^ As Alexander was to be appointed to the British Cabinet and the announcement made while he was still in Canada, the Canadian Cabinet felt it necessary to end Alexander's service as viceroy immediately, while sparing him the indignity of resignation.[25]\n\n^ The only individuals to serve as administrators of the government of Canada due to the deaths in office of governors general were Chief Justice Sir Lyman Poore Duff in 1940 and Chief Justice Robert Taschereau in 1967.\n\n^ Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir said of King George VI being in the Senate in 1939 to grant Royal Assent to bills: \"[When the King of Canada is present] I cease to exist as Viceroy, and retain only a shadowy legal existence as Governor General in Council.\"[64]\n\n^ See Note 2 at King's Privy Council for Canada.\n\n^ Robert Borden said, \"it would be an absolute mistake to regard the governor general as a mere figurehead, a mere rubber stamp. During nine years of premiership, I had the opportunity of realizing how helpful may be the advice and counsel of a governor general in matters of delicacy and difficulty\".[87]\n\n^ Some seven years after he left office, the Earl Alexander of Tunis was appointed as a Member of the Order of Merit. Similarly, Massey was awarded the Royal Victorian Chain by Queen Elizabeth II approximately six months after leaving the viceregal post and was in 1967 invested into the Order of Canada.[119] ichener was presented with the Royal Victorian Chain a few months before he retired as governor general.\n\n^ Kevin MacLeod, in his book A Crown of Maples, pegs the start date of Champlain's governorship at 1627,[3] whereas the official website of the Governor General of Canada puts it at 1608.[127]\n\n^ The offices were subsequently incorporated into the Prime Minister's Office (PMO), but have been restored to their 19th century appearance after the PMO moved to the Langevin Block in the 1970s, and are now preserved as a tourist attraction along with other historic offices in the East Block.[6]\n\n^ The appointment in 1916 of the Duke of Devonshire as governor general caused political problems, as Canadian prime minister Robert Borden had, counter to established common practice, not been consulted on the matter by his British counterpart, H. H. Asquith.[143]\n\n^ During the Great Depression, the Earl of Bessborough voluntarily cut his salary by ten percent as a sign of his solidarity with the Canadian people.[145]\n\n^ Governors general had been venturing to Washington to meet informally with the President of the United States since the time of the Viscount Monck.\n\n^ The ministers in attendance at the Imperial Conference agreed that: \"In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government.\"[150]\n\n^ LeBlanc's strong ties to the Liberal Party led other party leaders to protest his appointment by boycotting his installation ceremony.[175]\n\n^ In 1952, the Earl Alexander of Tunis resigned as governor general of Canada to accept an appointment as Minister of Defence in the Cabinet of Winston Churchill. The Marquess of Lansdowne and the Duke of Devonshire both also served in the British Cabinet following their viceregal careers, and Lansdowne went on to serve as leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords for over a decade.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wlFJPQHUY5UC&q=Fathers%20of%20Confederation&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55138-185-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55138-185-0"}],"text":"Coucill, Irma (2005). Canada's Prime Ministers, Governors General and Fathers of Confederation. Pembroke Publishers. ISBN 1-55138-185-0.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg/80px-Royal_Cypher_of_King_Charles_III_%28Canada%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"First page of the proclamation of the Letters Patent, 1947, as published in the Canada Gazette","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png/220px-Letters_Patent_1947_page1.png"},{"image_text":"(Left to right) T.A. Crerar, King George VI, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, Queen Elizabeth, and Governor General the Lord Tweedsmuir at the Château Laurier hotel in Ottawa, 1939. Mackenzie King was the only leader of the opposition to ever be involved in the appointment of a governor general, in 1935 deciding with then-Prime Minister Richard Bennett to choose Tweedsmuir.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg/220px-RoyalVisitChateauLaurier.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vincent Massey (left), the first Canadian-born viceroy since Confederation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Massey-moccasins.jpg/220px-Massey-moccasins.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michaëlle Jean swearing the oaths of office as administered by Puisne Justice Michel Bastarache, 27 September 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Jean-Oath.jpg/220px-Jean-Oath.jpg"},{"image_text":"Governor General Adrienne Clarkson (right) meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin (left) in the governor general's study of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Andrew Scheer (right), then Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, being admitted to the Queen's Privy Council for Canada by Governor General David Johnston (centre) at Rideau Hall, 25 September 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg/220px-Swearing_In_-_Assermentation_%2836647507344%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lord Tweedsmuir gives the Throne Speech at the opening of the third session of the 18th Canadian Parliament, 27 January 1938","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg/220px-Tweedsmuir_speech.jpg"},{"image_text":"Governor General David Johnston greeting a crowd during Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, July 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg/220px-The_Governor_General_David_Johnston_greets_more_people_on_Canada_Day_%2828014776516%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michaëlle Jean wearing the insignia of the Order of Canada and Order of Military Merit along with the Canadian Forces' Decoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg/220px-Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_11-11-2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"The present flag of the governor general was adopted in 1981.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg/220px-Governor_General_of_Canada_Flag_-_Drapeau_de_la_gouverneure_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_du_Canada_%282138897131%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Louis de Buade de Frontenac, the third and sixth Governor General of New France, at the Quebec Parliament Building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg/220px-Louis_de_Buade_de_Frontenac_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political organization of the Province of Canada, after the introduction of responsible government under the Union Act, 1848","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/United_Canada_1848.png/220px-United_Canada_1848.png"},{"image_text":"Governor General Prince Arthur inspects members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force at Valcartier Camp, 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg/220px-5th_Royal_Highlanders-_inspection_by_Governor_General_at_Champ_de_Mars%2C_Montreal%2C_August_1914_%2819533676175%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marquess of Willingdon (left) during an official visit to Washington, D.C. as the governor general of Canada.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Governor_General_of_Canada_is_welcomed_to_Washington_by_Secretary_of_State_Kellogg._Attended_by_all_the_pomp_and_ceremony_a_republic_can_bestow%2C_Governor_General_Willingdon_of_Canada_was_LCCN2016888558.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Viscount Byng of Vimy, who was involved in the King–Byng affair, a catalyst for change over the role of the governor general in the British Empire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lord-byng.jpg/220px-Lord-byng.jpg"},{"image_text":"Georges Vanier, the 19th governor general of Canada. The convention of alternating between francophones and anglophones began with Vanier's appointment.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg/220px-Georges_P._Vanier_.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeanne Sauvé (left), Canada's first female governor general, with a Guardsman (private) of the Canadian Grenadier Guards of Montreal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg/220px-Jeanne_Sauv%C3%A9_1985.jpg"},{"image_text":"Governor General Adrienne Clarkson (right) toasts Russian president Vladimir Putin in the ballroom of Rideau Hall, 18 December 2000","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_Canada_18-19_December_2000-7.jpg"},{"image_text":"As the representative of Canada's head of state, the governor general, Michaëlle Jean, welcomes US President Barack Obama to Canada, 19 February 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_%26_Micha%C3%ABlle_Jean_2-19-09.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Canada portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Governor General's Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Awards"},{"title":"List of governors general of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada"},{"title":"Armorial of the governors general of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_the_governors_general_of_Canada"},{"title":"List of awards presented by the governor general of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_presented_by_the_governor_general_of_Canada"},{"title":"Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft"},{"title":"Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"title":"Governor-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-general"}] | [{"reference":"The Royal Household, The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada, Queen's Printer, archived from the original on 20 February 2009, retrieved 2 June 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220102227/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx","url_text":"The Queen and the Commonwealth > Queen and Canada > The Queen's role in Canada"},{"url":"http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/TheQueensroleinCanada.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aiello, Rachel (26 July 2021). \"Mary Simon installed as Canada's 30th Governor General\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Technologies_Acro_1 | Aircraft Technologies Acro 1 | ["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Specifications (Acro 1)","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | American homebuilt airplane
Acro 1
Role
Homebuilt aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
United States
Manufacturer
Aircraft Technologies
Designer
Fred Meyer
First flight
1993
Status
Production completed
Number built
At least three (2013)
The Aircraft Technologies Acro 1 is an American aerobatic homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Fred Meyer and produced by Aircraft Technologies of Lilburn, Georgia. When it was available the aircraft was supplied as a kit or in the form of plans for amateur construction. Neither plans nor kits are available anymore and the aircraft is out of production.
Design and development
Designed as a high-speed, long-range cross country and aerobatic aircraft, the Acro 1 features a cantilever low-wing, a single-seat enclosed cockpit under a bubble canopy, fixed conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration. The aircraft is stressed to +/-15g.
The aircraft is made from graphite and fiberglass composites. Its 20.00 ft (6.1 m) span wing has a wing area of 75.00 sq ft (6.968 m2) and has no flaps. The acceptable power range is 100 to 210 hp (75 to 157 kW) and the standard engine used is the 200 hp (149 kW) Lycoming IO-360 powerplant which gives it a cruise speed of 220 mph (350 km/h). A fuel capacity of 47 U.S. gallons (180 L; 39 imp gal) provides a range of 1,000 mi (1,600 km).
The Acro 1 has an empty weight of 780 lb (350 kg) and a gross weight of 1,250 lb (570 kg), giving a useful load of 470 lb (210 kg). With full fuel of 47 U.S. gallons (180 L; 39 imp gal) the payload is 188 lb (85 kg).
The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 700 hours.
Operational history
By 1998 the company reported that one example had been flown.
In November 2014 three examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.
Specifications (Acro 1)
Data from AeroCrafterGeneral characteristics
Crew: one
Length: 17 ft 0 in (5.18 m)
Wingspan: 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m)
Wing area: 75.00 sq ft (6.968 m2)
Empty weight: 780 lb (354 kg)
Gross weight: 1,250 lb (567 kg)
Fuel capacity: 47 U.S. gallons (180 L; 39 imp gal)
Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming IO-360 four cylinder, air-cooled, fuel injected four stroke aircraft engine, 200 hp (150 kW)
Propellers: 2-bladed constant speed propeller
Performance
Maximum speed: 245 mph (394 km/h, 213 kn)
Cruise speed: 220 mph (350 km/h, 190 kn)
Stall speed: 58 mph (93 km/h, 50 kn)
Range: 1,000 mi (1,600 km, 870 nmi)
Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)
g limits: +/-15
Rate of climb: 3,000 ft/min (15 m/s)
Wing loading: 16.67 lb/sq ft (81.4 kg/m2)
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Giles G-200
Rihn DR-107 One Design
Van's RV-3
Related lists
List of aerobatic aircraft
References
^ a b c d e f g Purdy, Don: AeroCrafter - Homebuilt Aircraft Sourcebook, Fifth Edition, page 109. BAI Communications, 15 July 1998. ISBN 0-9636409-4-1
^ Experimental Aircraft Association (2013). "Acro 1". Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
^ Federal Aviation Administration (November 4, 2014). "Make / Model Inquiry Results, Acro 1". Retrieved November 4, 2014.
^ Federal Aviation Administration (November 4, 2014). "Make / Model Inquiry Results, Acro One". Retrieved November 4, 2014.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aircraft Technologies Acro 1.
Photo of an Acro 1
vteAircraft Technologies aircraftHomebuilt aircraft
Acro 1
Atlantis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aerobatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobatic"},{"link_name":"homebuilt aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homebuilt_aircraft"},{"link_name":"Aircraft Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_Technologies"},{"link_name":"Lilburn, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilburn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerocrafter-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAA-2"}],"text":"The Aircraft Technologies Acro 1 is an American aerobatic homebuilt aircraft that was designed by Fred Meyer and produced by Aircraft Technologies of Lilburn, Georgia. 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With full fuel of 47 U.S. gallons (180 L; 39 imp gal) the payload is 188 lb (85 kg).[1]The manufacturer estimates the construction time from the supplied kit as 700 hours.[1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerocrafter-1"},{"link_name":"registered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"Federal Aviation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAAReg1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAAReg2-4"}],"text":"By 1998 the company reported that one example had been flown.[1]In November 2014 three examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration.[3][4]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aerocrafter-1"},{"link_name":"Lycoming IO-360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_IO-360"},{"link_name":"fuel injected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injected"},{"link_name":"four stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_stroke"},{"link_name":"aircraft engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_engine"},{"link_name":"constant speed propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_speed_propeller"}],"text":"Data from AeroCrafter[1]General characteristicsCrew: one\nLength: 17 ft 0 in (5.18 m)\nWingspan: 20 ft 0 in (6.10 m)\nWing area: 75.00 sq ft (6.968 m2)\nEmpty weight: 780 lb (354 kg)\nGross weight: 1,250 lb (567 kg)\nFuel capacity: 47 U.S. gallons (180 L; 39 imp gal)\nPowerplant: 1 × Lycoming IO-360 four cylinder, air-cooled, fuel injected four stroke aircraft engine, 200 hp (150 kW)\nPropellers: 2-bladed constant speed propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 245 mph (394 km/h, 213 kn)\nCruise speed: 220 mph (350 km/h, 190 kn)\nStall speed: 58 mph (93 km/h, 50 kn)\nRange: 1,000 mi (1,600 km, 870 nmi)\nService ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,600 m)\ng limits: +/-15\nRate of climb: 3,000 ft/min (15 m/s)\nWing loading: 16.67 lb/sq ft (81.4 kg/m2)","title":"Specifications (Acro 1)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Giles G-200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_G-200"},{"title":"Rihn DR-107 One Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihn_DR-107_One_Design"},{"title":"Van's RV-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%27s_RV-3"},{"title":"List of aerobatic aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aerobatic_aircraft"}] | [{"reference":"Experimental Aircraft Association (2013). \"Acro 1\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_V-72_Vengeance | Vultee A-31 Vengeance | ["1 Design and development","1.1 Evaluation","2 Operational history","2.1 UK and India","2.2 Australia","2.3 Brazil","2.4 Free French","2.5 United States","3 Variants","3.1 RAF Variants","3.2 USAAF Variants","3.3 Unbuilt variants","4 Operators","5 Surviving aircraft","6 Specifications (Vengeance I)","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"] | 1941 attack aircraft family by Vultee
A-31/A-35 Vengeance
An Australian RAAF Vengeance in 1943
Role
Dive bomberType of aircraft
National origin
United States
Manufacturer
Vultee Aircraft
First flight
30 March 1941
Retired
April 1948
Primary users
United States Army Air ForceRoyal Air Force Royal Australian Air Force Indian Air Force
Number built
1,931
The Vultee A-31 Vengeance is an American dive bomber of World War II that was built by Vultee Aircraft. A modified version was designated A-35. The Vengeance was not used operationally by the United States, but was operated as a front-line aircraft by the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, and the Indian Air Force in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. The A-31 remained in service with U.S. units until 1945, primarily in a target-tug role.
Design and development
In 1940, Vultee Aircraft started the design of a single engined dive-bomber, the Vultee Model 72 (V-72) to meet the requirements of the French Armée de l'Air. The V-72 was built with private funds and was intended for sale to foreign markets. The V-72 was a low-wing, single-engine monoplane with a closed cockpit and a crew of two. An air-cooled radial Wright Twin Cyclone engine rated at 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) powered the V-72. It was armed with fixed forward-firing and flexible-mounted .30 in (7.62 mm) machine guns in the rear cockpit. The aircraft carried up to 1,500 lb (680 kg) of bombs in an interior bomb bay and on external wing racks.
The Vengeance was uniquely designed to dive vertically without lift from the wing pulling the aircraft off target. To this end, it had a 0° angle of incidence on the wing to better align the nose of the aircraft with the target during the dive. This resulted in the aircraft cruising in a nose-up attitude, giving a poor forward view for the pilot, particularly during landing. It had an unusual, W-shaped wing planform. This resulted from an error in calculating its centre of gravity. Moving the wing back by "sweeping" the centre section was a simpler fix than re-designing the wing root. This gives the impression of an inverted gull wing when seen from an angle, when in fact the wing has a more conventional dihedral on the outer wing panels.
A riveter on the Vengeance bomber at the Vultee plant in Nashville, Tennessee (1943)
France placed an order for 300 V-72s, with deliveries intended to start in October 1940. The fall of France in June 1940 stopped these plans, but at the same time the British Purchasing Commission, impressed by the performance of the German Junkers Ju 87, "Stuka" was shopping for a dive bomber for the Royal Air Force, and as it was the only aircraft available, placed an order for 200 V-72s (named Vengeance by Vultee) on 3 July 1940, with orders for a further 100 being placed in December. As Vultee's factory at Downey was already busy building BT-13 Valiant trainers, the aircraft were to be built at the Stinson factory at Nashville, and under license by Northrop at Hawthorne, California.
The first prototype V-72 flew from Vultee's factory at Downey, California, on 30 March 1941. Additional aircraft were ordered for Britain in June 1941 under the Lend-Lease scheme, with those given the US Army Air Corps designation 'A-31'.
After the U.S. entered the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor, a number of V-72 and A-31 aircraft were repossessed for use by the USAAF. As the USAAF became interested in dive bombing, it decided to order production of an improved version of the Vengeance, designated the A-35, for both its own use and for supply to its allies under Lend-Lease. It was fitted with a more powerful Wright Twin Cyclone R-2600-19 engine and improved armament. As US Army test pilots disliked the poor pilot view resulting from the zero-incidence wing, that was "corrected" in the A-35, giving the plane a better attitude in cruise but lessening its accuracy as a dive bomber.
When production of the Vengeance was completed in 1944, a total of 1,931 aircraft had been made. The majority were produced at the Vultee plant in Nashville, Tennessee.
Indecision about which aircraft type should replace it in production at the Vultee plant led to several "make-work" contracts for Vengeance aircraft to prevent dispersion of the skilled workforce. That resulted in the overproduction of what was considered an obsolete aircraft.
Evaluation
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Vultee assembly line in August, 1942
Operational experience with other dive bomber aircraft of the period, such as the Blackburn Skua, Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, Aichi D3A "Val", Douglas Dauntless, Breda Ba.65 and Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, indicated that the Vengeance would be vulnerable to enemy fighters. To be effective, all those aircraft required an environment of local air superiority and fighter escort. Fighter escort and lack of fighter opposition in the theatres in which it served, combined with its vertical dive capability, meant that the Vengeance suffered only light combat losses.
Early experience with the aircraft showed that there were problems with engine cooling. In service, the RAF managed to solve those problems, but Free French aircraft that did not have these problems remedied were grounded, being declared uneconomical and unreliable to operate.
The aircraft was described as being stable in flight and in a dive, with heavy elevator and rudder control, but with light aileron control. Forward visibility was considered poor due to the large radial engine. There were a number of fatal accidents with the Vengeance due to improper dive procedures, as well as a center of gravity problem when the aircraft was flown with the rear cockpit canopy open, but without a rear gunner.
In combat, the type was considered rugged, reliable, stable, and generally well-behaved. Commonwealth forces operated the type from May 1942 to July 1944. Burma tended to be a low priority for Allied air planners, and forces in that theater got what was left over. Aircraft such as the Vickers Wellington and Hawker Hurricane spent their last days in Burma. The Vengeance saw considerable action attacking Japanese supply, communications and troop concentrations in Burma. Its service in that theater has been described as "...very effective."
Peter Smith, author of Jungle Dive Bombers at War, wrote that, "Their pilots had difficulty in getting them off the ground with a full load. At Newton Field they were using the full length of the 6,000 feet runway before becoming airborne. Kittyhawk aircraft could carry the same bomb load and in addition carry out ground-strafing".
In contrast, many crew spoke well of the Vengeance. "I certainly didn't have that experience of the Vultee. I can recall no incidents of pilots having difficulty in taking off with full bomb loads, and the Kittyhawk could not carry the same bomb load even after their undercarriage had been strengthened. I remember the Vultee as a lovely aircraft to fly, an aircraft that was hard to stall and was fully aerobatic. You could do anything in them, rolls, loops, stall turns, and there was enough room in the cockpit to hold a ball. I used to like flying them, although a lot of blokes thought that they were too cumbersome."
Operational history
UK and India
Worker at Vultee-Nashville makes final adjustments in the wheel well of an inner wing before the installation of the landing gear. (February 1942)
By the time that Britain had received large numbers of Vengeances, its opinion on the usefulness of specialised dive bombers had changed. As the Battle of Britain and operations over North Africa had shown the dive bomber to be vulnerable to fighter attack, the Vengeance was rejected for use over Western Europe or in the Mediterranean. It was decided to use the Vengeance in the Burma theatre to carry out dive-bombing operations in close support of British and Indian troops in the jungles.
The first RAF squadrons (No. 82 and No. 110) received Vengeances in October 1942. The first dive bombing missions against Japanese forces were flown on 19 March 1943. A further two RAF squadrons in Burma received Vengeances, (No. 84 and No. 45), together with two squadrons of the Indian Air Force (IAF) (No. 7 and No. 8).In cases of heavy monsoon clouds, which obstructed the view during the dive, IAF pilots practiced the unconventional method of shallow bombing, releasing bombs at 800 ft (240 m) only. Enough hits were landed using this technique, that they were persuaded by commanders to use this technique when conditions were similar.
Vengeances were heavily deployed in support of the second Arakan campaign of 1943/44, and defending against the Japanese attacks in the Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima of April–July 1944. Following the successful defeat of the Japanese attack, the RAF and IAF started to phase out the Vengeance in favour of more versatile fighter bombers and twin-engine light bombers; the last Vengeance operations over Burma were carried out on 16 July 1944.
After Burma service, a detachment from 110 Squadron RAF was sent to Takoradi in West Africa via the Middle East, a number of aircraft breaking down en route. Between September and December 1944, 11 Vultees took part in air-spraying trials against malarial mosquitoes, using under wing spray dispensers.
Although phased out of front line service with the RAF, Britain continued to receive large numbers of Vengeances, with bulk deliveries of Lend Lease aircraft (as opposed to those purchased directly by Britain) having only just started. Many of these surplus aircraft, including most Vengeance Mk IVs, were delivered to the UK and modified as target tugs, being used in that role both by the RAF and the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA). In those roles, all armament was removed from the aircraft.
Australia
Main article: Vultee Vengeance in Australian service
Australia placed an order for 400 Vengeances as an emergency measure following the outbreak of war in the Pacific, which was met by a mixture of Lend Lease and diversions from the original British orders. While the first Vengeance was delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in May 1942, the aircraft did not arrive in substantial numbers until April 1943. The RAAF's first Vengeance squadron, No. 12 Squadron flew its first operational mission against Selaru Island in the Dutch East Indies. Squadrons equipped with the Vengeance included Nos. 12, 21, 23, 24 and 25 Squadrons. Of these, all but 25 Squadron served briefly in the New Guinea campaign. Australian Vengeances flew their last operational sorties on 8 March 1944, as they were considered less efficient than fighter bombers, having a short range and requiring a long runway, and were withdrawn to allow more effective fighter bombers to move into the forward area. The Vengeance squadrons were re-equipped with Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.
The view of the Vengeance's limitations is disputed by Peter Smith in Jungle Dive Bombers at War, "The precision and skill of the dive-bombing method...and its clear superiority over most other means of air attack when it came to destroying small and well-hidden targets in difficult country, was proven over and over again in the Asian jungle campaigns. Yet the men who achieved these excellent results, for such economy of effort and comparatively small loss, were but a handful of pilots who have been forgotten in the overwhelming mass of the heavy-and medium bomber fleets that were pounding both Europe and Asia by 1945.: 160
This capacity was exemplified in the raid by RAAF Nos. 21 and 23 Squadrons on Hansay Bay. Smith wrote, "...the jungle-clad hills and islands of forgotten or unknown lands would become the major stage for the ultimate expression of the dive-bombers' skill.": 12 While the RAAF still had 58 Vengeances on order in March 1944, this order was cancelled and the aircraft were never delivered. Small numbers of Vengeances remained in service with support and trials units until 1946.
Brazil
Thirty-three V-72s and A-35s were supplied to Brazil from 1943, carrying out a few anti-submarine patrols. They were withdrawn by April 1948.
Free French
The Free French Air Force received 67 A-35As and -Bs in 1943, being used to equip three bomb groups in North Africa. The French, however, keen to get the aircraft operational as soon as possible did not incorporate improvements found necessary by Britain and Australia, so their aircraft proved to be unreliable and had extremely high oil consumption. As such, they were restricted to training operations, being finally withdrawn in September 1944.
United States
A-35B in flight. This is a target tug conversion with all armament removed.
While the U.S. received 243 V-72s and A31s diverted from the RAF orders together with large numbers of A-35s specifically built for it, these saw no combat, being used as initial equipment for light bomber squadrons that re-equipped with twin-engine aircraft before deploying overseas, and as trainers or target tugs.
According to other sources the A-31 saw extensive front-line combat with the 10th Air Force located in China throughout the spring of 1944. As many as 60 A-31's could be fielded for a single mission. The A-31 first saw combat in China on March 14, 1944, when 41 A-31's along with British aircraft hit targets in Arakan and Chin Hills China. It was last used on May 25, 1944, when 20 A-31's scored bombing hits on the Manipar R bridge at Tonzang.
From April 1944, a number of Vengeance Mk IV series Is were made available to the 8th Air Force and assigned to target-towing flights and Combat Crew Replacement Center stations. All armament was removed and a light cable winch fitted in the rear fuselage for sleeve towing. Some of these aircraft continued to be flown with British national markings and serial numbers. By late June 1944, there were seven A-35Bs at RAF Cluntoe, seven at Greencastle, ten at RAF Sutton Bridge and six at RAF East Wretham. When the CCRCs were dissolved in the autumn, the Vengeances were transferred to combat groups, with most fighter and several bomber groups having one on hand at some time during 1945. A-35Bs did not show a high state of serviceability by this time and were generally considered troublesome to maintain. They were also designated RA-35B (R for Restricted) by this time.
Variants
RAF Variants
Vengeance I
Vultee V-72 license built by Northrop and ordered directly for Britain, powered by 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) R-2600-A5B engine. 200 built.
Vengeance IA
Northrop built aircraft purchased under Lend-Lease, powered by 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) R-2600-19 engine, otherwise similar to Vengeance I. USAAF designation A-31-NO. 200 built.
Vengeance II
Vultee built aircraft directly purchased by Britain. Small differences from Vengeance I. 501 built.
Vengeance III
Vultee built Lend-Lease aircraft. Similar to IA. USAAF designation A-31-VN. 200 built.
Vengeance IV
A-35B supplied under Lend-Lease to RAF and RAAF. 458 supplied to RAF and 121 to RAAF.
USAAF Variants
XA-31A
Redesignated prototype Vengeance accepted by USAAF in June 1942. Vultee designation V-88.
XA-31B
XA-31A modified as testbed for 3,000 hp (2,240 kW) Pratt & Whitney XR-4360-1 Wasp Major.
XA-31C
Vengeance III modified as testbed for 2,200 hp (1,640 kW) Wright R-3350-18 Duplex Cyclone engine. One converted.
YA-31C
Vengeance IIIs modified as testbeds for R-3350-17 engines for B-29 Superfortress. Five built.
A-35A
Redesigned version for USAAF and Lend-Lease. 4° wing incidence. Powered by 1,700 hp (1269 kW) R-2600-13 or -8 engine. Four forward-firing .50 in (12.7 mm) caliber M2 Browning machine guns and one in rear cockpit. Vultee designation V-88. 99 aircraft built.
A-35B
Modified aircraft with six forward-firing 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns and additional bomb racks. 831 built.
Unbuilt variants
TBV-1 Georgia
Proposed torpedo bomber; not built.
Operators
Australia
Royal Australian Air Force
No. 12 Squadron RAAF
No. 21 Squadron RAAF
No. 23 Squadron RAAF
No. 24 Squadron RAAF
No. 25 Squadron RAAF
No. 3 Communication Unit RAAF
No. 4 Communication Unit RAAF
No. 5 Communication Unit RAAF
No. 6 Communication Unit RAAF
No. 7 Communication Unit RAAF
No. 9 Communication Unit RAAF
Brazil
Brazilian Air Force
1st Dive-Bombing Squadron
2nd Dive-Bombing Squadron
France
Free French Air Forces
GB 1/32 Bourgogne
GB 1/17 Picardie
GB 2/15 Anjou
British India
Indian Air Force
No. 7 Squadron IAF
No. 8 Squadron IAF
No.1 Service Flying Training School
No.22 Anti Aircraft Cooperation Unit
No.1 Target Towing Flight
United Kingdom
Royal Air Force
No. 45 Squadron RAF
No. 82 Squadron RAF
No. 84 Squadron RAF
No. 110 Squadron RAF
No. 288 Squadron RAF
No. 289 Squadron RAF
No. 291 Squadron RAF
No. 567 Squadron RAF
No. 577 Squadron RAF
No. 587 Squadron RAF
No. 595 Squadron RAF
No. 631 Squadron RAF
No. 667 Squadron RAF
No. 679 Squadron RAF
No. 691 Squadron RAF
No. 695 Squadron RAF
Royal Navy – Fleet Air Arm
721 Naval Air Squadron
733 Naval Air Squadron
791 Naval Air Squadron
United States
U.S. Army Air Force
55th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
56th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
57th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
88th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
309th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
311th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
312th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
623rd Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
628th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
629th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
630th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
631st Bombardment Squadron (Dive)
Surviving aircraft
One complete Vengeance IA that did not see squadron service, serial number A27-99 (EZ999), is displayed at the Camden Museum of Aviation at Narellan, New South Wales, Australia.
Components of Vengeance IIA A24-247 are held at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Australia, to form the basis of a restoration project.
Specifications (Vengeance I)
Vultee A-35 Vengeance 3-view drawing
Data from British Warplanes of World War II.General characteristics
Crew: 2 (pilot, navigator/gunner)
Length: 39 ft 9 in (12.12 m)
Wingspan: 48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)
Height: 15 ft 4 in (4.67 m)
Wing area: 332 sq ft (30.84 m2)
Empty weight: 9,725 lb (4,411 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 14,300 lb (6,486 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-2600-A5B-5 Twin Cyclone 14 cylinder radial air-cooled engine, 1,600 hp (1,193 kW)
Performance
Maximum speed: 275 mph (443 km/h, 239 kn) at 11,000 ft (3,350 m)
Cruise speed: 235 mph (378 km/h, 204 kn)
Range: 1,400 mi (2,253 km, 1,220 nmi)
Service ceiling: 22,500 ft (6,860 m)
Wing loading: 43.1 lb/sq ft (210 kg/m2)
Power/mass: 0.11 hp/lb (0.18 kW/kg)
Armament
Guns:
4 × fixed forward-firing .30 in (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns in the wing
2 × flexible mount .30 in (7.62 mm) or .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns in rear cockpit
Bombs:
2 × internal 500 lb (230 kg) bombs
2 × 250 lb (110 kg) bomb on wing racks
See also
Aviation portal
Vultee Vengeance in Australian service
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Aichi D3A
Blackburn Skua
Breda Ba.65
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
Douglas SBD Dauntless
Junkers Ju 87
Saab 17
Related lists
List of aircraft of World War II
List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm
List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force
References
Notes
^ Stinson was by this time owned by Vultee, and the factory was transferred to Vultee.
^ RAF aircraft operating over Burma replaced the .30 in (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns in the rear cockpit with British built .303 in (7.7 mm) guns owing to poor reliability of the American built guns on flexible mountings.
^ Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 69.
^ a b c d Wegg 1990, p. 163.
^ Wegg 1990, pp. 162–163.
^ Wegg 1990, pp. 117–118.
^ Donald 1995, p. 250.
^ a b c d e f g h Shores and Smith 1977, p. 31.
^ Smith, 1986
^ Wegg 1990, p. 152.
^ Holland, James (2016). Burma '44; The Battle That Turned Britain's War In The East. London: Bantam Press. p. Photo caption. ISBN 9780593075869.
^ a b c Smith, Peter C (1987). Jungle Dive Bombers at War. London: John Murray Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0719544254.
^ James-Martin, Howard (Sgt Pilot) Australian War Memorial MSS1514
^ a b Shores and Smith 1977, p. 32.
^ Shores and Smith 1977, pp. 34–36.
^ Shores and Smith 1977, pp. 36–37.
^ Neate, Don R (September–October 1997). "With a Vengeance! Fighting Malaria in West Africa, Vultee-style". Air Enthusiast. No. 71. pp. 68–71.
^ a b Shores and Smith 1977, p. 37.
^ a b c "A27 Vultee Vengeance". RAAF Museum Point Cook. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
^ Shores and Smith 1977. pp. 37–38.
^ Shores and Smith 1977, pp. 38–39.
^ Dennis et al 2008, p. 549.
^ a b c d e f g Wegg 1990, p. 164.
^ Pelletier 2007, pp. 75–79.
^ Shores and Smith 1977, p. 40.
^ Carter, Kit C.; Mueller, Robert (1991). U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II Combat Chronology 1941–1945. Center for Air Force History. pp. 331–393.
^ Freeman 1984, p. 208.
^ Wegg, J., 1990. General Dynamics Aircraft and Their Predecessors. London: Putnam. p. 164. ISBN 9780851778334.
^ a b c d Smith 1986, p. 173.
^ Halley 1980, p. 355.
^ Halley 1980, p. 320.
^ American Aviation Historical Society Journal #11 Summer 1966 pp146-147 News and Comment Vultee Vengance in Australia
^ Goodall, Geoff (1 December 2018). "The Kalgoorlie Vultee Vengeances". Geoff Goodall's Aviation History Site. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ March 1998, p241.
^ Shores and Smith 1977, p.33.
Bibliography
Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. World Aircraft: World War II, Volume II (Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978. ISBN 0-562-00096-8.
Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195517842.
Donald, David (editor). American Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-874023-72-7.
Freeman, Roger."Part 2, Armament and Equipment". Mighty Eighth War Manual. London: Jane's Publishing, Fourth Impression, 1984. p. 208. ISBN 0-7106-0325-8.
Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians), 1980. ISBN 0-85130-083-9.
Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1998 (second edition 2001). ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
Lopes, Mario Canoniga (Spring 1994). "Talkback". Air Enthusiast. No. 53. pp. 79–80. ISSN 0143-5450.
March, Daniel J. (editor). British Warplanes of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1998. ISBN 1-874023-92-1.
Mondey, David. American Aircraft of World War II. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd., 1982. ISBN 0-600-34969-1.
Pelletier. Alain J. "Consumptive Vengeance: Vultee A-35s in French Service". Air Enthusiast Number 128. March/April 2007. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing, 2007. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 75–79.
Shores. Christopher and Smith, Frank. "Diving Vengeance." Air Enthusiast Number Five, November 1977 – February 1978. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press, 1977. pp. 29–43.
Smith, Peter C. Vengeance! The Vultee Vengeance Dive Bomber. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1986. ISBN 978-0-906393-65-9.
Wegg, John. General Dynamic Aircraft and their Predecessors. London:Putnam, 1990. ISBN 0-85177-833-X.
Winchester, Jim. American Military Aircraft. Barnes & Noble Books, 2005. ISBN 0-7607-6982-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vultee A-31 Vengeance.
USAF museum A-31
USAF museum A-35A
USAF museum A-35B
www.bharat-rakshak.com: Vultee Vengeance Tales
AirToAirCombat.Com: Vultee A-35 Vengeance
vteVultee aircraftManufacturer designations
V-1
V-11
V-12
V-20
V-32
V-33
V-35
V-37
V-38
V-39
V-40
V-41
V-42
V-43
V-44
V-45
V-46
V-47
V-48
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V-50
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V-72
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V-78
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V-85
V-86
V-88
V-90
Model numbering continued by Convair
By role
Fighters
XP-54
P-66 Vanguard
Attack aircraft
V-11
V-12
YA-19
A-31 Vengeance
A-35 Vengeance
XA-41
Trainers
BC-3
BT-13 Valiant
BT-15 Valiant
vteUnited States attack aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925–1962)
A-11
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
A-9
A-10
A-11
A-12
A-13
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A-19
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A-30
A-31
A-32
A-33
A-34
A-35
A-36
A-372
A-38
A-39
A-40
A-41
A-42
A-43
A-44
A-45
Tri-service sequence(1962–present)Main sequence
A-13
A-1
OA-1K
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
EA-6B
A-7
A-7F
A-7P
A-82
A-9
A-10
A-111
A-12
A-131
A-14
Non-sequential
A-16
F/A-16
F/A-18
F/A-18E/F
EA-18G
F/A-22
A-26
A-29
A-373
A-37
EA-37
Related designations
AC-47
AC-119
AC-130
AT-6
AU-23
AU-24
AV-8
AV-8B
AV-162
1 Not assigned • 2 Unofficial designation • 3 Assigned to multiple typesNot to be confused with the Aerial target or Amphibious aircraft sequences.
vteUSN/USMC torpedo aircraft designations pre-1962TorpedoBoeing
TB
Curtiss
CT
Douglas
DT
T2D
T3D
Detroit
TE
Atlantic
FT
Great Lakes
TG
Martin
TM
T2M
T3M
T4M
T5M
T6M
Naval Aircraft Factory
TN
T2N
Stout
ST
Blackburn
BST
Torpedo BomberDouglas
TBD
TB2D
Grumman
TBF
TB2F
TB3F
Great Lakes
TBG
General Motors
TBM
Vought
TBU
Vultee
TBV
Consolidated
TBY
Torpedo ScoutGrumman
TSF
Patrol Torpedo BomberHall
PTBH
vteAustralian Defence Force aircraft serial-number prefixesItalics indicate prefixes not used.RAAF Series One1921–34
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
RAAF Series Two1935–63
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17
A18
A19
A20
A21
A22
A23
A24
A25
A26
A27
A28
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A30
A30
A31
A32
A33
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A35
A36
A37
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A68 (II)
A69
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A87
A88
A89
A90
A91
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A97
A98
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A100
RAN Series1
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
N13
N14
N15
N16
RAAF Series ThreeTri-Service series1964–present
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
A17/N17
A18
A19
A20
A21
A22/N22
A23
N24
A25
A26
A27
N28
N29
A30
A31
A32
A33
A34
A35
A36
A37
A38
A39
A40/N40
A41
N42
A43
A44
A45
A46
A47
N48
N49
A51
N52
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A54
A55
A56
A69
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Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dive bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive_bomber"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vultee Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Southwest Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"target-tug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target-tug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angelucci_and_Matricardi_p._69.-1"}],"text":"The Vultee A-31 Vengeance is an American dive bomber of World War II that was built by Vultee Aircraft. A modified version was designated A-35. The Vengeance was not used operationally by the United States, but was operated as a front-line aircraft by the British Royal Air Force, the Royal Australian Air Force, and the Indian Air Force in Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. The A-31 remained in service with U.S. units until 1945, primarily in a target-tug role.[1]","title":"Vultee A-31 Vengeance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vultee Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"dive-bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dive-bomber"},{"link_name":"Armée de l'Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_(1909%E2%80%931942)"},{"link_name":"monoplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoplane"},{"link_name":"cockpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockpit"},{"link_name":"Wright Twin Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-2600_Twin_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"hp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p163-2"},{"link_name":"angle of incidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(aerodynamics)"},{"link_name":"gull wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull_wing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p163-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosie_the_Riveter_(Vultee)_DS.jpg"},{"link_name":"fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"British Purchasing Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Purchasing_Commission"},{"link_name":"Junkers Ju 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p162-3-3"},{"link_name":"Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downey,_California"},{"link_name":"BT-13 Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_BT-13_Valiant"},{"link_name":"Stinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinson_Aircraft_Company"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Northrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p163-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p163-2"},{"link_name":"Lend-Lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lend-Lease"},{"link_name":"US Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donald_p250-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p152-9"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 1940, Vultee Aircraft started the design of a single engined dive-bomber, the Vultee Model 72 (V-72) to meet the requirements of the French Armée de l'Air. The V-72 was built with private funds and was intended for sale to foreign markets. The V-72 was a low-wing, single-engine monoplane with a closed cockpit and a crew of two. An air-cooled radial Wright Twin Cyclone engine rated at 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) powered the V-72. It was armed with fixed forward-firing and flexible-mounted .30 in (7.62 mm) machine guns in the rear cockpit. The aircraft carried up to 1,500 lb (680 kg) of bombs in an interior bomb bay and on external wing racks.[2]The Vengeance was uniquely designed to dive vertically without lift from the wing pulling the aircraft off target. To this end, it had a 0° angle of incidence on the wing to better align the nose of the aircraft with the target during the dive. This resulted in the aircraft cruising in a nose-up attitude, giving a poor forward view for the pilot, particularly during landing. It had an unusual, W-shaped wing planform. This resulted from an error in calculating its centre of gravity. Moving the wing back by \"sweeping\" the centre section was a simpler fix than re-designing the wing root. This gives the impression of an inverted gull wing when seen from an angle, when in fact the wing has a more conventional dihedral on the outer wing panels.[2]A riveter on the Vengeance bomber at the Vultee plant in Nashville, Tennessee (1943)France placed an order for 300 V-72s, with deliveries intended to start in October 1940. The fall of France in June 1940 stopped these plans, but at the same time the British Purchasing Commission, impressed by the performance of the German Junkers Ju 87, \"Stuka\" was shopping for a dive bomber for the Royal Air Force, and as it was the only aircraft available, placed an order for 200 V-72s (named Vengeance by Vultee) on 3 July 1940, with orders for a further 100 being placed in December.[3] As Vultee's factory at Downey was already busy building BT-13 Valiant trainers, the aircraft were to be built at the Stinson factory at Nashville[a], and under license by Northrop at Hawthorne, California.[2]The first prototype V-72 flew from Vultee's factory at Downey, California, on 30 March 1941.[2] Additional aircraft were ordered for Britain in June 1941 under the Lend-Lease scheme, with those given the US Army Air Corps designation 'A-31'.After the U.S. entered the war following the attack on Pearl Harbor, a number of V-72 and A-31 aircraft were repossessed for use by the USAAF.[5] As the USAAF became interested in dive bombing, it decided to order production of an improved version of the Vengeance, designated the A-35, for both its own use and for supply to its allies under Lend-Lease. It was fitted with a more powerful Wright Twin Cyclone R-2600-19 engine and improved armament. As US Army test pilots disliked the poor pilot view resulting from the zero-incidence wing, that was \"corrected\" in the A-35, giving the plane a better attitude in cruise but lessening its accuracy as a dive bomber.[6][7][page needed]When production of the Vengeance was completed in 1944, a total of 1,931 aircraft had been made.[8] The majority were produced at the Vultee plant in Nashville, Tennessee.Indecision about which aircraft type should replace it in production at the Vultee plant led to several \"make-work\" contracts for Vengeance aircraft to prevent dispersion of the skilled workforce. That resulted in the overproduction of what was considered an obsolete aircraft.[citation needed]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vultee_plant_Nashville_LOC_fsa.8d00305.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Skua"},{"link_name":"Aichi D3A \"Val\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_D3A"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dauntless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Dauntless"},{"link_name":"Breda Ba.65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Ba.65"},{"link_name":"Curtiss SB2C Helldiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver"},{"link_name":"air superiority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_supremacy"},{"link_name":"Free French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign"},{"link_name":"Vickers Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Hawker Hurricane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Kittyhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk_variants"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-11"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Evaluation","text":"Vultee assembly line in August, 1942Operational experience with other dive bomber aircraft of the period, such as the Blackburn Skua, Junkers Ju 87 Stuka, Aichi D3A \"Val\", Douglas Dauntless, Breda Ba.65 and Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, indicated that the Vengeance would be vulnerable to enemy fighters. To be effective, all those aircraft required an environment of local air superiority and fighter escort. Fighter escort and lack of fighter opposition in the theatres in which it served, combined with its vertical dive capability, meant that the Vengeance suffered only light combat losses.Early experience with the aircraft showed that there were problems with engine cooling. In service, the RAF managed to solve those problems, but Free French aircraft that did not have these problems remedied were grounded, being declared uneconomical and unreliable to operate.The aircraft was described as being stable in flight and in a dive, with heavy elevator and rudder control, but with light aileron control. Forward visibility was considered poor due to the large radial engine. There were a number of fatal accidents with the Vengeance due to improper dive procedures, as well as a center of gravity problem when the aircraft was flown with the rear cockpit canopy open, but without a rear gunner.In combat, the type was considered rugged, reliable, stable, and generally well-behaved. Commonwealth forces operated the type from May 1942 to July 1944. Burma tended to be a low priority for Allied air planners, and forces in that theater got what was left over. Aircraft such as the Vickers Wellington and Hawker Hurricane spent their last days in Burma. The Vengeance saw considerable action attacking Japanese supply, communications and troop concentrations in Burma. Its service in that theater has been described as \"...very effective.\"[9][page needed]Peter Smith, author of Jungle Dive Bombers at War, wrote that, \"Their pilots had difficulty in getting them off the ground with a full load. At Newton Field they were using the full length of the 6,000 feet [1,800 m] runway before becoming airborne. Kittyhawk aircraft could carry the same bomb load and in addition carry out ground-strafing\".[10][page needed]In contrast, many crew spoke well of the Vengeance. \"I certainly didn't have that experience of the Vultee. I can recall no incidents of pilots having difficulty in taking off with full bomb loads, and the Kittyhawk could not carry the same bomb load even after their undercarriage had been strengthened. I remember the Vultee as a lovely aircraft to fly, an aircraft that was hard to stall and was fully aerobatic. You could do anything in them, rolls, loops, stall turns, and there was enough room in the cockpit to hold a ball. I used to like flying them, although a lot of blokes thought that they were too cumbersome.\"[11]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:This_woman_worker_at_the_Vultee-Nashville_is_shown_making_final_adjustments_in_the_wheel_well_of_an_inner_wing_before_the_installation_of_the_landing_gear.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battle of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa_campaign"},{"link_name":"Burma theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_campaign"},{"link_name":"close support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p32-13"},{"link_name":"No. 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._82_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._110_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._7_Squadron,_Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._8_Squadron,_Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p32-13"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"second Arakan campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944"},{"link_name":"Battle of Imphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kohima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p34-36-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p36-7-15"},{"link_name":"Takoradi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekondi-Takoradi"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"malarial mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anopheles_gambiae"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"target tugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_tug"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p37-17"}],"sub_title":"UK and India","text":"Worker at Vultee-Nashville makes final adjustments in the wheel well of an inner wing before the installation of the landing gear. (February 1942)By the time that Britain had received large numbers of Vengeances, its opinion on the usefulness of specialised dive bombers had changed. As the Battle of Britain and operations over North Africa had shown the dive bomber to be vulnerable to fighter attack, the Vengeance was rejected for use over Western Europe or in the Mediterranean. It was decided to use the Vengeance in the Burma theatre to carry out dive-bombing operations in close support of British and Indian troops in the jungles.[12]The first RAF squadrons (No. 82 and No. 110) received Vengeances in October 1942. The first dive bombing missions against Japanese forces were flown on 19 March 1943. A further two RAF squadrons in Burma received Vengeances, (No. 84 and No. 45), together with two squadrons of the Indian Air Force (IAF) (No. 7 and No. 8).[12]In cases of heavy monsoon clouds, which obstructed the view during the dive, IAF pilots practiced the unconventional method of shallow bombing, releasing bombs at 800 ft (240 m) only. Enough hits were landed using this technique, that they were persuaded by commanders to use this technique when conditions were similar.Vengeances were heavily deployed in support of the second Arakan campaign of 1943/44, and defending against the Japanese attacks in the Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima of April–July 1944.[13] Following the successful defeat of the Japanese attack, the RAF and IAF started to phase out the Vengeance in favour of more versatile fighter bombers and twin-engine light bombers; the last Vengeance operations over Burma were carried out on 16 July 1944.[14]After Burma service, a detachment from 110 Squadron RAF was sent to Takoradi in West Africa via the Middle East, a number of aircraft breaking down en route. Between September and December 1944, 11 Vultees took part in air-spraying trials against malarial mosquitoes, using under wing spray dispensers.[15]Although phased out of front line service with the RAF, Britain continued to receive large numbers of Vengeances, with bulk deliveries of Lend Lease aircraft (as opposed to those purchased directly by Britain) having only just started. Many of these surplus aircraft, including most Vengeance Mk IVs, were delivered to the UK and modified as target tugs, being used in that role both by the RAF and the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm (FAA).[16] In those roles, all armament was removed from the aircraft.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_A27-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_A27-18"},{"link_name":"No. 12 Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._12_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"Selaru Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaru_Island"},{"link_name":"Dutch East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p37-17"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._21_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._24_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"25 Squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"New Guinea campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p37-8-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p38-9-20"},{"link_name":"Consolidated B-24 Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-11"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Australia placed an order for 400 Vengeances as an emergency measure following the outbreak of war in the Pacific,[17] which was met by a mixture of Lend Lease and diversions from the original British orders.[6] While the first Vengeance was delivered to the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in May 1942, the aircraft did not arrive in substantial numbers until April 1943.[17] The RAAF's first Vengeance squadron, No. 12 Squadron flew its first operational mission against Selaru Island in the Dutch East Indies.[16] Squadrons equipped with the Vengeance included Nos. 12, 21, 23, 24 and 25 Squadrons. Of these, all but 25 Squadron served briefly in the New Guinea campaign.[18] Australian Vengeances flew their last operational sorties on 8 March 1944, as they were considered less efficient than fighter bombers, having a short range and requiring a long runway, and were withdrawn to allow more effective fighter bombers to move into the forward area.[19] The Vengeance squadrons were re-equipped with Consolidated B-24 Liberator heavy bombers.[20]The view of the Vengeance's limitations is disputed by Peter Smith in Jungle Dive Bombers at War, \"The precision and skill of the dive-bombing method...and its clear superiority over most other means of air attack when it came to destroying small and well-hidden targets in difficult country, was proven over and over again in the Asian jungle campaigns. Yet the men who achieved these excellent results, for such economy of effort and comparatively small loss, were but a handful of pilots who have been forgotten in the overwhelming mass of the heavy-and medium bomber fleets that were pounding both Europe and Asia by 1945.[10]: 160This capacity was exemplified in the raid by RAAF Nos. 21 and 23 Squadrons on Hansay Bay. Smith wrote, \"...the jungle-clad hills and islands of forgotten or unknown lands would become the major stage for the ultimate expression of the dive-bombers' skill.\"[10]: 12 While the RAAF still had 58 Vengeances on order in March 1944, this order was cancelled and the aircraft were never delivered. Small numbers of Vengeances remained in service with support and trials units until 1946.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"}],"sub_title":"Brazil","text":"Thirty-three V-72s and A-35s were supplied to Brazil from 1943, carrying out a few anti-submarine patrols. They were withdrawn by April 1948.[21]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pell-23"}],"sub_title":"Free French","text":"The Free French Air Force received 67 A-35As and -Bs in 1943, being used to equip three bomb groups in North Africa. The French, however, keen to get the aircraft operational as soon as possible did not incorporate improvements found necessary by Britain and Australia, so their aircraft proved to be unreliable and had extremely high oil consumption. As such, they were restricted to training operations, being finally withdrawn in September 1944.[22]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-35B_in_Flight.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p40-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"8th Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"national markings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_markings"},{"link_name":"RAF Cluntoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Cluntoe"},{"link_name":"RAF Sutton Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Sutton_Bridge"},{"link_name":"RAF East Wretham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_East_Wretham"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freeman_p208-26"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"A-35B in flight. This is a target tug conversion with all armament removed.While the U.S. received 243 V-72s and A31s diverted from the RAF orders together with large numbers of A-35s specifically built for it, these saw no combat, being used as initial equipment for light bomber squadrons that re-equipped with twin-engine aircraft before deploying overseas, and as trainers or target tugs.[23]According to other sources the A-31 saw extensive front-line combat with the 10th Air Force located in China throughout the spring of 1944. As many as 60 A-31's could be fielded for a single mission. The A-31 first saw combat in China on March 14, 1944, when 41 A-31's along with British aircraft hit targets in Arakan and Chin Hills China. It was last used on May 25, 1944, when 20 A-31's scored bombing hits on the Manipar R bridge at Tonzang.[24]From April 1944, a number of Vengeance Mk IV series Is were made available to the 8th Air Force and assigned to target-towing flights and Combat Crew Replacement Center stations. All armament was removed and a light cable winch fitted in the rear fuselage for sleeve towing. Some of these aircraft continued to be flown with British national markings and serial numbers. By late June 1944, there were seven A-35Bs at RAF Cluntoe, seven at Greencastle, ten at RAF Sutton Bridge and six at RAF East Wretham. When the CCRCs were dissolved in the autumn, the Vengeances were transferred to combat groups, with most fighter and several bomber groups having one on hand at some time during 1945. A-35Bs did not show a high state of serviceability by this time and were generally considered troublesome to maintain. They were also designated RA-35B (R for Restricted) by this time.[25]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"}],"sub_title":"RAF Variants","text":"Vengeance I\nVultee V-72 license built by Northrop and ordered directly for Britain, powered by 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) R-2600-A5B engine. 200 built.[6]\nVengeance IA\nNorthrop built aircraft purchased under Lend-Lease, powered by 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) R-2600-19 engine, otherwise similar to Vengeance I. USAAF designation A-31-NO. 200 built.[6]\nVengeance II\nVultee built aircraft directly purchased by Britain. Small differences from Vengeance I. 501 built.[6]\nVengeance III\nVultee built Lend-Lease aircraft. Similar to IA. USAAF designation A-31-VN. 200 built.[6]\nVengeance IV\nA-35B supplied under Lend-Lease to RAF and RAAF. 458 supplied to RAF and 121 to RAAF.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney XR-4360-1 Wasp Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_R-4360"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"},{"link_name":"Wright R-3350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"},{"link_name":"B-29 Superfortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-29_Superfortress"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"},{"link_name":".50 in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_BMG"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wegg_p164-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shores_p31-7"}],"sub_title":"USAAF Variants","text":"XA-31A\nRedesignated prototype Vengeance accepted by USAAF in June 1942. Vultee designation V-88.[21]\nXA-31B\nXA-31A modified as testbed for 3,000 hp (2,240 kW) Pratt & Whitney XR-4360-1 Wasp Major.[21]\nXA-31C\nVengeance III modified as testbed for 2,200 hp (1,640 kW) Wright R-3350-18 Duplex Cyclone engine. One converted.[21]\nYA-31C\nVengeance IIIs modified as testbeds for R-3350-17 engines for B-29 Superfortress. Five built.[21]\nA-35A\nRedesigned version for USAAF and Lend-Lease. 4° wing incidence. Powered by 1,700 hp (1269 kW) R-2600-13 or -8 engine. Four forward-firing .50 in (12.7 mm) caliber M2 Browning machine guns and one in rear cockpit. Vultee designation V-88. 99 aircraft built.[21]\nA-35B\nModified aircraft with six forward-firing 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns and additional bomb racks.[21] 831 built.[6]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Unbuilt variants","text":"TBV-1 Georgia\nProposed torpedo bomber; not built.[26]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF_A27-18"},{"link_name":"No. 12 Squadron RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._12_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 21 Squadron RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._21_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 23 Squadron RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._23_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 24 Squadron RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._24_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 25 Squadron RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAAF"},{"link_name":"No. 3 Communication Unit RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._3_Communication_Unit_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Communication Unit RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._4_Communication_Unit_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 5 Communication Unit RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._5_Communication_Unit_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 6 Communication Unit RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._6_Communication_Unit_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 7 Communication Unit RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._7_Communication_Unit_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"No. 9 Communication Unit RAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._9_Communication_Unit_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1986p173-28"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Free French Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_French_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1986p173-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Indian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Indian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"No. 7 Squadron IAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._7_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"No. 8 Squadron IAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._8_Squadron_IAF"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley_p355-29"},{"link_name":"No. 45 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 82 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._82_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 84 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._84_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 110 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._110_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 288 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._288_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 289 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._289_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 291 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._291_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 567 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._567_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 577 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._577_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 587 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._587_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 595 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._595_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halley_p320-30"},{"link_name":"No. 631 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._631_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 667 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._667_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 679 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._679_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 691 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._691_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 695 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._695_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1986p173-28"},{"link_name":"721 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/721_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"733 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/733_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"791 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/791_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1986p173-28"},{"link_name":"55th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/492d_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"56th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/493d_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"57th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/494th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"88th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=88th_Bombardment_Squadron_(Dive)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"309th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/525th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"311th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=311th_Bombardment_Squadron_(Dive)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"312th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/527th_Space_Aggressor_Squadron"},{"link_name":"623rd Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/404th_Fighter_Group"},{"link_name":"628th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/512th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"629th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/513th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"630th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/514th_Fighter_Squadron"},{"link_name":"631st Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=631st_Bombardment_Squadron_(Dive)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"AustraliaRoyal Australian Air Force[17]\nNo. 12 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 21 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 23 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 24 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 25 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 3 Communication Unit RAAF\nNo. 4 Communication Unit RAAF\nNo. 5 Communication Unit RAAF\nNo. 6 Communication Unit RAAF\nNo. 7 Communication Unit RAAF\nNo. 9 Communication Unit RAAFBrazilBrazilian Air Force[27]\n1st Dive-Bombing Squadron\n2nd Dive-Bombing SquadronFranceFree French Air Forces[27]\nGB 1/32 Bourgogne\nGB 1/17 Picardie\nGB 2/15 AnjouBritish IndiaIndian Air Force\nNo. 7 Squadron IAF\nNo. 8 Squadron IAF\nNo.1 Service Flying Training School\nNo.22 Anti Aircraft Cooperation Unit\nNo.1 Target Towing FlightUnited KingdomRoyal Air Force[28]\nNo. 45 Squadron RAF\nNo. 82 Squadron RAF\nNo. 84 Squadron RAF\nNo. 110 Squadron RAF\nNo. 288 Squadron RAF\nNo. 289 Squadron RAF\nNo. 291 Squadron RAF\nNo. 567 Squadron RAF\nNo. 577 Squadron RAF\nNo. 587 Squadron RAF\nNo. 595 Squadron RAF[29]\nNo. 631 Squadron RAF\nNo. 667 Squadron RAF\nNo. 679 Squadron RAF\nNo. 691 Squadron RAF\nNo. 695 Squadron RAF\nRoyal Navy – Fleet Air Arm[27]\n721 Naval Air Squadron\n733 Naval Air Squadron\n791 Naval Air SquadronUnited StatesU.S. Army Air Force[27]\n55th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n56th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n57th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n88th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n309th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n311th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n312th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n623rd Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n628th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n629th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n630th Bombardment Squadron (Dive)\n631st Bombardment Squadron (Dive)","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camden Museum of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Museum_of_Aviation"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Historical Aircraft Restoration Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Aircraft_Restoration_Society"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"One complete Vengeance IA that did not see squadron service, serial number A27-99 (EZ999), is displayed at the Camden Museum of Aviation at Narellan, New South Wales, Australia.[30]Components of Vengeance IIA A24-247 are held at the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society, Australia, to form the basis of a restoration project.[31]","title":"Surviving aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vultee_A-35_Vengeance_3-view_line_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-March_p241-33"},{"link_name":"Wright R-2600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-2600"},{"link_name":"Power/mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio"},{"link_name":"Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Vultee A-35 Vengeance 3-view drawingData from British Warplanes of World War II.[32]General characteristicsCrew: 2 (pilot, navigator/gunner)\nLength: 39 ft 9 in (12.12 m)\nWingspan: 48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)\nHeight: 15 ft 4 in (4.67 m)\nWing area: 332 sq ft (30.84 m2)\nEmpty weight: 9,725 lb (4,411 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 14,300 lb (6,486 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Wright R-2600-A5B-5 Twin Cyclone 14 cylinder radial air-cooled engine, 1,600 hp (1,193 kW)PerformanceMaximum speed: 275 mph (443 km/h, 239 kn) at 11,000 ft (3,350 m)\nCruise speed: 235 mph (378 km/h, 204 kn)\nRange: 1,400 mi (2,253 km, 1,220 nmi)\nService ceiling: 22,500 ft (6,860 m)\nWing loading: 43.1 lb/sq ft (210 kg/m2)\nPower/mass: 0.11 hp/lb (0.18 kW/kg)ArmamentGuns: \n4 × fixed forward-firing .30 in (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns in the wing\n2 × flexible mount .30 in (7.62 mm) or .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns in rear cockpit[b]\nBombs: \n2 × internal 500 lb (230 kg) bombs\n2 × 250 lb (110 kg) bomb on wing racks","title":"Specifications (Vengeance I)"}] | [{"image_text":"A riveter on the Vengeance bomber at the Vultee plant in Nashville, Tennessee (1943)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg/220px-Rosie_the_Riveter_%28Vultee%29_DS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vultee assembly line in August, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Vultee_plant_Nashville_LOC_fsa.8d00305.jpg/220px-Vultee_plant_Nashville_LOC_fsa.8d00305.jpg"},{"image_text":"Worker at Vultee-Nashville makes final adjustments in the wheel well of an inner wing before the installation of the landing gear. (February 1942)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/This_woman_worker_at_the_Vultee-Nashville_is_shown_making_final_adjustments_in_the_wheel_well_of_an_inner_wing_before_the_installation_of_the_landing_gear.jpg/170px-This_woman_worker_at_the_Vultee-Nashville_is_shown_making_final_adjustments_in_the_wheel_well_of_an_inner_wing_before_the_installation_of_the_landing_gear.jpg"},{"image_text":"A-35B in flight. This is a target tug conversion with all armament removed.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A-35B_in_Flight.jpg/220px-A-35B_in_Flight.jpg"},{"image_text":"Vultee A-35 Vengeance 3-view drawing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vultee_A-35_Vengeance_3-view_line_drawing.svg/220px-Vultee_A-35_Vengeance_3-view_line_drawing.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"Vultee Vengeance in Australian service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vultee_Vengeance_in_Australian_service"},{"title":"Aichi D3A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_D3A"},{"title":"Blackburn Skua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Skua"},{"title":"Breda Ba.65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breda_Ba.65"},{"title":"Curtiss SB2C Helldiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SB2C_Helldiver"},{"title":"Douglas SBD Dauntless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless"},{"title":"Junkers Ju 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87"},{"title":"Saab 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_17"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Fleet_Air_Arm"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Air_Force"}] | [{"reference":"Holland, James (2016). Burma '44; The Battle That Turned Britain's War In The East. London: Bantam Press. p. Photo caption. ISBN 9780593075869.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593075869","url_text":"9780593075869"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Peter C (1987). Jungle Dive Bombers at War. London: John Murray Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0719544254.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719544254","url_text":"0719544254"}]},{"reference":"Neate, Don R (September–October 1997). \"With a Vengeance! Fighting Malaria in West Africa, Vultee-style\". Air Enthusiast. No. 71. pp. 68–71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carter, Kit C.; Mueller, Robert (1991). U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II Combat Chronology 1941–1945. Center for Air Force History. pp. 331–393.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goodall, Geoff (1 December 2018). \"The Kalgoorlie Vultee Vengeances\". Geoff Goodall's Aviation History Site. Retrieved 10 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodall.com.au/australian-aviation/kalgoorlie-vengeances/kalgoorlievengeances.html","url_text":"\"The Kalgoorlie Vultee Vengeances\""}]},{"reference":"Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195517842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195517842","url_text":"978-0195517842"}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lopes, Mario Canoniga (Spring 1994). \"Talkback\". Air Enthusiast. No. 53. pp. 79–80. ISSN 0143-5450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Enthusiast","url_text":"Air Enthusiast"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","url_text":"0143-5450"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A27.htm","external_links_name":"A27 Vultee Vengeance"},{"Link":"http://www.goodall.com.au/australian-aviation/kalgoorlie-vengeances/kalgoorlievengeances.html","external_links_name":"\"The Kalgoorlie Vultee Vengeances\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450","external_links_name":"0143-5450"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0143-5450","external_links_name":"0143-5450"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918134154/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3167","external_links_name":"USAF museum A-31"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918134321/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3174","external_links_name":"USAF museum A-35A"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120918134356/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3175","external_links_name":"USAF museum A-35B"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070629162655/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1940s/Vengeance-Tales.html","external_links_name":"www.bharat-rakshak.com: Vultee Vengeance Tales"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070717065132/http://www.airtoaircombat.com/detail.asp?id=546","external_links_name":"AirToAirCombat.Com: Vultee A-35 Vengeance"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529945005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh88005242","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_Indiana_Hoosiers_men%27s_basketball_team | 1954–55 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team | ["1 Roster","2 Schedule/Results","3 References"] | American college basketball season
1954–55 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketballConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRecord8–14 (5–9 Big Ten)Head coachBranch McCracken (14th season)Assistant coaches
Ernie Andres
Phil Buck
CaptainDon SchlundtHome arenaThe FieldhouseSeasons← 1953–541955–56 →
1954–55 Big Ten Conference men's basketball standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
PCT
W
L
PCT
No. 5 Iowa
11
–
3
.786
19
–
7
.731
No. 18 Illinois
10
–
4
.714
17
–
5
.773
No. 11 Minnesota
10
–
4
.714
15
–
7
.682
Michigan State
8
–
6
.571
13
–
9
.591
Northwestern
7
–
7
.500
12
–
10
.545
Purdue
5
–
9
.357
12
–
10
.545
Michigan
5
–
9
.357
11
–
11
.500
Wisconsin
5
–
9
.357
10
–
12
.455
Indiana
5
–
9
.357
8
–
14
.364
Ohio State
4
–
10
.286
10
–
12
.455
Rankings from AP Poll
The 1954–55 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Branch McCracken, who was in his 14th year. The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.
The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 8–14 and a conference record of 5–9, finishing 6th in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana was not invited to participate in any postseason tournament.
Roster
No.
Name
Position
Ht.
Year
Hometown
13
Dick Baumgartner
G
6–1
Sr.
LaPorte, Indiana
14
Phil Byers
G
5–11
Sr.
Evansville, Indiana
15
Neal Skeeters
G
5–11
Jr.
Louisville, Kentucky
20
Jim Barley
G
6–2
Jr.
Marion, Indiana
21
Hallie Bryant
G
6–3
So.
Indianapolis, Indiana
22
Warren Fisher
F
6–3
Jr.
Fort Wayne, Indiana
23
Jim Phipps
G
5–11
Jr.
Kokomo, Indiana
23
Charlie Hodson
G
5–9
So.
Muncie, Indiana
24
John Wood
G
5–7
Sr.
Morristown, Indiana
25
Burke Scott
G
6–1
Sr.
Tell City, Indiana
31
Paul Poff
G
6–1
Sr.
New Albany, Indiana
32
Dick Kirkpatrick
F
6–3
So.
Terre Haute, Indiana
33
Bill Maetschke
F
6–4
Jr.
New Albany, Indiana
34
Don Schlundt
C
6–10
Sr.
South Bend, Indiana
35
Dick Neal
F
6–5
So.
Reelsville, Indiana
41
Dick White
F
6–1
Sr.
Terre Haute, Indiana
42
Charles Mead
G
6–3
Jr.
Oak Park, Illinois
43
Cliff Williamson
F
6–3
Sr.
Kokomo, Indiana
44
Wally Choice
F
6–4
Jr.
Montclair, New Jersey
45
Frank Stemle
F
6–3
Jr.
New Albany, Indiana
Schedule/Results
Datetime, TV
Rank#
Opponent#
Result
Record
Site city, state
Regular Season
12/4/1954*
Valparaiso
W 77–66
1–0
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
12/6/1954*
Missouri
L 61–64
1–1
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
12/11/1954*
No. 6
at Notre Dame
W 73–70
2–1
Notre Dame Fieldhouse Notre Dame, Indiana
12/13/1954*
No. 6
SMU
L 78–83
2–2
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
12/18/1954*
No. 7
at Cincinnati
L 65–97
2–3
Armory Fieldhouse Cincinnati
12/21/1954*
at Kansas State
L 74–91
2–4
Ahearn Field House Manhattan, Kansas
12/27/1954*
at Saint Louis
L 78–80
2–5
Kiel Auditorium St. Louis
1/3/1955
Michigan
W 95–77
3–5 (1–0)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
1/8/1955
at Illinois Rivalry
L 75–99
3–6 (1–1)
Huff Hall Champaign, Illinois
1/10/1955
at Minnesota
L 74–88
3–7 (1–2)
Williams Arena Minneapolis
1/15/1955
at Wisconsin
L 66–77
3–8 (1–3)
Wisconsin Field House Madison, Wisconsin
1/17/1955
Michigan State
W 88–79
4–8 (2–3)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
1/31/1955*
Butler
W 87–56
5–8 (2–3)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
2/5/1955
at Ohio State
L 87–90
5–9 (2–4)
Ohio Expo Center Coliseum Columbus, Ohio
2/7/1955
Wisconsin
W 65–58
6–9 (3–4)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
2/12/1955
at Iowa
L 75–90
6–10 (3–5)
Iowa Field House Iowa City, IA
2/14/1955
Minnesota
L 70–80
6–11 (3–6)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
2/19/1955
Northwestern
L 78–85
6–12 (3–7)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
2/21/1955
Purdue Rivalry
W 75–62
7–12 (4–7)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
2/26/1955
at Purdue Rivalry
L 67–92
7–13 (4–8)
Lambert Fieldhouse West Lafayette, Indiana
2/28/1955
at Michigan State
L 77–93
7–14 (4–9)
Jenison Fieldhouse East Lansing, Michigan
3/5/1955
Ohio State
W 84–66
8–14 (5–9)
The Fieldhouse Bloomington, Indiana
*Non-conference game. #Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses.
References
^ "Indiana Basketball Men's Database". IndyStar. Retrieved November 21, 2015.
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NCAA national championships in bold; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indiana University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)"},{"link_name":"Branch McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_McCracken"},{"link_name":"The Fieldhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildermuth_Intramural_Center"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1954–55 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team represented Indiana University. Their head coach was Branch McCracken, who was in his 14th year. The team played its home games in The Fieldhouse in Bloomington, Indiana, and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.The Hoosiers finished the regular season with an overall record of 8–14 and a conference record of 5–9, finishing 6th in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana was not invited to participate in any postseason tournament.[1]","title":"1954–55 Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule/Results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Indiana Basketball Men's Database\". IndyStar. Retrieved November 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2013/10/29/indiana-basketball-mens-database/3308409/","url_text":"\"Indiana Basketball Men's Database\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.indystar.com/story/sports/college/indiana/2013/10/29/indiana-basketball-mens-database/3308409/","external_links_name":"\"Indiana Basketball Men's Database\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipmochi | Gipmochi | ["1 Geography","2 References during the British Raj","2.1 Initial survey","2.2 Misplacement of Gipmochi","2.3 Convention of Calcutta","2.4 20th century","3 Chinese border claims","4 Notes","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 27°16′26″N 88°54′00″E / 27.2740°N 88.9001°E / 27.2740; 88.9001Mountain in India/Bhutan
GipmochiGyemochenSketch of Bitang Tso with Gipmochi in the background (Sir Richard Temple, 1881)Highest pointElevation14,523 ft (4,427 m)Coordinates27°16′26″N 88°54′00″E / 27.2740°N 88.9001°E / 27.2740; 88.9001NamingEnglish translationThe Great QueenGeographyCountryIndia and BhutanStateSikkim and SamtseParent rangeEastern Himalayas
8km5miles
Di Chu
Amo Chu
Sinchela
Doka La
Batang La
Gipmochi
Gipmochi (Gyemo Chen or Gamochen, 'The Great Queen') is a mountain in the Lower Himalayas in south central Asia. Rising to a height of 14,523 feet (4,427 m), the mountain sits on the border between the northern Indian state of Sikkim and Bhutan. China claims Gipmochi as the China–India–Bhutan tri-junction point. Bhutan and India, however, claim that the tri-junction is 6.5 km to the north, at Batang La.
Geography
Map 1: Gipmochi, Doklam plateau and vicinity, shown along with the Dichu river basin in orange
Mount Gipmochi is a Himalayan peak rising to 14,523 feet (4,427 m),
on the southwestern shoulder of the Doklam plateau. The plateau is at the intersection between India, Bhutan and Tibet, and is formed by the joining of two ridges, Dongkya Range in the north and Zompelri ridge (or Jampheri ridge) in the south, via a Doka La pass in the middle.
Technically Gipmochi is part of the Zompelri ridge, which is a curved semicircular formation on the southern side of the plateau. The Dongkya Range, on the northern side, forms the dividing line between Sikkim (part of India) and the Chumbi Valley (part of Tibet), with numerous passes such as Cho La, Nathu La and Jelep La. The Doklam plateau is to the east of all these passes. In the 19th century, the existence of the plateau was not recognised, and the Dongkya Range itself was thought to be curving south and dividing into a western and an eastern branch. In the modern view, the Dongkya Range is seen to continue beyond Sikkim to the east, passing through the Batang La, Merug La and Sinche La peaks and gradually descending down to the plains.
To the west of the Mount Gipmochi and the Doklam plateau lie the headwaters of the Dichu river (also called the Jaldhaka river). The Teesta river basin of Sikkim is further west, the dividing line being a moraine at Kupup, below the Jelep La pass. A lake called Bitang Tso (or Bidan Tso, also called the Kupup Lake), just to the east of Kupup, is traditionally regarded as the origin of the Dichu river.
Dichu flows southeast towards the Mount Gipmochi and turns south, entering the Bhutanese territory. A tributary of Dichu called Asam Khola rises below Mount Gipmochi on its southern soulder, and joins Dichu near the village of Khentong.
To the northeast of Gipmochi lies the basin of the Amo Chu river, which rises in the Chumbi Valley and flows into Bhutanese territory near Sinche La. A stream called Torsa Nala (or Doklam River) issues from the Doka La pass, flowing through the Doklam valley between the Zompelri and Dongkya ridges. It joins the Amo Chu river about 8 miles downstream.
References during the British Raj
Initial survey
View of Himalayan peaks from Darjeeling (1885 photograph)
Mount Gipmochi received a prominent position in British geography of the region because it is one of the peaks visible from Darjeeling, which the British leased from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835 in return for an annual subsidy. They had free access to the tract around Darjeeling, but not to Sikkim proper.
Numerous Himalayan peaks were however visible from Darjeeling.
Surveyor Reginald Walker, who was in charge of the Eastern Himalayan survey in 1847, suggested that a suitable base line at sufficient distance can be used to measure the locations and heights of the high Himalayan peaks.
After Walker's premature death, Andrew Scott Waugh, the Surveyor General of India, joined the Darjeeling survey party and fixed the positions and heights of all the visible peaks using trigonometric methods.
Despite the great distance from which the peaks were measured, the positions were said to be correct to within quarter of a second in latitude and half a second in longitude.
Misplacement of Gipmochi
Map 2: Section of the Sikkim map showing southeast Sikkim by Joseph Dalton Hooker (1854); marked on the far right is "Gipmochi of Col. Waugh, 14,509".
Map 3: Map accompanying Richard Temple's paper
Mount Gipmochi started appearing British maps around 1850 in the process of illustrating the travels of the noted British botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker. Hooker toured the then independent state of Sikkim to explore and collect samples of Himalayan plants. After touring the northern Sikkim (Lachung area), he returned to the then Sikkimese capital Tumlong, and along with Archibald Campbell, the superintendent of Darjeeling, attempted to go to Chumbi via the Cho La pass. The Sikkimese authorities prohibited them from entering Tibetan territory, and arrested them near the pass. Evidently, Mount Gipmochi was visible from their route, and Hooker remarked that the Dongkya Range gradually sinks into Bhutan near Gipmochi.
Hooker placed Gipmochi directly on the Dongkya range, and attributed its position to Waugh.
For several decades after this, the Mount Gipmochi continued to be shown on the Dongkya range despite other evidence to the contrary.
After the Hooker episode, the British signed the Treaty of Tumlong (1861) with Sikkim, bringing the state under their protectorate. All the previous restrictions on travel in Sikkim were removed. In 1864, the Anglo-Bhutan War was fought, at the end of which, through the Treaty of Sinchula, the British gained control over the present day Kalimpong district. This paved the way for a direct trade routue from Darjeeling to the Sikkim passes.
Richard Temple, the lieutenant-governor of the Bengal Presidency during 1874–1877, states that the British had begun to construct a cart road to the Jelep La pass for trade with Tibet.
Temple explored the lake region of Sikkim and presented his findings at the Royal Geographical Society in 1881. One of his sketches showed Bitang Tso (or Kupup Lake) viewed from Kupup in Sikkim, with Mount Gipmochi in the background. His cartographer however continued to show Mount Gipmochi on the Dongkya range, in the tradition of Joseph Hooker, and placed the Bitang Tso to its south in Bhutanese territory. (Map 3)
Temple himself invoked the authority of Hooker, stating, "In Sir Joseph Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals' the name Gipmochi is always applied to the mountain which terminates the Chola range ."
Convention of Calcutta
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2022)
20th century
The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that the Dongkya range (or Chola range) that divides Sikkim from the Chumbi Valley bifurcates at Gipmochi into two great spurs, one running to the south-east and the other to the south-west. Between the two spurs lies the valley of the Dichul (Jaldhaka) river. The "western shoulder" of Gipmochi was said to contain the trijunction point of Sikkim, Bhutan and Tibet. The southwest spur mentioned in the Gazetteer forms part of the boundary between Sikkim and Bhutan. The southeast spur, called the Zompelri ridge (or Jampheri ridge), currently separates the Bhutanese districts of Haa (to the north) and Samtse (to the south).
The area bounded by Gipmochi and Batang La, extending about 5 km to the southeast, forms a plateau called Dolam or Doklam plateau. Some British travel maps from the 19th century (prior to official surveys) mark this plateau as "Gipmochi Pk" and show its alignment with the Sinchela pass (on the northern ridge of the plateau). Bhutan did not have a map of its lands till 1961.
Chinese border claims
The Chinese claim of the trijunction point is based on the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention, Article I of which states:
The boundary of Sikkim and Tibet shall be the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta and its affluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu and northwards into other rivers of Tibet. The line commences at Mount Gipmochi on the Bhutan frontier and follows the above-mentioned waterparting to the point where it meets Nipal territory.
The Article mentions Gipmochi as being on Bhutan border, but no other details regarding Bhutan were given. Bhutan was not a signatory to the convention. Further, Gipmochi is not the highest point on the Doklam plateau. Merug La, at 15,266 feet, and Sinchela, at 14,531 feet, are higher, making the Batang La–Merug La–Sinchela line the highest watershed in the region.
Maps of Sikkim produced by Survey of India in 1923, 1933 and 1937 show Gipmochi as the tri-junction point,
On 30 June 2017, the Chinese government released a previously published Chinese map depicting their territory extending south to Gipmochi.
However, a map from 1910 that shows the details of the Chumbi Valley and Bhutan gives Batang La as the tri-junction point. Indian sources state that the Survey of India map of 1956 and other maps since then by both Indian and Bhutanese sources have depicted the tri-junction near Batang La.
The 2017 border dispute between China and India likely stems from India's security concern of its Siliguri Corridor. A Chinese observation post on the mountain of Gipmochi would have a clear view of this vital corridor which is heavily fortified by Indian troops. Scholar Caroline Brassard states, "its strategic significance for the Indian military is obvious."
Notes
^ Hooker did not visit Mount Gipmochi, or anywhere southeast of Cho La. Hooker's exploration of the terrain was thus incomplete. The notes attached to the map state, "The country of Gipmochi, position of Yakla Pass, frontier of Sikkim of Chola and lower course of Teesta River are unknown." Despite these limitations, successive British maps of the region continued to show Mount Gipmochi as a peak on the Dongkya Range for the rest of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century.
^ The map is titled "Map of Sikkim and Parts of Adjacent Territories to illustrate Sir R. Temple's paper" and signed "W. J. Turner, R.G.S. Det."
References
^ a b c
Bose, P. N. (1890), "Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources Of Sikkim", Records of the Geological Survey of India, vol. 24, London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, p. 217
^ Bell, Charles (1992) , Tibet Past and Present, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 14, ISBN 978-81-208-1048-8
^ "Mount Gipmochi: Bhutan". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ a b Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series, Usha, 1984, p. 487
^ Ankit Panda, The Political Geography of the India-China Crisis at Doklam, The Diplomat, 13 July 2017. "However, as the thick red line on the map above demonstrates, the ridge line appears to terminate at Batang-la, the point India and Bhutan claim as the triboundary point, even though the convention’s text explicitly says 'Mount Gipmochi.'"
^
Blandford, Journey through Sikkim (1871), pp. 380–381: "A line of watershed crossed the valley just where our road traversed it, the lake discharging its waters to the south-east, whilst a stream , coming down from the frontier range just above the head of the lake, runs to the north-west down the valley."
^
General view, Darjeeling, British Library, retrieved 22 November 2021.
^
Huxley Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Volume 1 (2011): Quoting Hooker – "We paid 3000 rupees for the freehold, stipulating also that merchants should have a right to trade to Sikkim, but made no agreement of the sort for travellers, surveyors, or any other class of people, whom the saucy Rajah excludes from his kingdom."
^
Phillimore, Historical Records of the Survey of India, Volume 5 (1968), pp. 185–186
^
Phillimore, Historical Records of the Survey of India, Volume 5 (1968), pp. 185–186: "The principal peaks round Darjiing were trigonometrically determined by Lt. Col. Waugh...in 1847-48"
^
Markham, Clements R. (1871), A Memoir on the Indian Surveys, India Office, Great Britain, pp. 90–91 – via archive.org
^ Huxley Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Volume 1 (2011), Chapter XV: "Captivity and Release".
^
Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Volume 1 (1854), p. 151: "To the north-west towards Nepal, the snowy peaks of Kubra and Junnoo (...) rise over the shoulder of Singalelah; eastward the snowy mountains appear to form an unbroken range, trending north-east to the great mass of Donkia (23,176 feet) and thence south-east by the fingered peaks of Tunkola and the silver cone of Chola, (17,320 feet) gradually sinking into the Bhotan mountains at Gipmoochi (14,509 feet)."
Hooker, Himalayan Journals, Volume 2 (1854), pp. 109–110: "The general form of Choombi valley is triangular, the broader end northwards: it is bounded by the Chola range on the west from Donkia to Gipmoochi, and by the Kamphee or Chakoong range to the east; which is, I believe, continuous with Chumulari."
^ a b See the notes imprinted on the side of Map 2.
^
Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim (1881), p. 323: "Now, the interesting point, from a commercial and political point of view, is this: that through Sikkim the British Government is gradually constructing a trade road from Northern Bengal to Eastern Tibet... This road is to pass through British Sikkim first, then Native Sikkim, then on to the Jyelap Pass, which is one of the passes leading over the Chola range of hills, and then into the valley of Chumbi..."
^ Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim (1881), p. 323, Fig. III.
^ Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim (1881), pp. 341–342.
^ Temple, The Lake Region of Sikkim (1881), pp. 335–336.
^ Sir Clements Robert Markham (1876). Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa. Trübner and Co.
^ a b c Manoj Joshi, Doklam, Gipmochi, Gyemochen: It’s Hard Making Cartographic Sense of a Geopolitical Quagmire, The Wire, 20 July 2017.
^ Government of China 2017, p. 1: According to the Convention, the Dong Lang area, which is located on the Chinese side of the boundary, is indisputably Chinese territory. For long, China’s border troops have been patrolling the area and Chinese herdsmen grazing livestock there.
^ Srinath Raghavan, China is wrong on Sikkim-Tibet boundary, livemint, 7 August 2017.
^ "Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet". University of Texas Libraries: Online topographic map collections. Survey General of India. 1923.
^ "Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim". Old maps online. Survey of India Offices. 1933.
^ "Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim". Old maps online. Survey of India Offices. 1937.
^ Risley, H. H. (2005). "Sikhim". In Suresh Kant Sharma; Usha Sharma (eds.). Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Sikkim. Volume ten. Mittal Publications. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-8324-044-4.
^ Odisha Sun Times Editorial Desk. "Now China releases 'map' to prove its claim over Donglong". Retrieved 27 July 2017.
^ Manoj Joshi, Doklam, Gipmochi, Gyemochen: It’s Hard Making Cartographic Sense of a Geopolitical Quagmire (Map 5), The Wire, 20 July 2017.
^ "Why There's Trouble on the India-China Border". Rediff News. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
^ Brassard, Caroline (2013), "Bhutan: Cautiously Cultivated Positive Perception", in S. D. Muni; Tan, Tai Yong (eds.), A Resurgent China: South Asian Perspectives, Routledge, p. 76, ISBN 978-1-317-90785-5
^ Ankit Panda, What's Driving the India-China Standoff at Doklam?, The Diplomat, 18 July 2017.
Bibliography
China Foreign Ministry (2 August 2017), The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02) (PDF), Government of China, retrieved 15 August 2017
Blandford, William T., Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and sub-alpine regions, Part I, pp. 367–420
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1854), Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc., vol. 1, London: John Murray – via archive.org
Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1854), Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc., vol. 2, London: John Murray – via archive.org
Huxley, Leonard, ed. (2011), Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I., vol. 1 (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108031004
Phillimore, R. H. (1968), Historical Records of the Survey of India, Volume 5: 1844 to 1861, The Surveyor General of India – via archive.org
Temple, Richard (June 1881), "The Lake Region of Sikkim, on the Frontier of Tibet", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 3 (6): 321–340, doi:10.2307/1800507, JSTOR 1800507
External links
"Convention Between Great Britain and China Relating to Sikkim and Tibet treaties.fco.gov.uk" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2017. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lower Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Himalayan_Range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geological_Survey-1"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_border"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"}],"text":"Mountain in India/BhutanGipmochi (Gyemo Chen or Gamochen, 'The Great Queen')[2] is a mountain in the Lower Himalayas in south central Asia.[3] Rising to a height of 14,523 feet (4,427 m),[1] the mountain sits on the border between the northern Indian state of Sikkim and Bhutan. China claims Gipmochi as the China–India–Bhutan tri-junction point. Bhutan and India, however, claim that the tri-junction is 6.5 km to the north, at Batang La.","title":"Gipmochi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doklam_plateau_and_vicinity.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geological_Survey-1"},{"link_name":"Doklam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doklam"},{"link_name":"Dongkya Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongkya_Range"},{"link_name":"Zompelri ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zompelri_ridge"},{"link_name":"Doka La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doka_La"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Chumbi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbi_Valley"},{"link_name":"Cho La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_La_(Sikkim_and_Tibet)"},{"link_name":"Nathu La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathu_La"},{"link_name":"Jelep La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imperial_Gazetteer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichu"},{"link_name":"Teesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teesta"},{"link_name":"Kupup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupup"},{"link_name":"Jelep La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La"},{"link_name":"Bitang Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitang_Tso"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Asam Khola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_Khola"},{"link_name":"Amo Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amo_Chu"},{"link_name":"Torsa Nala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsa_Nala"}],"text":"Map 1: Gipmochi, Doklam plateau and vicinity, shown along with the Dichu river basin in orangeMount Gipmochi is a Himalayan peak rising to 14,523 feet (4,427 m),[1]\non the southwestern shoulder of the Doklam plateau. The plateau is at the intersection between India, Bhutan and Tibet, and is formed by the joining of two ridges, Dongkya Range in the north and Zompelri ridge (or Jampheri ridge) in the south, via a Doka La pass in the middle.Technically Gipmochi is part of the Zompelri ridge, which is a curved semicircular formation on the southern side of the plateau. The Dongkya Range, on the northern side, forms the dividing line between Sikkim (part of India) and the Chumbi Valley (part of Tibet), with numerous passes such as Cho La, Nathu La and Jelep La. The Doklam plateau is to the east of all these passes. In the 19th century, the existence of the plateau was not recognised, and the Dongkya Range itself was thought to be curving south and dividing into a western and an eastern branch.[4] In the modern view, the Dongkya Range is seen to continue beyond Sikkim to the east, passing through the Batang La, Merug La and Sinche La peaks and gradually descending down to the plains.[5]To the west of the Mount Gipmochi and the Doklam plateau lie the headwaters of the Dichu river (also called the Jaldhaka river). The Teesta river basin of Sikkim is further west, the dividing line being a moraine at Kupup, below the Jelep La pass. A lake called Bitang Tso (or Bidan Tso, also called the Kupup Lake), just to the east of Kupup, is traditionally regarded as the origin of the Dichu river.[6]\nDichu flows southeast towards the Mount Gipmochi and turns south, entering the Bhutanese territory. A tributary of Dichu called Asam Khola rises below Mount Gipmochi on its southern soulder, and joins Dichu near the village of Khentong.To the northeast of Gipmochi lies the basin of the Amo Chu river, which rises in the Chumbi Valley and flows into Bhutanese territory near Sinche La. A stream called Torsa Nala (or Doklam River) issues from the Doka La pass, flowing through the Doklam valley between the Zompelri and Dongkya ridges. It joins the Amo Chu river about 8 miles downstream.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"References during the British Raj"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Darjeeling,_general_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chogyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogyal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Andrew Scott Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Scott_Waugh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Initial survey","text":"View of Himalayan peaks from Darjeeling (1885 photograph)Mount Gipmochi received a prominent position in British geography of the region because it is one of the peaks visible from Darjeeling,[7] which the British leased from the Chogyal of Sikkim in 1835 in return for an annual subsidy. They had free access to the tract around Darjeeling, but not to Sikkim proper.[8]\nNumerous Himalayan peaks were however visible from Darjeeling.\nSurveyor Reginald Walker, who was in charge of the Eastern Himalayan survey in 1847, suggested that a suitable base line at sufficient distance can be used to measure the locations and heights of the high Himalayan peaks.[9]\nAfter Walker's premature death, Andrew Scott Waugh, the Surveyor General of India, joined the Darjeeling survey party and fixed the positions and heights of all the visible peaks using trigonometric methods.[10]\nDespite the great distance from which the peaks were measured, the positions were said to be correct to within quarter of a second in latitude and half a second in longitude.[11]","title":"References during the British Raj"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southeast_Sikkim_(Joseph_Dalton_Hooker,_1854).jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dalton Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1881_Map_of_Sikkim_by_Sir_Richard_Temple.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dalton Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Lachung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachung"},{"link_name":"Tumlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumlong"},{"link_name":"Archibald Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"Chumbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbi"},{"link_name":"Cho La pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_La,_Sikkim"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuxley_Life_and_Letters_of_Sir_Joseph_Dalton_Hooker,_Volume_12011Chapter_XV:_%22Captivity_and_Release%22-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Tumlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tumlong"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_protectorate"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Bhutan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Bhutan_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Sinchula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Sinchula"},{"link_name":"Kalimpong district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimpong_district"},{"link_name":"Richard Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Temple,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Bengal Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"Jelep La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"Bitang Tso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitang_Tso"},{"link_name":"Kupup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupup"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple,_The_Lake_Region_of_Sikkim1881p._323,_Fig._III-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple,_The_Lake_Region_of_Sikkim1881pp._341%E2%80%93342-18"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemple,_The_Lake_Region_of_Sikkim1881pp._335%E2%80%93336-20"}],"sub_title":"Misplacement of Gipmochi","text":"Map 2: Section of the Sikkim map showing southeast Sikkim by Joseph Dalton Hooker (1854); marked on the far right is \"Gipmochi of Col. Waugh, 14,509\".Map 3: Map accompanying Richard Temple's paperMount Gipmochi started appearing British maps around 1850 in the process of illustrating the travels of the noted British botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker. Hooker toured the then independent state of Sikkim to explore and collect samples of Himalayan plants. After touring the northern Sikkim (Lachung area), he returned to the then Sikkimese capital Tumlong, and along with Archibald Campbell, the superintendent of Darjeeling, attempted to go to Chumbi via the Cho La pass. The Sikkimese authorities prohibited them from entering Tibetan territory, and arrested them near the pass.[12] Evidently, Mount Gipmochi was visible from their route, and Hooker remarked that the Dongkya Range gradually sinks into Bhutan near Gipmochi.[13]\nHooker placed Gipmochi directly on the Dongkya range, and attributed its position to Waugh.[14][a]\nFor several decades after this, the Mount Gipmochi continued to be shown on the Dongkya range despite other evidence to the contrary.After the Hooker episode, the British signed the Treaty of Tumlong (1861) with Sikkim, bringing the state under their protectorate. All the previous restrictions on travel in Sikkim were removed. In 1864, the Anglo-Bhutan War was fought, at the end of which, through the Treaty of Sinchula, the British gained control over the present day Kalimpong district. This paved the way for a direct trade routue from Darjeeling to the Sikkim passes.Richard Temple, the lieutenant-governor of the Bengal Presidency during 1874–1877, states that the British had begun to construct a cart road to the Jelep La pass for trade with Tibet.[15]\nTemple explored the lake region of Sikkim and presented his findings at the Royal Geographical Society in 1881. One of his sketches showed Bitang Tso (or Kupup Lake) viewed from Kupup in Sikkim, with Mount Gipmochi in the background.[16] His cartographer however continued to show Mount Gipmochi on the Dongkya range, in the tradition of Joseph Hooker, and placed the Bitang Tso to its south in Bhutanese territory.[17][b] (Map 3)\nTemple himself invoked the authority of Hooker, stating, \"In Sir Joseph Hooker's 'Himalayan Journals' the name Gipmochi is always applied to the mountain which terminates the Chola range [Dongkya range].\"[18]","title":"References during the British Raj"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Convention of Calcutta","title":"References during the British Raj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Imperial Gazetteer of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India"},{"link_name":"Sikkim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim"},{"link_name":"Chumbi Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chumbi_Valley"},{"link_name":"Jaldhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaldhaka_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imperial_Gazetteer-4"},{"link_name":"Haa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haa_District"},{"link_name":"Samtse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtse_District"},{"link_name":"Dolam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolam"},{"link_name":"Doklam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doklam"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Markham-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joshi-22"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"The Imperial Gazetteer of India states that the Dongkya range (or Chola range) that divides Sikkim from the Chumbi Valley bifurcates at Gipmochi into two great spurs, one running to the south-east and the other to the south-west. Between the two spurs lies the valley of the Dichul (Jaldhaka) river. The \"western shoulder\" of Gipmochi was said to contain the trijunction point of Sikkim, Bhutan and Tibet.[4] The southwest spur mentioned in the Gazetteer forms part of the boundary between Sikkim and Bhutan. The southeast spur, called the Zompelri ridge (or Jampheri ridge), currently separates the Bhutanese districts of Haa (to the north) and Samtse (to the south).The area bounded by Gipmochi and Batang La, extending about 5 km to the southeast, forms a plateau called Dolam or Doklam plateau. Some British travel maps from the 19th century (prior to official surveys) mark this plateau as \"Gipmochi Pk\" and show its alignment with the Sinchela pass (on the northern ridge of the plateau).[19] Bhutan did not have a map of its lands till 1961.[20]","title":"References during the British Raj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joshi-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joshi-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raghavan-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"2017 border dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doklam#2017_Doklam_crisis"},{"link_name":"Siliguri Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-driving-33"}],"text":"The Chinese claim of the trijunction point is based on the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention,[21] Article I of which states:The boundary of Sikkim and Tibet shall be the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta and its affluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu [Amo Chhu] and northwards into other rivers of Tibet. The line commences at Mount Gipmochi on the Bhutan frontier and follows the above-mentioned waterparting to the point where it meets Nipal territory.The Article mentions Gipmochi as being on Bhutan border, but no other details regarding Bhutan were given. Bhutan was not a signatory to the convention.[20] Further, Gipmochi is not the highest point on the Doklam plateau. Merug La, at 15,266 feet, and Sinchela, at 14,531 feet, are higher, making the Batang La–Merug La–Sinchela line the highest watershed in the region.[20][22]Maps of Sikkim produced by Survey of India in 1923, 1933 and 1937 show Gipmochi as the tri-junction point,[23][24][25][26]On 30 June 2017, the Chinese government released a previously published Chinese map depicting their territory extending south to Gipmochi.[27]However, a map from 1910 that shows the details of the Chumbi Valley and Bhutan gives Batang La as the tri-junction point.[28] Indian sources state that the Survey of India map of 1956 and other maps since then by both Indian and Bhutanese sources have depicted the tri-junction near Batang La.[29]The 2017 border dispute between China and India likely stems from India's security concern of its Siliguri Corridor. A Chinese observation post on the mountain of Gipmochi would have a clear view of this vital corridor which is heavily fortified by Indian troops. Scholar Caroline Brassard states, \"its strategic significance for the Indian military is obvious.\"[30][31]","title":"Chinese border claims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"}],"text":"^ Hooker did not visit Mount Gipmochi, or anywhere southeast of Cho La. Hooker's exploration of the terrain was thus incomplete. The notes attached to the map state, \"The country [west] of Gipmochi, [the] position of Yakla Pass, [the] frontier of Sikkim [south] of Chola and lower course of Teesta River are unknown.\"[14] Despite these limitations, successive British maps of the region continued to show Mount Gipmochi as a peak on the Dongkya Range for the rest of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century.\n\n^ The map is titled \"Map of Sikkim and Parts of Adjacent Territories to illustrate Sir R. Temple's paper\" and signed \"W. J. Turner, R.G.S. Det.\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf"},{"link_name":"Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dli.csl.5921"},{"link_name":"Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b28125800_0002"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781108031004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108031004"},{"link_name":"Historical Records of the Survey of India, Volume 5: 1844 to 1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/1968-historical-records-of-survey-of-india-vol-5-by-phillimore-s-volume-v"},{"link_name":"Temple, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Richard_Temple,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"\"The Lake Region of Sikkim, on the Frontier of Tibet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/2274571"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1800507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1800507"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1800507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1800507"}],"text":"China Foreign Ministry (2 August 2017), The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02) (PDF), Government of China, retrieved 15 August 2017\nBlandford, William T., Account of a visit to the eastern and northern frontiers of independent Sikkim, with notes on the zoology of the alpine and sub-alpine regions, Part I, pp. 367–420\nHooker, Joseph Dalton (1854), Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc., vol. 1, London: John Murray – via archive.org\nHooker, Joseph Dalton (1854), Himalayan Journals – Notes of a Naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia Mountains etc., vol. 2, London: John Murray – via archive.org\nHuxley, Leonard, ed. (2011), Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I., vol. 1 (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108031004\nPhillimore, R. H. (1968), Historical Records of the Survey of India, Volume 5: 1844 to 1861, The Surveyor General of India – via archive.org\nTemple, Richard (June 1881), \"The Lake Region of Sikkim, on the Frontier of Tibet\", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 3 (6): 321–340, doi:10.2307/1800507, JSTOR 1800507","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Map 1: Gipmochi, Doklam plateau and vicinity, shown along with the Dichu river basin in orange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Doklam_plateau_and_vicinity.jpg/280px-Doklam_plateau_and_vicinity.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Himalayan peaks from Darjeeling (1885 photograph)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darjeeling%2C_general_view.jpg/220px-Darjeeling%2C_general_view.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map 2: Section of the Sikkim map showing southeast Sikkim by Joseph Dalton Hooker (1854); marked on the far right is \"Gipmochi of Col. Waugh, 14,509\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southeast_Sikkim_%28Joseph_Dalton_Hooker%2C_1854%29.jpg/280px-Southeast_Sikkim_%28Joseph_Dalton_Hooker%2C_1854%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map 3: Map accompanying Richard Temple's paper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/1881_Map_of_Sikkim_by_Sir_Richard_Temple.jpg/280px-1881_Map_of_Sikkim_by_Sir_Richard_Temple.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bose, P. N. (1890), \"Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources Of Sikkim\", Records of the Geological Survey of India, vol. 24, London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co, p. 217","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ea9FAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA217","url_text":"\"Notes on the Geology and Mineral Resources Of Sikkim\""}]},{"reference":"Bell, Charles (1992) [first published 1927], Tibet Past and Present, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 14, ISBN 978-81-208-1048-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alfred_Bell","url_text":"Bell, Charles"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RgOK7CgFp88C&pg=PR14","url_text":"Tibet Past and Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1048-8","url_text":"978-81-208-1048-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Mount Gipmochi: Bhutan\". National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-3058787&fid=846&c=bhutan","url_text":"\"Mount Gipmochi: Bhutan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency"}]},{"reference":"Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series, Usha, 1984, p. 487","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ga2AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series"}]},{"reference":"Markham, Clements R. (1871), A Memoir on the Indian Surveys, India Office, Great Britain, pp. 90–91 – via archive.org","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/memoironindiansu00mark","url_text":"A Memoir on the Indian Surveys"}]},{"reference":"Sir Clements Robert Markham (1876). Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa. Trübner and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/pts_narrativesofmiss_3721-1221#page/1/mode/2up","url_text":"Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa"}]},{"reference":"\"Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet\". University of Texas Libraries: Online topographic map collections. Survey General of India. 1923.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/india_253k/txu-pclmaps-oclc-181831961-darjeeling-78-a-1923.jpg","url_text":"\"Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim and Tibet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim\". Old maps online. Survey of India Offices. 1933.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/Sikkim#bbox=88.01435609999999,27.079261,88.91828759497821,28.117724999999993&q=&date_from=0&date_to=9999&scale_from=&scale_to=","url_text":"\"Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim\". Old maps online. Survey of India Offices. 1937.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/Sikkim#bbox=88.01435609999999,27.079261,88.91828759497821,28.117724999999993&q=&date_from=0&date_to=9999&scale_from=&scale_to=","url_text":"\"Bengal, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim\""}]},{"reference":"Risley, H. H. (2005). \"Sikhim\". In Suresh Kant Sharma; Usha Sharma (eds.). Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Sikkim. Volume ten. Mittal Publications. p. 13. ISBN 978-81-8324-044-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hope_Risley","url_text":"Risley, H. H."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kBk3xBjSRbsC","url_text":"Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, Religion, Politics, Sociology, Science, Education and Economy. Sikkim. Volume ten"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8324-044-4","url_text":"978-81-8324-044-4"}]},{"reference":"Odisha Sun Times Editorial Desk. \"Now China releases 'map' to prove its claim over Donglong\". Retrieved 27 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://odishasuntimes.com/2017/07/01/now-china-releases-map-to-prove-its-claim-over-donglong/","url_text":"\"Now China releases 'map' to prove its claim over Donglong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why There's Trouble on the India-China Border\". Rediff News. 29 June 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rediff.com/news/column/why-theres-trouble-on-the-india-china-border/20170629.htm","url_text":"\"Why There's Trouble on the India-China Border\""}]},{"reference":"Brassard, Caroline (2013), \"Bhutan: Cautiously Cultivated Positive Perception\", in S. D. 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(2011), Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I., vol. 1 (illustrated ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108031004","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108031004","url_text":"9781108031004"}]},{"reference":"Phillimore, R. H. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Gustave_Roussy | Institut Gustave Roussy | ["1 Notable people","2 Gustave-Roussy School of Cancer Sciences","3 Awards and Rankings","4 Incidents","5 Notes"] | Coordinates: 48°47′41″N 2°20′55″E / 48.79472°N 2.34861°E / 48.79472; 2.34861This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help improve it by rewriting it in a balanced fashion that contextualizes different points of view. (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Hospital in Villejuif, FranceGustave Roussy1934 inaugurationGeographyLocationVillejuif, FranceOrganisationTypeResearch center, Teaching HospitalServicesEmergency departmentYesBeds457HistoryOpened1926LinksWebsitehttps://www.gustaveroussy.fr/enListsHospitals in France
Gustave Roussy is the first leader cancer-research hospital in Europe and ranked among the top 3 best specialized hospitals in the world . It is a centre for high quality patient care, research and teaching. It is highly-known for the treatment of (among others): skin cancers like melanoma, breast cancer, and lung cancer. It provides access to care with many expert doctors who have historically revolutionized the treatment of cancer and contributed to the surge of new molecules in the treatment of cancers and tumors. It is located in the Parisian area. It is named after Gustave Roussy, a Swiss-French neuropathologist.
In April 2019, three new interventional radiology rooms were inaugurated, making it the largest platform of this type in Europe, entirely dedicated to oncology. Interventional radiology is a so-called "minimally invasive" diagnostic and treatment technique, which uses images to guide access to deep-lying organs, without having to "open up" patients. Gustave Roussy carries out more than 4,000 operations of this type each year.
Notable people
Gustave Roussy, first director (1921–1947)
Tabaré Vázquez
Maurice Tubiana, fifth director (1982–1988) and member of the French Academy of Sciences
Georges Mathé, oncologist and immunologist who performed in 1959 the first successful bone marrow transplant not performed on identical twins.
Frédéric Triebel, discoverer of the immune checkpoint molecule LAG3, worked at the institute from 1986 until around 2001
Barbara Tudek (1952-2019), biologist and professor who served as president of the Polish section of the European Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society
Gustave-Roussy School of Cancer Sciences
Together with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Paris-Saclay, the Gustave-Roussy Institute runs the School of Cancer Sciences, a university establishment specializing in oncology. The lessons take place at the Cancer Campus in Villejuif in the Val-de-Marne.
In the various courses offered by the faculty of medicine (adult, adolescent and child oncology; surgery; best practices; medical imaging; radiotherapy; other courses), the establishment integrates the Doctoral School of Oncology, Biology, Medicine, Health (and its Master 2 in Biology and Health, Cancerology specialty) created with the École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay.
Directed in 2015 by Pierre Blanchard, the school had trained nearly 2,800 students and awarded twenty-six university degrees.
Awards and Rankings
In 2020, the Institut Gustave Roussy was ranked as the first leading cancer hospital in Europe and in the top 5 best specialized hospitals in the world.
Incidents
In 2017, a virologist from the Institut Gustave Roussy was sentenced to 5 years in prison for poisoning colleagues with sodium azide in 2014.
Notes
Scholia has an organization profile for Institut Gustave Roussy.
^ "Cancer : l'institut Gustave Roussy investit dans les technologies d'avenir". Les Echos (in French). 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
^
Martin, Douglas (20 October 2010). "Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88". New York Times.
^ a b Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud (2015). "L'École des Sciences du Cancer" (PDF). gustaveroussy.fr (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
^ "Oncology". Newsweek. 23 September 2020.
^ "A l'Institut Gustave-Roussy, un scientifique empoisonne ses collègues". Franceinfo (in French). 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2018-09-10.
vteVillejuifEducation
EFREI
Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris
Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud (in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre)
Landmarks
Institut Gustave Roussy
Hôpital Paul-Brousse
Paris Métro stations
Villejuif – Léo Lagrange
Villejuif – Louis Aragon
Villejuif – Paul Vaillant-Couturier
This list is incomplete.
48°47′41″N 2°20′55″E / 48.79472°N 2.34861°E / 48.79472; 2.34861
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
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The lessons take place at the Cancer Campus in Villejuif in the Val-de-Marne.In the various courses offered by the faculty of medicine (adult, adolescent and child oncology; surgery; best practices; medical imaging; radiotherapy; other courses), the establishment integrates the Doctoral School of Oncology, Biology, Medicine, Health (and its Master 2 in Biology and Health, Cancerology specialty) created with the École Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay.[3]Directed in 2015 by Pierre Blanchard, the school had trained nearly 2,800 students and awarded twenty-six university degrees.[3]","title":"Gustave-Roussy School of Cancer Sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2020, the Institut Gustave Roussy was ranked as the first leading cancer hospital in Europe and in the top 5 best specialized hospitals in the world.[4]","title":"Awards and Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sodium azide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_azide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2017, a virologist from the Institut Gustave Roussy was sentenced to 5 years in prison for poisoning colleagues with sodium azide in 2014.[5]","title":"Incidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scholia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia"},{"link_name":"Institut Gustave Roussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iw.toolforge.org/scholia/organization/Q266227"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Cancer : l'institut Gustave Roussy investit dans les technologies d'avenir\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/pharmacie-sante/cancer-linstitut-gustave-roussy-investit-dans-les-technologies-davenir-1009690"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYT-20101020_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/health/research/21mathe.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"L'École des Sciences du Cancer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160519171530/https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/sites/default/files/ecole-sciences-cancer-2015.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gustaveroussy.fr/sites/default/files/ecole-sciences-cancer-2015.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Oncology\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newsweek.com/worlds-best-specialized-hospitals-2021/oncology"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"A l'Institut Gustave-Roussy, un scientifique empoisonne ses collègues\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/affaires/a-linstitut-gustave-roussy-un-scientifique-empoisonne-ses-collegues_2513169.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Villejuif"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Villejuif"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Villejuif"},{"link_name":"Villejuif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villejuif"},{"link_name":"EFREI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFREI"},{"link_name":"Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_Sup%27Biotech_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_intercommunal_Darius-Milhaud"},{"link_name":"Le Kremlin-Bicêtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Kremlin-Bic%C3%AAtre"},{"link_name":"Institut Gustave Roussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hôpital Paul-Brousse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4pital_Paul-Brousse"},{"link_name":"Paris Métro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro"},{"link_name":"Villejuif – Léo Lagrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villejuif_%E2%80%93_L%C3%A9o_Lagrange_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Villejuif – Louis Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villejuif_%E2%80%93_Louis_Aragon_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"Villejuif – Paul Vaillant-Couturier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villejuif_%E2%80%93_Paul_Vaillant-Couturier_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)"},{"link_name":"48°47′41″N 2°20′55″E / 48.79472°N 2.34861°E / 48.79472; 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Les Echos (in French). 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2022-06-29.\n\n^ \nMartin, Douglas (20 October 2010). \"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\". New York Times.\n\n^ a b Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud (2015). \"L'École des Sciences du Cancer\" (PDF). gustaveroussy.fr (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2022-06-29.\n\n^ \"Oncology\". Newsweek. 23 September 2020.\n\n^ \"A l'Institut Gustave-Roussy, un scientifique empoisonne ses collègues\". Franceinfo (in French). 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2018-09-10.vteVillejuifEducation\nEFREI\nInstitut Sup'Biotech de Paris\nLycée intercommunal Darius-Milhaud (in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre)\nLandmarks\nInstitut Gustave Roussy\nHôpital Paul-Brousse\nParis Métro stations\nVillejuif – Léo Lagrange\nVillejuif – Louis Aragon\nVillejuif – Paul Vaillant-Couturier\nThis list is incomplete.48°47′41″N 2°20′55″E / 48.79472°N 2.34861°E / 48.79472; 2.34861Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cancer : l'institut Gustave Roussy investit dans les technologies d'avenir\". Les Echos (in French). 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/pharmacie-sante/cancer-linstitut-gustave-roussy-investit-dans-les-technologies-davenir-1009690","url_text":"\"Cancer : l'institut Gustave Roussy investit dans les technologies d'avenir\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Douglas (20 October 2010). \"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/health/research/21mathe.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\""}]},{"reference":"Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud (2015). \"L'École des Sciences du Cancer\" (PDF). gustaveroussy.fr (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-19. Retrieved 2022-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160519171530/https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/sites/default/files/ecole-sciences-cancer-2015.pdf","url_text":"\"L'École des Sciences du Cancer\""},{"url":"https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/sites/default/files/ecole-sciences-cancer-2015.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oncology\". Newsweek. 23 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-best-specialized-hospitals-2021/oncology","url_text":"\"Oncology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"}]},{"reference":"\"A l'Institut Gustave-Roussy, un scientifique empoisonne ses collègues\". Franceinfo (in French). 2017-12-13. Retrieved 2018-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/affaires/a-linstitut-gustave-roussy-un-scientifique-empoisonne-ses-collegues_2513169.html","url_text":"\"A l'Institut Gustave-Roussy, un scientifique empoisonne ses collègues\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Institut_Gustave_Roussy¶ms=48_47_41_N_2_20_55_E_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"48°47′41″N 2°20′55″E / 48.79472°N 2.34861°E / 48.79472; 2.34861"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institut_Gustave_Roussy&action=edit","external_links_name":"help improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/en","external_links_name":"https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/en"},{"Link":"https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/pharmacie-sante/cancer-linstitut-gustave-roussy-investit-dans-les-technologies-davenir-1009690","external_links_name":"\"Cancer : l'institut Gustave Roussy investit dans les technologies d'avenir\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/health/research/21mathe.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Georges Mathé, Transplant Pioneer, Dies at 88\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160519171530/https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/sites/default/files/ecole-sciences-cancer-2015.pdf","external_links_name":"\"L'École des Sciences du Cancer\""},{"Link":"https://www.gustaveroussy.fr/sites/default/files/ecole-sciences-cancer-2015.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/worlds-best-specialized-hospitals-2021/oncology","external_links_name":"\"Oncology\""},{"Link":"https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/affaires/a-linstitut-gustave-roussy-un-scientifique-empoisonne-ses-collegues_2513169.html","external_links_name":"\"A l'Institut Gustave-Roussy, un scientifique empoisonne ses collègues\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Institut_Gustave_Roussy¶ms=48_47_41_N_2_20_55_E_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"48°47′41″N 2°20′55″E / 48.79472°N 2.34861°E / 48.79472; 2.34861"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000122849388","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/123793871","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118644616","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118644616","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1041171-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86825520","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/026387433","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_New_York_State_Legislature | 16th New York State Legislature | ["1 Background","2 Elections","3 Sessions","4 State Senate","4.1 Districts","4.2 Members","4.3 Employees","5 State Assembly","5.1 Districts","5.2 Assemblymen","5.3 Employees","6 Notes","7 Sources"] | New York state legislative session
16th New York State Legislature
←15th 17th→The Old New York City Hall, where the Legislature met in 1784. From January 1785 to August 1790, the Congress of the Confederation and the 1st United States Congress met here, and the building was renamed Federal Hall. From 1791 to 1793, the State Legislature met again here, and the building was demolished in 1812. (1798)OverviewLegislative bodyNew York State LegislatureJurisdictionNew York, United StatesTermJuly 1, 1792 – June 30, 1793SenateMembers24PresidentLt. Gov. Pierre Van CortlandtParty controlDemocratic-Republican (13-11)AssemblyMembers70SpeakerJohn Watts (Fed.)Party controlDemocratic-RepublicanSessions1stNovember 6, 1792 – March 12, 1793
The 16th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from November 6, 1792, to March 12, 1793, during the sixteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in New York City.
Background
Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.
In March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.
On February 7, 1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, according to the figures of the 1790 United States Census.
State Senator Peter Schuyler died on January 4, 1792, leaving a vacancy in the Western District.
At this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. Since the first appearance of the political parties, many politicians changed sides for a variety of reasons, but the highly controversial gubernatorial election of 1792 re-aligned the politicians more clearly.
Elections
The State election was held from April 24 to 26, 1792. Gov. George Clinton and Lt. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected to a sixth term after the Canvass Committee rejected the votes of Otsego, Clinton and Tioga counties on technicalities.
Henry Cruger, John Schenck, Selah Strong (all three Southern D.), John Livingston, Robert Woodworth (both Eastern D.) and Assemblyman Joseph Hasbrouck (Middle D.) were elected to full terms in the Senate. Assemblyman John Frey was elected to fill the vacancy in the Western District.
Sessions
This time, the Legislature was called to meet early to elect presidential electors. Both Houses met at Federal Hall in New York City; assembled a quorum on November 6, 1792; and adjourned on March 12, 1793.
On November 20, 1792, the Legislature chose 12 presidential electors: William Floyd, Samuel Osgood, Edward Savage, Stephen Ward, John Bay, Jesse Woodhull, David Van Ness, Johannes Bruyn, Volkert Veeder, Abraham Yates Jr., Samuel Clark and Abraham Ten Eyck. All were Democratic-Republicans, elected on the first ballot in both Houses, and all cast their votes for George Washington and Gov. George Clinton.
After the 1790 United States Census, Congress re-apportioned the seats, increasing New York's representation from 6 to 10 seats. This required the Legislature to re-apportion the congressional districts in the State what was belatedly done on December 18, 1792. Subsequently, the congressional elections were held in January 1793.
State Senate
Districts
The Southern District (8 seats) consisted of Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk and Westchester counties.
The Middle District (6 seats) consisted of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster counties.
The Eastern District (5 seats) consisted of Washington, Clinton, Columbia and Rensselaer counties.
The Western District (5 seats) consisted of Albany, Montgomery, Herkimer, Ontario, Otsego, Saratoga and Tioga counties.
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.
Members
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph Hasbrouck and John Frey changed from the Assembly to the Senate.
The party affiliations follow the vote on the contested election of John Livingston. The Democratic-Republicans voted to seat Livingston, affirming that the decision of the Canvass Committee was final for both the governor's and the senators' vote. The Federalists voted against this, supporting the claim of Thomas Jenkins, the Federalist candidate who had lost the election after the rejection of the ballots from Clinton County, affirming that under the Constitution it was the right and duty of the Senate to revise the decision of the Canvass Committee concerning the election of senators.
District
Senators
Term left
Party
Notes
Southern
Philip Livingston*
1 year
Federalist
David Gelston*
2 years
Dem.-Rep.
also Surrogate of New York County; elected to the Council of Appointment
Philip Van Cortlandt*
2 years
Dem.-Rep.
elected in January 1793 to the 3rd United States Congress
Samuel Jones*
3 years
Federalist
also Recorder of New York City
Joshua Sands*
3 years
Federalist
Henry Cruger
4 years
Federalist
John Schenck
4 years
Dem.-Rep.
Selah Strong
4 years
Federalist
Middle
John Cantine*
1 year
Dem.-Rep.
James Carpenter*
1 year
Dem.-Rep.
David Pye*
2 years
Dem.-Rep.
Thomas Tillotson*
3 years
Dem.-Rep.
Jacobus Swartwout*
3 years
Dem.-Rep.
Joseph Hasbrouck*
4 years
Dem.-Rep.
elected to the Council of Appointment
Eastern
Alexander Webster*
1 year
Dem.-Rep.
John Williams*
2 years
Dem.-Rep.
William Powers*
3 years
Federalist
John Livingston
4 years
Dem.-Rep.
Robert Woodworth
4 years
Dem.-Rep.
elected to the Council of Appointment
Western
Volkert P. Douw*
1 year
Federalist
Leonard Gansevoort
1 year
Federalist
John Frey*
2 years
Federalist
elected to fill vacancy, in place of Peter Schuyler; elected to the Council of Appointment
Stephen Van Rensselaer*
2 years
Federalist
Philip Schuyler*
3 years
Federalist
Employees
Clerk: Abraham B. Bancker
State Assembly
Districts
The City and County of Albany (7 seats)
Columbia County (6 seats)
Dutchess County (7 seats)
Herkimer County (1 seat)
Kings County (1 seat)
Montgomery County) (4 seats)
The City and County of New York (7 seats)
Ontario County (1 seat)
Orange County (3 seats)
Otsego County (1 seat)
Queens County (3 seats)
Rensselaer County (5 seats)
Richmond County (1 seat)
Saratoga County (4 seats)
Suffolk County (4 seats)
Tioga County (1 seat)
Ulster County (5 seats)
Washington and Clinton counties (4 seats)
Westchester County (5 seats)
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.
Assemblymen
The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.
County
Assemblymen
Party
Notes
Albany
Leonard Bronck
Federalist
Johannes Dietz
Federalist
Jellis A. Fonda*
Federalist
Stephen Lush*
Francis Nicoll*
Federalist
John Ten Broeck*
Cornelius A. Van Slyck
Columbia
Matthew Adgate
Dem.-Rep.
Benjamin Birdsall*
Jared Coffin*
Philip Frisbee
Stephen Hogeboom
Samuel Ten Broeck
Dutchess
Jonathan Akins*
Dem.-Rep.
Josiah Holly
James Kent
Federalist
Ebenezer Mott
Matthew Patterson*
Barnabas Payen
William Radclift
Herkimer
Michael Myers*
Federalist
Kings
Aquila Giles
Montgomery
Jacob Eaker
David McMasters*
Silas Talbot*
Federalist
elected in January 1793 to the 3rd United States Congress
Simon Veeder
New York
William Cock
John DeLancey
William W. Gilbert
Josiah Ogden Hoffman*
Federalist
William S. Livingston*
John Watts*
Federalist
re-elected Speaker; elected in January 1793 to the 3rd United States Congress
John Wylly*
Ontario
Isaac Chapin
or Israel Chapin
Orange
Reuben Hopkins
Dem.-Rep.
John Smith*
Daniel Thew
Otsego
Jacob Morris
Federalist
Queens
Samuel Clowes*
Whitehead Cornwell*
Dem.-Rep.
Jacob Hicks
Rensselaer
Benjamin Hicks
Federalist
Christopher Hutton
Josiah Masters
Dem.-Rep.
Jonathan Niles
Nicholas Staats
Richmond
Gozen Ryerss*
Federalist
Saratoga
Adam Comstock
Beriah Palmer
Dem.-Rep.
vacant
vacant
Suffolk
John Gelston*
Jonathan N. Havens*
Dem.-Rep.
Ebenezer Platt
John Smith*
Dem.-Rep.
Tioga
John Paterson
Dem.-Rep.
Ulster
John Addison
Dem.-Rep.
Philip D. Bevier
Dem.-Rep.
Severyn T. Bruyn
Dem.-Rep.
John C. DeWitt
Dem.-Rep.
Nathan Smith
Dem.-Rep.
Washington and Clinton
Daniel Curtis
Zina Hitchcock*
Federalist
David Hopkins*
Dem.-Rep.
Stanton Tifft
Westchester
Hezekiah Brown
Richard Hatfield
Federalist
Elias Newman*
Thomas Thomas
vacant
Employees
Clerk: John McKesson
Sergeant-at-Arms: Robert Hunter
Doorkeeper:Richard Ten Eyck
Notes
^ The Anti-Federalists called themselves "Republicans." However, at the same time, the Federalists called them "Democrats" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as "Democratic Republicans" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.
^ The Canvass Committee at the time consisted of 6 state senators and 6 assemblymen; however, Hammond lists only 11 names: 7 Democratic-Republicans (Senators David Gelston and Thomas Tillotson; Assemblymen Melancton Smith, Daniel Graham, Pierre Van Cortlandt Jr., David McCarty and Jonathan N. Havens) and 4 Federalists (Senators Samuel Jones, Isaac Roosevelt, Leonard Gansevoort and Joshua Sands)
^ At the time all votes, of which each elector had two, were cast for President, the most voted taking the office of President and the runner-up the office of Vice-President. Washington received one vote of each elector from all States; the second votes were split among four men: John Adams 77; George Clinton 50, Thomas Jefferson 4 and Aaron Burr 1. George Clinton was eventually elected Vice-President in 1804.
^ The History of Political Parties in the State of New-York, from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to 1840 by Jabez D. Hammond (4th ed., Vol. 1, H. & E. Phinney, Cooperstown, 1846; pg. 74f)
^ Philip Livingston, son of Peter Van Brugh Livingston
^ John Livingston, fifth son of Robert Livingston (1708–1790), 3rd Lord of the Manor
^ The Civil List of 1858 lists only Newman and Thomas; the Documents of the Assembly of 1852 list only Brown and Hatfield.
Sources
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)
Election result Assembly, Dutchess Co. at project "A New Nation Votes", compiled by Phil Lampi, hosted by Tufts University Digital Library
Election result Assembly, Herkimer Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result Assembly, Kings Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result Assembly, Montgomery Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result Assembly, Orange Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result Assembly, Otsego Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result Assembly, Rensselaer Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
Election result Assembly, Ulster Co. at project "A New Nation Votes"
vte New York State Legislatures by year convened
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132 (1909)
133 (1910)
134 (1911)
135 (1912)
136 (1913)
137 (1914)
138 (1915)
139 (1916)
140 (1917)
141 (1918)
142 (1919)
143 (1920)
144 (1921)
145 (1922)
146 (1923)
147 (1924)
148 (1925)
149 (1926)
150 (1927)
151 (1928)
152 (1929)
153 (1930)
154 (1931)
155 (1932)
156 (1933)
157 (1934)
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159 (1936)
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162 (1939)
163 (1941)
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167 (1949)
168 (1951)
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170 (1955)
171 (1957)
172 (1959)
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175 (1965)
176 (1966)
177 (1967)
178 (1969)
179 (1971)
180 (1973)
181 (1975)
182 (1977)
183 (1979)
184 (1981)
185 (1983)
186 (1985)
187 (1987)
188 (1989)
189 (1991)
190 (1993)
191 (1995)
192 (1997)
193 (1999)
194 (2001)
195 (2003)
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197 (2007)
198 (2009)
199 (2011)
200 (2013)
201 (2015)
202 (2017)
203 (2019)
204 (2021)
205 (2023)
Senate
Assembly | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"George Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)"},{"link_name":"governorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"The 16th New York State Legislature, consisting of the New York State Senate and the New York State Assembly, met from November 6, 1792, to March 12, 1793, during the sixteenth year of George Clinton's governorship, in New York City.","title":"16th New York State Legislature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1790 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"Peter Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Schuyler_(New_York)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gubernatorial election of 1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_gubernatorial_election,_1792"}],"text":"Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually.In March 1786, the Legislature enacted that future Legislatures meet on the first Tuesday of January of each year unless called earlier by the governor. No general meeting place was determined, leaving it to each Legislature to name the place where to reconvene, and if no place could be agreed upon, the Legislature should meet again where it adjourned.On February 7, 1791, the Legislature re-apportioned the Senate and Assembly districts, according to the figures of the 1790 United States Census.State Senator Peter Schuyler died on January 4, 1792, leaving a vacancy in the Western District.At this time the politicians were divided into two opposing political parties: the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.[1] Since the first appearance of the political parties, many politicians changed sides for a variety of reasons, but the highly controversial gubernatorial election of 1792 re-aligned the politicians more clearly.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)"},{"link_name":"Pierre Van Cortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry Cruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cruger"},{"link_name":"John Schenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Schenck_(Manhasset,_NY)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Selah Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selah_Strong_(state_senator)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Livingston_(New_York)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Woodworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Woodworth_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hasbrouck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hasbrouck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Frey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Frey_(New_York)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The State election was held from April 24 to 26, 1792. Gov. George Clinton and Lt. Gov. Pierre Van Cortlandt were re-elected to a sixth term after the Canvass Committee[2] rejected the votes of Otsego, Clinton and Tioga counties on technicalities.Henry Cruger, John Schenck, Selah Strong (all three Southern D.), John Livingston, Robert Woodworth (both Eastern D.) and Assemblyman Joseph Hasbrouck (Middle D.) were elected to full terms in the Senate. Assemblyman John Frey was elected to fill the vacancy in the Western District.","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presidential electors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_elector"},{"link_name":"Federal Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Hall"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"William Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Samuel Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Osgood"},{"link_name":"Edward Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_Savage_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stephen Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Ward_(New_York)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Bay_(assemblyman)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jesse Woodhull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Woodhull"},{"link_name":"David Van Ness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Van_Ness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johannes Bruyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Bruyn"},{"link_name":"Volkert Veeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volkert_Veeder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abraham Yates Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Yates_Jr."},{"link_name":"Samuel Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Clark_(assemblyman)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abraham Ten Eyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Ten_Eyck&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cast their votes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1790 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1790_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"congressional elections were held in January 1793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York,_1793"}],"text":"This time, the Legislature was called to meet early to elect presidential electors. Both Houses met at Federal Hall in New York City; assembled a quorum on November 6, 1792; and adjourned on March 12, 1793.On November 20, 1792, the Legislature chose 12 presidential electors: William Floyd, Samuel Osgood, Edward Savage, Stephen Ward, John Bay, Jesse Woodhull, David Van Ness, Johannes Bruyn, Volkert Veeder, Abraham Yates Jr., Samuel Clark and Abraham Ten Eyck. All were Democratic-Republicans, elected on the first ballot in both Houses, and all cast their votes for George Washington and Gov. George Clinton.[3]After the 1790 United States Census, Congress re-apportioned the seats, increasing New York's representation from 6 to 10 seats. This required the Legislature to re-apportion the congressional districts in the State what was belatedly done on December 18, 1792. Subsequently, the congressional elections were held in January 1793.","title":"Sessions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"State Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Westchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dutchess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Albany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Herkimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Otsego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tioga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"The Southern District (8 seats) consisted of Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk and Westchester counties.\nThe Middle District (6 seats) consisted of Dutchess, Orange and Ulster counties.\nThe Eastern District (5 seats) consisted of Washington, Clinton, Columbia and Rensselaer counties.\nThe Western District (5 seats) consisted of Albany, Montgomery, Herkimer, Ontario, Otsego, Saratoga and Tioga counties.Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.","title":"State Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Members","text":"The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued in office as members of this Legislature. Joseph Hasbrouck and John Frey changed from the Assembly to the Senate.The party affiliations follow the vote on the contested election of John Livingston. The Democratic-Republicans voted to seat Livingston, affirming that the decision of the Canvass Committee was final for both the governor's and the senators' vote. The Federalists voted against this, supporting the claim of Thomas Jenkins, the Federalist candidate who had lost the election after the rejection of the ballots from Clinton County, affirming that under the Constitution it was the right and duty of the Senate to revise the decision of the Canvass Committee concerning the election of senators.[4]","title":"State Senate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham B. Bancker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_B._Bancker&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Employees","text":"Clerk: Abraham B. Bancker","title":"State Senate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"State Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Columbia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Dutchess County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Herkimer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Kings County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Ontario County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Otsego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Queens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Richmond County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Saratoga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Suffolk County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Tioga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Ulster County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Westchester County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"sub_title":"Districts","text":"The City and County of Albany (7 seats)\nColumbia County (6 seats)\nDutchess County (7 seats)\nHerkimer County (1 seat)\nKings County (1 seat)\nMontgomery County) (4 seats)\nThe City and County of New York (7 seats)\nOntario County (1 seat)\nOrange County (3 seats)\nOtsego County (1 seat)\nQueens County (3 seats)\nRensselaer County (5 seats)\nRichmond County (1 seat)\nSaratoga County (4 seats)\nSuffolk County (4 seats)\nTioga County (1 seat)\nUlster County (5 seats)\nWashington and Clinton counties (4 seats)\nWestchester County (5 seats)Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the abovementioned counties.","title":"State Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Assemblymen","text":"The asterisk (*) denotes members of the previous Legislature who continued as members of this Legislature.","title":"State Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John McKesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_McKesson&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Employees","text":"Clerk: John McKesson\nSergeant-at-Arms: Robert Hunter\nDoorkeeper:Richard Ten Eyck","title":"State Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"elected Vice-President in 1804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The History of Political Parties in the State of New-York, from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to 1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bu8SPTyhrF8C&pg=PA74"},{"link_name":"Jabez D. Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabez_D._Hammond"},{"link_name":"Cooperstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperstown,_New_York"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Van Brugh Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Van_Brugh_Livingston"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston (1708–1790)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1708%E2%80%931790)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Documents of the Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iWsbAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA261"}],"text":"^ The Anti-Federalists called themselves \"Republicans.\" However, at the same time, the Federalists called them \"Democrats\" which was meant to be pejorative. After some time both terms got more and more confused, and sometimes used together as \"Democratic Republicans\" which later historians have adopted (with a hyphen) to describe the party from the beginning, to avoid confusion with both the later established and still existing Democratic and Republican parties.\n\n^ The Canvass Committee at the time consisted of 6 state senators and 6 assemblymen; however, Hammond lists only 11 names: 7 Democratic-Republicans (Senators David Gelston and Thomas Tillotson; Assemblymen Melancton Smith, Daniel Graham, Pierre Van Cortlandt Jr., David McCarty and Jonathan N. Havens) and 4 Federalists (Senators Samuel Jones, Isaac Roosevelt, Leonard Gansevoort and Joshua Sands)\n\n^ At the time all votes, of which each elector had two, were cast for President, the most voted taking the office of President and the runner-up the office of Vice-President. Washington received one vote of each elector from all States; the second votes were split among four men: John Adams 77; George Clinton 50, Thomas Jefferson 4 and Aaron Burr 1. George Clinton was eventually elected Vice-President in 1804.\n\n^ The History of Political Parties in the State of New-York, from the Ratification of the Federal Constitution to 1840 by Jabez D. Hammond (4th ed., Vol. 1, H. & E. Phinney, Cooperstown, 1846; pg. 74f)\n\n^ Philip Livingston, son of Peter Van Brugh Livingston\n\n^ John Livingston, fifth son of Robert Livingston (1708–1790), 3rd Lord of the Manor\n\n^ The Civil List of 1858 lists only Newman and Thomas; the Documents of the Assembly of 1852 list only Brown and Hatfield.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Civil List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA115"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Dutchess Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120923144141/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.dutchess.1792"},{"link_name":"Phil Lampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lampi"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Herkimer Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120923144154/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.herkimer.1792"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Kings Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120923144206/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.kings.1792"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Montgomery Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120923144222/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.montgomery.1792"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Orange Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120923144325/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.orange.1792"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Otsego Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120924135227/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.otsego.1792"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Rensselaer Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120924135256/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.rensselaer.1792"},{"link_name":"Election result Assembly, Ulster Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120924135315/http://dl.tufts.edu/view_votingrecord.jsp?pid=tufts:ny.assembly.ulster.1792"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:New_York_State_Legislatures"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_State_Legislatures"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_State_Legislatures"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"1 (1777)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"2 (1778)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"3 (1779)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"4 (1780)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"5 (1781)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"6 (1782)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"7 (1783)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"8 (1784)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"9 (1785)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"10 (1786)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"11 (1787)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"12 (1788)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"13 (1789)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"14 (1790)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"15 (1791)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"16 (1792)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"17 (1793)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"18 (1794)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"19 (1795)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"20 (1796)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"21 (1797)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"22 (1798)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"23 (1799)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"24 (1800)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"25 (1801)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"26 (1802)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"27 (1803)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"28 (1804)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"29 (1805)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/29th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"30 (1806)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"31 (1807)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"32 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(1818)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"43 (1819)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"44 (1820)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"45 (1821)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"46 (1823)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"47 (1824)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/47th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"48 (1825)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"49 (1826)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/49th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"50 (1827)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"51 (1828)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"52 (1829)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"53 (1830)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"54 (1831)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"55 (1832)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/55th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"56 (1833)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"57 (1834)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"58 (1835)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"59 (1836)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"60 (1837)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"61 (1838)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/61st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"62 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(1879)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"103 (1880)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/103rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"104 (1881)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/104th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"105 (1882)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/105th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"106 (1883)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/106th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"107 (1884)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/107th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"108 (1885)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/108th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"109 (1886)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/109th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"110 (1887)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"111 (1888)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"112 (1889)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"113 (1890)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"114 (1891)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/114th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"115 (1892)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/115th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"116 (1893)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/116th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"117 (1894)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/117th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"118 (1895)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"119 (1896)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"120 (1897)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/120th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"121 (1898)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/121st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"122 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(1909)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/132nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"133 (1910)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/133rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"134 (1911)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/134th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"135 (1912)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"136 (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/136th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"137 (1914)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/137th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"138 (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/138th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"139 (1916)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/139th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"140 (1917)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/140th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"141 (1918)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/141st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"142 (1919)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/142nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"143 (1920)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/143rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"144 (1921)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/144th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"145 (1922)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/145th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"146 (1923)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/146th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"147 (1924)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/147th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"148 (1925)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/148th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"149 (1926)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/149th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"150 (1927)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/150th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"151 (1928)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/151st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"152 (1929)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/152nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"153 (1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/153rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"154 (1931)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/154th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"155 (1932)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/155th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"156 (1933)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/156th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"157 (1934)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/157th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"158 (1935)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/158th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"159 (1936)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/159th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"160 (1937)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/160th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"161 (1938)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/161st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"162 (1939)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/162nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"163 (1941)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/163rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"164 (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/164th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"165 (1945)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/165th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"166 (1947)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/166th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"167 (1949)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/167th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"168 (1951)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/168th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"169 (1953)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/169th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"170 (1955)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/170th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"171 (1957)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/171st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"172 (1959)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/172nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"173 (1961)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/173rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"174 (1963)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/174th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"175 (1965)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/175th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"176 (1966)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/176th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"177 (1967)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/177th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"178 (1969)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/178th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"179 (1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/179th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"180 (1973)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/180th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"181 (1975)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/181st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"182 (1977)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/182nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"183 (1979)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/183rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"184 (1981)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/184th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"185 (1983)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/185th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"186 (1985)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/186th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"187 (1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/187th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"188 (1989)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/188th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"189 (1991)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/189th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"190 (1993)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/190th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"191 (1995)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/191st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"192 (1997)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/192nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"193 (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/193rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"194 (2001)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/194th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"195 (2003)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/195th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"196 (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/196th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"197 (2007)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/197th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"198 (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/198th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"199 (2011)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/199th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"200 (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"201 (2015)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/201st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"202 (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/202nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"203 (2019)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/203rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"204 (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/204th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"205 (2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/205th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"}],"text":"The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858) [see pg. 108 for Senate districts; pg. 114 for senators; pg. 148f for Assembly districts; pg. 167 for assemblymen; pg. 320 and 323 for presidential election]\nElection result Assembly, Dutchess Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\", compiled by Phil Lampi, hosted by Tufts University Digital Library\nElection result Assembly, Herkimer Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"\nElection result Assembly, Kings Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"\nElection result Assembly, Montgomery Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"\nElection result Assembly, Orange Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"\nElection result Assembly, Otsego Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"\nElection result Assembly, Rensselaer Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"\nElection result Assembly, Ulster Co. at project \"A New Nation Votes\"vte New York State Legislatures by year convened\n1 (1777)\n2 (1778)\n3 (1779)\n4 (1780)\n5 (1781)\n6 (1782)\n7 (1783)\n8 (1784)\n9 (1785)\n10 (1786)\n11 (1787)\n12 (1788)\n13 (1789)\n14 (1790)\n15 (1791)\n16 (1792)\n17 (1793)\n18 (1794)\n19 (1795)\n20 (1796)\n21 (1797)\n22 (1798)\n23 (1799)\n24 (1800)\n25 (1801)\n26 (1802)\n27 (1803)\n28 (1804)\n29 (1805)\n30 (1806)\n31 (1807)\n32 (1808)\n33 (1809)\n34 (1810)\n35 (1811)\n36 (1812)\n37 (1813)\n38 (1814)\n39 (1815)\n40 (1816)\n41 (1817)\n42 (1818)\n43 (1819)\n44 (1820)\n45 (1821)\n46 (1823)\n47 (1824)\n48 (1825)\n49 (1826)\n50 (1827)\n51 (1828)\n52 (1829)\n53 (1830)\n54 (1831)\n55 (1832)\n56 (1833)\n57 (1834)\n58 (1835)\n59 (1836)\n60 (1837)\n61 (1838)\n62 (1839)\n63 (1840)\n64 (1841)\n65 (1842)\n66 (1843)\n67 (1844)\n68 (1845)\n69 (1846)\n70 (1847)\n71 (1848)\n72 (1849)\n73 (1850)\n74 (1851)\n75 (1852)\n76 (1853)\n77 (1854)\n78 (1855)\n79 (1856)\n80 (1857)\n81 (1858)\n82 (1859)\n83 (1860)\n84 (1861)\n85 (1862)\n86 (1863)\n87 (1864)\n88 (1865)\n89 (1866)\n90 (1867)\n91 (1868)\n92 (1869)\n93 (1870)\n94 (1871)\n95 (1872)\n96 (1873)\n97 (1874)\n98 (1875)\n99 (1876)\n100 (1877)\n101 (1878)\n102 (1879)\n103 (1880)\n104 (1881)\n105 (1882)\n106 (1883)\n107 (1884)\n108 (1885)\n109 (1886)\n110 (1887)\n111 (1888)\n112 (1889)\n113 (1890)\n114 (1891)\n115 (1892)\n116 (1893)\n117 (1894)\n118 (1895)\n119 (1896)\n120 (1897)\n121 (1898)\n122 (1899)\n123 (1900)\n124 (1901)\n125 (1902)\n126 (1903)\n127 (1904)\n128 (1905)\n129 (1906)\n130 (1907)\n131 (1908)\n132 (1909)\n133 (1910)\n134 (1911)\n135 (1912)\n136 (1913)\n137 (1914)\n138 (1915)\n139 (1916)\n140 (1917)\n141 (1918)\n142 (1919)\n143 (1920)\n144 (1921)\n145 (1922)\n146 (1923)\n147 (1924)\n148 (1925)\n149 (1926)\n150 (1927)\n151 (1928)\n152 (1929)\n153 (1930)\n154 (1931)\n155 (1932)\n156 (1933)\n157 (1934)\n158 (1935)\n159 (1936)\n160 (1937)\n161 (1938)\n162 (1939)\n163 (1941)\n164 (1943)\n165 (1945)\n166 (1947)\n167 (1949)\n168 (1951)\n169 (1953)\n170 (1955)\n171 (1957)\n172 (1959)\n173 (1961)\n174 (1963)\n175 (1965)\n176 (1966)\n177 (1967)\n178 (1969)\n179 (1971)\n180 (1973)\n181 (1975)\n182 (1977)\n183 (1979)\n184 (1981)\n185 (1983)\n186 (1985)\n187 (1987)\n188 (1989)\n189 (1991)\n190 (1993)\n191 (1995)\n192 (1997)\n193 (1999)\n194 (2001)\n195 (2003)\n196 (2005)\n197 (2007)\n198 (2009)\n199 (2011)\n200 (2013)\n201 (2015)\n202 (2017)\n203 (2019)\n204 (2021)\n205 (2023)\n\nSenate\nAssembly","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(disambiguation) | Annunciation (disambiguation) | ["1 Paintings","2 Sculptures","3 Film","4 Music","5 See also"] | Look up Annunciation or annunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
The Annunciation is the biblical episode of the announcement by the archangel Gabriel to Mary that she would become the mother of Jesus.
Annunciation may also refer to:
Annunciation to the shepherds, in which angels tell a group of shepherds about the birth of Jesus
Annunciation to Joseph, when Joseph is told in a dream Mary has conceived by the Holy Spirit
Paintings
Annunciation (Fra Angelico, Madrid), 1425–26
Annunciation (Fra Angelico, San Marco), c. 1450, in Florence, Italy
Annunciation of Cortona, 1433–1434, by Fra Angelico
Annunciation of San Giovanni Valdarno, c. 1430–1432, by Fra Angelico
Annunciation (Antonello da Messina), 1474, in Syracuse, Italy
Annunciation (Bellini), c. 1500, by Giovanni Bellini, in Venice, Italy
Annunciation (Botticelli, Glasgow), 1490
Annunciation (Botticelli, New York), c. 1485–1492
Annunciation (Caravaggio), 1608, in Nancy, France
Annunciation (Cima), 1495, in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Annunciation (Correggio), 1524–25, in Parma, Italy
The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius, 1486, by Carlo Crivelli, in London, England
Annunciation (Artemisia Gentileschi), 1630, in Naples, Italy
Annunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1600), in Newark, Delaware, US
Annunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1623), in Turin, Italy
Annunciation (El Greco, Illescas), 1603–1605
Annunciation (El Greco, Madrid), 1609, in a private collection in Madrid, Spain
Annunciation (El Greco, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza), 1575–1576, in Madrid, Spain
Annunciation (El Greco, Museo del Prado, 1600), part of the Doña María de Aragón Altarpiece
Annunciation (El Greco, Prado, 1570), 1570, in Madrid, Spain
Annunciation (El Greco, Sigüenza), 1614
Annunciation (El Greco, São Paulo Museum of Art), 1600, in São Paulo, Brazil
Annunciation (Guercino), 1646
Annunciation (Master Jerzy), 1517, in Kraków, Poland
Annunciation (Lanfranco, Rome), c. 1615–1624
Annunciation (Leonardo), 1472–1475, in Florence, Italy
Annunciation (Filippo Lippi, London), c. 1449–1459
Annunciation (Lippi, Munich), 1443–1450, by Filippo Lippi
Annunciation (Lippi, Rome), 1445–1450, by Filippo Lippi
Annunciation with Two Kneeling Donors, 1440–1445, by Filippo Lippi
Annunciation (Lochner), c. 1440, by Stefan Lochner, in Cologne, Germany
Annunciation (Lorenzetti), 1344, in Siena, Italy
Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus, by Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, in the Uffizi in Florence, Italy
Annunciation (Masolino), c. 1423–1424 or c. 1427–1429, in Washington, D.C., US
Annunciation (Memling), c. 1482, in New York City, New York, US
Annunciation (Moretto), 1535–1540
Annunciation of Fano, c. 1488–1490, by Pietro Perugino
Annunciation (Pittoni), c. 1757
Annunciation (Pontormo), 1528, in Florence, Italy
Annunciation (Previtali), 1505–1510, by Andrea Previtali, in Meschio, Italy
Annunciation (Reni), 1629
Annunciation (Rubens), two paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
Annunciation (Signorelli), 1491, in Volterra, Italy
The Annunciation (Tanner), 1898, by Henry Ossawa Tanner, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
Annunciation (church of San Salvador), 1559–64, by Titian, in Venice, Italy
Annunciation (Uccello), c. 1425
Annunciation (van Eyck, Madrid), 1434–36
Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington), 1434–36
Annunciation (Veronese, Uffizi), c. 1556, by Paolo Veronese, in Florence, Italy
Annunciation (Wautier), 1659, by Michaelina Wautier, in Marly-le-Roi, France
Annunciation Triptych (Lorenzo Monaco)
Annunciation Triptych (van der Weyden)
Ustyug Annunciation, 12th-century Russian Orthodox icon from Novgorod
Sculptures
Annunciation (Vittoria), c. 1583, by Alessandro Vittoria, in Chicago, Illinois, US
Film
The Annunciation (film), a 1984 Hungarian film directed by András Jeles
Music
Annunciation (album), a 1994 album by the Subdudes
See also
All pages with titles beginning with Annunciation
All pages with titles beginning with The Annunciation
Enunciation, announcing, proclaiming, or making known
Annunciade, several religious and military orders
Annunciation Church (disambiguation)
Annunciation School (disambiguation)
Annunciation Monastery (disambiguation)
Annunciation Bridge, across the Neva River in Saint Petersburg, Russia
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Annunciation.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annunciation"},{"link_name":"Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Annunciation to the shepherds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds"},{"link_name":"Annunciation to Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_to_Joseph"}],"text":"Look up Annunciation or annunciation in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.The Annunciation is the biblical episode of the announcement by the archangel Gabriel to Mary that she would become the mother of Jesus.Annunciation may also refer to:Annunciation to the shepherds, in which 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Glasgow)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Botticelli,_Glasgow)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Botticelli, New York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Botticelli,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Caravaggio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Caravaggio)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Cima)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Cima)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Correggio)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Correggio)"},{"link_name":"The Annunciation, with Saint Emidius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annunciation,_with_Saint_Emidius"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Artemisia Gentileschi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Artemisia_Gentileschi)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1600)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Orazio_Gentileschi,_1600)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1623)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Orazio_Gentileschi,_1623)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, Illescas)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_Illescas)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, Madrid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_Museo_Thyssen-Bornemisza)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, Museo del Prado, 1600)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_Prado,_1600)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, Prado, 1570)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_Prado,_1570)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, Sigüenza)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_Sig%C3%BCenza)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (El Greco, São Paulo Museum of Art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(El_Greco,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Museum_of_Art)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Guercino)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Guercino)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Master Jerzy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Master_Jerzy)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Lanfranco, Rome)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Lanfranco,_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Leonardo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Leonardo)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Filippo Lippi, London)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Filippo_Lippi,_London)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Lippi, Munich)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Lippi,_Munich)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Lippi, Rome)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Lippi,_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation with Two Kneeling Donors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_with_Two_Kneeling_Donors"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Lochner)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Lochner)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Lorenzetti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Lorenzetti)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_with_St._Margaret_and_St._Ansanus"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Masolino)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Masolino)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Memling)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Memling)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Moretto)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Moretto)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation of Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_of_Fano"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Pittoni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Pittoni)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Pontormo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Pontormo)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Previtali)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Previtali)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Reni)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Reni)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Rubens)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Rubens)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Signorelli)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Signorelli)"},{"link_name":"The Annunciation (Tanner)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Annunciation_(Tanner)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (church of San Salvador)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(church_of_San_Salvador)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Uccello)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Uccello)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (van Eyck, Madrid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(van_Eyck,_Madrid)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (van Eyck, Washington)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(van_Eyck,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Veronese, Uffizi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Veronese,_Uffizi)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation (Wautier)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_(Wautier)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation Triptych (Lorenzo Monaco)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Triptych_(Lorenzo_Monaco)"},{"link_name":"Annunciation Triptych (van der Weyden)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_Triptych_(van_der_Weyden)"},{"link_name":"Ustyug Annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustyug_Annunciation"}],"text":"Annunciation (Fra Angelico, Madrid), 1425–26\nAnnunciation (Fra Angelico, San Marco), c. 1450, in Florence, Italy\nAnnunciation of Cortona, 1433–1434, by Fra Angelico\nAnnunciation of San Giovanni Valdarno, c. 1430–1432, by Fra Angelico\nAnnunciation (Antonello da Messina), 1474, in Syracuse, Italy\nAnnunciation (Bellini), c. 1500, by Giovanni Bellini, in Venice, Italy\nAnnunciation (Botticelli, Glasgow), 1490\nAnnunciation (Botticelli, New York), c. 1485–1492\nAnnunciation (Caravaggio), 1608, in Nancy, France\nAnnunciation (Cima), 1495, in Saint Petersburg, Russia\nAnnunciation (Correggio), 1524–25, in Parma, Italy\nThe Annunciation, with Saint Emidius, 1486, by Carlo Crivelli, in London, England\nAnnunciation (Artemisia Gentileschi), 1630, in Naples, Italy\nAnnunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1600), in Newark, Delaware, US\nAnnunciation (Orazio Gentileschi, 1623), in Turin, Italy\nAnnunciation (El Greco, Illescas), 1603–1605\nAnnunciation (El Greco, Madrid), 1609, in a private collection in Madrid, Spain\nAnnunciation (El Greco, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza), 1575–1576, in Madrid, Spain\nAnnunciation (El Greco, Museo del Prado, 1600), part of the Doña María de Aragón Altarpiece\nAnnunciation (El Greco, Prado, 1570), 1570, in Madrid, Spain\nAnnunciation (El Greco, Sigüenza), 1614\nAnnunciation (El Greco, São Paulo Museum of Art), 1600, in São Paulo, Brazil\nAnnunciation (Guercino), 1646\nAnnunciation (Master Jerzy), 1517, in Kraków, Poland\nAnnunciation (Lanfranco, Rome), c. 1615–1624\nAnnunciation (Leonardo), 1472–1475, in Florence, Italy\nAnnunciation (Filippo Lippi, London), c. 1449–1459\nAnnunciation (Lippi, Munich), 1443–1450, by Filippo Lippi\nAnnunciation (Lippi, Rome), 1445–1450, by Filippo Lippi\nAnnunciation with Two Kneeling Donors, 1440–1445, by Filippo Lippi\nAnnunciation (Lochner), c. 1440, by Stefan Lochner, in Cologne, Germany\nAnnunciation (Lorenzetti), 1344, in Siena, Italy\nAnnunciation with St. Margaret and St. Ansanus, by Simone Martini and Lippo Memmi, in the Uffizi in Florence, Italy\nAnnunciation (Masolino), c. 1423–1424 or c. 1427–1429, in Washington, D.C., US\nAnnunciation (Memling), c. 1482, in New York City, New York, US\nAnnunciation (Moretto), 1535–1540\nAnnunciation of Fano, c. 1488–1490, by Pietro Perugino\nAnnunciation (Pittoni), c. 1757\nAnnunciation (Pontormo), 1528, in Florence, Italy\nAnnunciation (Previtali), 1505–1510, by Andrea Previtali, in Meschio, Italy\nAnnunciation (Reni), 1629\nAnnunciation (Rubens), two paintings by Peter Paul Rubens\nAnnunciation (Signorelli), 1491, in Volterra, Italy\nThe Annunciation (Tanner), 1898, by Henry Ossawa Tanner, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US\nAnnunciation (church of San Salvador), 1559–64, by Titian, in Venice, Italy\nAnnunciation (Uccello), c. 1425\nAnnunciation (van Eyck, Madrid), 1434–36\nAnnunciation (van Eyck, Washington), 1434–36\nAnnunciation (Veronese, Uffizi), c. 1556, by Paolo Veronese, in Florence, Italy\nAnnunciation (Wautier), 1659, by Michaelina Wautier, in Marly-le-Roi, France\nAnnunciation Triptych (Lorenzo Monaco)\nAnnunciation Triptych (van der Weyden)\nUstyug Annunciation, 12th-century Russian Orthodox icon from Novgorod","title":"Paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annunciation 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_9:36 | Matthew 9:36 | ["1 Content","2 Analysis","3 Commentary from the Church Fathers","4 References","5 External links"] | Bible verse
Matthew 9:36← 9:359:37 →BookGospel of MatthewChristian Bible partNew Testament
Matthew 9:36 is a verse in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.
Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort for this verse is:
Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους, ἐσπλαγχνίσθη περὶ αὐτῶν, ὅτι ἦσαν ἐκλελυμένοι καὶ ἐρριμμένοι ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα.
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having no shepherd.
The New International Version translates the passage as:
When he saw the crowds, he had compassion on them, because they were harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd.
Analysis
The Greek word for compassion is ἐσπλαγχνίσθη, which is, "pitied them from His inmost bowels." Lapide notes that, "there is no animal so simple, careless, improvident, so exposed to be the prey of wolves and other wild beasts, and therefore so needing a keeper, as a sheep." MacEvilly comments that it appears that the Scribes and Pharisees of that time were not taking on the role of being shepherds as they should have.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Saint Remigius: " Herein Christ shews in Himself the disposition of the good shepherd and not that of the hireling. Why He pitied them is added, Because they were troubled, and sick as sheep that have no shepherd—troubled either by dæmons, or by divers sicknesses and infirmities."
Glossa Ordinaria: " (ap. Anselm.) Or, troubled by dæmons, and sick, that is, benumbed and unable to rise; and though they had shepherds, yet they were as though they had them not."
Chrysostom: " This is an accusation against the rulers of the Jews, that being shepherds they appeared like wolves; not only not improving the multitude, but hindering their progress. For when the multitude marvelled and said, It was never so seen in Israel, these opposed themselves, saying, He casteth out dæmons by the prince of the dæmons. (vid. Ps. 102:19.)"
References
^ John MacEvilly, An Exposition of the Gospel of St. John consisting of an analysis of each chapter and of a Commentary critical, exegetical, doctrinal and moral, Dublin Gill & Son 1879.
^ Cornelius Cornelii a Lapide; Thomas Wimberly Mossman The great commentary of Cornelius à Lapide, London: J. Hodges, 1889-1896.
^ a b c "Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas". This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
External links
Other translations of Matthew 9:36 at BibleHub
Preceded byMatthew 9:35
Gospel of MatthewChapter 9
Succeeded byMatthew 9:37
vteGospel of Matthew chapter 9Verse
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Places
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Sea of Galilee
People
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← chapter 8chapter 10 →
vteGospel of MatthewBible(New Testament)Chapters
Matthew 1
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27:1–12; 52–66
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Gospel of Mark (chapter 1) → | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"verse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"the ninth chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_9"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"}],"text":"Matthew 9:36 is a verse in the ninth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.","title":"Matthew 9:36"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Westcott-Hort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott-Hort"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"New International Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Version"}],"text":"In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort for this verse is:Ἰδὼν δὲ τοὺς ὄχλους, ἐσπλαγχνίσθη περὶ αὐτῶν, ὅτι ἦσαν ἐκλελυμένοι καὶ ἐρριμμένοι ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα.In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:But when he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, because they fainted, and were scattered abroad, as sheep having no shepherd.The New International Version translates the passage as:When he saw the crowds, he had compassion on them, because they were harassed and helpless, like sheep without a shepherd.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Greek word for compassion is ἐσπλαγχνίσθη, which is, \"pitied them from His inmost bowels.\" Lapide notes that, \"there is no animal so simple, careless, improvident, so exposed to be the prey of wolves and other wild beasts, and therefore so needing a keeper, as a sheep.\" MacEvilly comments that it appears that the Scribes and Pharisees of that time were not taking on the role of being shepherds as they should have. [1][2]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Remigius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Remigius"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"Glossa Ordinaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossa_Ordinaria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"},{"link_name":"Chrysostom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysostom"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Commentary-3"}],"text":"Saint Remigius: \" Herein Christ shews in Himself the disposition of the good shepherd and not that of the hireling. Why He pitied them is added, Because they were troubled, and sick as sheep that have no shepherd—troubled either by dæmons, or by divers sicknesses and infirmities.\"[3]Glossa Ordinaria: \" (ap. Anselm.) Or, troubled by dæmons, and sick, that is, benumbed and unable to rise; and though they had shepherds, yet they were as though they had them not.\"[3]Chrysostom: \" This is an accusation against the rulers of the Jews, that being shepherds they appeared like wolves; not only not improving the multitude, but hindering their progress. For when the multitude marvelled and said, It was never so seen in Israel, these opposed themselves, saying, He casteth out dæmons by the prince of the dæmons. (vid. Ps. 102:19.)\"[3]","title":"Commentary from the Church Fathers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\".","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/CatenaAureaNewEdV6/page/n9/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Catena aurea: commentary on the four Gospels, collected out of the works of the Fathers: Volume 6, St. John. Oxford: Parker, 1874. Thomas Aquinas\""},{"Link":"http://biblehub.com/matthew/9-36.htm","external_links_name":"Other translations of Matthew 9:36 at BibleHub"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voras_Mountains | Voras Mountains | ["1 References","2 External links"] | See also: Voras mountain range
Voras MountainsNidžeVillage of Agios Athanasios, near the Voras MountainsHighest pointPeakKaimakchalanElevation2,524 m (8,281 ft)GeographyLocation in Greece
CountriesGreece and North Macedonia
The Voras Mountains (Greek: Όρος Βόρας; also Boras), also known as Nidže (Macedonian: Ниџеⓘ, Turkish: Nice Dağı) are a mountain range situated on the border between Greece and North Macedonia. It separates the Pella regional unit on the Greek side in the south from the Mariovo region on the North Macedonia side in the north. The tallest peak in the range is Kaimakchalan at 2,524 m (8,281 ft). Adjacent peaks are Starkov grob (1,876 m) and Dobro Pole (1,700 m).
The mountain range hosts a ski resort and the hot springs at Loutra Loutrakiou (Pozar) on the Greek side.
The mountain can be reached from the town of Bitola and nearby villages on the North Macedonia side.
Voras
References
^ "Nidže". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nidže.
Greek Mountain Flora Archived 2021-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
Tzena - Pinovo - East Voras terrain map by Geopsis
Authority control databases: Geographic
Pleiades
This Central Macedonia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voras mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voras_mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Ниџе","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/43/Mk-Nidze.ogg/Mk-Nidze.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mk-Nidze.ogg"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Pella regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pella_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Mariovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariovo"},{"link_name":"Kaimakchalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimakchalan"},{"link_name":"Dobro Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobro_Pole"},{"link_name":"Loutra Loutrakiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozar_Baths"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B5.jpg"}],"text":"See also: Voras mountain rangeThe Voras Mountains (Greek: Όρος Βόρας; also Boras), also known as Nidže (Macedonian: Ниџеⓘ, Turkish: Nice Dağı)[1] are a mountain range situated on the border between Greece and North Macedonia. It separates the Pella regional unit on the Greek side in the south from the Mariovo region on the North Macedonia side in the north. The tallest peak in the range is Kaimakchalan at 2,524 m (8,281 ft). Adjacent peaks are Starkov grob (1,876 m) and Dobro Pole (1,700 m).The mountain range hosts a ski resort and the hot springs at Loutra Loutrakiou (Pozar) on the Greek side.The mountain can be reached from the town of Bitola and nearby villages on the North Macedonia side.Voras","title":"Voras Mountains"}] | [{"image_text":"Voras","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B5.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%9F%D0%B5.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nidže\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050154/http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/787674/Nid%C5%BEe/MK/Macedonia/0/","url_text":"\"Nidže\""},{"url":"http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/787674/Nid%C5%BEe/MK/Macedonia/0/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050154/http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/787674/Nid%C5%BEe/MK/Macedonia/0/","external_links_name":"\"Nidže\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/787674/Nid%C5%BEe/MK/Macedonia/0/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://greekmountainflora.info/kajmaktcalan-flora/","external_links_name":"Greek Mountain Flora"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819152850/https://greekmountainflora.info/kajmaktcalan-flora/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.avenzamaps.com/maps/815748","external_links_name":"Tzena - Pinovo - East Voras terrain map"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/491539","external_links_name":"Pleiades"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voras_Mountains&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Ridremont | Patrick Ridremont | ["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","2.1 Actor","2.2 Director","3 References","4 External links"] | Belgian comedian and actor (born 1967)
Patrick RidremontPatrick Ridremont in 2012Born (1967-08-09) 9 August 1967 (age 56)Léopoldville, Congo-KinshasaNationality BelgiumOccupation(s)Comedian, actorNotable workDead Man Talking, Unit 42
Patrick Ridremont (born 9 August 1967) is a Belgian comedian and actor. He was born in Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Personal life
Ridremont has three daughters with Arielle Harcq. He was married to actress Virginie Efira from 2002 to 2005.
Filmography
Actor
2001: Mauvais genres by François Girod
2005: Comme sur des roulettes by Jean-Paul Lilienfeld
2006: De si vieux amis (short film) by Michael Alalouf
2007: Mamie (short film) by Michaël Alalouf
2007: Deux sœurs (short film) by Emmanuel Jespers
2010: Zéro zéro belge by Pascal Rocteur
2010: A Cat in Paris by Alain Gagnol and Jean-Loup Felicioli (voice)
2010: La Chance de ma vie by Nicolas Cuche
2011: BXL/USA (TV movie) by Gaëtan Bevernaege
2012: Dead Man Talking
2014: Kontainer Kats
2015: En immersion (TV series) by Philippe Haïm
2015: Flic tout simplement by Yves Rénier
2015: Phantom Boy by Alain Gagnol and Jean-Loup Felicioli (voice)
2016: Radin! by Fred Cavayé
2016: Emma (TV series) by Alfred Lot
2017: La Forêt by Julius Berg
2017: Unit 42
2017: Parole contre parole by Didier Bivel
2018: Les Rivières pourpres (TV series)
2019: Rebelles by Allan Mauduit
Director
2012: Dead Man Talking
2017: La Station (short film)
2021: The Advent Calendar
References
^ "Patrick Ridremont". IMDb.
^ Média, Prisma. "Le jour où Patrick Ridremont, l'ex-mari de Virginie Efira, lui a fait signer les papiers du divorce à la télé - Voici". Voici.fr.
External links
Patrick Ridremont at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
This article about a Belgian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgians"},{"link_name":"comedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedian"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"Kinshasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinshasa"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Patrick Ridremont (born 9 August 1967) is a Belgian comedian and actor. He was born in Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[1]","title":"Patrick Ridremont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginie Efira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginie_Efira"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ridremont has three daughters with Arielle Harcq. He was married to actress Virginie Efira from 2002 to 2005.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Lilienfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Lilienfeld"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_in_film"},{"link_name":"A Cat in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cat_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"Alain Gagnol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Gagnol"},{"link_name":"Jean-Loup Felicioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Loup_Felicioli"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_in_television"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_film"},{"link_name":"Dead Man Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Talking"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_television"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_television"},{"link_name":"Philippe Haïm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Ha%C3%AFm"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_television"},{"link_name":"Yves Rénier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_R%C3%A9nier"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_in_film"},{"link_name":"Phantom Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Boy"},{"link_name":"Alain Gagnol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Gagnol"},{"link_name":"Jean-Loup Felicioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Loup_Felicioli"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_film"},{"link_name":"Radin!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radin!"},{"link_name":"Fred Cavayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Cavay%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_in_television"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_television"},{"link_name":"La Forêt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forest_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_television"},{"link_name":"Unit 42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_42"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_television"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_in_television"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_in_film"}],"sub_title":"Actor","text":"2001: Mauvais genres by François Girod\n2005: Comme sur des roulettes by Jean-Paul Lilienfeld\n2006: De si vieux amis (short film) by Michael Alalouf\n2007: Mamie (short film) by Michaël Alalouf\n2007: Deux sœurs (short film) by Emmanuel Jespers\n2010: Zéro zéro belge by Pascal Rocteur\n2010: A Cat in Paris by Alain Gagnol and Jean-Loup Felicioli (voice)\n2010: La Chance de ma vie by Nicolas Cuche\n2011: BXL/USA (TV movie) by Gaëtan Bevernaege\n2012: Dead Man Talking\n2014: Kontainer Kats\n2015: En immersion (TV series) by Philippe Haïm\n2015: Flic tout simplement by Yves Rénier\n2015: Phantom Boy by Alain Gagnol and Jean-Loup Felicioli (voice)\n2016: Radin! by Fred Cavayé\n2016: Emma (TV series) by Alfred Lot\n2017: La Forêt by Julius Berg\n2017: Unit 42\n2017: Parole contre parole by Didier Bivel\n2018: Les Rivières pourpres (TV series)\n2019: Rebelles by Allan Mauduit","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_in_film"},{"link_name":"Dead Man Talking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Man_Talking"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_in_film"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_in_film"},{"link_name":"The Advent Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advent_Calendar"}],"sub_title":"Director","text":"2012: Dead Man Talking\n2017: La Station (short film)\n2021: The Advent Calendar","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Patrick Ridremont\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(disambiguation) | Joseph Kahn | ["1 See also"] | Joseph Kahn may refer to:
Joseph Kahn (director) (born 1972), a film and music video director
Joseph Kahn (journalist) (born 1964), American journalist
Joseph Kahn (shipping executive) (1916–1979), American businessman
See also
Joseph Hahn (born 1977), the Linkin Park turntablist
Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn (director)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn (journalist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn (shipping executive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(shipping_executive)"}],"text":"Joseph Kahn (director) (born 1972), a film and music video director\nJoseph Kahn (journalist) (born 1964), American journalist\nJoseph Kahn (shipping executive) (1916–1979), American businessman","title":"Joseph Kahn"}] | [] | [{"title":"Joseph Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hahn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Joseph_Kahn&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Joseph_Kahn&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Despatch | Butterfield Overland Despatch | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Not to be confused with the Butterfield Overland Mail, an unaffiliated company with a similar name.
Route of the Butterfield Overland Despatch is highlighted in red
The Butterfield Overland Despatch was a mail and freight service operating across the Great Plains of America in the 1860s.
Due to increased travel to Colorado after the discovery of gold in 1858. David A. Butterfield, backed by New York capital, organized a joint-stock express and passenger carrying service between the Missouri River and Denver. In July 1865, the route via the Smoky Hill River was surveyed and soon thereafter coaches were in operation. Ben Holladay, acting for a competing organization, bought the Butterfield Overland Despatch in March 1866, when Eastern express companies threatened to take it over and establish a service between the Missouri River and Sacramento, California.
See also
Pond Creek Station, a preserved station of the company, built in 1865, near Wallace, Kansas
References
Root, Frank. (1901) The Overland Stage to California. Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Butterfield Overland Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Butterfield_Overland_Despatch_route_-_colorized_-_Roy_D._Marsh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Gold_Rush"},{"link_name":"David A. Butterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_A._Butterfield&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Smoky Hill River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoky_Hill_River"},{"link_name":"Ben Holladay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Holladay"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Butterfield Overland Mail, an unaffiliated company with a similar name.Route of the Butterfield Overland Despatch is highlighted in redThe Butterfield Overland Despatch was a mail and freight service operating across the Great Plains of America in the 1860s.Due to increased travel to Colorado after the discovery of gold in 1858. David A. Butterfield, backed by New York capital, organized a joint-stock express and passenger carrying service between the Missouri River and Denver. In July 1865, the route via the Smoky Hill River was surveyed and soon thereafter coaches were in operation. Ben Holladay, acting for a competing organization, bought the Butterfield Overland Despatch in March 1866, when Eastern express companies threatened to take it over and establish a service between the Missouri River and Sacramento, California.","title":"Butterfield Overland Despatch"}] | [{"image_text":"Route of the Butterfield Overland Despatch is highlighted in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Butterfield_Overland_Despatch_route_-_colorized_-_Roy_D._Marsh.jpg/220px-Butterfield_Overland_Despatch_route_-_colorized_-_Roy_D._Marsh.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Pond Creek Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond_Creek_Station"},{"title":"Wallace, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace,_Kansas"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071209040128/http://www.rootsweb.com/~neresour/OLLibrary/OLStage/","external_links_name":"[1]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldschmidt_Thesis | Goldschmidt Thesis | ["1 References"] | In the sociology of agriculture, the Goldschmidt Thesis is the thesis by Walter Goldschmidt that farm scale and other management characteristics (e.g., wage labor) are associated with certain community characteristics. Goldschmidt was a California anthropologist who conducted pioneering rural community research under USDA's Bureau of Agricultural Economics on three California farming communities (Wasco, Arvin, and Dinuba). His 1944 research showed that largescale, especially industrial, farm structures in one community were associated with adverse community conditions. Smaller-scale, owner-operated farms in the other community, were associated with more vibrant, diverse economies and with higher standards of living.
A large body of research has accumulated testing the Goldschmidt Thesis. However, the validity of the thesis that farm structural characteristics dominating an area can produce certain rural community characteristics remains ambiguous. Research results supporting the thesis and other conclusions casting doubt on it have characterized the debate for over 50 years.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
Goldschmidt, Walter R. (1947). As You Sow: Three Studies in the Social Consequences of Agribusiness. Montclair, N.J: Allanheld, Osmun and Co. Publishers, Inc. | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A large body of research has accumulated testing the Goldschmidt Thesis. However, the validity of the thesis that farm structural characteristics dominating an area can produce certain rural community characteristics remains ambiguous. Research results supporting the thesis and other conclusions casting doubt on it have characterized the debate for over 50 years.","title":"Goldschmidt Thesis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf","url_text":"Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service","url_text":"Congressional Research Service"}]},{"reference":"Goldschmidt, Walter R. (1947). As You Sow: Three Studies in the Social Consequences of Agribusiness. Montclair, N.J: Allanheld, Osmun and Co. Publishers, Inc.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://ncseonline.org/nle/crsreports/05jun/97-905.pdf","external_links_name":"Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Music_Company | Trinidad and Tobago Music Company | ["1 MusicTT and economic diversification","2 Projects/Initiatives","2.1 Feel the Beat Music Symposium","2.2 Live Music District[3]","2.3 The Artist Portfolio Development Programme (APDP)","2.4 Music Export Academy","2.5 Songwriting and Production Camp","2.6 Music Publishing Camp","2.7 Music IP Valuation Workshop","2.8 Songwriting, Production, Mixing and Mastering Workshop","2.9 Open call for proposals","2.10 The Business of Calypso Workshop featuring Calypso Rose","2.11 How to Make a Living from Music Workshop[15]","3 References","4 External links"] | MusicTTAgency overviewFormed2014; 10 years ago (2014)JurisdictionRepublic of Trinidad and TobagoHeadquarters47 Long Circular Road, St James, TrinidadParent agencyCreativeTT, Ministry of Trade and Industry of Trinidad and TobagoWebsitehttp://www.musictt.co.tt/
The Trinidad and Tobago Music Company Limited (MusicTT) was established in 2014. As a subsidiary of Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company Limited (CreativeTT), MusicTT's mandate is "to stimulate and facilitate the business development and export activity of the music industry in Trinidad and Tobago to generate national wealth."
As such, MusicTT provides industry-wide strategic and action plans toward the development of the music industry as well as guidance and access to music education and capacity development.
MusicTT and economic diversification
The government has identified the music industry as one of three pioneering sectors that are pivotal to long-term economic sustainability because of dropping prices of oil and gas, Trinidad and Tobago's main export. The other two sectors identified for development are fashion and film.
To permanently implant T&T's musical talents in international circles, MusicTT has established an online music showcase featuring local artists. This showcase promotes and exposes the world to Trinbagonian musical creativity.
Projects/Initiatives
Feel the Beat Music Symposium
MusicTT hosted a music symposium titled FEEL THE BEAT (FTB) featuring multi-platinum recording producer Salaam Remi. This symposium provided participants with information on music production at both local and international levels, creating and exploiting opportunities in the music business ecosystem to better equip individuals aspiring to make music and/or its derivative industries a full-time lucrative career.
This symposium took place on Thursday 27 September 2018, Central Bank Auditorium, Port of Spain.
Live Music District
Live music is a fundamental pillar of the global music industry. Locally, as per MusicTT's survey results in 2017, access to music performance spaces was seen to be a major issue for music creatives, most of whom work a full-time job parallel to their musical activities. Additionally, there has been a challenge for local music performers outside of the indigenous carnival-oriented genres to book performances year-round. Internationally, the designation of creative, cultural and entertainment districts attracts visitors and therefore creates opportunities for jobs and revenue generation. It also promotes and assists in policing and regulating an area with a high concentration of businesses and activity from a particular sector. As such, the creation of a Live Music District is a key strategy being undertaken by MusicTT through the Ministry of Trade and Industry in order to address the challenges presented by the majority of stakeholders.
MusicTT has identified the City of Port of Spain as the first Live Music District for Trinidad & Tobago. The main areas within the City that were targeted included the heart of Port of Spain, The Botanic Gardens, Ariapita Avenue, as well as the surrounding hotels, restaurants, squares and other bustling areas. These areas were chosen due to the already-present infrastructure suited for live music as well as the existence of a solid customer base who currently frequent these areas.
The Live Music District was launched in March 2018 and has since provided local artistes with opportunities to showcase their talent at various events and locations throughout the chosen Pilot in the Port of Spain district. Registered artistes have performed in venues such as Radisson Hotel, Hilton Hotel, Smokey and Bunty, Kaiso Blues Café, Xperience Event Centre, D’Bocas and the Rizzoni's to name a few, as well as signature events such as Live at the Gardens and Live on the Avenue.
Phase 2 will commence on Sunday 21 October 2018 with Live at Fiesta Plaza and continue until December 2018.
The Artist Portfolio Development Programme (APDP)
As an export initiative, the APDP focuses on those artists who are evaluated to be on the cusp of export-readiness but need specific capacity development in areas such as music business and entertainment law training, brand and artist development, pitching strategies, developing business and marketing plans, developing robust online presence, monetizing music IP, etc. All training will be done through the Music Export Academy (explained below). This is a yearly initiative, with cohorts for each year being transparently chosen by international, independent industry executives at a public music showcase.
The Music Showcase is the first phase of the Artist Portfolio Development Programme (APDP). Local singers/songwriters, duos and bands of all genres performed before a live audience and a panel of international, independent industry executives for a chance to become part of the cohort for the Music Export Academy.
The event took place on Saturday 9 December at Tzar, Ariapita Avenue.
Music Export Academy
As a part of the Artist Portfolio Development Programme, this Academy will train the cohort in the exact knowledge and skills they need to export their music products. This may possibly include training, consultations and workshops as per the needs of the participants. Some of the wider sessions will also be open to other suitable music creatives. The 11 artists advancing from the Showcase to become the first Music Export Academy cohort are Chinaka, Shannon Francois, Candice Caton, Miss Renuka, Daniel Griffith, DEZii, X-A-Vier & Black Unity, Donald Job, Quattro Musica, VoiceQueen and Keoné.
Songwriting and Production Camp
MusicTT's Song Writing and Production Workshop gave Trinidad and Tobago's creative practitioners access to international markets and the opportunity to build capacity to an international standard. Participants obtained knowledge of international best practices in an interactive, hands-on workshop while familiarizing international music industry professionals with up and coming Trinidad and Tobago artistes, songwriters and producers.
Entertainment Management Quarters Limited led by their CEO Mr. Simon Baptiste was awarded the tender for the Provision of the Design, Facilitation and Delivery of an Advanced Song Writing and Production Camp. They contracted Grammy-nominated team Weirdo Workshop, inclusive of CEO/songwriter/vocalist Claude Kelly, co-CEO/producer/musician Chuck Harmony as well as their sound engineer Michael Piazza and their creative director Evan Vogul.
Weirdo Workshop gave an assignment of producing a song which will be submitted for potential placement in commercials, movies or for a signed artiste.
Music Publishing Camp
Held in 2015, this workshop educated participants on the functions of a music publisher, the income sources possible for a song (inclusive of getting songs into commercials, movies/films and to signed artists), the art of intellectual property exploitation and licensing, collaborations and remixes, song quality checklists, the role of performing rights organizations in publishing and access to the international music industry.
Facilitators for this workshop include Marcus Spence, Senior Vice President A&R, Mosley Music Group LLC; Sean Mulligan, Vice President, Film, TV & Media, Rock Steady Music; Vivian Barclay, General Manager, Warner Chappell Music Publishing and Jennifer Beavis, Director Publishing, Copyright & Royalty Administration, BMG Chrysalis.
Music IP Valuation Workshop
This workshop explored the basic concepts of how to protect intellectual property and methods used in the valuation of intellectual property with regards to music, and the true collateral value of a song and its artist(s) when approaching investors.
The feature speaker was entertainment attorney, Carla Parris, who has operated as a consultant for World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) projects and participated in over twelve local and regional conferences in the areas of Intellectual Property law and the creative sector. Heather Baldwin-Mc Dowell, Intellectual Property and Public Relations Practitioner, was a guest speaker.
General Manager of MusicTT, Jeanelle Frontin, emphasized the pressing need for this workshop. "There are two major challenges that must be overcome locally: firstly, there needs to be a cultural shift towards valuing the written word over the spoken word and secondly, people need to intimately get to know what they don't know about their intellectual property rights. Why? Because the majority of music revenue can only be accessed through the leveraging of those IP rights, and half the battle is having those rights put down in black-and-white," Frontin explained.
Songwriting, Production, Mixing and Mastering Workshop
This four-day workshop covered the four important elements within the music industry.
Songwriting - the basics of songwriting (from melody to lyrics to arrangement); tips for demos; how to collaborate; tips for getting your songs heard and placed; understanding publishing deals.
Production – importance of the type of equipment being used; how to create your song structure (layout and drops); basics of production; how to set up your studio; how to craft what an artist needs.
Mixing – the basics of being an audio engineer and the daily routine; the anatomy of a great mix; Pro Tools routing; how to communicate with clients; how to market and brand yourself as a music professional.
Mastering - understanding of the tools and techniques involved in mastering for electronic productions of all kinds; business knowledge for electronic music producers, self-producing artists, composers for visuals, songwriters, engineers, producers, and hobbyists.
Facilitators included Michelle Bell, Singer-songwriter and Record Producer, Kobalt Music Group; 88-Keys, Grammy Award-winning producer, Keys Open Doors LLC; Dana Shayegan, Vice President of Music at the premium content network, Studio71; IRKO, Multi-platinum Award-winning audio engineer, Audio Nutrition LLC and Jeremy Harding, 2 Hard Studios.
Open call for proposals
In 2015, music industry stakeholders were invited biannually to submit proposals that fit into any of the following categories: build capacity for individual local music stakeholders; build community/capacity of the entire Trinidad and Tobago music ecosystem or facilitate international exposure of local music stakeholders. There were two other Open Call for Proposals in January and July/August 2017.
The Business of Calypso Workshop featuring Calypso Rose
MusicTT, in collaboration with the Ministry of Trade and Industry and TUCO, hosted The Business of Calypso Workshop featuring Calypso Rose on Friday 17 February 2017 at the NAPA Restaurant, Port of Spain. The workshop's agenda included several panel discussions featuring notable industry practitioners such as Carl 'Beaver' Henderson, Robert Amar, Richard Ahong, Jean Michel Gilbert, Anne Marie Omed Joseph and Fabien Alonso who shared their knowledge, opinions and advice to stimulate thought-provoking discussions on the essentials in composing calypso, calypso music production and music business, finance and marketing.
How to Make a Living from Music Workshop
The How to Make a Living from Music workshop is a MusicTT initiative coordinated by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in collaboration with the Intellectual Property Office of Trinidad and Tobago (IPO). It aims to educate music practitioners on the essentials of artist management, branding, intellectual property and monetizing their music products through various income streams. This workshop took place on 6–7 April 2017 at the Cascadia Hotel, St. Anns.
References
^ "Discover MusicTT". CreativeTT/MusicTT. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ "Film, music and fashion to fall under Creative TT". Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016.
^ Dowrich-Phillips, Laura (31 October 2017). "T&T's first live music district to be launched March 1, 2018". www.looptt.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "Music music everywhere ...at home and abroad". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "Ariapita Ave comes alive to LMD's first Live on the Avenue". www.looptt.com. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "Making TT artistes export-ready - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 9 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ "MusicTT Showcase kicks off on Saturday". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ Dowrich-Phillips, Laura (11 December 2017). "Eleven performers selected for MusicTT's Artiste Development Programme". www.looptt.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ "MusicTT". YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
^ "MusicTT & Carla Parris Partner to Host Music IP Valuation Workshop". Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
^ Allen-Agostini, Lisa (14 August 2016). "Songwriting 101". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian.
^ "Erphaan ALves praises MusicTT". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. 18 August 2016.
^ Campbell, Nigel A. (23 July 2015). "MusicTT to elevate music business conversation". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian.
^ "Calypso Rose Inspires the Next Generation of Calypsonians at MusicTT Workshop". CreativeTT.
^ "Music TT to run David Stopps workshop". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "MusicTT hosts 'Making a Living from Music' Workshop | Trinidad and Tobago Government News". www.news.gov.tt. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
^ "How to Make a Living From Music - David Stopps to Present At MusicTT & IPO Workshop Next Month". CreativeTT.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago Creative Industries Company Limited (CreativeTT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Creative_Industries_Company"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Trinidad and Tobago Music Company Limited (MusicTT) was established in 2014. 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The main areas within the City that were targeted included the heart of Port of Spain, The Botanic Gardens, Ariapita Avenue,[4][5] as well as the surrounding hotels, restaurants, squares and other bustling areas. These areas were chosen due to the already-present infrastructure suited for live music as well as the existence of a solid customer base who currently frequent these areas.The Live Music District was launched in March 2018 and has since provided local artistes with opportunities to showcase their talent at various events and locations throughout the chosen Pilot in the Port of Spain district. 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This is a yearly initiative, with cohorts for each year being transparently chosen by international, independent industry executives at a public music showcase.The Music Showcase is the first phase of the Artist Portfolio Development Programme (APDP). Local singers/songwriters, duos and bands of all genres performed before a live audience and a panel of international, independent industry executives for a chance to become part of the cohort for the Music Export Academy.The event[6] took place on Saturday 9 December at Tzar, Ariapita Avenue.[7]","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Music Export Academy","text":"As a part of the Artist Portfolio Development Programme, this Academy will train the cohort in the exact knowledge and skills they need to export their music products. This may possibly include training, consultations and workshops as per the needs of the participants. 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They contracted Grammy-nominated team Weirdo Workshop, inclusive of CEO/songwriter/vocalist Claude Kelly, co-CEO/producer/musician Chuck Harmony as well as their sound engineer Michael Piazza and their creative director Evan Vogul.\nWeirdo Workshop gave an assignment of producing a song which will be submitted for potential placement in commercials, movies or for a signed artiste.","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Music Publishing Camp","text":"Held in 2015, this workshop educated participants on the functions of a music publisher, the income sources possible for a song (inclusive of getting songs into commercials, movies/films and to signed artists), the art of intellectual property exploitation and licensing, collaborations and remixes, song quality checklists, the role of performing rights organizations in publishing and access to the international music industry. \nFacilitators for this workshop include Marcus Spence, Senior Vice President A&R, Mosley Music Group LLC; Sean Mulligan, Vice President, Film, TV & Media, Rock Steady Music; Vivian Barclay, General Manager, Warner Chappell Music Publishing and Jennifer Beavis, Director Publishing, Copyright & Royalty Administration, BMG Chrysalis.[9]","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Music IP Valuation Workshop","text":"This workshop explored the basic concepts of how to protect intellectual property and methods used in the valuation of intellectual property with regards to music, and the true collateral value of a song and its artist(s) when approaching investors. \nThe feature speaker was entertainment attorney, Carla Parris, who has operated as a consultant for World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) projects and participated in over twelve local and regional conferences in the areas of Intellectual Property law and the creative sector. Heather Baldwin-Mc Dowell, Intellectual Property and Public Relations Practitioner, was a guest speaker.General Manager of MusicTT, Jeanelle Frontin, emphasized the pressing need for this workshop. \"There are two major challenges that must be overcome locally: firstly, there needs to be a cultural shift towards valuing the written word over the spoken word and secondly, people need to intimately get to know what they don't know about their intellectual property rights. Why? Because the majority of music revenue can only be accessed through the leveraging of those IP rights, and half the battle is having those rights put down in black-and-white,\" Frontin explained.[10]","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michelle Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bell"},{"link_name":"88-Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88-Keys"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Songwriting, Production, Mixing and Mastering Workshop","text":"This four-day workshop covered the four important elements within the music industry.Songwriting - the basics of songwriting (from melody to lyrics to arrangement); tips for demos; how to collaborate; tips for getting your songs heard and placed; understanding publishing deals.\nProduction – importance of the type of equipment being used; how to create your song structure (layout and drops); basics of production; how to set up your studio; how to craft what an artist needs.\nMixing – the basics of being an audio engineer and the daily routine; the anatomy of a great mix; Pro Tools routing; how to communicate with clients; how to market and brand yourself as a music professional.\nMastering - understanding of the tools and techniques involved in mastering for electronic productions of all kinds; business knowledge for electronic music producers, self-producing artists, composers for visuals, songwriters, engineers, producers, and hobbyists.Facilitators included Michelle Bell, Singer-songwriter and Record Producer, Kobalt Music Group; 88-Keys, Grammy Award-winning producer, Keys Open Doors LLC; Dana Shayegan, Vice President of Music at the premium content network, Studio71; IRKO, Multi-platinum Award-winning audio engineer, Audio Nutrition LLC and Jeremy Harding, 2 Hard Studios.[11][12]","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Open call for proposals","text":"In 2015, music industry stakeholders were invited biannually to submit proposals that fit into any of the following categories: build capacity for individual local music stakeholders; build community/capacity of the entire Trinidad and Tobago music ecosystem or facilitate international exposure of local music stakeholders.[13] There were two other Open Call for Proposals in January and July/August 2017.","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calypso Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_Rose"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"The Business of Calypso Workshop featuring Calypso Rose","text":"MusicTT, in collaboration with the Ministry of Trade and Industry and TUCO, hosted The Business of Calypso Workshop featuring Calypso Rose on Friday 17 February 2017 at the NAPA Restaurant, Port of Spain.[14] The workshop's agenda included several panel discussions featuring notable industry practitioners such as Carl 'Beaver' Henderson, Robert Amar, Richard Ahong, Jean Michel Gilbert, Anne Marie Omed Joseph and Fabien Alonso who shared their knowledge, opinions and advice to stimulate thought-provoking discussions on the essentials in composing calypso, calypso music production and music business, finance and marketing.","title":"Projects/Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"How to Make a Living from Music Workshop[15]","text":"The How to Make a Living from Music workshop is a MusicTT initiative coordinated by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in collaboration with the Intellectual Property Office of Trinidad and Tobago (IPO). It aims to educate music practitioners on the essentials of artist management, branding, intellectual property and monetizing their music products through various income streams. This workshop took place on 6–7 April 2017 at the Cascadia Hotel, St. Anns.[16][17]","title":"Projects/Initiatives"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Discover MusicTT\". CreativeTT/MusicTT. Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musictt.co.tt/","url_text":"\"Discover MusicTT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film, music and fashion to fall under Creative TT\". Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160917144637/http://www.news.gov.tt/archive/index.php?news=13024","url_text":"\"Film, music and fashion to fall under Creative TT\""},{"url":"http://www.news.gov.tt/archive/index.php?news=13024","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dowrich-Phillips, Laura (31 October 2017). \"T&T's first live music district to be launched March 1, 2018\". www.looptt.com. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.looptt.com/content/tts-first-live-music-district-be-launched-march-1-2018","url_text":"\"T&T's first live music district to be launched March 1, 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music music everywhere ...at home and abroad\". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/entertainment/2018-04-27/music-music-everywhere-home-and-abroad","url_text":"\"Music music everywhere ...at home and abroad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ariapita Ave comes alive to LMD's first Live on the Avenue\". www.looptt.com. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.looptt.com/content/ariapita-comes-alive-lmds-first-live-avenue","url_text":"\"Ariapita Ave comes alive to LMD's first Live on the Avenue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Making TT artistes export-ready - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday\". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 9 December 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://newsday.co.tt/2017/12/09/making-tt-artistes-export-ready","url_text":"\"Making TT artistes export-ready - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday\""}]},{"reference":"\"MusicTT Showcase kicks off on Saturday\". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2017-12-06/musictt-showcase-kicks-Saturday","url_text":"\"MusicTT Showcase kicks off on Saturday\""}]},{"reference":"Dowrich-Phillips, Laura (11 December 2017). \"Eleven performers selected for MusicTT's Artiste Development Programme\". www.looptt.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.looptt.com/content/ten-performers-selected-musictts-artiste-developmet-programme","url_text":"\"Eleven performers selected for MusicTT's Artiste Development Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"MusicTT\". YouTube. Retrieved 15 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmYMkiB5bxr2P_ADX2OheEA/videos?shelf_id=0&sort=dd&view=0","url_text":"\"MusicTT\""}]},{"reference":"\"MusicTT & Carla Parris Partner to Host Music IP Valuation Workshop\". Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.gov.tt/content/musictt-carla-parris-partner-host-music-ip-valuation-workshop#.V9roLIYrLIU","url_text":"\"MusicTT & Carla Parris Partner to Host Music IP Valuation Workshop\""}]},{"reference":"Allen-Agostini, Lisa (14 August 2016). \"Songwriting 101\". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Allen-Agostini","url_text":"Allen-Agostini, Lisa"}]},{"reference":"\"Erphaan ALves praises MusicTT\". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. 18 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://digital.guardian.co.tt/default.aspx?iid=145467&startpage=page0000066#folio=66","url_text":"\"Erphaan ALves praises MusicTT\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Nigel A. (23 July 2015). \"MusicTT to elevate music business conversation\". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2015-07-23/musictt-elevate-music-business-conversation","url_text":"\"MusicTT to elevate music business conversation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calypso Rose Inspires the Next Generation of Calypsonians at MusicTT Workshop\". CreativeTT.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.creativett.co.tt/news/calypso-rose-inspires-the-next-generation-of-calypsonians-at-musictt-workshop","url_text":"\"Calypso Rose Inspires the Next Generation of Calypsonians at MusicTT Workshop\""}]},{"reference":"\"Music TT to run David Stopps workshop\". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2017-03-27/music-tt-run-david-stopps-workshop","url_text":"\"Music TT to run David Stopps workshop\""}]},{"reference":"\"MusicTT hosts 'Making a Living from Music' Workshop | Trinidad and Tobago Government News\". www.news.gov.tt. Retrieved 1 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.gov.tt/content/musictt-hosts-making-living-music-workshop#.WxFlhkgvw2x","url_text":"\"MusicTT hosts 'Making a Living from Music' Workshop | Trinidad and Tobago Government News\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Make a Living From Music - David Stopps to Present At MusicTT & IPO Workshop Next Month\". CreativeTT.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.creativett.co.tt/news/how-to-make-a-living-from-music-david-stopps-to-present-at-musictt-amp-ipo-workshop-next-month","url_text":"\"How to Make a Living From Music - David Stopps to Present At MusicTT & IPO Workshop Next Month\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.musictt.co.tt/","external_links_name":"http://www.musictt.co.tt/"},{"Link":"http://www.musictt.co.tt/","external_links_name":"\"Discover MusicTT\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160917144637/http://www.news.gov.tt/archive/index.php?news=13024","external_links_name":"\"Film, music and fashion to fall under Creative TT\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.gov.tt/archive/index.php?news=13024","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.looptt.com/content/tts-first-live-music-district-be-launched-march-1-2018","external_links_name":"\"T&T's first live music district to be launched March 1, 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/entertainment/2018-04-27/music-music-everywhere-home-and-abroad","external_links_name":"\"Music music everywhere ...at home and abroad\""},{"Link":"http://www.looptt.com/content/ariapita-comes-alive-lmds-first-live-avenue","external_links_name":"\"Ariapita Ave comes alive to LMD's first Live on the Avenue\""},{"Link":"http://newsday.co.tt/2017/12/09/making-tt-artistes-export-ready","external_links_name":"\"Making TT artistes export-ready - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday\""},{"Link":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2017-12-06/musictt-showcase-kicks-Saturday","external_links_name":"\"MusicTT Showcase kicks off on Saturday\""},{"Link":"http://www.looptt.com/content/ten-performers-selected-musictts-artiste-developmet-programme","external_links_name":"\"Eleven performers selected for MusicTT's Artiste Development Programme\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmYMkiB5bxr2P_ADX2OheEA/videos?shelf_id=0&sort=dd&view=0","external_links_name":"\"MusicTT\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.gov.tt/content/musictt-carla-parris-partner-host-music-ip-valuation-workshop#.V9roLIYrLIU","external_links_name":"\"MusicTT & Carla Parris Partner to Host Music IP Valuation Workshop\""},{"Link":"http://digital.guardian.co.tt/default.aspx?iid=145467&startpage=page0000066#folio=66","external_links_name":"\"Erphaan ALves praises MusicTT\""},{"Link":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2015-07-23/musictt-elevate-music-business-conversation","external_links_name":"\"MusicTT to elevate music business conversation\""},{"Link":"http://www.creativett.co.tt/news/calypso-rose-inspires-the-next-generation-of-calypsonians-at-musictt-workshop","external_links_name":"\"Calypso Rose Inspires the Next Generation of Calypsonians at MusicTT Workshop\""},{"Link":"http://www.guardian.co.tt/lifestyle/2017-03-27/music-tt-run-david-stopps-workshop","external_links_name":"\"Music TT to run David Stopps workshop\""},{"Link":"http://www.news.gov.tt/content/musictt-hosts-making-living-music-workshop#.WxFlhkgvw2x","external_links_name":"\"MusicTT hosts 'Making a Living from Music' Workshop | Trinidad and Tobago Government News\""},{"Link":"http://www.creativett.co.tt/news/how-to-make-a-living-from-music-david-stopps-to-present-at-musictt-amp-ipo-workshop-next-month","external_links_name":"\"How to Make a Living From Music - David Stopps to Present At MusicTT & IPO Workshop Next Month\""},{"Link":"http://www.musictt.co.tt/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Szabo_(character) | List of Ryan's Hope characters | [] | This is a list of characters that appear in the ABC soap opera Ryan's Hope.
Contents:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008)
A
Sheik Haroun Al Raschid
(Played by Kaleel Sakakeeny, 1981)
Financial backer of archaeological excavations
Ken Alexander
(Played by Will Lyman, 1979)
Gordon Allison
(Played by Sam Stoneburner, 1981)
Roger Coleridge's stock broker
Amelia
(Played by Lauren Kristyne, 1981)
Daughter to Rose Pearse Melina, adopted by daughter of Alexei Vartova.
B
Treat Baker
(Played by Dan Marderosian, 1985–86)
Detective on the Riverside police force, who became rookie Rick Hyde's first partner.
Sam Banacek
(Played by Jack Palmer, 1987)
Private Detective Bauer
(Played by William Gleason, 1981)
Hired by Rae Woodard to find her daughter Kimberly Harris Beaulac and granddaughter Arley Beaulac.
Marguerite Beaulac
(Played by Gale Sondergaard, 1976; Anne Revere, 1977)
Mother of Dr. Seneca Beaulac.
Eleanor "Nell" Beaulac
(Played by Diana van der Vlis, 1975–76)
Nell was a member of the very wealthy Buckminister family. A doctor, she married another doctor, Seneca Beaulac.
Dr. Seneca Beaulac
(Played by John Gabriel, 1975–1985, 1988–89)
A controlling doctor of French Canadian and Seneca Indian descent, Seneca returned to New York in 1975 in pursuit of his wife, Nell, who had left him.
Tiger Bennett
(Played by Duncan Gamble, 1984–85)
Dr. Evelyn Blair
(Played by Pamela Burrell 1981)
Riverside Hospital doctor
Chessy Blake
(Played by Susan Scannell, 1985)
Chessy was hired by Max Dubujack's mother, Chantal, to impersonate Max's first wife, Gabrielle Dubujack, who Max believed to be dead.
Stanley Bosworth
(Played by Gregory Salata, 1983)
Mitch Bronski
(Played by James Sloyan, 1982–83)
Mitch was a good cop who worked closely with Siobhan Ryan Novak on the force. He also had a relationship with Dr. Faith Coleridge.
Sal Brooks
(Played by Tony Schultz, 1981)
Joe Novak's henchman. Killed on orders of Alexei Vartova.
Zena Brown
(Played by Tichina Arnold, 1987–89)
Zena, who came from one of the less desirable parts of New York City, was adopted by the Ryans and a good friend of Jack (who she saw as a father figure) and Ryan Fenelli.
Diana Buckman
(Played by Liz Kemp, 1981)
Actress on hospital drama The Proud and the Passionate TV show.
Anne Burney
(Played by Jody Catlin, 1976–78)
Divorce attorney who represented both Delia Reid Ryan and Jack Fenelli (The character was played by the wife of actor Justin Dees.)
Orson Burns
(Played by Nicolas Surovy, 1981-1982; Robert Desiderio, 1982)
Orson was a disgruntled employee of Delia's Crystal Palace who caused Delia some trouble.
Nick Bush
(Played by Richard Milanesi, 1981)
Alexei Vartova's personal assistant
C
Cyril Campion
(Played by Bill Moor, 1981)
Museum curator.
Diana Buckminster Carter
(Played by Sally Chamberlin, 1975–76)
Mother of Dr. Bucky Carter.
Dr. Buckminister "Bucky" Carter
(Played by Justin Deas, 1975–78)
A doctor with a heart of gold, Bucky is also the heir to a very large sum of money.
Kenneth Castle
(Played by Ty McConnell, 1975–76)
Unstable Kenneth Castle was Nell Beaulac's psychotic lab assistant. He became obsessed with Dr. Faith Coleridge and eventually kidnapped her. He also liked old buildings.
Claudius Church
(Played by Charles Cioffi, 1980)
Claudius Church was a brash lawyer who Roger Coleridge suggested to his sister, Jillian, during the Ken George Jones murder ordeal.
Dr. Adam Cohen
(Played by Sam Behrens, 1979–80)
Adam Cohen was a resident doctor in the neurology department of Riverside Hospital.
Dr. Ed Coleridge
(Played by Frank Latimore, 1975–76)
Edmund Coleridge was the head of a 'dynasty' of doctors at Riverside Hospital, where he, along with his children, worked.
Edmund Strong Coleridge
(Played by Buddy Schultz, 1977–79)
Edmund was the son of Jillian Coleridge and Frank Ryan - - the product of their affair who was long believed to be the son of Jill's first husband, Seneca Beaulac. Edmund tragically died in a fire shortly after Jill and Frank learned the truth about his paternity which Seneca had kept secret.
Dr. Faith Coleridge
(Played by Faith Catlin, 1975–76; Nancy Barrett, 1976; Catherine Hicks, 1976–78; Karen Morris-Gowdy, 1978–83, 1989; Katherine Justice, 2 episodes, 1979). Initially unsure of which area of medicine she preferred but later became a pediatrician.
Faith was the youngest of the two children Edmund and Judith Coleridge had. As she grew up, she was very close with her father.
Grace Coleridge
(Played by Caroline Wilde, 1989)
Young daughter of Faith Coleridge, who accompanied her mother in her return to New York during the final 10 episodes of the series.
Jillian Coleridge
(Played by Nancy Addison Altman, 1975–88, 1989)
Successful in law but not always as successful in love, lawyer Jillian Coleridge was the result of an affair between Edmund Coleridge and Bess Shelby.
Dr. Roger Coleridge
(Played by Ron Hale, 1975–89)
Roger was the son of Edmund and Judith Coleridge who married Delia Reid, Maggie Shelby, and Delia Reid (again). Father of Olivia Coleridge, his daughter with Maggie.
Olivia Coleridge
(Played by Kelly & Melissa Nevins, 1987–88; Jennifer & Katherine Ostroth, 1988–89)
Infant daughter of Roger Coleridge and Maggie Shelby, born in May 1987.
Annie Colleary
(Played by Pauline Flanagan, 1979; 1981, 1987)
Maeve Ryan's sister, who lived in Ireland.
Sean Colleary
(Played by Ralph Williams, 1979)
Father of Maeve Colleary Ryan.
Silvio Conti
(Played by Cesare Danova, 1988–89)
An influential mob figure who reveals himself to be Jack Fenelli's actual father.
Dr. Evan Cooper
(Played by Irving Allen Lee, 1985–89)
Doctor at Riverside Hospital. Friend of Patrick Ryan; Romanced Diana Douglas & Chris Hannold. Appeared at Jack & Leigh's wedding on the final episode.
Matthew Crane
(Played by Harve Presnell, 1984)
Wealthy businessman who marries Delia Reid Ryan Ryan Coleridge, and takes her away from New York.
Sam Crowell
(Played by Dennis Jay Higgins, 1976)
Hires Mary Ryan to work at the TV station. After finding out he was a potential drug dealer, Nick Szabo orders him to leave Riverside.
D
Dr. Concetta D'Angelo Ryan
(Played by Lois Robbins, 1987–89)
Doctor who helped the student reporters at Wellman College investigate the on-campus murder case.
Mark D'Angelo
(Played by Peter Love, 1986–88)
First of the D'Angelos to appear, beginning in the summer of 1986. A Wellman College student, who becomes friendly with Ryan Fenelli.
Lily Darnell
(Played by Christine Ebersole, 1980; Kathryn Dowling, 1980)
Flightly free-love advocate shared between Roger Coleridge and Barry Ryan.
Mort Dash
(Played by John Sudol, 1981)
Kidnapped Siobhan Ryan Novak and stuffed her into the trunk of a car.
Dan Davis
(Played by George Hearn, 1978; Tom Mason, 1978)
Media reporter. Witness at marriage ceremony of Seneca Beaulac and Jillian Coleridge.
Tom Desmond
(Played by Thomas MacGreevy, 1977–79)
Irish immigrant who tried to pursue Mary Ryan and later courted Faith Coleridge.
Liam Donahue
(Played by James Rogan, 1977–78)
Brother of Tom Desmond's deceased Irish girlfriend. Liam stalked Tom from Ireland and tried to kill him, dying instead himself.
Teresa "Terry" Donahue
(Played by Dianne Thompson, 1979)
Tom Desmond's deceased Irish girlfriend who appears in dream sequences and in hallucinations when Tom becomes ill.
Diana Douglas
(Played by Tracey Ross, 1986–87)
Assistant D.A., and originally, girlfriend of Evan Cooper. Eventually becomes girlfriend of Frank Ryan.
Mr. Homer Dowd
(Played by Keith Charles, 1986–89)
Butler hired by Maggie Shelby after her marriage to Roger Coleridge. Became Roger's voice of reason in various dilemmas.
Chantal DuBujak
(Played by Marisa Pavan, 1985)
Max DuBujak's mother.
Gabrielle DuBujak
(Played by Susan Scannell, 1985)
First wife of Max Dubujak. Kept in a sanitarium in France against her will until her escape in 1985.
Jacqueline DuBujak Novak
(Played by Gerit Quealy, 1983–85, 1987)
Briefly married to Joe Novak, in between Joe's romances with Siobhan Ryan.
Max DuBujak
(Played by Daniel Pilon, 1983–87, 1988)
A crime lord in New York; had a daughter, Jacqueline, who was married to Joe Novak.
E
Earl
(Played by Vito D'Amico, 1978)
Father Emmerich
(Played by David Purdham, 1981–85)
F
Monsignor Farrell
(Played by William Hickey, 1985)
Counseled Johnny in private confessionals during his discovery of Dakota Smith and his threatened marriage to Maeve.
Beryl Feldman
(Played by Anna Berger, 1979)
Beryl Feldman was the Jewish wife of David Feldman and the mother of their daughter, Nancy Feldman.
Dave Feldman
(Played by Joseph Leon, 1977–79; Arthur Hammer, 1979)
Jewish Dave Feldman was a political backer of Frank Ryan for his race for re-election to the city council and for his congressional campaign.
Nancy Feldman
(Played by Lisa Sutton, 1978; Megan McCracken, 1978; Nana Visitor, 1978–79)
Dancer Nancy Feldman was the daughter of Dave and Beryl Feldman. She and Dr. Patrick Ryan dated.
Jack Fenelli
(Played by Michael Levin, 1975–89)
Sarcastic and distant, Jack Fenelli was supposedly orphaned at a young age when his parents died in a fire. He was married first to Mary Ryan and then to Leigh Kirkland. He was the father of Ryan Fenelli. He was close to Sister Mary Joel, who was later revealed to be his mother.
Ryan Fenelli
(Played by Kerry McNamara, 1977–80; Jenny Rebecca Dweir, 1980–84; Yasmine Bleeth, 1985–89)
Ryan Fenelli was born in May 1977 to Mary and Jack Fenelli, who were separated at the time but soon reunited. She married Grant.
Flash
(Played by Melcourt Poux, 1984–85)
Flash was one of the young employees at Greenberg's Deli.
Dan Fox
(Played by Peter Ratray, 1979–81)
Dan Fox was Delia Reid Ryan Coleridge's stockbroker. He tried to blackmail Delia into having an affair.
Ethyl Franklin
(Played by Alaina Reed, 1983)
G
Miriam George
(Played by Rosetta LeNoire, 1977; Frances Foster, 1977–78; Minnie Gentry, 1979)
Coleridge family nanny who helped raise Jillian, Faith and Roger. Edmund Strong Coleridge's nanny.
Ramona Gonzalez, R.N.
(Played by Rosalinda Guerra, 1975)
Nurse at Riverside Hospital. (This role was originally intended to be played by Sasha von Schuller, the wife of the co-creator and co-producer.)
Nurse Grady
(Played by Lenka Peterson 1981)
Riverside Hospital preemie nurse when Arley Rae Beaulac was born.
Antoine Graham
(Played by Antoine Robinson, 1988–89)
Member of Zena Brown's singing group, cited as a suspect in the attack of Robert Rowan.
Ken Graham
(Played by Corbin Bernsen, 1983–85)
Ethel Green
(Played by Nell Carter, 1978–79)
Leader of tenant's strike at run-down apartment building owned by Nick Szabo.
Dave Greenberg
(Played by Scott Holmes, 1984–85)
Proprietor of Greenberg's Deli; dated Maggie Shelby.
Charlotte Greer
(Played by Judith Chapman, 1983)
Came to Riverside purporting to be the wife of Frank Ryan, but was actually hired by Rae Woodard to sabotage Frank's political career and abducts him. Her real parents are Una and Neal "Red" MacCurtain, who has harbored a grudge against Maeve Ryan since she spurned him decades earlier in Ireland.
Horace Grimley
(Played by Richard Woods, 1978–79)
Investment broker for both Delia Reid Ryan Coleridge and Johnny Ryan.
H
Emily Hall
(Played by Cynthia Dozier, 1987–88)
Police commissioner who has an affair with Jack Fenelli, while fighting to make Jack a foster father to Zena Brown.
Chris Hannold
(Played by Lydia Hannibal, 1986–88, 1989)
Girlfriend of Dr. Evan Cooper. After she and Evan departed during 1988, both return at the tail end of the series' finale, although neither have lines.
Kimberly Harris
(Played by Kelli Maroney, 1979–81, 1982–83)
Daughter of Rae Woodard. An aspiring actress, she is vivacious and worldly. She had an affair with Michael Pavel, and she was the third wife of Dr. Senneca Boulack.
Hartman
(Played by François Giroday, 1986)
Katherine Hayes
(Played by Barbara Chase, 1981)
Young woman with baby Det. Bauer mistakes for Kimberly Harris
Stamford Hutchinson
(Played by DeVeren Bookwalter, 1983–84)
Bill Hyde
(Played by David Sederholm, 1983–85)
Detective who was partnered with Siobhan Ryan Novak. Older brother of Rick Hyde.
Rick Hyde
(Played by Grant Show, 1984–87)
Younger brother of Bill Hyde, who eventually attends private school with a teenage Ryan Fenelli and dates her. Joins the police force after high school and is promoted to detective. Elopes with Ryan.
I
Denise Idoni
(Played by Gretchen Van Ryper, 1981)
J
Sister Mary Joel
(Played by Sylvia Sidney, 1975–76; Nancy Coleman, 1976; Natalie Priest, 1976–78; Jacqueline Brookes, 1982; Rosemary Prinz, 1988–89)
A local convent nun who advised various members of the community. Upon the character's return to the show in 1988, as played by Rosemary Prinz, Sister Mary Joel is discovered to be the biological mother of Jack Fenelli, a son she had with mob lord Silvio Conti. Her given name, prior to joining the convent, was Angelina.
Ken George Jones
(Played by Trent Jones, 1980)
Internationally famous pop star who steals Jillian Coleridge from Frank Ryan. Managed by Barry Ryan. Fatally ill, he ends his own life in the hospital.
K
Yvonne Kaheel
(Played by Patricia Triana, 1981)
Ari's associate
Amanda Kirkland
(Played by Mary Page Keller, 1982–83; Ariane Munker, 1983)
Catsy Kirkland
(Played by Christine Jones, 1982–83)
Hollis Kirkland
(Llayed by Peter Haskell, 1982–83)
Leigh Kirkland
(Played by Felicity LaFortune, 1983–85, 1988–89)
Daughter of Hollis and Catsy Kirkland, sister of Amanda. Successful publisher who strikes up an affair with Jack Fenelli during her original stint on the show.
Devlin Kowalski
(Played by Leslie Easterbrook, 1985–87)
L
D.J. LaSalle
(Played by Christian Slater, 1985)
High school friend of Ryan Fenelli and Rick Hyde. A rebel of sorts, D.J. was anti-establishment and also considered himself less likely to succeed in comparison to the diligent Ryan, whom he dated briefly.
Steve Latham
(Played by Franc Luz, 1984)
Pursued and kidnapped Delia during her engagement to Matthew Crane.
Craig Le Winter
(Played by Paul Carlin, 1981)
Counseled for alcohol addiction by Dr. Faith Coleridge.
Wes Leonard
(Played by David Rasche, 1978–81)
News reporter rival to Jack Fenelli.
Loraleen Lewis
(Played by Patti Emler, 1985–86)
Nancy Don Lewis
(Played by Maria Pitillo, 1987–89)
Former girlfriend of Ben Shelley, who was brought out to New York by Delia to act as a wedge between Ben and Lizzie Ransome. After unsuccessfully trying to win back Ben, Nancy Don has an affair with Chaz Saybrook.
Poppy Lincoln
(Played by Alexandra Neil 1979)
Tom Desmond's nurse.
Polly Longworth
(Played by Molly McGreevy, 1977–81)
Long-time best friend of Rae Woodard. Was attracted to and dated Lr. Bob Reid.
M
Kevin MacGuinness
(Played by Malachy McCourt, 1975–83, 1988–89)
The bartender at Ryan's.
Teddy Malcolm
(Played by David Bailey, 1988–89)
Head of a local investment firm. Friend of Sherry Rowan, and was Chaz Saybrook's boss.
Malachy Malone
(Played by Regis Philbin, 1987–88)
Influential politician, recruited by Delia, to back Dakota Smith during his 1987 district leader campaign.
Man in the Green Hat
(Played by Harris Laskawy, 1979–80)
Tiso Novotny's hit man who actually killed Mary Ryan.
Evelyn Marchero
(Played by Renée Lippin, 1978, 1979)
Hospital records clerk. Roger charms her to get the records of "Mrs. Brown", an alias Delia used when she miscarried Pat Ryan's child before their wedding.
Dr. Jerry Marcus
(Played by Bryan Clerk, 1981)
Barbara Wilde's doctor
Jumbo Marino
(Played by Fat Thomas, 1975–81)
Jack Fenelli's father figure from Fenelli's youth in the old neighborhood.
Dr. Bernie Marx
(Played by Ron Perlman, 1979)
Sgt. McInerny
(Played by Donald Silva, 1981)
Police officer, telephoned Joe Novak to tell him Siobhan had been found in the car trunk.
Martha McKee
(Played by Tovah Feldshuh, 1976; Dorrie Kavanaugh, 1977)
Rival journalist to Jack Fenelli, with whom he has a brief flirtation and interest prior to his wedding to Mary Ryan, and during a 1977 separation from Mary.
Dr. Alex McLean
(Played by Ed Evanko, 1976–77)
A widower and old army pal of Jack Fenelli. Became a close friend of the Mary and the Ryans.
Father McShane
(Played by John Perkins, 1975–89)
Catholic priest who serves as confessor and spiritual guide to many of the Ryans.
Thomas Mendenhall
(Played by Richard Briggs, 1981–84, 1988–89)
Butler who worked for Spencer Smith and later the Kirkland family.
Fenno Moore
(Played by Casey Biggs, 1988–89)
FBI Agent, transferred from Boston, who worked with Joe Novak in tracking down the wanted Max Dubujak.
Amy Morse
(Played by Kaye de Lancey, 1980)
High school girlfriend of Michael Pavel Jr. They had a child together.
Dr. Clem Moultrie
(Played by Hannibal Penney, Jr., 1975–78)
In the past, lived with the Coleridge family for a while. A brilliant surgeon and good friend to many in Riverside.
Neil Mulcahy
(Played by Robert Stattel, 1988)
Assisted Maeve in running Ryan's Bar while Johnny recovered from a serious heart attack.
Cicero Murphy
(Played by Morgan Freeman, 1981)
Surveillance expert who helped Jack Fenelli secretly videotape Joe Novak's office.
N
Alicia Nieves
(Played by Ana Alicia, 1977–78)
Nurse at Riverside Hospital. Previously worked at a clinic where Delia Ryan Coleridge, under an alias, miscarried Dr. Pat Ryan's child. Dated Bob Reid. Briefly worked as an assistant to Rae Woodard.
Angel Nieves
(Played by Jose Aleman, 1977–78)
Alicia's younger brother. He developed meningitis and was treated by doctor Pat Ryan.
Joe Novak
(Played by Richard Muenz, 1979–80; Roscoe Born, 1981–83, 1988; Michael Hennessy, 1983–84; Walt Willey, 1986–87)
Tiso Novotny's nephew. Arch nemesis of Jack Fenelli. Marries Siobhan Ryan.
Sean Novak
(Played by Danny Tamberelli, 1986–87, 1988–89)
Young son of Siobhan and Joe Novak. After the death of his father in November 1988, Siobhan legally changed his last name to Ryan during the final weeks of the show.
Laslo Novotny
(Played by Fred Burstein, 1983–85, 1986–87)
Cousin of mobster Joe Novak. Fell in love with Siobhan Ryan. Left town with Jacqueline Dubujak in February 1987, after Max supposedly died.
Tiso Novotny
(Played by David Clarke, 1979–80)
Joe Novak's mobster uncle. Tiso had Mary Ryan killed, and gifted Delia Ryan Coleridge with money to open her own restaurant.
Lori Nuzzo
(Played by Ann De Salvo, 1980–81)
Friend of Rose Pearse. Girlfriend of Sal Brooks.
O
Gabriel Orosco
(Played by Joshua Nelson, 1989)
P
Dr. Pagano
(Played by David Faulkner, 1977; Gene Rupert, 1978)
Delia Reid Ryan Coleridge's psychologist.
Anna Pavel
(Played by Joan Loring, 1979–80)
Mother of Michael Pavel, Jr.
Michael Pavel, Jr.
(Played by Michael Corbett, 1979, 1980–81)
His father worked for Tiso Novotny at the docks and was killed by Tiso.
Leonie Peach
(Played by Angela Bassett, 1987)
Matt Pearse
(Played by Tom Aldredge, 1980-81, 1982)
Private detective hired by Jack Fenelli.
Rose Pearse Melina
(Played by Rose Alaio, 1980–81)
Daughter of Matt Pearse and love interest of Jack Fenelli.
Henry Popkin
(Played by Fisher Stevens, 1983)
Mirabelle Posnick
(Played by Ellen March, 1981)
Jack Fenelli's contact at Woodard Enterprises Newspaper Morgue
Preston Post
(Played by Lance Henriksen, 1980)
Temperamental star of stage production.
Sydney Price
(Played by Robin Greer, 1983–85)
Lawrence Prince
(Played by Stefano LoVerso, 1983–84)
Ralph Pugh
(Played by John Rothman, 1981)
Joe Novak's lawyer
Q
Harry Quindy
(Played by Don Amendolia, 1981)
R
Cynthia Ramsey
(Played by Lynnda Ferguson, 1981)
Bartender hired by Joe Novak. Sparked jealousy in Delia.
Harlan Ransome
(Played by Drew Snyder, 1986)
Abusive father of Lizzie Ransome.
Lizzie Ransome Ryan
(Played by Catherine Larson, 1986–89)
Girlfriend, and eventual wife of John Reid Ryan.
Bob Reid
(Played by Earl Hindman, 1975–84, 1988–89)
Lieutenant on the local Riverside police force and former colleague of Frank.
Delia Reid Ryan Ryan Coleridge Crane
(Played by Ilene Kristen, 1975–79, 1982–83, 1986–89; Robyn Millan, 1979; Randall Edwards, 1979–82; Robin Mattson, 1984)
One-time wife of both Frank and Pat Ryan (her high school sweetheart), mother of John Reid Ryan (via Frank) and long lost mother of Ava Jerome. Sister of Bob Reid.
Dr. James Ross
(Played by James Congdon, 1978–81)
Friend of Dr. Seneca Beaulac
Thatcher Ross
(Played by Patrick Horgan, 1978–79)
Thatcher Ross was the manager of Channel One in New York City. Mary Ryan Fenelli worked for him at the station. Mary and Thatcher became very close friends, which annoyed her husband, Jack Fenelli, to no end.
Georgia Rothschild
(Played by Gloria Cromwell, 1975–83)
Georgia Rothchild is a friend of the Ryan family. Initially on the show, she was a campaign worker in Frank Ryan's political campaign.
Jonas Roving
(Played by Michael Wagner, 1981)
Museum curator, and knows Aristotle Benedict White
Richard Rowan
(Played by Lewis Arlt, 1987–88)
Married politician who makes a play for Emily Hall, who turns him down due to her commitment to Jack Fenelli.
Robert Rowan
(Played by Michael Palance, 1988–89)
Son of Sherry Rowan, who has an affair with Delia and is also used by her as a way to get back at ex-husband Roger.
Sherry Rowan
(Played by Diana van der Vlis, 1987–89)
Widow of murdered politician Richard Rowan, who arrived to be at odds with Commissioner Emily Hall, a suspect in Richard's murder.
George Russell
(Played by Lee Wallace, 1981)
Television producer of hospital drama The Proud and the Passionate who hired Seneca Beaulac as a script consultant.
Barry Ryan
(Played by Richard Backus, 1980–81)
Barry Ryan was a Ryan cousin from Chicago. He came to Riverside in 1980.
Elizabeth Jane "E.J." Ryan
(Played by Maureen Garrett, 1981–82)
Reporter Elizabeth Jane Ryan, a member of the Chicago branch of the Ryan family, came to New York to stay with Johnny and Maeve Ryan.
Elizabeth Shrank Ryan
(Played by Pamela Blair, 1980)
Barry Ryan's ex-wife
Francis "Frank" Ryan
(Played by Michael Hawkins, 1975–76; Andrew Robinson, 1976–78; Daniel Hugh Kelly, 1978–81; Geoffrey Pierson, 1983–85; John Sanderford, 1985–89)
Frank Ryan was the golden child of the Ryan clan.
Johnny Ryan
(Played by Bernard Barrow, 1975–89)
Johnny Ryan grew up in an Irish immigrant family New York City; his family was poor and he got involved in bootlegging.
John Reid Ryan
(Played by Jadrien Steele, 1975–85; Jason Adams, 1986–89)
John Reid Ryan is the son of Frank Ryan and Delia Reid.
Kathleen Ryan Thompson
(Played by Nancy Reardon, 1976–80)
Kathleen was the oldest daughter of Johnny and Maeve Ryan.
Maeve Colleary Ryan
(Played by Helen Gallagher, 1975–89)
Maeve Colleary Ryan grew up in county Cork, Ireland.
Mary Ryan Fenelli
(Played by Kate Mulgrew, 1975–78, 1983, 1986, 1989; Mary Carney, 1978; Kathleen Tolan, 1978–79; Nicolette Goulet, 1979)
Headstrong like her father, Mary Ryan was the second youngest of the five children that Johnny and Maeve Ryan had. (In flashbacks of her childhood shown in 1977, Mary was portrayed by Yvette Deas.)
Owen "Owney" Ryan
(Played by Jamie O'Neill, 1987–89)
Young son of John Reid Ryan and Lizzie Ransome Ryan. First appeared as an infant in August 1986, played by various sets of twins; in the fall of 1987, once Owney was over a year old and speaking his first words, Jamie O'Neill played the role full time.
Dr. Patrick Ryan
(Played by Malcolm Groome, 1975–78, 1983–88, 1989; John Blazo, 1978–79; Robert Finoccoli, 1979; Patrick James Clarke, 1982–83)
Patrick Ryan was the jovial son of Johnny and Maeve Ryan. After he graduated high school, he chose to become a neurologist.
Siobhan Ryan Novak
(Played by Sarah Felder, 1978–80; Ann Gillespie, 1981–82; Marg Helgenberger, 1982–86; Carrell Myers, 1986–87; Barbara Blackburn, 1988–89)
Siobhan Ryan was the feisty daughter of Maeve and Johnny Ryan. Throughout her life, she often found herself as the odd Ryan out.
S
Chaz Saybrook
(Played by Brian McGovern, 1987–89)
Preppy, wealthy Wellman College student, originally from the Midwest.
Catie Schall
(Played by Elaine Bromka, 1987)
Environmental researcher who lured Ryan into her attack at the Meredith Drake Company.
Marian "Schultzie" Schultz
(Played by Vera Lockwood, 1980–82)
Personal assistant to Rae Woodard, briefly shared in that capacity with Michael Pavel.
Mrs. Shaw
(Played by Betty Low, 1981)
Babysitter hired by Maeve Ryan.
Ben Shelby (aka Ben Shelley)
(Played by James Wlcek, 1987–89)
Son of Bess Shelby, brother of Maggie Shelby. A painter who had disdain for rich people, and often clashed with the Coleridges and Ryans.
Bess Shelby
(Played by Gloria DeHaven, 1983–87)
Mother of Ben and Maggie Shelby, as well as the mother of Jillian Coleridge.
Maggie Shelby
(Played by Cali Timmins, 1983–88, 1989)
Daughter of Bess Shelby, sister of Ben Shelley (Shelby).
Pru Shephard
(Played by Traci Lin, 1984–85)
Betty Sherman
(Played by Betty Alley, 1985–86)
Eliot Silverstein
(Played by Joe Silver, 1980)
Rae Woodard's wealthy, influential friend in the entertainment business, who got her daughter Kimberly her first acting job.
Howard Slavin
(Played by David Gale, 1981)
Barbara Wilde's attorney
Constance Small, R.N.
(Played by Ethel Ayler, 1980–81)
Riverside nurse. Hired by Seneca Beaulac to take care of Arley Rae Beaulac.
Dakota Smith (Ryan)
(Played by Christopher Durham, 1985–88)
Illegitimate son of Johnny Ryan, who was the product of an extramarital affair Johnny had in the 1950s.
Spencer Smith
(Played by Lester Rawlins, 1981)
Museum owner. Hired Jillian Coleridge as his attorney.
Samuel Addison Snow
(Played by John Seitz, 1979)
Political crony of Rae Woodard who made a deal with Rae behind Frank Ryan's back to get him nominated to the Vice Presidency in return for favors.
Sgt. Jim Speed
(Played by MacKenzie Allen, 1981–82)
Police officer who processes Siobhan Ryan Novak's application for the police academy. Friend of Frank Ryan's from his police academy days.
Matthew Strand
(Played by Steve Fletcher, 1988–89)
One-time ex of Leigh Kirkland, who fought to get her back when she announced her engagement to Jack Fenelli.
Nick Szabo
(Played by Michael Fairman, 1975–76, 1977)
Local shady character, loan shark, slum landlord. Had Dr. Roger Coleridge beaten up for loan debts. Old friend of Johnny Ryan.
Serena "Reenie" Szabo
(Played by Julia Barr, 1976)
Daughter of Nick Szabo; drug used; attracted to Dr. Bucky Carter.
T
Dr. Gloria Tassky
(Played by Francine Tacker, 1985)
Pamela Thatcher
(Played by Ellen Barber, 1981)
Younger actress on The Proud and the Passionate TV show
Art Thompson
(Played by Gregory Abels, 1976)
Husband of Kathleen Ryan Thompson, father of Deirdre and Maura "Katie" Thompson. He sells insurance.
Deirdre Thompson
(Played by Rachel Robinson, 1976)
Daughter of Kathleen Ryan Thompson and Art Thompson, sister of Maura "Katie".
Katie Thompson
(Played by Lauren O'Bryan, 1984; Julia Campbell, 1984–85)
Daughter of Kathleen Ryan Thompson and Art Thompson. Sister of Deirdre. Her real name is Maura, but she prefers to be called Katie.
Daniel Thorne
(Played by Chip Zien, 1981)
A producer on The Proud and the Passionate TV show
V
Alexei Vartova
(Played by Dominic Chianese, 1981; Leonardo Cimino, 1982)
Criminal godfather type, rival to Joe Novak. Grandfather to Rose Pearse Melina's daughter Amelia.
Detective Vaughan
(Played by Mark Werheim, 1987–88)
Vinnie Vincent
(Played by Sherman Howard, 1986–87)
W
Denny Walston
(Played by Lauren K. Woods, 1985–86)
Melinda Weaver Ryan
(Played by Nancy Valen, 1985–87)
Dated Pat Ryan. Died of a terminal illness (in Pat's arms) in May 1987.
Marshall Westheimer
(Played by William Kiehl, 1975–83; Robert Burr, 3 episodes 1977–79)
Administrator of Riverside Hospital.
Aristotle Benedict White
(Played by Gordon Thomson, 1981–82)
Archaeologist
Barbara Wilde
(Played by Judith Barcroft, 1981–82)
Actress on hospital drama The Proud and the Passionate TV show. Consults with Seneca Beaulac about her character's disease.
Nurse Williams
(Played by Anne Churchill, 1981)
Admitting nurse at Riverside
Jeremy Winthrop
(Played by Herb Anderson, 1984–85)
Bill Wolfston
(Played by Seth Allen, 1981; Stephen Vinovich, 1981)
Director on The Proud and the Passionate TV show
Perry Wood
(Played by Frank Biancamano, 1981)
FBI man who works with Jack Fenelli and Joe Novak
Rae Woodard
(Played by Louise Shaffer, 1977–84, 1989; Judith McGilligan, May 1978)
Widow of William Price Woodard. Took over his publishing empire. Mother of Kimberly Harris, one-time mother-in-law of Seneca Beaulac. Briefly engaged to Frank Ryan and one-time lover of Roger Coleridge.
William Price Woodard
(Played by Wesley Addy, 1977–78)
Husband of Rae Woodard. Dies in the hospital and leaves Rae with an empire to run.
External links
Ryan's Hope (1975) - Full cast and crew | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"0–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#0%E2%80%939"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#W"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#X"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"}],"text":"Contents: \n\nTop\n0–9\nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ","title":"List of Ryan's Hope characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Lyman"}],"text":"Sheik Haroun Al Raschid\n(Played by Kaleel Sakakeeny, 1981)\nFinancial backer of archaeological excavationsKen Alexander\n(Played by Will Lyman, 1979)Gordon Allison\n(Played by Sam Stoneburner, 1981)\nRoger Coleridge's stock brokerAmelia\n(Played by Lauren Kristyne, 1981)\nDaughter to Rose Pearse Melina, adopted by daughter of Alexei Vartova.","title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gale Sondergaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Sondergaard"},{"link_name":"Anne Revere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Revere"},{"link_name":"Diana van der Vlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Van_der_Vlis"},{"link_name":"John Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gabriel_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Susan Scannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Scannell"},{"link_name":"Gregory Salata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Salata"},{"link_name":"James Sloyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sloyan"},{"link_name":"Tichina Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tichina_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Surovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Surovy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Desiderio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Desiderio"}],"text":"Treat Baker\n(Played by Dan Marderosian, 1985–86)\nDetective on the Riverside police force, who became rookie Rick Hyde's first partner.Sam Banacek\n(Played by Jack Palmer, 1987)Private Detective Bauer\n(Played by William Gleason, 1981)\nHired by Rae Woodard to find her daughter Kimberly Harris Beaulac and granddaughter Arley Beaulac.Marguerite Beaulac\n(Played by Gale Sondergaard, 1976; Anne Revere, 1977)\nMother of Dr. Seneca Beaulac.Eleanor \"Nell\" Beaulac\n(Played by Diana van der Vlis, 1975–76)\nNell was a member of the very wealthy Buckminister family. A doctor, she married another doctor, Seneca Beaulac.Dr. Seneca Beaulac\n(Played by John Gabriel, 1975–1985, 1988–89)\nA controlling doctor of French Canadian and Seneca Indian descent, Seneca returned to New York in 1975 in pursuit of his wife, Nell, who had left him.Tiger Bennett\n(Played by Duncan Gamble, 1984–85)Dr. Evelyn Blair\n(Played by Pamela Burrell 1981)\nRiverside Hospital doctorChessy Blake\n(Played by Susan Scannell, 1985)\nChessy was hired by Max Dubujack's mother, Chantal, to impersonate Max's first wife, Gabrielle Dubujack, who Max believed to be dead.Stanley Bosworth\n(Played by Gregory Salata, 1983)Mitch Bronski\n(Played by James Sloyan, 1982–83)\nMitch was a good cop who worked closely with Siobhan Ryan Novak on the force. He also had a relationship with Dr. Faith Coleridge.Sal Brooks\n(Played by Tony Schultz, 1981)\nJoe Novak's henchman. Killed on orders of Alexei Vartova.Zena Brown\n(Played by Tichina Arnold, 1987–89)\nZena, who came from one of the less desirable parts of New York City, was adopted by the Ryans and a good friend of Jack (who she saw as a father figure) and Ryan Fenelli.Diana Buckman\n(Played by Liz Kemp, 1981)\nActress on hospital drama The Proud and the Passionate TV show.Anne Burney\n(Played by Jody Catlin, 1976–78)\nDivorce attorney who represented both Delia Reid Ryan and Jack Fenelli (The character was played by the wife of actor Justin Dees.)Orson Burns\n(Played by Nicolas Surovy, 1981-1982; Robert Desiderio, 1982)\nOrson was a disgruntled employee of Delia's Crystal Palace who caused Delia some trouble.Nick Bush\n(Played by Richard Milanesi, 1981)\nAlexei Vartova's personal assistant","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Deas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Deas"},{"link_name":"Charles Cioffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cioffi"},{"link_name":"Sam Behrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Behrens"},{"link_name":"Frank Latimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Latimore"},{"link_name":"Nancy Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Catherine Hicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hicks"},{"link_name":"Karen Morris-Gowdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Morris-Gowdy"},{"link_name":"Nancy Addison Altman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Addison"},{"link_name":"Ron Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Hale"},{"link_name":"Jennifer & Katherine Ostroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_%26_Katherine_Ostroth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pauline Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Flanagan"},{"link_name":"Cesare Danova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Danova"},{"link_name":"Irving Allen Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Allen_Lee"},{"link_name":"Harve Presnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harve_Presnell"}],"text":"Cyril Campion\n(Played by Bill Moor, 1981)\nMuseum curator.Diana Buckminster Carter\n(Played by Sally Chamberlin, 1975–76)\nMother of Dr. Bucky Carter.Dr. Buckminister \"Bucky\" Carter\n(Played by Justin Deas, 1975–78)\nA doctor with a heart of gold, Bucky is also the heir to a very large sum of money.Kenneth Castle\n(Played by Ty McConnell, 1975–76)\nUnstable Kenneth Castle was Nell Beaulac's psychotic lab assistant. He became obsessed with Dr. Faith Coleridge and eventually kidnapped her. He also liked old buildings.Claudius Church\n(Played by Charles Cioffi, 1980)\nClaudius Church was a brash lawyer who Roger Coleridge suggested to his sister, Jillian, during the Ken George Jones murder ordeal.Dr. Adam Cohen\n(Played by Sam Behrens, 1979–80)\nAdam Cohen was a resident doctor in the neurology department of Riverside Hospital.Dr. Ed Coleridge\n(Played by Frank Latimore, 1975–76)\nEdmund Coleridge was the head of a 'dynasty' of doctors at Riverside Hospital, where he, along with his children, worked.Edmund Strong Coleridge\n(Played by Buddy Schultz, 1977–79)\nEdmund was the son of Jillian Coleridge and Frank Ryan - - the product of their affair who was long believed to be the son of Jill's first husband, Seneca Beaulac. Edmund tragically died in a fire shortly after Jill and Frank learned the truth about his paternity which Seneca had kept secret.Dr. Faith Coleridge\n(Played by Faith Catlin, 1975–76; Nancy Barrett, 1976; Catherine Hicks, 1976–78; Karen Morris-Gowdy, 1978–83, 1989; Katherine Justice, 2 episodes, 1979). Initially unsure of which area of medicine she preferred but later became a pediatrician.\nFaith was the youngest of the two children Edmund and Judith Coleridge had. As she grew up, she was very close with her father.Grace Coleridge\n(Played by Caroline Wilde, 1989)\nYoung daughter of Faith Coleridge, who accompanied her mother in her return to New York during the final 10 episodes of the series.Jillian Coleridge\n(Played by Nancy Addison Altman, 1975–88, 1989)\nSuccessful in law but not always as successful in love, lawyer Jillian Coleridge was the result of an affair between Edmund Coleridge and Bess Shelby.Dr. Roger Coleridge\n(Played by Ron Hale, 1975–89)\nRoger was the son of Edmund and Judith Coleridge who married Delia Reid, Maggie Shelby, and Delia Reid (again). Father of Olivia Coleridge, his daughter with Maggie.Olivia Coleridge\n(Played by Kelly & Melissa Nevins, 1987–88; Jennifer & Katherine Ostroth, 1988–89)\nInfant daughter of Roger Coleridge and Maggie Shelby, born in May 1987.Annie Colleary\n(Played by Pauline Flanagan, 1979; 1981, 1987)\nMaeve Ryan's sister, who lived in Ireland.Sean Colleary\n(Played by Ralph Williams, 1979)\nFather of Maeve Colleary Ryan.Silvio Conti\n(Played by Cesare Danova, 1988–89)\nAn influential mob figure who reveals himself to be Jack Fenelli's actual father.Dr. Evan Cooper\n(Played by Irving Allen Lee, 1985–89)\nDoctor at Riverside Hospital. Friend of Patrick Ryan; Romanced Diana Douglas & Chris Hannold. Appeared at Jack & Leigh's wedding on the final episode.Matthew Crane\n(Played by Harve Presnell, 1984)\nWealthy businessman who marries Delia Reid Ryan Ryan Coleridge, and takes her away from New York.Sam Crowell\n(Played by Dennis Jay Higgins, 1976)\nHires Mary Ryan to work at the TV station. After finding out he was a potential drug dealer, Nick Szabo orders him to leave Riverside.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christine Ebersole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Ebersole"},{"link_name":"George Hearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hearn"},{"link_name":"Tom Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Mason_(actor,_born_1949)"},{"link_name":"James Rogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rogan"},{"link_name":"Dianne Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Neil"},{"link_name":"Tracey Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Ross"},{"link_name":"Keith Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Charles_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Marisa Pavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marisa_Pavan"},{"link_name":"Susan Scannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Scannell"},{"link_name":"Gerit Quealy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerit_Quealy"},{"link_name":"Daniel Pilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Pilon"}],"text":"Dr. Concetta D'Angelo Ryan\n(Played by Lois Robbins, 1987–89)\nDoctor who helped the student reporters at Wellman College investigate the on-campus murder case.Mark D'Angelo\n(Played by Peter Love, 1986–88)\nFirst of the D'Angelos to appear, beginning in the summer of 1986. A Wellman College student, who becomes friendly with Ryan Fenelli.Lily Darnell\n(Played by Christine Ebersole, 1980; Kathryn Dowling, 1980)\nFlightly free-love advocate shared between Roger Coleridge and Barry Ryan.Mort Dash\n(Played by John Sudol, 1981)\nKidnapped Siobhan Ryan Novak and stuffed her into the trunk of a car.Dan Davis\n(Played by George Hearn, 1978; Tom Mason, 1978)\nMedia reporter. Witness at marriage ceremony of Seneca Beaulac and Jillian Coleridge.Tom Desmond\n(Played by Thomas MacGreevy, 1977–79)\nIrish immigrant who tried to pursue Mary Ryan and later courted Faith Coleridge.Liam Donahue\n(Played by James Rogan, 1977–78)\nBrother of Tom Desmond's deceased Irish girlfriend. Liam stalked Tom from Ireland and tried to kill him, dying instead himself.Teresa \"Terry\" Donahue\n(Played by Dianne Thompson, 1979)\nTom Desmond's deceased Irish girlfriend who appears in dream sequences and in hallucinations when Tom becomes ill.Diana Douglas\n(Played by Tracey Ross, 1986–87)\nAssistant D.A., and originally, girlfriend of Evan Cooper. Eventually becomes girlfriend of Frank Ryan.Mr. Homer Dowd\n(Played by Keith Charles, 1986–89)\nButler hired by Maggie Shelby after her marriage to Roger Coleridge. Became Roger's voice of reason in various dilemmas.Chantal DuBujak\n(Played by Marisa Pavan, 1985)\nMax DuBujak's mother.Gabrielle DuBujak\n(Played by Susan Scannell, 1985)\nFirst wife of Max Dubujak. Kept in a sanitarium in France against her will until her escape in 1985.Jacqueline DuBujak Novak\n(Played by Gerit Quealy, 1983–85, 1987)\nBriefly married to Joe Novak, in between Joe's romances with Siobhan Ryan.Max DuBujak\n(Played by Daniel Pilon, 1983–87, 1988)\nA crime lord in New York; had a daughter, Jacqueline, who was married to Joe Novak.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Purdham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Purdham"}],"text":"Earl\n(Played by Vito D'Amico, 1978)Father Emmerich\n(Played by David Purdham, 1981–85)","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hickey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nana Visitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Visitor"},{"link_name":"Michael Levin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Levin_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yasmine Bleeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmine_Bleeth"},{"link_name":"Alaina Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaina_Reed"}],"text":"Monsignor Farrell\n(Played by William Hickey, 1985)\nCounseled Johnny in private confessionals during his discovery of Dakota Smith and his threatened marriage to Maeve.Beryl Feldman\n(Played by Anna Berger, 1979)\nBeryl Feldman was the Jewish wife of David Feldman and the mother of their daughter, Nancy Feldman.Dave Feldman\n(Played by Joseph Leon, 1977–79; Arthur Hammer, 1979)\nJewish Dave Feldman was a political backer of Frank Ryan for his race for re-election to the city council and for his congressional campaign.Nancy Feldman\n(Played by Lisa Sutton, 1978; Megan McCracken, 1978; Nana Visitor, 1978–79)\nDancer Nancy Feldman was the daughter of Dave and Beryl Feldman. She and Dr. Patrick Ryan dated.Jack Fenelli\n(Played by Michael Levin, 1975–89)\nSarcastic and distant, Jack Fenelli was supposedly orphaned at a young age when his parents died in a fire. He was married first to Mary Ryan and then to Leigh Kirkland. He was the father of Ryan Fenelli. He was close to Sister Mary Joel, who was later revealed to be his mother.Ryan Fenelli\n(Played by Kerry McNamara, 1977–80; Jenny Rebecca Dweir, 1980–84; Yasmine Bleeth, 1985–89)\nRyan Fenelli was born in May 1977 to Mary and Jack Fenelli, who were separated at the time but soon reunited. She married Grant.Flash\n(Played by Melcourt Poux, 1984–85)\nFlash was one of the young employees at Greenberg's Deli.Dan Fox\n(Played by Peter Ratray, 1979–81)\nDan Fox was Delia Reid Ryan Coleridge's stockbroker. He tried to blackmail Delia into having an affair.Ethyl Franklin\n(Played by Alaina Reed, 1983)","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosetta LeNoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_LeNoire"},{"link_name":"Frances Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Foster"},{"link_name":"Minnie Gentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Gentry"},{"link_name":"Corbin Bernsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbin_Bernsen"},{"link_name":"Nell Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_Carter"},{"link_name":"Judith Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Richard Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Woods_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Miriam George\n(Played by Rosetta LeNoire, 1977; Frances Foster, 1977–78; Minnie Gentry, 1979)\nColeridge family nanny who helped raise Jillian, Faith and Roger. Edmund Strong Coleridge's nanny.Ramona Gonzalez, R.N.\n(Played by Rosalinda Guerra, 1975)\nNurse at Riverside Hospital. (This role was originally intended to be played by Sasha von Schuller, the wife of the co-creator and co-producer.)Nurse Grady\n(Played by Lenka Peterson 1981)\nRiverside Hospital preemie nurse when Arley Rae Beaulac was born.Antoine Graham\n(Played by Antoine Robinson, 1988–89)\nMember of Zena Brown's singing group, cited as a suspect in the attack of Robert Rowan.Ken Graham\n(Played by Corbin Bernsen, 1983–85)Ethel Green\n(Played by Nell Carter, 1978–79)\nLeader of tenant's strike at run-down apartment building owned by Nick Szabo.Dave Greenberg\n(Played by Scott Holmes, 1984–85)\nProprietor of Greenberg's Deli; dated Maggie Shelby.Charlotte Greer\n(Played by Judith Chapman, 1983)\nCame to Riverside purporting to be the wife of Frank Ryan, but was actually hired by Rae Woodard to sabotage Frank's political career and abducts him. Her real parents are Una and Neal \"Red\" MacCurtain, who has harbored a grudge against Maeve Ryan since she spurned him decades earlier in Ireland.Horace Grimley\n(Played by Richard Woods, 1978–79)\nInvestment broker for both Delia Reid Ryan Coleridge and Johnny Ryan.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelli Maroney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelli_Maroney"},{"link_name":"DeVeren Bookwalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeVeren_Bookwalter"},{"link_name":"Grant Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Show"}],"text":"Emily Hall\n(Played by Cynthia Dozier, 1987–88)\nPolice commissioner who has an affair with Jack Fenelli, while fighting to make Jack a foster father to Zena Brown.Chris Hannold\n(Played by Lydia Hannibal, 1986–88, 1989)\nGirlfriend of Dr. Evan Cooper. After she and Evan departed during 1988, both return at the tail end of the series' finale, although neither have lines.Kimberly Harris\n(Played by Kelli Maroney, 1979–81, 1982–83)\nDaughter of Rae Woodard. An aspiring actress, she is vivacious and worldly. She had an affair with Michael Pavel, and she was the third wife of Dr. Senneca Boulack.Hartman\n(Played by François Giroday, 1986)Katherine Hayes\n(Played by Barbara Chase, 1981)\nYoung woman with baby Det. Bauer mistakes for Kimberly HarrisStamford Hutchinson\n(Played by DeVeren Bookwalter, 1983–84)Bill Hyde\n(Played by David Sederholm, 1983–85)\nDetective who was partnered with Siobhan Ryan Novak. Older brother of Rick Hyde.Rick Hyde\n(Played by Grant Show, 1984–87)\nYounger brother of Bill Hyde, who eventually attends private school with a teenage Ryan Fenelli and dates her. Joins the police force after high school and is promoted to detective. Elopes with Ryan.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Denise Idoni\n(Played by Gretchen Van Ryper, 1981)","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvia Sidney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Sidney"},{"link_name":"Nancy Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Coleman"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Brookes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Brookes"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Prinz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Prinz"},{"link_name":"Trent Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Jones"}],"text":"Sister Mary Joel\n(Played by Sylvia Sidney, 1975–76; Nancy Coleman, 1976; Natalie Priest, 1976–78; Jacqueline Brookes, 1982; Rosemary Prinz, 1988–89)\nA local convent nun who advised various members of the community. Upon the character's return to the show in 1988, as played by Rosemary Prinz, Sister Mary Joel is discovered to be the biological mother of Jack Fenelli, a son she had with mob lord Silvio Conti. Her given name, prior to joining the convent, was Angelina.Ken George Jones\n(Played by Trent Jones, 1980)\nInternationally famous pop star who steals Jillian Coleridge from Frank Ryan. Managed by Barry Ryan. Fatally ill, he ends his own life in the hospital.","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Page Keller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Page_Keller"},{"link_name":"Christine Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jones_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Peter Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Haskell"},{"link_name":"Felicity LaFortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_LaFortune"},{"link_name":"Leslie Easterbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Easterbrook"}],"text":"Yvonne Kaheel\n(Played by Patricia Triana, 1981)\nAri's associateAmanda Kirkland\n(Played by Mary Page Keller, 1982–83; Ariane Munker, 1983)Catsy Kirkland\n(Played by Christine Jones, 1982–83)Hollis Kirkland\n(Llayed by Peter Haskell, 1982–83)Leigh Kirkland\n(Played by Felicity LaFortune, 1983–85, 1988–89)\nDaughter of Hollis and Catsy Kirkland, sister of Amanda. Successful publisher who strikes up an affair with Jack Fenelli during her original stint on the show.Devlin Kowalski\n(Played by Leslie Easterbrook, 1985–87)","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Slater"},{"link_name":"Franc Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc_Luz"},{"link_name":"David Rasche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rasche"},{"link_name":"Maria Pitillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pitillo"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Neil"},{"link_name":"Molly McGreevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_McGreevy"}],"text":"D.J. LaSalle\n(Played by Christian Slater, 1985)\nHigh school friend of Ryan Fenelli and Rick Hyde. A rebel of sorts, D.J. was anti-establishment and also considered himself less likely to succeed in comparison to the diligent Ryan, whom he dated briefly.Steve Latham\n(Played by Franc Luz, 1984)\nPursued and kidnapped Delia during her engagement to Matthew Crane.Craig Le Winter\n(Played by Paul Carlin, 1981)\nCounseled for alcohol addiction by Dr. Faith Coleridge.Wes Leonard\n(Played by David Rasche, 1978–81)\nNews reporter rival to Jack Fenelli.Loraleen Lewis\n(Played by Patti Emler, 1985–86)Nancy Don Lewis\n(Played by Maria Pitillo, 1987–89)\nFormer girlfriend of Ben Shelley, who was brought out to New York by Delia to act as a wedge between Ben and Lizzie Ransome. After unsuccessfully trying to win back Ben, Nancy Don has an affair with Chaz Saybrook.Poppy Lincoln\n(Played by Alexandra Neil 1979)\nTom Desmond's nurse.Polly Longworth\n(Played by Molly McGreevy, 1977–81)\nLong-time best friend of Rae Woodard. Was attracted to and dated Lr. Bob Reid.","title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malachy McCourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachy_McCourt"},{"link_name":"David Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bailey_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Regis Philbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regis_Philbin"},{"link_name":"Renée Lippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Lippin"},{"link_name":"Ron Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Perlman"},{"link_name":"Tovah Feldshuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovah_Feldshuh"},{"link_name":"Ed Evanko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Evanko"},{"link_name":"John Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Perkins_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Casey Biggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Biggs"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Penney, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Penney,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Morgan Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman"}],"text":"Kevin MacGuinness\n(Played by Malachy McCourt, 1975–83, 1988–89)\nThe bartender at Ryan's.Teddy Malcolm\n(Played by David Bailey, 1988–89)\nHead of a local investment firm. Friend of Sherry Rowan, and was Chaz Saybrook's boss.Malachy Malone\n(Played by Regis Philbin, 1987–88)\nInfluential politician, recruited by Delia, to back Dakota Smith during his 1987 district leader campaign.Man in the Green Hat\n(Played by Harris Laskawy, 1979–80)\nTiso Novotny's hit man who actually killed Mary Ryan.Evelyn Marchero\n(Played by Renée Lippin, 1978, 1979)\nHospital records clerk. Roger charms her to get the records of \"Mrs. Brown\", an alias Delia used when she miscarried Pat Ryan's child before their wedding.Dr. Jerry Marcus\n(Played by Bryan Clerk, 1981)\nBarbara Wilde's doctorJumbo Marino\n(Played by Fat Thomas, 1975–81)\nJack Fenelli's father figure from Fenelli's youth in the old neighborhood.Dr. Bernie Marx\n(Played by Ron Perlman, 1979)Sgt. McInerny\n(Played by Donald Silva, 1981)\nPolice officer, telephoned Joe Novak to tell him Siobhan had been found in the car trunk.Martha McKee\n(Played by Tovah Feldshuh, 1976; Dorrie Kavanaugh, 1977)\nRival journalist to Jack Fenelli, with whom he has a brief flirtation and interest prior to his wedding to Mary Ryan, and during a 1977 separation from Mary.Dr. Alex McLean\n(Played by Ed Evanko, 1976–77)\nA widower and old army pal of Jack Fenelli. Became a close friend of the Mary and the Ryans.Father McShane\n(Played by John Perkins, 1975–89)\nCatholic priest who serves as confessor and spiritual guide to many of the Ryans.Thomas Mendenhall\n(Played by Richard Briggs, 1981–84, 1988–89)\nButler who worked for Spencer Smith and later the Kirkland family.Fenno Moore\n(Played by Casey Biggs, 1988–89)\nFBI Agent, transferred from Boston, who worked with Joe Novak in tracking down the wanted Max Dubujak.Amy Morse\n(Played by Kaye de Lancey, 1980)\nHigh school girlfriend of Michael Pavel Jr. They had a child together.Dr. Clem Moultrie\n(Played by Hannibal Penney, Jr., 1975–78)\nIn the past, lived with the Coleridge family for a while. A brilliant surgeon and good friend to many in Riverside.Neil Mulcahy\n(Played by Robert Stattel, 1988)\nAssisted Maeve in running Ryan's Bar while Johnny recovered from a serious heart attack.Cicero Murphy\n(Played by Morgan Freeman, 1981)\nSurveillance expert who helped Jack Fenelli secretly videotape Joe Novak's office.","title":"M"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ana Alicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Alicia"},{"link_name":"Richard Muenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Muenz"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Born"},{"link_name":"Walt Willey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Willey"},{"link_name":"Danny Tamberelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Tamberelli"},{"link_name":"David Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Clarke_(actor)"}],"text":"Alicia Nieves\n(Played by Ana Alicia, 1977–78)\nNurse at Riverside Hospital. Previously worked at a clinic where Delia Ryan Coleridge, under an alias, miscarried Dr. Pat Ryan's child. Dated Bob Reid. Briefly worked as an assistant to Rae Woodard.Angel Nieves\n(Played by Jose Aleman, 1977–78)\nAlicia's younger brother. He developed meningitis and was treated by doctor Pat Ryan.Joe Novak\n(Played by Richard Muenz, 1979–80; Roscoe Born, 1981–83, 1988; Michael Hennessy, 1983–84; Walt Willey, 1986–87)\nTiso Novotny's nephew. Arch nemesis of Jack Fenelli. Marries Siobhan Ryan.Sean Novak\n(Played by Danny Tamberelli, 1986–87, 1988–89)\nYoung son of Siobhan and Joe Novak. After the death of his father in November 1988, Siobhan legally changed his last name to Ryan during the final weeks of the show.Laslo Novotny\n(Played by Fred Burstein, 1983–85, 1986–87)\nCousin of mobster Joe Novak. Fell in love with Siobhan Ryan. Left town with Jacqueline Dubujak in February 1987, after Max supposedly died.Tiso Novotny\n(Played by David Clarke, 1979–80)\nJoe Novak's mobster uncle. Tiso had Mary Ryan killed, and gifted Delia Ryan Coleridge with money to open her own restaurant.Lori Nuzzo\n(Played by Ann De Salvo, 1980–81)\nFriend of Rose Pearse. Girlfriend of Sal Brooks.","title":"N"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joshua Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Nelson_(singer)"}],"text":"Gabriel Orosco\n(Played by Joshua Nelson, 1989)","title":"O"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Faulkner_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michael Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Corbett_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Angela Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Tom Aldredge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Aldredge"},{"link_name":"Fisher Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Lance Henriksen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Henriksen"},{"link_name":"Robin Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Greer"},{"link_name":"John Rothman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rothman"}],"text":"Dr. Pagano\n(Played by David Faulkner, 1977; Gene Rupert, 1978)\nDelia Reid Ryan Coleridge's psychologist.Anna Pavel\n(Played by Joan Loring, 1979–80)\nMother of Michael Pavel, Jr.Michael Pavel, Jr.\n(Played by Michael Corbett, 1979, 1980–81)\nHis father worked for Tiso Novotny at the docks and was killed by Tiso.Leonie Peach\n(Played by Angela Bassett, 1987)Matt Pearse\n(Played by Tom Aldredge, 1980-81, 1982)\nPrivate detective hired by Jack Fenelli.Rose Pearse Melina\n(Played by Rose Alaio, 1980–81)\nDaughter of Matt Pearse and love interest of Jack Fenelli.Henry Popkin\n(Played by Fisher Stevens, 1983)Mirabelle Posnick\n(Played by Ellen March, 1981)\nJack Fenelli's contact at Woodard Enterprises Newspaper MorguePreston Post\n(Played by Lance Henriksen, 1980)\nTemperamental star of stage production.Sydney Price\n(Played by Robin Greer, 1983–85)Lawrence Prince\n(Played by Stefano LoVerso, 1983–84)Ralph Pugh\n(Played by John Rothman, 1981)\nJoe Novak's lawyer","title":"P"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Amendolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Amendolia"}],"text":"Harry Quindy\n(Played by Don Amendolia, 1981)","title":"Q"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earl Hindman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Hindman"},{"link_name":"Delia Reid Ryan Ryan Coleridge Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Ilene Kristen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilene_Kristen"},{"link_name":"Randall Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Edwards_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Robin Mattson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Mattson"},{"link_name":"Ava Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ava_Jerome"},{"link_name":"Patrick Horgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Horgan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lewis Arlt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Arlt"},{"link_name":"Diana van der Vlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Van_der_Vlis"},{"link_name":"Lee Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Richard Backus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Backus"},{"link_name":"Maureen Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_Garrett"},{"link_name":"Pamela Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Blair"},{"link_name":"Michael Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hawkins_(US_actor)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Robinson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Hugh Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Hugh_Kelly"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Pierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Pierson"},{"link_name":"Bernard Barrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Barrow"},{"link_name":"Jadrien Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadrien_Steele"},{"link_name":"Delia Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delia_Reid&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helen Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Gallagher"},{"link_name":"Kate Mulgrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mulgrew"},{"link_name":"Nicolette Goulet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolette_Goulet"},{"link_name":"Ann Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Gillespie"},{"link_name":"Marg Helgenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marg_Helgenberger"}],"text":"Cynthia Ramsey\n(Played by Lynnda Ferguson, 1981)\nBartender hired by Joe Novak. Sparked jealousy in Delia.Harlan Ransome\n(Played by Drew Snyder, 1986)\nAbusive father of Lizzie Ransome.Lizzie Ransome Ryan\n(Played by Catherine Larson, 1986–89)\nGirlfriend, and eventual wife of John Reid Ryan.Bob Reid\n(Played by Earl Hindman, 1975–84, 1988–89)\nLieutenant on the local Riverside police force and former colleague of Frank.Delia Reid Ryan Ryan Coleridge Crane\n(Played by Ilene Kristen, 1975–79, 1982–83, 1986–89; Robyn Millan, 1979; Randall Edwards, 1979–82; Robin Mattson, 1984)\nOne-time wife of both Frank and Pat Ryan (her high school sweetheart), mother of John Reid Ryan (via Frank) and long lost mother of Ava Jerome. Sister of Bob Reid.Dr. James Ross\n(Played by James Congdon, 1978–81)\nFriend of Dr. Seneca BeaulacThatcher Ross\n(Played by Patrick Horgan, 1978–79)\nThatcher Ross was the manager of Channel One in New York City. Mary Ryan Fenelli worked for him at the station. Mary and Thatcher became very close friends, which annoyed her husband, Jack Fenelli, to no end.Georgia Rothschild\n(Played by Gloria Cromwell, 1975–83)\nGeorgia Rothchild is a friend of the Ryan family. Initially on the show, she was a campaign worker in Frank Ryan's political campaign.Jonas Roving\n(Played by Michael Wagner, 1981)\nMuseum curator, and knows Aristotle Benedict WhiteRichard Rowan\n(Played by Lewis Arlt, 1987–88)\nMarried politician who makes a play for Emily Hall, who turns him down due to her commitment to Jack Fenelli.Robert Rowan\n(Played by Michael Palance, 1988–89)\nSon of Sherry Rowan, who has an affair with Delia and is also used by her as a way to get back at ex-husband Roger.Sherry Rowan\n(Played by Diana van der Vlis, 1987–89)\nWidow of murdered politician Richard Rowan, who arrived to be at odds with Commissioner Emily Hall, a suspect in Richard's murder.George Russell\n(Played by Lee Wallace, 1981)\nTelevision producer of hospital drama The Proud and the Passionate who hired Seneca Beaulac as a script consultant.Barry Ryan\n(Played by Richard Backus, 1980–81)\nBarry Ryan was a Ryan cousin from Chicago. He came to Riverside in 1980.Elizabeth Jane \"E.J.\" Ryan\n(Played by Maureen Garrett, 1981–82)\nReporter Elizabeth Jane Ryan, a member of the Chicago branch of the Ryan family, came to New York to stay with Johnny and Maeve Ryan.Elizabeth Shrank Ryan\n(Played by Pamela Blair, 1980)\nBarry Ryan's ex-wifeFrancis \"Frank\" Ryan\n(Played by Michael Hawkins, 1975–76; Andrew Robinson, 1976–78; Daniel Hugh Kelly, 1978–81; Geoffrey Pierson, 1983–85; John Sanderford, 1985–89)\nFrank Ryan was the golden child of the Ryan clan.Johnny Ryan\n(Played by Bernard Barrow, 1975–89)\nJohnny Ryan grew up in an Irish immigrant family New York City; his family was poor and he got involved in bootlegging.John Reid Ryan\n(Played by Jadrien Steele, 1975–85; Jason Adams, 1986–89)\nJohn Reid Ryan is the son of Frank Ryan and Delia Reid.Kathleen Ryan Thompson\n(Played by Nancy Reardon, 1976–80)\nKathleen was the oldest daughter of Johnny and Maeve Ryan.Maeve Colleary Ryan\n(Played by Helen Gallagher, 1975–89)\nMaeve Colleary Ryan grew up in county Cork, Ireland.Mary Ryan Fenelli\n(Played by Kate Mulgrew, 1975–78, 1983, 1986, 1989; Mary Carney, 1978; Kathleen Tolan, 1978–79; Nicolette Goulet, 1979)\nHeadstrong like her father, Mary Ryan was the second youngest of the five children that Johnny and Maeve Ryan had. (In flashbacks of her childhood shown in 1977, Mary was portrayed by Yvette Deas.)Owen \"Owney\" Ryan\n(Played by Jamie O'Neill, 1987–89)\nYoung son of John Reid Ryan and Lizzie Ransome Ryan. First appeared as an infant in August 1986, played by various sets of twins; in the fall of 1987, once Owney was over a year old and speaking his first words, Jamie O'Neill played the role full time.Dr. Patrick Ryan\n(Played by Malcolm Groome, 1975–78, 1983–88, 1989; John Blazo, 1978–79; Robert Finoccoli, 1979; Patrick James Clarke, 1982–83)\nPatrick Ryan was the jovial son of Johnny and Maeve Ryan. After he graduated high school, he chose to become a neurologist.Siobhan Ryan Novak\n(Played by Sarah Felder, 1978–80; Ann Gillespie, 1981–82; Marg Helgenberger, 1982–86; Carrell Myers, 1986–87; Barbara Blackburn, 1988–89)\nSiobhan Ryan was the feisty daughter of Maeve and Johnny Ryan. Throughout her life, she often found herself as the odd Ryan out.","title":"R"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_McGovern_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vera Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vera_Lockwood&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Wlcek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wlcek"},{"link_name":"Gloria DeHaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_DeHaven"},{"link_name":"Cali Timmins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali_Timmins"},{"link_name":"Traci Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traci_Lind"},{"link_name":"Joe Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Silver"},{"link_name":"David Gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gale_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ethel Ayler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Ayler"},{"link_name":"Lester Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Rawlins"},{"link_name":"Steve Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Fletcher"},{"link_name":"Michael Fairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Fairman"},{"link_name":"Julia Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Barr"}],"text":"Chaz Saybrook\n(Played by Brian McGovern, 1987–89)\nPreppy, wealthy Wellman College student, originally from the Midwest.Catie Schall\n(Played by Elaine Bromka, 1987)\nEnvironmental researcher who lured Ryan into her attack at the Meredith Drake Company.Marian \"Schultzie\" Schultz\n(Played by Vera Lockwood, 1980–82)\nPersonal assistant to Rae Woodard, briefly shared in that capacity with Michael Pavel.Mrs. Shaw\n(Played by Betty Low, 1981)\nBabysitter hired by Maeve Ryan.Ben Shelby (aka Ben Shelley)\n(Played by James Wlcek, 1987–89)\nSon of Bess Shelby, brother of Maggie Shelby. A painter who had disdain for rich people, and often clashed with the Coleridges and Ryans.Bess Shelby\n(Played by Gloria DeHaven, 1983–87)\nMother of Ben and Maggie Shelby, as well as the mother of Jillian Coleridge.Maggie Shelby\n(Played by Cali Timmins, 1983–88, 1989)\nDaughter of Bess Shelby, sister of Ben Shelley (Shelby).Pru Shephard\n(Played by Traci Lin, 1984–85)Betty Sherman\n(Played by Betty Alley, 1985–86)Eliot Silverstein\n(Played by Joe Silver, 1980)\nRae Woodard's wealthy, influential friend in the entertainment business, who got her daughter Kimberly her first acting job.Howard Slavin\n(Played by David Gale, 1981)\nBarbara Wilde's attorneyConstance Small, R.N.\n(Played by Ethel Ayler, 1980–81)\nRiverside nurse. Hired by Seneca Beaulac to take care of Arley Rae Beaulac.Dakota Smith (Ryan)\n(Played by Christopher Durham, 1985–88)\nIllegitimate son of Johnny Ryan, who was the product of an extramarital affair Johnny had in the 1950s.Spencer Smith\n(Played by Lester Rawlins, 1981)\nMuseum owner. Hired Jillian Coleridge as his attorney.Samuel Addison Snow\n(Played by John Seitz, 1979)\nPolitical crony of Rae Woodard who made a deal with Rae behind Frank Ryan's back to get him nominated to the Vice Presidency in return for favors.Sgt. Jim Speed\n(Played by MacKenzie Allen, 1981–82)\nPolice officer who processes Siobhan Ryan Novak's application for the police academy. Friend of Frank Ryan's from his police academy days.Matthew Strand\n(Played by Steve Fletcher, 1988–89)\nOne-time ex of Leigh Kirkland, who fought to get her back when she announced her engagement to Jack Fenelli.Nick Szabo\n(Played by Michael Fairman, 1975–76, 1977)\nLocal shady character, loan shark, slum landlord. Had Dr. Roger Coleridge beaten up for loan debts. Old friend of Johnny Ryan.Serena \"Reenie\" Szabo\n(Played by Julia Barr, 1976)\nDaughter of Nick Szabo; drug used; attracted to Dr. Bucky Carter.","title":"S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francine Tacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francine_Tacker"},{"link_name":"Julia Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Chip Zien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Zien"}],"text":"Dr. Gloria Tassky\n(Played by Francine Tacker, 1985)Pamela Thatcher\n(Played by Ellen Barber, 1981)\nYounger actress on The Proud and the Passionate TV showArt Thompson\n(Played by Gregory Abels, 1976)\nHusband of Kathleen Ryan Thompson, father of Deirdre and Maura \"Katie\" Thompson. He sells insurance.Deirdre Thompson\n(Played by Rachel Robinson, 1976)\nDaughter of Kathleen Ryan Thompson and Art Thompson, sister of Maura \"Katie\".Katie Thompson\n(Played by Lauren O'Bryan, 1984; Julia Campbell, 1984–85)\nDaughter of Kathleen Ryan Thompson and Art Thompson. Sister of Deirdre. Her real name is Maura, but she prefers to be called Katie.Daniel Thorne\n(Played by Chip Zien, 1981)\nA producer on The Proud and the Passionate TV show","title":"T"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dominic Chianese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Chianese"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Cimino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Cimino"},{"link_name":"Sherman Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Howard"}],"text":"Alexei Vartova\n(Played by Dominic Chianese, 1981; Leonardo Cimino, 1982)\nCriminal godfather type, rival to Joe Novak. Grandfather to Rose Pearse Melina's daughter Amelia.Detective Vaughan\n(Played by Mark Werheim, 1987–88)Vinnie Vincent\n(Played by Sherman Howard, 1986–87)","title":"V"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nancy Valen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Valen"},{"link_name":"Gordon Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Thomson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Judith Barcroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Barcroft"},{"link_name":"Stephen Vinovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Vinovich"},{"link_name":"Louise Shaffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Shaffer"},{"link_name":"Wesley Addy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Addy"}],"text":"Denny Walston\n(Played by Lauren K. Woods, 1985–86)Melinda Weaver Ryan\n(Played by Nancy Valen, 1985–87)\nDated Pat Ryan. Died of a terminal illness (in Pat's arms) in May 1987.Marshall Westheimer\n(Played by William Kiehl, 1975–83; Robert Burr, 3 episodes 1977–79)\nAdministrator of Riverside Hospital.Aristotle Benedict White\n(Played by Gordon Thomson, 1981–82)\nArchaeologistBarbara Wilde\n(Played by Judith Barcroft, 1981–82)\nActress on hospital drama The Proud and the Passionate TV show. Consults with Seneca Beaulac about her character's disease.Nurse Williams\n(Played by Anne Churchill, 1981)\nAdmitting nurse at RiversideJeremy Winthrop\n(Played by Herb Anderson, 1984–85)Bill Wolfston\n(Played by Seth Allen, 1981; Stephen Vinovich, 1981)\nDirector on The Proud and the Passionate TV showPerry Wood\n(Played by Frank Biancamano, 1981)\nFBI man who works with Jack Fenelli and Joe NovakRae Woodard\n(Played by Louise Shaffer, 1977–84, 1989; Judith McGilligan, May 1978)\nWidow of William Price Woodard. Took over his publishing empire. Mother of Kimberly Harris, one-time mother-in-law of Seneca Beaulac. Briefly engaged to Frank Ryan and one-time lover of Roger Coleridge.William Price Woodard\n(Played by Wesley Addy, 1977–78)\nHusband of Rae Woodard. Dies in the hospital and leaves Rae with an empire to run.","title":"W"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ryan%27s_Hope_characters&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0072559/fullcredits/cast","external_links_name":"Ryan's Hope (1975) - Full cast and crew"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordoun | Fordoun | ["1 People from Fordoun","2 History","2.1 20th century to present","3 Notes"] | Coordinates: 56°52′23″N 2°24′42″W / 56.872920°N 2.411751°W / 56.872920; -2.411751
Human settlement in ScotlandFordounScottish Gaelic: FordunFordounLocation within AberdeenshireOS grid referenceNO750758Council areaAberdeenshireLieutenancy areaKincardineshireCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPostcode districtAB30Dialling code01561PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
List of places
UK
Scotland
56°52′23″N 2°24′42″W / 56.872920°N 2.411751°W / 56.872920; -2.411751
St Palladius Fordoun
Fordoun (Scottish Gaelic: Fordun) (Pronounced "For-Dun") is a parish and village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Fothirdun (possibly "the lower place"), as it was historically known, was an important area in the Howe of the Mearns. Fordoun and Auchenblae, together with their immediate districts form the Parish of Fordoun with the Parish Church in the vicinity of the original settlement, now absorbed by Auchenblae.
In the 19th Century Fordoun railway station was opened approximately 3 miles to the South East of Fordoun Church and the original settlement. A village grew at the site of the station (opened in November 1849 and closed in June 1956), where there was also a number of shops, but only a seasonal farm shop remains. In the time since the founding of the railway station the village formerly known as Fordoun Station has come to be known simply as Fordoun and the site of the original settlement has been absorbed by Auchenblae.
People from Fordoun
John of Fordun (d. c. 1384), Scottish Chronicler was born in the Parish of Fordoun.
George Wishart (ca.1513 – 1546) a Scottish Protestant Reformer and one of the early Protestant martyrs burned at the stake as a heretic.
John Wishart of Pitarrow (died 1576), a son of John Wishart of Cairnbeg in Fordoun parish, and comptroller of the Scottish exchequer.
James Burnett, Lord Monboddo (1714–99), judge on the Court of Session lived at Monboddo House. He was author of The Origin and Progress of Man and Language, a study of evolution that predated the work of Charles Darwin.
James Beattie (1735–1803), Scottish scholar and writer was born in Laurencekirk and first worked as schoolmaster in Fordoun. He became Professor of Moral Philosophy and Logic at Marischal College and is noted for his Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770) and poem The Minstrel.
Alexander Hamilton (1739-1802) co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, one of the first doctors to recognise the infectious nature of puerperal fever.
Donald II of Scotland King of the Picts or King of Alba in the late 9th century.
History
Pictish stone at Fordoun.
There is a Pictish symbol stone, the Fordoun Stone (also known as St. Palladius' Stone), in the parish church on the outskirts of Auchenblae at NO726784
In his 1819 Geography, James Playfair notes that
Fordoun is a mean town, and the seat of a presbytery, noted for being the birthplace or temporary residence of John Fordoun, author of the Scotichronicon; and of Palladius, who was sent by Pope Celestine into Scotland, in the 5th century, to oppose the Pelagian heresy. The chapel of Palladius, adjacent to the church, is 40 by 18 feet; at the corner of the minister's garden there is a well still called Paldy's well; and an Annual fair in the neighbourhood is styled Paldy-fair.
20th century to present
As part of the national war effort, a number of men from the Parish of Fordoun (consisting of both Fordoun and Auchenblae) volunteered or were conscripted to fight in World War I and II. A war memorial was erected on Gilbert's Hill overlooking Auchenblae in 1920 which records the names of the 29 servicemen from the parish who were killed in World War I and 13 servicemen and one civilian who were killed in World War II. A memorial in Fordoun Memorial Hall (located in Fordoun) lists the names of an additional 14 men (43 in total) from the parish who were killed in World War I. Many of the killed had joined the county regiment, the Gordon Highlanders. The death toll from the village would likely have been higher if the parish's principle source of employment was not farming which was protected as a reserved occupation.
Also in the parish, on the B966, is a disused airfield that was active during World War II. A two-runway satellite for Peterhead airfield, Fordoun Aerodrome operated from 1942 to 1944.
Notes
^ "Fordoun and Auchenblae". Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
^ Mearn Community website. "Fordoun and Auchenblae". Retrieved 29 April 2007.
^ "Fordun, John of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 643–644.
^ Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). "Wishart, George" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 753.
^ "Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 692–693.
^ Julie Watt. "James Beattie Biography". Retrieved 29 April 2007.
^ "Beattie, James" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 583–584.
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
^ "Fourdoun Stone". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
^ Playfair, James (1819). "A Geographical and Statistical Description of Scotland". II. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.: 37. Retrieved 3 August 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ a b "Fordoun - Obelisk". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ "Disused WWII Airfields in N.E. Scotland". Archived from the original on 11 February 2005. Retrieved 29 April 2007.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fordoun.
vteSettlements and places of interest in Kincardine and Mearns, AberdeenshirePrimary settlements
Auchenblae
Chapelton
Drumoak
Fettercairn
Gourdon
Inverbervie
Johnshaven
Laurencekirk
Newtonhill
Portlethen
St Cyrus
Stonehaven
Other settlements
Arbuthnott
Banchory-Devenick
Benholm
Bridge of Muchalls
Cammachmore
Catterline
Cookney
Downies
Drumlithie
Edzell Woods
Findon
Fordoun
Glenbervie
Kinneff
Kirkton of Durris
Luthermuir
Maryculter
Marykirk
Muchalls
Netherley
Portlethen Village
Tewel
Places of interest
Causey Mounth
Crawton
Drum Castle
Dunnicaer
Dunnottar Castle
Fetteresso Castle
Fowlsheugh Nature Reserve (Craiglethy)
Monboddo House
Muchalls Castle
Normandykes
Portlethen Moss
Raedykes
Stonehaven Open Air Pool
Stonehaven Tolbooth
Storybook Glen
vteAreas and primary settlements in Aberdeenshire (see also: Aberdeen City)in Banff and Buchan
Aberchirder
Banff
Fraserburgh
Gardenstown
Inverallochy and Cairnbulg
Macduff
Portsoy
Rosehearty
Sandhaven
Whitehills
in Buchan
Boddam
Crimond
Cruden Bay
Fetterangus
Hatton
Longside
Maud
Mintlaw
New Deer
New Pitsligo
Peterhead
St Combs
St Fergus
Strichen
Stuartfield
in Formartine
Balmedie
Cuminestown
Ellon
Fyvie
Newburgh
Oldmeldrum
Pitmedden
Potterton
Rothienorman
Tarves
Turriff
in Garioch
Blackburn
Insch
Inverurie
Kemnay
Kintore
Newmachar
Westhill
in Kincardine and Mearns
Drumoak
Fettercairn
Gourdon
Inverbervie
Johnshaven
Laurencekirk
Luthermuir
Newtonhill
Portlethen
St Cyrus
Stonehaven
in Marr
Aboyne
Alford
Ballater
Banchory
Braemar
Huntly
Lumphanan
Tarland
Torphins | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Palladius_Fordoun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"Aberdeenshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Howe of the Mearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshire"},{"link_name":"Auchenblae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchenblae"},{"link_name":"Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fordoun railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordoun_railway_station"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mearns-2"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandSt Palladius FordounFordoun (Scottish Gaelic: Fordun) (Pronounced \"For-Dun\") is a parish and village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Fothirdun (possibly \"the lower place\"), as it was historically known,[citation needed] was an important area in the Howe of the Mearns. Fordoun and Auchenblae, together with their immediate districts form the Parish of Fordoun with the Parish Church[1] in the vicinity of the original settlement, now absorbed by Auchenblae.In the 19th Century Fordoun railway station was opened approximately 3 miles to the South East of Fordoun Church and the original settlement. A village grew at the site of the station (opened in November 1849 and closed in June 1956),[citation needed] where there was also a number of shops, but only a seasonal farm shop remains.[2] In the time since the founding of the railway station the village formerly known as Fordoun Station has come to be known simply as Fordoun and the site of the original settlement has been absorbed by Auchenblae.","title":"Fordoun"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John of Fordun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Fordun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"George Wishart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wishart"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Wishart of Pitarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wishart_of_Pitarrow"},{"link_name":"comptroller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comptroller_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchequer_Rolls_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"James Burnett, Lord Monboddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo"},{"link_name":"Court of Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Session"},{"link_name":"Monboddo House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monboddo_House"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"James Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beattie_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Laurencekirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurencekirk"},{"link_name":"Marischal College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marischal_College"},{"link_name":"The Minstrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Minstrel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(Scottish_physician)"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Donald II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland"}],"text":"John of Fordun (d. c. 1384), Scottish Chronicler was born in the Parish of Fordoun.[3]\nGeorge Wishart (ca.1513 – 1546) a Scottish Protestant Reformer and one of the early Protestant martyrs burned at the stake as a heretic.[4]\nJohn Wishart of Pitarrow (died 1576), a son of John Wishart of Cairnbeg in Fordoun parish, and comptroller of the Scottish exchequer.\nJames Burnett, Lord Monboddo (1714–99), judge on the Court of Session lived at Monboddo House. He was author of The Origin and Progress of Man and Language, a study of evolution that predated the work of Charles Darwin.[5]\nJames Beattie (1735–1803), Scottish scholar and writer was born in Laurencekirk and first worked as schoolmaster in Fordoun. He became Professor of Moral Philosophy and Logic at Marischal College and is noted for his Essay on the Nature and Immutability of Truth (1770) and poem The Minstrel.[6] [7]\nAlexander Hamilton (1739-1802) co-founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, one of the first doctors to recognise the infectious nature of puerperal fever.[8]\nDonald II of Scotland King of the Picts or King of Alba in the late 9th century.","title":"People from Fordoun"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pictish.stone.Fordoun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pictish symbol stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictish_stones"},{"link_name":"Fordoun Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordoun_Stone"},{"link_name":"St. Palladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladius_(bishop_of_Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Pictish stone at Fordoun.There is a Pictish symbol stone, the Fordoun Stone (also known as St. Palladius' Stone), in the parish church on the outskirts of Auchenblae at NO726784[9]In his 1819 Geography, James Playfair notes that[10]Fordoun is a mean town, and the seat of a presbytery, noted for being the birthplace or temporary residence of John Fordoun, author of the Scotichronicon; and of Palladius, who was sent by Pope Celestine into Scotland, in the 5th century, to oppose the Pelagian heresy. The chapel of Palladius, adjacent to the church, is 40 by 18 feet; at the corner of the minister's garden there is a well still called Paldy's well; and an Annual fair in the neighbourhood is styled Paldy-fair.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auchenblae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchenblae"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"war memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial"},{"link_name":"servicemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serviceman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Gordon Highlanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders"},{"link_name":"reserved occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserved_occupation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"20th century to present","text":"As part of the national war effort, a number of men from the Parish of Fordoun (consisting of both Fordoun and Auchenblae) volunteered or were conscripted to fight in World War I and II. A war memorial was erected on Gilbert's Hill overlooking Auchenblae in 1920 which records the names of the 29 servicemen from the parish who were killed in World War I and 13 servicemen and one civilian who were killed in World War II.[11] A memorial in Fordoun Memorial Hall (located in Fordoun) lists the names of an additional 14 men (43 in total) from the parish who were killed in World War I.[11] Many of the killed had joined the county regiment, the Gordon Highlanders. The death toll from the village would likely have been higher if the parish's principle source of employment was not farming which was protected as a reserved occupation.Also in the parish, on the B966, is a disused airfield that was active during World War II. A two-runway satellite for Peterhead airfield, Fordoun Aerodrome operated from 1942 to 1944.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fordoun and Auchenblae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070809004142/http://www.mearns.org.uk/stonehaven/fordoun.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mearns.org.uk/stonehaven/fordoun.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mearns_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Fordoun and Auchenblae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mearns.org/blae.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Fordun, John of\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fordun,_John_of"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Pollard, Albert Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pollard"},{"link_name":"\"Wishart, George\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wishart,_George"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Monboddo,_James_Burnett,_Lord"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"James Beattie Biography\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/beattie.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Beattie, James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Beattie,_James"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-902-198-84-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Fourdoun Stone\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070927030738/http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/archaeology/sites/pictish/fordoun.asp"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/archaeology/sites/pictish/fordoun.asp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"A Geographical and Statistical Description of Scotland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Fw0vAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_11-1"},{"link_name":"\"Fordoun - Obelisk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/8676"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Disused WWII Airfields in N.E. 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Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlethen_Village"},{"link_name":"Tewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewel"},{"link_name":"Causey Mounth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causey_Mounth"},{"link_name":"Crawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawton"},{"link_name":"Drum Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dunnicaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnicaer"},{"link_name":"Dunnottar Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnottar_Castle"},{"link_name":"Fetteresso Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetteresso_Castle"},{"link_name":"Fowlsheugh Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowlsheugh"},{"link_name":"Craiglethy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craiglethy"},{"link_name":"Monboddo House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monboddo_House"},{"link_name":"Muchalls 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City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Banff and Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_and_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Aberchirder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberchirder"},{"link_name":"Banff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Fraserburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraserburgh"},{"link_name":"Gardenstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardenstown"},{"link_name":"Inverallochy and Cairnbulg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverallochy_and_Cairnbulg"},{"link_name":"Macduff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macduff,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Portsoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsoy"},{"link_name":"Rosehearty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosehearty"},{"link_name":"Sandhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhaven"},{"link_name":"Whitehills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScotlandAberdeenshire.png"},{"link_name":"Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchan"},{"link_name":"Boddam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boddam,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Crimond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimond"},{"link_name":"Cruden Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruden_Bay"},{"link_name":"Fetterangus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetterangus"},{"link_name":"Hatton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatton,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Longside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longside"},{"link_name":"Maud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Mintlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintlaw"},{"link_name":"New Deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deer"},{"link_name":"New Pitsligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Pitsligo"},{"link_name":"Peterhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterhead"},{"link_name":"St Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Combs"},{"link_name":"St Fergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Fergus"},{"link_name":"Strichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strichen"},{"link_name":"Stuartfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuartfield"},{"link_name":"Formartine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formartine"},{"link_name":"Balmedie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmedie"},{"link_name":"Cuminestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuminestown"},{"link_name":"Ellon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellon,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Fyvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyvie"},{"link_name":"Newburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Oldmeldrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldmeldrum"},{"link_name":"Pitmedden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmedden"},{"link_name":"Potterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potterton"},{"link_name":"Rothienorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothienorman"},{"link_name":"Tarves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarves"},{"link_name":"Turriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turriff"},{"link_name":"Garioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garioch"},{"link_name":"Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Insch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insch"},{"link_name":"Inverurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverurie"},{"link_name":"Kemnay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemnay,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Kintore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintore,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Newmachar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmachar"},{"link_name":"Westhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westhill,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Kincardine and Mearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardine_and_Mearns"},{"link_name":"Drumoak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumoak"},{"link_name":"Fettercairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fettercairn"},{"link_name":"Gourdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourdon,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Inverbervie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverbervie"},{"link_name":"Johnshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnshaven"},{"link_name":"Laurencekirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurencekirk"},{"link_name":"Luthermuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luthermuir"},{"link_name":"Newtonhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonhill"},{"link_name":"Portlethen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlethen"},{"link_name":"St Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Stonehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehaven"},{"link_name":"Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Aboyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboyne"},{"link_name":"Alford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alford,_Aberdeenshire"},{"link_name":"Ballater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballater"},{"link_name":"Banchory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banchory"},{"link_name":"Braemar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braemar"},{"link_name":"Huntly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly"},{"link_name":"Lumphanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumphanan"},{"link_name":"Tarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarland"},{"link_name":"Torphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torphins"}],"text":"^ \"Fordoun and Auchenblae\". Archived from the original on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.\n\n^ Mearn Community website. \"Fordoun and Auchenblae\". Retrieved 29 April 2007.\n\n^ \"Fordun, John of\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 643–644.\n\n^ Pollard, Albert Frederick (1911). \"Wishart, George\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 753.\n\n^ \"Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 692–693.\n\n^ Julie Watt. \"James Beattie Biography\". Retrieved 29 April 2007.\n\n^ \"Beattie, James\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 583–584.\n\n^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2016.\n\n^ \"Fourdoun Stone\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.\n\n^ Playfair, James (1819). \"A Geographical and Statistical Description of Scotland\". II. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.: 37. Retrieved 3 August 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ a b \"Fordoun - Obelisk\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 17 February 2024.\n\n^ \"Disused WWII Airfields in N.E. Scotland\". Archived from the original on 11 February 2005. Retrieved 29 April 2007.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fordoun.vteSettlements and places of interest in Kincardine and Mearns, AberdeenshirePrimary settlements\nAuchenblae\nChapelton\nDrumoak\nFettercairn\nGourdon\nInverbervie\nJohnshaven\nLaurencekirk\nNewtonhill\nPortlethen\nSt Cyrus\nStonehaven\nOther settlements\nArbuthnott\nBanchory-Devenick\nBenholm\nBridge of Muchalls\nCammachmore\nCatterline\nCookney\nDownies\nDrumlithie\nEdzell Woods\nFindon\nFordoun\nGlenbervie\nKinneff\nKirkton of Durris\nLuthermuir\nMaryculter\nMarykirk\nMuchalls\nNetherley\nPortlethen Village\nTewel\nPlaces of interest\nCausey Mounth\nCrawton\nDrum Castle\nDunnicaer\nDunnottar Castle\nFetteresso Castle\nFowlsheugh Nature Reserve (Craiglethy)\nMonboddo House\nMuchalls Castle\nNormandykes\nPortlethen Moss\nRaedykes\nStonehaven Open Air Pool\nStonehaven Tolbooth\nStorybook GlenvteAreas and primary settlements in Aberdeenshire (see also: Aberdeen City)in Banff and Buchan\nAberchirder\nBanff\nFraserburgh\nGardenstown\nInverallochy and Cairnbulg\nMacduff\nPortsoy\nRosehearty\nSandhaven\nWhitehills\nin Buchan\nBoddam\nCrimond\nCruden Bay\nFetterangus\nHatton\nLongside\nMaud\nMintlaw\nNew Deer\nNew Pitsligo\nPeterhead\nSt Combs\nSt Fergus\nStrichen\nStuartfield\nin Formartine\nBalmedie\nCuminestown\nEllon\nFyvie\nNewburgh\nOldmeldrum\nPitmedden\nPotterton\nRothienorman\nTarves\nTurriff\nin Garioch\nBlackburn\nInsch\nInverurie\nKemnay\nKintore\nNewmachar\nWesthill\nin Kincardine and Mearns\nDrumoak\nFettercairn\nGourdon\nInverbervie\nJohnshaven\nLaurencekirk\nLuthermuir\nNewtonhill\nPortlethen\nSt Cyrus\nStonehaven\nin Marr\nAboyne\nAlford\nBallater\nBanchory\nBraemar\nHuntly\nLumphanan\nTarland\nTorphins","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"St Palladius Fordoun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/St_Palladius_Fordoun.jpg/300px-St_Palladius_Fordoun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pictish stone at Fordoun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Pictish.stone.Fordoun.jpg/200px-Pictish.stone.Fordoun.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fordoun and Auchenblae\". 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Vol. 28 (11th ed.). p. 753.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Pollard","url_text":"Pollard, Albert Frederick"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wishart,_George","url_text":"\"Wishart, George\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 692–693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Monboddo,_James_Burnett,_Lord","url_text":"\"Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Julie Watt. \"James Beattie Biography\". Retrieved 29 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/beattie.htm","url_text":"\"James Beattie Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beattie, James\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 583–584.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Beattie,_James","url_text":"\"Beattie, James\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X","url_text":"0-902-198-84-X"},{"url":"https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fourdoun Stone\". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927030738/http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/archaeology/sites/pictish/fordoun.asp","url_text":"\"Fourdoun Stone\""},{"url":"http://www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk/archaeology/sites/pictish/fordoun.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Playfair, James (1819). \"A Geographical and Statistical Description of Scotland\". II. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable and Co.: 37. Retrieved 3 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw0vAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"A Geographical and Statistical Description of Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fordoun - Obelisk\". Imperial War Museums. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/8676","url_text":"\"Fordoun - Obelisk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disused WWII Airfields in N.E. Scotland\". Archived from the original on 11 February 2005. Retrieved 29 April 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050211103007/http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Barracks/6344/fordoun.htm","url_text":"\"Disused WWII Airfields in N.E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S59_and_S89_buses | S59 and S89 buses | ["1 Route","2 History","2.1 Creation of the S89","3 References","4 External links"] | Bus routes in New York and New Jersey
s59
s89Richmond AvenueA Port Richmond-bound S59 bus departing Eltingville Transit CenterOverviewSystemMTA Regional Bus OperationsOperatorNew York City TransitGarageYukon DepotVehicleNova Bus LFSBegan service1989-1990 (S59) September 4, 2007 (S89)PredecessorsR4RouteLocaleStaten Island, New York, U.S.Hudson County, New Jersey, U.S.Communities servedBayonne, Port Richmond, Mariners Harbor, Graniteville, Bulls Head, Heartland Village, New Springville, Arden Heights, Eltingville, Annadale, Prince's Bay, TottenvilleStartBayonne - 34th Street station (S89)Port Richmond - Richmond Terrace & Port Richmond Avenue (S59)ViaBayonne Bridge (S89), Port Richmond Avenue (S59), Richmond Avenue, Hylan Boulevard (S59)EndEltingville - Hylan Boulevard & Richmond Avenue (S59 off-peak, S89)Tottenville - Main Street & Amboy Road (S59 rush hours)Length9.2 miles (14.8 km) (S59 off-peak)15.5 miles (24.9 km) (S59 rush hours) 12.3 miles (19.8 km) (S89)Other routesS44/S94 Cary/Richmond AvenuesS79 Hylan Boulevard/Richmond Avenue South SBSServiceOperatesAll times except late nights (S59)Rush hours only (S89)Annual patronage552,364 (S59, 2023)76,033 (S89, 2023)TransfersYesTimetableS59 S89
Route map
← S57← S86
{{{system_nav}}}
S61 →S90 →
The S59 and S89 constitute a public transit line in the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey. The S59 runs wholly in New York City, between Port Richmond and either Eltingville or Tottenville in Staten Island, largely running on Richmond Avenue. The S89 makes limited stops along Richmond Avenue, running from Bayonne, New Jersey, to Eltingville, Staten Island, New York. They are both based out of the Yukon Depot.
Route
The S89 starts at 34th Street station on the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) in Bayonne. It then leaves the station to run on NJ-440 and across the Bayonne Bridge to Staten Island, exiting off the highway onto Morningstar Road. It continue south on Morningstar Road until Forest Avenue, where it becomes Richmond Avenue. The S59 starts at the Port Richmond Terminal, looping back onto Port Richmond Avenue via Park Avenue and Church Street. It continues south on Port Richmond Avenue, turning left onto Forest Avenue until reaching Richmond Avenue.
After both routes reach Forest Avenue-Richmond Avenue, they continue south along Richmond Avenue until reaching Richmond Hill Road, where they diverge again:
The S59 continues south on Richmond Avenue, shifting onto Ring Road before continuing south and doing a dogleg turn back onto Richmond Avenue via Platinum Avenue and turning left onto Yukon Avenue, passing by the Yukon Depot before turning south onto Forest Hill Road and continuing through onto Richmond Avenue.
The S89 turns onto Richmond Hill Road until reaching Marsh Avenue, running south until reaching Platinum Avenue, where it turns right and later turns left onto Richmond Avenue, where it continues south.
Both routes meet up again and run south on Richmond Avenue, deviating at Arthur Kill Road to serve Eltingville Transit Center. They eventually reach the road's southern terminus at Hylan Boulevard, where the S59 terminates outside of rush hours and where the S89 terminates, using an off-street bus loop south of Hylan Boulevard. During rush hours, the S59 follows the S78 westward, running along Hylan Boulevard until reaching Craig Avenue, running north and east along Craig Avenue and Amboy Road until reaching Main Street, where it terminates. Northbound S59 buses use Main Street to return to Hylan Boulevard.
The S89 is the only-non express MTA bus route to run in New Jersey and the only MTA bus route to have a stop in New Jersey. It only operates on weekdays during peak hours.
History
The R4, the predecessor to both of these routes, originally running between Port Richmond Terminal and Richmond Road-Rockland Avenue. In 1975, as Richmond County changed their official name to Staten Island, multiple bus routes in Staten Island, including the R4, had their prefix changed from R to S.
On September 13, 1987, a new branch of the S4 was created, running via Hylan Boulevard to Tottenville High School. The new branch provided direct access from Annadale, Huguenot, Prince's Bay, and Tottenville to the Staten Island Mall, and improved access to Richmond Memorial Hospital. Service on the branch would run from 5:55 a.m. to 11 p.m. weekdays, and would end earlier and start later on weekends. Weekday service on the S4 would run every 15 minutes, with service split evenly between this and the other branch of the S4 to Ebony Street and Rockland Road. Weekend service would run every 15 to 30 minutes, with service split between the branches.
Sometime between April 2, 1989 and April 15, 1990, the S4 was split, with the S59 taking over the Richmond Avenue portion and the S54 taking over the Nelson Avenue and Giffords Lane portion.
On September 10, 1995, as part of a systemwide series of cuts to bus service to reduce a budget deficit caused by the elimination of $113 million in city funding to New York City Transit, S59 service was discontinued between 1:20 a.m. and 4:40 a.m.. Service would operate weekdays to Tottenville between 5:30 a.m. and 8 p.m. and from Tottenville between 4:40 a.m. and 8 p.m. Service would run to Richmond Avenue and Hylan Boulevard between 8 p.m. and 1:20 a.m. and from there between 8 p.m. and 12:45 a.m.. Weekends, service would run to Tottenville between 5 a.m. and 8 p.m. and to Hylan Boulevard between 8 p.m. and 1:20 a.m. Service in the other direction to Port Richmond would operate from Tottenville between 4:40 a.m. and 8 p.m. and from Hylan Boulevard between 8 p.m. and 12:45 a.m..
Creation of the S89
S89 bus at the Eltingville Transit Center
On October 2, 2006, Red and Tan Lines cut service on its remaining bus route to Staten Island, the 144, from nine trips in the morning rush hour to five since the route was not profitable. Since, prior to the cuts, at least two buses per day were standing room only, two extra buses were provided during the week on an as needed basis. On October 3, elected officials on Staten Island requested that the MTA take over the service. An MTA spokesperson said the MTA was looking into starting bus service between Jersey City and Staten Island. In spring 2006, the New York State Legislature had passed a bill to authorize New York City Transit to run interstate service to try to get the MTA to operate the service.
On June 18, 2007, MTA Executive Director Elliot G. Sander announced that the MTA would move forward with plans for a new bus route between Staten Island and the HBLR in Bayonne, New Jersey. Previously, he had said the MTA would not run the service until TransportAzumah, the existing operator, stopped running buses along the route. Sander said that he expected to create a service plan with NJ Transit (NJT) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in the following four to eight weeks. A preliminary analysis done by the MTA recommended a fare of $4 for the bus service, less than the normal $5 express bus fare due to the additional cost of a $1.75 HBLR ticket. The fare would be $4.67 with monthly light rail pass and MetroCard discounts. This is in comparison with the fares charged by TransportAzumah, which were $3 to 34th Street station in Bayonne, and $5 to stops in Hoboken and Jersey City.
On July 16, 2007, the MTA formally announced that it would start this new bus route, the S89 Limited, in the fall. The route would provide an alternative method to getting to Midtown Manhattan via the HBLR and PATH, with buses having timed connections to the HBLR, and would connect residents of the island to the job market in Hoboken, Bayonne, and Jersey City. It would be the first interstate bus operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), and be implemented under a joint agreement with NJ Transit (NJT). The MTA and NJT were also working toward an agreement that would allow riders of the S89 and the HBLR to purchase a joint monthly ticket. The Port Authority provided $2 million to help acquire the buses that would be used for the service. Since the route would go across state lines, bus operators on the route were USDOT certified. The creation of the interstate bus route was one of multiple initiatives being done by the MTA at the time to break institutional and political barriers, like the joint Train to the Game service between Secaucus Junction on NJT and Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line.
Service would run on weekdays during peak hours, between 5:30 and 8:30 a.m., and between 4 and 7:30 p.m., running every 15 minutes in the peak direction and every 30 minutes in the reverse-peak direction. Ridership on the bus route was expected to be 1,200 a day. Nine buses would be required to run the service, which would cost about $1.4 million to operate. Service started on September 4, 2007. In January 2008, a joint $134 Unlimited Ride MetroCard and HBLR ticket became available for sale for S89 bus riders online from NJT. The pass would be flashed to fare inspectors on the HBLR.
On April 7, 2008, due to high ridership, two morning trips from Staten Island and one evening trip from New Jersey were added. At the time, 800 to 900 riders used the route per day.
References
^ a b "Subway and bus ridership for 2023". mta.info. April 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.
^ "Staten Island Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "S59 bus schedule".
^ MTA Regional Bus Operations. "S89 bus schedule".
^ "R4 Bus Timetable 1970s". New York City Transit Authority. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
^ * "We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ * "Announcing Improved Local Bus Service in Staten Island". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
"Announcing Improved Local Bus Service in Staten Island". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
"Announcing Improved Local Bus Service in Staten Island". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Connelly, Eileen AJ; Blis, Jeff (September 9, 1995). "Fewer Hours, Shorter Routes For Bus Riders". Staten Island Advance.
^ Newman, Andy (October 4, 2006). "Staten Islanders Coping With Reduced Bus Service". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ Yates, Maura (June 18, 2007). "Express bus service to Bayonne getting closer". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ Yates, Maura (June 20, 2007). "MTA analysis suggests $4 charge for xbus to Bayonne". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ Chn, Sewell (July 16, 2007). "A New Bus Connection for Staten Island and Bayonne". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ a b "MTA NYC Transit Adds Bus Service from Staten Island to Hudson Bergen Light Rail, Advances MTA Commitment to Seamless Regional Transportation". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 16, 2007. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ a b "MTA New York City Transit Begins Bus Service Between Staten Island and New Jersey First Interstate NYC Transit Route to Start September 4th". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Donohue, Pete (July 17, 2007). "Taking care of bus-iness: MTA sets new S.I.-to-Bayonne route – its first across state lines". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ "S89 Introducing limited-stop, rush-hour service from Staten Island to Bayonne, NJ". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
^ "Bus service between Bayonne and Staten Island up and running". nj.com. September 6, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Yates, Maura (January 4, 2008). "New Dual Pass for S89, Light Rail". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ "Staten Island Bus Service Notice". mta.info. 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^ Yates, Maura (January 29, 2008). "More S89 Runs On the Way". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
^ Yates, Maura (April 7, 2008). "More Bus Service Starting Today". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to S59 (New York City bus).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to S89 (New York City bus).
vteBus routes in Staten IslandCurrent local routes
S40
S42
S44
S46
S48
S51
S52
S53
S54
S55
S56
S57
S59
S61
S62
S66
S74
S76
S78
S79
S81
S84
S86
S89
S90
S91
S92
S93
S94
S96
S98
Current express routes
SIM1
SIM1C
SIM2
SIM3
SIM3C
SIM4
SIM4C
SIM4X
SIM5
SIM6
SIM7
SIM8
SIM8X
SIM9
SIM10
SIM11
SIM15
SIM22
SIM23
SIM24
SIM25
SIM26
SIM30
SIM31
SIM32
SIM33
SIM33C
SIM34
SIM35
Former local routes
S60
S67
S72
Former express routes
R8X | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transit"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Port Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Richmond,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Eltingville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltingville,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Tottenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenville,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Staten Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Richmond Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Bayonne, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"The S59 and S89 constitute a public transit line in the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey. The S59 runs wholly in New York City, between Port Richmond and either Eltingville or Tottenville in Staten Island, largely running on Richmond Avenue. The S89 makes limited stops along Richmond Avenue, running from Bayonne, New Jersey, to Eltingville, Staten Island, New York. They are both based out of the Yukon Depot.","title":"S59 and S89 buses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34th Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_Street_station_(Hudson%E2%80%93Bergen_Light_Rail)"},{"link_name":"Hudson-Bergen Light Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%E2%80%93Bergen_Light_Rail"},{"link_name":"NJ-440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Route_440"},{"link_name":"Bayonne Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bussi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S59-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S89-4"}],"text":"The S89 starts at 34th Street station on the Hudson-Bergen Light Rail (HBLR) in Bayonne. It then leaves the station to run on NJ-440 and across the Bayonne Bridge to Staten Island, exiting off the highway onto Morningstar Road. It continue south on Morningstar Road until Forest Avenue, where it becomes Richmond Avenue. The S59 starts at the Port Richmond Terminal, looping back onto Port Richmond Avenue via Park Avenue and Church Street. It continues south on Port Richmond Avenue, turning left onto Forest Avenue until reaching Richmond Avenue.[2][3][4]After both routes reach Forest Avenue-Richmond Avenue, they continue south along Richmond Avenue until reaching Richmond Hill Road, where they diverge again:The S59 continues south on Richmond Avenue, shifting onto Ring Road before continuing south and doing a dogleg turn back onto Richmond Avenue via Platinum Avenue and turning left onto Yukon Avenue, passing by the Yukon Depot before turning south onto Forest Hill Road and continuing through onto Richmond Avenue.\nThe S89 turns onto Richmond Hill Road until reaching Marsh Avenue, running south until reaching Platinum Avenue, where it turns right and later turns left onto Richmond Avenue, where it continues south.Both routes meet up again and run south on Richmond Avenue, deviating at Arthur Kill Road to serve Eltingville Transit Center. They eventually reach the road's southern terminus at Hylan Boulevard, where the S59 terminates outside of rush hours and where the S89 terminates, using an off-street bus loop south of Hylan Boulevard. During rush hours, the S59 follows the S78 westward, running along Hylan Boulevard until reaching Craig Avenue, running north and east along Craig Avenue and Amboy Road until reaching Main Street, where it terminates. Northbound S59 buses use Main Street to return to Hylan Boulevard.The S89 is the only-non express MTA bus route to run in New Jersey and the only MTA bus route to have a stop in New Jersey. It only operates on weekdays during peak hours.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1989Changes-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1989Changes2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The R4, the predecessor to both of these routes, originally running between Port Richmond Terminal and Richmond Road-Rockland Avenue.[5] In 1975, as Richmond County changed their official name to Staten Island, multiple bus routes in Staten Island, including the R4, had their prefix changed from R to S.On September 13, 1987, a new branch of the S4 was created, running via Hylan Boulevard to Tottenville High School. The new branch provided direct access from Annadale, Huguenot, Prince's Bay, and Tottenville to the Staten Island Mall, and improved access to Richmond Memorial Hospital. Service on the branch would run from 5:55 a.m. to 11 p.m. weekdays, and would end earlier and start later on weekends. Weekday service on the S4 would run every 15 minutes, with service split evenly between this and the other branch of the S4 to Ebony Street and Rockland Road. Weekend service would run every 15 to 30 minutes, with service split between the branches.[6][7]Sometime between April 2, 1989 and April 15, 1990, the S4 was split, with the S59 taking over the Richmond Avenue portion and the S54 taking over the Nelson Avenue and Giffords Lane portion.On September 10, 1995, as part of a systemwide series of cuts to bus service to reduce a budget deficit caused by the elimination of $113 million in city funding to New York City Transit, S59 service was discontinued between 1:20 a.m. and 4:40 a.m.. Service would operate weekdays to Tottenville between 5:30 a.m. and 8 p.m. and from Tottenville between 4:40 a.m. and 8 p.m. Service would run to Richmond Avenue and Hylan Boulevard between 8 p.m. and 1:20 a.m. and from there between 8 p.m. and 12:45 a.m.. Weekends, service would run to Tottenville between 5 a.m. and 8 p.m. and to Hylan Boulevard between 8 p.m. and 1:20 a.m. Service in the other direction to Port Richmond would operate from Tottenville between 4:40 a.m. and 8 p.m. and from Hylan Boulevard between 8 p.m. and 12:45 a.m..[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:8274_S89.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red and Tan Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Trails"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Elliot G. Sander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliot_G._Sander"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"Port Authority of New York and New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"PATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_(rail_system)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Secaucus Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secaucus_Junction"},{"link_name":"Metro-North Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New Haven Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Line"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Creation of the S89","text":"S89 bus at the Eltingville Transit CenterOn October 2, 2006, Red and Tan Lines cut service on its remaining bus route to Staten Island, the 144, from nine trips in the morning rush hour to five since the route was not profitable. Since, prior to the cuts, at least two buses per day were standing room only, two extra buses were provided during the week on an as needed basis. On October 3, elected officials on Staten Island requested that the MTA take over the service. An MTA spokesperson said the MTA was looking into starting bus service between Jersey City and Staten Island. In spring 2006, the New York State Legislature had passed a bill to authorize New York City Transit to run interstate service to try to get the MTA to operate the service.[9]On June 18, 2007, MTA Executive Director Elliot G. Sander announced that the MTA would move forward with plans for a new bus route between Staten Island and the HBLR in Bayonne, New Jersey. Previously, he had said the MTA would not run the service until TransportAzumah, the existing operator, stopped running buses along the route. Sander said that he expected to create a service plan with NJ Transit (NJT) and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in the following four to eight weeks.[10] A preliminary analysis done by the MTA recommended a fare of $4 for the bus service, less than the normal $5 express bus fare due to the additional cost of a $1.75 HBLR ticket. The fare would be $4.67 with monthly light rail pass and MetroCard discounts. This is in comparison with the fares charged by TransportAzumah, which were $3 to 34th Street station in Bayonne, and $5 to stops in Hoboken and Jersey City.[11]On July 16, 2007, the MTA formally announced that it would start this new bus route, the S89 Limited, in the fall.[12] The route would provide an alternative method to getting to Midtown Manhattan via the HBLR and PATH, with buses having timed connections to the HBLR, and would connect residents of the island to the job market in Hoboken, Bayonne, and Jersey City. It would be the first interstate bus operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), and be implemented under a joint agreement with NJ Transit (NJT). The MTA and NJT were also working toward an agreement that would allow riders of the S89 and the HBLR to purchase a joint monthly ticket. The Port Authority provided $2 million to help acquire the buses that would be used for the service. Since the route would go across state lines, bus operators on the route were USDOT certified.[13][14] The creation of the interstate bus route was one of multiple initiatives being done by the MTA at the time to break institutional and political barriers, like the joint Train to the Game service between Secaucus Junction on NJT and Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line.[15]Service would run on weekdays during peak hours, between 5:30 and 8:30 a.m., and between 4 and 7:30 p.m., running every 15 minutes in the peak direction and every 30 minutes in the reverse-peak direction. Ridership on the bus route was expected to be 1,200 a day. Nine buses would be required to run the service, which would cost about $1.4 million to operate.[13] Service started on September 4, 2007.[16][14][17] In January 2008, a joint $134 Unlimited Ride MetroCard and HBLR ticket became available for sale for S89 bus riders online from NJT. The pass would be flashed to fare inspectors on the HBLR.[18]On April 7, 2008, due to high ridership, two morning trips from Staten Island and one evening trip from New Jersey were added.[19][20] At the time, 800 to 900 riders used the route per day.[21]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"S89 bus at the Eltingville Transit Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/8274_S89.jpg/220px-8274_S89.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Subway and bus ridership for 2023\". mta.info. April 29, 2024. 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Retrieved February 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.acrobat.com/a/preview/bc12084f-f131-4090-b64d-8fa73526ddd6","url_text":"\"R4 Bus Timetable 1970s\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190216094121/https://files.acrobat.com/a/preview/bc12084f-f131-4090-b64d-8fa73526ddd6","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987\". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/41632934641/in/album-72157709281480068/","url_text":"\"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987\". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/41632934931/in/album-72157709281480068/","url_text":"\"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987\""}]},{"reference":"\"We're Changing! Schedules for Improved Local Bus Service In Staten Island S4 Tottenville or Ebony Street to Port Richmond S55/S56 (improved S115 service) Starting September 13, 1987\". Flickr. New York City Transit Authority. 1987. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/41632934841/in/album-72157709281480068/","url_text":"\"We're Changing! 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Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/unionturnpike/41632934841/in/album-72157709281480068/","url_text":"\"Announcing Improved Local Bus Service in Staten Island\""}]},{"reference":"Connelly, Eileen AJ; Blis, Jeff (September 9, 1995). \"Fewer Hours, Shorter Routes For Bus Riders\". Staten Island Advance.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Newman, Andy (October 4, 2006). \"Staten Islanders Coping With Reduced Bus Service\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/nyregion/04staten.html","url_text":"\"Staten Islanders Coping With Reduced Bus Service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Maura (June 18, 2007). \"Express bus service to Bayonne getting closer\". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silive.com/advanceupdate/2007/06/express_bus_service_to_bayonne.html","url_text":"\"Express bus service to Bayonne getting closer\""}]},{"reference":"Yates, Maura (June 20, 2007). \"MTA analysis suggests $4 charge for xbus to Bayonne\". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silive.com/advanceupdate/2007/06/mta_analysis_suggests_4_charge.html","url_text":"\"MTA analysis suggests $4 charge for xbus to Bayonne\""}]},{"reference":"Chn, Sewell (July 16, 2007). \"A New Bus Connection for Staten Island and Bayonne\". The New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/a-new-bus-connection-for-staten-island-and-bayonne/","url_text":"\"A New Bus Connection for Staten Island and Bayonne\""}]},{"reference":"\"MTA NYC Transit Adds Bus Service from Staten Island to Hudson Bergen Light Rail, Advances MTA Commitment to Seamless Regional Transportation\". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. July 16, 2007. Archived from the original on July 28, 2007. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070728072039/http://www.mta.info/mta/news/releases/?en=070716","url_text":"\"MTA NYC Transit Adds Bus Service from Staten Island to Hudson Bergen Light Rail, Advances MTA Commitment to Seamless Regional Transportation\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.info/mta/news/releases/?en=070716","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA New York City Transit Begins Bus Service Between Staten Island and New Jersey First Interstate NYC Transit Route to Start September 4th\". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071016203912/http://mta.info/mta/news/releases/?en=070829-NYCT107","url_text":"\"MTA New York City Transit Begins Bus Service Between Staten Island and New Jersey First Interstate NYC Transit Route to Start September 4th\""},{"url":"http://mta.info/mta/news/releases/?en=070829-NYCT107","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donohue, Pete (July 17, 2007). \"Taking care of bus-iness: MTA sets new S.I.-to-Bayonne route – its first across state lines\". New York Daily News. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news/131830093/","url_text":"\"Taking care of bus-iness: MTA sets new S.I.-to-Bayonne route – its first across state lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"S89 Introducing limited-stop, rush-hour service from Staten Island to Bayonne, NJ\". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071011012428/http://mta.info/nyct/service/bus/s89.htm","url_text":"\"S89 Introducing limited-stop, rush-hour service from Staten Island to Bayonne, NJ\""},{"url":"http://mta.info/nyct/service/bus/s89.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bus service between Bayonne and Staten Island up and running\". nj.com. September 6, 2007. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.com/hudson/2007/09/bus_service_between_bayonne_an.html","url_text":"\"Bus service between Bayonne and Staten Island up and running\""}]},{"reference":"Yates, Maura (January 4, 2008). \"New Dual Pass for S89, Light Rail\". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silive.com/statenislandtransportation/2008/01/new_dual_pass_for_s89_light_ra.html","url_text":"\"New Dual Pass for S89, Light Rail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staten Island Bus Service Notice\". mta.info. 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved September 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410215103/http://www.mta.info:80/nyct/service/bus/bussrvnosi.htm","url_text":"\"Staten Island Bus Service Notice\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.info/nyct/service/bus/bussrvnosi.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Yates, Maura (January 29, 2008). \"More S89 Runs On the Way\". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.silive.com/statenislandtransportation/2008/01/more_s89_runs_on_the_way.html","url_text":"\"More S89 Runs On the Way\""}]},{"reference":"Yates, Maura (April 7, 2008). \"More Bus Service Starting Today\". Staten Island Advance. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaab | Betaab | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Music","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Betaab" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1983 Indian filmBetaabMovie PosterDirected byRahul RawailWritten byJaved AkhtarProduced byBikram Singh Dehal.StarringShammi KapoorSunny DeolAmrita SinghNirupa RoyPrem ChopraRehanaCinematographyManmohan SinghMusic byRahul Dev BurmanRelease date
5 August 1983 (1983-08-05)
Running time163 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBox officeest. ₹13.5 crore (equivalent to ₹229 crore or US$27 million in 2023)
Betaab (Restless) is a 1983 Indian romance film written by Javed Akhtar, directed by Rahul Rawail and produced by Bikram Singh Dehal. The plot of the film was loosely based on William Shakespeare’s The Taming Of The Shrew. The film stars Sunny Deol and Amrita Singh in their debut roles along with Shammi Kapoor. The music was composed by Rahul Dev Burman.
The opening of Betaab started in 1981 with the presence of Dilip Kumar, Saira Banu, Raj Kapoor, and Dharmendra. Before the release of Betaab, Sunny Deol also had a small role in the film Main Inteqam Loonga 1982 which his father Dharmendra was the hero of the film. Betaab was a commercial success and went on to be one of the biggest hits of the year, emerging as the 2nd highest grossing Indian film of 1983. The film was remade in Telugu as Samrat in 1987 with Ramesh Babu and in Kannada as Karthik in 2011 with Karthik Shetty.
Plot
This film is a love story of two youngsters who fall in love despite the status gaps between their families. Sunny, is a young, poor and happy guy who lives with his mother Sumitra in his home-made town farm. Formerly, his father Avenash had been a big businessman, but he went bankrupt. For this reason, he killed himself. Avenash was close friends with Sardar Dinesh Singh Girji who is one of the richest and most powerful men in the city. When Sardar reveals that Avenash has gone bankrupt, he turns his back to him. Sardar has one daughter called Roma. She is spoiled, snobbish and accustomed to having all the people who surround her beneath her. She was Sunny's childhood friend.
Now, Sardar purchases a new horse farm out of the city in the town, which is nearby Sunny's farm. When Sunny accompanies his mother to the train station, he encounters Roma after not seeing her for years. Sunny instantly recognizes her, but Roma doesn't. Consequently, they coincidentally meet each other various times on the farm. They quarrel continually, but soon she realises that he is her childhood friend and they reconstruct their childhood love.
Cast
Shammi Kapoor as Sardar Dinesh Singh Girji, Roma's father
Sunny Deol as Sunny Kapoor
Amrita Singh as Roma Singh Girji
Nirupa Roy as Sumitra Devi, Sunny's mother
Rajeev Anand as Yashwant, proposed fiance for Roma
Prem Chopra as Balwant, Yashwant's father
Annu Kapoor as Chela Ram, servant
Rehana
Birbal as Gangaram
Sonu Nigam as the young Sunny
Music
The movie has five popular songs of its lyricist by Anand Bakshi and sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Shabbir Kumar, composed by R. D. Burman:
No.TitleSinger(s)Length1."Jab Hum Jawan Honge"Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar7:102."Teri Tasveer Mil Gayee"Shabbir Kumar4:433."Tumne Dee Awaaz"Shabbir Kumar5:014."Apne Dil Se Badi Dushmani Ki"Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar5:285."Badal Yun Garajta Hai"Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar5:39
Awards
31st Filmfare Awards:
Nominated
Best Film – Vijeta Films
Best Director – Rahul Rawail
Best Actor – Sunny Deol
Best Music Director – R. D. Burman
Best Lyricist – Anand Bakshi for "Jab Hum Jawaan Honge"
Best Male Playback Singer – Shabbir Kumar for "Jab Hum Jawaan Honge"
Best Male Playback Singer – Shabbir Kumar for "Parbaton Se Aaj"
Best Story – Javed Akhtar
References
^ Lal, Vinay; Nandy, Ashis (2006). Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-19-567918-0.
^ Akhtar, Javed; Kabir, Nasreen Munni (2002). Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-566462-1. JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into Devnagari because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu.
^ "Box Office 1983". Box Office India. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013.
^ "38 Years of Betaab: 5 Unknown facts about the film : Bollywood News". Bollywood Hungama. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
External links
Betaab at IMDb
vteWorks of Rahul RawailFeature films
Gunehgaar (1980)
Biwi O Biwi (1981)
Love Story (1981)
Betaab (1983)
Arjun (1985)
Samundar (1986)
Dacait (1987)
Jeevan Ek Sanghursh (1990)
Mast Kalandar (1991)
Yodha (1991)
Bekhudi (1992)
Anjaam (1994)
Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)
Arjun Pandit (1999)
Kuch Khatti Kuch Meethi (2001)
Jo Bole So Nihaal (2005)
Buddha Mar Gaya (2007)
TV series
Dharam Yuddh (1988)
Honee Ahonee (1988) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romance film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Rahul Rawail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Rawail"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"The Taming Of The Shrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sunny Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Deol"},{"link_name":"Amrita Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Singh"},{"link_name":"Shammi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Rahul Dev Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Dev_Burman"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Babu"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Karthik Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartik_Shetty"}],"text":"1983 Indian filmBetaab (Restless) is a 1983 Indian romance film written by Javed Akhtar, directed by Rahul Rawail and produced by Bikram Singh Dehal. The plot of the film was loosely based on William Shakespeare’s The Taming Of The Shrew.[4] The film stars Sunny Deol and Amrita Singh in their debut roles along with Shammi Kapoor. The music was composed by Rahul Dev Burman.\nThe opening of Betaab started in 1981 with the presence of Dilip Kumar, Saira Banu, Raj Kapoor, and Dharmendra. Before the release of Betaab, Sunny Deol also had a small role in the film Main Inteqam Loonga 1982 which his father Dharmendra was the hero of the film. Betaab was a commercial success and went on to be one of the biggest hits of the year, emerging as the 2nd highest grossing Indian film of 1983. The film was remade in Telugu as Samrat in 1987 with Ramesh Babu and in Kannada as Karthik in 2011 with Karthik Shetty.","title":"Betaab"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This film is a love story of two youngsters who fall in love despite the status gaps between their families. Sunny, is a young, poor and happy guy who lives with his mother Sumitra in his home-made town farm. Formerly, his father Avenash had been a big businessman, but he went bankrupt. For this reason, he killed himself. Avenash was close friends with Sardar Dinesh Singh Girji who is one of the richest and most powerful men in the city. When Sardar reveals that Avenash has gone bankrupt, he turns his back to him. Sardar has one daughter called Roma. She is spoiled, snobbish and accustomed to having all the people who surround her beneath her. She was Sunny's childhood friend.Now, Sardar purchases a new horse farm out of the city in the town, which is nearby Sunny's farm. When Sunny accompanies his mother to the train station, he encounters Roma after not seeing her for years. Sunny instantly recognizes her, but Roma doesn't. Consequently, they coincidentally meet each other various times on the farm. They quarrel continually, but soon she realises that he is her childhood friend and they reconstruct their childhood love.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shammi Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammi_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Sunny Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Deol"},{"link_name":"Amrita Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita_Singh"},{"link_name":"Nirupa Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirupa_Roy"},{"link_name":"Prem Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Annu Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annu_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Rehana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehana_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Sonu Nigam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonu_Nigam"}],"text":"Shammi Kapoor as Sardar Dinesh Singh Girji, Roma's father\nSunny Deol as Sunny Kapoor\nAmrita Singh as Roma Singh Girji\nNirupa Roy as Sumitra Devi, Sunny's mother\nRajeev Anand as Yashwant, proposed fiance for Roma\nPrem Chopra as Balwant, Yashwant's father\nAnnu Kapoor as Chela Ram, servant\nRehana\nBirbal as Gangaram\nSonu Nigam as the young Sunny","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anand Bakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Bakshi"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Kumar"},{"link_name":"R. D. Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Burman"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Kumar"}],"text":"The movie has five popular songs of its lyricist by Anand Bakshi and sung by Lata Mangeshkar and Shabbir Kumar, composed by R. D. Burman:No.TitleSinger(s)Length1.\"Jab Hum Jawan Honge\"Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar7:102.\"Teri Tasveer Mil Gayee\"Shabbir Kumar4:433.\"Tumne Dee Awaaz\"Shabbir Kumar5:014.\"Apne Dil Se Badi Dushmani Ki\"Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar5:285.\"Badal Yun Garajta Hai\"Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar5:39","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"31st Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Director"},{"link_name":"Rahul Rawail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Rawail"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Sunny Deol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunny_Deol"},{"link_name":"Best Music Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Music_Director"},{"link_name":"R. D. Burman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._D._Burman"},{"link_name":"Best Lyricist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Lyricist"},{"link_name":"Anand Bakshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Bakshi"},{"link_name":"Best Male Playback Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Male_Playback_Singer"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Best Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Story"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"}],"text":"31st Filmfare Awards:NominatedBest Film – Vijeta Films\nBest Director – Rahul Rawail\nBest Actor – Sunny Deol\nBest Music Director – R. D. Burman\nBest Lyricist – Anand Bakshi for \"Jab Hum Jawaan Honge\"\nBest Male Playback Singer – Shabbir Kumar for \"Jab Hum Jawaan Honge\"\nBest Male Playback Singer – Shabbir Kumar for \"Parbaton Se Aaj\"\nBest Story – Javed Akhtar","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lal, Vinay; Nandy, Ashis (2006). Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-19-567918-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwa6CavnecC","url_text":"Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-567918-0","url_text":"0-19-567918-0"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar, Javed; Kabir, Nasreen Munni (2002). Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar. Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-566462-1. JA: I write dialogue in Urdu, but the action and descriptions are in English. Then an assistant transcribes the Urdu dialogue into Devnagari because most people read Hindi. But I write in Urdu.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar","url_text":"Akhtar, Javed"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566462-1","url_text":"978-0-19-566462-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Box Office 1983\". Box Office India. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225522/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw==","url_text":"\"Box Office 1983\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_India","url_text":"Box Office India"},{"url":"http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw==","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"38 Years of Betaab: 5 Unknown facts about the film : Bollywood News\". Bollywood Hungama. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/38-years-betaab-5-unknown-facts-film/","url_text":"\"38 Years of Betaab: 5 Unknown facts about the film : Bollywood News\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Betaab%22","external_links_name":"\"Betaab\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Betaab%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Betaab%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Betaab%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Betaab%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Betaab%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0iwa6CavnecC","external_links_name":"Fingerprinting Popular Culture: The Mythic and the Iconic in Indian Cinema"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_JILAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Talking Films: Conversations on Hindi Cinema with Javed Akhtar"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130115225522/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw==","external_links_name":"\"Box Office 1983\""},{"Link":"http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=189&catName=MTk4Mw==","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/38-years-betaab-5-unknown-facts-film/","external_links_name":"\"38 Years of Betaab: 5 Unknown facts about the film : Bollywood News\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0254179/","external_links_name":"Betaab"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Biliverti | Giovanni Biliverti | ["1 Life and work","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | Italian painter
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Saint Helena finding the Holy Cross
The Archangel Raphael Refusing Tobias's Gift
Giovanni Biliverti (surname also written as Bilivelt and Bilivert or other variants; 25 August 1585 – 16 July 1644) was an Italian painter of the late-Mannerism and early-Baroque period, active mainly in his adoptive city of Florence, as well as Rome.
Life and work
He was born in Maastricht. His father, Jacques Bylivelt (born Jacob Janszoon Bijlevelt; also known as Giacomo Giovanni Biliverti), was a painter and goldsmith from Delft, who went to Florence, where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici.
Biliverti began as an apprentice in the workshops of Alessandro Casolani, in Siena. After his father's death in 1603, he worked in the studios of Lodovico Cardi (known as "Cigoli"), in Rome, from 1604 until 1607. During that time, they worked on commissions from Pope Clement VIII. In 1609, he joined the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, which was sponsored by the Medicis.
In 1611, he created his first independent work, a martyrdom of Saint Callistus for the Benedictines. He was employed by Cosimo II de' Medici from 1611 until 1621, as a designer for the inlay technique known as "pietra dura".
His Grateful Tobias and Chastity of Joseph (c. 1618) may be found in the Palatine Gallery of the Palazzo Pitti. In 1621, he painted a portrayal of Saint Helena discovering the Holy Cross, for the Basilica of Santa Croce. His Hagar in the Desert is displayed in the Hermitage Museum. His Christ and the Samaritan Woman is at the Belvedere.
Late in life, he became blind. He died in Florence in 1644. His students included Cecco Bravo, Agostino Melissi, Baccio del Bianco, Giovanni Maria Morandi and Orazio Fidani.
References
^ Bénézit, Emmanuel (2006). Dictionary of Artists. Vol. 2 Bedeschini – Bülow. Paris: Gründ. p. 478. ISBN 9782700030723.
^ Stefano Ticozzi, Dizionario degli architetti, scultori, pittori, intagliatori in rame ed in pietra, coniatori di medaglie, musaicisti, niellatori, intarsiatori d'ogni etá e d'ogni nazione, Vol.1 (1830), p. 101, Gaetano Schiepatti, Milan
Bryan, Michael (1886). Robert Edmund Graves (ed.). Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical. Vol. I: A-K. London: George Bell and Sons. p. 128.
Further reading
Hans Geisenheimer, "Biliverti, Giovanni (auch „Bilivelti“ und „Birivelti“, Giovanni-Antonio)", Thieme-Becker, Vol. 4, p. 28
Goffredo Hoogewerff: "Bilivert, Giovanni", In: Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Vol. 10, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1968 (Online @ Treccani).
External links
Media related to Giovanni Biliverti at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Netherlands
Artists
KulturNav
RKD Artists
Städel
ULAN
People
Netherlands
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_bilivert,_sant%27elena_che_guida_gli_scavi_per_il_ritrovamento_della_santa_croce.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Biliverti_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_Refusing_Tobias%27s_Gift_-_WGA2195.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"}],"text":"Saint Helena finding the Holy CrossThe Archangel Raphael Refusing Tobias's GiftGiovanni Biliverti (surname also written as Bilivelt and Bilivert or other variants; 25 August 1585 – 16 July 1644) was an Italian painter of the late-Mannerism and early-Baroque period, active mainly in his adoptive city of Florence, as well as Rome.","title":"Giovanni Biliverti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jacques Bylivelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Bylivelt"},{"link_name":"goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando I de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Casolani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Casolani"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Lodovico Cardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodovico_Cardi"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Accademia delle Arti del Disegno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_delle_Arti_del_Disegno"},{"link_name":"Saint Callistus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Callistus"},{"link_name":"Benedictines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Cosimo II de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"inlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlay"},{"link_name":"pietra dura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietra_dura"},{"link_name":"Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Tobit"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti"},{"link_name":"Saint Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Santa Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Hagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Samaritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan"},{"link_name":"Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvedere,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T-2"},{"link_name":"Cecco Bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecco_Bravo"},{"link_name":"Agostino Melissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Melissi"},{"link_name":"Baccio del Bianco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccio_del_Bianco"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Maria Morandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Morandi"},{"link_name":"Orazio Fidani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio_Fidani"}],"text":"He was born in Maastricht.[1] His father, Jacques Bylivelt (born Jacob Janszoon Bijlevelt; also known as Giacomo Giovanni Biliverti), was a painter and goldsmith from Delft, who went to Florence, where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici.Biliverti began as an apprentice in the workshops of Alessandro Casolani, in Siena. After his father's death in 1603, he worked in the studios of Lodovico Cardi (known as \"Cigoli\"), in Rome, from 1604 until 1607. During that time, they worked on commissions from Pope Clement VIII. In 1609, he joined the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, which was sponsored by the Medicis.In 1611, he created his first independent work, a martyrdom of Saint Callistus for the Benedictines. He was employed by Cosimo II de' Medici from 1611 until 1621, as a designer for the inlay technique known as \"pietra dura\".His Grateful Tobias and Chastity of Joseph (c. 1618) may be found in the Palatine Gallery of the Palazzo Pitti. In 1621, he painted a portrayal of Saint Helena discovering the Holy Cross, for the Basilica of Santa Croce. His Hagar in the Desert is displayed in the Hermitage Museum. His Christ and the Samaritan Woman is at the Belvedere.Late in life, he became blind.[2] He died in Florence in 1644. His students included Cecco Bravo, Agostino Melissi, Baccio del Bianco, Giovanni Maria Morandi and Orazio Fidani.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thieme-Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thieme-Becker"},{"link_name":"Dizionario biografico degli italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_biografico_degli_italiani"},{"link_name":"Online @ Treccani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-bilivert_(Dizionario-Biografico)/"}],"text":"Hans Geisenheimer, \"Biliverti, Giovanni (auch „Bilivelti“ und „Birivelti“, Giovanni-Antonio)\", Thieme-Becker, Vol. 4, p. 28\nGoffredo Hoogewerff: \"Bilivert, Giovanni\", In: Dizionario biografico degli italiani, Vol. 10, Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1968 (Online @ Treccani).","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Saint Helena finding the Holy Cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Giovanni_bilivert%2C_sant%27elena_che_guida_gli_scavi_per_il_ritrovamento_della_santa_croce.jpg/220px-Giovanni_bilivert%2C_sant%27elena_che_guida_gli_scavi_per_il_ritrovamento_della_santa_croce.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Archangel Raphael Refusing Tobias's Gift","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Giovanni_Biliverti_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_Refusing_Tobias%27s_Gift_-_WGA2195.jpg/290px-Giovanni_Biliverti_-_The_Archangel_Raphael_Refusing_Tobias%27s_Gift_-_WGA2195.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlion | Antlion | ["1 Etymology","2 Description","3 Distribution","4 Life-cycle","5 Ecology","6 Evolution","7 Taxonomy","8 In culture and folklore","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"] | Family of insects
This article is about the insect. For other uses, see Antlion (disambiguation).
AntlionsTemporal range: 122–0 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Early Cretaceous – Recent
Distoleon tetragrammicus
Distoleon tetragrammicus larva
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Neuroptera
Superfamily:
Myrmeleontoidea
Family:
MyrmeleontidaeLatreille, 1802
Subfamilies
see text
The antlions are a group of about 2,000 species of insect in the neuropteran family Myrmeleontidae. They are known for the predatory habits of their larvae, which mostly dig pits to trap passing ants or other prey. In North America, the larvae are sometimes referred to as doodlebugs because of the marks they leave in the sand. The adult insects are less well known due to their relatively short lifespans compared to the larvae. Adults, sometimes known as antlion lacewings, mostly fly at dusk or just after dark and may be mistakenly identified as dragonflies or damselflies.
Antlions have a worldwide distribution. The greatest diversity occurs in the tropics, but a few species are found in cold-temperate locations, one such being the European Euroleon nostras. They most commonly occur in dry and sandy habitats where the larvae can easily excavate their pits, but some larvae hide under debris or ambush their prey among leaf litter.
Antlions are poorly represented in the fossil record. Myrmeleontiformia is generally accepted to be a monophyletic group, and within the Myrmeleontoidea, the antlions' closest living relatives are thought to be the owlflies (Ascalaphidae). A 2019 study finds Myrmeleontidae to be monophyletic, aside from Stilbopteryginae and Palparinae, which form separate clades closer to Ascalaphidae. The predatory actions of the larvae have attracted attention throughout history and antlions have been mentioned in literature since classical times.
Etymology
Doodlebug (antlion) doodles and pit traps in the Grand Canyon
The exact meaning of the name "antlion" is uncertain. It has been thought to refer to ants forming a large percentage of the prey of the insect, the suffix "lion" merely suggesting "destroyer" or "hunter". In any case, the term seems to go back to classical antiquity. The antlion larva is often called a "doodlebug" in North America because of the odd winding, spiralling trails it leaves in the sand while relocating, which look as if someone has been doodling.
The scientific name of the type genus Myrmeleo – and thus, the family as a whole – is derived from Ancient Greek léon (λέων) "lion" + mýrmex (μύρμηξ) "ant", in a loan translation of the names common across Europe. In most European and Middle Eastern languages, at least the larvae are known under the local term corresponding to "antlion".
Description
Adult of Myrmecaelurus trigammus
Larva of Myrmeleon immaculatus
Antlions can be fairly small to very large neuropterans, with wingspans ranging from 2 to 15 cm (0.8 to 5.9 in). The African genus Palpares contains some of the largest examples. Acanthaclisis occitanica is the largest European species, with an 11 cm (4.3 in) wingspan, and most North American species approach this size.
The adult has two pairs of long, narrow, multiveined, translucent wings and a long, slender abdomen. Although they somewhat resemble dragonflies or damselflies, they belong to a different infraclass of winged insects. Antlion adults are easily distinguished from damselflies by their prominent, apically clubbed antennae which are about as long as the head and thorax combined. Also, the pattern of wing venation differs, and compared to damselflies, the adults are very feeble fliers and are normally found fluttering about at night in search of a mate. Adult antlions are typically nocturnal, and rarely seen by day.
Males of most species have a unique structure, a bristle-bearing knob known as a "pilula axillaris", at the base of the rear wing. The abdomen in males is usually longer than in females and often has an extra lobe. The tip of the abdomen of females shows greater variation than that of males, depending perhaps on oviposition sites, and usually bears tufts of bristles for digging and a finger-like extension.
The bottom side of larval mandible with a visible maxilla for injecting venom
The antlion larva has a robust fusiform body, a very plump abdomen, and a thorax bearing three pairs of walking legs. The prothorax forms a slender mobile "neck" for the large, square, flattened head, which bears an enormous pair of sickle-like jaws with several sharp, hollow projections. The jaws are formed by the maxillae and mandibles; the mandibles each contain a deep groove over which the maxilla fits neatly, forming an enclosed canal for injecting venom to immobilise the victim, and enzymes to digest its soft parts. The larva is clad in forward-pointing bristles which help it to anchor itself and exert greater traction, enabling it to subdue prey considerably larger than itself.
Antlion larvae are unusual among insects in lacking an anus. All the metabolic waste generated during the larval stage is stored; some is used to spin the silk for the cocoon and the rest is eventually voided as meconium at the end of its pupal stage.
Distribution
There are about 2,000 species of antlion found in most parts of the world, with the greatest diversity being in warmer areas. The best known species are those in which the larvae dig pits to trap their prey, but not all species do this. Antlions live in a range of usually dry habitats including open woodland floors, scrub-clad dunes, hedge bases, river banks, road verges, under raised buildings and in vacant lots.
Life-cycle
The life-cycle of Distoleon tetragrammicus
Apart from pit-trap-forming taxa, the biology of members of the family Myrmeleontidae, to which the antlions belong, has been little studied. The life-cycle begins with oviposition (egg-laying) in a suitable location. The female antlion repeatedly taps the prospective laying site with the tip of her abdomen and then inserts her ovipositor into the substrate and lays an egg.
Depending on the species and where it lives, the larva either conceals itself under leaves, debris or pieces of wood, hides in a crack or digs a funnel-shaped pit in loose material. As ambush predators, catching prey is risky because food arrives unpredictably and, for those species that make traps, maintaining one is costly. The larvae therefore have low metabolic rates and can survive for long periods without food. They can take several years to complete their life-cycle; they mature faster with plentiful food, but can survive for many months without feeding. In cooler climates they dig their way deeper and remain inactive during the winter.
An antlion cocoon on the side of a house
When the larva attains its maximum size, it pupates and undergoes metamorphosis. It makes a globular cocoon of sand or other local substrate stuck together with fine silk spun from a slender spinneret at the rear end of the body. The cocoon may be buried several centimetres deep in sand. After completing its transformation into an adult insect over the course of about one month, it emerges from the case, leaving the pupal integument behind, and works its way to the surface. After about twenty minutes, the adult's wings are fully opened and it flies off in search of a mate. The adult is considerably larger than the larva as antlions exhibit the greatest disparity in size between larva and adult of any type of holometabolous insect. This is by virtue of the fact that the exoskeleton of the adult is extremely thin and flimsy, with an exceptionally low density. The adult typically lives for about 25 days, but some insects survive for as long as 45 days.
Ecology
Sand pit trap of an antlion
Antlion larvae eat small arthropods – mainly ants – while the adults of some species eat pollen and nectar, and others are predators of small arthropods. In certain species of Myrmeleontidae, such as Dendroleon pantherinus, the larva, although resembling that of Myrmeleon structurally, makes no pitfall trap, but hides in detritus in a hole in a tree and seizes passing prey. In Japan, Gatzara jezoensis larvae lurk on the surface of rocks for several years while awaiting prey; during this time they often become coated with lichen, and have been recorded at densities of up to 344 per square metre.
The larva is a voracious predator. Within a few minutes of seizing its prey with its jaws and injecting it with venom and enzymes, it begins to suck out the digestion products. The larva is extremely sensitive to ground vibrations, the low-frequency sounds made by an insect crawling across the ground; the larva locates the source of the vibrations by the differences in timing of the arrival of waves detected by receptors, tufts of hairs on the sides of the two hindmost thoracic segments.
Antlion larva extracted from sand pit
In trap-building species, an average-sized larva digs a pit about 2 in (5 cm) deep and 3 in (7.5 cm) wide at the edge. This behavior has also been observed in the Vermileonidae (Diptera), whose larvae dig the same sort of pit to feed on ants. Having marked out the chosen site by a circular groove, the antlion larva starts to crawl backwards, using its abdomen as a plough to shovel up the soil. By the aid of one front leg, it places consecutive heaps of loosened particles upon its head, then with a smart jerk throws each little pile clear of the scene of operations. Proceeding thus, it gradually works its way from the circumference towards the center. As it slowly moves round and round, the pit gradually gets deeper and deeper, until the slope angle reaches the critical angle of repose (that is, the steepest angle the sand can maintain, where it is on the verge of collapse from slight disturbance), and the pit is solely lined by fine grains. By digging in a spiral when constructing its pit, the antlion minimises the time needed to complete the pit.
When the pit is completed, the larva settles down at the bottom, buried in the soil with only the jaws projecting above the surface, often in a wide-opened position on either side of the very tip of the cone. The steep-sloped trap that guides prey into the larva's mouth while avoiding crater avalanches is one of the simplest and most efficient traps in the animal kingdom. The fine grain lining ensures that the avalanches which carry prey are as large as possible.
Since the sides of the pit consist of loose sand at its angle of repose, they afford an insecure foothold to any small insects that inadvertently venture over the edge, such as ants. Slipping to the bottom, the prey is immediately seized by the lurking antlion; if it attempts to scramble up the treacherous walls of the pit, it is speedily checked in its efforts and brought down by showers of loose sand which are thrown at it from below by the larva. By throwing up loose sand from the bottom of the pit, the larva also undermines the sides of the pit, causing them to collapse and bring the prey with them. Thus, it does not matter whether the larva actually strikes the prey with the sand showers.
Antlion larvae are capable of capturing and killing a variety of insects and other arthropods, and can even subdue small spiders. The projections in the jaws of the larva are hollow and through this, the larva sucks the fluids out of its victim. After the contents are consumed, the dry carcass is flicked out of the pit. The larva readies the pit once again by throwing out collapsed material from the center, steepening the pit walls to the angle of repose.
Sand pit trap with remains of an ant
Antlion larvae require loose soil, not necessarily, but often, sand. Antlions can also handle larger granular material which is filtered out of the soil during pit construction. The larvae prefer dry places protected from the rain. When it first hatches, the tiny larva specialises in very small insects, but as it grows larger, it constructs larger pits, and thus catches larger prey, sometimes much larger than itself.
Other arthropods may make use of the antlion larva's ability to trap prey. The larva of the Australian horsefly (Scaptia muscula) lives in antlion (for example Myrmeleon pictifrons) pit traps and feeds on the prey caught, and the female chalcid wasp (Lasiochalcidia igiliensis) purposefully allows itself to be trapped so that it can parasitise the antlion larva by ovipositing between its head and thorax.
Recent research has found that antlion larvae often "play dead" for a variable amount of time (from a few minutes up to an hour) when disturbed to hide from predators. The method is effective; it increased survival rates in patches that use it by 20%. Furthermore, they appear to have maximized its usefulness—further increasing the duration is not likely to convey substantial survival benefits to the larvae.
Evolution
The closest living relatives of antlions within the Myrmeleontoidea are the owlflies (Ascalaphidae); the Nymphidae are more distantly related. The extinct Araripeneuridae and Babinskaiidae are considered likely to be stem groups in the Myrmeleontiformia clade. The phylogeny of the Neuroptera has been explored using mitochondrial DNA sequences, and while issues remain for the group as a whole (the "Hemerobiiformia" being paraphyletic), the Myrmeleontiformia is generally agreed to be monophyletic, giving the following cladogram:
Neuroptera
Osmylidae (formerly in "Hemerobiiformia")
Most of former "Hemerobiiformia"
Mantispidae (mantidflies)
Ithonidae (moth lacewings)
Chrysopidae (green lacewings)
Myrmeleontiformia
Nymphidae (split-footed lacewings)
Myrmeleontidae (antlions)
Ascalaphidae (owlflies)
The subfamilies are shown below; a few genera, mostly fossil, are of uncertain or basal position. The fossil record of antlions is very small by neuropteran standards. However, some Mesozoic fossils attest to the antlions' origin more than 150 million years ago. These were at one time separated as the Palaeoleontidae, but are now usually recognized as early antlions.
Taxonomy
The supra-generic classification within the Myrmeleontidae is disputed. Michel et.al recognise just four subfamilies, with Brachynemurinae, Dendroleontinae and others placed in the Myrmeleontinae.
BioLib includes the following (with selected genera):
Acanthaclisinae
Acanthaclisini Navas, 1912
Brachynemurinae - 3 tribes:
Brachynemurini Banks, 1927- e.g. Brachynemurus Hagen, 1889
Gnopholeontini Stange, 1994
Lemolemini Stange, 1994
Dendroleontinae (otherwise in Myrmeleontinae) - tribes:
Acanthoplectrini Markl, 1954
Bandidini Krivokhatsky, 1998
Dendroleontini Banks, 1899
Nuglerini Stange, 1976
Periclystini Stange, 1976
Voltorini Stange, 1976
Myrmecaelurinae (otherwise in Myrmeleontinae) - tribes:
Gepini Markl, 1954
Isoleontini Holzel, 1969
Myrmecaelurini Esben-Petersen, 1918
Nesoleontini Markl, 1954
Myrmeleontinae
Maulini Markl, 1954
Myrmeleontini Latreille, 1802
Euroleon Esben-Petersen, 1918
Hagenomyia Banks, 1911
Myrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767
others ...
Porrerini Navas, 1913
Porrerus Navás, 1913
Nemoleontinae (otherwise in Myrmeleontinae) - tribes:
Creoleontini Markl, 1954
Delfimeini Krivokhatsky, 1998
Distoleontini Tillyard, 1916
Glenurini Banks, 1927
Gymnocnemini Navas, 1912
Macronemurini Esben-Petersen, 1918
Nemoleontini Banks, 1911
Pseudoformycaleontini Holzel, 1987
Palparinae (including Araripeneurinae)
Dimarini Navas, 1914
Palparidiini Markl, 1954
Palparini Banks, 1911
Palpares Rambur, 1842
Pseudimarini Markl, 1954
Stilbopteryginae
Aeropteryx Riek, 1968
Stilbopteryx Newman, 1838
The following subfamilies have also been recognized by some taxonomists:
Dimarinae
Echthromyrmicinae
Glenurinae
Pseudimarinae
Antlions of uncertain systematic position are:
†Palaeoleon (fossil)
Newleon Miller & Stange, 2012
†Samsonileon
Antlion larva trails (doodles) in sand
Thorax and head (with club-shaped antenna) of antlion adult
Larva
20x closeup of larva
Video of antlion larva trying to catch prey with sand traps and eating a small spider
Video of a larva trapping an ant by throwing sand at it
Myrmecoleon, from the Hortus Sanitatis of Jacob Meydenbach, 1491
In culture and folklore
In popular folklore in the southern United States, people recite a poem or chant to make the antlion come out of its hole. Similar practices have been recorded from Africa, the Caribbean, China and Australia.
The Myrmecoleon was a mythical ant–lion hybrid written about in the 2nd century AD Physiologus, where animal descriptions were paired with Christian morals. The ant-lion as described was said to starve to death because of its dual nature – the lion nature of the father could only eat meat, but the ant half from the mother could only eat grain chaff, thus the offspring could not eat either and would starve. It was paired with the Biblical verse Matthew 5:37. The fictional ant-lion of Physiologus is probably derived from a misreading of Job 4:11.
The French naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre wrote that "The Ant-lion makes a slanting funnel in the sand. Its victim, the Ant, slides down the slant and is then stoned, from the bottom of the funnel, by the hunter, who turns his neck into a catapult."
Antlions appear as antagonists in the 1991 life simulation video game, SimAnt, and (in a giant form) in the Final Fantasy series, Grounded, Terraria, Don't Starve Together, Monster Rancher 2, Mother 3 and in the Half-Life 2 video game series as an unrelated alien insect species sharing sand burowing traits with the real antlion larvae. The Trapinch, Vibrava, and Flygon Pokémon evolution line is based on an antlion. The fictional sarlacc from the Star Wars franchise is often compared to the real-life antlion. It also appears as a predator in the film Enemy Mine.
In the third book of Tove Jansson's Moomins series, Finn Family Moomintroll, a rather large and fanciful antlion appears in the second chapter, depicted as a sand-dwelling predator with the literal head of a lion.
See also
List of Myrmeleontidae genera
Vermileonidae - wormlions
Notes
^ The verse runs "The old lion perisheth for lack of prey, and the stout lion's whelps are scattered abroad." (Authorised Version)
References
^ Jones, Joshua R. (November 2019). "Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification". Zoologica Scripta. 48 (6): 761–782. doi:10.1111/zsc.12382. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 208581837.
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Pocock, Reginald Innes (1911). "Ant-lion". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
^ a b Swanson, Mark (2007). ""Antlion" in the World's Languages". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ a b c Swanson, Mark (2007). "What are Antlions?". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Mares, Michael A. (1999). Encyclopedia of Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7.
^ Miller, Robert B.; Stange, Lionel A. (1 November 2015). "Glenurus gratus (Say) (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)". Featured Creatures. University of Florida. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
^ a b c Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2006). "Effects of envenomation to a human finger and arm by the larva of an unidentified species of Myrmeleon (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)" (PDF). Calodema. 7: 32–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.
^ Nardi, James B. (2009). Life in the Soil: A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners. University of Chicago Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-226-56853-9.
^ a b Camp, Donya (2005). "Beneficials in the garden: Antlion". Galveston County Master Gardeners. Extension Horticulture at Texas A&M University. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
^ a b Swanson, Mark (2007). "Antlion Larvae Behavior: Discarding the Body". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ Swanson, Mark (2007). "Where do Antlions Live?". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ McEwen, P.K.; New, T.R.; Whittington, A.E. (2007). Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-03729-7.
^ Jervis, Mark A. (2007). Insects as Natural Enemies: A Practical Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4020-6587-3.
^ New, T. (1991). Insects as Predators. NSW University Press. p. 69.
^ a b c Swanson, Mark (2012). "Reproductive Behavior". The Antlion Pit. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Swanson, Mark (2012). "Metamorphosis". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ a b Engel, Michael S.; Grimaldi, David A. (2007). "The neuropterid fauna of Dominican and Mexican amber (Neuropterida, Megaloptera, Neuroptera)" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (3587): 1–58. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)35872.0.co;2. S2CID 49393365.
^ Devetak, Dušan; Podlesnik, Jan; Janževocič, Franc (2014). "Antlion Dendroleon pantherinus (Fabricius, 1787) (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in Slovenia". Acta Entomologica Slovenica. 18 (2): 159–162.
^ O'Neal, Matt. "Predatory insects" (PDF). MSU. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
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^ Scharf, Inon; Ovadia, Ofer (2006). "Factors influencing site abandonment and site selection in a sit-and-wait Predator: A review of pit-building antlion Larvae" (PDF). Journal of Insect Behavior. 19 (2): 197–218. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.565.1350. doi:10.1007/s10905-006-9017-4. S2CID 36532488.
^ a b c d Franks, Nigel R.; Worley, Alan; Falkenberg, Max; Sendova-Franks, Ana B.; Christensen, K (2019). "Digging the optimum pit: antlions, spirals and spontaneous stratification". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1899): 20190365. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0365. PMC 6452065. PMID 30900535.
^ a b c d Coelho, Joseph R. "The natural history and ecology of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)". Retrieved 23 February 2016.
^ Fertin, A. (2006). "Efficiency of antlion trap construction". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (18): 3510–3515. doi:10.1242/jeb.02401. PMID 16943491.
^ Botz, Jason T.; Loudon, Catherine; Barger, J. Bradley; Olafsen, Jeffrey S.; Steeples, Don W. (2003). "Effects of slope and particle size on ant locomotion: Implications for choice of substrate by antlions". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 76 (3): 426–435.
^ Piek, Tom (2013). Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects. Elsevier. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4832-6370-0.
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^ Franks, Nigel R.; Worley, Alan; Sendova-Franks, Ana B. (2021). "Hide-and-seek strategies and post-contact immobility". Biology Letters. 17 (3): 20200892. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0892. PMC 8086978. PMID 33653098.
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^ Yan, Y.; Wang Y; Liu, X.; Winterton, S.L.; Yang, D. (2014). "The First Mitochondrial Genomes of Antlion (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and Split-footed Lacewing (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Phylogenetic Implications of Myrmeleontiformia". Int J Biol Sci. 10 (8): 895–908. doi:10.7150/ijbs.9454. PMC 4147223. PMID 25170303.
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External links
Look up antlion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Media related to Myrmeleontidae at Wikimedia Commons
vteExtant Neuroptera families
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Subclass: Pterygota
Infraclass: Neoptera
Superorder: Holometabola
Basal
Osmylidae (osmylids)
Nevrorthidae
Suborder HemerobiiformiaIthonioidea
Ithonidae (moth lacewings)
Chrysopoidea
Chrysopidae (green lacewings)
Hemerobioidea
Hemerobiidae (brown lacewings)
Coniopterygoidea
Coniopterygidae (dustywings)
Sisyridae (spongeflies or spongillaflies)
Mantispoidea
Dilaridae (pleasing lacewings)
Mantispidae (mantidflies)
Rhachiberothidae (thorny lacewings)
Berothidae (beaded lacewings)
Suborder MyrmeleontiformiaNemopteroidea
Psychopsidae (silky lacewings)
Nemopteridae (spoonwings)
Myrmeleontoidea
Nymphidae (split-footed lacewings)
Myrmeleontidae (antlions)
Ascalaphidae (owlflies)
Taxon identifiersMyrmeleontidae
Wikidata: Q231439
Wikispecies: Myrmeleontidae
AFD: Myrmeleontidae
BioLib: 16849
BOLD: 159699
BugGuide: 137
CoL: D3X
EoL: 949
EPPO: 1MYRMF
Fauna Europaea: 11820
Fauna Europaea (new): ebadfc54-7440-4676-a48e-5261d6f3ffeb
GBIF: 5471
iNaturalist: 49358
IRMNG: 102095
ITIS: 115093
NBN: NBNSYS0100004164
NCBI: 27427
NZOR: d1f410d6-84af-4386-8a9f-fb3bf03ded5b
Open Tree of Life: 1094296
Paleobiology Database: 134068
uBio: 5494608 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antlion (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antlion_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"insect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"neuropteran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroptera"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"damselflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damselfly"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"Euroleon nostras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleon_nostras"},{"link_name":"leaf litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_litter"},{"link_name":"fossil record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleontiformia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontiformia"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyly"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleontoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontoidea"},{"link_name":"owlflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlfly"},{"link_name":"Stilbopteryginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stilbopteryginae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palparinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palparinae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Family of insectsThis article is about the insect. For other uses, see Antlion (disambiguation).The antlions are a group of about 2,000 species of insect in the neuropteran family Myrmeleontidae. They are known for the predatory habits of their larvae, which mostly dig pits to trap passing ants or other prey. In North America, the larvae are sometimes referred to as doodlebugs because of the marks they leave in the sand. The adult insects are less well known due to their relatively short lifespans compared to the larvae. Adults, sometimes known as antlion lacewings, mostly fly at dusk or just after dark and may be mistakenly identified as dragonflies or damselflies.Antlions have a worldwide distribution. The greatest diversity occurs in the tropics, but a few species are found in cold-temperate locations, one such being the European Euroleon nostras. They most commonly occur in dry and sandy habitats where the larvae can easily excavate their pits, but some larvae hide under debris or ambush their prey among leaf litter.Antlions are poorly represented in the fossil record. Myrmeleontiformia is generally accepted to be a monophyletic group, and within the Myrmeleontoidea, the antlions' closest living relatives are thought to be the owlflies (Ascalaphidae). A 2019 study finds Myrmeleontidae to be monophyletic, aside from Stilbopteryginae and Palparinae, which form separate clades closer to Ascalaphidae.[1] The predatory actions of the larvae have attracted attention throughout history and antlions have been mentioned in literature since classical times.","title":"Antlion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doodlebug_doodles.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"classical antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swanson2007-3"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"doodling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swanson-4"},{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name"},{"link_name":"type genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_genus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"loan translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swanson2007-3"}],"text":"Doodlebug (antlion) doodles and pit traps in the Grand CanyonThe exact meaning of the name \"antlion\" is uncertain. It has been thought to refer to ants forming a large percentage of the prey of the insect, the suffix \"lion\" merely suggesting \"destroyer\" or \"hunter\".[2] In any case, the term seems to go back to classical antiquity.[3] The antlion larva is often called a \"doodlebug\" in North America because of the odd winding, spiralling trails it leaves in the sand while relocating, which look as if someone has been doodling.[4]The scientific name of the type genus Myrmeleo – and thus, the family as a whole – is derived from Ancient Greek léon (λέων) \"lion\" + mýrmex (μύρμηξ) \"ant\", in a loan translation of the names common across Europe. In most European and Middle Eastern languages, at least the larvae are known under the local term corresponding to \"antlion\".[3]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion_(Myrmecaelurus_trigammus)_Macedonia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Common_Antlion_Myrmeleon_immaculatus_mature_nymph.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleon immaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleon_immaculatus"},{"link_name":"neuropterans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroptera"},{"link_name":"Palpares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpares"},{"link_name":"Acanthaclisis occitanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acanthaclisis_occitanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swanson-4"},{"link_name":"wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_wing"},{"link_name":"abdomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdomen"},{"link_name":"dragonflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonfly"},{"link_name":"damselflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damselfly"},{"link_name":"infraclass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"winged insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygota"},{"link_name":"antennae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(biology)"},{"link_name":"thorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mares-5"},{"link_name":"nocturnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"oviposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovipositor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion_mandible_with_a_visible_maxilla_for_injecting_venom.jpg"},{"link_name":"larva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"fusiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusiform"},{"link_name":"prothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothorax"},{"link_name":"maxillae and mandibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_mouthparts"},{"link_name":"venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkeswood-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nardi-8"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camp-9"},{"link_name":"anus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus"},{"link_name":"metabolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"cocoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa#Cocoon"},{"link_name":"meconium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium"},{"link_name":"pupal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonDiscard-10"}],"text":"Adult of Myrmecaelurus trigammusLarva of Myrmeleon immaculatusAntlions can be fairly small to very large neuropterans, with wingspans ranging from 2 to 15 cm (0.8 to 5.9 in). The African genus Palpares contains some of the largest examples. Acanthaclisis occitanica is the largest European species, with an 11 cm (4.3 in) wingspan, and most North American species approach this size.[4]The adult has two pairs of long, narrow, multiveined, translucent wings and a long, slender abdomen. Although they somewhat resemble dragonflies or damselflies, they belong to a different infraclass of winged insects. Antlion adults are easily distinguished from damselflies by their prominent, apically clubbed antennae which are about as long as the head and thorax combined.[5] Also, the pattern of wing venation differs, and compared to damselflies, the adults are very feeble fliers and are normally found fluttering about at night in search of a mate. Adult antlions are typically nocturnal, and rarely seen by day.[2]Males of most species have a unique structure, a bristle-bearing knob known as a \"pilula axillaris\", at the base of the rear wing. The abdomen in males is usually longer than in females and often has an extra lobe. The tip of the abdomen of females shows greater variation than that of males, depending perhaps on oviposition sites, and usually bears tufts of bristles for digging and a finger-like extension.[6]The bottom side of larval mandible with a visible maxilla for injecting venomThe antlion larva has a robust fusiform body, a very plump abdomen, and a thorax bearing three pairs of walking legs. The prothorax forms a slender mobile \"neck\" for the large, square, flattened head, which bears an enormous pair of sickle-like jaws with several sharp, hollow projections. The jaws are formed by the maxillae and mandibles; the mandibles each contain a deep groove over which the maxilla fits neatly, forming an enclosed canal for injecting venom to immobilise the victim,[7][8] and enzymes to digest its soft parts. The larva is clad in forward-pointing bristles which help it to anchor itself and exert greater traction, enabling it to subdue prey considerably larger than itself.[9]Antlion larvae are unusual among insects in lacking an anus. All the metabolic waste generated during the larval stage is stored; some is used to spin the silk for the cocoon and the rest is eventually voided as meconium at the end of its pupal stage.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland"},{"link_name":"dunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dune"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonHabitat-11"}],"text":"There are about 2,000 species of antlion found in most parts of the world, with the greatest diversity being in warmer areas. The best known species are those in which the larvae dig pits to trap their prey, but not all species do this. Antlions live in a range of usually dry habitats including open woodland floors, scrub-clad dunes, hedge bases, river banks, road verges, under raised buildings and in vacant lots.[11]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion_life_cycle.svg"},{"link_name":"Distoleon tetragrammicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distoleon_tetragrammicus"},{"link_name":"egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg"},{"link_name":"substrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McEwen-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkeswood-7"},{"link_name":"ambush predators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_predator"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jervis-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonReproduction-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonDiscard-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ant_Lion_Cocoon.jpg"},{"link_name":"pupates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupa"},{"link_name":"metamorphosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphosis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonReproduction-15"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"spinneret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinneret_(spider)"},{"link_name":"holometabolous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holometabolism"},{"link_name":"exoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoskeleton"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonMetamorphosis-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwansonReproduction-15"}],"text":"The life-cycle of Distoleon tetragrammicusApart from pit-trap-forming taxa, the biology of members of the family Myrmeleontidae, to which the antlions belong, has been little studied. The life-cycle begins with oviposition (egg-laying) in a suitable location. The female antlion repeatedly taps the prospective laying site with the tip of her abdomen and then inserts her ovipositor into the substrate and lays an egg.[12]Depending on the species and where it lives, the larva either conceals itself under leaves, debris or pieces of wood, hides in a crack or digs a funnel-shaped pit in loose material.[7] As ambush predators, catching prey is risky because food arrives unpredictably and, for those species that make traps, maintaining one is costly. The larvae therefore have low metabolic rates and can survive for long periods without food.[13] They can take several years to complete their life-cycle; they mature faster with plentiful food, but can survive for many months without feeding.[14][15] In cooler climates they dig their way deeper and remain inactive during the winter.[10]An antlion cocoon on the side of a houseWhen the larva attains its maximum size, it pupates and undergoes metamorphosis.[15] It makes a globular cocoon of sand or other local substrate stuck together with fine silk spun from a slender spinneret at the rear end of the body. The cocoon may be buried several centimetres deep in sand. After completing its transformation into an adult insect over the course of about one month, it emerges from the case, leaving the pupal integument behind, and works its way to the surface. After about twenty minutes, the adult's wings are fully opened and it flies off in search of a mate. The adult is considerably larger than the larva as antlions exhibit the greatest disparity in size between larva and adult of any type of holometabolous insect. This is by virtue of the fact that the exoskeleton of the adult is extremely thin and flimsy, with an exceptionally low density.[16] The adult typically lives for about 25 days, but some insects survive for as long as 45 days.[15]","title":"Life-cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion_trap.jpg"},{"link_name":"larvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larva"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"pollen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen"},{"link_name":"nectar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engel2007-17"},{"link_name":"Dendroleon pantherinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroleon_pantherinus"},{"link_name":"detritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/detritus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Gatzara jezoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gatzara_jezoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"venom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawkeswood-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camp-9"},{"link_name":"waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave"},{"link_name":"receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_receptor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cocroft-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion_larva.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vermileonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermileonidae"},{"link_name":"Diptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptera"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"critical angle of repose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_angle_of_repose"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franks-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franks-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coelho-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franks-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-2"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coelho-23"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropod"},{"link_name":"spiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coelho-23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ameisenl%C3%B6wenTrichter.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franks-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coelho-23"},{"link_name":"Scaptia muscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaptia_muscula"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleon pictifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleon_pictifrons"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swanson-4"},{"link_name":"chalcid wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcididae"},{"link_name":"Lasiochalcidia igiliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lasiochalcidia_igiliensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Sand pit trap of an antlionAntlion larvae eat small arthropods – mainly ants – while the adults of some species eat pollen and nectar, and others are predators of small arthropods.[17] In certain species of Myrmeleontidae, such as Dendroleon pantherinus, the larva, although resembling that of Myrmeleon structurally, makes no pitfall trap, but hides in detritus in a hole in a tree and seizes passing prey.[18] In Japan, Gatzara jezoensis larvae lurk on the surface of rocks for several years while awaiting prey; during this time they often become coated with lichen, and have been recorded at densities of up to 344 per square metre.[19]The larva is a voracious predator. Within a few minutes of seizing its prey with its jaws and injecting it with venom and enzymes, it begins to suck out the digestion products.[7][9] The larva is extremely sensitive to ground vibrations, the low-frequency sounds made by an insect crawling across the ground; the larva locates the source of the vibrations by the differences in timing of the arrival of waves detected by receptors, tufts of hairs on the sides of the two hindmost thoracic segments.[20]Antlion larva extracted from sand pitIn trap-building species, an average-sized larva digs a pit about 2 in (5 cm) deep and 3 in (7.5 cm) wide at the edge. This behavior has also been observed in the Vermileonidae (Diptera), whose larvae dig the same sort of pit to feed on ants. Having marked out the chosen site by a circular groove,[21] the antlion larva starts to crawl backwards, using its abdomen as a plough to shovel up the soil. By the aid of one front leg, it places consecutive heaps of loosened particles upon its head, then with a smart jerk throws each little pile clear of the scene of operations. Proceeding thus, it gradually works its way from the circumference towards the center.[2] As it slowly moves round and round, the pit gradually gets deeper and deeper, until the slope angle reaches the critical angle of repose (that is, the steepest angle the sand can maintain, where it is on the verge of collapse from slight disturbance), and the pit is solely lined by fine grains.[22] By digging in a spiral when constructing its pit, the antlion minimises the time needed to complete the pit.[22]When the pit is completed, the larva settles down at the bottom, buried in the soil with only the jaws projecting above the surface, often in a wide-opened position on either side of the very tip of the cone.[23] The steep-sloped trap that guides prey into the larva's mouth while avoiding crater avalanches is one of the simplest and most efficient traps in the animal kingdom.[24] The fine grain lining ensures that the avalanches which carry prey are as large as possible.[22]\nSince the sides of the pit consist of loose sand at its angle of repose,[25] they afford an insecure foothold to any small insects that inadvertently venture over the edge, such as ants. Slipping to the bottom, the prey is immediately seized by the lurking antlion; if it attempts to scramble up the treacherous walls of the pit, it is speedily checked in its efforts and brought down by showers of loose sand which are thrown at it from below by the larva.[2] By throwing up loose sand from the bottom of the pit, the larva also undermines the sides of the pit, causing them to collapse and bring the prey with them. Thus, it does not matter whether the larva actually strikes the prey with the sand showers.[23]Antlion larvae are capable of capturing and killing a variety of insects and other arthropods, and can even subdue small spiders. The projections in the jaws of the larva are hollow and through this, the larva sucks the fluids out of its victim. After the contents are consumed, the dry carcass is flicked out of the pit. The larva readies the pit once again by throwing out collapsed material from the center, steepening the pit walls to the angle of repose.[23]Sand pit trap with remains of an antAntlion larvae require loose soil, not necessarily, but often, sand. Antlions can also handle larger granular material which is filtered out of the soil during pit construction.[22] The larvae prefer dry places protected from the rain. When it first hatches, the tiny larva specialises in very small insects, but as it grows larger, it constructs larger pits, and thus catches larger prey, sometimes much larger than itself.[23]Other arthropods may make use of the antlion larva's ability to trap prey. The larva of the Australian horsefly (Scaptia muscula) lives in antlion (for example Myrmeleon pictifrons) pit traps and feeds on the prey caught,[4] and the female chalcid wasp (Lasiochalcidia igiliensis) purposefully allows itself to be trapped so that it can parasitise the antlion larva by ovipositing between its head and thorax.[26]Recent research has found that antlion larvae often \"play dead\" for a variable amount of time (from a few minutes up to an hour) when disturbed to hide from predators. The method is effective; it increased survival rates in patches that use it by 20%.[27] Furthermore, they appear to have maximized its usefulness—further increasing the duration is not likely to convey substantial survival benefits to the larvae.[28]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myrmeleontoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontoidea"},{"link_name":"owlflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owlflies"},{"link_name":"Nymphidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphidae"},{"link_name":"Araripeneuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Araripeneuridae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Babinskaiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babinskaiidae"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MartillBechly2007-29"},{"link_name":"phylogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"Hemerobiiformia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemerobiiformia"},{"link_name":"paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic"},{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yan-30"},{"link_name":"Neuroptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroptera"},{"link_name":"Osmylidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmylidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oedosmylus_sp_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mantispidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantispidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mantispidae_fg1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ithonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithonidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rapisma_sp-_India_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chrysopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chrysoperla_carnea_Guldoeje.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleontiformia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontiformia"},{"link_name":"Nymphidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nymphes_myrmeleonoides_(3155078680)_crop.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distoleon_tetragrammicus01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ascalaphidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascalaphidae"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libelloides_coccajus_210505.jpg"},{"link_name":"subfamilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamilies"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(evolution)"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engel2007-17"}],"text":"The closest living relatives of antlions within the Myrmeleontoidea are the owlflies (Ascalaphidae); the Nymphidae are more distantly related. The extinct Araripeneuridae and Babinskaiidae are considered likely to be stem groups in the Myrmeleontiformia clade.[29] The phylogeny of the Neuroptera has been explored using mitochondrial DNA sequences, and while issues remain for the group as a whole (the \"Hemerobiiformia\" being paraphyletic), the Myrmeleontiformia is generally agreed to be monophyletic, giving the following cladogram:[30]Neuroptera\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOsmylidae (formerly in \"Hemerobiiformia\") \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMost of former \"Hemerobiiformia\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMantispidae (mantidflies) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIthonidae (moth lacewings) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChrysopidae (green lacewings) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMyrmeleontiformia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNymphidae (split-footed lacewings) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMyrmeleontidae (antlions) \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAscalaphidae (owlflies)The subfamilies are shown below; a few genera, mostly fossil, are of uncertain or basal position. The fossil record of antlions is very small by neuropteran standards. However, some Mesozoic fossils attest to the antlions' origin more than 150 million years ago. These were at one time separated as the Palaeoleontidae, but are now usually recognized as early antlions.[17]","title":"Evolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michel2017-31"},{"link_name":"Brachynemurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachynemurinae"},{"link_name":"Dendroleontinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroleontinae"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleontinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontinae"},{"link_name":"Acanthaclisinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthaclisinae"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michel2017-31"},{"link_name":"Acanthaclisini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthaclisini"},{"link_name":"Brachynemurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachynemurinae"},{"link_name":"Brachynemurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachynemurini"},{"link_name":"Brachynemurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachynemurus"},{"link_name":"Gnopholeontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnopholeontini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lemolemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lemolemini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dendroleontinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroleontinae"},{"link_name":"Bandidini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bandidini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dendroleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendroleontini"},{"link_name":"Periclystini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periclystini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myrmecaelurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecaelurinae"},{"link_name":"Gepini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gepini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Isoleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isoleontini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myrmecaelurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myrmecaelurini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nesoleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesoleontini"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleontinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontinae"},{"link_name":"Maulini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulini"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleontini"},{"link_name":"Euroleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleon"},{"link_name":"Hagenomyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagenomyia"},{"link_name":"Myrmeleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmeleon"},{"link_name":"Porrerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porrerini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porrerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porrerus"},{"link_name":"Nemoleontinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoleontinae"},{"link_name":"Creoleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creoleontini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Delfimeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delfimeini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Distoleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distoleontini"},{"link_name":"Glenurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenurini"},{"link_name":"Gymnocnemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnocnemini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macronemurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronemurini"},{"link_name":"Nemoleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoleontini"},{"link_name":"Pseudoformycaleontini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoformycaleontini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palparinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palparinae"},{"link_name":"Dimarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimarini"},{"link_name":"Palparidiini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palparidiini"},{"link_name":"Palparini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palparini"},{"link_name":"Palpares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palpares"},{"link_name":"Pseudimarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudimarini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stilbopteryginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stilbopteryginae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aeropteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aeropteryx&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stilbopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilbopteryx"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dimarinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dimarinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Echthromyrmicinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echthromyrmicinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glenurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenurinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pseudimarinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudimarinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palaeoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palaeoleon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newleon"},{"link_name":"Samsonileon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samsonileon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion_doodles.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2015.10-434-146bp_antlion(unidentified_sp.,adult,L(wing_tip-antnena_tip)4.8cm)_DD11.176086,-4.335053@Bobo-Dioulasso,BF_thu29oct2015-1054h.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antlion1_by_Jonathan_Numer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Formicaleone.jpg"},{"link_name":"spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myrmecoleon_1491.jpg"},{"link_name":"Myrmecoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecoleon"},{"link_name":"Hortus Sanitatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortus_Sanitatis"}],"text":"The supra-generic classification within the Myrmeleontidae is disputed. Michel et.al recognise just four subfamilies,[31] with Brachynemurinae, Dendroleontinae and others placed in the Myrmeleontinae.BioLib includes the following (with selected genera):Acanthaclisinae[31]Acanthaclisini Navas, 1912Brachynemurinae - 3 tribes:Brachynemurini Banks, 1927- e.g. Brachynemurus Hagen, 1889\nGnopholeontini Stange, 1994\nLemolemini Stange, 1994Dendroleontinae (otherwise in Myrmeleontinae) - tribes:Acanthoplectrini Markl, 1954\nBandidini Krivokhatsky, 1998\nDendroleontini Banks, 1899\nNuglerini Stange, 1976\nPericlystini Stange, 1976\nVoltorini Stange, 1976Myrmecaelurinae (otherwise in Myrmeleontinae) - tribes:Gepini Markl, 1954\nIsoleontini Holzel, 1969\nMyrmecaelurini Esben-Petersen, 1918\nNesoleontini Markl, 1954MyrmeleontinaeMaulini Markl, 1954\nMyrmeleontini Latreille, 1802\nEuroleon Esben-Petersen, 1918\nHagenomyia Banks, 1911\nMyrmeleon Linnaeus, 1767\nothers ...\nPorrerini Navas, 1913\nPorrerus Navás, 1913Nemoleontinae (otherwise in Myrmeleontinae) - tribes:Creoleontini Markl, 1954\nDelfimeini Krivokhatsky, 1998\nDistoleontini Tillyard, 1916\nGlenurini Banks, 1927\nGymnocnemini Navas, 1912\nMacronemurini Esben-Petersen, 1918\nNemoleontini Banks, 1911\nPseudoformycaleontini Holzel, 1987Palparinae (including Araripeneurinae)Dimarini Navas, 1914\nPalparidiini Markl, 1954\nPalparini Banks, 1911\nPalpares Rambur, 1842\nPseudimarini Markl, 1954StilbopteryginaeAeropteryx Riek, 1968\nStilbopteryx Newman, 1838The following subfamilies have also been recognized by some taxonomists:[citation needed]Dimarinae\nEchthromyrmicinae\nGlenurinae\nPseudimarinaeAntlions of uncertain systematic position are:†Palaeoleon (fossil)\nNewleon Miller & Stange, 2012\n†SamsonileonAntlion larva trails (doodles) in sand\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThorax and head (with club-shaped antenna) of antlion adult\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarva\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t20x closeup of larva\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVideo of antlion larva trying to catch prey with sand traps and eating a small spider\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVideo of a larva trapping an ant by throwing sand at itMyrmecoleon, from the Hortus Sanitatis of Jacob Meydenbach, 1491","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Myrmecoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmecoleon"},{"link_name":"Physiologus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologus"},{"link_name":"only eat meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate_carnivore"},{"link_name":"eat grain chaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbivore"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dekkers2000-34"},{"link_name":"Matthew 5:37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_5:37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grant1999-35"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dekkers2000-34"},{"link_name":"Jean-Henri Fabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fabre2013-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fabre2002-38"},{"link_name":"life simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_simulation_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"SimAnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimAnt"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Grounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounded_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Terraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraria"},{"link_name":"Don't Starve Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Starve_Together"},{"link_name":"Monster Rancher 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monster_Rancher_2"},{"link_name":"Mother 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_3"},{"link_name":"Half-Life 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_(series)"},{"link_name":"Trapinch, Vibrava, and Flygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_III_Pok%C3%A9mon#Trapinch"},{"link_name":"Pokémon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"sarlacc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarlacc"},{"link_name":"Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-starwars-40"},{"link_name":"Enemy Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tove Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Jansson"},{"link_name":"Moomins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moomins"},{"link_name":"Finn Family Moomintroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Family_Moomintroll"},{"link_name":"lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jansson2010-41"}],"text":"In popular folklore in the southern United States, people recite a poem or chant to make the antlion come out of its hole.[32] Similar practices have been recorded from Africa, the Caribbean, China and Australia.[33]The Myrmecoleon was a mythical ant–lion hybrid written about in the 2nd century AD Physiologus, where animal descriptions were paired with Christian morals. The ant-lion as described was said to starve to death because of its dual nature – the lion nature of the father could only eat meat, but the ant half from the mother could only eat grain chaff, thus the offspring could not eat either and would starve.[34] It was paired with the Biblical verse Matthew 5:37.[35] The fictional ant-lion of Physiologus is probably derived from a misreading of Job 4:11.[a][34]The French naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre wrote that \"The Ant-lion makes a slanting funnel in the sand. Its victim, the Ant, slides down the slant and is then stoned, from the bottom of the funnel, by the hunter, who turns his neck into a catapult.\"[36][37]Antlions appear as antagonists in the 1991 life simulation video game, SimAnt, and (in a giant form) in the Final Fantasy series, Grounded, Terraria, Don't Starve Together, Monster Rancher 2, Mother 3 and in the Half-Life 2 video game series as an unrelated alien insect species sharing sand burowing traits with the real antlion larvae. The Trapinch, Vibrava, and Flygon Pokémon evolution line is based on an antlion. The fictional sarlacc from the Star Wars franchise is often compared to the real-life antlion.[38][39] It also appears as a predator in the film Enemy Mine.In the third book of Tove Jansson's Moomins series, Finn Family Moomintroll, a rather large and fanciful antlion appears in the second chapter, depicted as a sand-dwelling predator with the literal head of a lion.[40]","title":"In culture and folklore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"}],"text":"^ The verse runs \"The old lion perisheth for lack of prey, and the stout lion's whelps are scattered abroad.\" (Authorised Version)","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Doodlebug (antlion) doodles and pit traps in the Grand Canyon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Doodlebug_doodles.jpg/220px-Doodlebug_doodles.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adult of Myrmecaelurus trigammus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Antlion_%28Myrmecaelurus_trigammus%29_Macedonia.jpg/220px-Antlion_%28Myrmecaelurus_trigammus%29_Macedonia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Larva of Myrmeleon immaculatus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Common_Antlion_Myrmeleon_immaculatus_mature_nymph.jpg/220px-Common_Antlion_Myrmeleon_immaculatus_mature_nymph.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bottom side of larval mandible with a visible maxilla for injecting venom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Antlion_mandible_with_a_visible_maxilla_for_injecting_venom.jpg/225px-Antlion_mandible_with_a_visible_maxilla_for_injecting_venom.jpg"},{"image_text":"The life-cycle of Distoleon tetragrammicus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Antlion_life_cycle.svg/170px-Antlion_life_cycle.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An antlion cocoon on the side of a house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ant_Lion_Cocoon.jpg/170px-Ant_Lion_Cocoon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sand pit trap of an antlion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Antlion_trap.jpg/220px-Antlion_trap.jpg"},{"image_text":"Antlion larva extracted from sand pit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Antlion_larva.jpg/220px-Antlion_larva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sand pit trap with remains of an ant","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ameisenl%C3%B6wenTrichter.jpg/220px-Ameisenl%C3%B6wenTrichter.jpg"},{"image_text":"Myrmecoleon, from the Hortus Sanitatis of Jacob Meydenbach, 1491","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Myrmecoleon_1491.jpg/170px-Myrmecoleon_1491.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Myrmeleontidae genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Myrmeleontidae_genera"},{"title":"Vermileonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermileonidae"}] | [{"reference":"Jones, Joshua R. (November 2019). \"Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification\". Zoologica Scripta. 48 (6): 761–782. doi:10.1111/zsc.12382. ISSN 0300-3256. S2CID 208581837.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzsc.12382","url_text":"\"Total‐evidence phylogeny of the owlflies (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae) supports a new higher‐level classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzsc.12382","url_text":"10.1111/zsc.12382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-3256","url_text":"0300-3256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208581837","url_text":"208581837"}]},{"reference":"Pocock, Reginald Innes (1911). \"Ant-lion\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._I._Pocock","url_text":"Pocock, Reginald Innes"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ant-lion","url_text":"Ant-lion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Mark (2007). \"\"Antlion\" in the World's Languages\". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antlionpit.com/language.html","url_text":"\"\"Antlion\" in the World's Languages\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Mark (2007). \"What are Antlions?\". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antlionpit.com/what.html","url_text":"\"What are Antlions?\""}]},{"reference":"Mares, Michael A. (1999). Encyclopedia of Deserts. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8061-3146-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&pg=PA29","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Deserts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3146-7","url_text":"978-0-8061-3146-7"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Robert B.; Stange, Lionel A. (1 November 2015). \"Glenurus gratus (Say) (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)\". Featured Creatures. University of Florida. Retrieved 22 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/neuroptera/Glenurus_gratus.htm","url_text":"\"Glenurus gratus (Say) (Insecta: Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Hawkeswood, Trevor J. (2006). \"Effects of envenomation to a human finger and arm by the larva of an unidentified species of Myrmeleon (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)\" (PDF). Calodema. 7: 32–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305041826/http://www.calodema.com/freefiles/307.pdf","url_text":"\"Effects of envenomation to a human finger and arm by the larva of an unidentified species of Myrmeleon (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)\""},{"url":"http://www.calodema.com/freefiles/307.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nardi, James B. (2009). Life in the Soil: A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners. University of Chicago Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-226-56853-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d0MXBkFY07UC&pg=PA170","url_text":"Life in the Soil: A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-56853-9","url_text":"978-0-226-56853-9"}]},{"reference":"Camp, Donya (2005). \"Beneficials in the garden: Antlion\". Galveston County Master Gardeners. Extension Horticulture at Texas A&M University. Retrieved 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/galveston/beneficials/beneficial-32_ant_lion.htm","url_text":"\"Beneficials in the garden: Antlion\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Mark (2007). \"Antlion Larvae Behavior: Discarding the Body\". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antlionpit.com/discard.html","url_text":"\"Antlion Larvae Behavior: Discarding the Body\""}]},{"reference":"Swanson, Mark (2007). \"Where do Antlions Live?\". The Antlion Pit. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antlionpit.com/where.html","url_text":"\"Where do Antlions Live?\""}]},{"reference":"McEwen, P.K.; New, T.R.; Whittington, A.E. (2007). Lacewings in the Crop Environment. Cambridge University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-521-03729-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIfF6ho1ac4C&pg=PA4","url_text":"Lacewings in the Crop Environment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03729-7","url_text":"978-0-521-03729-7"}]},{"reference":"Jervis, Mark A. (2007). Insects as Natural Enemies: A Practical Perspective. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-4020-6587-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RsVt_inIAJUC&pg=PA28","url_text":"Insects as Natural Enemies: A Practical Perspective"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6587-3","url_text":"978-1-4020-6587-3"}]},{"reference":"New, T. (1991). Insects as Predators. NSW University Press. p. 69.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Swanson, Mark (2012). \"Reproductive Behavior\". The Antlion Pit. 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Acta Entomologica Slovenica. 18 (2): 159–162.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261497922","url_text":"\"Antlion Dendroleon pantherinus (Fabricius, 1787) (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) in Slovenia\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neal, Matt. \"Predatory insects\" (PDF). MSU. Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msu.edu/course/ent/815/webpredation.pdf","url_text":"\"Predatory insects\""}]},{"reference":"Cocroft, Reginald Bifield (2014). Studying Vibrational Communication. Springer. p. 319. 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S2CID 36532488.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bgu.ac.il/~oferovad/library/Scharf%26Ovadia_2006.pdf","url_text":"\"Factors influencing site abandonment and site selection in a sit-and-wait Predator: A review of pit-building antlion Larvae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.565.1350","url_text":"10.1.1.565.1350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10905-006-9017-4","url_text":"10.1007/s10905-006-9017-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36532488","url_text":"36532488"}]},{"reference":"Franks, Nigel R.; Worley, Alan; Falkenberg, Max; Sendova-Franks, Ana B.; Christensen, K (2019). \"Digging the optimum pit: antlions, spirals and spontaneous stratification\". 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Retrieved 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1082341","url_text":"\"The natural history and ecology of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)\""}]},{"reference":"Fertin, A. (2006). \"Efficiency of antlion trap construction\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 209 (18): 3510–3515. doi:10.1242/jeb.02401. PMID 16943491.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02401","url_text":"\"Efficiency of antlion trap construction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.02401","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.02401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16943491","url_text":"16943491"}]},{"reference":"Botz, Jason T.; Loudon, Catherine; Barger, J. Bradley; Olafsen, Jeffrey S.; Steeples, Don W. (2003). \"Effects of slope and particle size on ant locomotion: Implications for choice of substrate by antlions\". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 76 (3): 426–435.","urls":[{"url":"http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=14973602","url_text":"\"Effects of slope and particle size on ant locomotion: Implications for choice of substrate by antlions\""}]},{"reference":"Piek, Tom (2013). Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects. Elsevier. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-4832-6370-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xBQlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74","url_text":"Venoms of the Hymenoptera: Biochemical, Pharmacological and Behavioural Aspects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-6370-0","url_text":"978-1-4832-6370-0"}]},{"reference":"Giaimo, Cara (2021-03-07). \"The Power of Playing Dead\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/07/science/playing-dead-antlion-larvae.html","url_text":"\"The Power of Playing Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Franks, Nigel R.; Worley, Alan; Sendova-Franks, Ana B. (2021). \"Hide-and-seek strategies and post-contact immobility\". Biology Letters. 17 (3): 20200892. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0892. PMC 8086978. PMID 33653098.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086978","url_text":"\"Hide-and-seek strategies and post-contact immobility\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2020.0892","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2020.0892"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086978","url_text":"8086978"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33653098","url_text":"33653098"}]},{"reference":"Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007). The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. p. 334. 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PMID 25170303.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147223","url_text":"\"The First Mitochondrial Genomes of Antlion (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) and Split-footed Lacewing (Neuroptera: Nymphidae), with Phylogenetic Implications of Myrmeleontiformia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7150%2Fijbs.9454","url_text":"10.7150/ijbs.9454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4147223","url_text":"4147223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25170303","url_text":"25170303"}]},{"reference":"Michel, Bruno; Clamens, Anne-Laure; Béthoux, Olivier; Kergoat, Gael J.; Condamine, Fabien L. (February 2017). \"A first higher-level time-calibrated phylogeny of antlions (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae)\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 103–116. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.014. PMID 27780793.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2016.10.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2016.10.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27780793","url_text":"27780793"}]},{"reference":"Howell, Jim (2006). Hey, Bug Doctor!: The Scoop on Insects in Georgia's Homes and Gardens. University of Georgia Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0820328049.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9h1JAVPOmM8C&q=antlion+folklore&pg=PA15","url_text":"Hey, Bug Doctor!: The Scoop on Insects in Georgia's Homes and Gardens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820328049","url_text":"0820328049"}]},{"reference":"Ouchley, Kelby (2011). Bayou-Diversity: Nature and People in the Louisiana Bayou Country. LSU Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0807138618.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J1N12aH0810C&q=antlion+folklore&pg=PA85","url_text":"Bayou-Diversity: Nature and People in the Louisiana Bayou Country"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807138618","url_text":"978-0807138618"}]},{"reference":"Dekkers, Midas (2000). Dearest Pet: On Bestiality. Verso. p. 78. ISBN 9781859843109.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wF772tvr6YEC&pg=PA78","url_text":"Dearest Pet: On Bestiality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859843109","url_text":"9781859843109"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Robert M. (1999). Early Christians and Animals. Psychology Press. pp. 61–. ISBN 9780415202046.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FKr4N2nECZEC&pg=PA61","url_text":"Early Christians and Animals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415202046","url_text":"9780415202046"}]},{"reference":"Fabre, Jean-Henri (2013). Fabre's Book of Insects. Courier Corporation. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-486-32011-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g3LCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA108","url_text":"Fabre's Book of Insects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-32011-3","url_text":"978-0-486-32011-3"}]},{"reference":"Fabre, Jean-Henri (2002). The Wonder Book of Science. The Minerva Group. pp. 45–. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaroidea | Tapejaroidea | ["1 Classification","2 References"] | Clade of ornithocheiroid pterosaurs
TapejaroidsTemporal range: Early - Late Cretaceous, 145–66 Ma
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
Possible Late Jurassic record
Skull fragments of Keresdrakon
Fossil cast of Arambourgiania
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Order:
†Pterosauria
Suborder:
†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:
†Ornithocheiroidea
Clade:
†TapejaroideaKellner, 1996
Subgroups
†Dsungaripteridae
†Azhdarchoidea
Tapejaroidea (or tapejaroids) is a group of pterosaurs belonging to the clade Ornithocheiroidea. Tapejaroids lived from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods, with one possible member, Tendaguripterus, extending the fossil range to the Late Jurassic period. Tapejaroidea contains two groups, the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea, which in turn includes the azhdarchids, the group that contains some of the largest flying animals. The group was named by Brazilian paleontologist Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner in 1996.
Classification
Tapejaroidea was named by paleontologist Alexander Kellner from Brazil in 1996, and in 2003 it was given a phylogenetic definition by Kellner himself as the most recent common ancestor of Dsungaripterus, Tapejara and Quetzalcoatlus, and all their descendants. Tapejaroidea, in Kellner's 2003 study, was recovered as the sister taxon of the Pteranodontoidea, both within the group Ornithocheiroidea, and consisting of the groups Dsungaripteridae and Azhdarchoidea. However, in a phylogenetic analysis made by Jaime Headden and Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos in 2014, Tapejaroidea was recovered within the Azhdarchoidea, as a clade comprising the families Tapejaridae and Thalassodromidae. The cladogram of their analysis is shown below:
Azhdarchoidea
Dsungaripteridae
Banguela oberlii
Dsungaripterus weii
Noripterus complicidens
Neoazhdarchia
Chaoyangopteridae
Chaoyangopterus zhangi
Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis
Azhdarchidae
Quetzalcoatlus sp.
Azhdarcho lancicollis
Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis
Tapejaroidea
Thalassodromidae
Tupuxuara leonardii
Thalassodromeus sethi
Tapejaridae
Tupandactylus imperator
Tapejara wellnhoferi
Sinopterus dongi
Eopteranodon lii
Huaxiapterus corollatus
Huaxiapterus benxiensis
More recently, the original definition of Tapejaroidea has been used in a number of phylogenetic analyses conducted in 2019 and 2020, meaning that Tapejaroidea and Pteranodontoidea were once again recovered as the sister taxa and within the larger Ornithocheiroidea. The cladogram below represents the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Kellner and colleagues in 2019, where they recovered Tapejaroidea as the more inclusive group containing both the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea.
Tapejaroidea
Dsungaripteridae
Dsungaripterus weii
Noripterus parvus
Azhdarchoidea
Azhdarchidae
Azhdarcho lancicollis
Quetzalcoatlus sp.
Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis
Chaoyangopteridae
Chaoyangopterus zhangi
Jidapterus edentus
Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis
Tapejaromorpha
Keresdrakon vilsoni
Tapejaridae
Thalassodrominae
Thalassodromeus sethi
Tupuxuara leonardii
Tapejarinae
Caupedactylus ybaka
Aymberedactylus cearensis
Eopteranodon lii
"Huaxiapterus" benxiensis
"Huaxiapterus" corollatus
Sinopterus dongi
Tapejarini
Europejara olcadesorum
Caiuajara dobruskii
Tapejara wellnhoferi
Tupandactylus imperator
In 2021, Pêgas et al. named and officially registered two new clades: Azhdarchomorpha, the most inclusive clade containing Azhdarcho but not Tapejara or Thalassodromeus, and Alanqidae, containing Alanqa but not Chaoyangopterus or Azhdarcho. Their phylogeny is shown below:
Tapejaroidea
Dsungaripteridae
Dsungaripterus
Noripterus
Azhdarchoidea
Tapejaridae
Thalassodrominae
Tupuxuara
Thalassodromeus oberlii
Thalassodromeus sethi
Tapejarinae
Aymberedactylus
Caupedactylus
Bakonydraco
"Huaxiapterus" corollatus
Eopteranodon
Sinopterus
Europejara
Tupandactylus
Caiuajara
Tapejara
Azhdarchomorpha
Alanqidae
Alanqa
Keresdrakon
Chaoyangopteridae
Shenzhoupterus
Argentinadraco
Xericeps
Chaoyangopterus
Jidapterus
Lacusovagus
Radiodactylus
Azhdarchidae
Eurazhdarcho
Aralazhdarcho
Phosphatodraco
Zhejiangopterus
Azhdarcho
Quetzalcoatlinae
Cryodrakon
Quetzalcoatlus
Albadraco
Hatzegopteryx
Aerotitan
Arambourgiania
Mistralazhdarcho
References
^ a b Unwin, David M.; Heinrich, Wolf-Dieter (1999). "On a pterosaur jaw from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)". Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe. 2: 121–134.
^ Kellner, A.W.A. (1996). "Description of new material of Tapejaridae and Anhangueridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) and discussion of pterosaur phylogeny". Columbia University.
^ Buffetaut, Eric; Mazin, Jean-Michel (2003). Evolution and Palaeobiology of pterosaurs. Geological Society of London. ISBN 9781862391437.
^ Kellner, A. W. A. (2003). "Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 217 (1): 105–137. Bibcode:2003GSLSP.217..105K. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10. S2CID 128892642.
^ Jaime A. Headden and Hebert B.N. Campos (2014). "An unusual edentulous pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Romualdo Formation of Brazil". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 27 (7): 815–826. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.904302. S2CID 129306469.
^ Borja Holgado, Rodrigo V. Pêgas, José Ignacio Canudo, Josep Fortuny, Taissa Rodrigues, Julio Company & Alexander W.A. Kellner, 2019, "On a new crested pterodactyloid from the Early Cretaceous of the Iberian Peninsula and the radiation of the clade Anhangueria", Scientific Reports 9: 4940 doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4
^ Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). "First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. PMC 6884559. PMID 31784545.
^ a b Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Weinschütz, Luiz C.; Holgado, Borja; Bantim, Renan A. M.; Sayão, Juliana M. (19 August 2019). "A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (suppl 2): e20190768. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920190768. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 31432888.
^ Jiang, Shun-Xing; Zhang, Xin-Jun; Cheng, Xin; Wang, Xiao-Lin (2020). "A new pteranodontoid pterosaur forelimb from the upper Yixian Formation, with a revision of Yixianopterus jingangshanensis". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201124.
^ Pêgas, R.V.; Holgado, B.; Ortiz David, L.D.; Baiano, M.A.; Costa, F.R. (August 21, 2021). "On the pterosaur Aerotitan sudamericanus (Neuquén Basin, Upper Cretaceous of Argentina), with comments on azhdarchoid phylogeny and jaw anatomy". Cretaceous Research. 129: Article 104998. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104998. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 238725853.
vtePterosauria
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Sauropsida
Clade: Archosauria
Clade: Avemetatarsalia
Clade: Pterosauromorpha
Avemetatarsalia
see Avemetatarsalia
Pterosauria
see below↓
PterosauriaPterosauria
Daohugoupterus
Preondactylia
Austriadactylus
Preondactylus
Caviramidae?
Carniadactylus?
Caviramus
Raeticodactylus?
Austriadraconidae
Arcticodactylus?
Austriadraco
Seazzadactylus
Eopterosauria
Austriadraco?
Peteinosaurus?
Preondactylia?
EudimorphodontoideaRaeticodactylidae
Caviramus?
Pachagnathus
Raeticodactylus
Yelaphomte
Eudimorphodontidae
Arcticodactylus?
Eudimorphodontinae
Carniadactylus?
Eudimorphodon
Zambellisauria?
Peteinosaurus?
Macronychoptera
Herbstosaurus
Dimorphodontidae
Allkaruen?
Caelestiventus
Dimorphodon
Parapsicephalus?
Peteinosaurus?
Rhamphinion?
Lonchognatha?
Eudimorphodon?
NovialoideaCampylognathoididae
Bergamodactylus
Campylognathoides
BreviquartossaRhamphorhynchidae
Dolicorhamphus?
Klobiodon
Parapsicephalus?
Scaphognathinae?
Rhamphorhynchinae
Bellubrunnus
Cacibupteryx
Dorygnathus
Harpactognathus
Nesodactylus
Orientognathus
Qinglongopterus
RhamphorhynchaeAngustinaripterini
Angustinaripterus
Dearc
Harpactognathus?
Qinglongopterus?
Sericipterus
Rhamphorhynchini
Cacibupteryx?
Nesodactylus?
Rhamphorhynchus
Digibrevisauria?Scaphognathidae?
Fenghuangopterus
Jianchangnathus
Jianchangopterus
Scaphognathus
Sordes?
Pterodactylomorpha
see below↓
PterodactylomorphaPterodactylomorpha
Allkaruen?
Sordes?
Monofenestrata
Archaeoistiodactylus
Normannognathus
Anurognathidae?
Darwinoptera
Ceoptera
Pterorhynchus
Wukongopteridae
Kunpengopterus
Wukongopterinae
Archaeoistiodactylus?
Cuspicephalus
Darwinopterus
Douzhanopterus?
Wukongopterus
Pterodactyliformes
Changchengopterus?
Douzhanopterus
CaelidraconesAnurognathidae
Mesadactylus
Anurognathinae
Anurognathus
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Luopterus
Vesperopterylus
Batrachognathinae
Batrachognathus
Cascocauda
Dendrorhynchoides?
Jeholopterus?
Sinomacrops
Pterodactyloidea
Dermodactylus
Eurolimnornis
Herbstosaurus?
Kryptodrakon
Ningchengopterus
Pangupterus
Samrukia?
Wenupteryx
Lophocratia
see below↓
LophocratiaArchaeopterodactyloidea
Prejanopterus
Germanodactylidae
Altmuehlopterus?
Germanodactylus
Normannognathus?
Tendaguripterus?
Euctenochasmatia
Diopecephalus
Pterodactylus
CtenochasmatoideaGallodactylidae
Aurorazhdarcho?
Cycnorhamphus
Normannognathus?
Petrodactyle?
Moganopterinae?
Aurorazhdarchia
Aerodactylus
Gallodactylidae?
Aurorazhdarchidae
Ardeadactylus?
Aurorazhdarcho
Huanhepterus?
Ctenochasmatidae
Ardeadactylus?
Balaenognathus
Cathayopterus
Cratonopterus
Elanodactylus
Forfexopterus
Gladocephaloideus
Kepodactylus
Liaodactylus
Otogopterus
Petrodactyle
Pterofiltrus
Moganopterinae?
Feilongus
Moganopterus
Gnathosaurinae
Gnathosaurus
Huanhepterus?
Lusognathus
Plataleorhynchus
Tacuadactylus
Ctenochasmatinae
Ctenochasma
Pterodaustrini
Beipiaopterus
Eosipterus
Gegepterus
Pterodaustro
Eupterodactyloidea
Altmuehlopterus?
Ornithocheiroidea
see below↓
OrnithocheiroideaOrnithocheiroidea
Piksi?
TapejaroideaDsungaripteridae
Banguela?
Lonchognathosaurus?
Noripterus
Ordosipterus
Puntanipterus?
Tendaguripterus?
Dsungaripterinae
Domeykodactylus
Dsungaripterus
Azhdarchoidea
Argentinadraco
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho
Ornithostoma
NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha
Bennettazhia
Keresdrakon?
Thalassodromidae?
Aerotitan?
Alanqa?
Argentinadraco?
Banguela?
Kariridraco
Lacusovagus?
Leptostomia?
Thalassodromeus
Tupuxuara
Xericeps?
TapejariformesCaupedactylia?
Aymberedactylus
Caupedactylus
Tapejaridae
Afrotapejara
Sinopterinae
Afrotapejara?
Bakonydraco?
Eopteranodon?
Huaxiadraco
Huaxiapterus
Nemicolopterus
Sinopterus
Wightia
Tapejarinae
Aymberedactylus?
Caupedactylus?
Keresdrakon?
Lacusovagus?
Vectidraco
Tapejarini
Bakonydraco?
Europejara
Tapejara
Tupandactylus
Caiuajarina
Caiuajara
Torukjara
Azhdarchomorpha
Cretornis?
Microtuban
Xericeps
Dsungaripteromorpha?
Alanqidae?
Alanqa
Argentinadraco?
Keresdrakon?
Leptostomia?
Montanazhdarcho?
Xericeps?
Neopterodactyloidea
Eoazhdarcho
Chaoyangopteridae
Apatorhamphus?
Argentinadraco?
Eoazhdarcho?
Lacusovagus
Meilifeilong
Microtuban?
Xericeps?
Chaoyangopterinae
Chaoyangopterus
Jidapterus
Shenzhoupterus
Azhdarchiformes
Montanazhdarcho?
Radiodactylus
Alanqidae?
Azhdarchidae
Alanqa?
Bogolubovia
Navajodactylus?
Palaeocursornis
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Azhdarchinae
Aerotitan?
Albadraco
Azhdarcho
Mistralazhdarcho
Quetzalcoatlinae
Aralazhdarcho
Arambourgiania
Cryodrakon
Eurazhdarcho
Hatzegopteryx
Phosphatodraco
Quetzalcoatlus
Thanatosdrakon
Wellnhopterus?
Zhejiangopterus
Pteranodontoidea
see below↓
PteranodontoideaPteranodontoidea
Santanadactylus
PteranodontiaPteranodontidae
Bogolubovia?
Dawndraco
Ornithostoma?
Pteranodon
Tethydraco?
Volgadraco?
Nyctosauromorpha
Alamodactylus
Cretornis?
Aponyctosauria
Alcione
Epapatelo
Simurghia
Nyctosauridae
Barbaridactylus
Muzquizopteryx
Nyctosaurus
Volgadraco?
Ornithocheiromorpha
Aussiedraco
Serradraco
Unwindia
Lonchodectidae
Hongshanopterus?
Ikrandraco?
Lonchodectes
Lonchodraco?
Targaryendraco?
Lanceodontia
Draigwenia?
Lonchodraconidae
Ikrandraco
Lonchodraco
Istiodactyliformes
Hongshanopterus
Linlongopterus
Yixianopterus
Lonchodectidae?
Mimodactylidae
Haopterus
Linlongopterus
Mimodactylus
Istiodactylidae
Lingyuanopterus
Longchengpterus
Luchibang
Nurhachius
Istiodactylinae
Istiodactylus
Liaoxipterus
Ornithocheiriformes
Barbosania
Brasileodactylus
Cearadactylus
Hamipterus
Boreopteridae
Boreopterus
Zhenyuanopterus
OrnithocheiraeOrnithocheiridae
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Camposipterus?
Caulkicephalus?
Cimoliopterus?
Haliskia?
Tropeognathus?
Ornithocheirinae
Aetodactylus?
Camposipterus?
Coloborhynchus?
Draigwenia?
Ferrodraco?
Guidraco?
Ludodactylus?
Mythunga?
Ornithocheirus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus?
Targaryendraconia?Cimoliopteridae
Aetodactylus
Camposipterus?
Cimoliopterus
Targaryendraconidae
Aussiedraco?
Barbosania?
Targaryendraco
Anhangueria
Brasileodactylus?
Ornithocheiridae?
Hamipteridae?
Hamipterus
Iberodactylus
AnhangueridaeTropeognathinae?
Amblydectes?
Ferrodraco?
Haliskia?
Mythunga?
Siroccopteryx?
Thapunngaka
Tropeognathus
Coloborhynchinae?
Aerodraco
Coloborhynchus
Nicorhynchus
Siroccopteryx?
Uktenadactylus
Anhanguerinae
Anhanguera
Caulkicephalus?
Cearadactylus?
Guidraco
Liaoningopterus
Ludodactylus
Maaradactylus
Taxon identifiersTapejaroidea
Wikidata: Q2237060
Paleobiology Database: 96506 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ornithocheiroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithocheiroidea"},{"link_name":"Early","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Late Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Tendaguripterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendaguripterus"},{"link_name":"Late Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UH99-1"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteridae"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchoidea"},{"link_name":"azhdarchids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchids"},{"link_name":"Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Wilhelm_Armin_Kellner"}],"text":"Tapejaroidea (or tapejaroids) is a group of pterosaurs belonging to the clade Ornithocheiroidea. Tapejaroids lived from the Early to Late Cretaceous periods, with one possible member, Tendaguripterus, extending the fossil range to the Late Jurassic period.[1] Tapejaroidea contains two groups, the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea, which in turn includes the azhdarchids, the group that contains some of the largest flying animals. The group was named by Brazilian paleontologist Alexander Wilhelm Armin Kellner in 1996.","title":"Tapejaroidea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Kellner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kellner"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripterus"},{"link_name":"Tapejara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejara_wellnhoferi"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlus"},{"link_name":"Pteranodontoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteranodontoidea"},{"link_name":"Ornithocheiroidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithocheiroidea"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteridae"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchoidea"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellner2003-4"},{"link_name":"Jaime Headden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaime_Headden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hebert_Bruno_Nascimento_Campos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tapejaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaridae"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromidae"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banguela-5"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchoidea"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteridae"},{"link_name":"Banguela oberlii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banguela_oberlii"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripterus weii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripterus_weii"},{"link_name":"Noripterus complicidens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noripterus_complicidens"},{"link_name":"Neoazhdarchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoazhdarchia"},{"link_name":"Chaoyangopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangopteridae"},{"link_name":"Chaoyangopterus zhangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangopterus_zhangi"},{"link_name":"Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhoupterus_chaoyangensis"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchidae"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quetzalcoatlus07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Azhdarcho lancicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarcho_lancicollis"},{"link_name":"Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiangopterus_linhaiensis"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromidae"},{"link_name":"Tupuxuara leonardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupuxuara_leonardii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tupux_longDB2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromeus sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromeus_sethi"},{"link_name":"Tapejaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaridae"},{"link_name":"Tupandactylus imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupandactylus_imperator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TapimpDB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tapejara wellnhoferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejara_wellnhoferi"},{"link_name":"Sinopterus dongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopterus_dongi"},{"link_name":"Eopteranodon lii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eopteranodon_lii"},{"link_name":"Huaxiapterus corollatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus_corollatus"},{"link_name":"Huaxiapterus benxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus_benxiensis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holgado2019-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mimodactylus-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellner2019-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"cladogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogram"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kellner2019-8"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteridae"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripterus weii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripterus_weii"},{"link_name":"Noripterus parvus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noripterus_parvus"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchoidea"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchidae"},{"link_name":"Azhdarcho lancicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarcho_lancicollis"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quetzalcoatlus07.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zhejiangopterus linhaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiangopterus_linhaiensis"},{"link_name":"Chaoyangopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangopteridae"},{"link_name":"Chaoyangopterus zhangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangopterus_zhangi"},{"link_name":"Jidapterus edentus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidapterus_edentus"},{"link_name":"Shenzhoupterus chaoyangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhoupterus_chaoyangensis"},{"link_name":"Tapejaromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaromorpha"},{"link_name":"Keresdrakon vilsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keresdrakon_vilsoni"},{"link_name":"Tapejaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaridae"},{"link_name":"Thalassodrominae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodrominae"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromeus sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromeus_sethi"},{"link_name":"Tupuxuara leonardii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupuxuara_leonardii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tupux_longDB2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tapejarinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejarinae"},{"link_name":"Caupedactylus ybaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caupedactylus_ybaka"},{"link_name":"Aymberedactylus cearensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymberedactylus_cearensis"},{"link_name":"Eopteranodon lii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eopteranodon_lii"},{"link_name":"\"Huaxiapterus\" benxiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus"},{"link_name":"\"Huaxiapterus\" corollatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus"},{"link_name":"Sinopterus dongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopterus_dongi"},{"link_name":"Tapejarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejarini"},{"link_name":"Europejara olcadesorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europejara_olcadesorum"},{"link_name":"Caiuajara dobruskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiuajara_dobruskii"},{"link_name":"Tapejara wellnhoferi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejara_wellnhoferi"},{"link_name":"Tupandactylus imperator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupandactylus_imperator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TapimpDB.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P%C3%AAgas2021-10"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripteridae"},{"link_name":"Dsungaripterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dsungaripterus"},{"link_name":"Noripterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noripterus"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchoidea"},{"link_name":"Tapejaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejaridae"},{"link_name":"Thalassodrominae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodrominae"},{"link_name":"Tupuxuara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupuxuara"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromeus oberlii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banguela"},{"link_name":"Thalassodromeus sethi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassodromeus_sethi"},{"link_name":"Tapejarinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejarinae"},{"link_name":"Aymberedactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymberedactylus"},{"link_name":"Caupedactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caupedactylus"},{"link_name":"Bakonydraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonydraco"},{"link_name":"Huaxiapterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus"},{"link_name":"corollatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaxiapterus"},{"link_name":"Eopteranodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eopteranodon"},{"link_name":"Sinopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinopterus"},{"link_name":"Europejara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europejara"},{"link_name":"Tupandactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupandactylus"},{"link_name":"Caiuajara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiuajara"},{"link_name":"Tapejara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapejara_wellnhoferi"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchomorpha"},{"link_name":"Alanqidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanqidae"},{"link_name":"Alanqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanqa"},{"link_name":"Keresdrakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keresdrakon"},{"link_name":"Chaoyangopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangopteridae"},{"link_name":"Shenzhoupterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhoupterus"},{"link_name":"Argentinadraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinadraco"},{"link_name":"Xericeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xericeps"},{"link_name":"Chaoyangopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoyangopterus"},{"link_name":"Jidapterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidapterus"},{"link_name":"Lacusovagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacusovagus"},{"link_name":"Radiodactylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodactylus"},{"link_name":"Azhdarchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarchidae"},{"link_name":"Eurazhdarcho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurazhdarcho"},{"link_name":"Aralazhdarcho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aralazhdarcho"},{"link_name":"Phosphatodraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatodraco"},{"link_name":"Zhejiangopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiangopterus"},{"link_name":"Azhdarcho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azhdarcho"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatlinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlinae"},{"link_name":"Cryodrakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryodrakon"},{"link_name":"Quetzalcoatlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatlus"},{"link_name":"Albadraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albadraco"},{"link_name":"Hatzegopteryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatzegopteryx"},{"link_name":"Aerotitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerotitan"},{"link_name":"Arambourgiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambourgiania"},{"link_name":"Mistralazhdarcho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistralazhdarcho"}],"text":"Tapejaroidea was named by paleontologist Alexander Kellner from Brazil in 1996,[2][3] and in 2003 it was given a phylogenetic definition by Kellner himself as the most recent common ancestor of Dsungaripterus, Tapejara and Quetzalcoatlus, and all their descendants. Tapejaroidea, in Kellner's 2003 study, was recovered as the sister taxon of the Pteranodontoidea, both within the group Ornithocheiroidea, and consisting of the groups Dsungaripteridae and Azhdarchoidea.[4] However, in a phylogenetic analysis made by Jaime Headden and Hebert Bruno Nascimento Campos in 2014, Tapejaroidea was recovered within the Azhdarchoidea, as a clade comprising the families Tapejaridae and Thalassodromidae.[5] The cladogram of their analysis is shown below:Azhdarchoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBanguela oberlii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripterus weii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNoripterus complicidens\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNeoazhdarchia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopterus zhangi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShenzhoupterus chaoyangensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuetzalcoatlus sp.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarcho lancicollis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZhejiangopterus linhaiensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupuxuara leonardii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromeus sethi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupandactylus imperator\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejara wellnhoferi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinopterus dongi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEopteranodon lii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHuaxiapterus corollatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHuaxiapterus benxiensisMore recently, the original definition of Tapejaroidea has been used in a number of phylogenetic analyses conducted in 2019 and 2020, meaning that Tapejaroidea and Pteranodontoidea were once again recovered as the sister taxa and within the larger Ornithocheiroidea.[6][7][8][9] The cladogram below represents the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Kellner and colleagues in 2019, where they recovered Tapejaroidea as the more inclusive group containing both the Dsungaripteridae and the Azhdarchoidea.[8]Tapejaroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripterus weii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNoripterus parvus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarcho lancicollis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuetzalcoatlus sp.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZhejiangopterus linhaiensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopterus zhangi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJidapterus edentus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShenzhoupterus chaoyangensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaromorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKeresdrakon vilsoni\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodrominae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromeus sethi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupuxuara leonardii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejarinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaupedactylus ybaka\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAymberedactylus cearensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEopteranodon lii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Huaxiapterus\" benxiensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Huaxiapterus\" corollatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinopterus dongi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejarini\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEuropejara olcadesorum\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaiuajara dobruskii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejara wellnhoferi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupandactylus imperatorIn 2021, Pêgas et al. named and officially registered two new clades: Azhdarchomorpha, the most inclusive clade containing Azhdarcho but not Tapejara or Thalassodromeus, and Alanqidae, containing Alanqa but not Chaoyangopterus or Azhdarcho. Their phylogeny is shown below:[10]Tapejaroidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDsungaripterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNoripterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchoidea\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejaridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodrominae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupuxuara\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromeus oberlii\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThalassodromeus sethi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejarinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAymberedactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaupedactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBakonydraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Huaxiapterus\" corollatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEopteranodon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinopterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEuropejara\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTupandactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCaiuajara\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTapejara\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchomorpha\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlanqidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlanqa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKeresdrakon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopteridae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShenzhoupterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArgentinadraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nXericeps\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nChaoyangopterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJidapterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLacusovagus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRadiodactylus\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarchidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEurazhdarcho\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAralazhdarcho\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPhosphatodraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZhejiangopterus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAzhdarcho\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuetzalcoatlinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCryodrakon\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nQuetzalcoatlus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlbadraco\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHatzegopteryx\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAerotitan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArambourgiania\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMistralazhdarcho","title":"Classification"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Unwin, David M.; Heinrich, Wolf-Dieter (1999). \"On a pterosaur jaw from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)\". Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe. 2: 121–134.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_M._Unwin&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Unwin, David M."}]},{"reference":"Kellner, A.W.A. (1996). \"Description of new material of Tapejaridae and Anhangueridae (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) and discussion of pterosaur phylogeny\". Columbia University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buffetaut, Eric; Mazin, Jean-Michel (2003). Evolution and Palaeobiology of pterosaurs. Geological Society of London. ISBN 9781862391437.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781862391437","url_text":"9781862391437"}]},{"reference":"Kellner, A. W. A. (2003). \"Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group\". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 217 (1): 105–137. Bibcode:2003GSLSP.217..105K. doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10. S2CID 128892642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kellner","url_text":"Kellner, A. W. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GSLSP.217..105K","url_text":"2003GSLSP.217..105K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2003.217.01.10","url_text":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128892642","url_text":"128892642"}]},{"reference":"Jaime A. Headden and Hebert B.N. Campos (2014). \"An unusual edentulous pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Romualdo Formation of Brazil\". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 27 (7): 815–826. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.904302. S2CID 129306469.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2014.904302","url_text":"10.1080/08912963.2014.904302"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129306469","url_text":"129306469"}]},{"reference":"Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Caldwell, Michael W.; Holgado, Borja; Vecchia, Fabio M. Dalla; Nohra, Roy; Sayão, Juliana M.; Currie, Philip J. (2019). \"First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity\". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 17875. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z. PMC 6884559. PMID 31784545.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884559","url_text":"\"First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-54042-z","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884559","url_text":"6884559"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784545","url_text":"31784545"}]},{"reference":"Kellner, Alexander W. A.; Weinschütz, Luiz C.; Holgado, Borja; Bantim, Renan A. M.; Sayão, Juliana M. (19 August 2019). \"A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert\". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 91 (suppl 2): e20190768. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920190768. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 31432888.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201920190768","url_text":"\"A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201920190768","url_text":"10.1590/0001-3765201920190768"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-3765","url_text":"0001-3765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31432888","url_text":"31432888"}]},{"reference":"Jiang, Shun-Xing; Zhang, Xin-Jun; Cheng, Xin; Wang, Xiao-Lin (2020). \"A new pteranodontoid pterosaur forelimb from the upper Yixian Formation, with a revision of Yixianopterus jingangshanensis\". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.201124","url_text":"10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201124"}]},{"reference":"Pêgas, R.V.; Holgado, B.; Ortiz David, L.D.; Baiano, M.A.; Costa, F.R. (August 21, 2021). \"On the pterosaur Aerotitan sudamericanus (Neuquén Basin, Upper Cretaceous of Argentina), with comments on azhdarchoid phylogeny and jaw anatomy\". Cretaceous Research. 129: Article 104998. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104998. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 238725853.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121002469","url_text":"\"On the pterosaur Aerotitan sudamericanus (Neuquén Basin, Upper Cretaceous of Argentina), with comments on azhdarchoid phylogeny and jaw anatomy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104998","url_text":"10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671","url_text":"0195-6671"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238725853","url_text":"238725853"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003GSLSP.217..105K","external_links_name":"2003GSLSP.217..105K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.SP.2003.217.01.10","external_links_name":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.217.01.10"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128892642","external_links_name":"128892642"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2014.904302","external_links_name":"10.1080/08912963.2014.904302"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129306469","external_links_name":"129306469"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-41280-4","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-019-41280-4"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884559","external_links_name":"\"First complete pterosaur from the Afro-Arabian continent: insight into pterodactyloid diversity\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-54042-z","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-019-54042-z"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6884559","external_links_name":"6884559"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31784545","external_links_name":"31784545"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201920190768","external_links_name":"\"A new toothless pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) from Southern Brazil with insights into the paleoecology of a Cretaceous desert\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F0001-3765201920190768","external_links_name":"10.1590/0001-3765201920190768"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-3765","external_links_name":"0001-3765"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31432888","external_links_name":"31432888"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.201124","external_links_name":"10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.201124"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667121002469","external_links_name":"\"On the pterosaur Aerotitan sudamericanus (Neuquén Basin, Upper Cretaceous of Argentina), with comments on azhdarchoid phylogeny and jaw anatomy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2021.104998","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104998"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0195-6671","external_links_name":"0195-6671"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238725853","external_links_name":"238725853"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=96506","external_links_name":"96506"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Humanities_Quarterly | Digital Humanities Quarterly | ["1 Editorial policy","2 References","3 External links"] | Academic journalDigital Humanities QuarterlyDisciplineHumanitiesLanguageEnglishEdited byJulia FlandersPublication detailsHistory2007–presentPublisherAlliance of Digital Humanities OrganizationsFrequencyQuarterlyOpen accessYesLicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0Standard abbreviationsISO 4 (alt) · Bluebook (alt1 · alt2)NLM (alt) · MathSciNet (alt )ISO 4Digit. Humanit. Q.IndexingCODEN (alt · alt2) · JSTOR (alt) · LCCN (alt)MIAR · NLM (alt) · ScopusISSN1938-4122LCCN2007214388OCLC no.122912409Links
Journal homepage
Digital Humanities Quarterly is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering all aspects of digital media in the humanities. The journal is also a community experiment in journal publication.
The journal is funded and published by the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations and its editor-in-chief is Julia Flanders.
Editorial policy
Digital Humanities Quarterly has been noted among the "few interesting attempts to peer review born-digital scholarship." Having emerged from a desire to disseminate digital humanities practices to the wider arts and humanities community and beyond, the journal is committed to open access and open standards to deliver journal content, publishing under a Creative Commons license. It develops translation services and multilingual reviews in keeping with the international character of the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations.
The journal aims to heighten the visibility and acceptance of digital humanities with reviews that are modeled on traditional book reviews but focus on digital projects, providing assessments of "software tools, sites, other kinds of innovations that need the same kind of critical scrutiny and benefit from the same kind of contextualizing review that a traditional book review offers."
References
^ a b "Digital Humanities". Digital Library Federation. Archived from the original on 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
^ Vanhoutte, Edward (2011-04-01). "Editorial". Literary and Linguistic Computing. 26 (1): 3–4. doi:10.1093/llc/fqr002.
^ a b Howard, Jennifer (2010-05-23). "Hot Type: No Reviews of Digital Scholarship = No Respect". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved 2011-07-12.
^ Katz, Stan (2010-05-31). "Reviewing Digital Scholarship". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2011-07-13.
^ Archer, Dawn (2008-04-01). "Digital Humanities 2006: When Two Became Many". Literary and Linguistic Computing. 23 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1093/llc/fqm037.
^ "About DHQ". Digital Humanities Quarterly. Retrieved 2011-03-31.
External links
Official website
This article about a humanities journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"open-access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"academic journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal"},{"link_name":"digital media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_media"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-diglib-1"},{"link_name":"Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Digital_Humanities_Organizations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howard-3"}],"text":"Digital Humanities Quarterly is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal covering all aspects of digital media in the humanities. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah_(disambiguation) | Azariah | ["1 Other people named Azariah","2 References","3 See also"] | Azariah (Hebrew: עֲזַרְיָה ‘Ǎzaryāh, "Yah has helped") is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish history, including:
Abednego, the new name given to Azariah who is the companion of Daniel, Hananiah, and Mishael in the Book of Daniel (Daniel 1:6–7)
Azariah (guardian angel), the name given Raphael as companion of Tobias in the Book of Tobit.
Azariah, the guardian angel of Maria Valtorta to whom one of her handwritten books is dedicated
Azariah (prophet), a prophet (2 Chronicles 15:1–8)
Azariah (high priest) high priest of Israel (1 Kings 4:2)
Azariah II, another high priest, in the reign of Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:17–20)
Eleazar ben Azariah, the Mishnaic sage
Uzziah, King of Judah, also known as Azariah
Two "commanders of the hundreds" who formed part of Jehoiada's campaign to restore the kingship to Joash in 2 Chronicles 23: Azariah, son of Jeroham and Azariah son of Obed.
Other people named Azariah
Azariah Flagg (1790–1873), New York politician
Azariah S. Partridge (1834–1901), Michigan state representative
Azariah Wart (1822–1900), New York assemblyman
Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah (1874–1945), Anglican bishop of Dornakal, India
References
^ 2 Chronicles 23:1
See also
Azaria (surname)
Azarian (surname)
Azaryan (surname)
Azarias (given name)
Ben Azariah (disambiguation)
Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abednego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abednego"},{"link_name":"Daniel 1:6–7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%201:6%E2%80%937"},{"link_name":"Azariah (guardian angel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah_(guardian_angel)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"Tobias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias"},{"link_name":"Book of Tobit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Tobit"},{"link_name":"Azariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Azariah"},{"link_name":"Maria Valtorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Valtorta"},{"link_name":"Azariah (prophet)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah_(prophet)"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 15:1–8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2015:1%E2%80%938"},{"link_name":"Azariah (high priest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah_(high_priest)"},{"link_name":"high priest of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"1 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Kings"},{"link_name":"4:2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%204:2"},{"link_name":"Azariah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah_II"},{"link_name":"Uzziah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah"},{"link_name":"2 Chronicles 26:17–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2026:17%E2%80%9320"},{"link_name":"Eleazar ben Azariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Azariah"},{"link_name":"Mishnaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah"},{"link_name":"Uzziah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah"},{"link_name":"Jehoiada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiada"},{"link_name":"Joash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Abednego, the new name given to Azariah who is the companion of Daniel, Hananiah, and Mishael in the Book of Daniel (Daniel 1:6–7)\nAzariah (guardian angel), the name given Raphael as companion of Tobias in the Book of Tobit.\nAzariah, the guardian angel of Maria Valtorta to whom one of her handwritten books is dedicated\nAzariah (prophet), a prophet (2 Chronicles 15:1–8)\nAzariah (high priest) high priest of Israel (1 Kings 4:2)\nAzariah II, another high priest, in the reign of Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:17–20)\nEleazar ben Azariah, the Mishnaic sage\nUzziah, King of Judah, also known as Azariah\nTwo \"commanders of the hundreds\" who formed part of Jehoiada's campaign to restore the kingship to Joash in 2 Chronicles 23: Azariah, son of Jeroham and Azariah son of Obed.[1]","title":"Azariah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Azariah Flagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azariah_Flagg"},{"link_name":"Azariah S. 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Partridge (1834–1901), Michigan state representative\nAzariah Wart (1822–1900), New York assemblyman\nVedanayagam Samuel Azariah (1874–1945), Anglican bishop of Dornakal, India","title":"Other people named Azariah"}] | [] | [{"title":"Azaria (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaria_(surname)"},{"title":"Azarian (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarian"},{"title":"Azaryan (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaryan"},{"title":"Azarias (given name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azarias"},{"title":"Ben Azariah (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Azariah_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_of_Azariah_and_Song_of_the_Three_Holy_Children"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Azariah&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Daniel%201:6%E2%80%937","external_links_name":"Daniel 1:6–7"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2015:1%E2%80%938","external_links_name":"2 Chronicles 15:1–8"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Kings%204:2","external_links_name":"4:2"},{"Link":"https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Chronicles%2026:17%E2%80%9320","external_links_name":"2 Chronicles 26:17–20"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Chronicles%2023:1&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"2 Chronicles 23:1"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Azariah&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-input_multiple-output_system | MIMO | ["1 History","1.1 Early research","1.2 Invention","1.3 Standards and commercialization","2 Functions","3 Forms","3.1 Multi-antenna types","3.2 Multi-user types","4 Applications","5 Mathematical description","6 MIMO detection","7 Testing","8 Literature","8.1 Principal researchers","8.2 Diversity–multiplexing tradeoff","8.3 Other applications","8.4 Sampling theory in MIMO systems","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Use of multiple antennas in radio
This article is about wireless communication. For other uses, see MIMO (disambiguation).
Parts of this article (those related to 5G) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2019)
MIMO exploits multipath propagation to multiply link capacity.
Part of a series onAntennas
Common types
Dipole
Fractal
Loop
Monopole
Satellite dish
Television
Whip
Components
Balun
Block upconverter
Coaxial cable
Counterpoise (ground system)
Feed
Feed line
Low-noise block downconverter
Passive radiator
Receiver
Rotator
Stub
Transmitter
Tuner
Twin-lead
Systems
Antenna farm
Amateur radio
Cellular network
Hotspot
Municipal wireless network
Radio
Radio masts and towers
Wi-Fi
Wireless
Safety and regulation
Wireless device radiation and health
Wireless electronic devices and health
International Telecommunication Union(Radio Regulations)
World Radiocommunication Conference
Radiation sources / regions
Boresight
Focal cloud
Ground plane
Main lobe
Near and far field
Side lobe
Vertical plane
Characteristics
Array gain
Directivity
Efficiency
Electrical length
Equivalent radius
Factor
Friis transmission equation
Gain
Height
Radiation pattern
Radiation resistance
Radio propagation
Radio spectrum
Signal-to-noise ratio
Spurious emission
Techniques
Beam steering
Beam tilt
Beamforming
Small cell
Bell Laboratories LayeredSpace-Time (BLAST)
Massive Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
Reconfiguration
Spread spectrum
Wideband Space DivisionMultiple Access (WSDMA)
vte
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) (/ˈmaɪmoʊ, ˈmiːmoʊ/) is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). More recently, MIMO has been applied to power-line communication for three-wire installations as part of the ITU G.hn standard and of the HomePlug AV2 specification.
At one time, in wireless the term "MIMO" referred to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. In modern usage, "MIMO" specifically refers to a class of techniques for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting the difference in signal propagation between different antennas (e.g. due to multipath propagation). Additionally, modern MIMO usage often refers to multiple data signals sent to different receivers (with one or more receive antennas) though this is more accurately termed multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO).
History
Early research
MIMO is often traced back to 1970s research papers concerning multi-channel digital transmission systems and interference (crosstalk) between wire pairs in a cable bundle: AR Kaye and DA George (1970), Branderburg and Wyner (1974), and W. van Etten (1975, 1976). Although these are not examples of exploiting multipath propagation to send multiple information streams, some of the mathematical techniques for dealing with mutual interference proved useful to MIMO development. In the mid-1980s Jack Salz at Bell Laboratories took this research a step further, investigating multi-user systems operating over "mutually cross-coupled linear networks with additive noise sources" such as time-division multiplexing and dually-polarized radio systems.
Methods were developed to improve the performance of cellular radio networks and enable more aggressive frequency reuse in the early 1990s. Space-division multiple access (SDMA) uses directional or smart antennas to communicate on the same frequency with users in different locations within range of the same base station. An SDMA system was proposed by Richard Roy and Björn Ottersten, researchers at ArrayComm, in 1991. Their US patent (No. 5515378 issued in 1996) describes a method for increasing capacity using "an array of receiving antennas at the base station" with a "plurality of remote users."
Invention
Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed an SDMA-based inverse multiplexing technique in 1993. Their US patent (No. 5,345,599 issued in 1994) described a method of broadcasting at high data rates by splitting a high-rate signal "into several low-rate signals" to be transmitted from "spatially separated transmitters" and recovered by the receive antenna array based on differences in "directions-of-arrival." Paulraj was awarded the prestigious Marconi Prize in 2014 for "his pioneering contributions to developing the theory and applications of MIMO antennas. ... His idea for using multiple antennas at both the transmitting and receiving stations – which is at the heart of the current high speed WiFi and 4G mobile systems – has revolutionized high speed wireless."
In an April 1996 paper and subsequent patent, Greg Raleigh proposed that natural multipath propagation can be exploited to transmit multiple, independent information streams using co-located antennas and multi-dimensional signal processing. The paper also identified practical solutions for modulation (MIMO-OFDM), coding, synchronization, and channel estimation. Later that year (September 1996) Gerard J. Foschini submitted a paper that also suggested it is possible to multiply the capacity of a wireless link using what the author described as "layered space-time architecture."
Greg Raleigh, V. K. Jones, and Michael Pollack founded Clarity Wireless in 1996, and built and field-tested a prototype MIMO system. Cisco Systems acquired Clarity Wireless in 1998. Bell Labs built a laboratory prototype demonstrating its V-BLAST (Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) technology in 1998. Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Iospan Wireless in late 1998 to develop MIMO-OFDM products. Iospan was acquired by Intel in 2003. Neither Clarity Wireless nor Iospan Wireless shipped MIMO-OFDM products before being acquired.
Standards and commercialization
See also: MIMO technology in WiMAX and MIMO technology in 3G mobile standards
MIMO technology has been standardized for wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone networks, and 4G mobile phone networks and is now in widespread commercial use. Greg Raleigh and V. K. Jones founded Airgo Networks in 2001 to develop MIMO-OFDM chipsets for wireless LANs. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created a task group in late 2003 to develop a wireless LAN standard delivering at least 100 Mbit/s of user data throughput. There were two major competing proposals: TGn Sync was backed by companies including Intel and Philips, and WWiSE was supported by companies including Airgo Networks, Broadcom, and Texas Instruments. Both groups agreed that the 802.11n standard would be based on MIMO-OFDM with 20 MHz and 40 MHz channel options. TGn Sync, WWiSE, and a third proposal (MITMOT, backed by Motorola and Mitsubishi) were merged to create what was called the Joint Proposal. In 2004, Airgo became the first company to ship MIMO-OFDM products. Qualcomm acquired Airgo Networks in late 2006. The final 802.11n standard supported speeds up to 600 Mbit/s (using four simultaneous data streams) and was published in late 2009.
Surendra Babu Mandava and Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Beceem Communications in 2004 to produce MIMO-OFDM chipsets for WiMAX. The company was acquired by Broadcom in 2010. WiMAX was developed as an alternative to cellular standards, is based on the 802.16e standard, and uses MIMO-OFDM to deliver speeds up to 138 Mbit/s. The more advanced 802.16m standard enables download speeds up to 1 Gbit/s. A nationwide WiMAX network was built in the United States by Clearwire, a subsidiary of Sprint-Nextel, covering 130 million points of presence (PoPs) by mid-2012. Sprint subsequently announced plans to deploy LTE (the cellular 4G standard) covering 31 cities by mid-2013 and to shut down its WiMAX network by the end of 2015.
The first 4G cellular standard was proposed by NTT DoCoMo in 2004. Long term evolution (LTE) is based on MIMO-OFDM and continues to be developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up to 300 Mbit/s, uplink rates up to 75 Mbit/s, and quality of service parameters such as low latency. LTE Advanced adds support for picocells, femtocells, and multi-carrier channels up to 100 MHz wide. LTE has been embraced by both GSM/UMTS and CDMA operators.
The first LTE services were launched in Oslo and Stockholm by TeliaSonera in 2009. As of 2015, there were more than 360 LTE networks in 123 countries operational with approximately 373 million connections (devices).
Functions
MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories: precoding, spatial multiplexing (SM), and diversity coding.
Precoding is multi-stream beamforming, in the narrowest definition. In more general terms, it is considered to be all spatial processing that occurs at the transmitter. In (single-stream) beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase and gain weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the received signal gain – by making signals emitted from different antennas add up constructively – and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In line-of-sight propagation, beamforming results in a well-defined directional pattern. However, conventional beams are not a good analogy in cellular networks, which are mainly characterized by multipath propagation. When the receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas, and precoding with multiple streams is often beneficial. Precoding requires knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and the receiver.
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high-rate signal is split into multiple lower-rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures and the receiver has accurate CSI, it can separate these streams into (almost) parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser of the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used without CSI at the transmitter, but can be combined with precoding if CSI is available. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, known as space–division multiple access or multi-user MIMO, in which case CSI is required at the transmitter. The scheduling of receivers with different spatial signatures allows good separability.
Diversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding.
Diversity coding can be combined with spatial multiplexing when some channel knowledge is available at the receiver.
Forms
Example of an antenna for LTE with two-port antenna diversity
Multi-antenna types
Multi-antenna MIMO (or single-user MIMO) technology has been developed and implemented in some standards, e.g., 802.11n products.
SISO/SIMO/MISO are special cases of MIMO.
Multiple-input single-output (MISO) is a special case when the receiver has a single antenna.
Single-input multiple-output (SIMO) is a special case when the transmitter has a single antenna.
Single-input single-output (SISO) is a conventional radio system where neither transmitter nor receiver has multiple antennas.
Principal single-user MIMO techniques
Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST), Gerard. J. Foschini (1996)
Per Antenna Rate Control (PARC), Varanasi, Guess (1998), Chung, Huang, Lozano (2001)
Selective Per Antenna Rate Control (SPARC), Ericsson (2004)
Some limitations
The physical antenna spacing is selected to be large; multiple wavelengths at the base station. The antenna separation at the receiver is heavily space-constrained in handsets, though advanced antenna design and algorithm techniques are under discussion. Refer to: multi-user MIMO
Multi-user types
Main article: Multi-user MIMO
Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)
In recent 3GPP and WiMAX standards, MU-MIMO is being treated as one of the candidate technologies adoptable in the specification by a number of companies, including Samsung, Intel, Qualcomm, Ericsson, TI, Huawei, Philips, Nokia, and Freescale. For these and other firms active in the mobile hardware market, MU-MIMO is more feasible for low-complexity cell phones with a small number of reception antennas, whereas single-user SU-MIMO's higher per-user throughput is better suited to more complex user devices with more antennas.
Enhanced multiuser MIMO: 1) Employs advanced decoding techniques, 2) Employs advanced precoding techniques
SDMA represents either space-division multiple access or super-division multiple access where super emphasises that orthogonal division such as frequency- and time-division is not used but non-orthogonal approaches such as superposition coding are used.
Cooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)
Uses multiple neighboring base stations to jointly transmit/receive data to/from users. As a result, neighboring base stations don't cause intercell interference as in the conventional MIMO systems.
Macrodiversity MIMO
A form of space diversity scheme which uses multiple transmit or receive base stations for communicating coherently with single or multiple users which are possibly distributed in the coverage area, in the same time and frequency resource.
The transmitters are far apart in contrast to traditional microdiversity MIMO schemes such as single-user MIMO. In a multi-user macrodiversity MIMO scenario, users may also be far apart. Therefore, every constituent link in the virtual MIMO link has distinct average link SNR. This difference is mainly due to the different long-term channel impairments such as path loss and shadow fading which are experienced by different links.
Macrodiversity MIMO schemes pose unprecedented theoretical and practical challenges. Among many theoretical challenges, perhaps the most fundamental challenge is to understand how the different average link SNRs affect the overall system capacity and individual user performance in fading environments.
MIMO routing
Routing a cluster by a cluster in each hop, where the number of nodes in each cluster is larger or equal to one. MIMO routing is different from conventional (SISO) routing since conventional routing protocols route node-by-node in each hop.
Massive MIMO (mMIMO)
A technology where the number of terminals is much less than the number of base station (mobile station) antennas. In a rich scattering environment, the full advantages of the massive MIMO system can be exploited using simple beamforming strategies such as maximum ratio transmission (MRT), maximum ratio-combining (MRC) or zero forcing (ZF). To achieve these benefits of massive MIMO, accurate CSI must be available perfectly. However, in practice, the channel between the transmitter and receiver is estimated from orthogonal pilot sequences which are limited by the coherence time of the channel. Most importantly, in a multicell setup, the reuse of pilot sequences of several co-channel cells will create pilot contamination. When there is pilot contamination, the performance of massive MIMO degrades quite drastically. To alleviate the effect of pilot contamination, Tadilo E. Bogale and Long B. Le propose a simple pilot assignment and channel estimation method from limited training sequences. However, in 2018, research by Emil Björnson, Jakob Hoydis, and Luca Sanguinetti was published which shows that pilot contamination is solvable and that the capacity of a channel can always be increased, both in theory and in practice, by increasing the number of antennas.
Holographic MIMO
Another recent technology is holographic MIMO to realize high energy and spectral efficiency with very high spatial resolution. Holographic MIMO is a key conceptual key enabler that is recently gaining increasing popularity, because of its low-cost transformative wireless structure consisting of sub-wavelength metallic or dielectric scattering particles, which is capable of deforming electromagnetic wave properties, according to some desirable objectives.
Applications
See also: Cooperative MIMO
Third Generation (3G) (CDMA and UMTS) allows for implementing space-time transmit diversity schemes, in combination with transmit beamforming at base stations. Fourth Generation (4G) LTE And LTE Advanced define very advanced air interfaces extensively relying on MIMO techniques. LTE primarily focuses on single-link MIMO relying on Spatial Multiplexing and space-time coding while LTE-Advanced further extends the design to multi-user MIMO. In wireless local area networks (WLAN), the IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), MIMO technology is implemented in the standard using three different techniques: antenna selection, space-time coding and possibly beamforming.
Spatial multiplexing techniques make the receivers very complex, and therefore they are typically combined with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or with orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by a multi-path channel are handled efficiently. The IEEE 802.16e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDMA. The IEEE 802.11n standard, released in October 2009, recommends MIMO-OFDM.
MIMO is also planned to be used in mobile radio telephone standards such as recent 3GPP and 3GPP2. In 3GPP, High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular environments, MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).
MIMO wireless communications architectures and processing techniques can be applied to sensing problems. This is studied in a sub-discipline called MIMO radar.
MIMO technology can be used in non-wireless communications systems. One example is the home networking standard ITU-T G.9963, which defines a powerline communications system that uses MIMO techniques to transmit multiple signals over multiple AC wires (phase, neutral and ground).
Mathematical description
MIMO channel model
In MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of all
N
t
N
r
{\displaystyle N_{t}N_{r}}
paths between the
N
t
{\displaystyle N_{t}}
transmit antennas at the transmitter and
N
r
{\displaystyle N_{r}}
receive antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original information. A narrowband flat fading MIMO system is modeled as:
y
=
H
x
+
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} =\mathbf {H} \mathbf {x} +\mathbf {n} }
where
y
{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }
and
x
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively, and
H
{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }
and
n
{\displaystyle \mathbf {n} }
are the channel matrix and the noise vector, respectively.
Ergodic closed-loop (channel is known, perfect CSI) and ergodic open-loop (channel is unknown, no CSI) capacities. Number of transmit and receive antennas is 4 (
N
r
=
N
t
=
4
{\displaystyle N_{r}=N_{t}=4}
).
Referring to information theory, the ergodic channel capacity of MIMO systems where both the transmitter and the receiver have perfect instantaneous channel state information is
C
p
e
r
f
e
c
t
−
C
S
I
=
E
[
max
Q
;
tr
(
Q
)
≤
1
log
2
det
(
I
+
ρ
H
Q
H
H
)
]
=
E
[
log
2
det
(
I
+
ρ
D
S
D
)
]
{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {perfect-CSI} }=E\left=E\left}
where
(
)
H
{\displaystyle ()^{H}}
denotes Hermitian transpose and
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
is the ratio between transmit power and noise power (i.e., transmit SNR). The optimal signal covariance
Q
=
V
S
V
H
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} =\mathbf {VSV} ^{H}}
is achieved through singular value decomposition of the channel matrix
U
D
V
H
=
H
{\displaystyle \mathbf {UDV} ^{H}\,=\,\mathbf {H} }
and an optimal diagonal power allocation matrix
S
=
diag
(
s
1
,
…
,
s
min
(
N
t
,
N
r
)
,
0
,
…
,
0
)
{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} ={\textrm {diag}}(s_{1},\ldots ,s_{\min(N_{t},N_{r})},0,\ldots ,0)}
. The optimal power allocation is achieved through waterfilling, that is
s
i
=
(
μ
−
1
ρ
d
i
2
)
+
,
for
i
=
1
,
…
,
min
(
N
t
,
N
r
)
,
{\displaystyle s_{i}=\left(\mu -{\frac {1}{\rho d_{i}^{2}}}\right)^{+},\quad {\textrm {for}}\,\,i=1,\ldots ,\min(N_{t},N_{r}),}
where
d
1
,
…
,
d
min
(
N
t
,
N
r
)
{\displaystyle d_{1},\ldots ,d_{\min(N_{t},N_{r})}}
are the diagonal elements of
D
{\displaystyle \mathbf {D} }
,
(
⋅
)
+
{\displaystyle (\cdot )^{+}}
is zero if its argument is negative, and
μ
{\displaystyle \mu }
is selected such that
s
1
+
…
+
s
min
(
N
t
,
N
r
)
=
N
t
{\displaystyle s_{1}+\ldots +s_{\min(N_{t},N_{r})}=N_{t}}
.
If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the ergodic channel capacity will decrease as the signal covariance
Q
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} }
can only be optimized in terms of the average mutual information as
C
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
−
C
S
I
=
max
Q
E
[
log
2
det
(
I
+
ρ
H
Q
H
H
)
]
.
{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {statistical-CSI} }=\max _{\mathbf {Q} }E\left.}
The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the ergodic channel capacity with statistical information.
If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal covariance
Q
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} }
to maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which means
Q
=
1
/
N
t
I
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} =1/N_{t}\mathbf {I} }
and accordingly
C
n
o
−
C
S
I
=
E
[
log
2
det
(
I
+
ρ
N
t
H
H
H
)
]
.
{\displaystyle C_{\mathrm {no-CSI} }=E\left.}
Depending on the statistical properties of the channel, the ergodic capacity is no greater than
min
(
N
t
,
N
r
)
{\displaystyle \min(N_{t},N_{r})}
times larger than that of a SISO system.
MIMO detection
A fundamental problem in MIMO communication is estimating the transmit vector,
x
{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} }
, given the received vector,
y
{\displaystyle \mathbf {y} }
. This can be posed as a statistical detection problem, and addressed using a variety of techniques including zero-forcing, successive interference cancellation a.k.a. V-blast, Maximum likelihood estimation and recently, neural network MIMO detection. Such techniques commonly assume that the channel matrix
H
{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }
is known at the receiver. In practice, in communication systems, the transmitter sends a Pilot signal and the receiver learns the state of the channel (i.e.,
H
{\displaystyle \mathbf {H} }
) from the received signal
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
and the Pilot signal
X
{\displaystyle X}
. Recently, there are works on MIMO detection using Deep learning tools which have shown to work better than other methods such as zero-forcing.
Testing
MIMO signal testing focuses first on the transmitter/receiver system. The random phases of the sub-carrier signals can produce instantaneous power levels that cause the amplifier to compress, momentarily causing distortion and ultimately symbol errors. Signals with a high PAR (peak-to-average ratio) can cause amplifiers to compress unpredictably during transmission. OFDM signals are very dynamic and compression problems can be hard to detect because of their noise-like nature.
Knowing the quality of the signal channel is also critical. A channel emulator can simulate how a device performs at the cell edge, can add noise or can simulate what the channel looks like at speed. To fully qualify the performance of a receiver, a calibrated transmitter, such as a vector signal generator (VSG), and channel emulator can be used to test the receiver under a variety of different conditions. Conversely, the transmitter's performance under a number of different conditions can be verified using a channel emulator and a calibrated receiver, such as a vector signal analyzer (VSA).
Understanding the channel allows for manipulation of the phase and amplitude of each transmitter in order to form a beam. To correctly form a beam, the transmitter needs to understand the characteristics of the channel. This process is called channel sounding or channel estimation. A known signal is sent to the mobile device that enables it to build a picture of the channel environment. The mobile device sends back the channel characteristics to the transmitter. The transmitter can then apply the correct phase and amplitude adjustments to form a beam directed at the mobile device. This is called a closed-loop MIMO system. For beamforming, it is required to adjust the phases and amplitude of each transmitter. In a beamformer optimized for spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing, each antenna element simultaneously transmits a weighted combination of two data symbols.
Literature
Principal researchers
Papers by Gerard J. Foschini and Michael J. Gans, Foschini and Emre Telatar have shown that the channel capacity (a theoretical upper bound on system throughput) for a MIMO system is increased as the number of antennas is increased, proportional to the smaller of the number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas. This is known as the multiplexing gain and this basic finding in information theory is what led to a spurt of research in this area. Despite the simple propagation models used in the aforementioned seminal works, the multiplexing gain is a fundamental property that can be proved under almost any physical channel propagation model and with practical hardware that is prone to transceiver impairments.
A textbook by A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore has published an introduction to this area. There are many other principal textbooks available as well.
Diversity–multiplexing tradeoff
There exists a fundamental tradeoff between transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing gains in a MIMO system (Zheng and Tse, 2003). In particular, achieving high spatial multiplexing gains is of profound importance in modern wireless systems.
Other applications
Given the nature of MIMO, it is not limited to wireless communication. It can be used for wire line communication as well. For example, a new type of DSL technology (gigabit DSL) has been proposed based on binder MIMO channels.
Sampling theory in MIMO systems
An important question which attracts the attention of engineers and mathematicians is how to use the multi-output signals at the receiver to recover the multi-input signals at the transmitter. In Shang, Sun and Zhou (2007), sufficient and necessary conditions are established to guarantee the complete recovery of the multi-input signals.
See also
Telecommunication portalRadio portal
Antenna diversity
Beamforming
Channel bonding
Channel state information
Dirty paper coding
Duplex (telecommunications)
History of smart antennas
IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.16
Macrodiversity
MIMO-OFDM
Multi-user MIMO
Per-User Unitary Rate Control
Phased array
Precoding
Single-frequency network (SFN)
Smart antenna
Space–time block code
Space–time code
Spatial multiplexing
Wi-Fi
WiMAX MIMO
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^ David Tse; Pramod Viswanath (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless Communication. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Claude Oestges; Bruno Clerckx (2007). MIMO Wireless Communications: From Real-world Propagation to Space-time Code Design. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Ezio Biglieri; Robert Calderbank; Anthony Constantinides; Andrea Goldsmith; Arogyaswami Paulraj; H. Vincent Poor (2010). MIMO Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press.
^ L. Zheng & D. N. C. Tse (May 2003). "Diversity and multiplexing: A fundamental tradeoff in multiple-antenna channels". IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory. 49 (5): 1073–1096. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.127.4676. doi:10.1109/TIT.2003.810646.
^ A. Lozano & N. Jindal (2010). "Transmit diversity vs. spatial multiplexing in modern MIMO systems" (PDF). IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun. 9 (1): 186–197. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.156.8562. doi:10.1109/TWC.2010.01.081381. hdl:10230/16119. S2CID 13189670.
^ Z. Shang, W. Sun & X. Zhou (January 2007). "Vector sampling expansions in shift invariant subspaces". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 325 (2): 898–919. Bibcode:2007JMAA..325..898S. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.02.033.
External links
NIST UWB-MIMO Channel Propagation Measurements in the 2–8 GHz Spectrum Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Literature review of MIMO
Antenna and Wireless Multipath Virtual Channel Interaction | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIMO (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIMO_with_building.png"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"/ˈmaɪmoʊ, ˈmiːmoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"multipath propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"IEEE 802.11n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11n"},{"link_name":"IEEE 802.11ac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11ac"},{"link_name":"HSPA+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolved_HSPA"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"link_name":"Long Term Evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)"},{"link_name":"power-line communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-line_communication"},{"link_name":"G.hn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn"},{"link_name":"HomePlug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BERGU14-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"multipath propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation"}],"text":"This article is about wireless communication. For other uses, see MIMO (disambiguation).MIMO exploits multipath propagation to multiply link capacity.In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) (/ˈmaɪmoʊ, ˈmiːmoʊ/) is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation.[1][2] MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). More recently, MIMO has been applied to power-line communication for three-wire installations as part of the ITU G.hn standard and of the HomePlug AV2 specification.[3][4]At one time, in wireless the term \"MIMO\" referred to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. In modern usage, \"MIMO\" specifically refers to a class of techniques for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting the difference in signal propagation between different antennas (e.g. due to multipath propagation). Additionally, modern MIMO usage often refers to multiple data signals sent to different receivers (with one or more receive antennas) though this is more accurately termed multi-user multiple-input single-output (MU-MISO).","title":"MIMO"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Space-division multiple access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access"},{"link_name":"Björn Ottersten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Ottersten"},{"link_name":"ArrayComm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrayComm"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Early research","text":"MIMO is often traced back to 1970s research papers concerning multi-channel digital transmission systems and interference (crosstalk) between wire pairs in a cable bundle: AR Kaye and DA George (1970),[5] Branderburg and Wyner (1974),[6] and W. van Etten (1975, 1976).[7] Although these are not examples of exploiting multipath propagation to send multiple information streams, some of the mathematical techniques for dealing with mutual interference proved useful to MIMO development. In the mid-1980s Jack Salz at Bell Laboratories took this research a step further, investigating multi-user systems operating over \"mutually cross-coupled linear networks with additive noise sources\" such as time-division multiplexing and dually-polarized radio systems.[8]Methods were developed to improve the performance of cellular radio networks and enable more aggressive frequency reuse in the early 1990s. Space-division multiple access (SDMA) uses directional or smart antennas to communicate on the same frequency with users in different locations within range of the same base station. An SDMA system was proposed by Richard Roy and Björn Ottersten, researchers at ArrayComm, in 1991. Their US patent (No. 5515378 issued in 1996[9]) describes a method for increasing capacity using \"an array of receiving antennas at the base station\" with a \"plurality of remote users.\"","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arogyaswami Paulraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arogyaswami_Paulraj"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kailath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kailath"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marconi Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Prize"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Greg Raleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Raleigh"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"MIMO-OFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO-OFDM"},{"link_name":"Gerard J. Foschini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_J._Foschini"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Invention","text":"Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed an SDMA-based inverse multiplexing technique in 1993. Their US patent (No. 5,345,599 issued in 1994[10]) described a method of broadcasting at high data rates by splitting a high-rate signal \"into several low-rate signals\" to be transmitted from \"spatially separated transmitters\" and recovered by the receive antenna array based on differences in \"directions-of-arrival.\" Paulraj was awarded the prestigious Marconi Prize in 2014 for \"his pioneering contributions to developing the theory and applications of MIMO antennas. ... His idea for using multiple antennas at both the transmitting and receiving stations – which is at the heart of the current high speed WiFi and 4G mobile systems – has revolutionized high speed wireless.\"[11]In an April 1996 paper and subsequent patent, Greg Raleigh proposed that natural multipath propagation can be exploited to transmit multiple, independent information streams using co-located antennas and multi-dimensional signal processing.[12] The paper also identified practical solutions for modulation (MIMO-OFDM), coding, synchronization, and channel estimation. Later that year (September 1996) Gerard J. Foschini submitted a paper that also suggested it is possible to multiply the capacity of a wireless link using what the author described as \"layered space-time architecture.\"[13]Greg Raleigh, V. K. Jones, and Michael Pollack founded Clarity Wireless in 1996, and built and field-tested a prototype MIMO system.[14] Cisco Systems acquired Clarity Wireless in 1998.[15] Bell Labs built a laboratory prototype demonstrating its V-BLAST (Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time) technology in 1998.[16] Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Iospan Wireless in late 1998 to develop MIMO-OFDM products. Iospan was acquired by Intel in 2003.[17] Neither Clarity Wireless nor Iospan Wireless shipped MIMO-OFDM products before being acquired.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MIMO technology in WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO_technology_in_WiMAX"},{"link_name":"MIMO technology in 3G mobile standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO_technology_in_3G_mobile_standards"},{"link_name":"wireless LANs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"Airgo Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airgo_Networks"},{"link_name":"MIMO-OFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO-OFDM"},{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips"},{"link_name":"Broadcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcom"},{"link_name":"Texas Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"802.16e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.16e"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Clearwire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwire"},{"link_name":"Sprint-Nextel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint-Nextel"},{"link_name":"points of presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_presence"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"NTT DoCoMo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTT_DoCoMo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"3rd Generation Partnership Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Generation_Partnership_Project"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"LTE Advanced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_Advanced"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"TeliaSonera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeliaSonera"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Standards and commercialization","text":"See also: MIMO technology in WiMAX and MIMO technology in 3G mobile standardsMIMO technology has been standardized for wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone networks, and 4G mobile phone networks and is now in widespread commercial use. Greg Raleigh and V. K. Jones founded Airgo Networks in 2001 to develop MIMO-OFDM chipsets for wireless LANs. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) created a task group in late 2003 to develop a wireless LAN standard delivering at least 100 Mbit/s of user data throughput. There were two major competing proposals: TGn Sync was backed by companies including Intel and Philips, and WWiSE was supported by companies including Airgo Networks, Broadcom, and Texas Instruments. Both groups agreed that the 802.11n standard would be based on MIMO-OFDM with 20 MHz and 40 MHz channel options.[19] TGn Sync, WWiSE, and a third proposal (MITMOT, backed by Motorola and Mitsubishi) were merged to create what was called the Joint Proposal.[20] In 2004, Airgo became the first company to ship MIMO-OFDM products.[21] Qualcomm acquired Airgo Networks in late 2006.[22] The final 802.11n standard supported speeds up to 600 Mbit/s (using four simultaneous data streams) and was published in late 2009.[23]Surendra Babu Mandava and Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Beceem Communications in 2004 to produce MIMO-OFDM chipsets for WiMAX. The company was acquired by Broadcom in 2010.[24] WiMAX was developed as an alternative to cellular standards, is based on the 802.16e standard, and uses MIMO-OFDM to deliver speeds up to 138 Mbit/s. The more advanced 802.16m standard enables download speeds up to 1 Gbit/s.[25] A nationwide WiMAX network was built in the United States by Clearwire, a subsidiary of Sprint-Nextel, covering 130 million points of presence (PoPs) by mid-2012.[26] Sprint subsequently announced plans to deploy LTE (the cellular 4G standard) covering 31 cities by mid-2013[27] and to shut down its WiMAX network by the end of 2015.[28]The first 4G cellular standard was proposed by NTT DoCoMo in 2004.[29] Long term evolution (LTE) is based on MIMO-OFDM and continues to be developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE specifies downlink rates up to 300 Mbit/s, uplink rates up to 75 Mbit/s, and quality of service parameters such as low latency.[30] LTE Advanced adds support for picocells, femtocells, and multi-carrier channels up to 100 MHz wide. LTE has been embraced by both GSM/UMTS and CDMA operators.[31]The first LTE services were launched in Oslo and Stockholm by TeliaSonera in 2009.[32] As of 2015, there were more than 360 LTE networks in 123 countries operational with approximately 373 million connections (devices).[33]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding"},{"link_name":"spatial multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"diversity coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_Coding"},{"link_name":"Precoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding"},{"link_name":"beamforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming"},{"link_name":"line-of-sight propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation"},{"link_name":"multipath propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipath_propagation"},{"link_name":"channel state information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"},{"link_name":"Spatial multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"precoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding"},{"link_name":"space–division multiple access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Space%E2%80%93division_multiple_access&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"multi-user MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Diversity coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_coding"},{"link_name":"channel knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"},{"link_name":"space-time coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time_coding"},{"link_name":"array gain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_gain"}],"text":"MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories: precoding, spatial multiplexing (SM), and diversity coding.Precoding is multi-stream beamforming, in the narrowest definition. In more general terms, it is considered to be all spatial processing that occurs at the transmitter. In (single-stream) beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate phase and gain weighting such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver input. The benefits of beamforming are to increase the received signal gain – by making signals emitted from different antennas add up constructively – and to reduce the multipath fading effect. In line-of-sight propagation, beamforming results in a well-defined directional pattern. However, conventional beams are not a good analogy in cellular networks, which are mainly characterized by multipath propagation. When the receiver has multiple antennas, the transmit beamforming cannot simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive antennas, and precoding with multiple streams is often beneficial. Precoding requires knowledge of channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter and the receiver.Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In spatial multiplexing, a high-rate signal is split into multiple lower-rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial signatures and the receiver has accurate CSI, it can separate these streams into (almost) parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the lesser of the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver. Spatial multiplexing can be used without CSI at the transmitter, but can be combined with precoding if CSI is available. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, known as space–division multiple access or multi-user MIMO, in which case CSI is required at the transmitter.[34] The scheduling of receivers with different spatial signatures allows good separability.Diversity coding techniques are used when there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream (unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity. Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming or array gain from diversity coding.\nDiversity coding can be combined with spatial multiplexing when some channel knowledge is available at the receiver.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LteMimoAntennen.jpg"},{"link_name":"LTE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution"},{"link_name":"antenna diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_diversity"}],"text":"Example of an antenna for LTE with two-port antenna diversity","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-Input_and_Single-Output"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slyusar-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slyusar-35"},{"link_name":"Single-input single-output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-input_single-output"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Laboratories_Layered_Space-Time"},{"link_name":"wavelengths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelengths"},{"link_name":"multi-user MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO"}],"sub_title":"Multi-antenna types","text":"Multi-antenna MIMO (or single-user MIMO) technology has been developed and implemented in some standards, e.g., 802.11n products.SISO/SIMO/MISO are special cases of MIMO.\nMultiple-input single-output (MISO) is a special case when the receiver has a single antenna.[35]\nSingle-input multiple-output (SIMO) is a special case when the transmitter has a single antenna.[35]\nSingle-input single-output (SISO)[36] is a conventional radio system where neither transmitter nor receiver has multiple antennas.\nPrincipal single-user MIMO techniques\nBell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (BLAST), Gerard. J. Foschini (1996)\nPer Antenna Rate Control (PARC), Varanasi, Guess (1998), Chung, Huang, Lozano (2001)\nSelective Per Antenna Rate Control (SPARC), Ericsson (2004)\nSome limitations\nThe physical antenna spacing is selected to be large; multiple wavelengths at the base station. The antenna separation at the receiver is heavily space-constrained in handsets, though advanced antenna design and algorithm techniques are under discussion. Refer to: multi-user MIMO","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Multi-user MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO"},{"link_name":"3GPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP"},{"link_name":"WiMAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX"},{"link_name":"space-division multiple access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access"},{"link_name":"Cooperative MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMO"},{"link_name":"Macrodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrodiversity"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karakayali-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gesbert2010-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fnt2013-39"},{"link_name":"SNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basnayaka-40"},{"link_name":"routing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Multi-user types","text":"Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO)\nIn recent 3GPP and WiMAX standards, MU-MIMO is being treated as one of the candidate technologies adoptable in the specification by a number of companies, including Samsung, Intel, Qualcomm, Ericsson, TI, Huawei, Philips, Nokia, and Freescale. For these and other firms active in the mobile hardware market, MU-MIMO is more feasible for low-complexity cell phones with a small number of reception antennas, whereas single-user SU-MIMO's higher per-user throughput is better suited to more complex user devices with more antennas.\nEnhanced multiuser MIMO: 1) Employs advanced decoding techniques, 2) Employs advanced precoding techniques\nSDMA represents either space-division multiple access or super-division multiple access where super emphasises that orthogonal division such as frequency- and time-division is not used but non-orthogonal approaches such as superposition coding are used.\nCooperative MIMO (CO-MIMO)\nUses multiple neighboring base stations to jointly transmit/receive data to/from users. As a result, neighboring base stations don't cause intercell interference as in the conventional MIMO systems.\nMacrodiversity MIMO\nA form of space diversity scheme which uses multiple transmit or receive base stations for communicating coherently with single or multiple users which are possibly distributed in the coverage area, in the same time and frequency resource.[37][38][39]\nThe transmitters are far apart in contrast to traditional microdiversity MIMO schemes such as single-user MIMO. In a multi-user macrodiversity MIMO scenario, users may also be far apart. Therefore, every constituent link in the virtual MIMO link has distinct average link SNR. This difference is mainly due to the different long-term channel impairments such as path loss and shadow fading which are experienced by different links.\nMacrodiversity MIMO schemes pose unprecedented theoretical and practical challenges. Among many theoretical challenges, perhaps the most fundamental challenge is to understand how the different average link SNRs affect the overall system capacity and individual user performance in fading environments.[40]\nMIMO routing\nRouting a cluster by a cluster in each hop, where the number of nodes in each cluster is larger or equal to one. MIMO routing is different from conventional (SISO) routing since conventional routing protocols route node-by-node in each hop.[41]\nMassive MIMO (mMIMO)\nA technology where the number of terminals is much less than the number of base station (mobile station) antennas.[42] In a rich scattering environment, the full advantages of the massive MIMO system can be exploited using simple beamforming strategies such as maximum ratio transmission (MRT),[43] maximum ratio-combining (MRC)[44] or zero forcing (ZF). To achieve these benefits of massive MIMO, accurate CSI must be available perfectly. However, in practice, the channel between the transmitter and receiver is estimated from orthogonal pilot sequences which are limited by the coherence time of the channel. Most importantly, in a multicell setup, the reuse of pilot sequences of several co-channel cells will create pilot contamination. When there is pilot contamination, the performance of massive MIMO degrades quite drastically. To alleviate the effect of pilot contamination, Tadilo E. Bogale and Long B. Le[45] propose a simple pilot assignment and channel estimation method from limited training sequences. However, in 2018, research by Emil Björnson, Jakob Hoydis, and Luca Sanguinetti[46] was published which shows that pilot contamination is solvable and that the capacity of a channel can always be increased, both in theory and in practice, by increasing the number of antennas.\nHolographic MIMO\nAnother recent technology is holographic MIMO to realize high energy and spectral efficiency with very high spatial resolution.[47] Holographic MIMO is a key conceptual key enabler that is recently gaining increasing popularity, because of its low-cost transformative wireless structure consisting of sub-wavelength metallic or dielectric scattering particles, which is capable of deforming electromagnetic wave properties, according to some desirable objectives.[48]","title":"Forms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooperative MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_MIMO"},{"link_name":"Spatial Multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_Multiplexing"},{"link_name":"space-time coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-time_coding"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"orthogonal frequency-division multiple access","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiple_access"},{"link_name":"802.16e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/802.16e"},{"link_name":"mobile radio telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone"},{"link_name":"3GPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP"},{"link_name":"3GPP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP2"},{"link_name":"High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSPA%2B"},{"link_name":"Long Term Evolution (LTE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution"},{"link_name":"multi-user MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO"},{"link_name":"MIMO radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO_radar"},{"link_name":"ITU-T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T"},{"link_name":"G.9963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.9963"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BERGU14-3"}],"text":"See also: Cooperative MIMOThird Generation (3G) (CDMA and UMTS) allows for implementing space-time transmit diversity schemes, in combination with transmit beamforming at base stations. Fourth Generation (4G) LTE And LTE Advanced define very advanced air interfaces extensively relying on MIMO techniques. LTE primarily focuses on single-link MIMO relying on Spatial Multiplexing and space-time coding while LTE-Advanced further extends the design to multi-user MIMO. In wireless local area networks (WLAN), the IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi), MIMO technology is implemented in the standard using three different techniques: antenna selection, space-time coding and possibly beamforming.[49]Spatial multiplexing techniques make the receivers very complex, and therefore they are typically combined with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) or with orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) modulation, where the problems created by a multi-path channel are handled efficiently. The IEEE 802.16e standard incorporates MIMO-OFDMA. The IEEE 802.11n standard, released in October 2009, recommends MIMO-OFDM.MIMO is also planned to be used in mobile radio telephone standards such as recent 3GPP and 3GPP2. In 3GPP, High-Speed Packet Access plus (HSPA+) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) standards take MIMO into account. Moreover, to fully support cellular environments, MIMO research consortia including IST-MASCOT propose to develop advanced MIMO techniques, e.g., multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO).MIMO wireless communications architectures and processing techniques can be applied to sensing problems. This is studied in a sub-discipline called MIMO radar.MIMO technology can be used in non-wireless communications systems. One example is the home networking standard ITU-T G.9963, which defines a powerline communications system that uses MIMO techniques to transmit multiple signals over multiple AC wires (phase, neutral and ground).[3]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kanalmatrix_MIMO.png"},{"link_name":"matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"narrowband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband"},{"link_name":"flat fading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_fading"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIMO_Capacity.png"},{"link_name":"CSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"channel state information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dlove-51"},{"link_name":"Hermitian transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate_transpose"},{"link_name":"SNR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio"},{"link_name":"singular value decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition"},{"link_name":"waterfilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_filling_algorithm"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"channel state information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"mutual information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_information"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dlove-51"},{"link_name":"spatial correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_Correlation"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"channel state information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"}],"text":"MIMO channel modelIn MIMO systems, a transmitter sends multiple streams by multiple transmit antennas. The transmit streams go through a matrix channel which consists of all \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{t}N_{r}}\n \n paths between the \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{t}}\n \n transmit antennas at the transmitter and \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{r}}\n \n receive antennas at the receiver. Then, the receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original information. A narrowband flat fading MIMO system is modeled as:[citation needed]y\n \n =\n \n H\n \n \n x\n \n +\n \n n\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} =\\mathbf {H} \\mathbf {x} +\\mathbf {n} }where \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} }\n \n are the receive and transmit vectors, respectively, and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {H} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {n} }\n \n are the channel matrix and the noise vector, respectively.Ergodic closed-loop (channel is known, perfect CSI) and ergodic open-loop (channel is unknown, no CSI) capacities. Number of transmit and receive antennas is 4 (\n \n \n \n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n =\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n =\n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{r}=N_{t}=4}\n \n).[50]Referring to information theory, the ergodic channel capacity of MIMO systems where both the transmitter and the receiver have perfect instantaneous channel state information is[51]C\n \n \n p\n e\n r\n f\n e\n c\n t\n −\n C\n S\n I\n \n \n \n =\n E\n \n [\n \n \n max\n \n \n Q\n \n ;\n \n \n \n tr\n \n \n (\n \n Q\n \n )\n ≤\n 1\n \n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n det\n \n (\n \n \n I\n \n +\n ρ\n \n H\n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n H\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n =\n E\n \n [\n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n det\n \n (\n \n \n I\n \n +\n ρ\n \n D\n \n \n S\n \n \n D\n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{\\mathrm {perfect-CSI} }=E\\left[\\max _{\\mathbf {Q} ;\\,{\\mbox{tr}}(\\mathbf {Q} )\\leq 1}\\log _{2}\\det \\left(\\mathbf {I} +\\rho \\mathbf {H} \\mathbf {Q} \\mathbf {H} ^{H}\\right)\\right]=E\\left[\\log _{2}\\det \\left(\\mathbf {I} +\\rho \\mathbf {D} \\mathbf {S} \\mathbf {D} \\right)\\right]}where \n \n \n \n (\n \n )\n \n H\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle ()^{H}}\n \n denotes Hermitian transpose and \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n is the ratio between transmit power and noise power (i.e., transmit SNR). The optimal signal covariance \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n =\n \n \n V\n S\n V\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Q} =\\mathbf {VSV} ^{H}}\n \n is achieved through singular value decomposition of the channel matrix \n \n \n \n \n \n U\n D\n V\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {UDV} ^{H}\\,=\\,\\mathbf {H} }\n \n and an optimal diagonal power allocation matrix \n \n \n \n \n S\n \n =\n \n \n diag\n \n \n (\n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n s\n \n min\n (\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n )\n \n \n ,\n 0\n ,\n …\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {S} ={\\textrm {diag}}(s_{1},\\ldots ,s_{\\min(N_{t},N_{r})},0,\\ldots ,0)}\n \n. The optimal power allocation is achieved through waterfilling,[52] that iss\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n μ\n −\n \n \n 1\n \n ρ\n \n d\n \n i\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n +\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n for\n \n \n \n \n i\n =\n 1\n ,\n …\n ,\n min\n (\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{i}=\\left(\\mu -{\\frac {1}{\\rho d_{i}^{2}}}\\right)^{+},\\quad {\\textrm {for}}\\,\\,i=1,\\ldots ,\\min(N_{t},N_{r}),}where \n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n …\n ,\n \n d\n \n min\n (\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle d_{1},\\ldots ,d_{\\min(N_{t},N_{r})}}\n \n are the diagonal elements of \n \n \n \n \n D\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {D} }\n \n, \n \n \n \n (\n ⋅\n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\cdot )^{+}}\n \n is zero if its argument is negative, and \n \n \n \n μ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu }\n \n is selected such that \n \n \n \n \n s\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n …\n +\n \n s\n \n min\n (\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n )\n \n \n =\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle s_{1}+\\ldots +s_{\\min(N_{t},N_{r})}=N_{t}}\n \n.If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information, then the ergodic channel capacity will decrease as the signal covariance \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Q} }\n \n can only be optimized in terms of the average mutual information as[51]C\n \n \n s\n t\n a\n t\n i\n s\n t\n i\n c\n a\n l\n −\n C\n S\n I\n \n \n \n =\n \n max\n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n E\n \n [\n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n det\n \n (\n \n \n I\n \n +\n ρ\n \n H\n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n H\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{\\mathrm {statistical-CSI} }=\\max _{\\mathbf {Q} }E\\left[\\log _{2}\\det \\left(\\mathbf {I} +\\rho \\mathbf {H} \\mathbf {Q} \\mathbf {H} ^{H}\\right)\\right].}The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the ergodic channel capacity with statistical information.If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select the signal covariance \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Q} }\n \n to maximize channel capacity under worst-case statistics, which means \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Q} =1/N_{t}\\mathbf {I} }\n \n and accordinglyC\n \n \n n\n o\n −\n C\n S\n I\n \n \n \n =\n E\n \n [\n \n \n log\n \n 2\n \n \n \n det\n \n (\n \n \n I\n \n +\n \n \n ρ\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n \n H\n \n \n H\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C_{\\mathrm {no-CSI} }=E\\left[\\log _{2}\\det \\left(\\mathbf {I} +{\\frac {\\rho }{N_{t}}}\\mathbf {H} \\mathbf {H} ^{H}\\right)\\right].}Depending on the statistical properties of the channel, the ergodic capacity is no greater than \n \n \n \n min\n (\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n ,\n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\min(N_{t},N_{r})}\n \n times larger than that of a SISO system.","title":"Mathematical description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"V-blast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-blast"},{"link_name":"Maximum likelihood estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation"},{"link_name":"neural network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Pilot signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_signal"},{"link_name":"Pilot signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_signal"},{"link_name":"Deep learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"A fundamental problem in MIMO communication is estimating the transmit vector, \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {x} }\n \n, given the received vector, \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {y} }\n \n. This can be posed as a statistical detection problem, and addressed using a variety of techniques including zero-forcing,[53] successive interference cancellation a.k.a. V-blast, Maximum likelihood estimation and recently, neural network MIMO detection.[54] Such techniques commonly assume that the channel matrix \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {H} }\n \n is known at the receiver. In practice, in communication systems, the transmitter sends a Pilot signal and the receiver learns the state of the channel (i.e., \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {H} }\n \n) from the received signal \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n and the Pilot signal \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n. Recently, there are works on MIMO detection using Deep learning tools which have shown to work better than other methods such as zero-forcing.[55]","title":"MIMO detection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"peak-to-average ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak-to-average_ratio"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"channel emulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_channel_emulator"},{"link_name":"vector signal generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_generator#Vector_signal_generators"},{"link_name":"vector signal analyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_signal_analyzer"},{"link_name":"channel sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_sounding"},{"link_name":"channel estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_estimation"},{"link_name":"beamforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"MIMO signal testing focuses first on the transmitter/receiver system. The random phases of the sub-carrier signals can produce instantaneous power levels that cause the amplifier to compress, momentarily causing distortion and ultimately symbol errors. Signals with a high PAR (peak-to-average ratio) can cause amplifiers to compress unpredictably during transmission. OFDM signals are very dynamic and compression problems can be hard to detect because of their noise-like nature.[56]Knowing the quality of the signal channel is also critical. A channel emulator can simulate how a device performs at the cell edge, can add noise or can simulate what the channel looks like at speed. To fully qualify the performance of a receiver, a calibrated transmitter, such as a vector signal generator (VSG), and channel emulator can be used to test the receiver under a variety of different conditions. Conversely, the transmitter's performance under a number of different conditions can be verified using a channel emulator and a calibrated receiver, such as a vector signal analyzer (VSA).Understanding the channel allows for manipulation of the phase and amplitude of each transmitter in order to form a beam. To correctly form a beam, the transmitter needs to understand the characteristics of the channel. This process is called channel sounding or channel estimation. A known signal is sent to the mobile device that enables it to build a picture of the channel environment. The mobile device sends back the channel characteristics to the transmitter. The transmitter can then apply the correct phase and amplitude adjustments to form a beam directed at the mobile device. This is called a closed-loop MIMO system. For beamforming, it is required to adjust the phases and amplitude of each transmitter. In a beamformer optimized for spatial diversity or spatial multiplexing, each antenna element simultaneously transmits a weighted combination of two data symbols.[57]","title":"Testing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telatar-60"},{"link_name":"channel capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_capacity"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Principal researchers","text":"Papers by Gerard J. Foschini and Michael J. Gans,[58] Foschini[59] and Emre Telatar[60] have shown that the channel capacity (a theoretical upper bound on system throughput) for a MIMO system is increased as the number of antennas is increased, proportional to the smaller of the number of transmit antennas and the number of receive antennas. This is known as the multiplexing gain and this basic finding in information theory is what led to a spurt of research in this area. Despite the simple propagation models used in the aforementioned seminal works, the multiplexing gain is a fundamental property that can be proved under almost any physical channel propagation model and with practical hardware that is prone to transceiver impairments.[61]A textbook by A. Paulraj, R. Nabar and D. Gore has published an introduction to this area.[62] There are many other principal textbooks available as well.[63][64][65]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Diversity–multiplexing tradeoff","text":"There exists a fundamental tradeoff between transmit diversity and spatial multiplexing gains in a MIMO system (Zheng and Tse, 2003).[66] In particular, achieving high spatial multiplexing gains is of profound importance in modern wireless systems.[67]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wire line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wire_line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSL"}],"sub_title":"Other applications","text":"Given the nature of MIMO, it is not limited to wireless communication. It can be used for wire line communication as well. For example, a new type of DSL technology (gigabit DSL) has been proposed based on binder MIMO channels.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Sampling theory in MIMO systems","text":"An important question which attracts the attention of engineers and mathematicians is how to use the multi-output signals at the receiver to recover the multi-input signals at the transmitter. In Shang, Sun and Zhou (2007), sufficient and necessary conditions are established to guarantee the complete recovery of the multi-input signals.[68]","title":"Literature"}] | [{"image_text":"MIMO exploits multipath propagation to multiply link capacity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/MIMO_with_building.png/220px-MIMO_with_building.png"},{"image_text":"Example of an antenna for LTE with two-port antenna diversity","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LteMimoAntennen.jpg/220px-LteMimoAntennen.jpg"},{"image_text":"MIMO channel model","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Kanalmatrix_MIMO.png/280px-Kanalmatrix_MIMO.png"},{"image_text":"Ergodic closed-loop (channel is known, perfect CSI) and ergodic open-loop (channel is unknown, no CSI) capacities. Number of transmit and receive antennas is 4 (\n \n \n \n \n N\n \n r\n \n \n =\n \n N\n \n t\n \n \n =\n 4\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{r}=N_{t}=4}\n \n).[50]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MIMO_Capacity.png/580px-MIMO_Capacity.png"}] | [{"title":"Telecommunication portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication"},{"title":"Radio portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Radio"},{"title":"Antenna diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_diversity"},{"title":"Beamforming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beamforming"},{"title":"Channel bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bonding"},{"title":"Channel state information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_state_information"},{"title":"Dirty paper coding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirty_paper_coding"},{"title":"Duplex (telecommunications)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)"},{"title":"History of smart antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_smart_antennas"},{"title":"IEEE 802.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11"},{"title":"IEEE 802.16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.16"},{"title":"Macrodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrodiversity"},{"title":"MIMO-OFDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMO-OFDM"},{"title":"Multi-user MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO"},{"title":"Per-User Unitary Rate Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per-User_Unitary_Rate_Control"},{"title":"Phased array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array"},{"title":"Precoding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precoding"},{"title":"Single-frequency network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-frequency_network"},{"title":"Smart antenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_antenna"},{"title":"Space–time block code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_block_code"},{"title":"Space–time code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_code"},{"title":"Spatial multiplexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_multiplexing"},{"title":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"title":"WiMAX MIMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX_MIMO"}] | [{"reference":"Lipfert, Hermann (August 2007). MIMO OFDM Space Time Coding – Spatial Multiplexing, Increasing Performance and Spectral Efficiency in Wireless Systems, Part I Technical Basis (Technical report). Institut für Rundfunktechnik.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irt.de/webarchiv/showdoc.php?z=OTAyIzEwMDYwMTMxMCNwZGY=","url_text":"MIMO OFDM Space Time Coding – Spatial Multiplexing, Increasing Performance and Spectral Efficiency in Wireless Systems, Part I Technical Basis"}]},{"reference":"Kaboutari, Keivan; Hosseini, Vahid (2021). \"A compact 4-element printed planar MIMO antenna system with isolation enhancement for ISM band operation\". AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications. 134: 153687. doi:10.1016/j.aeue.2021.153687. hdl:10773/36640. 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Multi-Antenna, Multi-User and Multi-Cell Systems. By Bruno Clerckx and Claude Oestges (Auth.) (2013)"},{"Link":"https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/kirlf/CSP/blob/master/MIMO/MIMO%20Capacity.ipynb","external_links_name":"MIMO Channel Capacity"},{"Link":"http://www.eurecom.fr/~gesbert/papers/JSAC_limitedfeedback_tutorial.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An overview of limited feedback in wireless communication systems\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.470.6651","external_links_name":"10.1.1.470.6651"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSAC.2008.081002","external_links_name":"10.1109/JSAC.2008.081002"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16874091","external_links_name":"16874091"},{"Link":"http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dtse/book.html","external_links_name":"Fundamentals of Wireless Communication"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810052329/http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dtse/book.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.05138","external_links_name":"1507.05138"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCOMST.2015.2475242","external_links_name":"10.1109/COMST.2015.2475242"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:834673","external_links_name":"834673"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.07631","external_links_name":"1805.07631"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ITSP...67.2554S","external_links_name":"2019ITSP...67.2554S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTSP.2019.2899805","external_links_name":"10.1109/TSP.2019.2899805"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29157140","external_links_name":"29157140"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWCNC45663.2020.9120517","external_links_name":"10.1109/WCNC45663.2020.9120517"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219978098","external_links_name":"219978098"},{"Link":"http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/appnote/1SP18.pdf,","external_links_name":"\"Assessing a MIMO Channel\""},{"Link":"http://rfmw.em.keysight.com/wireless/helpfiles/n5106a/5989-8973en.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MIMO Channel Modeling and Emulation Test Challenges\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008889222784","external_links_name":"10.1023/A:1008889222784"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6157164","external_links_name":"6157164"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbltj.2015","external_links_name":"10.1002/bltj.2015"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16572121","external_links_name":"16572121"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208121926/http://mars.bell-labs.com/papers/proof/","external_links_name":"\"Capacity of Multi-antenna Gaussian Channels\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fett.4460100604","external_links_name":"10.1002/ett.4460100604"},{"Link":"http://mars.bell-labs.com/papers/proof/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.4093","external_links_name":"1209.4093"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012arXiv1209.4093B","external_links_name":"2012arXiv1209.4093B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FLCOMM.2012.112012.122003","external_links_name":"10.1109/LCOMM.2012.112012.122003"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:381976","external_links_name":"381976"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.127.4676","external_links_name":"10.1.1.127.4676"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTIT.2003.810646","external_links_name":"10.1109/TIT.2003.810646"},{"Link":"http://www.dtic.upf.edu/~alozano/papers/Diversity.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Transmit diversity vs. spatial multiplexing in modern MIMO systems\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.156.8562","external_links_name":"10.1.1.156.8562"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTWC.2010.01.081381","external_links_name":"10.1109/TWC.2010.01.081381"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10230%2F16119","external_links_name":"10230/16119"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13189670","external_links_name":"13189670"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmaa.2006.02.033","external_links_name":"\"Vector sampling expansions in shift invariant subspaces\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JMAA..325..898S","external_links_name":"2007JMAA..325..898S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmaa.2006.02.033","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.02.033"},{"Link":"http://www-x.antd.nist.gov/uwb/main.html","external_links_name":"NIST UWB-MIMO Channel Propagation Measurements in the 2–8 GHz Spectrum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182952/http://www-x.antd.nist.gov/uwb/main.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/ra/topics/research/topics/propagation/mimo.pdf","external_links_name":"Literature review of MIMO"},{"Link":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4554910/","external_links_name":"Antenna and Wireless Multipath Virtual Channel Interaction"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_district | Cái Nước district | ["1 Divisions","2 References"] | Coordinates: 9°00′00″N 105°00′00″E / 9.000°N 105.000°E / 9.000; 105.000District in Cà Mau, VietnamCái Nước district
Huyện Cái NướcDistrictCái Nước marketDistricts of Cà Mau ProvinceCountry VietnamProvinceCà MauCapitalCái NướcArea • District395.14 km2 (152.56 sq mi)Population (2019 census) • District136,638 • Density350/km2 (900/sq mi) • Urban14,482 • Rural122,156Time zoneUTC+7 (Indochina Time)
Cái Nước is a rural district of Cà Mau province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 136,638. The district capital lies at Cái Nước.
The district was split in 2004 to form a new district of Cà Mau Province. It previously covered an area of 670 km2 but today covers 395.14 km2.
Cái Nước is bordered by Đầm Dơi district to the east, Năm Căn district to the south, Cà Mau City to the north, Trần Văn Thời district to the northwest and Phú Tân district to the west.
Cái Nước has gardens famous for their birdlife. Like other areas on the Cà Mau peninsula, the terrain is that of a floodplain, and as such, the main industry is marine-based. The dominant industry in the area is prawn and blue crab farming.
On May 17, 1984, when it was still part of Minh Hải province, Cái Nước comprised the capital Phú Tân and 32 communes: Cái Nước, Hiệp Hưng, Trần Thời, Tân Thới, Tân Hưng, Phong Hưng, Tân Hưng Đông, Hưng Mỹ, Bình Mỹ, Phú Lộc, Phú Hưng, Tân Hiệp, Đông Thới, Thanh Hưng, Thạch Phúc, Thạnh Trung, Lương Thế Tân, Hoà Mỹ, Tân Hải, Phú Hoà, Phú Hiệp, Việt Thắng, Việt Hùng, Tân Hưng Tây, Nguyễn Việt Khái, Phú Thuận, Phú Mỹ A, Phú Thành, Tân Nghiệp, Tân Phong, Việt Dũng and Việt Cường.
Divisions
The district includes 10 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Cái Nước and the rural communes of Trần Thới, Tân Hưng, Tân Hưng Đông, Hưng Mỹ, Phú Hưng, Lương Thế Trân, Hoà Mỹ, Đông Thới, Thạnh Phú and Đông Hưng.
References
^ "Cái Nước (District, Cà Mau, Vietnam) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
^ a b "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
9°00′00″N 105°00′00″E / 9.000°N 105.000°E / 9.000; 105.000
vteDistricts of the Mekong DeltaCần Thơ city
Urban districts
Bình Thủy
Cái Răng
Ninh Kiều※
Ô Môn
Thốt Nốt
Cờ Đỏ
Phong Điền
Thới Lai
Vĩnh Thạnh
An Giang province
Châu Đốc city
Long Xuyên city※
Tân Châu town
An Phú
Châu Phú
Châu Thành
Chợ Mới
Phú Tân
Thoại Sơn
Tịnh Biên
Tri Tôn
Bạc Liêu province
Bạc Liêu city※
Giá Rai town
Đông Hải
Hòa Bình
Hồng Dân
Phước Long
Vĩnh Lợi
Bến Tre province
Bến Tre city※
Ba Tri
Bình Đại
Châu Thành
Chợ Lách
Giồng Trôm
Mỏ Cày Bắc
Mỏ Cày Nam
Thạnh Phú
Cà Mau province
Cà Mau city※
Cái Nước
Đầm Dơi
Năm Căn
Ngọc Hiển
Phú Tân
Thới Bình
Trần Văn Thời
U Minh
Đồng Tháp province
Cao Lãnh city※
Hồng Ngự city
Sa Đéc city
Cao Lãnh
Châu Thành
Hồng Ngự
Lai Vung
Lấp Vò
Tân Hồng
Tam Nông
Thanh Bình
Tháp Mười
Hậu Giang province
Ngã Bảy city
Vị Thanh city※
Long Mỹ town
Châu Thành
Châu Thành A
Long Mỹ
Phụng Hiệp
Vị Thủy
Kiên Giang province
Hà Tiên city
Rạch Giá city※
Phú Quốc Island city
An Biên
An Minh
Châu Thành
Giang Thành
Giồng Riềng
Gò Quao
Hòn Đất
Kiên Hải Island
Kiên Lương
Tân Hiệp
U Minh Thượng
Vĩnh Thuận
Long An province
Tân An city※
Kiến Tường town
Bến Lức
Cần Đước
Cần Giuộc
Châu Thành
Đức Hòa
Đức Huệ
Mộc Hóa
Tân Hưng
Tân Thạnh
Tân Trụ
Thạnh Hóa
Thủ Thừa
Vĩnh Hưng
Sóc Trăng province
Sóc Trăng city※
Ngã Năm town
Vĩnh Châu town
Châu Thành
Cù Lao Dung
Kế Sách
Long Phú
Mỹ Tú
Mỹ Xuyên
Thạnh Trị
Trần Đề
Tiền Giang province
Mỹ Tho city※
Cai Lậy town
Gò Công town
Cái Bè
Cai Lậy
Châu Thành
Chợ Gạo
Gò Công Đông
Gò Công Tây
Tân Phú Đông
Tân Phước
Trà Vinh province
Trà Vinh city※
Duyên Hải town
Càng Long
Cầu Kè
Cầu Ngang
Châu Thành
Duyên Hải
Tiểu Cần
Trà Cú
Vĩnh Long province
Vĩnh Long city※
Bình Minh town
Bình Tân
Long Hồ
Mang Thít
Tam Bình
Trà Ôn
Vũng Liêm
※ denotes provincial seat. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rural district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy%E1%BB%87n"},{"link_name":"Cà Mau province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau_province"},{"link_name":"Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-2"},{"link_name":"Cái Nước","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-2"},{"link_name":"Đầm Dơi district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7m_D%C6%A1i_district"},{"link_name":"Năm Căn district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%83m_C%C4%83n_district"},{"link_name":"Cà Mau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau"},{"link_name":"Trần Văn Thời district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Th%E1%BB%9Di_district"},{"link_name":"Phú Tân district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_T%C3%A2n_District,_C%C3%A0_Mau_Province"},{"link_name":"Minh Hải province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minh_H%E1%BA%A3i_province"}],"text":"District in Cà Mau, VietnamCái Nước is a rural district of Cà Mau province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 136,638.[1][2] The district capital lies at Cái Nước.[2]The district was split in 2004 to form a new district of Cà Mau Province. It previously covered an area of 670 km2 but today covers 395.14 km2.Cái Nước is bordered by Đầm Dơi district to the east, Năm Căn district to the south, Cà Mau City to the north, Trần Văn Thời district to the northwest and Phú Tân district to the west.Cái Nước has gardens famous for their birdlife. Like other areas on the Cà Mau peninsula, the terrain is that of a floodplain, and as such, the main industry is marine-based. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_historiography | Humanistic historiography | ["1 References","1.1 Bibliography","2 External links"] | Part of a series onHumanismLeonardo da Vinci's Vitruvian Man (c. 1490)
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This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Humanistic historiography is a method in historiography based on the principles of humanism, developing a higher standard of critical judgement in the study of history. The new style of humanistic historiography was established by historians of Florence, namely Leonardo Bruni in his Historiarum Florentini populi libri (published from 1416 to 1449), and the scholarly works of Francesco Petrarca, with Giovanni Villani's Istorie fiorentine being a precursor to humanistic historiography, identifying causes in human actions and motives rather than in fate. Certain characteristics of the model still determined the treatment of political history in Machiavelli's Istorie Firoentine, as well as his delimitation of political subject matter at large.
The humanists used ancient Greek and Roman historians, especially Livy, Sallust, and Julius Caesar as their models. This choice had certain consequences insofar as the treatment of history had to concentrate on such exciting events as wars and revolutions to the exclusion of the permanent factors and the long-range developments that determine the texture of history. Similar to the ancient historians, the humanists took the generic division of history seriously.
Moreover, in the interest of rhetorical and dramatic effectiveness, the individual had to become the center of action to such a degree that again the permanent determinants that in fact leave not so much room for heroic freedom were obscured.
The Roman model had, furthermore, the effect of a radical secularization of political problems. The humanistic concentration on the history of the republic in the Roman manner entailed the break with the Christian view of history. The rigidly closed stream of secular state history did not admit a divine Providence governing a universal history. Such problems as the translatio imperii and the speculation of the four world monarchies disappeared without a word of discussion.
In the eighteenth century, when Voltaire started his secularization of history, the polemic against the Christian position of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet was of interest. The humanists of the fifteenth century ignored the Christian problem as if it did not exist.
References
^ Fryde, Edmund Bolesław (1983). "The Revival of a 'Scientific' and Erudite Historiography in the Earlier Renaissance". Humanism and Renaissance Historiography. The Hambledon Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-907628-24-9.
^ a b c Whitacre, Madeline. "Renaissance Historiography: How Historical Practice Changed Through the Renaissance". unm-historiography.github.io. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ Woolf 2019, p. 71, The Age of the Chronicle: Historical Writing in Later Medieval Christendom.
^ Woolf 2019, pp. 81–82, The Age of the Chronicle: Historical Writing in Later Medieval Christendom.
^ "Humanistic Historiography as War and Personalities". fritzwagner.com. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016.
^ Ianziti, Gary. "The Birth of Humanist Historiography". Digital Encyclopedia of European History. Archived from the original on 21 August 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
^ Woolf 2019, p. 72, The Age of the Chronicle: Historical Writing in Later Medieval Christendom.
^ Woolf 2019, pp. 89–90, Renaissance and Seventeenth-Century Europe.
^ Woolf 2019, p. 15, The Ancient Near East.
^ Force, Pierre (2009). "Voltaire and the necessity of modern history". Modern Intellectual History. 6 (3). Cambridge University Press: 457–484. doi:10.1017/S147924430999014X.
Bibliography
Woolf, Daniel, ed. (2019). A Concise History of History: Global Historiography from Antiquity to the Present. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108550789. ISBN 978-1-108-44485-9.
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Multimedia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"humanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitacre-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf201971The_Age_of_the_Chronicle:_Historical_Writing_in_Later_Medieval_Christendom-3"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Leonardo Bruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni"},{"link_name":"Francesco Petrarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitacre-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf201981%E2%80%9382The_Age_of_the_Chronicle:_Historical_Writing_in_Later_Medieval_Christendom-4"},{"link_name":"Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"Istorie Firoentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine_Histories"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitacre-2"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Sallust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallust"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf201972The_Age_of_the_Chronicle:_Historical_Writing_in_Later_Medieval_Christendom-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf201989%E2%80%9390Renaissance_and_Seventeenth-Century_Europe-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf201915The_Ancient_Near_East-9"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet"}],"text":"Humanistic historiography is a method in historiography based on the principles of humanism, developing a higher standard of critical judgement in the study of history.[1][2][3] The new style of humanistic historiography was established by historians of Florence, namely Leonardo Bruni in his Historiarum Florentini populi libri (published from 1416 to 1449), and the scholarly works of Francesco Petrarca,[2] with Giovanni Villani's Istorie fiorentine being a precursor to humanistic historiography, identifying causes in human actions and motives rather than in fate.[4] Certain characteristics of the model still determined the treatment of political history in Machiavelli's Istorie Firoentine, as well as his delimitation of political subject matter at large.[5][2]The humanists used ancient Greek and Roman historians, especially Livy, Sallust, and Julius Caesar as their models.[6][7][8] This choice had certain consequences insofar as the treatment of history had to concentrate on such exciting events as wars and revolutions to the exclusion of the permanent factors and the long-range developments that determine the texture of history. Similar to the ancient historians, the humanists took the generic division of history seriously.[9]Moreover, in the interest of rhetorical and dramatic effectiveness, the individual had to become the center of action to such a degree that again the permanent determinants that in fact leave not so much room for heroic freedom were obscured.The Roman model had, furthermore, the effect of a radical secularization of political problems. The humanistic concentration on the history of the republic in the Roman manner entailed the break with the Christian view of history. The rigidly closed stream of secular state history did not admit a divine Providence governing a universal history. Such problems as the translatio imperii and the speculation of the four world monarchies disappeared without a word of discussion.In the eighteenth century, when Voltaire started his secularization of history,[10] the polemic against the Christian position of Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet was of interest. 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Retrieved 21 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230821144941/https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/european-humanism/cultural-heritage/birth-humanist-historiography","url_text":"\"The Birth of Humanist Historiography\""},{"url":"https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/european-humanism/cultural-heritage/birth-humanist-historiography","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Force, Pierre (2009). \"Voltaire and the necessity of modern history\". Modern Intellectual History. 6 (3). Cambridge University Press: 457–484. doi:10.1017/S147924430999014X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS147924430999014X","url_text":"10.1017/S147924430999014X"}]},{"reference":"Woolf, Daniel, ed. (2019). A Concise History of History: Global Historiography from Antiquity to the Present. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne_Barker | Dwayne Barker | ["1 Background","2 Early career","3 Controversy","4 Harlquins RL","5 References","6 External links"] | English rugby league footballer (born 1983)
Dwayne BarkerPersonal informationFull nameDwayne BarkerBorn (1983-09-21) 21 September 1983 (age 40)Leeds, EnglandHeight183 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight99 kg (15 st 8 lb)Playing informationPositionSecond-row, Loose forward, Centre
Club
Years
Team
Pld
T
G
FG
P
2002–04
Leeds Rhinos
0
0
0
0
0
2002(loan)
→ Hunslet Hawks
2
0
0
0
0
2003(loan)
→ Hull F.C.
1
0
0
0
0
2004(loan)
→ London Broncos
3
1
0
0
4
2004(loan)
→ Hull Kingston Rovers
2
0
0
0
0
2005–06
Hull Kingston Rovers
46
8
0
0
32
2007
Castleford Tigers
26
17
0
0
68
2008
Harlequins RL
10
1
0
0
4
2008(loan)
→ London Skolars
1
0
0
0
0
2009
Halifax
17
8
0
0
32
2009
Featherstone Rovers
5
1
0
0
4
2012
Dewsbury Rams
14
2
0
0
8
Total
127
38
0
0
152
Source: As of 3 December 2017
Dwayne Barker (born 21 September 1983) is an English former professional rugby league footballer. Barker's usual position was second-row, he could also operate in the centres.
Barker has previously played for the Leeds Rhinos, Hull Kingston Rovers, and the Castleford Tigers (Heritage № 867). He has also enjoyed short loan spells with the London Broncos and Hull FC (Heritage № 1013).
Background
Barker was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.
Early career
Barker had played much of his early career at stand-off or loose forward.
He captained the Rhinos Academy to Grand Final success in 2001 beating Wigan. He originally signed for the club from local amateur team Milford ARLFC in 1999. A highly versatile player, he has even played as a wing. He is blessed with good ball skills and pace.
Controversy
Dwayne Barker was ordered to do 150 hours of community service following an incident outside a Leeds nightclub in July 2002.
Chev Walker and Ryan Bailey were sent to young offenders institutions for their involvement in a city centre brawl. Walker was sentenced to 18 months whilst his then Leeds teammate Bailey was given nine months' detention after an incident outside a Leeds nightclub in July 2002. Rochdale Hornets player Paul Owen was gaoled for 15 months.
All four pleaded guilty to violent disorder at a previous hearing.
The court heard how the brawl began after Owen was said to have been tricked into handing over his mobile phone to an unidentified woman outside Creation nightclub. As he tried to recover it, the Leeds players thought she was being assaulted and set about Owen.
A four-minute video of the brawl was played which showed the Leeds players trading kicks and blows with Owen. At one point Owen was seen to punch Barker to the ground and as he struggled to regain his feet he was kicked in the head and knocked out.
The judge said Barker had played a limited role in the violence.
Harlquins RL
Dwayne Barker signed a 12-month contract with Harlequins RL for 2008's Super League XIII season.
References
^ "Dwayne Barker". loverugbyleague. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
^ "Blake Leary - Career Stats & Summary". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
^ "Dwayne Barker". SL Stats. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
^ "Rhinos condemn guilty stars". BBC. 29 July 2003. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
^ "Rugby league stars jailed". BBC. 29 July 2003. Retrieved 28 October 2007.
^ "Barker Joins Quins". SportingLife. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
^ "Quins sign Barker from Castleford". BBC. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
^ "Barker signs for Quins". Sky Sports. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
^ "Dwayne Barker joins Quins RL". Quins. 26 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2007.
External links
Quins profile
(archived by web.archive.org) Official Player Profile
BBC Sport player profile
(archived by web.archive.org) SL Stats
Hull Sign Leeds Pair
(archived) Dwayne Barker Yearly Statistics
(archived by web.archive.org) Stats → PastPlayers → B at hullfc.com
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com
vteHull Kingston Rovers squad – 2006 National League One Grand Final Winners
1 Ben Cockayne
2 Leroy Rivett
3 Gareth Morton
4 Jon Goddard
5 Byron Ford
6 Scott Murrell
7 James Webster
8 Makali Aizue
9 Ben Fisher
10 David Tangata-Toa
11 Iain Morrison
12 Michael Smith
13 Tommy Gallagher
14 Pat Weisner
15 Dwayne Barker
16 Jason Netherton
17 Dave Wilson
Coach: Justin Morgan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"second-row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Second-row_forward"},{"link_name":"centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Centre"},{"link_name":"Leeds Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Hull Kingston Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers"},{"link_name":"Castleford Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleford_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Heritage № 867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Castleford_Tigers_players"},{"link_name":"London Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broncos#1994%E2%80%932005:_Broncos_and_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Hull FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_FC"},{"link_name":"Heritage № 1013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hull_F.C._players"}],"text":"Dwayne Barker (born 21 September 1983) is an English former professional rugby league footballer. Barker's usual position was second-row, he could also operate in the centres.Barker has previously played for the Leeds Rhinos, Hull Kingston Rovers, and the Castleford Tigers (Heritage № 867). He has also enjoyed short loan spells with the London Broncos and Hull FC (Heritage № 1013).","title":"Dwayne Barker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"}],"text":"Barker was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stand-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-eighth"},{"link_name":"loose forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Loose_forward_/_Lock_forward"},{"link_name":"Rhinos Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league_positions#Wing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwayne_Barker-3"}],"text":"Barker had played much of his early career at stand-off or loose forward.He captained the Rhinos Academy to Grand Final success in 2001 beating Wigan. He originally signed for the club from local amateur team Milford ARLFC in 1999. A highly versatile player, he has even played as a wing. He is blessed with good ball skills and pace.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rhinos_condemn_guilty_stars-4"},{"link_name":"Chev Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chev_Walker"},{"link_name":"Ryan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bailey_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"young offenders institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Young_Offender_Institution"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"Rochdale Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochdale_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rugby_league_stars_jailed-5"}],"text":"Dwayne Barker was ordered to do 150 hours of community service following an incident outside a Leeds nightclub in July 2002.[4]Chev Walker and Ryan Bailey were sent to young offenders institutions for their involvement in a city centre brawl. Walker was sentenced to 18 months whilst his then Leeds teammate Bailey was given nine months' detention after an incident outside a Leeds nightclub in July 2002. Rochdale Hornets player Paul Owen was gaoled for 15 months.All four pleaded guilty to violent disorder at a previous hearing.The court heard how the brawl began after Owen was said to have been tricked into handing over his mobile phone to an unidentified woman outside Creation nightclub. As he tried to recover it, the Leeds players thought she was being assaulted and set about Owen.A four-minute video of the brawl was played which showed the Leeds players trading kicks and blows with Owen. At one point Owen was seen to punch Barker to the ground and as he struggled to regain his feet he was kicked in the head and knocked out.The judge said Barker had played a limited role in the violence.[5]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harlequins RL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Broncos#2006%E2%80%932011:_Harlequins_Rugby_League"},{"link_name":"Super League XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League_XIII"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker_Joins_Quins-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quins_sign_Barker_from_Castleford-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barker_signs_for_Quins-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dwayne_Barker_joins_Quins_RL-9"}],"text":"Dwayne Barker signed a 12-month contract with Harlequins RL for 2008's Super League XIII season.[6][7][8][9]","title":"Harlquins RL"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dwayne Barker\". loverugbyleague. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181127195240/https://www.loverugbyleague.com/stats/players/dwayne-barker/","url_text":"\"Dwayne Barker\""},{"url":"https://www.loverugbyleague.com/stats/players/Dwayne-Barker/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blake Leary - Career Stats & Summary\". Rugby League Project. Retrieved 25 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/dwayne-barker/summary.html","url_text":"\"Blake Leary - Career Stats & Summary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dwayne Barker\". SL Stats. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722063214/http://www.slstats.org/p320/Dwayne%20Barker.html","url_text":"\"Dwayne Barker\""},{"url":"http://www.slstats.org/p320/Dwayne%20Barker.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhinos condemn guilty stars\". BBC. 29 July 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriy_Sadovyi | Andriy Sadovyi | ["1 Biography","1.1 Education","1.2 Career","2 Criticism","3 Social activity","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Ukrainian politician
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ivanovych and the family name is Sadovyi.
Andriy SadovyiАндрій СадовийMayor of LvivIncumbentAssumed office 26 March 2006Preceded byZinoviy Siryk (acting)
Personal detailsBorn (1968-08-19) 19 August 1968 (age 55)Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Ukraine)Political partySelf Reliance (since January 2013)Other politicalaffiliationsIndependent (2010—January 2013)Our Ukraine (2006—2010)SpouseKateryna KitChildrenIvanTadeyMykhailoYosypAnthonyAlma materLviv PolytechnicAcademy of State Governance
Andriy Ivanovych Sadovyi (Ukrainian: Андрій Іванович Садовий; born 19 August 1968) is a Ukrainian politician and businessman who has served as the mayor of Lviv, the administrative centre of the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine, since 2006.
He is the former leader of the Self Reliance political party, and co-founder of "Lux" media holding. Sadovyi was a candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election from 8 January until 1 March 2019, when he decided to withdraw.
Biography
Andriy Sadovyi was born on 19 August 1968 in the city of Lviv. He graduated from the Lviv Technical School of Radioelectronics in 1987. He performed his military service from 1987 to 1989 in the Soviet Army.
Education
1995 – Graduated from Lviv Polytechnic in 1995 with a degree in Electrical Engineering.
1997 – Qualified as an Economist, specializing in finance.
1999 – Graduated from the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine with a master's degree in public administration.
Career
In 1989, Andriy Sadovyi began working as an adjuster of radio-electronic devices at the Lvivprylad Manufacturers. In 1992–1995 he was a deputy director of the Lviv branch of Social Adaptation of Youth Fund under the auspices of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.
From 1997 to 2005 he was the chairman and head of the board of joint-stock company Pivden'zakhidelectromerezhbud. From 1997 to 2001 he was the head of the board of the Lviv District Development Fund. From 2002 to 2003 Sadovyi was a director of the Lviv Development Institute that publishes the Ukrainian-wide Misto journal. Since 2002, Sadovyi has been the head of the board of the joint-stock Radio&TV company TRK Lux. Since 2005 he has been the head of social organization Self Reliance.
On 26 March 2006, Sadovyi was elected the city mayor of Lviv. On 31 October 2010, he was re-elected for a second term to the post of mayor of Lviv. Andriy Sadovyi was a member of Our Ukraine until 2010. In the 2010 local elections he was elected as a nominee from the Republican Christian Party.
In October 2012, Sadovyi called for creating a new political party, Self Reliance, which was registered in late December 2012. The name stems from societies that existed before World War I in Galicia and which were revived after World War II as credit unions in the United States.
At 11:30pm on 25 July 2014 Sadovyi's house was hit by a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead of an RPG-18. The combatant who fired the RPG is unknown, and Sadovyi was not home at the time of the explosion, which damaged the roof, beams, and windows. At 8:45pm on 26 December 2014, the house was hit again. On that day, Sadovy and his family were reportedly at the Bukovel Resort. Walls, windows and doors were damaged. At 10:50pm on 29 October 2015, a grenade was thrown into the courtyard of the Sadovyi's house. Sadovyi and his family were at home at the time of the explosion, however nobody was hurt and no damage was caused. The attacker was arrested.
Led by Sadovyi, the party Self Reliance finished third in the Ukrainian parliamentary election in October 2014. The party won 33 seats. Sadovyi decided to remain as mayor of Lviv instead of taking a seat in parliament.
In the summer of 2016, the Lviv Gribovitsky landfill was closed on court-order, after a fire erupted on-site and claimed the lives of four. The closure led to the dumping of Lviv garbage inside the city and in other area not equipped for this purpose. In November 2016, Sadovyi launched a new tram route that connected the central part of the city with the Sykhiv district. On October 17, 2016, a Center for the provision of services to combatants was opened in Lviv. In addition, the Lviv City Council, at Sadovy's initiative, decided to allocate ₴400 million in 2017-2020 for material assistance to anti-terrorist operation participants, including ₴100,000 for each soldier; the city undertook to facilitate the allocation of land to anti-terrorist operation participants outside the city, or to provide monetary compensation, as well as to provide housing for the families of war victims, the seriously wounded and orphans. The decision was made by 53 votes "for", "against" 0.
In March 2017 Sadovyi announced the signing of a memorandum on the termination of Lviv's trash block. However, in June 2017, due to the severity of the problem – more than 9,000 tons of garbage had accumulated in and around the city – the issue was handed-over to the Lviv Regional State Administration for two years.
Self Reliance announced on 3 October 2018 that Sadovyi was their candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. He was a candidate in the election from 8 January until 1 March 2019, when he decided to withdraw to support the candidacy of Anatoliy Hrytsenko. Hrytsenko had already asked Sadovyi about 1 year prior to support his candidacy, Sadovyi eventually withdrew from the presidential election due to his low rating in opinion polls. Registration of Sadovyi's candidacy was officially cancelled on 5 March 2019. In these election Hrytsenko did not proceed to the second round of the election; in the first round he placed fifth with 6.91% of the votes.
In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Self Reliance lost all its parliamentary seats except for one single seat won in a constituency. In October 2019 Oksana Syroyid succeeded Sadovyi as party leader of Self Reliance.
On 21 November 2019, the Special Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine announced they suspected Sadovyi of abuse of power. The stated that the Lviv city authorities had sold for $2.2 million a plot of land in Lviv Oblast that is not a part of the (city of) Lviv. According to the prosecutors, the plot was also sold at a lower cost than it should have been and without an auction, causing $3.86 million in monetary damages to the Riasne-Ruske village and the state. If found guilty, Sadovyi and other suspects could be sentenced from three to six years in prison.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine Lviv mayor Sadovyi was accused of lack of preparedness of Lviv despite numerous photo opportunities with medical staff and equipment. A World Health Organization (WHO) team visiting Lviv in March 2020 were refused permission to establish a western Ukraine laboratory as Sadovyi and his staff wished to control data and information flow, contrary to WHO standards. Several media stories have highlighted serious shortcomings in Lviv city.
In March 2019, a dormitory for orphans was opened. In addition to accommodation, children can get professional legal and psychological assistance.
In March 2019 Sadovyi stated that he would not take part in the next election of mayor of Lviv. But in August 2020 he announced he would run for mayor of Lviv again in the October 2020 local elections. Sadovy was reelected in the second round of the Lviv mayoral election of 22 November 2020 with 62.25% of the vote (he had gained 40.09% in the first round). Runner up Oleh Synyutka got 37.75% of the vote.
Criticism
For an extended period, Sadovyi has been unable to resolve the Lviv garbage crisis, which has led to periodic calls for his resignation.
In late 2017, former Lviv City Council deputy, Bohdan Pankevych, accused Sadovyi of not supporting the adoption of a resolution «regulating the language of service to citizens in the provision of services, trade, and information about goods and services, and the placement of advertising information.» Pankevych reported that the resolution was simply not included in the session’s agenda, as requested by Mayor Sadovyi.
The media holding "Lux, " owned by Sadovyi’s wife, has been accused by some activists of supporting russification.
Blogger and representative of the International Public Organization «Ukrainian Community» in Lviv, Yuri Sytnyk, as well as part of the Lviv community, link Andriy Sadovyi’s media career to deceiving the depositors of «Galitski Investments» joint-stock company, with which Andriy had connections, and gaining control over a significant number of enterprises in Lviv Oblast as a result.
Ihor Churkin, the owner of Lviv Bus Factory, states that Lviv’s mayor owes the plant 70 million hryvnias for 40 trolleybuses and buses and has not paid a single penny, leading to the actual halt of the plant’s production.
According to the information from Galician political analyst Yuri Sytnyk, the mayor of Lviv is associated with the Russian oligarch Mikhail Fridman, through whom he has connections to the Russian establishment.
In 2019, Andriy Sadovyi was accused of selling the city community’s land to the investment company STR at an undervalued price for the construction of an industrial park in 2015. The Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office (SAP) claims that this deal caused damage to the state and citizens in the amount of over 93.5 million hryvnias.
In 2021, the National Agency on Corruption Prevention compiled and sent to court 14 administrative protocols against Andriy Sadovyi.
In 2021, one of the scandals that affected Andriy Sadovyi’s reputation was the international music festival Alfa Jazz Fest. The scandal arose due to the festival’s general sponsor, the company with Russian capital, «Alfa-Bank».
In 2023, Lviv City Council deputy, Oleksiy Reznik, and the editorial team of the Lviv information agency "Vgolos, " filed a request with the State Bureau of Investigations demanding the opening of a criminal investigation regarding Mayor Andriy Sadovyi’s bonuses to his deputies. Statements were submitted about the need to initiate criminal proceedings related to Andriy Sadovyi’s activities.
Social activity
Sadovyi has been engaged in social activity since 1997. He is a founder and the head of a board of the social organization Lviv Development Institute, head of the Management Council of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptyts’kyi Art and Culture Fund of Greek Church of Ukraine (2000–2002), member of Ukrainian-Polish Cooperation Capital. In 2003, he was elected a deputy head of the "Mosty na Skhid" Institute Council (Poland).
Personal life
He is married to Kateryna Kit-Sadova, and has five sons: Ivan, Tadey, Mykhailo, Yosyp and Anthony.
His wife owns large shares in various television and radio broadcasters (including Channel 24).
See also
List of mayors of Lviv
References
^ a b "Justice Ministry registers party of Lviv mayor". Kyiv Post. 8 January 2013.
^ (in Ukrainian) Андрій Садовий піде на вибори мера Львова позапартійним, gigamir.net (13 September 2010)
^ a b (in Ukrainian) Sadovyi after the failure of the election resigned as the leader of "Self-help". He already found a replacement https://m.glavcom.ua/country/politics/sirojid-stala-novoju-liderkoju-partiji-samopomich-633783.html, Glavcom (19 October 2019)
^ "Андрій Садовий знову йде в мери Львова: що потрібно знати про кандидата". РБК-Украина (in Russian). Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ a b ЦВК зареєструвала вже 5 кандидатів у президенти. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ a b "Sadovyi withdraws from presidential race in favor of Hrytsenko". www.unian.info. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
^ a b (in Ukrainian) Andriy Sadovyy: biography and dossier for Lviv mayor by znaj.ua (13 September 2018)
^ "Садовый прокомментировал службу в кремлевском полку". OBOZREVATEL NEWS (in Russian). 5 November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
^ a b c (in Ukrainian) Local elections. Lviv region: the fourth round of Sadovy and the announced confrontation, The Ukrainian Week (7 September 2020)
^ Результаты выборов мэра Львова Archived 5 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ (in Ukrainian) Мером Львова обрано Андрія Садового Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, ЛьвівNEWS (November 2010)
^ History Archived 2014-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Self Reliance New York F.C.U.
^ About us Archived 2013-12-06 at the Wayback Machine. Ukrainian Selfreliance of Western Pennsylvania Federal Credit Union.
^ a b c "Mayor of central Ukrainian city shot dead". Reuters (in Ukrainian). 26 July 2014. "Mayor of Lvov's house fired at with "Mukha" ("Fly") last night". Ukrayinska Pravda. 26 July 2014.
^ Zaxid.net. Будинок Садового у Львові знову обстріляли. ZAXID.NET (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 18 April 2019.
^ У двір будинку мера Львова Садового кинули гранату. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 25 April 2019.
^ Poroshenko and Yatsenyuk's parties maneuver for lead role in coalition, Kyiv Post (29 October 2014)New Verkhovna Rada, Kyiv Post (30 October 2014)Poroshenko Bloc to have greatest number of seats in parliament, Ukrinform (8 November 2014)People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014)Poroshenko Bloc to get 132 seats in parliament - CEC, Interfax-Ukraine (8 November 2014)
^ Sindelar, Daisy; Tereshchuk, Halyna (31 October 2014). "Can Lviv Mayor Change Ukrainian Politics Once And For All?". RFERL.
^ "Lviv received 35 million euros for solving the "rubbish problem" – the mayor's office". tech2.org. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
^ "Нацполіція затримала на Чернігівщині вантажівку, що прямо в селі скинула 12 тонн сміття зі Львова". espreso.tv. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
^ У Львові обіцяють таки завершити будівництво трамвайної колії на Сихів цього року
^ У Львові запустили довгоочікуваний трамвай на Сихів: фото і відео
^ 100 тис. грн кожному учаснику АТО. Рішення Львова
^ Садовий повідомив про кінець “сміттєвої блокади” Львова. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^ "Гройсман розкритикував Садового за те, що за 11 років він не вирішив сміттєвої проблеми". zik.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^ Lviv mayor to run for president, LB.ua (3 October 2018)
^ (in Ukrainian) Andriy Sadovy: Hrytsenko did not know that I would publicly support him, Ukrayinska Pravda (1 March 2019)
^ Садового вже зняли з виборів
^ (in Ukrainian) Results of the presidential election in 2019. The first round, Ukrayinska Pravda (31 March 2019)
^ CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections, Ukrinform (26 July 2019)(in Russian) Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 July 2019)
^ a b c d Prosecutors suspect Lviv mayor Sadovyi of abuse of power, Kyiv Post (21 November 2019)
^ Experts say Ukrainian hospitals are not ready for COVID-19 pandemic, KyivPost (27 March 2020)
^ В очікуванні місцевих виборів: чи вдалося Садовому виконати передвиборчу програму
^ (in Ukrainian) Sadovy said that he would no longer run for the mayor of Lviv, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 March 2019)
^ (in Ukrainian) Local elections 2020: review of the election campaign (August 10-22, 2020), Ukrayinska Pravda (24 August 2020)
^ a b (in Ukrainian) The TEC officially announced Sadovy's victory in Lviv, Ukrayinska Pravda (25 November 2020)
^ "Гройсман розкритикував Садового за те, що за 11 років він не вирішив сміттєвої проблеми". Archived from the original on 23 April 2017.
^ Садовий виступив проти української мови?
^ Садовий «завалив» захист української мови у Львові
^ Садовий виступив проти української мови — активіст
^ "Відкритий лист «наївному» люстратору Єгору Соболєву". Archived from the original on 17 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
^ Вкладники «Галицьких інвестицій» вимагають негайної виплати дивідендів
^ ЛАЗ: В России, когда слышат, что мы из Львова, говорить не хотят
^ Андрей Садовый: Путин для многих лидеров — образец
^ Мэру Львова назначили залог в 1,5 миллиона гривен
^ НАПК составило на Садового 14 админпротоколов
^ Через мусор к президентству: что известно об Андрее Садовом
^ Андрей Садовой — мэра Львова обвиняют в коррупции
^ a b c (in Ukrainian) Elections-2019: Sadov declared 490 thousand salaries, all assets - in his wife by Ukrayinska Pravda (9 January 2019)
^ News TV-channel ”24”, Institute of Mass Information
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andriy Sadovyy.
Official website
Mayor of Lviv Archived 10 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine at Lviv City Council site
vteCandidates in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential electionWinner
Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Lostin runoff
Petro Poroshenko
Othercandidates
Gennady Balashov
Roman Bezsmertnyi
Olha Bohomolets
Inna Bohoslovska
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Oleksandr Danylyuk
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Serhiy Kaplin
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Arkadiy Kornatskiy
Ruslan Koshulynskyi
Viktor Kryvenko
Vitalii Kuprii
Illia Kyva
Oleh Lyashko
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Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
Roman Nasirov
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Andriy Novak
Volodymyr Petrov
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Vasiliy Zhuravlyov
Withdrew
Dmytro Dobrodomov
Dmytro Gnap
Serhiy Krivonos
Yevheniy Murayev
Andriy Sadovyi
Michel Tereshchenko
Opinion polling
vteEuromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity21 November 2013 – 23 February 2014Maintopics
Timeline of the Euromaidan
Domestic responses to the Euromaidan
International reactions to the Euromaidan
Casualties
Heavenly Hundred
Order of the Heavenly Hundred Heroes
Damaged communist monuments
Mainevents
1 December 2013 riots
Fall of the monument to Lenin in Kyiv
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Vasylkiv terrorists case
Anti-protest laws in Ukraine
2014 Odesa clashes
2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots
2014 RSA occupations
Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine
Revolution of Dignity
Aftermath
2014 pro-Russian unrest
Timeline
Russian military intervention
2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia
Timeline
War in Donbas
timeline
First Yatsenyuk government
Lustration in Ukraine
Decommunization in Ukraine
Elections
2014 Ukrainian presidential election
2014 Ukrainian local elections
2014 Kyiv local election
2014 Crimean status referendum
2014 Donbas status referendums
2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election
Mainplaces
Maidan Nezalezhnosti
Mezhyhirya
Khreshchatyk
Lypky
Bankova Street
European Square
Hrushevskoho Street
Dynamo Stadium
Kyiv City Council
Trade Unions Building
Ukrainian House
Mariinskyi Park
October Palace
Kyiv Conservatory
Europeanintegration
Ukraine–European Union relations
Eastern Partnership
European Union Association Agreement
European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement
Constitution of Ukraine
ProtestfiguresOrganizations
Maidan People's Union
Euromaidan Press
Parliamentary opposition parties
Batkivshchyna
Svoboda
UDAR
Other parties
Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
Democratic Alliance
UNA–UNSO
United Left and Peasants
Civic organizations
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Militant groups
Right Sector
Spilna Sprava
Lead figures
Vitali Klitschko
Arseniy Yatsenyuk
Oleh Tyahnybok
Petro Poroshenko
Yuriy Lutsenko
Oleksandr Turchynov
Yulia Tymoshenko
Andriy Parubiy
Andriy Sadovyi
Arsen Avakov
Ruslana
Tetiana Chornovol
Dmytro Bulatov
Dmytro Yarosh
Refat Chubarov
Anti-protestfiguresOrganizations
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Titushky
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Lead figures
Viktor Yanukovych
Mykola Azarov
Serhiy Arbuzov
Vitaliy Zakharchenko
Oleksandr Yefremov
Andriy Klyuyev
Hennadiy Kernes
Mykhailo Dobkin
Viktor Pshonka
Olena Lukash
Yuriy Boyko
Leonid Kozhara
Dmytro Tabachnyk
Oleksandr Klymenko
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Self Reliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Reliance_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syroyid633783b-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.com.ua-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unian.info-6"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Ivanovych and the family name is Sadovyi.Andriy Ivanovych Sadovyi (Ukrainian: Андрій Іванович Садовий; born 19 August 1968) is a Ukrainian politician and businessman who has served as the mayor of Lviv, the administrative centre of the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine, since 2006.He is the former leader of the Self Reliance political party,[3] and co-founder of \"Lux\" media holding.[4] Sadovyi was a candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election from 8 January[5] until 1 March 2019, when he decided to withdraw.[6]","title":"Andriy Sadovyi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173063AS-7"},{"link_name":"military service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service"},{"link_name":"Soviet Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Army"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Andriy Sadovyi was born on 19 August 1968 in the city of Lviv.[7] He graduated from the Lviv Technical School of Radioelectronics in 1987. He performed his military service from 1987 to 1989 in the Soviet Army.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lviv Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist"},{"link_name":"finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance"},{"link_name":"National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_for_Public_Administration_under_the_President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"1995 – Graduated from Lviv Polytechnic in 1995 with a degree in Electrical Engineering.\n1997 – Qualified as an Economist, specializing in finance.\n1999 – Graduated from the National Academy for Public Administration under the President of Ukraine with a master's degree in public administration.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247466_Local_elections-9"},{"link_name":"re-elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Our Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Ukraine_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247466_Local_elections-9"},{"link_name":"2010 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Republican Christian Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Christian_Party"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247466_Local_elections-9"},{"link_name":"Self Reliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Reliance_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Samopomich-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"RPG-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPG-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attack-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attack-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attack-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RFE141031-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Lviv Regional State Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pravda.com.ua-5"},{"link_name":"Anatoliy Hrytsenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliy_Hrytsenko"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unian.info-6"},{"link_name":"opinion polls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2019_Ukrainian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Oksana Syroyid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Syroyid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Syroyid633783b-3"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sadovyi211119-31"},{"link_name":"Lviv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sadovyi211119-31"},{"link_name":"Riasne-Ruske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riasne-Ruske&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sadovyi211119-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sadovyi211119-31"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"western Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyiv_Post-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"next election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ukrainian_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7209785Sadovy-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5f423ed31bfbeSadovy-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7274873LME2020SR-36"},{"link_name":"Oleh Synyutka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Synyutka"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7274873LME2020SR-36"}],"sub_title":"Career","text":"In 1989, Andriy Sadovyi began working as an adjuster of radio-electronic devices at the Lvivprylad Manufacturers. In 1992–1995 he was a deputy director of the Lviv branch of Social Adaptation of Youth Fund under the auspices of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.From 1997 to 2005 he was the chairman and head of the board of joint-stock company Pivden'zakhidelectromerezhbud. From 1997 to 2001 he was the head of the board of the Lviv District Development Fund. From 2002 to 2003 Sadovyi was a director of the Lviv Development Institute that publishes the Ukrainian-wide Misto journal. Since 2002, Sadovyi has been the head of the board of the joint-stock Radio&TV company TRK Lux. Since 2005 he has been the head of social organization Self Reliance.On 26 March 2006, Sadovyi was elected the city mayor of Lviv.[9] On 31 October 2010, he was re-elected for a second term to the post of mayor of Lviv.[10][11] Andriy Sadovyi was a member of Our Ukraine until 2010.[9] In the 2010 local elections he was elected as a nominee from the Republican Christian Party.[9]In October 2012, Sadovyi called for creating a new political party, Self Reliance, which was registered in late December 2012.[1] The name stems from societies that existed before World War I in Galicia and which were revived after World War II as credit unions in the United States.[12][13]At 11:30pm on 25 July 2014 Sadovyi's house was hit by a high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead of an RPG-18.[14] The combatant who fired the RPG is unknown, and Sadovyi was not home at the time of the explosion,[14] which damaged the roof, beams, and windows.[14] At 8:45pm on 26 December 2014, the house was hit again. On that day, Sadovy and his family were reportedly at the Bukovel Resort. Walls, windows and doors were damaged.[15] At 10:50pm on 29 October 2015, a grenade was thrown into the courtyard of the Sadovyi's house. Sadovyi and his family were at home at the time of the explosion, however nobody was hurt and no damage was caused. The attacker was arrested.[16]Led by Sadovyi, the party Self Reliance finished third in the Ukrainian parliamentary election in October 2014. The party won 33 seats.[17] Sadovyi decided to remain as mayor of Lviv instead of taking a seat in parliament.[18]In the summer of 2016, the Lviv Gribovitsky landfill was closed on court-order, after a fire erupted on-site and claimed the lives of four.[19] The closure led to the dumping of Lviv garbage inside the city and in other area not equipped for this purpose.[20] In November 2016, Sadovyi launched a new tram route that connected the central part of the city with the Sykhiv district.[21][22] On October 17, 2016, a Center for the provision of services to combatants was opened in Lviv. In addition, the Lviv City Council, at Sadovy's initiative, decided to allocate ₴400 million in 2017-2020 for material assistance to anti-terrorist operation participants, including ₴100,000 for each soldier; the city undertook to facilitate the allocation of land to anti-terrorist operation participants outside the city, or to provide monetary compensation, as well as to provide housing for the families of war victims, the seriously wounded and orphans. The decision was made by 53 votes \"for\", \"against\" 0.[23]In March 2017 Sadovyi announced the signing of a memorandum on the termination of Lviv's trash block.[24] However, in June 2017, due to the severity of the problem – more than 9,000 tons of garbage had accumulated in and around the city – the issue was handed-over to the Lviv Regional State Administration for two years.[25]Self Reliance announced on 3 October 2018 that Sadovyi was their candidate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.[26] He was a candidate in the election from 8 January[5] until 1 March 2019, when he decided to withdraw to support the candidacy of Anatoliy Hrytsenko.[6] Hrytsenko had already asked Sadovyi about 1 year prior to support his candidacy, Sadovyi eventually withdrew from the presidential election due to his low rating in opinion polls.[27] Registration of Sadovyi's candidacy was officially cancelled on 5 March 2019.[28] In these election Hrytsenko did not proceed to the second round of the election; in the first round he placed fifth with 6.91% of the votes.[29]In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Self Reliance lost all its parliamentary seats except for one single seat won in a constituency.[30] In October 2019 Oksana Syroyid succeeded Sadovyi as party leader of Self Reliance.[3]On 21 November 2019, the Special Anti-Corruption Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine announced they suspected Sadovyi of abuse of power.[31] The stated that the Lviv city authorities had sold for $2.2 million a plot of land in Lviv Oblast that is not a part of the (city of) Lviv.[31] According to the prosecutors, the plot was also sold at a lower cost than it should have been and without an auction, causing $3.86 million in monetary damages to the Riasne-Ruske village and the state.[31] If found guilty, Sadovyi and other suspects could be sentenced from three to six years in prison.[31]During the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine Lviv mayor Sadovyi was accused of lack of preparedness of Lviv despite numerous photo opportunities with medical staff and equipment. A World Health Organization (WHO) team visiting Lviv in March 2020 were refused permission to establish a western Ukraine laboratory as Sadovyi and his staff wished to control data and information flow, contrary to WHO standards. Several media stories have highlighted serious shortcomings in Lviv city.[32]In March 2019, a dormitory for orphans was opened. In addition to accommodation, children can get professional legal and psychological assistance.[33]In March 2019 Sadovyi stated that he would not take part in the next election of mayor of Lviv.[34] But in August 2020 he announced he would run for mayor of Lviv again in the October 2020 local elections.[35] Sadovy was reelected in the second round of the Lviv mayoral election of 22 November 2020 with 62.25% of the vote (he had gained 40.09% in the first round).[36] Runner up Oleh Synyutka got 37.75% of the vote.[36]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D1%81%D0%B26-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0-42"},{"link_name":"Lviv Bus Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv_Bus_Factory"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%D0%B5%D0%BD-43"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Fridman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Fridman"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"National Agency on Corruption Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Agency_on_Corruption_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Alfa-Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa-Bank"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"For an extended period, Sadovyi has been unable to resolve the Lviv garbage crisis, which has led to periodic calls for his resignation.[37]In late 2017, former Lviv City Council deputy, Bohdan Pankevych, accused Sadovyi of not supporting the adoption of a resolution «regulating the language of service to citizens in the provision of services, trade, and information about goods and services, and the placement of advertising information.» Pankevych reported that the resolution was simply not included in the session’s agenda, as requested by Mayor Sadovyi.[38][39]The media holding \"Lux, \" owned by Sadovyi’s wife, has been accused by some activists of supporting russification.[40]Blogger and representative of the International Public Organization «Ukrainian Community» in Lviv, Yuri Sytnyk, as well as part of the Lviv community, link Andriy Sadovyi’s media career to deceiving the depositors of «Galitski Investments» joint-stock company, with which Andriy had connections, and gaining control over a significant number of enterprises in Lviv Oblast as a result.[41][42]Ihor Churkin, the owner of Lviv Bus Factory, states that Lviv’s mayor owes the plant 70 million hryvnias for 40 trolleybuses and buses and has not paid a single penny, leading to the actual halt of the plant’s production.[43]According to the information from Galician political analyst Yuri Sytnyk, the mayor of Lviv is associated with the Russian oligarch Mikhail Fridman, through whom he has connections to the Russian establishment.[44]In 2019, Andriy Sadovyi was accused of selling the city community’s land to the investment company STR at an undervalued price for the construction of an industrial park in 2015. The Specialized Anti-Corruption Prosecutor’s Office (SAP) claims that this deal caused damage to the state and citizens in the amount of over 93.5 million hryvnias.[45]In 2021, the National Agency on Corruption Prevention compiled and sent to court 14 administrative protocols against Andriy Sadovyi.[46]In 2021, one of the scandals that affected Andriy Sadovyi’s reputation was the international music festival Alfa Jazz Fest. The scandal arose due to the festival’s general sponsor, the company with Russian capital, «Alfa-Bank».[47]In 2023, Lviv City Council deputy, Oleksiy Reznik, and the editorial team of the Lviv information agency \"Vgolos, \" filed a request with the State Bureau of Investigations demanding the opening of a criminal investigation regarding Mayor Andriy Sadovyi’s bonuses to his deputies. Statements were submitted about the need to initiate criminal proceedings related to Andriy Sadovyi’s activities.[48]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sadovyi has been engaged in social activity since 1997. He is a founder and the head of a board of the social organization Lviv Development Institute, head of the Management Council of Metropolitan Andrey Sheptyts’kyi Art and Culture Fund of Greek Church of Ukraine (2000–2002), member of Ukrainian-Polish Cooperation Capital. In 2003, he was elected a deputy head of the \"Mosty na Skhid\" Institute Council (Poland).","title":"Social activity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kateryna Kit-Sadova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateryna_Kit-Sadova"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203299AS-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203299AS-49"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173063AS-7"},{"link_name":"Channel 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_24_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7203299AS-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"}],"text":"He is married to Kateryna Kit-Sadova,[49] and has five[49] sons: Ivan, Tadey, Mykhailo, Yosyp and Anthony.[7]His wife owns large shares in various television and radio broadcasters (including Channel 24).[49][50]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of mayors of Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Lviv"}] | [{"reference":"\"Justice Ministry registers party of Lviv mayor\". Kyiv Post. 8 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/justice-ministry-registers-party-of-lviv-mayor-318535.html","url_text":"\"Justice Ministry registers party of Lviv mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Post","url_text":"Kyiv Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Андрій Садовий знову йде в мери Львова: що потрібно знати про кандидата\". РБК-Украина (in Russian). Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://vybory.rbc.ua/ukr/2020/andrey-sadovyy-idet-mery-lvova-nuzhno-znat-1601485971.html","url_text":"\"Андрій Садовий знову йде в мери Львова: що потрібно знати про кандидата\""}]},{"reference":"ЦВК зареєструвала вже 5 кандидатів у президенти. Українська правда (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 1 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/01/8/7203244/","url_text":"ЦВК зареєструвала вже 5 кандидатів у президенти"}]},{"reference":"\"Sadovyi withdraws from presidential race in favor of Hrytsenko\". www.unian.info. Retrieved 1 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unian.info/politics/10465293-sadovyi-withdraws-from-presidential-race-in-favor-of-hrytsenko.html","url_text":"\"Sadovyi withdraws from presidential race in favor of Hrytsenko\""}]},{"reference":"\"Садовый прокомментировал службу в кремлевском полку\". OBOZREVATEL NEWS (in Russian). 5 November 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.obozrevatel.com/politics/64209-sadovogo-zapodozrili-v-ohrane-kremlya.htm","url_text":"\"Садовый прокомментировал службу в кремлевском полку\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor of central Ukrainian city shot dead\". Reuters (in Ukrainian). 26 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-ukraine-crisis-mayor-idUKKBN0FV08B20140726","url_text":"\"Mayor of central Ukrainian city shot dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Mayor of Lvov's house fired at with \"Mukha\" (\"Fly\") last night\". 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The first round"},{"Link":"https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-elections/2748306-cec-counts-100-percent-of-vote-in-ukraines-parliamentary-elections.html","external_links_name":"CEC counts 100 percent of vote in Ukraine's parliamentary elections"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2019/07/21/7221526/","external_links_name":"Results of the extraordinary elections of the People's Deputies of Ukraine 2019"},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/prosecutors-suspect-lviv-mayor-sadovyi-of-abuse-of-power.html","external_links_name":"Prosecutors suspect Lviv mayor Sadovyi of abuse of power"},{"Link":"https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/experts-say-ukrainian-hospitals-are-not-ready-for-covid-19-pandemic.html","external_links_name":"Experts say Ukrainian hospitals are not ready for COVID-19 pandemic"},{"Link":"http://www.slovoidilo.ua/2020/06/04/stattja/polityka/ochikuvanni-miscevyx-vyboriv-chy-vdalosya-sadovomu-vykonaty-peredvyborchu-prohramu","external_links_name":"В очікуванні місцевих виборів: чи вдалося Садовому виконати передвиборчу програму"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/03/21/7209785/","external_links_name":"Sadovy said that he would no longer run for the mayor of Lviv"},{"Link":"https://blogs.pravda.com.ua/authors/fesenko/5f423ed31bfbe/","external_links_name":"Local elections 2020: review of the election campaign (August 10-22, 2020)"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2020/11/25/7274873/","external_links_name":"The TEC officially announced Sadovy's victory in Lviv"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062900/http://zik.ua/news/2017/03/21/groysman_rozkrytykuvav_sadovogo_za_te_shcho_za_11_rokiv_vin_ne_vyrishyv_1064731","external_links_name":"\"Гройсман розкритикував Садового за те, що за 11 років він не вирішив сміттєвої проблеми\""},{"Link":"http://zik.ua/news/2017/03/21/groysman_rozkrytykuvav_sadovogo_za_te_shcho_za_11_rokiv_vin_ne_vyrishyv_1064731","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://forpost.lviv.ua/novyny/8957-sadovyi-vystupyv-proty-ukrainskoi-movy","external_links_name":"Садовий виступив проти української мови?"},{"Link":"http://vgolos.com.ua/news/sadovyy_zavalyv_zahyst_ukrainskoi_movy_u_lvovi_295459.html","external_links_name":"Садовий «завалив» захист української мови у Львові"},{"Link":"http://uainfo.org/blognews/1513856325-sadoviy-vistupiv-proti-ukrayinskoyi-movi-aktivist-video.html","external_links_name":"Садовий виступив проти української мови — активіст"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141117041151/http://uazmi.org/article/1053829988276","external_links_name":"\"Відкритий лист «наївному» люстратору Єгору Соболєву\""},{"Link":"http://uazmi.org/article/1053829988276","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://vgolos.com.ua/news/vkladnyky_galytskyh_investytsiy_vymagayut_negaynoi_vyplaty_dyvidendiv_15393.html","external_links_name":"Вкладники «Галицьких інвестицій» вимагають негайної виплати дивідендів"},{"Link":"http://biz.liga.net/all/transport/intervyu/2834245-v-rossii-kogda-slyshat-chto-my-iz-lvova-dazhe-govorit-ne-khotyat.htm","external_links_name":"ЛАЗ: В России, когда слышат, что мы из Львова, говорить не хотят"},{"Link":"https://www.dw.com/ru/%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85-%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%86/a-40587557","external_links_name":"Андрей Садовый: Путин для многих лидеров — образец"},{"Link":"https://usionline.com/sud-nad-andreem-sadovym-meru-lvova-naznachili-zalog-v-1-5-milliona-griven/","external_links_name":"Мэру Львова назначили залог в 1,5 миллиона гривен"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/rus/news/2021/03/10/7286110/","external_links_name":"НАПК составило на Садового 14 админпротоколов"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/features-russian-46882759","external_links_name":"Через мусор к президентству: что известно об Андрее Садовом"},{"Link":"https://lenta.ua/ru/desyatki-millionov-na-premii-mera-sadovogo-obvinyayut-v-korruptsii-140922/","external_links_name":"Андрей Садовой — мэра Львова обвиняют в коррупции"},{"Link":"https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/01/9/7203299/","external_links_name":"Elections-2019: Sadov declared 490 thousand salaries, all assets - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Council_of_Lower_Canada | Special Council of Lower Canada | ["1 Lists of Members of the Special Council","2 Presiding Officer","3 Meeting Venue","4 See also","5 Notes","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Special Council of Lower Canada" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Special Council of Lower CanadaTypeTypeUnicameral HistoryFounded1838 (1838)Disbanded1841 (1841)Preceded byParliament of Lower CanadaSucceeded byParliament of the Province of Canada
The Special Council of Lower Canada was an appointed body which administered Lower Canada until the Union Act of 1840 created the Province of Canada. Following the Lower Canada Rebellion, on March 27, 1838, the Constitutional Act of 1791 was suspended and both the Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council were dissolved.
The Act of Union united Upper and Lower Canada into a single province with a single parliament, consisting of an upper and lower house. Upon the first meeting of this parliament, the Special Council was dissolved.
In November 1839, the Special Council approved proposals made by Governor Sydenham for the union of the two Canadas.
There were three Special Councils:
the first, consisting of 24 members, was appointed by the acting Governor General, Sir John Colborne, and served from April 2, 1838 to June 1, 1838, when its members were dismissed by the newly arrived Governor General, Lord Durham within a week of his arrival in Canada.
the second, appointed by Lord Durham, existed from June 28, 1838 to November 2, 1838. This council was much smaller than the first had been, with an initial membership of five (later expanded to seven). All the members of Durham's Council were British officials who had arrived in Canada as part of his entourage.
the third, appointed by Sir John Colborne, existed from November 2, 1838 to February 10, 1841. This consisted of the same members who had been appointed in April. Lord Sydenham, who assumed office as Governor General in 1839, added twelve new members in three rounds of appointments in 1839 and 1840. None of the members of Durham's second Council served on the third Council.
Lists of Members of the Special Council
First Special Council
James Cuthbert
Toussaint Pothier
Charles-Étienne Chaussegros de Léry
James Stuart
Peter McGill
Marc-Pascal de Sales Laterrière
Barthélemy Joliette
Pierre de Rastel de Rocheblave
John Neilson
Amable Dionne
Samuel Gerrard
Jules-Maurice Quesnel
William Plenderleath Christie
Charles-Eusèbe Casgrain
William Walker
Joseph-Édouard Faribault
John Molson Jr.
Étienne Mayrand
Paul Holland Knowlton
Turton Penn
Joseph Dionne
Ichabod Smith
Thomas Brown Anderson
Thomas Austin
Second Special Council
Charles Paget
James Macdonell
Charles Buller
George Couper
Charles Grey
John Clitherow
Arthur William Buller
Third Special Council
James Cuthbert
Toussaint Pothier
Charles-Étienne Chaussegros de Léry
James Stuart
Peter McGill
Marc-Pascal de Sales Laterrière
Barthélemy Joliette
Pierre de Rastel de Rocheblave
John Neilson
Amable Dionne
Samuel Gerrard
Jules-Maurice Quesnel
William Plenderleath Christie
Charles-Eusèbe Casgrain
William Walker
Joseph-Édouard Faribault
John Molson Jr.
Étienne Mayrand
Paul Holland Knowlton
Turton Penn
Joseph Dionne
Ichabod Smith
Thomas Austin
Dominique Mondelet
George Moffatt
Robert Unwin Harwood
Edward Hale (uncle)
Edward Hale (nephew)
John Wainwright
Jean-Baptiste Taché
Dominick Daly
Charles Richard Ogden
Frederick George Heriot
Henry Black
Charles Dewey Day
Presiding Officer
The presiding member of the Special Council acted as Speaker.
James Cuthbert Jr. 1838
Sir James Stuart, 1st Baronet 1839-1841
Meeting Venue
In 1838 the Council met at Government House in Montreal and also at Quebec City. From 1839 to 1841 the Council met in Montreal only.
See also
Constitutional history of Canada
Notes
^ named to Council April 27, 1838
^ named to council July 9, 1838
^ named to council August 22, 1838
^ named to council on November 11, 1839
^ died October 5, 1840
^ a b named to council August 1, 1839
^ a b named to council September 19, 1839
^ named to council September 30, 1839
^ a b c named to council April 16, 1840
^ named to council April 18, 1840
^ named to council May 23, 1840
^ Journals of the Special Council of the Province of Lower Canada. Montreal: A. H. Armour and H. Ramsay. 1838–1841.
^ Journals of the Special Council of the Province of Lower Canada. Vol. 1. Montreal: A. H. Armour and H. Ramsay. 1838. p. 1.
^ Journals of the Special Council of the Province of Lower Canada. Vol. 2. Montreal: A. H. Armour and H. Ramsay. 1838. p. 3.
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Superintendents%27_Association | Police Superintendents' Association | ["1 National Officers","2 History","3 Membership","4 Structure","5 Presidents","6 Crest","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Mandatory union alternative for senior police officers
Law enforcement agency
Police Superintendents' AssociationAgency overviewFormed1952Employees8Legal personalityProfessional associationOperational structureHeadquarters67A Reading Road, Pangbourne, Berkshire, RG8 7JDWebsitehttp://www.policesupers.com
The Police Superintendents’ Association is the sole representative body for police officers in the ranks of superintendent and chief superintendent in England and Wales. Its members are the senior operational leaders in policing in the 43 Home Office forces, British Transport Police, Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Isle of Man Constabulary, the Bermuda Police Service, Royal Gibraltar Police and the Gibraltar Defence Police. The association's headquarters are in Pangbourne, Berkshire.
National Officers
The Association has three full-time national officers. Its acting president is Superintendent Nick Smart following the retirement of Chief Superintendent Paul Fotheringham. A president and vice president will be elected for three-year terms in January 2024. Chief Superintendent Dan Murphy is the national secretary (appointed 2017). Under association rules, the president holds office for up to three years.
History
The 1919 Police Act created a Police Federation of England and Wales to represent officers below the rank of superintendent, but no formal provision was made for superintendents. In 1920 the Home Office called a conference of superintendents, one from each force, or two from those with more than twelve superintendents, to decide how they should be represented on the Police Council. The delegates decided to elect one county and one city or borough superintendent to the Police Council and a committee of eight was formed to communicate with the Home Secretary. This was the beginning of the present Superintendents’ Association.
The Police Council met for the first time on 6 July 1920 and formulated Police Regulations to provide national conditions of service, discipline and allowances for officers. The following year, the Home Secretary approved the establishment of four permanent District conferences for superintendents, with each force sending one representative, or two from larger forces. They were permitted to convene twice every year, at public expense.
In 1952, a committee chaired by Lord Oaksey published a report that contained recommendations on police pay and conditions of service. This led to the formation of the Police Superintendents’ Association of England and Wales and also included the Metropolitan Police Service in London and the City of London Police, both of which had been outside the previous arrangements
The association is the sole representative body for superintendents and chief superintendents and has represented its members through a series of reforms including most notably the Willink Commission (1960), the Edmund-Davies Inquiry (1977), the Sheehy Inquiry (1992), the Winsor Review (2010) and the Hutton pension reforms (2010).
As the association grew in strength and influence over the years, the Home Office agreed to fund a Chief Superintendent to be seconded from a force as the full-time Secretary of the association. Additional funding was granted in 1983, 1995 and 2004 respectively for the posts of National President, National Deputy Secretary and vice president. In 2014 the post of Deputy National Secretary was removed and replaced by an employed police staff member as Assistant Secretary.
In 2018, the association shortened its name to become the Police Superintendents' Association (dropping 'of England and Wales') to more accurately reflect the UK-wide scope of its membership. On 23 May 2018, the Association became a private limited company. In 2020, current Home Secretary, Priti Patel MP formally opened the refurbished head offices of the association in Pangbourne, Berkshire.
In May 2020, the association celebrated 100 years since the election of the first leader of the superintendents - Chief Superintendent Charles Dawson (Liverpool City Police) who was elected on 27 May 1920.
In July 2020, together with the Home Secretary and Policing Minister, the PSA held an online centenary celebration of the formation of the Police Council. The centenary was held on line due to health regulations during the pandemic
On 23 August 2021, former presidents and secretaries met at Pangbourne to celebrate the life of Superintendent Gerry Richardson GC who was killed in the execution of his duty 50 years earlier.
Membership
Serving police officers who are Superintendents or Chief Superintendents in one of the 43 Home Office England and Wales police forces, the British Transport Police, the Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Isle of Man Constabulary, Bermuda Police, Royal Gibraltar Police and Gibraltar Defence Police can join the association. Since 2014, this has included the new Direct Entry Superintendents recruited directly into the rank from outside the police service. The association has around 1300 members. Eligible officers are not automatically enrolled and must opt-in to join, paying an annual subscription.
Structure
There are currently 49 Branches of the association, one for each of the 49 eligible forces. The Branches are grouped together into five Districts, A, B, C, D and E. These represent largely geographic areas but are configured to ensure a mixture of large metropolitan forces and smaller forces within each District. Branch officials, elected by their peers, are the voting members who attend District meetings. The number of delegates who attend from each Branch is in proportion to the number of members within the Branch. District meetings are held three times a year, hosted by different Branches in turn on a rota basis. National Officers attend each District meeting.
The president chairs the association's national executive committee, which is its policy-making body. The NEC includes the vice president and two representatives from each District. There are also representatives for women members, black, Asian and minority ethnic (BME) members, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) members and disabled members. These ‘reserved places’ are elected and are there to ensure that the NEC represents and champions the diverse interests of Superintendents and the wider service. The Association also has a representative from Wales to represent Welsh police interests. The NEC meets five times per year and the association holds an annual AGM, usually in spring. It also holds a national conference every September
Presidents
Presidents were elected in March each year prior to 1993. After 1993 Presidents were elected in March every three years.
Oct 2023-Jan 2024 Supt Nick Smart, West Yorkshire (acting)
2022- 2023 C/Supt Paul Fotheringham, Kent
2019 - 2022 C/Supt Paul Griffiths OBE, OStJ, Gwent
2016-2019 C/Supt Gavin Thomas OBE, Gloucestershire
2013-2016 C/Supt Irene Curtis OBE, Lancashire
2010-2013 C/Supt Derek Barnett OBE, Cheshire
2007-2010 C/Supt Ian Johnston QPM, Gwent
2004-2007 C/Supt Rick Naylor QPM, South Yorkshire
2001-2004 C/Supt Kevin Morris QPM, Surrey
1998-2001 C/Supt Peter Gammon MBE, Kent
1995-1998 C/Supt Brian Mackenzie OBE, Durham
1993-1995 Chief Supt David Golding MBE, Metropolitan
1992-1993 Chief Supt Eddie Day, Hampshire
1991-1992 Chief Supt David Golding MBE, Metropolitan
1990-1991 Supt David P. Roberts, Avon & Somerset
1989-1990 Chief Supt Trevor B. Davey, West Yorkshire
1988-1989 Chief Supt Don Grieve QPM, Merseyside
1987-1988 Chief Supt Michael Dixon, Norfolk
1986-1987 Chief Supt Leslie Stowe, Metropolitan
1985-1986 Supt Tony Parkes MBE, Devon & Cornwall
1984-1985 Chief Supt K. Stuart Anderson, South Yorkshire
1983-1984 Chief Supt John Wigham, Lancashire
1982-1983 Chief Supt Harold Swatridge, Dorset
1981-1982 Chief Supt Douglas Taylor, West Yorkshire
1980-1981 Chief Supt Michael Bricknell, Thames Valley
1979-1980 Chief Supt Ken Rivers, Metropolitan
1978-1979 Chief Supt J. Wilkinson, South Yorkshire
1977-1978 Chief Supt Peter Hawkins, Avon & Somerset
1976-1977 Chief Supt Valentine Shortridge, Gwent
1975-1976 Chief Supt Robert Taylor, Metropolitan
1974-1975 Chief Supt H.M. Shelley, Derbyshire
1973-1974 Chief Supt W. John Hawkins, Gloucestershire
1972-1973 Supt Joan Parker QPM, Durham
1971-1972 Chief Supt L. Barker, Metropolitan
1970-1971 Chief Supt R.E. Coombs MBE, Hampshire
1969-1970 Chief Supt F.D. Slack, Norfolk
1968-1969 Chief Supt G.J. Kelland, Metropolitan
1967-1968 Chief Supt Wilkes, Cheshire
Crest
In 2002 the association's 50th anniversary was marked with a new heraldic coat of arms. This was presented on behalf of Her Majesty at the association's national conference by the Lord Lieutenant for Cheshire Mr William Bromley Davenport.
See also
Police unions
References
^ "History". policesupers.com.
^ "National Office". policesupers.com.
^ "History of the Federation". polfed.org. Archived from the original on 2015-02-16. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
^ "History". politics.co.uk.
^ "POLICE SUPERINTENDENTS' ASSOCIATION LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK".
^ "Refurbished home of the Police Superintendents' Association opened by Home Secretary". Police Superintendents' Association.
^ "House of Commons - Home Affairs: Written evidence submitted by the Police Superintendents' Association of England and Wales ". parliament.uk.
^ "First week for direct entry superintendents". policesupers.com.
^ Barrett, David (8 August 2014). "New 'direct entry' police superintendents will break 180 years of tradition". Telegraph.co.uk. London.
^ "Whitwam Audio Visual Solutions - Police Superintendents' Association". whitwam.ltd.uk.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chief superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_superintendent"},{"link_name":"Pangbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangbourne"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"}],"text":"Law enforcement agencyThe Police Superintendents’ Association is the sole representative body for police officers in the ranks of superintendent and chief superintendent in England and Wales. Its members are the senior operational leaders in policing in the 43 Home Office forces, British Transport Police, Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Isle of Man Constabulary, the Bermuda Police Service, Royal Gibraltar Police and the Gibraltar Defence Police. The association's headquarters are in Pangbourne, Berkshire.","title":"Police Superintendents' Association"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Association has three full-time national officers. Its acting president is Superintendent Nick Smart following the retirement of Chief Superintendent Paul Fotheringham. A president and vice president will be elected for three-year terms in January 2024. Chief Superintendent Dan Murphy is the national secretary (appointed 2017). Under association rules, the president holds office for up to three years.","title":"National Officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Police Federation of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Federation_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Home Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office"},{"link_name":"Lord Oaksey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Oaksey"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"City of London Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_London_Police"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sheehy Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheehy_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Home Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Secretary"}],"text":"The 1919 Police Act created a Police Federation of England and Wales to represent officers below the rank of superintendent, but no formal provision was made for superintendents.[3] In 1920 the Home Office called a conference of superintendents, one from each force, or two from those with more than twelve superintendents, to decide how they should be represented on the Police Council. The delegates decided to elect one county and one city or borough superintendent to the Police Council and a committee of eight was formed to communicate with the Home Secretary. This was the beginning of the present Superintendents’ Association.The Police Council met for the first time on 6 July 1920 and formulated Police Regulations to provide national conditions of service, discipline and allowances for officers. The following year, the Home Secretary approved the establishment of four permanent District conferences for superintendents, with each force sending one representative, or two from larger forces. They were permitted to convene twice every year, at public expense.In 1952, a committee chaired by Lord Oaksey published a report that contained recommendations on police pay and conditions of service. This led to the formation of the Police Superintendents’ Association of England and Wales and also included the Metropolitan Police Service in London and the City of London Police, both of which had been outside the previous arrangements[4]The association is the sole representative body for superintendents and chief superintendents and has represented its members through a series of reforms including most notably the Willink Commission (1960), the Edmund-Davies Inquiry (1977), the Sheehy Inquiry (1992), the Winsor Review (2010) and the Hutton pension reforms (2010).As the association grew in strength and influence over the years, the Home Office agreed to fund a Chief Superintendent to be seconded from a force as the full-time Secretary of the association. Additional funding was granted in 1983, 1995 and 2004 respectively for the posts of National President, National Deputy Secretary and vice president. In 2014 the post of Deputy National Secretary was removed and replaced by an employed police staff member as Assistant Secretary.In 2018, the association shortened its name to become the Police Superintendents' Association (dropping 'of England and Wales') to more accurately reflect the UK-wide scope of its membership. On 23 May 2018, the Association became a private limited company.[5] In 2020, current Home Secretary, Priti Patel MP formally opened the refurbished head offices of the association in Pangbourne, Berkshire.[6]In May 2020, the association celebrated 100 years since the election of the first leader of the superintendents - Chief Superintendent Charles Dawson (Liverpool City Police) who was elected on 27 May 1920.In July 2020, together with the Home Secretary and Policing Minister, the PSA held an online centenary celebration of the formation of the Police Council. The centenary was held on line due to health regulations during the pandemicOn 23 August 2021, former presidents and secretaries met at Pangbourne to celebrate the life of Superintendent Gerry Richardson GC who was killed in the execution of his duty 50 years earlier.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Transport Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Transport_Police"},{"link_name":"Civil Nuclear Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Nuclear_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Police"},{"link_name":"Royal Gibraltar Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Defence Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Serving police officers who are Superintendents or Chief Superintendents in one of the 43 Home Office England and Wales police forces, the British Transport Police, the Civil Nuclear Constabulary, Isle of Man Constabulary, Bermuda Police, Royal Gibraltar Police and Gibraltar Defence Police can join the association.[7] Since 2014, this has included the new Direct Entry Superintendents recruited directly into the rank from outside the police service.[8][9] The association has around 1300 members. Eligible officers are not automatically enrolled and must opt-in to join, paying an annual subscription.","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"There are currently 49 Branches of the association, one for each of the 49 eligible forces. The Branches are grouped together into five Districts, A, B, C, D and E. These represent largely geographic areas but are configured to ensure a mixture of large metropolitan forces and smaller forces within each District. Branch officials, elected by their peers, are the voting members who attend District meetings. The number of delegates who attend from each Branch is in proportion to the number of members within the Branch. District meetings are held three times a year, hosted by different Branches in turn on a rota basis. National Officers attend each District meeting.The president chairs the association's national executive committee, which is its policy-making body. The NEC includes the vice president and two representatives from each District. There are also representatives for women members, black, Asian and minority ethnic (BME) members, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) members and disabled members. These ‘reserved places’ are elected and are there to ensure that the NEC represents and champions the diverse interests of Superintendents and the wider service. The Association also has a representative from Wales to represent Welsh police interests. The NEC meets five times per year and the association holds an annual AGM, usually in spring. It also holds a national conference every September[10]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Johnston QPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Johnston_(police_commissioner)"},{"link_name":"Brian Mackenzie OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Mackenzie,_Baron_Mackenzie_of_Framwellgate"}],"text":"Presidents were elected in March each year prior to 1993. After 1993 Presidents were elected in March every three years.Oct 2023-Jan 2024 Supt Nick Smart, West Yorkshire (acting)\n2022- 2023 C/Supt Paul Fotheringham, Kent\n2019 - 2022 C/Supt Paul Griffiths OBE, OStJ, Gwent\n2016-2019 C/Supt Gavin Thomas OBE, Gloucestershire\n2013-2016\tC/Supt Irene Curtis OBE,\tLancashire\n2010-2013\tC/Supt Derek Barnett OBE,\tCheshire\n2007-2010\tC/Supt Ian Johnston QPM,\tGwent\n2004-2007\tC/Supt Rick Naylor QPM,\tSouth Yorkshire\n2001-2004\tC/Supt Kevin Morris QPM,\tSurrey\n1998-2001\tC/Supt Peter Gammon MBE,\tKent\n1995-1998\tC/Supt Brian Mackenzie OBE,\tDurham\n1993-1995\tChief Supt David Golding MBE,\tMetropolitan\n1992-1993\tChief Supt Eddie Day, Hampshire\n1991-1992\tChief Supt David Golding MBE,\tMetropolitan\n1990-1991\tSupt David P. Roberts,\tAvon & Somerset\n1989-1990\tChief Supt Trevor B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosendo_Salvado | Rosendo Salvado | ["1 Early life and background","2 Mission","3 Later life","4 Piano compositions","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | DomRosendo SalvadoOSB1st Roman Catholic abbotStatute of Rosendo Salvado, located in his hometown of Tui, Pontevedra, Galicia, SpainChurchTerritorial Abbey of New NorciaDiocesePerthInstalled12 March 1867Term ended29 December 1900SuccessorFulgentius Antonio TorresOther post(s)Bishop of Port Essington (1849 – 1867)OrdersOrdination23 February 1839 (Priest) in NaplesConsecration15 August 1849 (Bishop)Personal detailsBorn(1814-03-01)1 March 1814Tui, Pontevedra, Galicia, SpainDied29 December 1900(1900-12-29) (aged 86)Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, RomeBuriedNew NorciaNationalitySpanishDenominationRoman Catholic ChurchOccupationRoman Catholic bishopProfessionCleric
Rosendo Salvado Rotea OSB (1 March 1814 – 29 December 1900) was a Spanish Benedictine monk, missionary, bishop, pianist, composer, author, founder and first abbot of the Territorial Abbey of New Norcia in Western Australia. Salvado introduced the blue gum to Galicia, a species which displaced the native Spanish chestnut and oak.
Early life and background
Salvado was born at Tui, Galicia, Spain. At the age of 15 he entered the Benedictine Abbey of San Martin at Compostela. He was clothed in the habit in 1829 and took his final vows in 1832. In 1835, he was forced to flee to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, after the anti-Catholic government of Juan Álvarez Mendizábal decreed the closing of all monasteries and the secularisation of monks as a result of the First Carlist War. He was received into the Abbey of Trinità della Cava, near Naples, where he was ordained to the priesthood in February 1839.
Mission
Strongly desiring to labour in the foreign missions, his wish was granted after John Brady was consecrated as first bishop of the Diocese of Perth. With his longtime friend Father José Benito Serra OSB, Salvado sailed from London with the bishop's party and landed in Fremantle in January 1846. At Brady's instruction, Salvado and Serra, alongside a small party of their fellow Benedictines, journeyed deep into the Victoria Plains via ox drawn cart. On 1 March 1846, they founded "The Central Mission" in the midst of the bush, intending to convert the Indigenous Australians to Catholicism. This was later renamed "New Norcia" after the birthplace of St. Benedict.
The priests soon established relations with the Nyungar people, but conditions at the mission proved so harsh that soon only Salvado and Serra remained. Salvado was an accomplished musician and in the first year of the mission he travelled back to Perth and on 21 May 1846 gave a well-received piano recital in tattered robes in the hall of the courthouse. The recital raised much needed funds for provisioning the new mission. Then, in 1848, Serra was appointed Bishop of Port Essington in the Northern Territory and later to coadjutor of the Diocese of Perth. In 1849, Salvado sailed for Europe to raise funds for the mission accompanied by two young Nyungar boys, Joseph Conaci and Francis Dirimera. Salvado was consecrated Bishop of Port Essington in August that year, much against his will, as he strongly desired to return to New Norcia. After Port Essington was abandoned, however, he was left as a bishop without an episcopal see.
While waiting permission to return to Australia, he wrote and published Memorie Storiche dell' Australia in March 1851. This book, which chronicled the beginnings of the mission and his relations with the Nyungar people, went through multiple printings in Italian, Spanish and French. It was published in English in 1977.
Later life
He returned to Australia in 1853, accompanied by a large number of priests and monks bound for the Australian missions and especially for New Norcia. For four years he administered the Diocese of Perth during Bishop Serra's absence in Europe. He returned to New Norcia in 1857. In the following years he shifted the focus of the mission to serving the White settlers who were pouring into the area. In 1866 he was nominated as Bishop of Perth, but convinced Vatican authorities that his true vocation lay with Aborigines. In 1867, he was appointed "Lord Abbot" and the mission was upgraded to an independent abbey by Papal decree. He died in 1900 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, while on a visit to Rome. His body was returned to New Norcia three years later and buried in a tomb of Carrara marble behind the high altar of the abbey church.
Piano compositions
The few compositions for piano composed by Rosendo Salvado that have survived to our days are influenced by the Romanticism of his time, especially by Liszt and Thalberg, and by the Italian opera. The composition dates do not appear in the manuscripts.
His “Fantasía, variaciones y final” is dedicated to countess Lebzeltern. The introduction, theme, six variations and ending in a polonaise rhythm are display a virtuoso pianism worthy of admiration, but also of lyrical melodies inspired by the Italian bel canto.
The “Tantum ergo”, whose text is based on the last verses of the medieval song Pange lingua by Saint Thomas Aquinas, is a piece for one or two voices and piano dedicated to Caterina Giordani. The word Tudensi appears in one of the voices, probably referring to the name of the native town of Salvado. It is a beautiful piece inspired by the Italian opera of the time, containing two contrasting sections and culminating with a stretto to the Amen.
The “Pequeño entretenimiento con aire de marcha” begins with a tremolo that reminds us of the rolling of drums and, as indicated in a measure of the piece, it must be played with scioltezza. It is dedicated to Paquita Patrelli.
The “Gran walz fantástico ó sea, un cuarto de ora en la Tertulia”, dedicated to the marchioness Santasilia, floods its pages with astonishing technical difficulties, with a marching rhythm, improvisatory sections and with a lyrical passage that precedes the
coda and which reminds us of Schubert ́s lyricism.
The short page “Maquialó”, subtitled Canción de baile de los Australianos Occidentales, is a piano reduction made by Salvado himself of an aboriginal danceand used by the Yued natives as motivation to work. Maquialó is said to mean moon in the sky.
The Spanish pianist Andrea González recovered the music of the Spanish monk Rosendo Salvado in an album (CD/DVD) published with Warner Music Spain.
See also
Asteroid 274856 Rosendosalvado
References
^ a b "Abbot Rudesindo Salvado, O.S.B." The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ a b c d e f g William, Dom. "Salvado, Rosendo (1814–1900)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ "Fray Rosendo, el español que defendió a los aborígenes australianos". El Debate (in Spanish). Madrid. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023. el religioso trajo consigo las semillas de un árbol denominado científicamente globulus transformando un biotopo húmedo en otro árido y «australianizado», especialmente sensible al fuego, aparte del desastre estético que ha supuesto desplazar a los hermosos castaños y robledales autóctonos
^ The Salvado Memoirs, Benedictine Community of New Norcia Inc, 1977
^ Serle, Percival (1949). "Salvado, Rosendo". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
^ "The Salvado Era: 1846–1900". The Story of New Norcia. New Norcia Benedictine Community. 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
Further reading
Prada Blanco, Albino (2014): Crónica desde el país de los sin alma. Rosendo Salvado en Australia 1846-1899, A Coruña, Biblioteca Gallega-La Voz de Galicia (ISBN 978-84-9757-282-8)
Salvado, Rosendo (1851). Memorie Storiche dell' Australia: Memorias historicas sobre la Australia y particularmente acerca la mision Benedictina de Nueva Nursia y los usos y costumbres de los salvajes (in Spanish). Barcelona: Herederos de la V. Pla. p. 400.
Salvado, Rosendo (1883). Relazione della Missione benedittina di Nuova Nurcia nell’Australia Occidentale (1844–1883). Roma, 1883; en Cipollone, G. y Orlandi, C. Aborigeno con gli aborigene, Librería Editrice Vaticana,2011
Salvado, Rosendo (1883). Manoscritto Originale (e Reservato) della Relazione che per ordine dell’E.mo Cardinale Simeoni, Prefetto della Sacra Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, scrisse Monsignor Rudesindo Salvado vescova di Porto-Vittoria, o Vittoria, nell’Australia Settentrionale e Abbott Nullius del Monastero e Mission di Nuova Norcia nell’Australia Occidentale, nell’occasione della sua visita ad Limina Apostolorum, sull’origine, adamento e stato presente, cioè dal 1844 al 1883, della detta missione do Nuova Norcia, e presentò al suddetto E.mo Porporato in Roma nella data del 15 Agosta 1883. New Norcia Archives 2953A/39. English Translation: Report of Rosendo Salgado to Propaganda Fide in 1883, translated by Stefano Girola. Abbey Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-925208-98-6
IStormon, Edward James (1977). The Salvado Memoirs: historical memoirs of Australia and particularly of the Benedictine Mission of New Norcia and of the habits and customs of the Australian natives. University of Western Australia Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-85564-114-2.
External links
Audiovisual about biography of Salvado
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rosendo Salvado.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"New Norcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Norcia"},{"link_name":"blue gum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_gum"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Spanish chestnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea_sativa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Rosendo Salvado Rotea OSB (1 March 1814 – 29 December 1900) was a Spanish Benedictine monk, missionary, bishop, pianist, composer, author, founder and first abbot of the Territorial Abbey of New Norcia in Western Australia. Salvado introduced the blue gum to Galicia, a species which displaced the native Spanish chestnut and oak.[3]","title":"Rosendo Salvado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tui,_Galicia"},{"link_name":"Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"},{"link_name":"habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Two Sicilies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies"},{"link_name":"Juan Álvarez Mendizábal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_confiscations_of_Mendiz%C3%A1bal"},{"link_name":"First Carlist War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Carlist_War"},{"link_name":"Trinità della Cava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trinit%C3%A0_della_Cava&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB-2"}],"text":"Salvado was born at Tui, Galicia, Spain. At the age of 15 he entered the Benedictine Abbey of San Martin at Compostela. He was clothed in the habit in 1829 and took his final vows in 1832. In 1835, he was forced to flee to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, after the anti-Catholic government of Juan Álvarez Mendizábal decreed the closing of all monasteries and the secularisation of monks as a result of the First Carlist War. 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With his longtime friend Father José Benito Serra OSB, Salvado sailed from London with the bishop's party and landed in Fremantle in January 1846. At Brady's instruction, Salvado and Serra, alongside a small party of their fellow Benedictines, journeyed deep into the Victoria Plains via ox drawn cart. On 1 March 1846, they founded \"The Central Mission\" in the midst of the bush, intending to convert the Indigenous Australians to Catholicism. This was later renamed \"New Norcia\" after the birthplace of St. Benedict.[2]The priests soon established relations with the Nyungar people, but conditions at the mission proved so harsh that soon only Salvado and Serra remained. Salvado was an accomplished musician and in the first year of the mission he travelled back to Perth and on 21 May 1846 gave a well-received piano recital in tattered robes in the hall of the courthouse. The recital raised much needed funds for provisioning the new mission.[4] Then, in 1848, Serra was appointed Bishop of Port Essington in the Northern Territory and later to coadjutor of the Diocese of Perth. In 1849, Salvado sailed for Europe to raise funds for the mission accompanied by two young Nyungar boys, Joseph Conaci and Francis Dirimera. Salvado was consecrated Bishop of Port Essington in August that year, much against his will, as he strongly desired to return to New Norcia. After Port Essington was abandoned, however, he was left as a bishop without an episcopal see.[2]While waiting permission to return to Australia, he wrote and published Memorie Storiche dell' Australia in March 1851. This book, which chronicled the beginnings of the mission and his relations with the Nyungar people, went through multiple printings in Italian, Spanish and French. 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In the following years he shifted the focus of the mission to serving the White settlers who were pouring into the area. In 1866 he was nominated as Bishop of Perth, but convinced Vatican authorities that his true vocation lay with Aborigines.[5] In 1867, he was appointed \"Lord Abbot\" and the mission was upgraded to an independent abbey by Papal decree. He died in 1900 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, while on a visit to Rome. His body was returned to New Norcia three years later and buried in a tomb of Carrara marble behind the high altar of the abbey church.[2][6]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The few compositions for piano composed by Rosendo Salvado that have survived to our days are influenced by the Romanticism of his time, especially by Liszt and Thalberg, and by the Italian opera. The composition dates do not appear in the manuscripts.His “Fantasía, variaciones y final” is dedicated to countess Lebzeltern. The introduction, theme, six variations and ending in a polonaise rhythm are display a virtuoso pianism worthy of admiration, but also of lyrical melodies inspired by the Italian bel canto.The “Tantum ergo”, whose text is based on the last verses of the medieval song Pange lingua by Saint Thomas Aquinas, is a piece for one or two voices and piano dedicated to Caterina Giordani. The word Tudensi appears in one of the voices, probably referring to the name of the native town of Salvado. It is a beautiful piece inspired by the Italian opera of the time, containing two contrasting sections and culminating with a stretto to the Amen.The “Pequeño entretenimiento con aire de marcha” begins with a tremolo that reminds us of the rolling of drums and, as indicated in a measure of the piece, it must be played with scioltezza. It is dedicated to Paquita Patrelli.The “Gran walz fantástico ó sea, un cuarto de ora en la Tertulia”, dedicated to the marchioness Santasilia, floods its pages with astonishing technical difficulties, with a marching rhythm, improvisatory sections and with a lyrical passage that precedes the\ncoda and which reminds us of Schubert ́s lyricism.The short page “Maquialó”, subtitled Canción de baile de los Australianos Occidentales, is a piano reduction made by Salvado himself of an aboriginal danceand used by the Yued natives as motivation to work. Maquialó is said to mean moon in the sky.The Spanish pianist Andrea González recovered the music of the Spanish monk Rosendo Salvado in an album (CD/DVD) published with Warner Music Spain.","title":"Piano compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prada Blanco, Albino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albino_Prada_Blanco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albino_Prada_Blanco"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-9757-282-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9757-282-8"},{"link_name":"The Salvado Memoirs: historical memoirs of Australia and particularly of the Benedictine Mission of New Norcia and of the habits and customs of the Australian natives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//trove.nla.gov.au/work/8489598?q=The+Salvado+Memoirs&c=book#versions"},{"link_name":"University of Western Australia Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85564-114-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-114-2"}],"text":"Prada Blanco, Albino [es] (2014): Crónica desde el país de los sin alma. Rosendo Salvado en Australia 1846-1899, A Coruña, Biblioteca Gallega-La Voz de Galicia (ISBN 978-84-9757-282-8)\nSalvado, Rosendo (1851). Memorie Storiche dell' Australia: Memorias historicas sobre la Australia y particularmente acerca la mision Benedictina de Nueva Nursia y los usos y costumbres de los salvajes (in Spanish). Barcelona: Herederos de la V. Pla. p. 400.\nSalvado, Rosendo (1883). Relazione della Missione benedittina di Nuova Nurcia nell’Australia Occidentale (1844–1883). Roma, 1883; en Cipollone, G. y Orlandi, C. Aborigeno con gli aborigene, Librería Editrice Vaticana,2011\nSalvado, Rosendo (1883). Manoscritto Originale (e Reservato) della Relazione che per ordine dell’E.mo Cardinale Simeoni, Prefetto della Sacra Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, scrisse Monsignor Rudesindo Salvado vescova di Porto-Vittoria, o Vittoria, nell’Australia Settentrionale e Abbott Nullius del Monastero e Mission di Nuova Norcia nell’Australia Occidentale, nell’occasione della sua visita ad Limina Apostolorum, sull’origine, adamento e stato presente, cioè dal 1844 al 1883, della detta missione do Nuova Norcia, e presentò al suddetto E.mo Porporato in Roma nella data del 15 Agosta 1883. New Norcia Archives 2953A/39. English Translation: Report of Rosendo Salgado to Propaganda Fide in 1883, translated by Stefano Girola. Abbey Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-925208-98-6\nIStormon, Edward James (1977). The Salvado Memoirs: historical memoirs of Australia and particularly of the Benedictine Mission of New Norcia and of the habits and customs of the Australian natives. University of Western Australia Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-85564-114-2.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"274856 Rosendosalvado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/274856_Rosendosalvado"}] | [{"reference":"\"Abbot Rudesindo Salvado, O.S.B.\" The Hierarchy of the Catholic Church. 23 November 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsalvado.html","url_text":"\"Abbot Rudesindo Salvado, O.S.B.\""}]},{"reference":"William, Dom. \"Salvado, Rosendo (1814–1900)\". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/salvado-rosendo-2627/text3635","url_text":"\"Salvado, Rosendo (1814–1900)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7","url_text":"978-0-522-84459-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","url_text":"1833-7538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","url_text":"70677943"}]},{"reference":"\"Fray Rosendo, el español que defendió a los aborígenes australianos\". El Debate (in Spanish). Madrid. 15 April 2023. Retrieved 15 April 2023. el religioso trajo consigo las semillas de un árbol denominado científicamente globulus [...] transformando un biotopo húmedo en otro árido y «australianizado», especialmente sensible al fuego, aparte del desastre estético que ha supuesto desplazar a los hermosos castaños y robledales autóctonos","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eldebate.com/historia/20230415/fray-rosendo-espanol-defendio-aborigenes-australianos_107907.html","url_text":"\"Fray Rosendo, el español que defendió a los aborígenes australianos\""}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival (1949). \"Salvado, Rosendo\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogSa-Sp.html","url_text":"\"Salvado, Rosendo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]},{"reference":"\"The Salvado Era: 1846–1900\". The Story of New Norcia. New Norcia Benedictine Community. 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newnorcia.wa.edu.au/protecting-a-unique-heritage/the-story-of-new-norcia/the-salvado-era.html","url_text":"\"The Salvado Era: 1846–1900\""}]},{"reference":"Salvado, Rosendo (1851). Memorie Storiche dell' Australia: Memorias historicas sobre la Australia y particularmente acerca la mision Benedictina de Nueva Nursia y los usos y costumbres de los salvajes (in Spanish). Barcelona: Herederos de la V. Pla. p. 400.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stormon, Edward James (1977). The Salvado Memoirs: historical memoirs of Australia and particularly of the Benedictine Mission of New Norcia and of the habits and customs of the Australian natives. University of Western Australia Press. p. 300. ISBN 0-85564-114-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8489598?q=The+Salvado+Memoirs&c=book#versions","url_text":"The Salvado Memoirs: historical memoirs of Australia and particularly of the Benedictine Mission of New Norcia and of the habits and customs of the Australian natives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia_Press","url_text":"University of Western Australia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85564-114-2","url_text":"0-85564-114-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bsalvado.html","external_links_name":"\"Abbot Rudesindo Salvado, O.S.B.\""},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/salvado-rosendo-2627/text3635","external_links_name":"\"Salvado, Rosendo (1814–1900)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538","external_links_name":"1833-7538"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943","external_links_name":"70677943"},{"Link":"https://www.eldebate.com/historia/20230415/fray-rosendo-espanol-defendio-aborigenes-australianos_107907.html","external_links_name":"\"Fray Rosendo, el español que defendió a los aborígenes australianos\""},{"Link":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogSa-Sp.html","external_links_name":"\"Salvado, Rosendo\""},{"Link":"http://www.newnorcia.wa.edu.au/protecting-a-unique-heritage/the-story-of-new-norcia/the-salvado-era.html","external_links_name":"\"The Salvado Era: 1846–1900\""},{"Link":"http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8489598?q=The+Salvado+Memoirs&c=book#versions","external_links_name":"The Salvado Memoirs: historical memoirs of Australia and particularly of the Benedictine Mission of New Norcia and of the habits and customs of the Australian natives"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRGajV-Wi3Q","external_links_name":"Audiovisual about biography of Salvado"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/247777/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080761336","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3276509","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7WmbbbP8JKjVm4bmcfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1410227","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb107368804","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb107368804","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513220006706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119248018","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88249169","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2002110783&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35778454","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069534055","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/343505","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/salvado-rosendo-2627","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1083035","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vx1qv5","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/226988279","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wutongqiao_District | Wutongqiao, Leshan | ["1 Administrative divisions","2 Transport","3 Notes","4 References"] | Coordinates: 29°24′24″N 103°49′06″E / 29.40667°N 103.81833°E / 29.40667; 103.81833District in Sichuan, ChinaWutongqiao
五通桥区DistrictWutongqiao in LeshanLeshan in SichuanCoordinates: 29°24′24″N 103°49′06″E / 29.40667°N 103.81833°E / 29.40667; 103.81833CountryChinaProvinceSichuanPrefecture-level cityLeshanArea • Total474 km2 (183 sq mi)Population (2010) • Total312,086 • Density660/km2 (1,700/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Wutongqiao, LeshanTraditional Chinese五通橋Simplified Chinese五通桥PostalWutungkiaoLiteral meaning5-Passage BridgeTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinWǔtōngqiáoWade–GilesWu-T'ung-Ch'iao
Wutongqiao District is an urban district of the prefecture-level city of Leshan, Sichuan province, China. As a separate city on the banks of the Min River, Wutongqiao was formerly romanized as Wutungkiao.
It has been known for producing salt since at least the 19th century.
Administrative divisions
Wutongqiao District comprises 8 towns:
Zhugen 竹根镇
Niuhua 牛华镇
Jinsu 金粟镇
Jinshan 金山镇
Xiba 西坝镇
Guanying 冠英镇
Caijin 蔡金镇
Shilin 石麟镇
Transport
China National Highway 213
Notes
^ The name was also sometimes romanized as Woo-tung-keaou.
References
^ a b Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "China" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
^ 2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：五通桥区 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.
vteCounty-level divisions of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu (capital)Sub-provincial cityChengdu
Qingyang District
Jinjiang District
Jinniu District
Wuhou District
Chenghua District
Longquanyi District
Qingbaijiang District
Xindu District
Wenjiang District
Shuangliu District
Pidu District
Xinjin District
Dujiangyan city
Pengzhou city
Qionglai city
Chongzhou city
Jianyang city
Jintang County
Dayi County
Pujiang County
Prefecture-level citiesZigong
Ziliujing District
Da'an District
Gongjing District
Yantan District
Rong County
Fushun County
Panzhihua
Dong District
Xi District
Renhe District
Miyi County
Yanbian County
Luzhou
Jiangyang District
Naxi District
Longmatan District
Lu County
Hejiang County
Xuyong County
Gulin County
Deyang
Jingyang District
Luojiang District
Shifang city
Guanghan city
Mianzhu city
Zhongjiang County
Mianyang
Fucheng District
Youxian District
Anzhou District
Jiangyou city
Santai County
Yanting County
Zitong County
Pingwu County
Beichuan County
Guangyuan
Lizhou District
Zhaohua District
Chaotian District
Wangcang County
Qingchuan County
Jiange County
Cangxi County
Suining
Chuanshan District
Anju District
Shehong city
Pengxi County
Daying County
Neijiang
Shizhong District
Dongxing District
Longchang city
Weiyuan County
Zizhong County
Leshan
Shizhong District
Shawan District
Wutongqiao District
Jinkouhe District
Emeishan city
Qianwei County
Jingyan County
Jiajiang County
Muchuan County
Ebian County
Mabian County
Nanchong
Shunqing District
Gaoping District
Jialing District
Langzhong city
Nanbu County
Xichong County
Yingshan County
Yilong County
Peng'an County
Meishan
Dongpo District
Pengshan District
Renshou County
Hongya County
Danleng County
Qingshen County
Yibin
Cuiping District
Nanxi District
Xuzhou District
Jiang'an County
Changning County
Gao County
Junlian County
Gong County
Xingwen County
Pingshan County
Guang'an
Guang'an District
Qianfeng District
Huaying city
Yuechi County
Wusheng County
Linshui County
Dazhou
Tongchuan District
Dachuan District
Wanyuan city
Xuanhan County
Kaijiang County
Dazhu County
Qu County
Ya'an
Yucheng District
Mingshan District
Yingjing County
Hanyuan County
Shimian County
Tianquan County
Lushan County
Baoxing County
Bazhong
Bazhou District
Enyang District
Tongjiang County
Nanjiang County
Pingchang County
Ziyang
Yanjiang District
Lezhi County
Anyue County
Autonomous prefecturesNgawa
Barkam city
Wenchuan County
Li County
Mao County
Songpan County
Jiuzhaigou County
Jinchuan County
Xiaojin County
Heishui County
Zamtang County
Ngawa County
Ruoergai County (Zoigê)
Hongyuan County
Garzê
Kangding city
Luding County
Danba County
Jiulong County
Yajiang County
Dawu County
Luhuo County
Garzê County
Xinlong County
Dêgê County
Baiyü County
Sêrxü County
Sêrtar County
Litang County
Batang County
Xiangcheng County
Daocheng County
Dêrong County
Liangshan
Xichang city
Huili city
Yanyuan County
Dechang County
Huidong County
Ningnan County
Puge County
Butuo County
Jinyang County
Zhaojue County
Xide County
Mianning County
Yuexi County
Ganluo County
Meigu County
Leibo County
Mili County
Special jurisdictions
Wolong Special Administrative Region
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
This Sichuan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(PRC)"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Leshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leshan"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Min River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)"},{"link_name":"formerly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Map_Romanization"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-1"}],"text":"District in Sichuan, ChinaWutongqiao District is an urban district of the prefecture-level city of Leshan, Sichuan province, China. As a separate city on the banks of the Min River, Wutongqiao was formerly romanized as Wutungkiao.[a]It has been known for producing salt since at least the 19th century.[1]","title":"Wutongqiao, Leshan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Wutongqiao District comprises 8 towns:[2]Zhugen 竹根镇\nNiuhua 牛华镇\nJinsu 金粟镇\nJinshan 金山镇\nXiba 西坝镇\nGuanying 冠英镇\nCaijin 蔡金镇\nShilin 石麟镇","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China National Highway 213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_213"}],"text":"China National Highway 213","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb9-1"}],"text":"^ The name was also sometimes romanized as Woo-tung-keaou.[1]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), \"China\" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/China","url_text":"\"China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：五通桥区 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/51/11/511112.html","url_text":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：五通桥区"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China","url_text":"National Bureau of Statistics of China"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wutongqiao,_Leshan¶ms=29_24_24_N_103_49_06_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-51_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"29°24′24″N 103°49′06″E / 29.40667°N 103.81833°E / 29.40667; 103.81833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wutongqiao,_Leshan¶ms=29_24_24_N_103_49_06_E_type:adm3rd_region:CN-51_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"29°24′24″N 103°49′06″E / 29.40667°N 103.81833°E / 29.40667; 103.81833"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/China","external_links_name":"\"China\""},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/51/11/511112.html","external_links_name":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：五通桥区"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137365170","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537986305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95055849","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wutongqiao,_Leshan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajendra_Kishore_Panda | Rajendra Kishore Panda | ["1 Biography","2 Works","3 Books","3.1 Poetry collections","3.2 Novel","4 Honours","5 See also","6 References"] | Indian poet
Rajendra Kishore Panda
Rajendra Kishore Panda (born 1944) is an Indian Odia language poet and novelist. He has published 16 poetry collections. He was awarded the Gangadhar National Award in 2010, and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1985. He received Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar for 2020.
Biography
He was born on 24 June 1944 in Natasha, a village Sambalpur district of Odisha state. He earned his Master of Arts degree from Allahabad University.
Works
His first collection of poems, Gaun Devata ( Minor Gods ), was published in 1947.
Books
Poetry collections
Gouna Devata (1975)
Anavatar O Anya Anya (1976)
Ghunakshara (1977)
Satadru Anek (1977)
Nija Pain Nanabaya (1980)
Choukathhare Chirakala (1981)
Shailakalpa (1982)
Anya (1988)
Ishakhela (1999)
Bahubreehi (1991)
Collected Poems (2003)
Drohavakya (2003)
Dujanari (2003)
Vairagi Bhramar (2003)
Satyottara (2003)
Bahwarambhe (2003)
Novel
Chidabhas (1999)
" PYTHON"
Honours
In 2004, he was awarded a D.Lit. by Sambalpur University. He was awarded the Gangadhar National Award in 2010, and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1985 for his book Shailakalpa.
See also
List of Odia writers
References
^ a b c "Rajendra Kishore Panda". Poetry International Web. 1 June 2007.
^ "Odia poet Rajendra Kishore Panda receives Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar". Jagranjosh.com. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
^ "Kalinga Literary Awards 2019 to begin from July 19". 17 July 2019.
^ Sitakant Mahapatra (1993). Discovering the Inscape: Essays in Literature. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9788170187684.
^ "Rajendra Panda gets Gangadhar award". The Times of India. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
vteSahitya Akademi Award for Odia1955–1975
Gopinath Mohanty (1955)
Kanhu Charan Mohanty (1958)
Godabarish Misra (1961)
Sachidananda Routray (1962)
Nilakantha Das (1964)
Baikunthanath Patnaik (1965)
Godabarish Mohapatra (1966)
Suryanarayan Das (1967)
Surendra Mohanty (1969)
Binod Chandra Nayak (1970)
Manoranjan Das (1971)
Manoj Das (1972)
Guru Prasad Mohanty (1973)
Sitakanta Mohapatra (1974)
Radha Mohan Gadanayak (1975)
1976–2000
Kishori Charan Das (1976)
Kalicharan Patnaik (1977)
Ramakanta Rath (1978)
Kunjabihari Das (1979)
Ananta Patnaik (1980)
Akhilmohan Patnaik (1981)
Gopal Chhotray (1982)
Harekrushna Mahatab (1983)
Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo (1984)
Rajendra Kishore Panda (1985)
Soubhagya Kumar Misra (1986)
Nityananda Mohapatra (1987)
Sourindra Barik (1988)
Bhanuji Rao (1989)
Beenapani Mohanty (1990)
Jagannath Prasad Das (1991)
Rabi Pattnayak (1992)
Santanu Kumar Acharya (1993)
Guru Charan Patnaik (1994)
Govind Chandra Udgata (1995)
Satyanarayana Rajguru (1996)
Chandrasekhar Rath (1997)
Chittaranjan Das (1998)
Haraprasad Das (1999)
Pratibha Ray (2000)
2001–present
Pratibha Satpathy (2001)
Sarat Kumar Mohanty (2002)
Jatindra Mohan Mohanty (2003)
Prafulla Kumar Mohanty (2004)
Ramachandra Behera (2005)
Bansidhar Sarangi (2006)
Deepak Mishra (2007)
Pramod Kumar Mohanty (2008)
Phani Mohanty (2009)
Pathani Pattnaik (2010)
Kalpanakumari Devi (2011)
Gourahari Das (2012)
Bijay Mishra (2013)
Gopal Rath (2014)
Bibhuti Patnaik (2015)
Paramita Satpathy (2016)
Gayatri Saraf (2017)
Dasarathi Das (2018)
Tarun Kanti Mishra (2019)
Yashodhara Mishra (2020)
Hrushikesh Mallick (2021)
Gayatribala Panda (2022)
vteGangadhar National Award For Poetry1991–2009
Ali Sardar Jafri (1991)
Nabakanta Barua (1992)
Shakti Chattopadhyay (1993)
Jayanta Mahapatra (1994)
Kedarnath Singh (1995)
Ayyappa Paniker (1996)
Sitakant Mahapatra (1997)
Nirupama Kaur (1998)
Vinda Karandikar (1999)
Ramakanta Rath (2000)
K. Satchidanandan (2001)
Sankha Ghosh (2002)
Sitanshu Yashaschandra (2003)
Dilip Chitre (2004)
Gulzar (2005)
Nilmani Phookan Jr (2006)
Haraprasad Das (2007)
Akhlaq Mohammed Khan (2008)
Surjit Patar (2009)
2010–2029
Rajendra Kishore Panda (2010)
Balraj Komal (2011)
Vasdev Mohi (2012)
Soubhagya Kumar Misra (2013)
Subodh Sarkar (2014)
Leeladhar Jagudi (2015)
K. Siva Reddy (2016)
Chandrashekhara Kambara (2017)
Vishwanath Prasad Tiwari (2018)
Sheen Kaaf Nizam (2019)
Kamal Vora (2020)
K. G. Sankara Pillai (2021)
(awarded by Sambalpur University)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rajendra_Kishore_Panda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odia language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_language"},{"link_name":"Gangadhar National Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangadhar_National_Award"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poetry_International-1"},{"link_name":"Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuvempu_Rashtriya_Puraskar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rajendra Kishore PandaRajendra Kishore Panda (born 1944) is an Indian Odia language poet and novelist. He has published 16 poetry collections. He was awarded the Gangadhar National Award in 2010, and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1985.[1] He received Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar for 2020.[2]","title":"Rajendra Kishore Panda"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sambalpur district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur_district"},{"link_name":"Odisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odisha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poetry_International-1"}],"text":"He was born on 24 June 1944 in Natasha, a village Sambalpur district of Odisha state. He earned his Master of Arts degree from Allahabad University.[3][1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"His first collection of poems, Gaun Devata ( Minor Gods ), was published in 1947.[4]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poetry collections","text":"Gouna Devata (1975)\nAnavatar O Anya Anya (1976)\nGhunakshara (1977)\nSatadru Anek (1977)\nNija Pain Nanabaya (1980)\nChoukathhare Chirakala (1981)\nShailakalpa (1982)\nAnya (1988)\nIshakhela (1999)\nBahubreehi (1991)\nCollected Poems (2003)\nDrohavakya (2003)\nDujanari (2003)\nVairagi Bhramar (2003)\nSatyottara (2003)\nBahwarambhe (2003)","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Novel","text":"Chidabhas (1999)\n\" PYTHON\"","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sambalpur University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambalpur_University"},{"link_name":"Gangadhar National Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangadhar_National_Award"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poetry_International-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2004, he was awarded a D.Lit. by Sambalpur University. He was awarded the Gangadhar National Award in 2010, and the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1985 for his book Shailakalpa.[1][5]","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Rajendra Kishore Panda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rajendra_Kishore_Panda.jpg/220px-Rajendra_Kishore_Panda.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Odia writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Odia_writers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Rajendra Kishore Panda\". Poetry International Web. 1 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/9302/Rajendra-Kishore-Panda/en/tile","url_text":"\"Rajendra Kishore Panda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_International_Web","url_text":"Poetry International Web"}]},{"reference":"\"Odia poet Rajendra Kishore Panda receives Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar\". Jagranjosh.com. 2 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/odia-poet-rajendra-kishore-panda-receives-kuvempu-rashtriya-puraskar-1625207992-1","url_text":"\"Odia poet Rajendra Kishore Panda receives Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kalinga Literary Awards 2019 to begin from July 19\". 17 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://kalingatv.com/state/kalinga-literary-awards-2019-to-begin-from-july-19/","url_text":"\"Kalinga Literary Awards 2019 to begin from July 19\""}]},{"reference":"Sitakant Mahapatra (1993). Discovering the Inscape: Essays in Literature. B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp. 53–57. ISBN 9788170187684.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitakant_Mahapatra","url_text":"Sitakant Mahapatra"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OvIvAAAAMAAJ&q=rajendra+kishore+panda","url_text":"Discovering the Inscape: Essays in Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170187684","url_text":"9788170187684"}]},{"reference":"\"Rajendra Panda gets Gangadhar award\". The Times of India. 3 January 2012. Retrieved 22 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/rajendra-panda-gets-gangadhar-award/articleshow/11347829.cms","url_text":"\"Rajendra Panda gets Gangadhar award\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/9302/Rajendra-Kishore-Panda/en/tile","external_links_name":"\"Rajendra Kishore Panda\""},{"Link":"https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/odia-poet-rajendra-kishore-panda-receives-kuvempu-rashtriya-puraskar-1625207992-1","external_links_name":"\"Odia poet Rajendra Kishore Panda receives Kuvempu Rashtriya Puraskar\""},{"Link":"https://kalingatv.com/state/kalinga-literary-awards-2019-to-begin-from-july-19/","external_links_name":"\"Kalinga Literary Awards 2019 to begin from July 19\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OvIvAAAAMAAJ&q=rajendra+kishore+panda","external_links_name":"Discovering the Inscape: Essays in Literature"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/rajendra-panda-gets-gangadhar-award/articleshow/11347829.cms","external_links_name":"\"Rajendra Panda gets Gangadhar award\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/26679/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000021726450","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/65266704","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrtTYxQwfFJBRkxxyrv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78067528","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_latina_regum_castellae | Chronica latina regum Castellae | ["1 Editions","2 References","3 Further reading"] | The Chronica latina regum Castellae, known in Spanish as the Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla, both meaning "Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile", is a medieval Latin history of the rulers of Castile from the death of Count Fernán González in 970 to the reconquest of Córdoba by King Ferdinand III in 1236–39. It was probably composed by Juan de Soria, the Bishop of Osma and chancellor of Ferdinand III, between 1217 and 1239. The majority of the text deals with the reigns of Alfonso VIII (1158–1214) and Ferdinand III (1217–1252). It was designed with two purposes: for use at the royal court as a speculum principis and to defend the interests of Castile against those of the Kingdom of León.
The Chronica originally ended in 1230 with the death of Alfonso IX of León, who was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Modern historians disagree whether the continuation down to the capture of Córdoba six years later was written by Juan de Soria or by another author. One has even suggested a composition in three stages between 1223 and 1237 by the same author, Juan de Soria. The sources of the Chronica were the documents of the royal archives, to which its author had access, although he also records events from memory. He makes little use of other narrative histories, which were the main sources of the contemporary chronicles called Chronicon mundi and De rebus Hispaniae. Juan also includes contemporaneous events from the Maghrib, the Byzantine Empire, and the Kingdom of France to place Castilian history in context, something neither the Chronicon nor the De rebus do, although the later histories composed at the request of Alfonso X, the Grande e general estoria and the Estoria de España do.
The Chronica is preserved in only one late fifteenth-century manuscript, MS G-1 or 9/450, in the library of the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid. It is a copy of the original and is found on folios 89 through 122. The structure found in most printed editions, of four sections subdivided into chapters, was added by its first editor, Georges Cirot.
Editions
Georges Cirot, ed. "Chronique latine des rois de Castille jusqu'en 1236", Bulletin hispanique, 14 (1912), 30–46, 109–18, 244–74, 353–74; 15 (1913), 18–87, 268–83, 411–27. (editio princeps)
Luis Charlo Brea, ed. Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla. Cádiz: Universidad, 1984. ISBN 978-84-600-3487-2
María D. Cabanes Pecourt, ed. Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla. Zaragoza: Anubar, 1985. ISBN 978-84-7013-211-7
Luis Charlo Brea, ed. "Chronica latina regum castellae". Chronica hispana saeculi XIII, Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis. Brussels: Brepols, 1997. pp. 7–118.
Luis Charlo Brea, trans. Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla. Clásicos latinos medievales, 8. Madrid: Akal, 1999. ISBN 978-84-460-0919-1
Crónica Latina de los reyes de Castilla in Spanish online.
References
^ Derek W. Lomax, "The Authorship of the Chronique latine des rois de Castille", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, XL (1963), 205–11.
^ Luis Charlo Brea, "¿Un segundo autor para la última parte de la Crónica latina de los Reyes de Castilla?", Actas I Congreso Nacional de Latín Medieval (León: University of León, 1995), 251–56, argues for a second author. Francisco J. Hernández, "La corte de Fernando III y la casa real de Francia: Documentación, crónicas y monumentos", Actas del VIII Congreso de Estudios Medievales: Fernando III y su tiempo (Ávila: Fundación Sánchez Albornoz, 2003), argues for the single authorship of the bishop.
^ Inés Fernández-Ordóñez, "La composición por etapas de la Chronica latina regum Castellae (1223–1237) de Juan de Soria", E-Spania: Revue électronique d'études hispaniques médiévales, 2 (2006).
Further reading
Inés Fernández-Ordóñez, "De la historiografía fernandina a la alfonsí", Alcanate, III (2002–3), 93–133.
Amaia Arizaleta, "La Chronica regum Castellae: aledaños de la ficción".
Francisco Bautista, "Escritura cronística e ideología histórica".
Stéphanie Jean-Marie, "Violence et pouvoir dans la Chronica latina regum Castellae", Cahiers d'études hispaniques médiévales, 28 (2005), 267–80.
Peter Linehan, "Juan de Soria: the Chancellor as Chronicler".
Ana Rodríguez, "Modelos de legitimidad política en la Chronica regum Castellae de Juan de Osma".
Ana Rodríguez, "De rebus Hispaniae frente a la Crónica latina de los reyes de castilla: virtudes regias y reciprocidad política en Castilla y León en la primera mitad del siglo XIII", Cahiers de linguistique et de civilisation hispaniques médiévales, 26 (2003), 133–50.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfonso IX of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chronicon mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_mundi"},{"link_name":"De rebus Hispaniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_rebus_Hispaniae"},{"link_name":"Maghrib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghrib"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X"},{"link_name":"Grande e general estoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_e_general_estoria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Estoria de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoria_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"Real Academia de la Historia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia"}],"text":"The Chronica originally ended in 1230 with the death of Alfonso IX of León, who was succeeded by Ferdinand III. Modern historians disagree whether the continuation down to the capture of Córdoba six years later was written by Juan de Soria or by another author.[2] One has even suggested a composition in three stages between 1223 and 1237 by the same author, Juan de Soria.[3] The sources of the Chronica were the documents of the royal archives, to which its author had access, although he also records events from memory. He makes little use of other narrative histories, which were the main sources of the contemporary chronicles called Chronicon mundi and De rebus Hispaniae. Juan also includes contemporaneous events from the Maghrib, the Byzantine Empire, and the Kingdom of France to place Castilian history in context, something neither the Chronicon nor the De rebus do, although the later histories composed at the request of Alfonso X, the Grande e general estoria and the Estoria de España do.The Chronica is preserved in only one late fifteenth-century manuscript, MS G-1 or 9/450, in the library of the Real Academia de la Historia in Madrid. It is a copy of the original and is found on folios 89 through 122. The structure found in most printed editions, of four sections subdivided into chapters, was added by its first editor, Georges Cirot.","title":"Chronica latina regum Castellae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"editio princeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editio_princeps"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-600-3487-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-600-3487-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-7013-211-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7013-211-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-84-460-0919-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-460-0919-1"},{"link_name":"Crónica Latina de los reyes de Castilla in Spanish online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091027134724/http://geocities.com/iblbo/archivo/cronicastilla/menu.htm"}],"text":"Georges Cirot, ed. \"Chronique latine des rois de Castille jusqu'en 1236\", Bulletin hispanique, 14 (1912), 30–46, 109–18, 244–74, 353–74; 15 (1913), 18–87, 268–83, 411–27. (editio princeps)\nLuis Charlo Brea, ed. Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla. Cádiz: Universidad, 1984. ISBN 978-84-600-3487-2\nMaría D. Cabanes Pecourt, ed. Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla. Zaragoza: Anubar, 1985. ISBN 978-84-7013-211-7\nLuis Charlo Brea, ed. \"Chronica latina regum castellae\". Chronica hispana saeculi XIII, Corpus Christianorum. Continuatio Mediaevalis. Brussels: Brepols, 1997. pp. 7–118.\nLuis Charlo Brea, trans. Crónica latina de los reyes de Castilla. Clásicos latinos medievales, 8. Madrid: Akal, 1999. ISBN 978-84-460-0919-1\nCrónica Latina de los reyes de Castilla in Spanish online.","title":"Editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"De la historiografía fernandina a la alfonsí\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uam.es/personal_pdi/filoyletras/ifo/publicaciones/11_a.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"La Chronica regum Castellae: aledaños de la ficción\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-spania.revues.org/document283.html"},{"link_name":"\"Escritura cronística e ideología histórica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-spania.revues.org/document429.html"},{"link_name":"\"Violence et pouvoir dans la Chronica latina regum Castellae\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/40/35/PDF/Stephanie_Jean_Marie.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Juan de Soria: the Chancellor as Chronicler\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-spania.revues.org/index276.html"},{"link_name":"\"Modelos de legitimidad política en la Chronica regum Castellae de Juan de Osma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//e-spania.revues.org/document433.html"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891196#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/778145857934923020334"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4123778"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12062900n"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12062900n"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4473172-3"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/028886259"}],"text":"Inés Fernández-Ordóñez, \"De la historiografía fernandina a la alfonsí\", Alcanate, III (2002–3), 93–133.\nAmaia Arizaleta, \"La Chronica regum Castellae: aledaños de la ficción\".\nFrancisco Bautista, \"Escritura cronística e ideología histórica\".\nStéphanie Jean-Marie, \"Violence et pouvoir dans la Chronica latina regum Castellae\", Cahiers d'études hispaniques médiévales, 28 (2005), 267–80.\nPeter Linehan, \"Juan de Soria: the Chancellor as Chronicler\".\nAna Rodríguez, \"Modelos de legitimidad política en la Chronica regum Castellae de Juan de Osma\".\nAna Rodríguez, \"De rebus Hispaniae frente a la Crónica latina de los reyes de castilla: virtudes regias y reciprocidad política en Castilla y León en la primera mitad del siglo XIII\", Cahiers de linguistique et de civilisation hispaniques médiévales, 26 (2003), 133–50.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027134724/http://geocities.com/iblbo/archivo/cronicastilla/menu.htm","external_links_name":"Crónica Latina de los reyes de Castilla in Spanish online"},{"Link":"http://e-spania.revues.org/document283.html","external_links_name":"\"La composición por etapas de la Chronica latina regum Castellae (1223–1237) de Juan de Soria\""},{"Link":"http://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/filoyletras/ifo/publicaciones/11_a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"De la historiografía fernandina a la alfonsí\""},{"Link":"http://e-spania.revues.org/document283.html","external_links_name":"\"La Chronica regum Castellae: aledaños de la ficción\""},{"Link":"http://e-spania.revues.org/document429.html","external_links_name":"\"Escritura cronística e ideología histórica\""},{"Link":"http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/09/40/35/PDF/Stephanie_Jean_Marie.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Violence et pouvoir dans la Chronica latina regum Castellae\""},{"Link":"http://e-spania.revues.org/index276.html","external_links_name":"\"Juan de Soria: the Chancellor as Chronicler\""},{"Link":"http://e-spania.revues.org/document433.html","external_links_name":"\"Modelos de legitimidad política en la Chronica regum Castellae de Juan de Osma\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/778145857934923020334","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4123778","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12062900n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12062900n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4473172-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028886259","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wana_(Pakistan) | Wanna, Pakistan | ["1 History","1.1 Colonial history","1.2 Post-Independence","1.3 Wanna in the War on Terror","2 Ethnic background of inhabitants","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 32°18′18″N 69°35′20″E / 32.30500°N 69.58889°E / 32.30500; 69.58889Place in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanWanna
واڼهواناWanaWannaShow map of Khyber PakhtunkhwaWannaShow map of PakistanCoordinates: 32°18′18″N 69°35′20″E / 32.30500°N 69.58889°E / 32.30500; 69.58889Country PakistanProvince Khyber PakhtunkhwaDistrictSouth WaziristanTehsilWanaElevation1,387 m (4,551 ft)Time zoneUTC+5 (PST)
Tactical Pilotage Chart showing Wanna
Wāṇa or Wanna (Pashto: واڼه, Wāṇə ; Urdu: وانا) is the largest town in the South Waziristan District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the summer headquarters for the agency's administration, Tank located in the neighbouring Tank District being the winter headquarters.
Wanna is also one of the three subdivisions of South Waziristan along with Ladha and Sarwakai. The subdivision of Wanna is further divided into three tehsils: Wanna, Barmal, and Toi Khwla.
History
Colonial history
During the British Empire, beginning in the late 19th century, the British established a cantonment on the Wanna Plain which was used as a headquarters by the British forces in South Waziristan till the partition of India in 1947. During their rule, the Pashtun tribes of Waziristan - part of the Karlanri Tribal Confederation - gave the British much headache. In fact, the British, known then as the 'foreigners' , had to deal with a full-fledged insurgency in Waziristan in the 1930s. At one point during the 1930s, the British had up to 18,000 troops in and around Waziristan, with Wanna being used as the forward headquarters and airbase.
Post-Independence
During 1989, the city underwent a striking increase in Malaria with a village Azam Warsak suffering the most.
Wanna in the War on Terror
Further information: Battle of Wanna
Wanna has been involved in the War on Terror due to the Al-Qaeda members affiliated with the Taliban-aligned Ahmadzai Waziris of the Wanna Plain. The Pakistan Armed forces have been conducted several armed operations against these Al-Qaeda members since August 2003 off and on with limited success. Perhaps the town's most violent incident in the War on Terror was the Battle of Wanna which took place in March 2004 and included fighters from the Pakistani Army against Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces. More than 100 armed personnel were killed during the week of the fighting.
Ethnic background of inhabitants
Inhabitants of Wanna are Muslim Pashtuns, primarily Ahmedzai Waziris from the Wazir tribe but other Pashtun tribes such as Mahsud and Bettani also live in the surroundings of Wanna.
References
^ Historical and Administrative Profile of the South Waziristan Agency
^ FATA - Official Web Portal: About South Waziristan: Geography
^ Bouma, M. J.; Parvez, S. D.; Nesbit, R.; Winkler, A. M. (1996). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Vol. 74 (4th ed.). p. 417. PMC 2486890. PMID 8823964. The increase in prevalence from May to September was most striking among the local Pakistani population in Azam Warsak(from 3.2% to 45.6%; significant, P>0.001).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wana, Pakistan.
Waziristan and Mughal empire
Nehru in Waziristan
Sketch map of Waziristan
Mehsuds and Wazirs, the King-makers in a game of thrones
Lawrence of Arabia in Waziristan
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Wana". | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wana-NGA-Tactical-Pilotage-Chart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈwɑɳə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"South Waziristan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waziristan_District"},{"link_name":"Khyber Pakhtunkhwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Tank District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ambiguous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Ladha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladha"},{"link_name":"Sarwakai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarwakai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PakistanTactical Pilotage Chart showing WannaWāṇa or Wanna (Pashto: واڼه, Wāṇə [ˈwɑɳə]; Urdu: وانا) is the largest town in the South Waziristan District of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the summer headquarters for the agency's administration, Tank located in the neighbouring Tank District being the winter headquarters.[1][ambiguous]Wanna is also one of the three subdivisions of South Waziristan along with Ladha and Sarwakai. The subdivision of Wanna is further divided into three tehsils: Wanna, Barmal, and Toi Khwla.[2]","title":"Wanna, Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"partition of India in 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Pashtun tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_tribes"},{"link_name":"Waziristan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waziristan"},{"link_name":"Karlanri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Colonial history","text":"During the British Empire, beginning in the late 19th century, the British established a cantonment on the Wanna Plain which was used as a headquarters by the British forces in South Waziristan till the partition of India in 1947. During their rule, the Pashtun tribes of Waziristan - part of the Karlanri Tribal Confederation - gave the British much headache. In fact, the British, known then as the 'foreigners' [citation needed], had to deal with a full-fledged insurgency in Waziristan in the 1930s. At one point during the 1930s, the British had up to 18,000 troops in and around Waziristan, with Wanna being used as the forward headquarters and airbase.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"Azam Warsak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azam_Warsak"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Post-Independence","text":"During 1989, the city underwent a striking increase in Malaria with a village Azam Warsak suffering the most.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Wanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanna"},{"link_name":"War on Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror"},{"link_name":"Al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Taliban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban"},{"link_name":"Waziris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wazir_(Tribe)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Wanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanna"},{"link_name":"Pakistani Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Wanna in the War on Terror","text":"Further information: Battle of WannaWanna has been involved in the War on Terror due to the Al-Qaeda members affiliated with the Taliban-aligned Ahmadzai Waziris of the Wanna Plain.[citation needed] The Pakistan Armed forces have been conducted several armed operations against these Al-Qaeda members since August 2003 off and on with limited success.[citation needed] Perhaps the town's most violent incident in the War on Terror was the Battle of Wanna which took place in March 2004 and included fighters from the Pakistani Army against Al-Qaeda and Taliban forces. More than 100 armed personnel were killed during the week of the fighting.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashtuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtuns"},{"link_name":"Mahsud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahsud"},{"link_name":"Bettani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettani"}],"text":"Inhabitants of Wanna are Muslim Pashtuns, primarily Ahmedzai Waziris from the Wazir tribe but other Pashtun tribes such as Mahsud and Bettani also live in the surroundings of Wanna.","title":"Ethnic background of inhabitants"}] | [{"image_text":"Tactical Pilotage Chart showing Wanna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Wana-NGA-Tactical-Pilotage-Chart.jpg/300px-Wana-NGA-Tactical-Pilotage-Chart.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bouma, M. J.; Parvez, S. D.; Nesbit, R.; Winkler, A. M. (1996). Bulletin of the World Health Organization. Vol. 74 (4th ed.). p. 417. PMC 2486890. PMID 8823964. The increase in prevalence from May to September was most striking among the local Pakistani population in Azam Warsak(from 3.2% to 45.6%; significant, P>0.001).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486890","url_text":"2486890"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8823964","url_text":"8823964"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wanna,_Pakistan¶ms=32_18_18_N_69_35_20_E_type:city_region:PK","external_links_name":"32°18′18″N 69°35′20″E / 32.30500°N 69.58889°E / 32.30500; 69.58889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wanna,_Pakistan¶ms=32_18_18_N_69_35_20_E_type:city_region:PK","external_links_name":"32°18′18″N 69°35′20″E / 32.30500°N 69.58889°E / 32.30500; 69.58889"},{"Link":"http://www.fata.gov.pk/subpages/swa.php","external_links_name":"Historical and Administrative Profile of the South Waziristan Agency"},{"Link":"https://fata.gov.pk/Global-fac.php?iId=343&fid=36&pId=305&mId=119","external_links_name":"FATA - Official Web Portal: About South Waziristan: Geography"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2486890","external_links_name":"2486890"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8823964","external_links_name":"8823964"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150410224402/http://www.khyber.org/history/a/waziristan_and_mughal_empire.shtml","external_links_name":"Waziristan and Mughal empire"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150410224404/http://www.khyber.org/history/a/nehru_in_waziristan.shtml","external_links_name":"Nehru in Waziristan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150330062703/http://www.khyber.org/images/maps/waziristan.gif","external_links_name":"Sketch map of Waziristan"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150410224403/http://www.khyber.org/history/a/mehsuds_and_wazirs_the_king-ma.shtml","external_links_name":"Mehsuds and Wazirs, the King-makers in a game of thrones"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20150410224402/http://www.khyber.org/history/a/lawrence_of_arabia_in_wazirist.shtml","external_links_name":"Lawrence of Arabia in Waziristan"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Bratstvo_07_%C5%BDito%C5%A1e | FK Bratstvo 07 Žitoše | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | Football clubBratstvo 07 ZhitosheFull nameFudbalski klub Bratstvo 07 ZhitosheFounded2007; 17 years ago (2007)Dissolved2022; 2 years ago (2022)GroundSmajo KolasinacChairmanFerdi SulejmaniManagerRizman Coli JusufiCoachRomer Muric2021–22Second League (East), 9th (relegated)
Home colours
Away colours
FK Bratstvo 07 (Macedonian: ФК Братство 07) is a football club based in the village of Zhitoshe near Prilep, North Macedonia. They were recently competed in the Macedonian Second League (Eastern Division).
History
The club was founded in 2007.
References
^ "Macedonian Football | Bratstvo 07 – Macedonian Football". macedonianfootball.com. Retrieved 2018-03-16.
External links
FK Bratstvo 07 Žitoše on Facebook
FK Bratstvo 07 Žitoše on Instagram
Club info at MacedonianFootball (in English)
Football Federation of Macedonia (in Macedonian)
This article about a football club in North Macedonia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Zhitoshe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDito%C5%A1e"},{"link_name":"Prilep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prilep"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Second League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Second_Football_League"}],"text":"FK Bratstvo 07 (Macedonian: ФК Братство 07) is a football club based in the village of Zhitoshe near Prilep, North Macedonia. They were recently competed in the Macedonian Second League (Eastern Division).","title":"FK Bratstvo 07 Žitoše"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-macedonianfootball-1"}],"text":"The club was founded in 2007.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Macedonian Football | Bratstvo 07 – Macedonian Football\". macedonianfootball.com. Retrieved 2018-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://macedonianfootball.com/team/bratstvo-07/","url_text":"\"Macedonian Football | Bratstvo 07 – Macedonian Football\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://macedonianfootball.com/team/bratstvo-07/","external_links_name":"\"Macedonian Football | Bratstvo 07 – Macedonian Football\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/fkbratstvo07","external_links_name":"FK Bratstvo 07 Žitoše"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/fcbratstvo07/","external_links_name":"FK Bratstvo 07 Žitoše"},{"Link":"http://macedonianfootball.com/team/bratstvo-07/","external_links_name":"Club info at MacedonianFootball"},{"Link":"http://ffm.mk/","external_links_name":"Football Federation of Macedonia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FK_Bratstvo_07_%C5%BDito%C5%A1e&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Preston_City_Council_election | 2007 Preston City Council election | ["1 Ashton","2 Brookfield","3 College","4 Deepdale","5 Garrison","6 Greyfriars","7 Ingol","8 Larches","9 Lea","10 Moor Park","11 Preston Rural East","12 Preston Rural North","13 Ribbleton","14 Riversway","15 Sharoe Green","16 St Matthews","17 Town Centre","18 Tulketh","19 University","20 References","21 See also"] | 2007 UK local government election
Main article: Preston City Council elections
Map of the results of the 2007 Preston council election. Conservatives in blue, Labour in red, Liberal Democrats in yellow, Respect Party in light red and independent in light grey. Wards in dark grey were not contested in 2007.
Elections to the Preston City Council took place on 3 May 2007.
Preston council is elected "in thirds" which means one councillor from each three-member ward, and councillors from selected two-member wards, are elected each year, with one year free from all elections to ensure all councillors serve a full term.
Due to the "in thirds" system, these election results are compared to the 2003 Preston Council election. Councillors elected this year will defend their seats four years later in 2011.
For further information, see Preston local elections
Preston Local Election Result 2007
Party
Seats
Gains
Losses
Net gain/loss
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
+/−
Conservative
8
1
0
+1
42.1
40.0
11,826
+2.0%
Labour
7
0
1
-1
36.8
30.0
8,659
+2.4%
Liberal Democrats
2
1
1
0
10.5
21.9
6,536
-4.3%
Respect
1
0
0
0
5.3
6.5
1,941
+0.4%
Green
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.2
63
-0.9%
Independent
1
0
0
0
5.3
2.8
840
N/A
Ashton
The two-member Ashton division is a suburban ward in the north-west of the city. It has a number of schools in its borders. The ward is predominantly used as a commuting hub although recent increases in student numbers has seen the terraces used for multi-occupancy housing.
Preston City Council Elections: Ashton ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William (Bill) Tyson
550
45.6
-8.7
Labour
Phil Crowe
480
39.8
-5.8
Liberal Democrats
Jennifer Buxton
176
14.6
N/A
Majority
70
-26
Rejected ballots
6
Turnout
1,212
39.0
+6.0
Conservative hold
Swing
Brookfield
In the north east of the city, the predominantly low income housing of Brookfield is a three-member ward. Buttressed up against Ribbleton and the rural east, and wedge-shaped to the south of Fulwood, the ward has been troubled by increasing levels of crime in recent years. Parts of the ward were formerly within the Fulwood district council and maintain the look of the affluent northern quarters of the city.
Preston City Council Elections: Brookfield ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Nerys Eaves
691
53.2
-0.5
Conservative
Hussain Mulla
309
23.8
-22.5
Liberal Democrats
Ruth McPheat
300
23.1
N/A
Majority
382
+294
Rejected ballots
13
Turnout
1,306
24.9
Labour hold
Swing
College
Created in the last round of local boundary reviews, the two-member College ward centres on two Fulwood employers. Preston College has a catchment area far beyond the city itself, whilst the recently closed Sharoe Green hospital has had many of its services re-directed to the Royal Preston Hospital. There are a mix of commuter and student housing and an increasing Muslim population.
Preston City Council Elections: College ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Jill Truby
830
61.8
+6.6
Liberal Democrats
Stephen Wilkinson
307
22.9
-7.9
Labour
Bert Williams
205
15.3
+1.3
Majority
523
Rejected ballots
9
Turnout
1,351
48.8
Conservative hold
Swing
Deepdale
Two member Deepdale was once reportedly the most deprived in England, and remains a ward of notable problems in health and housing. The ward contains Preston North End's Deepdale stadium and some of the oldest terraced housing in the city.
Preston City Council Elections: Deepdale ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Independent
Joyce Cartwright
840
52.1
-12.8
Labour
Anis Faruki
565
35.0
+12.2
Conservative
Jane Balshaw
121
7.5
-4.8
Liberal Democrats
John Potter
85
5.3
N/A
Majority
275
Rejected ballots
8
Turnout
1,619
42.4
Independent hold
Swing
Garrison
Centred on Fulwood Barracks, this is a three-member ward created by the last round of boundary reviews. It is set in a heavily small "c" conservative part of Preston with a number of schools and small employment centres.
Preston City Council Elections: Garrison ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Christine Thomas
1,114
58.5
-4.4
Liberal Democrats
Marie Milne
455
23.9
+5.4
Labour
William Burke
336
17.6
-0.9
Majority
659
Rejected ballots
7
Turnout
1,912
36.1
Conservative hold
Swing
Greyfriars
Its name coming from a large private estate within its boundaries, Greyfriars is one of the oldest names connected to Preston's history. It includes the Pius X Preparatory school and Fulwood's leisure centre. An increasing number of comfortable suburban houses has been built on the fringes of the ward, which also borders Ingol Golf Course.
Preston City Council Elections: Greyfriars ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Stephen Thompson
1,532
66.8
+3.9
Liberal Democrats
John Porter
502
21.9
+3.4
Labour
Alan Woods
260
11.3
-7.2
Majority
1,030
Rejected ballots
10
Turnout
2,304
44.0
Conservative hold
Swing
Ingol
Ingol ward is in the north west of the city, bordered by Greyfriars and to the south of the M55 motorway. The ward contains two main population areas, Ingol and Tanterton. The latter has had problems with drugs and crime over recent years but this is beginning to improve. Parts of the ward are comfortable with some commuter areas and houses neighbouring the Lancaster canal. There are still pockets of troubled communities.
With two councillors elected in the 2003 elections, there can be no direct comparison between results.
Preston City Council Elections: Ingol ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Peter Pringle
919
57.7
Conservative
Michael Chadha
450
28.2
Labour
Shahzad Malik
224
14.0
Majority
469
Rejected ballots
6
Turnout
1,599
30.1
Liberal Democrats hold
Swing
Larches
In the west of the city, around 30 minutes from the city centre, Larches is a box-shaped ward from the Riversway dual-carriageway into Blackpool to Haslam Park. It contains two post-war housing estates, Larches and Savick, and an area of suburban sprawl moved in from Ashton following boundary changes. The ward contains the whole of Ashton Park.
Preston City Council Elections: Larches ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal Democrats
Rob Osinski
805
44.6
+9.2
Labour
Martyn Rawlinson
688
38.1
-0.4
Conservative
Christine Sharpe
312
17.3
-8.8
Majority
117
Rejected ballots
9
Turnout
1,814
33.1
Liberal Democrats gain from Labour
Swing
Lea
The three member ward of Lea contains the small Fylde border town of Lea Town, the urban Lea community and the sprawling green-belt community of Cottam. The ward follows the parish council boundary of Lea & Cottam Parish Council. Cottam has grown from a small farming community to a large private housing development populated by young families and business people.
Preston City Council Elections: Lea ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Julie Buttle
1,009
56.7
+19.7
Liberal Democrats
Pauline Brown
580
32.6
-16.3
Labour
Drew Gale
192
10.8
-3.4
Majority
429
Turnout
1,781
38.5
Conservative gain from Liberal Democrats
Swing
Moor Park
Based on the Plungington community and bordering both the neat suburban terraces of southern Fulwood and the University of Central Lancashire campus, the Moor Park ward has a high number of student housing in converted Victorian housing and neater family houses. Moor Park itself is included in this ward, in the shadow of Deepdale football stadium.
Preston City Council Elections: Moor Park ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Frank de Molfetta
594
59.2
-12.2
Conservative
Julian Sedgewick
234
23.3
-5.3
Liberal Democrats
Lydia Livingston
176
17.5
N/A
Majority
360
Rejected ballots
7
Turnout
1,011
28.9
Labour hold
Swing
Preston Rural East
The large Rural East wards contains the Amounderness, Broughton and Grimsargh communities in the north and east of the city.
Preston City Council Elections: Rural East ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Neil Cartwright
994
72.8
-6.0
Labour
John Houghton
208
15.2
-6.0
Liberal Democrats
Julie Voges
164
12.0
N/A
Majority
786
Rejected ballots
5
Turnout
1,371
38.3
Conservative hold
Swing
Preston Rural North
Over reaching across the city of Preston is the large Preston Rural North ward, which includes the M6 and M55 motorways and acres of market towns, farming communities and rural areas. The boroughs of Fylde and Wyre border this northern ward, which is a three-member ward.
Preston City Council Elections: Rural North ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Kate Calder
1,799
76.9
Liberal Democrats
Bill Parkinson
355
15.2
Labour
Pauline Jackson
185
7.9
Majority
1,444
Rejected ballots
9
Turnout
2,348
44.3
Conservative hold
Swing
Ribbleton
Ribbleton, in the east of the city, grew massively as council housing was built around former mill worker terraces; now the ward is one of the largest in area in size{ and shows all the expected issues of high level crime and deprivation. Ribbleton, in common with the neighbouring Brookfield ward, is overwhelmingly white working class.
Preston City Council Elections: Ribbleton ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Brian Rollo
731
56.3
-8.9
Conservative
Paul Henry Balshaw
337
26.0
-8.8
Liberal Democrats
Christine Billington
230
17.7
N/A
Majority
394
Rejected ballots
5
Turnout
1,303
24.2
Labour hold
Swing
Riversway
The Riversway ward has three distinct elements. Broadgate, a comfortable estate of Victorian housing with a high percentage of student housing; new build housing on the former British Aerospace site; and the redeveloped marina. The former Preston Port, one of the largest in its time, has been redeveloped to feature shopping units and new build housing of some considerable expense. The Preston Docks and surrounding area has a sizable area of Development including new Supermarkets, Car dealers and trade outlets.
A Hindu temple, Lancashire County Council's headquarters and Preston's railway station are in the Riversway ward.
Preston City Council Elections: Riversway ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Bhikhu Patel
577
41.2
-6.4
Respect
Elaine Abbott
386
27.6
N/A
Conservative
Ronnie Smith
242
17.3
-7.8
Liberal Democrats
Wilf Gavin
194
13.9
-13.4
Majority
191
Rejected ballots
7
Turnout
1,406
34.0
Labour hold
Swing
Sharoe Green
Lodged in the south-central area of Fulwood, the Sharoe Green ward is based on the former hospital and surrounding commuter belt environs.
Preston City Council Elections: Sharoe Green ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Eric Fazackerley
1,129
58.9
-0.8
Liberal Democrats
Fiona Wren
490
25.5
+4.0
Labour
Terry Mattinson
299
15.6
-3.1
Majority
639
Rejected ballots
5
Turnout
1,923
37.7
Conservative hold
Swing
St Matthews
A wedge-shaped ward in between the streets of Ribbleton and the city centre, this ward contains some deprived housing in the process of renewal, and in the recent months expensive new-build conversions.
Preston City Council Elections: St Matthews ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Javed Iqbal
675
50.0
-22.5
Respect
Sumera Mir Rizwan
339
25.1
N/A
Conservative
Peter McElhone
170
12.6
-14.9
Liberal Democrats
Tracey Singleton
166
12.3
N/A
Majority
336
Rejected ballots
10
Turnout
1,360
28.3
Labour hold
Swing
Town Centre
Formed by boundary changes prior to Preston being awarded city status, Town Centre is the largest non-rural ward in the borough. There are three distinct parts to this central seat, namely Avenham, Frenchwood and the city centre itself.
The ward includes student developments and converted student homes in Avenham; expensive new build developments around the historic Winckley Square; and the Frenchwood area on the banks of the River Ribble. Avenham was notorious for high levels of crime and deprivation, but this is turning around with the establishment of community groups and private housing associations funding renewal. There is a sizable Muslim population in Avenham and Frenchwood.
Preston City Council Elections: Town Centre ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Respect
Michael Lavalette
1,179
52.3
+14.2
Labour
Salim Desai
717
31.8
+1.1
Liberal Democrats
Helen Greaves
206
9.2
-6.1
Conservative
Susan Horn
87
3.9
-12.0
Green
Rupert Wadsworth
63
2.8
N/A
Majority
462
20.45
+19.11
Rejected ballots
7
Turnout
2,259
46.4
Respect hold
Swing
Tulketh
Tulketh ward is a central and entirely urban ward north of the University complex, and to the east of Ashton. Its main population areas are traditional terrace housing, which mixes families with small shops including the Lane Ends shopping village and student housing.
Preston City Council Elections: Tulketh ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
Robert Boswell
753
48.9
-2.0
Conservative
Harry Landless
523
34.0
-15.1
Liberal Democrats
Liam Pennington
263
17.1
N/A
Majority
230
Rejected ballots
11
Turnout
1,550
30.6
Labour hold
Swing
University
Shaped around the outskirts of the city centre, this butterfly-wing shaped ward was formed following the recent boundary changes. It took from the oversized Riversway ward electors from the St Pauls and Maudland areas as well as the University campus itself. It is a two-member ward. It is populated by a mixture of student halls and terrace houses, with just less than half of the population being students.
2001 Census Information
Preston City Council Elections: University ward 2007
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Labour
John Swindells
279
49.6
-9.4
Liberal Democrats
Rick Seymour
163
29.0
N/A
Conservative
Samir Vohra
84
14.9
-26.1
Respect
Dave Orr
37
6.6
N/A
Majority
116
Rejected ballots
1
Turnout
564
24.2
Labour hold
Swing
References
Preston City Council election results
See also
Preston (UK Parliament constituency)
vte Council elections in LancashireLancashireCounty Council
1889
1892
1895
1898
1901
1904
1907
1910
1913
1919
1922
1925
1928
1931
1934
1937
1946
1949
1952
1955
1958
1961
1964
1967
1970
1973
1977
1981
1985
1989
1993
1997
2001
2005
2009
2013
2017
2021
Blackburnwith Darwen
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Blackpool
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1997
2000
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Burnley
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Chorley
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Fylde
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Hyndburn
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Lancaster
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Pendle
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Preston
1945
1946
1947
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1973
1975
1976
1978
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Ribble Valley
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
Rossendale
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
South Ribble
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
West Lancashire
1973
1976
1979
1980
1982
1983
1984
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1998
1999
2000
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2022
2023
2024
Wyre
1973
1976
1979
1983
1987
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
2011
2015
2019
2023
See also: Wards
Boundary changes
vte(2006 ←) 2007 United Kingdom local elections (→ 2008)Metropolitan boroughs
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District councils (England)
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Test Valley
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Scottish councils
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Edinburgh
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Highland
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North Ayrshire
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Stirling
West Dunbartonshire
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National Assemblies and Parliament elections
Scotland
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Northern Ireland | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Preston_UK_local_election_2007_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Respect Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_Party"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"2003 Preston Council election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Preston_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Preston_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Preston local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_local_elections"}],"text":"Map of the results of the 2007 Preston council election. Conservatives in blue, Labour in red, Liberal Democrats in yellow, Respect Party in light red and independent in light grey. Wards in dark grey were not contested in 2007.Elections to the Preston City Council took place on 3 May 2007.Preston council is elected \"in thirds\" which means one councillor from each three-member ward, and councillors from selected two-member wards, are elected each year, with one year free from all elections to ensure all councillors serve a full term.Due to the \"in thirds\" system, these election results are compared to the 2003 Preston Council election. Councillors elected this year will defend their seats four years later in 2011.For further information, see Preston local elections","title":"2007 Preston City Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The two-member Ashton division is a suburban ward in the north-west of the city. It has a number of schools in its borders. The ward is predominantly used as a commuting hub although recent increases in student numbers has seen the terraces used for multi-occupancy housing.","title":"Ashton"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the north east of the city, the predominantly low income housing of Brookfield is a three-member ward. Buttressed up against Ribbleton and the rural east, and wedge-shaped to the south of Fulwood, the ward has been troubled by increasing levels of crime in recent years. Parts of the ward were formerly within the Fulwood district council and maintain the look of the affluent northern quarters of the city.","title":"Brookfield"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Created in the last round of local boundary reviews, the two-member College ward centres on two Fulwood employers. Preston College has a catchment area far beyond the city itself, whilst the recently closed Sharoe Green hospital has had many of its services re-directed to the Royal Preston Hospital. There are a mix of commuter and student housing and an increasing Muslim population.","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two member Deepdale was once reportedly the most deprived in England, and remains a ward of notable problems in health and housing. The ward contains Preston North End's Deepdale stadium and some of the oldest terraced housing in the city.","title":"Deepdale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulwood Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulwood_Barracks"}],"text":"Centred on Fulwood Barracks, this is a three-member ward created by the last round of boundary reviews. It is set in a heavily small \"c\" conservative part of Preston with a number of schools and small employment centres.","title":"Garrison"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Its name coming from a large private estate within its boundaries, Greyfriars is one of the oldest names connected to Preston's history. It includes the Pius X Preparatory school and Fulwood's leisure centre. An increasing number of comfortable suburban houses has been built on the fringes of the ward, which also borders Ingol Golf Course.","title":"Greyfriars"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ingol ward is in the north west of the city, bordered by Greyfriars and to the south of the M55 motorway. The ward contains two main population areas, Ingol and Tanterton. The latter has had problems with drugs and crime over recent years but this is beginning to improve. Parts of the ward are comfortable with some commuter areas and houses neighbouring the Lancaster canal. There are still pockets of troubled communities.With two councillors elected in the 2003 elections, there can be no direct comparison between results.","title":"Ingol"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the west of the city, around 30 minutes from the city centre, Larches is a box-shaped ward from the Riversway dual-carriageway into Blackpool to Haslam Park. It contains two post-war housing estates, Larches and Savick, and an area of suburban sprawl moved in from Ashton following boundary changes. The ward contains the whole of Ashton Park.","title":"Larches"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea,_Lancashire"}],"text":"The three member ward of Lea contains the small Fylde border town of Lea Town, the urban Lea community and the sprawling green-belt community of Cottam. The ward follows the parish council boundary of Lea & Cottam Parish Council. Cottam has grown from a small farming community to a large private housing development populated by young families and business people.","title":"Lea"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Based on the Plungington community and bordering both the neat suburban terraces of southern Fulwood and the University of Central Lancashire campus, the Moor Park ward has a high number of student housing in converted Victorian housing and neater family houses. Moor Park itself is included in this ward, in the shadow of Deepdale football stadium.","title":"Moor Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amounderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amounderness"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Grimsargh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsargh"}],"text":"The large Rural East wards contains the Amounderness, Broughton and Grimsargh communities in the north and east of the city.","title":"Preston Rural East"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Over reaching across the city of Preston is the large Preston Rural North ward, which includes the M6 and M55 motorways and acres of market towns, farming communities and rural areas. The boroughs of Fylde and Wyre border this northern ward, which is a three-member ward.","title":"Preston Rural North"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ribbleton, in the east of the city, grew massively as council housing was built around former mill worker terraces; now the ward is one of the largest in area in size{ and shows all the expected issues of high level crime and deprivation. Ribbleton, in common with the neighbouring Brookfield ward, is overwhelmingly white working class.","title":"Ribbleton"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Riversway ward has three distinct elements. Broadgate, a comfortable estate of Victorian housing with a high percentage of student housing; new build housing on the former British Aerospace site; and the redeveloped marina. The former Preston Port, one of the largest in its time, has been redeveloped to feature shopping units and new build housing of some considerable expense. The Preston Docks and surrounding area has a sizable area of Development including new Supermarkets, Car dealers and trade outlets.A Hindu temple, Lancashire County Council's headquarters and Preston's railway station are in the Riversway ward.","title":"Riversway"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lodged in the south-central area of Fulwood, the Sharoe Green ward is based on the former hospital and surrounding commuter belt environs.","title":"Sharoe Green"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A wedge-shaped ward in between the streets of Ribbleton and the city centre, this ward contains some deprived housing in the process of renewal, and in the recent months expensive new-build conversions.","title":"St Matthews"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Formed by boundary changes prior to Preston being awarded city status, Town Centre is the largest non-rural ward in the borough. There are three distinct parts to this central seat, namely Avenham, Frenchwood and the city centre itself.The ward includes student developments and converted student homes in Avenham; expensive new build developments around the historic Winckley Square; and the Frenchwood area on the banks of the River Ribble. Avenham was notorious for high levels of crime and deprivation, but this is turning around with the establishment of community groups and private housing associations funding renewal. There is a sizable Muslim population in Avenham and Frenchwood.","title":"Town Centre"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tulketh ward is a central and entirely urban ward north of the University complex, and to the east of Ashton. Its main population areas are traditional terrace housing, which mixes families with small shops including the Lane Ends shopping village and student housing.","title":"Tulketh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 Census Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929092638/http://www.preston.gov.uk/Documents/General/University.pdf"}],"text":"Shaped around the outskirts of the city centre, this butterfly-wing shaped ward was formed following the recent boundary changes. It took from the oversized Riversway ward electors from the St Pauls and Maudland areas as well as the University campus itself. It is a two-member ward. It is populated by a mixture of student halls and terrace houses, with just less than half of the population being students.\n2001 Census Information","title":"University"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of the results of the 2007 Preston council election. Conservatives in blue, Labour in red, Liberal Democrats in yellow, Respect Party in light red and independent in light grey. Wards in dark grey were not contested in 2007.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Preston_UK_local_election_2007_map.svg/300px-Preston_UK_local_election_2007_map.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Preston (UK Parliament constituency)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lancashire_elections"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lancashire_elections"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lancashire_elections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"title":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"title":"LancashireCounty 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapino | Scapino | ["1 Costume","2 Character","3 Examples of Scapino's character","4 References","5 External links"] | Zanni character from the commedia dell'arte
Scapino by Jacques Callot, 1619
Scapino or Scapin is a Zanni character from the commedia dell'arte. His name is related to the Italian word "scappare" ("to escape") and his name translates to "little escape artist" in reference to his tendency to flee from fights, even those he himself begins. He is a Bergamo native, and was popularized by the actor Francesco Gabrielli.
Costume
Later versions show his costume with green (or sometimes turquoise) and white stripes, similar to Mezzetino's red and white, but Callot shows Scapino in an outfit similar to the early Brighella's, white with a tabaro and a sword on his belt, and topped with a torn hat adorned with feathers. He is in fact a variant on Brighella, more cowardly and less clever. Some people call him Brighella's brother, some his son.
Character
Scapino tends to make a confusion of anything he undertakes and metaphorically "flees" from one thought, activity or love interest to another, as his name implies, although he usually will return to it – eventually. Self-preservation and self-interest are his main concerns. This is not to say his wits are without merit. In Molière's play Les Fourberies de Scapin, Zerbinette mentions what "a clever servant has. His name is Scapin. He is a most wonderful man and deserves the highest praise." He is a schemer and scoundrel, and takes a certain pride in these facts. He was originally a masked character, although later versions usually have the actor simply powder his face. He is traditionally shown with a hooked nose and a pointed beard.
Like Brighella, Scapino is a Jack of all trades and depends on the needs of the scenario for his occupation.
Scapino is depicted musically in William Walton's 1940 composition, Scapino: A Comedy Overture. A 1974 play of the same name adapted by Jim Dale and Frank Dunlop from Les Fourberies de Scapin by Molière opened at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York in 1974.
Examples of Scapino's character
Crispin et Scapin - Scapin et Silvestre Honoré Victorin Daumier
From Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin:
SCAPIN: To tell you the truth, there are few things impossible to me when I once set about them. Heaven has bestowed on me a fair enough share of genius for the making up of all those neat strokes of mother wit, for all those ingenious gallantries to which the ignorant and vulgar give the name of impostures; and I can boast, without vanity, that there have been very few men more skilful than I in expedients and intrigues, and who have acquired a greater reputation in the noble profession. But, to tell the truth, merit is too ill rewarded nowadays, and I have given up everything of the kind since the trouble I had through a certain affair that happened to me.
OCTAVE: How? What affair, Scapin?
SCAPIN: An adventure in which justice and I fell out.
OCTAVE: Justice and you?
SCAPIN: Yes; we had a trifling quarrel.
SILVESTRE: You and justice?
SCAPIN: Yes. She used me very badly; and I felt so enraged against the ingratitude of our age that I determined never to do anything for anybody. But never mind; tell me about yourself all the same.
___
Scapin pretends to be mortally wounded and begs forgiveness for his wrongdoings.
SCAPIN. (to GÉRONTE.) It is you, Sir, I have offended the most, because of the beating with the cudgel which I....
GÉRONTE. Leave that alone.
SCAPIN. I feel in dying an inconceivable grief for the beating which I....
GÉRONTE. Ah me! be silent.
SCAPIN. That unfortunate beating that I gave....
GÉRONTE. Be silent, I tell you; I forgive you everything.
SCAPIN. Alas! how good you are. But is it really with all your heart that you forgive me the beating which I...?
GÉRONTE. Yes, yes; don't mention it. I forgive you everything. You are punished.
SCAPIN. Ah! Sir, how much better I feel for your kind words.
GÉRONTE. Yes, I forgive you; but on one condition, that you die.
SCAPIN. How! Sir?
GÉRONTE. I retract my words if you recover.
SCAPIN. Oh! oh! all my pains are coming back.
References
External links
Scapino, in Italian and English
"The Impostures of Scapin" on Project Gutenberg | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scapin-by-Jacques-Callot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacques Callot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Callot"},{"link_name":"Zanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanni"},{"link_name":"commedia dell'arte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte"},{"link_name":"Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamo"},{"link_name":"Francesco Gabrielli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Gabrielli"}],"text":"Scapino by Jacques Callot, 1619Scapino or Scapin is a Zanni character from the commedia dell'arte. His name is related to the Italian word \"scappare\" (\"to escape\") and his name translates to \"little escape artist\" in reference to his tendency to flee from fights, even those he himself begins. He is a Bergamo native, and was popularized by the actor Francesco Gabrielli.","title":"Scapino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mezzetino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzetino"},{"link_name":"Callot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Callot"},{"link_name":"Brighella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighella"},{"link_name":"tabaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tabaro&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Later versions show his costume with green (or sometimes turquoise) and white stripes, similar to Mezzetino's red and white, but Callot shows Scapino in an outfit similar to the early Brighella's, white with a tabaro and a sword on his belt, and topped with a torn hat adorned with feathers. He is in fact a variant on Brighella, more cowardly and less clever. Some people call him Brighella's brother, some his son.","title":"Costume"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Les Fourberies de Scapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapin_the_Schemer"},{"link_name":"Jack of all trades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_of_all_trades"},{"link_name":"William Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton"},{"link_name":"Scapino: A Comedy Overture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapino_(Walton)"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapino_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jim Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Dale"},{"link_name":"Frank Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Dunlop_(director)"},{"link_name":"Les Fourberies de Scapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapin_the_Schemer"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music"}],"text":"Scapino tends to make a confusion of anything he undertakes and metaphorically \"flees\" from one thought, activity or love interest to another, as his name implies, although he usually will return to it – eventually. Self-preservation and self-interest are his main concerns. This is not to say his wits are without merit. In Molière's play Les Fourberies de Scapin, Zerbinette mentions what \"a clever servant [Léandre] has. His name is Scapin. He is a most wonderful man and deserves the highest praise.\" He is a schemer and scoundrel, and takes a certain pride in these facts. He was originally a masked character, although later versions usually have the actor simply powder his face. He is traditionally shown with a hooked nose and a pointed beard.Like Brighella, Scapino is a Jack of all trades and depends on the needs of the scenario for his occupation.Scapino is depicted musically in William Walton's 1940 composition, Scapino: A Comedy Overture. A 1974 play of the same name adapted by Jim Dale and Frank Dunlop from Les Fourberies de Scapin by Molière opened at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York in 1974.","title":"Character"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Honoré Victorin Daumier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier"},{"link_name":"Molière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Les Fourberies de Scapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapin_the_Schemer"}],"text":"Crispin et Scapin - Scapin et Silvestre Honoré Victorin DaumierFrom Molière's Les Fourberies de Scapin:SCAPIN: To tell you the truth, there are few things impossible to me when I once set about them. Heaven has bestowed on me a fair enough share of genius for the making up of all those neat strokes of mother wit, for all those ingenious gallantries to which the ignorant and vulgar give the name of impostures; and I can boast, without vanity, that there have been very few men more skilful than I in expedients and intrigues, and who have acquired a greater reputation in the noble profession. But, to tell the truth, merit is too ill rewarded nowadays, and I have given up everything of the kind since the trouble I had through a certain affair that happened to me.OCTAVE: How? What affair, Scapin?SCAPIN: An adventure in which justice and I fell out.OCTAVE: Justice and you?SCAPIN: Yes; we had a trifling quarrel.SILVESTRE: You and justice?SCAPIN: Yes. She used me very badly; and I felt so enraged against the ingratitude of our age that I determined never to do anything for anybody. But never mind; tell me about yourself all the same.___Scapin pretends to be mortally wounded and begs forgiveness for his wrongdoings.SCAPIN. (to GÉRONTE.) It is you, Sir, I have offended the most, because of the beating with the cudgel which I....GÉRONTE. Leave that alone.SCAPIN. I feel in dying an inconceivable grief for the beating which I....GÉRONTE. Ah me! be silent.SCAPIN. That unfortunate beating that I gave....GÉRONTE. Be silent, I tell you; I forgive you everything.SCAPIN. Alas! how good you are. But is it really with all your heart that you forgive me the beating which I...?GÉRONTE. Yes, yes; don't mention it. I forgive you everything. You are punished.SCAPIN. Ah! Sir, how much better I feel for your kind words.GÉRONTE. Yes, I forgive you; but on one condition, that you die.SCAPIN. How! Sir?GÉRONTE. I retract my words if you recover.SCAPIN. Oh! oh! all my pains are coming back.","title":"Examples of Scapino's character"}] | [{"image_text":"Scapino by Jacques Callot, 1619","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b8/Scapin-by-Jacques-Callot.jpg/220px-Scapin-by-Jacques-Callot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crispin et Scapin - Scapin et Silvestre Honoré Victorin Daumier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_003.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_003.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.sipario.it/mscapino.htm","external_links_name":"Scapino, in Italian and English"},{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext05/8scap10.txt","external_links_name":"\"The Impostures of Scapin\" on Project Gutenberg"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energumen | Energumen (magazine) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Look up energumen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Energumen was an science fiction fanzine edited by Mike Glicksohn and Susan Wood Glicksohn from 1970–1973 (fifteen issues), with a special final "11th Anniversary Issue!!" in 1981 after Susan's death. The fanzine was based in Ottawa. It won the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine in 1973, after having been a nominee for the Hugo Award for both the prior years.
Contributors included (inter alia) Alicia Austin, , John Bangsund, George Barr, Bill Bowers, Terry Carr, Phil Foglio, Jack Gaughan, Joe Haldeman, Joan Hanke-Woods, Jay Kinney, Dave Langford, Tim Kirk, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Bill Rotsler, Bob Shaw, Stu Shiffman, Dan Steffan, Ted White and Gene Wolfe.
Energumen ceased publication in 1973 with #15, and the Glicksohns' marriage broke up; but planning for a special issue was already well under way at the time of Susan Wood's sudden death in November 1980. Issue 16 ("Just when you Thought it was Safe to Bind your Fanzines") was published by Glicksohn in September 1981.
References
^ "Energumen 01" (PDF). efanzines. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Hugo Awards database Archived January 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine at Locus magazine
^ Energumen 16, pp. 4-21 and passim
External links
All issues of Energumen at efanzines.com | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/energumen"},{"link_name":"science fiction fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_fanzine"},{"link_name":"Mike Glicksohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Glicksohn"},{"link_name":"Susan Wood Glicksohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wood_(science_fiction)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award for Best Fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Hugo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alicia Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Austin"},{"link_name":"John Bangsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bangsund"},{"link_name":"George Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barr_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Bill Bowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Bowers"},{"link_name":"Terry Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Carr"},{"link_name":"Phil Foglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Foglio"},{"link_name":"Jack Gaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Gaughan"},{"link_name":"Joe Haldeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Haldeman"},{"link_name":"Joan Hanke-Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Hanke-Woods"},{"link_name":"Jay Kinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Kinney"},{"link_name":"Dave Langford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Langford"},{"link_name":"Tim Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Patrick Nielsen Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Nielsen_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Bill Rotsler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Rotsler"},{"link_name":"Bob Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Stu Shiffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stu_Shiffman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dan Steffan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Steffan"},{"link_name":"Ted White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_White_(author)"},{"link_name":"Gene Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Look up energumen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Energumen was an science fiction fanzine edited by Mike Glicksohn and Susan Wood Glicksohn from 1970–1973 (fifteen issues), with a special final \"11th Anniversary Issue!!\" [sic] in 1981 after Susan's death. The fanzine was based in Ottawa.[1] It won the Hugo Award for Best Fanzine in 1973, after having been a nominee for the Hugo Award for both the prior years.[2]Contributors included (inter alia) Alicia Austin, [John Baglow], John Bangsund, George Barr, Bill Bowers, Terry Carr, Phil Foglio, Jack Gaughan, Joe Haldeman, Joan Hanke-Woods, Jay Kinney, Dave Langford, Tim Kirk, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Bill Rotsler, Bob Shaw, Stu Shiffman, Dan Steffan, Ted White and Gene Wolfe.Energumen ceased publication in 1973 with #15, and the Glicksohns' marriage broke up; but planning for a special issue was already well under way at the time of Susan Wood's sudden death in November 1980.[3] Issue 16 (\"Just when you Thought it was Safe to Bind your Fanzines\") was published by Glicksohn in September 1981.","title":"Energumen (magazine)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Energumen 01\" (PDF). efanzines. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://efanzines.com/Energumen/Energumen01.pdf","url_text":"\"Energumen 01\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://efanzines.com/Energumen/Energumen01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Energumen 01\""},{"Link":"http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Hugo.html","external_links_name":"Hugo Awards database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100103034223/http://locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Hugo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://efanzines.com/Energumen/Energumen16_s.pdf","external_links_name":"Energumen 16, pp. 4-21 and passim"},{"Link":"http://efanzines.com/Energumen/index.htm","external_links_name":"All issues of Energumen at efanzines.com"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_West_Freugh | RAF West Freugh | ["1 History","2 Satellite Earth Station","3 Present day","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°50′51″N 4°56′52″W / 54.84750°N 4.94778°W / 54.84750; -4.94778Military airfield in Scotland
MOD West FreughNear Stranraer, Dumfries and Galloway in ScotlandHangars and (now demolished) radomes at West FreughMOD West FreughShown within Dumfries and GallowayShow map of Dumfries and GallowayMOD West FreughMOD West Freugh (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United KingdomCoordinates54°50′50″N 4°56′54″W / 54.84722°N 4.94833°W / 54.84722; -4.94833TypeResearch establishment and weapons rangeSite informationOwnerMinistry of DefenceOperatorRoyal Air Force (1937–2001) QinetiQ (2001–present)WebsiteLPTA West FreughSite historyBuilt1937 (1937)In use1937 – presentAirfield informationIdentifiersICAO: EGOY, WMO: 03132
Runways
Direction
Length and surface
06/24
1,841 metres (6,040 ft) – Inactive
12/30
914 metres (2,999 ft) – Inactive
MOD West Freugh is located in Wigtownshire, 5 miles (8 km) south east of Stranraer, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, and is operated by defence contractor QinetiQ, on behalf of the Ministry of Defence.
It has always been an armaments training school, either for handling or deployment of ordnance.
The site was previously a Royal Air Force station as RAF West Freugh, as well as a Royal Aircraft Establishment as RAE West Freugh.
History
During the First World War the site was a base for naval airships, known as RNAS Luce Bay. The base was provided with one huge airship hangar.
RAF West Freugh opened in 1937 as an armament training camp. During the Second World War, it expanded to include training facilities for observers, navigators, and bomb aimers; and served as a base for the Bombing Trials Unit. The known history of units known at West Freugh is:
22 October 1939 – 10 Service Flying Training School formed. Moved November
4 November 1939 – 4 Air Observer School formed
11 January 1940 – re-designated 4 Bombing & Gunnery School
14 June 1941 – 4 Air Observer School reformed
11 June 1943 – re-designated 4 Observer Advanced Flying Unit
21 June 1945 – 4 Observer Advanced Flying Unit disbanded
April 1957 – RAF West Freugh incident
2001 – Airfield closed, all RAF operations cease
2001 – operations taken over by QinetiQ
In addition to the units listed above (and with manpower possibly drawn from some of them) a Mountain Rescue Team was based at West Freugh from 1945 to 1956. After 1956 the MRT at RAF Leuchars assumed responsibility for the area covered by West Freugh. The team was part of the RAF's Mountain Rescue Service.
The following units were also here at some point:
Squadrons
No. 63 Squadron RAF
No. 130 Squadron RAF
No. 255 Squadron RAF
No. 258 Squadron RAF
No. 289 Squadron RAF
No. 290 Squadron RAF
801 Naval Air Squadron
806 Naval Air Squadron
819 Naval Air Squadron
820 Naval Air Squadron
881 Naval Air Squadron
Units
'E' Flight of No. 1 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF (May – September 1938 & May 1939 – October 1942)
No. 4 Armament Training Camp RAF (January 1937 – April 1938) became No. 4 Armament Training Station RAF (April 1938 – April 1939)
Detachment of No. 7 Service Flying Training School RAF (November – December 1939)
Detachment of No. 8 Service Flying Training School RAF (April – May 1940)
Sub site of No. 249 Maintenance Unit RAF (October 1951 – ?)
No. 523 (Special Duty) Flight RAF (June 1918 – March 1919)
No. 524 (Special Duty) Flight RAF (June 1918 – March 1919)
No. 529 (Special Duty) Flight RAF (August 1918 – March 1919)
No. 1353 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight RAF (June 1945 – February 1946)
No. 2784 Squadron RAF Regiment
Bombing Trials Unit RAF (August 1942 – June 1947 & May 1948 – January 1957) became Air Armament Trials Establishment RAF (January 1957 – August 1957) became RAF Unit (Ministry of Supply), West Freugh (August 1957 – June 1959)
Satellite Earth Station
A satellite earth station is located at West Freugh and was established to receive and distribute data from the European Space Agency's ERS radar satellites. In September 2005 it was announced that the earth station at West Freugh was the first outside Canada to be certified to provide imagery from the Canadian RADARSAT commercial satellite.
Present day
In 1987, Exercise Purple Warrior forces utilised West Freugh.
West Freugh, operated by QinetiQ since 2001, is used as a test range for bombs and Air-to-Ground missiles. Its ranges extend over Luce Bay, and an area of land at Torrs Warren.
In 1988 and 1990 its ranges were used to test Phalanx CIWS weapons system with depleted uranium rounds. A subsequent radiological survey of beach, sand and seawater by staff from the Atomic Weapons Establishment concluded that there was no detectable contamination.
The airfield is no longer licensed or active, however it is available for military exercises. West Freugh has also been used on several occasions for exercises by 16 Air Assault Brigade under the Exercise Joint Warrior banner.
See also
List of former Royal Air Force stations
References
Citations
^ a b "MOD West Freugh". LPTA. QinetiQ. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Mull of Galloway, History, Myths & Legends Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine
^ "RAF Wrecks". Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007.
^ a b Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
^ a b "West Freugh (Luce Bay)". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 69.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 75.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 76.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 153.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 154.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 215.
^ a b c Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 125.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 129.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 84.
^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 45.
^ "RADARSAT ground station in the UK officially in business". Royal Astronomical Society. Royal Astronomical Society. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 Apr 2002 (pt 1)
^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 12 Dec 2002 (pt 6)
^ Eklund, Dylan (7 April 2014). "Air Assault Training". RAF. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
Bibliography
Sturtivant, R; Hamlin, J; Halley, J (1997). Royal Air Force flying training and support units. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-252-1.
External links
MOD West Freugh – LPTA54°50′51″N 4°56′52″W / 54.84750°N 4.94778°W / 54.84750; -4.94778
vte Royal Air Force bombing ranges United Kingdomactive
Cape Wrath
Donna Nook
Holbeach
Pembrey
Tain
former
Alkborough Flatts
Chesil Bank
Cowden
Jurby Head
Kidsdale
Manorbier
Rosehearty
Snettisham
Theddlethorpe
Wainfleet
West Freugh
overseasformerNordhorn (Germany) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wigtownshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshire"},{"link_name":"Stranraer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranraer"},{"link_name":"Dumfries and Galloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfries_and_Galloway"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"QinetiQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinetiq"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"armaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaments"},{"link_name":"ordnance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Royal Aircraft Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment"}],"text":"Military airfield in ScotlandMOD West Freugh is located in Wigtownshire, 5 miles (8 km) south east of Stranraer, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, and is operated by defence contractor QinetiQ, on behalf of the Ministry of Defence.[1]It has always been an armaments training school, either for handling or deployment of ordnance.The site was previously a Royal Air Force station as RAF West Freugh, as well as a Royal Aircraft Establishment as RAE West Freugh.","title":"RAF West Freugh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"airships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship"},{"link_name":"airship hangar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airship_hangar"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"QinetiQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QinetiQ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"RAF Leuchars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Leuchars"},{"link_name":"RAF's Mountain Rescue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Mountain_Rescue_Service"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-5"},{"link_name":"No. 63 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._63_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 130 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._130_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 255 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._255_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 258 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._258_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 289 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._289_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"No. 290 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._290_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"801 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/801_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"806 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/806_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"819 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/819_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"820 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/820_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"881 Naval Air Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/881_Naval_Air_Squadron"},{"link_name":"No. 1 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Anti-Aircraft_Co-operation_Unit_RAF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley199769-6"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Armament Training Camp RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._4_Armament_Training_Camp_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley199775-7"},{"link_name":"No. 4 Armament Training Station RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._4_Armament_Training_Station_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley199776-8"},{"link_name":"No. 7 Service Flying Training School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._7_Service_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997153-9"},{"link_name":"No. 8 Service Flying Training School RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._8_Service_Flying_Training_School_RAF"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997154-10"},{"link_name":"No. 249 Maintenance Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_Maintenance_units#No._201_MU_%E2%80%93_No._300_MU"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997215-11"},{"link_name":"No. 523 (Special Duty) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._523_(Special_Duty)_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997125-12"},{"link_name":"No. 524 (Special Duty) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._524_(Special_Duty)_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997125-12"},{"link_name":"No. 529 (Special Duty) Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._529_(Special_Duty)_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997125-12"},{"link_name":"No. 1353 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=No._1353_Anti-Aircraft_Co-operation_Flight_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley1997129-13"},{"link_name":"No. 2784 Squadron RAF Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2784_Squadron_RAF_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABCT-5"},{"link_name":"Bombing Trials Unit RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bombing_Trials_Unit_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley199784-14"},{"link_name":"Air Armament Trials Establishment RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_Armament_Trials_Establishment_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RAF Unit (Ministry of Supply), West Freugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RAF_Unit_(Ministry_of_Supply),_West_Freugh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturtivantHamlinHalley199745-15"}],"text":"During the First World War the site was a base for naval airships, known as RNAS Luce Bay. The base was provided with one huge airship hangar.RAF West Freugh opened in 1937 as an armament training camp. During the Second World War, it expanded to include training facilities for observers, navigators, and bomb aimers; and served as a base for the Bombing Trials Unit.[2] The known history of units known at West Freugh is:[3]22 October 1939 – 10 Service Flying Training School formed. Moved November\n4 November 1939 – 4 Air Observer School formed\n11 January 1940 – re-designated 4 Bombing & Gunnery School\n14 June 1941 – 4 Air Observer School reformed\n11 June 1943 – re-designated 4 Observer Advanced Flying Unit\n21 June 1945 – 4 Observer Advanced Flying Unit disbanded\nApril 1957 – RAF West Freugh incident\n2001 – Airfield closed, all RAF operations cease\n2001 – operations taken over by QinetiQ[4]In addition to the units listed above (and with manpower possibly drawn from some of them) a Mountain Rescue Team was based at West Freugh from 1945 to 1956. After 1956 the MRT at RAF Leuchars assumed responsibility for the area covered by West Freugh. The team was part of the RAF's Mountain Rescue Service.The following units were also here at some point:[5]SquadronsNo. 63 Squadron RAF\nNo. 130 Squadron RAF\nNo. 255 Squadron RAF\nNo. 258 Squadron RAF\nNo. 289 Squadron RAF\nNo. 290 Squadron RAF\n801 Naval Air Squadron\n806 Naval Air Squadron\n819 Naval Air Squadron\n820 Naval Air Squadron\n881 Naval Air SquadronUnits'E' Flight of No. 1 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF (May – September 1938 & May 1939 – October 1942)[6]\nNo. 4 Armament Training Camp RAF (January 1937 – April 1938)[7] became No. 4 Armament Training Station RAF (April 1938 – April 1939)[8]\nDetachment of No. 7 Service Flying Training School RAF (November – December 1939)[9]\nDetachment of No. 8 Service Flying Training School RAF (April – May 1940)[10]\nSub site of No. 249 Maintenance Unit RAF (October 1951 – ?)[11]\nNo. 523 (Special Duty) Flight RAF (June 1918 – March 1919)[12]\nNo. 524 (Special Duty) Flight RAF (June 1918 – March 1919)[12]\nNo. 529 (Special Duty) Flight RAF (August 1918 – March 1919)[12]\nNo. 1353 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Flight RAF (June 1945 – February 1946)[13]\nNo. 2784 Squadron RAF Regiment[5]\nBombing Trials Unit RAF (August 1942 – June 1947 & May 1948 – January 1957)[14] became Air Armament Trials Establishment RAF (January 1957 – August 1957) became RAF Unit (Ministry of Supply), West Freugh (August 1957 – June 1959)[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"satellite earth station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_station"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"RADARSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RADARSAT"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"A satellite earth station is located at West Freugh and was established to receive and distribute data from the European Space Agency's ERS radar satellites. In September 2005 it was announced that the earth station at West Freugh was the first outside Canada to be certified to provide imagery from the Canadian RADARSAT commercial satellite.[16]","title":"Satellite Earth Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exercise Purple Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Purple_Warrior"},{"link_name":"QinetiQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QinetiQ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-4"},{"link_name":"Luce Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_Bay"},{"link_name":"Torrs Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torrs_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Phalanx CIWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx_CIWS"},{"link_name":"depleted uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depleted_uranium"},{"link_name":"Atomic Weapons Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Weapons_Establishment"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"16 Air Assault Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Air_Assault_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Exercise Joint Warrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Joint_Warrior"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 1987, Exercise Purple Warrior forces utilised West Freugh.West Freugh, operated by QinetiQ since 2001,[4] is used as a test range for bombs and Air-to-Ground missiles. Its ranges extend over Luce Bay, and an area of land at Torrs Warren.[17]In 1988 and 1990 its ranges were used to test Phalanx CIWS weapons system with depleted uranium rounds. A subsequent radiological survey of beach, sand and seawater by staff from the Atomic Weapons Establishment concluded that there was no detectable contamination.[18]The airfield is no longer licensed or active, however it is available for military exercises.[1] West Freugh has also been used on several occasions for exercises by 16 Air Assault Brigade under the Exercise Joint Warrior banner.[19]","title":"Present day"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of former Royal Air Force stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Royal_Air_Force_stations"}] | [{"reference":"\"MOD West Freugh\". LPTA. QinetiQ. Retrieved 27 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ltpa.co.uk/SitesAndRanges/WestFreugh","url_text":"\"MOD West Freugh\""}]},{"reference":"\"RAF Wrecks\". Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070322085156/http://www.gcbooks.demon.co.uk/rafwrecks.htm","url_text":"\"RAF Wrecks\""},{"url":"http://www.gcbooks.demon.co.uk/rafwrecks.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"West Freugh (Luce Bay)\". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 16 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/west-freugh-luce-bay/","url_text":"\"West Freugh (Luce Bay)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfields_of_Britain_Conservation_Trust","url_text":"Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust"}]},{"reference":"\"RADARSAT ground station in the UK officially in business\". Royal Astronomical Society. Royal Astronomical Society. 25 February 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/88-news1996/492-pn96-23","url_text":"\"RADARSAT ground station in the UK officially in business\""}]},{"reference":"Eklund, Dylan (7 April 2014). \"Air Assault Training\". RAF. Retrieved 11 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/air-assault-training-07042014","url_text":"\"Air Assault Training\""}]},{"reference":"Sturtivant, R; Hamlin, J; Halley, J (1997). Royal Air Force flying training and support units. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-252-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85130-252-1","url_text":"0-85130-252-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_West_Freugh¶ms=54_50_51_N_4_56_52_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°50′51″N 4°56′52″W / 54.84750°N 4.94778°W / 54.84750; -4.94778"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_West_Freugh¶ms=54_50_50_N_4_56_54_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"54°50′50″N 4°56′54″W / 54.84722°N 4.94833°W / 54.84722; -4.94833"},{"Link":"https://www.ltpa.co.uk/site_range/west_freugh/index.asp","external_links_name":"LPTA West Freugh"},{"Link":"https://www.ltpa.co.uk/SitesAndRanges/WestFreugh","external_links_name":"\"MOD West Freugh\""},{"Link":"http://www.mull-of-galloway.co.uk/history/modern_times.html","external_links_name":"Mull of Galloway, History, Myths & Legends"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070509053647/http://mull-of-galloway.co.uk/history/modern_times.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070322085156/http://www.gcbooks.demon.co.uk/rafwrecks.htm","external_links_name":"\"RAF Wrecks\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcbooks.demon.co.uk/rafwrecks.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.banthebomb.org/militaryscotland/88.html","external_links_name":"Scottish Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament"},{"Link":"https://www.abct.org.uk/airfields/airfield-finder/west-freugh-luce-bay/","external_links_name":"\"West Freugh (Luce Bay)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/88-news1996/492-pn96-23","external_links_name":"\"RADARSAT ground station in the UK officially in business\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020403/text/20403w01.htm","external_links_name":"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 3 Apr 2002 (pt 1)"},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo021212/text/21212w06.htm","external_links_name":"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 12 Dec 2002 (pt 6)"},{"Link":"http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/air-assault-training-07042014","external_links_name":"\"Air Assault Training\""},{"Link":"https://www.ltpa.co.uk/SitesAndRanges/WestFreugh","external_links_name":"MOD West Freugh – LPTA"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_West_Freugh¶ms=54_50_51_N_4_56_52_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"54°50′51″N 4°56′52″W / 54.84750°N 4.94778°W / 54.84750; -4.94778"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groruddalen | Grorud Valley | ["1 People from Groruddalen","2 References","3 Other sources","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 59°57′N 10°54′E / 59.950°N 10.900°E / 59.950; 10.900Area of Oslo, Norway
Aerial view of the Grorud Valley
The Grorud Valley with Romsås in the background
The Grorud Valley (Norwegian: Groruddalen)
is a valley and urban area
or suburb
in the northeastern part of Oslo, the capital of Norway. Four of Oslo's boroughs lie within the Grorud Valley; Bjerke to the west, Alna to the south, Grorud to the north, and Stovner to the east. The name Groruddalen has been in use at least since the mid-19th century. The current use of the name Groruddalen was coined in 1960 to describe the area covered by the local newspaper Akers Avis Groruddalen, until then named Akers avis. Before 1960, this area was known as Akersdalen, whilst the name Groruddalen was user for the river valley from lake Alnsjøen along Alna River to Bryn.
The population of the Grorud Valley is around 140,000 (approximately a fifth of the population of Oslo). The main population centers are on the valley sides, close to the forest of Lillomarka and Østmarka. The valley basin has fewer houses but a fair amount of industry. Thanks to large scale urbanization throughout the valley in the 1960s and 1970s, it was transformed from agricultural to suburbian landscape. Generally the neighborhoods are well maintained and there are recreational facilities and open spaces in the Grorud Valley.
The Grorud Valley is served by several motorways and rail lines running along the valley. In the south of the valley is the European route E6 highway and the subway line Furusetbanen. The central valley is served by Norwegian Route 163 (Østre Aker vei) as well as Hovedbanen rail line. The north side is served by Norwegian Route 4 (Trondheimsveien) and the subway line Grorudbanen.
People from Groruddalen
Jan Bøhler, politician, member of parliament
Flamur Kastrati, Kosovar football player, grew up at Rødtvet
References
^ Bengt Andersen; Per Gunnar Røe; Oddrun Sæter. "Trust and Distrust in Oslo". Social Transformations in Scandinavian Cities: Nordic Perspectives on Urban Marginalization and Social Sustainability. Lund: Nordic Academic Press. p. 115.
^ Almaas, Ingerid Helsing (2016). Made in Norway: New Norwegian Architecture. Oslo: Architektur N. p. 120. ISBN 9783035607680.
^ Low, Setha M. (2019). The Routledge Handbook of Anthropology and the City. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317296973. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ Berger, Alan; Kotkin, Joel; Balderas-Guzmán, Celina (2017). Infinite Suburbia. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 149. ISBN 9781616896706.
^ Browne, Michael (2019). Urban logistics : management, policy and innovation in a rapidly changing environment. London: Kogan Page Limited. p. 29. ISBN 9780749478728.
^ Fossum, John Erik; Kastoryano, Riva; Siim, Birte, eds. (2018). Diversity and Contestations over Nationalism in Europe and Canada. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 301. ISBN 9781137589873.
^ Guttormsen, Torgreim Sneve; Swensen, Grete, eds. (2016). Heritage, Democracy and the Public: Nordic Approaches. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781317122319.
^ a b c d Knut Are Tvedt. "Groruddalen". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
^ "Idag". Morgenbladet. October 24, 1843. p. 1. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "Væversker". Christiania Intelligentssedler. June 4, 1855. p. 4. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "For omtrent fjorten Dage ..." Christiania Adresseblad. November 15, 1860. p. 3. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "Kastrati vraker Norge - debuterer for Kosovo i mars".
^ "Tilbake på Greibanen". 4 June 2009.
^ "Seks oslogutter til U21-EM". 22 May 2013.
Other sources
Eivind Heide (1980) Groruddalen (Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag) ISBN 9788210019074
External links
Groruddalssatsingen 2017–2026, Oslo kommune
Social challenges (Norwegian article)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
59°57′N 10°54′E / 59.950°N 10.900°E / 59.950; 10.900 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010-10-25_Groruddalen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Groruddalen_Roms%C3%A5s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Romsås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roms%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-8"},{"link_name":"Bjerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjerke_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Alna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alna"},{"link_name":"Grorud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grorud"},{"link_name":"Stovner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stovner"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Akers Avis Groruddalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akers_Avis_Groruddalen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-8"},{"link_name":"lake Alnsjøen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnsj%C3%B8en"},{"link_name":"Alna River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alna_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-8"},{"link_name":"Lillomarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillomarka"},{"link_name":"Østmarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stmarka"},{"link_name":"urbanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"open spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_open_space"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-8"},{"link_name":"motorways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorway"},{"link_name":"European route E6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E6"},{"link_name":"Furusetbanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furusetbanen"},{"link_name":"Hovedbanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovedbanen"},{"link_name":"Grorudbanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grorudbanen"}],"text":"Area of Oslo, NorwayAerial view of the Grorud ValleyThe Grorud Valley with Romsås in the backgroundThe Grorud Valley[1][2] (Norwegian: Groruddalen) \nis a valley[3] and urban area[4][5]\nor suburb[6][7]\nin the northeastern part of Oslo, the capital of Norway.[8] Four of Oslo's boroughs lie within the Grorud Valley; Bjerke to the west, Alna to the south, Grorud to the north, and Stovner to the east.[citation needed] The name Groruddalen has been in use at least since the mid-19th century.[9][10][11] The current use of the name Groruddalen was coined in 1960 to describe the area covered by the local newspaper Akers Avis Groruddalen, until then named Akers avis.[8] Before 1960, this area was known as Akersdalen, whilst the name Groruddalen was user for the river valley from lake Alnsjøen along Alna River to Bryn.[8]The population of the Grorud Valley is around 140,000 (approximately a fifth of the population of Oslo). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprellida | Caprellidira | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Group of crustaceans
Caprellidira
Pariambus typicus
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Malacostraca
Order:
Amphipoda
Suborder:
Senticaudata
Infraorder:
Corophiida
Parvorder:
CaprellidiraLeach, 1814
Families
See text
Caprellidira is a parvorder of marine crustaceans of the infraorder Corophiida. The group includes skeleton shrimps (Caprellidae) and whale lice (Cyamidae).
Fifteen families are currently recognised in the group. They are grouped into seven superfamilies.
Superfamily Aetiopedesoidea Myers & Lowry, 2003
Aetiopedesidae Myers & Lowry, 2003
Paragammaropsidae Myers & Lowry, 2003
Superfamily Caprelloidea Leach, 1814
Caprellidae Leach, 1814 - Skeleton shrimps
Caprogammaridae Kudrjaschov & Vassilenko, 1966
Cyamidae Rafinesque, 1815 - Whale lice
Dulichiidae Laubitz, 1983
Podoceridae Leach, 1814
Superfamily Isaeoidea Dana, 1853
Isaeidae Dana, 1853
Superfamily Microprotopoidea Myers & Lowry, 2003
Australomicroprotopidae Myers, Lowry & Billingham, 2016
Microprotopidae Myers & Lowry, 2003
Superfamily Neomegamphopoidea Myers, 1981
Neomegamphopidae Myers, 1981
Priscomilitariidae Hirayama, 1988
Superfamily Photoidea Boeck, 1871
Ischyroceridae Stebbing, 1899
Kamakidae Myers & Lowry, 2003
Photidae Boeck, 1871
Superfamily Rakirooidea Myers & Lowry, 2003
Rakiroidae Myers & Lowry, 2003
References
^ "Caprellidira Leach, 1814". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
^ Claude De Broyer (2011). Lowry J (ed.). "Caprellida". World Amphipoda database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved August 31, 2011.
^ Sara E. LeCroy (2007). "Appendix II: Revised Classification of the Corophiidea". An Illustrated Identification Guide to the Nearshore Marine and Estuarine Gammaridean Amphipoda of Florida. Volume 4: Families Anamixidae, Eusiridae, Hyalellidae, Hyalidae, Iphimediidae, Ischyroceridae, Lysianassidae, Megaluropidae, and Melphidippidae. Florida Department of Environmental Protection. p. 612.
^ A. A. Myers & J. K. Lowry (2003). "A phylogeny and a new classification of the Corophiidea Leach, 1814 (Amphipoda)". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 23 (2): 443–485. doi:10.1651/0278-0372(2003)0232.0.CO;2. JSTOR 1549648.
^ Lowry, J.K.; Myers, A.A. (2017). "A Phylogeny and Classification of the Amphipoda with the establishment of the new order Ingolfiellida (Crustacea: Peracarida)". Zootaxa. 4265 (1). Magnolia Press: 001–089. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4265.1.1. PMID 28610392.
External links
Media related to Caprellidira at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Caprellida at Wikispecies
Taxon identifiersCaprellidira
Wikidata: Q2299990
Wikispecies: Caprellidira
NBN: NHMSYS0021050108
NCBI: 116674
WoRMS: 719478
This amphipod article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"infraorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraorder"},{"link_name":"Corophiida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corophiida"},{"link_name":"skeleton shrimps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeleton_shrimp"},{"link_name":"whale lice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_lice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lecroy-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowry2017-5"},{"link_name":"Aetiopedesoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aetiopedesoidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aetiopedesidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetiopedesidae"},{"link_name":"Paragammaropsidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paragammaropsidae"},{"link_name":"Caprelloidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprelloidea"},{"link_name":"Caprellidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprellidae"},{"link_name":"Caprogammaridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprogammaridae"},{"link_name":"Cyamidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyamidae"},{"link_name":"Dulichiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulichiidae"},{"link_name":"Podoceridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podoceridae"},{"link_name":"Isaeoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaeoidea"},{"link_name":"Isaeidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaeidae"},{"link_name":"Microprotopoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microprotopoidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Australomicroprotopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australomicroprotopidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Microprotopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprotopidae"},{"link_name":"Neomegamphopoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neomegamphopoidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neomegamphopidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomegamphopidae"},{"link_name":"Priscomilitariidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscomilitariidae"},{"link_name":"Photoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photoidea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ischyroceridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ischyroceridae"},{"link_name":"Kamakidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamakidae"},{"link_name":"Photidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photidae"},{"link_name":"Rakirooidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakirooidea"},{"link_name":"Rakiroidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakiroidae"}],"text":"Caprellidira is a parvorder of marine crustaceans of the infraorder Corophiida. The group includes skeleton shrimps (Caprellidae) and whale lice (Cyamidae).Fifteen families are currently recognised in the group. They are grouped into seven superfamilies.[2][3][4][5]Superfamily Aetiopedesoidea Myers & Lowry, 2003\nAetiopedesidae Myers & Lowry, 2003\nParagammaropsidae Myers & Lowry, 2003\nSuperfamily Caprelloidea Leach, 1814\nCaprellidae Leach, 1814 - Skeleton shrimps\nCaprogammaridae Kudrjaschov & Vassilenko, 1966\nCyamidae Rafinesque, 1815 - Whale lice\nDulichiidae Laubitz, 1983\nPodoceridae Leach, 1814\nSuperfamily Isaeoidea Dana, 1853\nIsaeidae Dana, 1853\nSuperfamily Microprotopoidea Myers & Lowry, 2003\nAustralomicroprotopidae Myers, Lowry & Billingham, 2016\nMicroprotopidae Myers & Lowry, 2003\nSuperfamily Neomegamphopoidea Myers, 1981\nNeomegamphopidae Myers, 1981\nPriscomilitariidae Hirayama, 1988\nSuperfamily Photoidea Boeck, 1871\nIschyroceridae Stebbing, 1899\nKamakidae Myers & Lowry, 2003\nPhotidae Boeck, 1871\nSuperfamily Rakirooidea Myers & Lowry, 2003\nRakiroidae Myers & Lowry, 2003","title":"Caprellidira"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Caprellidira Leach, 1814\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_bid_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics | Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics | ["1 Bid details","2 Venues","2.1 Aspire Zone (Doha Sports City)","2.2 Khalifa International Stadium","2.3 Aspire Sports Hall","2.4 Hamad Aquatic Centre","2.5 Women's Sports Indoor Hall","2.6 Aspire Tower","3 Transport Infrastructure","4 Accommodations","5 Logo and slogan","6 Outlook and conclusion","7 Future Sport Events","8 See also","9 External links","10 References"] | Bids for the 2016 (2016) Summer Olympics and ParalympicsOverviewGames of the XXXI Olympiad XV Paralympic GamesWinner: Rio de Janeiro Runner-up: Madrid Shortlist: Tokyo · ChicagoDetailsCityDoha, QatarNOCQatar Olympic Committee (QOC)EvaluationIOC score6.9Previous Games hostedNoneDecisionResultNot shortlisted.
Doha, the capital city of Qatar, bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. It was one of two cities in the Arab World, along with Cairo, Egypt to mount a serious bid.
Doha's bid was eliminated from consideration when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist on June 4, 2008.
Had Doha been chosen to host the games, they were to be held between October 14 and October 30. The Paralympics were to be held between November 9 and November 21.
Bid details
Hassan Ali Bin Ali was named the chairman of the Doha 2016 Olympic Bid Committee. The bid was officially announced October 25, 2007 at a festival on the Doha corniche. It was only the second serious bid from the Arab World (after Cairo's bid for the 2008 games), and pundits speculated that Doha's chances of being shortlisted were improved for that reason. More than 1,000 banners and billboards featuring children (future athletes) promoted the bid in Doha, and Doha organized a Youth Ambassador Program designed to reach out with youthful hope and understanding. Qataris aimed to highlight the future of the country's youth by engaging and inspiring them to better understand the wider world, and for the youth of the rest of the world to gain a true picture of Arab culture and hospitality. US$48 million was budgeted to secure the games. ($44 million from the government)
The centerpiece of the bid was the expansion of the Aspire Zone sports center, which also houses many other facilities. The Aspire Zone hosted the 2006 Asian Games. Doha is also planning a new paralympic stadium, although it is uncertain if it will still be constructed since the end of the bid. The Qatar government committed to full financial guarantees that will cover any cost overruns.
With sport as a raison d'etre, Qatar has invested in multimillion-dollar projects to upgrade Doha's infrastructure to premium international standards.
The bid had support from the Gulf Cooperation Council, solidifying regional support from the neighboring states of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Bid leader Bin Ali stated, "Our aim is to build support for the bid which will be a bid that the whole Arab world can be proud of." 86% of people in Doha City and region support the Olympic bid and 95% of residents were aware of the bid, matching most of the other bid cities.
Venues
The Qataris planned to utilize 70% pre-existing venues, most from the 2006 Asian Games. Six venues would be temporary and four will require new construction. Hassan plans to leave legacy buildings with a new Olympic Village and Media Center. Also, much new construction as part of the Qatar long-term development plan will result.
The Olympic Village was to be a US$1.94 billion 67-hectare development project designed for up to 18,000 athletes. The complex will form the shape of a dove.
Aspire Zone (Doha Sports City)
Aspire Zone is (approximately) a 240ha precinct that houses an international standard sport stadium, medical facilities, education services and sport academy, mosque, sports club, retail areas and parklands. There are also residential and hotel facilities. It is located approximately 8 km from Doha's Central Business District. Aspire Zone is represented with strong landmarks that will be iconic in their design and function.
Khalifa International Stadium
Khalifa Stadium is well-tailored to host major sports events of international standard, particularly football (soccer) and athletics. Khalifa Stadium was built in 1976 to seat 20,000. For the 2006 Asian Games, it was expanded to seat 50,000. It will need to be further expanded to meet the Olympic minimum of 60,000. It is linked to a warm-up field. An arch crowns the stadium, which also has a partial roof covering.
Aspire Sports Hall
The ASPIRE Sports Hall is multi-purpose sports hall with a wide range of corollaries. The sports hall features a gymnasium with an audience seating capacity of 200 persons, judo and karate area with a viewer's seating capacity of 150 persons, a fencing hall with a spectators seating capacity of 150 persons, a table tennis hall with squash court with an audience seating capacity of 500 persons, Olympic swimming and diving pools, a football court with a seating capacity of 200 persons and a host of other amenities. The total seating capacity of the sports hall is 3000. The support services include restaurants, changing rooms, cafeterias, shops museum, and technical support areas etc.
Hamad Aquatic Centre
The Hamad Aquatic Centre was expanded to offer ultra-modern facilities for water sports. The aquatic complex presents extensive facilities for swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo.
Women's Sports Indoor Hall
This Women's Sports Hall is designed to provide indoor facilities for basketball, handball, and volleyball, etc. The size of court is around 30X50m with a height of 28 m. The sports hall does have a gallery to accommodate 2000 viewers and additional seating for about 500 persons.
Aspire Tower
The 300 m-high Aspire Zone Tower, is the tallest building in Qatar. Finished in 2007, the skeleton of the structure is clad in combination of glazing panels and architectural stainless steel mesh, which has been accentuated by state-of-the-art facade lighting. The tower hosts a hotel, restaurant, conference center, and sports museum. This iconic structure crowned by a steel parabolic lattice structure that will be a backdrop for the 8 to 10 meter high gas flame torch, representing the largest Olympic flame in history.
Transport Infrastructure
The Qatari government has placed huge investment into developing a local transportation network and to improving accessibility between Qatar and the outside world by land, air and sea. Over the past few years, a great deal has been achieved in terms of building ports, airports and roads, with more under construction or planned.
With the imminent expansion of Qatar Airways, the country is building the New Doha International Airport, capable of handling 50 million passengers a year when it is completed in 2015. The New Doha International Airport is being constructed four kilometres from the existing one, on a 5,400-acre (22 km2) site. The current airport handles around 9 million passengers per year, whereas the new airport will be designed to handle 12.5 million per year. The old airport will be remodeled as well.
Although there is currently no railway network in Qatar, plans are under way, in particular as part of the construction of the new city of Lusail. Lusail's plans include both an underground and aboveground train network, which will be fully integrated with a new rail system in Doha itself. In addition, it plans to develop a new water-taxi service to run along the Doha coastline.
Public transport in Qatar made a major leap forward in 2004 with the launch of The Qatar Transport Company, more commonly known by its Arabic name "Mowasalat". This is a government-owned bus, taxi and limousine service. The Bid Committee is also advocating the use of a range of battery powered taxis and buses in an effort to cut air pollution. Qatar would have the region's first environmentally friendly public transport system. The Chinese manufacturing company Kinglong is currently developing the prototypes for the vehicles.
Accommodations
The Qatari hotel industry has made impressive progress in the past few years, capitalizing on the country's new role as a key business destination, hosting numerous international conferences and forums. The hotel industry has also benefited from the Qatari government's ongoing campaign to boost tourism to the country.
Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA) and Qatar National Hotels Company (QNHC) have set up a number of tourist facilities, recreational centers, exhibition halls, luxurious hotels, shopping centers, sports centers and museums.
Logo and slogan
The logo's design represents the blossoming of the hopes and aspirations of Qatar, rooted in the rich heritage of the country. The Aldahma, the 'Flower of the Spring', was chosen to represent the vital and energetic spirit of the season. The Aldahma's natural habitat in the sands of the desert draws a parallel with the vibrant and colourful life flourishing in the State of Qatar. The calligraphy strokes making the words 'Doha 2016' are a unique manipulation of the traditional organic Henna patterns that women use to adorn their hands and arms as part of social and holiday celebrations. The interaction between the Arabic calligraphy and the English type is an interpretation of modernity. The logo was created by students at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Qatar (VCUQ).
The Doha 2016 Slogan was "Celebrating Change" (Arabic: الاحتفال بالتغيير).
Outlook and conclusion
Doha is emerging as a prominent economic center of the Arab World, which has never hosted the Olympics before; this makes the bid similar to Rio's and Baku's bids, which would have been the first to host the games in their respective regions. In 2006, Doha successfully hosted the very well regarded 2006 Asian Games, the centerpiece being its sports city named Aspire Zone. Although it would need expansion with new arenas and stadiums, the overall quality of the facilities is very high. Doha is also a modern city which is currently undergoing a flurry of activity, expanding its number of hotels and road networks to international standards. An oil rich nation, Qatar should have no trouble funding the games.
Some negative factors included the hot temperatures in Doha in the summer (up to 45 °C), which would be difficult for the athletes and spectators. Doha proposed to host the games in mid to late October. While strictly outside the IOC's parameters, late games are not without precedent. The, 1964, Tokyo Games and the Mexico City Games were held in October, the Sydney Games and the Seoul Games were held in September and October, the Melbourne Games were held in November and December. The Paralympics would then be held in November. The Qataris promoted a message of peace with their bid, and while Qatar is a stable country, greater regional concerns over safety and terrorism may have hampered votes.
The overall small size of Doha and Qatar (330,000 and 960,000 respectively) would have made it one of the smallest locations in modern history to host the games. Also, Qatar has a short "sports legacy" when compared to other bidding countries,. Despite this, the IOC gave Doha the same number of points as Chicago did in the applicant round.
Doha's bid ended on June 4, 2008, when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist. Doha was widely regarded as a wildcard candidate which had true potential to host. Ultimately, the IOC went with a shortlist of four candidates. In August 2011, Doha announced it would be bidding for the 2020 Summer Olympics however Doha failed to become a Candidate City for the 2020 Games. Following Doha's failure to secure as a candidate city list for the Olympics, Qatar has successfully won the hosting rights for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, with four stadiums being held in Doha area and surroundings, including Khalifa International Stadium.
Future Sport Events
One of the most active cities in its region in terms of sporting events, Doha has already been chosen to host some significant future events:
2010 Gymnasiad
2011 Asian Indoor Games
2011 AFC Asian Cup
2022 FIFA World Cup
Doha and Qatar have also bid, or are planning to bid for numerous other events, which includes the 123rd IOC Session.
See also
Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics
External links
Aspire Zone website
Doha Bid Book
Qatar Olympics
References
^ a b Tokyo 2016, Doha 2016 Respond To IOC Seminar
^ a b c d e f g Doha 2016 Releases Olympic Bid Questionnaire Response
^ a b c d e Phillip Hersh, Chicago Tribune, "Chicago in 8-City Race for Olympics", Sept 13, 2007
^ a b Banners And Billboards Featuring Children Promote Doha 2016 Olympic Bid
^ Doha 2016 Unveils Youth Ambassador Programme
^ a b c Doha To Launch Serious 2016 Bid – Chairman Appointed
^ Doha 2016 Bid To Launch This Month
^ Doha 2016 Gets Support Of GGC Countries Heads Of State
^ Green Transport For Doha 2016 Summer Games
^ a b Doha Launches 2016 Bid, Unveils Logo, Tagline, Website Archived 2007-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ Doha 2016 Bid Excites Contractors
vte Bids for the 2016 Summer Olympics121st Session of the International Olympic Committee (Copenhagen, Denmark)Elected city
Rio de Janeiro
Candidate cities
Chicago
Madrid
Tokyo
Applicant cities
Baku
Doha
Prague
Proposed bids
Dubai
Los Angeles
San Francisco | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"}],"text":"Doha, the capital city of Qatar, bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics. It was one of two cities in the Arab World, along with Cairo, Egypt to mount a serious bid.[1]Doha's bid was eliminated from consideration when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist on June 4, 2008.Had Doha been chosen to host the games, they were to be held between October 14 and October 30.[2] The Paralympics were to be held between November 9 and November 21.","title":"Doha bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo-1"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banners-4"},{"link_name":"Youth Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banners-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"},{"link_name":"Aspire Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspire_Zone"},{"link_name":"2006 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chairman-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"projects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projects"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"}],"text":"Hassan Ali Bin Ali was named the chairman of the Doha 2016 Olympic Bid Committee.[1] The bid was officially announced October 25, 2007 at a festival on the Doha corniche. It was only the second serious bid from the Arab World (after Cairo's bid for the 2008 games), and pundits speculated that Doha's chances of being shortlisted were improved for that reason.[3] More than 1,000 banners and billboards featuring children (future athletes) promoted the bid in Doha,[4] and Doha organized a Youth Ambassador Program designed to reach out with youthful hope and understanding.[5] Qataris aimed to highlight the future of the country's youth by engaging and inspiring them to better understand the wider world, and for the youth of the rest of the world to gain a true picture of Arab culture and hospitality.[4] US$48 million was budgeted to secure the games. ($44 million from the government)[2]The centerpiece of the bid was the expansion of the Aspire Zone sports center, which also houses many other facilities. The Aspire Zone hosted the 2006 Asian Games.[6] Doha is also planning a new paralympic stadium,[7] although it is uncertain if it will still be constructed since the end of the bid. The Qatar government committed to full financial guarantees that will cover any cost overruns.[2]\nWith sport as a raison d'etre, Qatar has invested in multimillion-dollar projects to upgrade Doha's infrastructure to premium international standards.The bid had support from the Gulf Cooperation Council, solidifying regional support from the neighboring states of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Bid leader Bin Ali stated, \"Our aim is to build support for the bid which will be a bid that the whole Arab world can be proud of.\"[8] 86% of people in Doha City and region support the Olympic bid and 95% of residents were aware of the bid,[2] matching most of the other bid cities.","title":"Bid details"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"}],"text":"The Qataris planned to utilize 70% pre-existing venues, most from the 2006 Asian Games. Six venues would be temporary and four will require new construction. Hassan plans to leave legacy buildings with a new Olympic Village and Media Center. Also, much new construction as part of the Qatar long-term development plan will result.[2]The Olympic Village was to be a US$1.94 billion 67-hectare development project designed for up to 18,000 athletes. The complex will form the shape of a dove.[2]","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"}],"sub_title":"Aspire Zone (Doha Sports City)","text":"Aspire Zone is (approximately) a 240ha precinct that houses an international standard sport stadium, medical facilities, education services and sport academy, mosque, sports club, retail areas and parklands. There are also residential and hotel facilities. It is located approximately 8 km from Doha's Central Business District. Aspire Zone is represented with strong landmarks that will be iconic in their design and function.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khalifa Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_International_Stadium"},{"link_name":"football (soccer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"}],"sub_title":"Khalifa International Stadium","text":"Khalifa Stadium is well-tailored to host major sports events of international standard, particularly football (soccer) and athletics. Khalifa Stadium was built in 1976 to seat 20,000. For the 2006 Asian Games, it was expanded to seat 50,000. It will need to be further expanded to meet the Olympic minimum of 60,000. It is linked to a warm-up field. An arch crowns the stadium, which also has a partial roof covering.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"seating capacity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seating_capacity"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"fencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing"},{"link_name":"table tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis"}],"sub_title":"Aspire Sports Hall","text":"The ASPIRE Sports Hall is multi-purpose sports hall with a wide range of corollaries. The sports hall features a gymnasium with an audience seating capacity of 200 persons, judo and karate area with a viewer's seating capacity of 150 persons, a fencing hall with a spectators seating capacity of 150 persons, a table tennis hall with squash court with an audience seating capacity of 500 persons, Olympic swimming and diving pools, a football court with a seating capacity of 200 persons and a host of other amenities. The total seating capacity of the sports hall is 3000. The support services include restaurants, changing rooms, cafeterias, shops museum, and technical support areas etc.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"synchronized swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"}],"sub_title":"Hamad Aquatic Centre","text":"The Hamad Aquatic Centre was expanded to offer ultra-modern facilities for water sports. The aquatic complex presents extensive facilities for swimming, diving, synchronized swimming and water polo.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"}],"sub_title":"Women's Sports Indoor Hall","text":"This Women's Sports Hall is designed to provide indoor facilities for basketball, handball, and volleyball, etc. The size of court is around 30X50m with a height of 28 m. The sports hall does have a gallery to accommodate 2000 viewers and additional seating for about 500 persons.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tallest building in Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallest_building_in_Qatar"}],"sub_title":"Aspire Tower","text":"The 300 m-high Aspire Zone Tower, is the tallest building in Qatar. Finished in 2007, the skeleton of the structure is clad in combination of glazing panels and architectural stainless steel mesh, which has been accentuated by state-of-the-art facade lighting. The tower hosts a hotel, restaurant, conference center, and sports museum. This iconic structure crowned by a steel parabolic lattice structure that will be a backdrop for the 8 to 10 meter high gas flame torch, representing the largest Olympic flame in history.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"transportation network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_network"},{"link_name":"Qatar Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Airways"},{"link_name":"New Doha International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Doha_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"New Doha International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Doha_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Lusail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusail"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxicab"},{"link_name":"limousine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limousine"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"transport system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_system"},{"link_name":"prototypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototype"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Qatari government has placed huge investment into developing a local transportation network and to improving accessibility between Qatar and the outside world by land, air and sea. Over the past few years, a great deal has been achieved in terms of building ports, airports and roads, with more under construction or planned.With the imminent expansion of Qatar Airways, the country is building the New Doha International Airport, capable of handling 50 million passengers a year when it is completed in 2015. The New Doha International Airport is being constructed four kilometres from the existing one, on a 5,400-acre (22 km2) site. The current airport handles around 9 million passengers per year, whereas the new airport will be designed to handle 12.5 million per year. The old airport will be remodeled as well.Although there is currently no railway network in Qatar, plans are under way, in particular as part of the construction of the new city of Lusail. Lusail's plans include both an underground and aboveground train network, which will be fully integrated with a new rail system in Doha itself. In addition, it plans to develop a new water-taxi service to run along the Doha coastline.Public transport in Qatar made a major leap forward in 2004 with the launch of The Qatar Transport Company, more commonly known by its Arabic name \"Mowasalat\". This is a government-owned bus, taxi and limousine service. The Bid Committee is also advocating the use of a range of battery powered taxis and buses in an effort to cut air pollution. Qatar would have the region's first environmentally friendly public transport system. The Chinese manufacturing company Kinglong is currently developing the prototypes for the vehicles.[9]","title":"Transport Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Qatari hotel industry has made impressive progress in the past few years, capitalizing on the country's new role as a key business destination, hosting numerous international conferences and forums. The hotel industry has also benefited from the Qatari government's ongoing campaign to boost tourism to the country.Qatar Tourism Authority (QTA) and Qatar National Hotels Company (QNHC) have set up a number of tourist facilities, recreational centers, exhibition halls, luxurious hotels, shopping centers, sports centers and museums.","title":"Accommodations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doha_Launches-10"},{"link_name":"desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Henna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna"},{"link_name":"celebrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"Arabic calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCU_School_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Slogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"}],"text":"The logo's design represents the blossoming of the hopes and aspirations of Qatar, rooted in the rich heritage of the country.[10] The Aldahma, the 'Flower of the Spring', was chosen to represent the vital and energetic spirit of the season. The Aldahma's natural habitat in the sands of the desert draws a parallel with the vibrant and colourful life flourishing in the State of Qatar. The calligraphy strokes making the words 'Doha 2016' are a unique manipulation of the traditional organic Henna patterns that women use to adorn their hands and arms as part of social and holiday celebrations. The interaction between the Arabic calligraphy and the English type is an interpretation of modernity. The logo was created by students at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of the Arts in Qatar (VCUQ).The Doha 2016 Slogan was \"Celebrating Change\" (Arabic: الاحتفال بالتغيير).","title":"Logo and slogan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_bid_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_bid_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2006 Asian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Asian_Games"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chairman-6"},{"link_name":"arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena"},{"link_name":"stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doha_Launches-10"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotels"},{"link_name":"road networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_network"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-3"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Response-2"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chicago-3"},{"link_name":"IOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOC"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_bid_for_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Khalifa International Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa_International_Stadium"}],"text":"Doha is emerging as a prominent economic center of the Arab World, which has never hosted the Olympics before; this makes the bid similar to Rio's and Baku's bids, which would have been the first to host the games in their respective regions. In 2006, Doha successfully hosted the very well regarded 2006 Asian Games,[6] the centerpiece being its sports city named Aspire Zone. Although it would need expansion with new arenas and stadiums,[10] the overall quality of the facilities is very high. Doha is also a modern city which is currently undergoing a flurry of activity, expanding its number of hotels and road networks to international standards.[11] An oil rich nation, Qatar should have no trouble funding the games.Some negative factors included the hot temperatures in Doha in the summer (up to 45 °C), which would be difficult for the athletes and spectators.[3] Doha proposed to host the games in mid to late October. While strictly outside the IOC's parameters, late games are not without precedent. The, 1964, Tokyo Games and the Mexico City Games were held in October, the Sydney Games and the Seoul Games were held in September and October, the Melbourne Games were held in November and December. The Paralympics would then be held in November.[2] The Qataris promoted a message of peace with their bid, and while Qatar is a stable country, greater regional concerns over safety and terrorism may have hampered votes.[3]The overall small size of Doha and Qatar (330,000 and 960,000 respectively) would have made it one of the smallest locations in modern history to host the games.[3] Also, Qatar has a short \"sports legacy\" when compared to other bidding countries,.[3] Despite this, the IOC gave Doha the same number of points as Chicago did in the applicant round.Doha's bid ended on June 4, 2008, when it failed to make the Candidate city shortlist. Doha was widely regarded as a wildcard candidate which had true potential to host. Ultimately, the IOC went with a shortlist of four candidates. In August 2011, Doha announced it would be bidding for the 2020 Summer Olympics however Doha failed to become a Candidate City for the 2020 Games. Following Doha's failure to secure as a candidate city list for the Olympics, Qatar has successfully won the hosting rights for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, with four stadiums being held in Doha area and surroundings, including Khalifa International Stadium.","title":"Outlook and conclusion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Asian Indoor Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Asian_Indoor_Games"},{"link_name":"2011 AFC Asian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_AFC_Asian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chairman-6"},{"link_name":"2022 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"123rd IOC Session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123rd_IOC_Session"}],"text":"One of the most active cities in its region in terms of sporting events, Doha has already been chosen to host some significant future events:2010 Gymnasiad\n2011 Asian Indoor Games\n2011 AFC Asian Cup[6]\n2022 FIFA World CupDoha and Qatar have also bid, or are planning to bid for numerous other events, which includes the 123rd IOC Session.","title":"Future Sport Events"}] | [] | [{"title":"Doha bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha_bid_for_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.aspirezone.qa/","external_links_name":"Aspire Zone website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081118205832/http://www.gamesbids.net/library/applicant_files/2016/Doha2016Questionnaire.pdf","external_links_name":"Doha Bid Book"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715134216/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=413&pID=1278","external_links_name":"Qatar Olympics"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1192808957","external_links_name":"Tokyo 2016, Doha 2016 Respond To IOC Seminar"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1200351963","external_links_name":"Doha 2016 Releases Olympic Bid Questionnaire Response"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1192724121","external_links_name":"Banners And Billboards Featuring Children Promote Doha 2016 Olympic Bid"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1202309966","external_links_name":"Doha 2016 Unveils Youth Ambassador Programme"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1187279384","external_links_name":"Doha To Launch Serious 2016 Bid – Chairman Appointed"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1191253238","external_links_name":"Doha 2016 Bid To Launch This Month"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1196872831","external_links_name":"Doha 2016 Gets Support Of GGC Countries Heads Of State"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1204647522","external_links_name":"Green Transport For Doha 2016 Summer Games"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1193332597","external_links_name":"Doha Launches 2016 Bid, Unveils Logo, Tagline, Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071029052158/http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1193332597","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamesbids.com/cgi-bin/news/viewnews.cgi?category=1&id=1194887689","external_links_name":"Doha 2016 Bid Excites Contractors"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Ragvaldsson | Nicolaus Ragvaldi | ["1 References"] | Swedish bishop
For a medieval Swedish churchman of the same name, see Nicolaus Ragvaldi (monk).
For a medieval Norwegian rebel leader of the same name, see Nils Ravaldsson.
Nils RagvaldssonArchbishop of UppsalaPrimate of SwedenChurchRoman CatholicArchdioceseUppsalaAppointed1438In office1438–1448PredecessorOlaus LaurentiiSuccessorJöns Bengtsson OxenstiernaOrdersRankMetropolitan ArchbishopPersonal detailsBorn1380sFloda, Södermanland, SwedenDied17 February 1448NationalitySwedePrevious post(s)Bishop of Växjö (1426-1438)
Nicolaus Ragvaldi (Latinized form of Swedish Nils Ragvaldsson) (born in the early 1380s and died on 17 February 1448) was bishop of Växjö and from 1438–1448 archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden. He is known as an early representative of the Gothicist tradition.
On 12 November 1434 he held a speech at the council of Basel, where he argued that the Swedish monarch, Eric of Pomerania, was a successor to the Gothic kings, and that the Swedish delegation deserved senior rank. The Spanish delegation responded with a claim of seniority because of the Visigoths. Notes of these speeches were written down and preserved, and included by Johannes Magnus when he wrote the influential History of the Nordic People about 150 years later. His research results resulted in Gustav Vasa's son styling himself as Eric XIV, although his father disapproved.
References
Article Nils Ragvaldsson from the Nordisk Familjebok (Swedish)
Werner Söderberg (1896), "Nikolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434", Samlaren, vol. 17, p. 187
vteArchbishops of UppsalaPre-Reformation Catholic Church in Sweden (1164–1557), Protestant Church of Sweden (1531–present)12th century
Stefan
Johannes
Petrus
Insignia of Archbishop Stefan13th century
Olov Lambatunga
Valerius
Olov Basatömer
Jarler
Lars
Folke Johansson Ängel
Jakob Israelsson
Johan Odulfsson
Magnus Bosson
Johan
Nils Allesson
14th century
Nils Kettilsson
Olov Björnsson
Petrus Filipsson
Hemming Nilsson
Petrus Torkilsson
Birger Gregersson
Henrik Karlsson
15th–16th centuries
Jöns Gerekesson
Johan Håkansson
Olov Larsson
Arnold of Bergen
Nicolaus Ragvaldi
Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna
Tord Pedersson (Bonde)
Jakob Ulvsson
Gustav Trolle
Catholic titular Archbishopsin exile in Rome during the Reformation in Sweden
Johannes Magnus 1533–1544
Olaus Magnus 1544–1557
Reformation
Laurentius Petri (Nericius)
Archbishops during the Liturgical Struggle
Laurentius Petri Gothus
Andreas Laurentii Björnram
Abraham Angermannus
Nicolaus Olai Bothniensis
17th century
Olaus Martini
Petrus Kenicius
Laurentius Paulinus Gothus
Johannes Canuti Lenaeus
Lars Stigzelius
Johan Baazius the younger
Olov Svebilius
18th century
Erik Benzelius the elder
Haquin Spegel
Mathias Steuchius
Johannes Steuchius
Erik Benzelius the younger
Jacob Benzelius
Henric Benzelius
Samuel Troilius
Magnus Beronius
Carl Fredrik Mennander
Uno von Troil
19th century
Jakob Axelsson Lindblom
Carl von Rosenstein
Johan Olof Wallin
Carl Fredrik af Wingård
Hans Olof Holmström
Anton Niklas Sundberg
20th century
Johan August Ekman
Nathan Söderblom
Erling Eidem
Yngve Brilioth
Gunnar Hultgren
Ruben Josefson
Olof Sundby
Bertil Werkström
Gunnar Weman
Karl Gustav Hammar
21st century
Anders Wejryd
Antje Jackelén
Martin Modéus
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Sweden
This article about a Roman Catholic archbishop from Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicolaus Ragvaldi (monk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Ragvaldi_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Nils Ravaldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Ravaldsson"},{"link_name":"bishop of Växjö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Uppsala"},{"link_name":"Gothicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothicismus"},{"link_name":"council of Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Basel"},{"link_name":"Eric of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Johannes Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Magnus"},{"link_name":"Gustav Vasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Eric XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden"}],"text":"For a medieval Swedish churchman of the same name, see Nicolaus Ragvaldi (monk).For a medieval Norwegian rebel leader of the same name, see Nils Ravaldsson.Nicolaus Ragvaldi (Latinized form of Swedish Nils Ragvaldsson) (born in the early 1380s and died on 17 February 1448) was bishop of Växjö and from 1438–1448 archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden. He is known as an early representative of the Gothicist tradition.On 12 November 1434 he held a speech at the council of Basel, where he argued that the Swedish monarch, Eric of Pomerania, was a successor to the Gothic kings, and that the Swedish delegation deserved senior rank. The Spanish delegation responded with a claim of seniority because of the Visigoths. Notes of these speeches were written down and preserved, and included by Johannes Magnus when he wrote the influential History of the Nordic People about 150 years later. His research results resulted in Gustav Vasa's son styling himself as Eric XIV, although his father disapproved.","title":"Nicolaus Ragvaldi"}] | [{"image_text":"Insignia of Archbishop Stefan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Archbishop_Stefan_Insignia.png/75px-Archbishop_Stefan_Insignia.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Werner Söderberg (1896), \"Nikolaus Ragvaldis tal i Basel 1434\", Samlaren, vol. 17, p. 187","urls":[{"url":"https://runeberg.org/samlaren/1896/0195.html","url_text":"Samlaren"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0567.html","external_links_name":"Article Nils Ragvaldsson"},{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/samlaren/1896/0195.html","external_links_name":"Samlaren"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/68907891","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/c9prv87w46gfb59","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolaus_Ragvaldi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-18_Football_Championship | UEFA European Under-19 Championship | ["1 History and format","1.1 Number of teams","2 Results","3 Statistics","3.1 Performances by countries","4 Awards","4.1 Player of the Tournament","4.2 Top goalscorer","5 Comprehensive team results by tournament at the FIFA U-20 World Cup","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | For the women's competition, see UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship.
Football tournamentUEFA European Under-19 ChampionshipOrganising bodyUEFAFounded1948RegionEuropeNumber of teamsMaximum of 54 (qualifying round)28 (elite round)8 (finals)Current champions Italy (4th title)Most successful team(s) England Spain(11 titles each)WebsiteOfficial website 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship
The UEFA European Under-19 Championship, or simply UEFA Under-19 Championship or the UEFA Euro U-19, is an annual football competition contested by the European men's under-19 national teams of the member associations of UEFA.
England and Spain are the joint most successful team in this competition, having won eleven titles each. Italy are the current champions.
History and format
The competition has been held since 1948. It was originally called the FIFA International Youth Tournament, until it was taken over by UEFA in 1956. In 1980, it was restyled the UEFA European Under-18 Championship. Until the 1997 tournament, players born on or after 1 August the year they turned 19 years were eligible to compete. Since the 1998 tournament, the date limit has been moved back to 1 January. The championship received its current name in 2001, which has been used since the 2002 championship. The contest has been held every year since its inauguration in 1948, except for the period between 1984 and 1992, when it was only held every other year.
The tournament has been played in a number of different formats during its existence. Currently it consists of two stages, similar to UEFA's other European championship competitions. The qualifying stage is open to all UEFA members, and the final stage is contested between eight teams.
During even years, the best finishing teams qualify for the FIFA U-20 World Cup held in the next (odd) year. Currently, five teams can qualify for the World Cup, consisting of the top two of their groups plus the winner of a play-off match between the third-placed teams of each group.
Number of teams
Year of tournament
Format of the final round
Number of teams
1986–1992
Knockout format
8
1993
Two groups of four teams, third place play-off and final
1994
Two groups of four teams, fifth place play-off, third place play-off and final
1995–2002
Two groups of four teams, third place play-off and final
2003–2015
Two groups of four teams, semi-finals and final
2016–present
Two groups of four teams, fifth place play-off (in even years only, for qualifying to FIFA U-20 World Cup), semi-finals and final
Results
1948–1954: FIFA Youth Tournament - 7 Editions
1955–1980: UEFA Youth Tournament - 24 Editions (Exclude 1955 and 1956)
1981–2001: UEFA European Under-18 Championship - 17 Editions
Since 2002: UEFA European Under-19 Championship - 20 Editions (Exclude 2020 and 2021)
Edition
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
1948–1954: FIFA Youth Tournament
1
1948details
England
England
3–2
Netherlands
Belgium
3–1
Italy
2
1949details
Netherlands
France
4–1
Netherlands
Belgium
5–0
Ireland
3
1950details
Austria
Austria
3–2
France
Netherlands
6–0
Luxembourg
4
1951details
France
Yugoslavia
3–2
Austria
Belgium
1–0
Northern Ireland
5
1952details
Spain
Spain
0–0(a.e.t.)Spain won ongoal average
Belgium
Austria
5–5Austria won oncoin toss
England
6
1953details
Belgium
Hungary
2–0
Yugoslavia
Turkey
3–2
Spain
7
1954details
West Germany
Spain
2–2(a.e.t.)Spain won ongoal average
West Germany
Argentina
1–0
Turkey
Edition
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
1955–1980: UEFA Youth Tournament
-
1955Details
Italy
Only group matches were played and no winner was declared.
-
1956Details
Hungary
Only group matches were played and no winner was declared.
8
1957Details
Spain
Austria
3–2
Spain
France Italy
0–0
Third placewas shared
9
1958Details
Luxembourg
Italy
1–0
England
France
3–0
Romania
10
1959Details
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
1–0
Italy
Hungary
6–1
East Germany
11
1960Details
Austria
Hungary
2–1
Romania
Portugal
2–1
Austria
12
1961Details
Portugal
Portugal
4–0
Poland
West Germany
2–1
Spain
13
1962Details
Romania
Romania
4–1
Yugoslavia
Czechoslovakia
1–1Czechoslovakia won oncoin toss
Turkey
14
1963Details
England
England
4–0
Northern Ireland
Scotland
4–2
Bulgaria
15
1964Details
Netherlands
England
4–0
Spain
Portugal
3–2
Scotland
16
1965Details
West Germany
East Germany
3–2
England
Czechoslovakia
4–1
Italy
17
1966Details
Yugoslavia
Italy Soviet Union
0–0
Titlewas shared
Yugoslavia
2–0
Spain
18
1967Details
Turkey
Soviet Union
1–0
England
Turkey
1–1Turkey won oncoin toss
France
19
1968Details
France
Czechoslovakia
2–1
France
Portugal
4–2
Bulgaria
20
1969Details
East Germany
Bulgaria
1–1Bulgaria won oncoin toss
East Germany
Soviet Union
1–0
Scotland
21
1970Details
Scotland
East Germany
1–1East Germany won oncoin toss
Netherlands
Scotland
2–0
France
22
1971Details
Czechoslovakia
England
3–0
Portugal
East Germany
1–1(5–3 p)
Soviet Union
23
1972Details
Spain
England
2–0
West Germany
Poland
0–0(6–5 p)
Spain
24
1973Details
Italy
England
3–2(a.e.t.)
East Germany
Italy
1–0
Bulgaria
25
1974Details
Sweden
Bulgaria
1–0
Yugoslavia
Scotland
1–0
Greece
26
1975Details
Switzerland
England
1–0(g.g.)
Finland
Hungary
2–2(p)
Turkey
27
1976Details
Hungary
Soviet Union
1–0
Hungary
Spain
3–0
France
28
1977Details
Belgium
Belgium
2–1
Bulgaria
Soviet Union
7–2
West Germany
29
1978Details
Poland
Soviet Union
3–0
Yugoslavia
Poland
3–1
Scotland
30
1979Details
Austria
Yugoslavia
1–0
Bulgaria
England
0–0(4–3 p)
France
31
1980Details
East Germany
England
2–1
Poland
Italy
3–0
Netherlands
Edition
Year
Host
Final
Third place match
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
1981–2001: UEFA European Under-18 Championship
32
1981Details
West Germany
West Germany
1–0
Poland
France
1–1(2–0 p)
Spain
33
1982Details
Finland
Scotland
3–1
Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union
3–1
Poland
34
1983Details
England
France
1–0
Czechoslovakia
England
1–1(4–2 p)
Italy
35
1984Details
Soviet Union
Hungary
0–0(3–2 p)
Soviet Union
Poland
2–1
Republic of Ireland
36
1986Details
Yugoslavia
East Germany
3–1
Italy
West Germany
1–0
Scotland
37
1988Details
Czechoslovakia
Soviet Union
3–1(a.e.t.)
Portugal
East Germany
2–0
Spain
38
1990Details
Hungary
Soviet Union
0–0(4–2 p)
Portugal
Spain
1–0
England
39
1992Details
Germany
Turkey
2–1(g.g.)
Portugal
Norway
1–1(8–7 p)
England
40
1993Details
England
England
1–0
Turkey
Spain
2–1
Portugal
41
1994Details
Spain
Portugal
1–1(4–1 p)
Germany
Spain
5–2
Netherlands
42
1995Details
Greece
Spain
4–1
Italy
Greece
5–0
Netherlands
43
1996Details
France
France
1–0
Spain
England
3–2(a.e.t.)
Belgium
44
1997Details
Iceland
France
1–0(g.g.)
Portugal
Spain
2–1
Republic of Ireland
45
1998Details
Cyprus
Republic of Ireland
1–1(4–3 p)
Germany
Croatia
0–0(5–4 p)
Portugal
46
1999Details
Sweden
Portugal
1–0
Italy
Republic of Ireland
1–0
Greece
47
2000Details
Germany
France
1–0
Ukraine
Germany
3–1
Czech Republic
48
2001Details
Finland
Poland
3–1
Czech Republic
Spain
6–2
Yugoslavia
Edition
Year
Host
Final
Losing semi-finalists(or third place match)
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third place
Score
Fourth place
Since 2002: UEFA European Under-19 Championship
49
2002Details
Norway
Spain
1–0
Germany
Slovakia
2–1
Republic of Ireland
50
2003Details
Liechtenstein
Italy
2–0
Portugal
Austria and Czech Republic
51
2004Details
Switzerland
Spain
1–0
Turkey
Switzerland and Ukraine
52
2005Details
Northern Ireland
France
3–1
England
Germany and Serbia and Montenegro
53
2006Details
Poland
Spain
2–1
Scotland
Austria and Czech Republic
54
2007Details
Austria
Spain
1–0
Greece
France and Germany
55
2008Details
Czech Republic
Germany
3–1
Italy
Czech Republic and Hungary
56
2009Details
Ukraine
Ukraine
2–0
England
France and Serbia
57
2010Details
France
France
2–1
Spain
Croatia and England
58
2011Details
Romania
Spain
3–2(a.e.t.)
Czech Republic
Republic of Ireland and Serbia
59
2012Details
Estonia
Spain
1–0
Greece
England and France
60
2013Details
Lithuania
Serbia
1–0
France
Portugal and Spain
61
2014Details
Hungary
Germany
1–0
Portugal
Austria and Serbia
62
2015Details
Greece
Spain
2–0
Russia
France and Greece
63
2016Details
Germany
France
4–0
Italy
England and Portugal
64
2017Details
Georgia
England
2–1
Portugal
Czech Republic and Netherlands
65
2018Details
Finland
Portugal
4–3(a.e.t.)
Italy
France and Ukraine
66
2019Details
Armenia
Spain
2–0
Portugal
France and Republic of Ireland
-
2020Details
Northern Ireland
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
-
2021Details
Romania
Cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
67
2022Details
Slovakia
England
3–1(a.e.t.)
Israel
France and Italy
68
2023Details
Malta
Italy
1–0
Portugal
Norway and Spain
69
2024Details
Northern Ireland
70
2025Details
Romania
71
2026Details
Wales
72
2027Details
Israel
Statistics
Performances by countries
UEFA European Youth Championship
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third place
Fourth place
Semi-finalists
Total (Top Four)
England
11 (1948, 1963, 1964, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1980, 1993, 2017, 2022)
5 (1958, 1965, 1967, 2005, 2009)
3 (1979, 1983, 1996)
3
3
25
Spain
11 (1952, 1954, 1995, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019)
4 (1957, 1964, 1996, 2010)
6
6
1
28
France
8 (1949, 1983, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016)
3 (1950, 1968, 2013)
3
4
7
25
Germany
6 (1965, 1970, 1981, 1986, 2008, 2014)
7 (1954, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1994, 1998, 2002)
5
2
2
22
Russia Soviet Union
6 (1966*, 1967, 1976, 1978, 1988, 1990)
2 (1984, 2015)
3
1
12
Portugal
4 (1961, 1994, 1999, 2018)
10 (1971, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2003, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2023)
3
2
2
21
Italy
4 (1958, 1966*, 2003, 2023)
7 (1959, 1986, 1995, 1999, 2008, 2016, 2018)
3
3
1
18
Serbia Yugoslavia
3 (1951, 1979, 2013)
4 (1953, 1962, 1974, 1978)
1
1
4
13
Bulgaria
3 (1959, 1969, 1974)
2 (1977, 1979)
3
8
Hungary
3 (1953, 1960, 1984)
1 (1976)
2
1
7
Austria
2 (1950, 1957)
1 (1951)
1
1
3
8
Czech Republic
1 (1968)
4 (1982, 1983, 2001, 2011)
2
1
4
12
Poland
1 (2001)
3 (1961, 1980, 1981)
3
1
8
Turkey
1 (1992)
2 (1993, 2004)
2
3
8
Slovakia
1 (1968)
2 (1982, 1983)
1
4
Scotland
1 (1982)
1 (2006)
3
4
9
Belgium
1 (1977)
1 (1952)
3
1
6
Romania
1 (1962)
1 (1960)
1
3
Ukraine
1 (2009)
1 (2000)
2
4
Republic of Ireland
1 (1998)
1
3
2
7
Netherlands
3 (1948, 1949, 1970)
1
3
1
8
Greece
2 (2007, 2012)
1
2
1
6
Northern Ireland
1 (1963)
2
3
Finland
1 (1975)
1
Israel
1 (2022)
1
Croatia
1
1
2
Argentina
1
1
Norway
1
1
Luxembourg
1
1
Switzerland
1
1
Total (69th)
69
67
50
48
38
272
Note:
1954 Third place Argentina. 1966 Title Shared between Italy and Soviet Union. 1957 Third place Shared between Italy and France.
Awards
Player of the Tournament
For certain tournaments, the official website UEFA.com subsequently named a Player of the Tournament or Golden Player.
European Championship
Player
2002 Norway
Fernando Torres
2003 Liechtenstein
Alberto Aquilani
2004 Switzerland
Juanfran
2005 Northern Ireland
Abdoulaye Baldé
2006 Poland
Alberto Bueno
2007 Austria
Sotiris Ninis
2008 Czech Republic1
Lars Bender Sven Bender
2009 Ukraine
Kyrylo Petrov
2010 France
Gaël Kakuta
2011 Romania
Álex Fernández
2012 Estonia
Gerard Deulofeu
2013 Lithuania
Aleksandar Mitrović
2014 Hungary
Davie Selke
2015 Greece
Marco Asensio
2016 Germany
Jean-Kévin Augustin
2017 Georgia
Mason Mount
2018 Finland
-
2019 Armenia
-
2022 Slovakia
-
2023 Malta
Luis Hasa
Top goalscorer
The Top goalscorer award is awarded to the player who scores the most goals during the tournament.
European Championship
Top goalscorer
Goals
2002 Norway
Fernando Torres
4
2003 Liechtenstein
Paulo Sérgio
5
2004 Switzerland
Ali Öztürk Łukasz Piszczek
4
2005 Northern Ireland
Borko Veselinović
5
2006 Poland
Alberto Bueno İlhan Parlak
5
2007 Austria
Änis Ben-Hatira Kostantinos Mitroglou Kévin Monnet-Paquet
3
2008 Czech Republic
Tomáš Necid
4
2009 Ukraine
Nathan Delfouneso
4
2010 France
Dani Pacheco
4
2011 Romania
Álvaro Morata
6
2012 Estonia
Jesé
5
2013 Lithuania
Gratas Sirgedas Anass Achahbar Alexandre Guedes
3
2014 Hungary
Davie Selke
6
2015 Greece
Borja Mayoral
3
2016 Germany
Jean-Kévin Augustin
6
2017 Georgia
Ben Brereton Ryan Sessegnon Joël Piroe Viktor Gyökeres
3
2018 Finland
Jota Francisco Trincão
5
2019 Armenia
Gonçalo Ramos
4
2022 Slovakia
Loum Tchaouna
4
2023 Malta
Víctor Barberà
4
Comprehensive team results by tournament at the FIFA U-20 World Cup
Legend
1st – Champions
2nd – Runners-up
3rd – Third place
4th – Fourth place
QF – Quarterfinals
R2 – Round 2
R1 – Round 1
– Hosts
– Not affiliated to UEFA
q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
Team
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
2019
2023
2025
Total
Austria
R1
R1
4th
R1
R2
5
Belgium
R2
1
Bulgaria
QF
QF
2
Croatia
Part of Yugoslavia
R2
R1
R2
3
Czech Republic
R1
R1
QF
R1
2nd
R2
6
East Germany
3rd
R1
Reunified with West Germany
2
England
4th
R1
R1
3rd
R2
R1
R1
R1
R2
R1
1st
R2
12
Finland
R1
1
France
R1
QF
QF
4th
1st
R2
R2
R1
8
Germany
1st
2nd
R1
R1
R1
R2
R1
QF
QF
QF
R2
11
Greece
R2
1
Hungary
R1
R1
R1
R1
3rd
R2
6
Israel
3rd
1
Italy
R1
R1
QF
QF
QF
3rd
4th
2nd
8
Netherlands
QF
R1
R1
QF
QF
4
Norway
R1
R1
R1
3
Poland
4th
R1
3rd
R2
R2
5
Portugal
QF
1st
1st
R1
3rd
R2
R2
2nd
R2
QF
QF
R1
12
Republic of Ireland
R1
R1
3rd
R2
R2
5
Romania
3rd
1
Russia
1st
2nd
R1
4th
QF
3rd
QF
QF
8
Scotland
QF
QF
R1
3
Serbia
R1
1st
1st
3
Slovakia
R1
R1
R2
R2
4
Spain
R1
QF
R1
2nd
R1
QF
4th
QF
1st
2nd
QF
QF
R2
QF
QF
15
Sweden
R1
1
Switzerland
R1
1
Turkey
R1
R2
R2
3
Ukraine
Part of Soviet Union
R2
R2
R2
1st
3
See also
Europe portalAssociation football portal
UEFA European Championship
UEFA European Under-21 Championship
UEFA European Under-17 Championship
References
^ "From International Youth Tournament to U19 EURO". UEFA. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
^ "Competition history". UEFA. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
^ "2020 Under-19 EURO cancelled". UEFA.com. 20 October 2020.
^ "2020/21 Under-19 EURO cancelled". UEFA.com. 23 February 2021.
^ a b Czechoslovakia was divided into Slovakia and the Czech Republic in 1993 after the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia. FIFA considers both the Czech Republic and Slovakia as successor team of Czechoslovakia.
^ FIFA attributes all the results of West Germany (1977–1991) to Germany.
^ The USSR was dissolved in 1991. The 15 nations that were former Soviet Republics now compete separately. FIFA considers Russia as the successor team of the USSR.
^ The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia broke up in 1991 all the nations that formed this country now compete separately. FIFA considers Serbia as the successor team of Yugoslavia.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA European U-19 Championship.
UEFA European U-19 Championship at uefa.com
Tournament details at rsssf.com
vteUEFA European U-18 and U-19 ChampionshipUnder-18 era, 1948–2001FIFA YouthTournament
England 1948
Netherlands 1949
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UEFA Youth Tournament
Italy 1955
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UEFA U-18Championships
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Qualification
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1957
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Under-19 era, 2002–presentUEFA U-19Championships
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Qualification
2002
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Squads
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vteFIFA World Youth Championship and FIFA U-20 World CupTournaments
Tunisia 1977
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Finals
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See also
Geography
Codes
Player/Club of the Century
Women's football
vteUEFA European Under-19 Championship awardsGolden player
2002: Torres
2003: Aquilani
2004: Juanfran
2005: Baldé
2006: Bueno
2007: Ninis
2008: L. Bender & S. Bender1
2009: Petrov
2010: Kakuta
2011: Álex
2012: Deulofeu
2013: Mitrović
2014: Selke
2015: Asensio
2016: Augustin
2017: Mount
2018–2022: Not awarded
2023: Hasa
Top goalscorer
2002: Torres
2003: Paulo Sérgio
2004: Öztürk & Piszczek
2005: Veselinović
2006: Bueno & Parlak
2007: Ben-Hatira, Mitroglou & Monnet-Paquet
2008: Necid
2009: Delfouneso
2010: Pacheco
2011: Morata
2012: Jesé
2013: Achahbar, Guedes & Sirgėdas
2014: Selke
2015: Mayoral
2016: Augustin
2017: Brereton, Gyökeres, Piroe & Sessegnon
2018: Jota & Trincão
2019: Ramos
2022: Tchaouna
2023: Barberà
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nningeby_artists%27_colony | Önningeby artists' colony | ["1 Background","2 Participants","2.1 Hanna Rönnberg","2.2 J.A.G. Acke","2.3 List of the participants","3 Museum","4 Gallery of paintings","5 References"] | Finnish artists colony
Artists at Önningeby in 1886. On the front from left: Hanna Rönnberg, Hilma Westerholm, Elin Danielson and Nina Ahlstedt. Behind them sitting in the chair Fredrik Ahlstedt and standing by him Victor Westerholm. Sitting on the ground in the back Alex Federley and standing behind him J. A. G. Acke.
The Önningeby artists' colony (Swedish: Önningebykolonin) was founded in 1886 by Victor Westerholm, a Finnish landscape painter, who had a summer house in the village of Önningeby in Åland in the Baltic Sea. It attracted Finnish and Swedish artists who gathered in the summer to paint landscapes en plein air rather than in their studios. Many of the participating artists were women. In total over 30 artists participated in the colony.
Background
In the 1870s, European artists began to develop an interest in painting outdoors rather than in their studios. Formal approaches to landscape painting gave way to more realistic or naturalistic depictions, often reflecting the effects of changing light. Throughout Europe, artists began to gather each summer in villages where they could work together in pleasant surroundings. Artists from across Scandinavia met above all in Skagen in the north of Denmark from the early 1880s, forming a group which became known as the Skagen Painters.
In the mid-1880s, the Finnish Impressionist painter Victor Westerholm from Turku bought Tomtebo, a little summer house beside the Lemström Canal in the village of Önningeby to the northeast of Mariehamn. While studying in Düsseldorf, he had met Anders August Jansson (1859–1882) from Åland who encouraged him to visit the islands in 1880. In 1885, he exhibited paintings at the Helsinki salon including October day on Åland. From 1886, he invited his artist friends to join him there each summer to paint in the open air. Their works included marine landscapes and village scenes as well as portraits of the local inhabitants. They also painted each other.
Participants
Many of the artists who painted in Önningeby were women. The first group of artists to join Westerholm included Fredrik Ahlstedt and his wife Nina, who both arrived already in May 1886, followed by Aleksander Federley, Hanna Rönnberg and Elin Danielson, all of whom were Finns. The Swedish painter J.A.G. Acke also participated the first year, becoming one of the group's most important and somewhat central figures, returning each year until 1892 when interest began to fade. However, Acke's period is considered the liveliest in the colony's history. Foundation of the colony immediately became known in Finland. On July 29 of 1886 the newspaper Åbo Underrättelser reported about the new colony in a small village of Ålands.
Other painters who joined the group in subsequent years include the Finns Elias Muukka, Elin Alfhild Nordlund, Helmi Sjöstrand and Dora Wahlroos, and the Swedes Ida Gisiko, Anna Wengberg, Eva Topelius, and Edvard Westman. Ellen Favorin and Amélie Lundahl visited in 1889.
In early 1900s a number of Estonian artists and writers also visited the colony. Most of visitors were accommodated at the village farms.
Hanna Rönnberg
Main article: Hanna Rönnberg
One of the most important members of the group was Hanna Rönnberg. She first visited in 1886 and returned year after year. Together with Victor Westerholm she was the most frequent participant in the colony. Both a writer and a painter, she contributed to the colony's success by including it in her fictional and non-fictional writings. Her paintings often included people, her best works appearing around 1890, some achieving success at exhibitions. Thereafter she concentrated increasingly on her short story collections including Från Ålands skär and Brovaktens historier. In 1888, Edvard Westman invited her to join him in Denmark. They met in Copenhagen and together visited the artists colony in Skagen. For a time they planned to marry but never did.
J.A.G. Acke
Main article: J.A.G. Acke
Johan Axel Gustaf Andersson, better known as J.A.G. Acke, was the first Swede to visit the Önningeby where he painted some of his best works during the three summers he was there. He stayed at the Övre Knapans farm where the large dining hall became his studio. He painted portraits of the farm's hostess "Knapans farmor" (Knapan's grandmother) and of Victor Westerholm. He also painted landscapes, inspired by French impressionistic works playing with the effects of sunlight. It was in Önningeby that he met his wife to be, Eva Topelius, daughter of the writer Zacharias Topelius. After their marriage in 1891, they returned to Önningeby in the winter in February 1892. It was there he completed his enormous Snöljus (Snow Light) measuring 4.6 by 1.6 metres which he had hoped to exhibit in Paris, but it was refused.
List of the participants
Victor Westerholm
Fredrik Ahlstedt
Nina Ahlstedt
J.A.G. Acke
Edvard Westman
Elin Danielson
Hanna Rönnberg
Eva Acke
Aleksander Federley
Ida Gisiko-Spärck
Anna Wengberg
Elin Alfhild Nordlund
Helmi Sjöstrand
Dora Wahlroos
Amélie Lundahl
Ellen Favorin
Agnes Wittfooth
Vivi Munsterhjelm
Hanna Svanström
Sigrid Schauman
Elias Muukka
Carl Erik Törner
Leo Belmonte
Karl Moberg
Juuso Putro
Ali Munsterhjelm
The colony was active for seven years from 1886 till 1892, and the press actively reported about its life through Uno Godenhjelm. The visiting intensity decreased after that, though many artists still visited Önningeby in the beginning of 20th century. The colony dispersed at the start of the World War I, when Westerholms left Tomtebo in 1914.
Museum
Önningeby-museet.
Over the years, the artists were accommodated in Önningeby's spacious farmsteads. One of these, the Jonesas farm, was converted into a museum which was opened in 1992 and expanded in 1999. The museum collection includes over 400 works. It exhibits paintings by a number of those who gathered in the artists colony. In 2022, an exhibition, dedicated to the colony artists, was open at the Waldemarsudde art museum in Stockholm. It largely consisted of the Önningeby Museum collections. A special exhibition dedicated to Ida Gisiko-Spärck, Anna Wengberg and Elin Alfhild Nordlund was organized at the museum in summer of 2023.
Gallery of paintings
The gallery presents a selection of paintings by the Önningeby artists.
Kor i björkskog (Cows in a birch forest), Victor Westerholm, 1886
Grinden (The Gate), Nina Ahlstedt, 1886
Sommar. Ved en vik... (Summer. By a Cove), Fredrik Ahlstedt, 1887
Uthus på Övre Knapans (Outhouse at Övre Knapans), Elias Muukka, 1888
Natt i Önningeby (Night in Önningeby), 1888
Bryggan vid Tomtebo (Jetty at Tomtebo), Elin Danielson
Strandlandskap (Shore Landscape), Edvard Westman
Lilla Holmen, Ellen Favorin, 1889
Främsnabba, Elin Afhild Nordlund, 1890
Kyrkogatan, Anna Wengberg, 1893
Shorescape, Hanna Rönnberg, 1890
Onningeby Mars 1892, Edvard Westman
The Lake, Amélie Lundahl
Geta Bergen, Ellen Favorin, 1899
References
^ a b "Önningeby". EuroArt. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ a b c "The Önningeby artists' colony". Ålands Konstmuseum. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ a b c d e f g Ekström, Kjell (2023). Ida, Anna and Elin: Three Members of the Önningeby Artists' Colony. Önningebymuseet, UAB BALTO print. ISBN 978-952-69688-5-8.
^ Lübbren, Nina (2001). Rural Artists' Colonies in Europe 1870-1910. Manchester University Press.
^ Svanholm, Lise (2004). Northern Light: The Skagen Painters. Gyldendal A/S. ISBN 978-87-02-02817-1.
^ a b c d Ekström, Kjell (2001). "Önningebykolonin - en bortglömd konstnärsgemenskap från landskapsmåleriets guldålder". Tidskriften Skärgård.
^ a b "Painters in Önningeby". Amos. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ "Önningebymuseet". Visit Åland. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
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Behind them sitting in the chair Fredrik Ahlstedt and standing by him Victor Westerholm. Sitting on the ground in the back Alex Federley and standing behind him J. A. G. Acke.The Önningeby artists' colony (Swedish: Önningebykolonin) was founded in 1886 by Victor Westerholm, a Finnish landscape painter, who had a summer house in the village of Önningeby in Åland in the Baltic Sea. It attracted Finnish and Swedish artists who gathered in the summer to paint landscapes en plein air rather than in their studios. Many of the participating artists were women.[1][2] In total over 30 artists participated in the colony.[3]","title":"Önningeby artists' colony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"realistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(art)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Skagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen"},{"link_name":"Skagen Painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagen_Painters"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Svanholm2004-5"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"Victor Westerholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Westerholm"},{"link_name":"Turku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turku"},{"link_name":"Mariehamn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariehamn"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skar-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-km-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amos-7"}],"text":"In the 1870s, European artists began to develop an interest in painting outdoors rather than in their studios. Formal approaches to landscape painting gave way to more realistic or naturalistic depictions, often reflecting the effects of changing light.[2] Throughout Europe, artists began to gather each summer in villages where they could work together in pleasant surroundings.[4] Artists from across Scandinavia met above all in Skagen in the north of Denmark from the early 1880s, forming a group which became known as the Skagen Painters.[5]In the mid-1880s, the Finnish Impressionist painter Victor Westerholm from Turku bought Tomtebo, a little summer house beside the Lemström Canal in the village of Önningeby to the northeast of Mariehamn. While studying in Düsseldorf, he had met Anders August Jansson (1859–1882) from Åland who encouraged him to visit the islands in 1880.[6] In 1885, he exhibited paintings at the Helsinki salon including October day on Åland. From 1886, he invited his artist friends to join him there each summer to paint in the open air.[2] Their works included marine landscapes and village scenes as well as portraits of the local inhabitants. They also painted each other.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredrik Ahlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Ahlstedt"},{"link_name":"Nina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Ahlstedt"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Federley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Federley"},{"link_name":"Hanna Rönnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_R%C3%B6nnberg"},{"link_name":"Elin Danielson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Danielson"},{"link_name":"J.A.G. 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The first group of artists to join Westerholm included Fredrik Ahlstedt and his wife Nina, who both arrived already in May 1886, followed by Aleksander Federley, Hanna Rönnberg and Elin Danielson, all of whom were Finns. The Swedish painter J.A.G. Acke also participated the first year, becoming one of the group's most important and somewhat central figures, returning each year until 1892 when interest began to fade.[1] However, Acke's period is considered the liveliest in the colony's history. Foundation of the colony immediately became known in Finland. On July 29 of 1886 the newspaper Åbo Underrättelser reported about the new colony in a small village of Ålands.[3]Other painters who joined the group in subsequent years include the Finns Elias Muukka, Elin Alfhild Nordlund, Helmi Sjöstrand and Dora Wahlroos, and the Swedes Ida Gisiko, Anna Wengberg, Eva Topelius, and Edvard Westman. 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Together with Victor Westerholm she was the most frequent participant in the colony.[3] Both a writer and a painter, she contributed to the colony's success by including it in her fictional and non-fictional writings. Her paintings often included people, her best works appearing around 1890, some achieving success at exhibitions. Thereafter she concentrated increasingly on her short story collections including Från Ålands skär and Brovaktens historier. In 1888, Edvard Westman invited her to join him in Denmark. They met in Copenhagen and together visited the artists colony in Skagen. For a time they planned to marry but never did.[6]","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johan Axel Gustaf Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.A.G._Acke"},{"link_name":"Zacharias Topelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Topelius"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skar-6"}],"sub_title":"J.A.G. Acke","text":"Johan Axel Gustaf Andersson, better known as J.A.G. Acke, was the first Swede to visit the Önningeby where he painted some of his best works during the three summers he was there. He stayed at the Övre Knapans farm where the large dining hall became his studio. He painted portraits of the farm's hostess \"Knapans farmor\" (Knapan's grandmother) and of Victor Westerholm. He also painted landscapes, inspired by French impressionistic works playing with the effects of sunlight. It was in Önningeby that he met his wife to be, Eva Topelius, daughter of the writer Zacharias Topelius. After their marriage in 1891, they returned to Önningeby in the winter in February 1892. It was there he completed his enormous Snöljus (Snow Light) measuring 4.6 by 1.6 metres which he had hoped to exhibit in Paris, but it was refused.[6]","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victor Westerholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Westerholm"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Ahlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Ahlstedt"},{"link_name":"Nina Ahlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Ahlstedt"},{"link_name":"J.A.G. Acke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.A.G._Acke"},{"link_name":"Edvard Westman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Westman"},{"link_name":"Elin Danielson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Danielson"},{"link_name":"Hanna Rönnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_R%C3%B6nnberg"},{"link_name":"Eva Acke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Acke"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Federley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Federley"},{"link_name":"Ida Gisiko-Spärck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Gisiko-Sp%C3%A4rck"},{"link_name":"Anna Wengberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wengberg"},{"link_name":"Elin Alfhild Nordlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Alfhild_Nordlund"},{"link_name":"Helmi Sjöstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmi_Sj%C3%B6strand"},{"link_name":"Dora Wahlroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Wahlroos"},{"link_name":"Amélie Lundahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie_Lundahl"},{"link_name":"Ellen Favorin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Favorin"},{"link_name":"Agnes Wittfooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Wittfooth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vivi Munsterhjelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivi_Munsterhjelm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hanna Svanström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanna_Svanstr%C3%B6m&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sigrid Schauman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid_Schauman"},{"link_name":"Elias Muukka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Muukka"},{"link_name":"Carl Erik Törner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Erik_T%C3%B6rner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leo Belmonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Belmonte"},{"link_name":"Karl Moberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Moberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juuso Putro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juuso_Putro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali Munsterhjelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Munsterhjelm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekstr%C3%B6m2023-3"},{"link_name":"Uno Godenhjelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uno_Godenhjelm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Önningeby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nningeby"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekstr%C3%B6m2023-3"}],"sub_title":"List of the participants","text":"Victor Westerholm\nFredrik Ahlstedt\nNina Ahlstedt\nJ.A.G. Acke\nEdvard Westman\nElin Danielson\nHanna Rönnberg\nEva Acke\nAleksander Federley\nIda Gisiko-Spärck\nAnna Wengberg\nElin Alfhild Nordlund\nHelmi Sjöstrand\nDora Wahlroos\nAmélie Lundahl\nEllen Favorin\nAgnes Wittfooth\nVivi Munsterhjelm\nHanna Svanström\nSigrid Schauman\nElias Muukka\nCarl Erik Törner\nLeo Belmonte\nKarl Moberg\nJuuso Putro\nAli Munsterhjelm[3]The colony was active for seven years from 1886 till 1892, and the press actively reported about its life through Uno Godenhjelm. The visiting intensity decreased after that, though many artists still visited Önningeby in the beginning of 20th century. The colony dispersed at the start of the World War I, when Westerholms left Tomtebo in 1914.[3]","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%96nningeby-museet.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Waldemarsudde art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldemarsudde_art_museum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Ida Gisiko-Spärck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Gisiko-Sp%C3%A4rck"},{"link_name":"Anna Wengberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Wengberg"},{"link_name":"Elin Alfhild Nordlund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elin_Alfhild_Nordlund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekstr%C3%B6m2023-3"}],"text":"Önningeby-museet.Over the years, the artists were accommodated in Önningeby's spacious farmsteads. One of these, the Jonesas farm, was converted into a museum which was opened in 1992 and expanded in 1999. The museum collection includes over 400 works. It exhibits paintings by a number of those who gathered in the artists colony.[8] In 2022, an exhibition, dedicated to the colony artists, was open at the Waldemarsudde art museum in Stockholm. It largely consisted of the Önningeby Museum collections. A special exhibition dedicated to Ida Gisiko-Spärck, Anna Wengberg and Elin Alfhild Nordlund was organized at the museum in summer of 2023.[3]","title":"Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kor_i_bjorkskog.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AhlstedtNinaGrinden.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fredrik-ahlstedt-sommar.-ved-en-vik.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elias_Muukka_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elias_Muukka_2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bryggan_vid_Tomtebo.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edvard_Westman_strandlandskap.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ellen_Favorin.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NordlunEAfraemsnabba.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anna_wengberg_Kyrkogatan_1893.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hanna-r%C3%B6nnberg-shorescape.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdvardWestman_%C3%96nningeby_1892.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LundahlAmelie_the_lake.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FavorinGetabergen.jpg"}],"text":"The gallery presents a selection of paintings by the Önningeby artists.Kor i björkskog (Cows in a birch forest), Victor Westerholm, 1886\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGrinden (The Gate), Nina Ahlstedt, 1886\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSommar. Ved en vik... (Summer. By a Cove), Fredrik Ahlstedt, 1887\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUthus på Övre Knapans (Outhouse at Övre Knapans), Elias Muukka, 1888\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNatt i Önningeby (Night in Önningeby), 1888\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBryggan vid Tomtebo (Jetty at Tomtebo), Elin Danielson\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStrandlandskap (Shore Landscape), Edvard Westman\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLilla Holmen, Ellen Favorin, 1889\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrämsnabba, Elin Afhild Nordlund, 1890\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKyrkogatan, Anna Wengberg, 1893\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShorescape, Hanna Rönnberg, 1890\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOnningeby Mars 1892, Edvard Westman\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Lake, Amélie Lundahl\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGeta Bergen, Ellen Favorin, 1899","title":"Gallery of paintings"}] | [{"image_text":"Artists at Önningeby in 1886. On the front from left: Hanna Rönnberg, Hilma Westerholm, Elin Danielson and Nina Ahlstedt. Behind them sitting in the chair Fredrik Ahlstedt and standing by him Victor Westerholm. Sitting on the ground in the back Alex Federley and standing behind him J. A. G. Acke.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%C3%96nningebykolonin.jpg/220px-%C3%96nningebykolonin.jpg"},{"image_text":"Önningeby-museet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/%C3%96nningeby-museet.jpg/220px-%C3%96nningeby-museet.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Önningeby\". EuroArt. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euroart.eu/en/artists-colonies/oenningeby/","url_text":"\"Önningeby\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Önningeby artists' colony\". Ålands Konstmuseum. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.konstmuseum.ax/en/onningebykolonin/","url_text":"\"The Önningeby artists' colony\""}]},{"reference":"Ekström, Kjell (2023). Ida, Anna and Elin: Three Members of the Önningeby Artists' Colony. Önningebymuseet, UAB BALTO print. ISBN 978-952-69688-5-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-69688-5-8","url_text":"978-952-69688-5-8"}]},{"reference":"Lübbren, Nina (2001). Rural Artists' Colonies in Europe 1870-1910. Manchester University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Svanholm, Lise (2004). Northern Light: The Skagen Painters. Gyldendal A/S. ISBN 978-87-02-02817-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MFBVtB1CTvkC&pg=PA274","url_text":"Northern Light: The Skagen Painters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-02-02817-1","url_text":"978-87-02-02817-1"}]},{"reference":"Ekström, Kjell (2001). \"Önningebykolonin - en bortglömd konstnärsgemenskap från landskapsmåleriets guldålder\". Tidskriften Skärgård.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skargard.fi/arkiv/2001-4/ekstrom.htm","url_text":"\"Önningebykolonin - en bortglömd konstnärsgemenskap från landskapsmåleriets guldålder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Painters in Önningeby\". Amos. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://amosanderson.fi/en/exhibitions/painters-in-onningeby/","url_text":"\"Painters in Önningeby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Önningebymuseet\". Visit Åland. Retrieved 20 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitaland.com/en/services/onningebymuseet/","url_text":"\"Önningebymuseet\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.euroart.eu/en/artists-colonies/oenningeby/","external_links_name":"\"Önningeby\""},{"Link":"http://www.konstmuseum.ax/en/onningebykolonin/","external_links_name":"\"The Önningeby artists' colony\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MFBVtB1CTvkC&pg=PA274","external_links_name":"Northern Light: The Skagen Painters"},{"Link":"http://www.skargard.fi/arkiv/2001-4/ekstrom.htm","external_links_name":"\"Önningebykolonin - en bortglömd konstnärsgemenskap från landskapsmåleriets guldålder\""},{"Link":"http://amosanderson.fi/en/exhibitions/painters-in-onningeby/","external_links_name":"\"Painters in Önningeby\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitaland.com/en/services/onningebymuseet/","external_links_name":"\"Önningebymuseet\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_campaign | Advertising campaign | ["1 Integrated marketing communication","2 Media channels","3 Modern day implications for the advantages & disadvantages of traditional media channels","3.1 Print media","3.2 Broadcast media","3.3 Out-of-home (OOH) media","4 Target market","5 Target market","6 Positioning","7 Communication process diagram","8 Touch points","9 Guerrilla marketing","10 See also","11 References"] | Advertisements based on a theme
Not to be confused with Campaign advertising.
Smokey Bear is the icon of the U.S. Forest Service's long-running campaign against wildfires.
An advertising campaign is a series of advertisement messages that share a single idea and theme which make up an integrated marketing communication (IMC). An IMC is a platform in which a group of people can group their ideas, beliefs, and concepts into one large media base. Advertising campaigns utilize diverse media channels over a particular time frame and target identified audiences.
The campaign theme is the central message that will be received in the promotional activities and is the prime focus of the advertising campaign, as it sets the motif for the series of individual advertisements and other marketing communications that will be used. The campaign themes are usually produced with the objective of being used for a significant period but many of them are temporal due to factors like being not effective or market conditions, competition and marketing mix.
Advertising campaigns are built to accomplish a particular objective or a set of objectives. Such objectives usually include establishing a brand, raising brand awareness, aggrandizing the rate of conversions/sales. The rate of success or failure in accomplishing these goals is reckoned via effectiveness measures. There are 5 key points at which an advertising campaign must consider to ensure an effective campaign. These points are, integrated marketing communications, media channels, positioning, the communications process diagram and touch points.
Integrated marketing communication
Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is a conceptual approach used by the majority of organizations to develop a strategic plan on how they are going to broadcast their marketing and advertising campaigns. Recently there has been a shift in the way marketers and advertisers interact with their consumers and now see it as a conversation between Advertising/ Marketing teams and consumers. IMC has emerged as a key strategy for organizations to manage customer experiences in the digital age, since organizations can communicate with people in more ways than those typically thought of as media. The more traditional advertising practices such as newspapers, billboards, and magazines are still used but fail to have the same effect now as they did in previous years. Current research shows that no other form of commercial communication shares the same essential elements as the mobile forms, making it unique in its advertising impact.
The importance of the IMC is to make the marketing process seamless for both the brand and the consumer. IMC attempts to meld all aspects of marketing into one cohesive piece. This includes sales promotion, advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and social media. The entire point of IMC is to have all of these aspects of marketing work together as a unified force. This can be done through methods, channels, and activities all while using a media platform. The end goal of IMC is to get the brands message across to consumers in the most convenient way possible.
The advantage of using IMC is that it has the ability to communicate the same message through several channels to create brand awareness. IMC is the most cost-effective solution when compared to mass media advertising to interact with target consumers on a personal level. IMC also benefits small businesses, as they are able to submerge their consumers with communication of various kinds in a way that pushes them through the research and buying stages creating a relationship and dialogue with their new customer. Popular and obvious examples of IMC put into action are the likes of direct marketing to the consumer that the organization already has a knowledge that the person is interested in the brand by gathering personal information about them from when they previously shopped there and then sending mail, emails, texts and other direct communication with the person. In-store sales promotions are tactics such as '30% off' sales or offering loyalty cards to consumers to build a relationship. Television and radio advertisement are also a form of advertising strategy derived from IMC. All of the components of IMC play an important role and a company may or may not choose to implement any of the integration strategies.
Media channels
Media channels, also known as, marketing communications channels, are used to create a connection with the target consumer and influence the behavior. Traditional methods of communication with the consumer include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, telephone, post and door to door sales. These are just a few of the historically traditional methods.
Along with traditional media channels, comes new and upcoming media channels. Social media has begun to play a very large role in the way media and marketing intermingle to reach a consumer base. Social media has the power to reach a wider audience. Depending on the age group and demographic, social media can influence a company's overall image. Using social media as a marketing tool has become a widely popular method for branding. A brand has the chance to create an entire social media presence based around their own specific targeted community.
With advancements in digital communications channels, marketing communications allow for the possibility of two-way communications where an immediate consumer response can be elicited. Digital communications tools include: websites, blogs, social media, email, mobile, and search engines as a few examples. It is important for an advertising campaign to carefully select channels based on where their target consumer spends time to ensure market and advertising efforts are maximized. Marketing professionals should also consider the cost of reaching its target audience and the time (i.e. advertising during the holiday season tends to be more expensive).
Modern day implications for the advantages & disadvantages of traditional media channels
In the rapidly changing marketing and advertising environment, exposure to certain consumer groups and target audiences through traditional media channels has blurred. These traditional media channels are defined as print, broadcast, out-of-home and direct mail. The introduction of various new modern-day media channels has altered their traditional advantages and disadvantages. It is imperative to the effectiveness of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) strategy that exposure to certain demographics, consumer groups and target audiences is anticipated to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact.
Print media
Print media is mainly defined as newspapers and magazines. With the transition in around 2006 – 2016 to digital information on phones, computers and tablets, the main demographic that is still exposed to traditional print media is older. It is also estimated that there will be a reduction of print material in the coming years, as print media moves online. Advertisers need to consider this; in some cases, they could use this to their advantage. The advantages of newspaper advertising are that it is low cost, timely, the reader controls exposure, and it provides moderate coverage to the older generations in western society. Disadvantages are the aging demographic, short life, clutter and that it attracts less attention. Magazines are similar in some cases, but as they are a niche product they increase segmentation potential; they also have high information content and longevity. Disadvantages are that they are visual only, they lack flexibility and a long lead time for advertisement placement.
Broadcast media
Traditional broadcast media's primary platforms are television and radio. These are still relatively prominent in modern-day society, but with the emergence of online content such as YouTube and Instagram, it would be difficult to anticipate where the market is headed in the next decade. Television's advantages are that it has mass coverage, high reach, quality reputation, low post per exposure and impacts human senses. Disadvantages would be that it has low selectivity, short message life and high production costs. Alternatively, radio offers flexibility, high frequency and low advertising and production costs. Disadvantages to radio are that its audio only, low attention-getting and short message.
Out-of-home (OOH) media
This is a broad marketing concept that is no longer confined to large, static billboards on the side of motorways. More current and innovative approaches to OOH media range from street furniture to aerial blimps and the advance of digital OOH. As the world changes, there will always be new ways in which a campaign can revitalize this media channel. Its potential advantages are accessibility and reach, geographic flexibility and relatively low cost. Disadvantages to OOH media are that it has a short life, is difficult to measure/control and can convey a poor brand image.
Direct mail consists of messages sent directly to consumers through the mail delivery service. It is one of the more "dated" media channels. In the modern day it has few advantages, except that it can be highly selective, and has high information content. Disadvantages are that it promotes a poor brand image ("junk mail") and has a high cost-to-contact ratio.
Target market
This article is written like a manual or guide. Please help rewrite this article and remove advice or instruction. (March 2017)
There are many examples of the tobacco industry targeting women
When an organisation begins to construct their advertising campaign they need to research each and every aspect of their target market and target consumers. The target consumers (or "potential customers") are the people who are most likely to buy from an organisation. They can be categorized by several key characteristics: mainly gender, age, occupation, marital status, geographical location, behavioral, level of income and education. This process is called segmenting customers on the basis of demographics.
Target market
Defining the target market helps businesses and individuals design a marketing campaign. This in turn helps businesses and individuals avoid waste and get their advertisements to likely customers. While attempting to find the correct target market it is important to focus on specific groups of individuals that will benefit. By marketing to specific groups of individuals that specifically relate to the product, businesses and individuals will more quickly and efficiently find those who will purchase the product. Businesses and individuals that monitor their existing data (customer and sales data) will find it easier to define their target market, and surveying existing customers will assist in finding more customers. Avoiding inefficiencies when finding a target market is equally as important. Wasting time and money advertising to a large group of potential customers is inefficient if only a handful become customers. A focused plan that reaches a tiny audience can work out well if they're already interested in a product. Over time target markets can change. People interested today might not be interested tomorrow, and those not interested in the present time might become interested over time. Analysing sales data and customer information helps businesses and individuals understand when their target market is increasing or decreasing.
There are many advantages that are associated with finding a target market. One advantage is the "ability to offer the right product" (Suttle. R. 2016) through knowing the age and needs of the customer willing to purchase the item. Another advantage of target marketing assists businesses in understanding what price the customer will pay for the products or service. Businesses are also more efficient and effective at advertising their product, because they "reach the right consumers with messages that are more applicable" (Suttle. R. 2016).
However, there are several disadvantages that can be associated with target marketing. Firstly, finding a target market is expensive. Often businesses conduct primary research to find whom their target market is, which usually involves hiring a research agency, which can cost "tens of thousands of dollars" (Suttle, R. 2016). Finding one's target market is also time-consuming, as it often "requires a considerable amount of time to identify a target audience" (Suttle, R. 2016). Also focusing on finding a target market can make one overlook other customers that may be in a product. Businesses or individuals may find that their 'average customer' might not include those that fall just outside of the average customers "demographics" (Suttle, R. 2016), which will limit the sale of their products. The last disadvantage to note is the ethical ramifications that are associated with target marketing. An example of this would be a "beer company that may target less educated, poorer people with larger-sized bottles" (Suttle, R. 2016).
Positioning
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In advertising various brands compete to the most important brand to the consumer. Everyday consumers view advertising and rank particular brands compared to their competitors. Individuals rank these specific brands in an order of what is most important to them. For example, a person may compare brands of cars based on how sporty they think they look, affordability, practicality and classiness. How one person perceives a brand is different from another but is largely left to the advertising campaign to manipulate and create the perception that they want a consumer to envision
Positioning is an important marketing concept that businesses implement to market their products or services. The positioning concept focuses on creating an image that will best attract the intended audience. Businesses that implement the positioning concept focus on promotion, price, placement and product. When the positioning concept is effective and productive it elevates the marketing efforts made by a business, and assists the buyer in purchasing the product.
The positioning process is imperative in marketing because of the specific level of consumer-based recognition is involved. A company must create a trademark brand for themselves in order to be recognizable by a broad range of consumers. For example, a fast food restaurant positions itself as fast, cheap, and delicious. They are playing upon their strengths and most visible characteristics. On the other hand, a luxury car brand will position its brand as a stylish and expensive platform because they want to target a specific brand very different from the fast food brand.
For the positioning concept to be effective one must focus on the concepts of promotion, price, place and product.
There are three basic objectives of promotion, which include: presenting product information to targeted business customers and consumers, increase demand among the target market, and differentiating a product and creating a brand identity. Tools that can be used to achieve these objectives are advertising, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing, and sales promotion.
Price of an object is crucial in the concept of positioning. Adjusting or decreasing the product price has a profound impact on the sales of the product, and should complement the other parts of the positioning concept. The price needs to ensure survival, increase profit, generate survival, gain market shares, and establish an appropriate image.
Promoting a product is essential in the positioning concept. It is the process marketers use to communicate their products' attributes to the intended target market. In order for products to be successful businesses must focus on the customer needs, competitive pressures, available communication channels and carefully crafted key messages.
Product Positioning presents several advantages in the advertising campaign, and to the businesses/ individuals that implement it. Positioning connects with superior aspects of a product and matches "them with consumers more effectively than competitors" (Jaideep, S. 2016). Positioning can also help businesses or individuals realise the consumer's expectations of the product/s they are willing to purchase from them. Positioning a product reinforces the companies name, product and brand. It also makes the brand popular and strengthens customer loyalty. Product benefits to customers are better advertised through positioning the product, which results in more interest and attention of consumers. This also attracts different types of consumers as products posse's different benefits that attract different groups of consumers, for example: a shoe that is advertised for playing sports, going for walks, hiking and casual wear will attract different groups of consumers. Another advantage of positioning is the competitive strength it gives to businesses/ individuals and their products, introducing new products successfully to the market and communicating new and varied features that are added to a product later on.
Communication process diagram
The Communication of processes diagram refers to the order of operation an advertising campaign pieces together the flow of communication between a given organisation and the consumer. The diagram usually flows left to right (unless shown in a circular array) starting with the source. An advertising campaign uses the communication process diagram to ensure all the appropriate steps of communication are being taken in order.
The source is the person or organisation that has a message they want to share with potential consumers. An example of this is Vodafone wanting to tell their consumers and new consumers of a new monthly plan.
The diagram then moves on to encoding which consists of the organisation putting messages, thoughts and ideas into a symbolic form that be interpreted by the target consumer using symbols or words.
The third stage in the diagram is channel message. This occurs when the information or meaning the source wants to convoy, is put into a form to easily be transmitted to the targeted audience. This also includes the method that communication gets from the source to the receiver. Examples of this is Vodafone advertising on TV, bus stops and university campuses as students may be the intended consumer for the new plan.
Decoding is the processes that the viewer interprets the message that the source sent. Obviously it is up to the source to ensure that the message encoded well enough so that it is received as intended.
The receiver is also known as the viewer or potential consumer. This is the person who interprets the source message through channeling whether they are the intended target audience or not. Every day we interpret different advertisements even if we are not the target audience for that advertisement.
In between these steps there are external factors acting as distractions, these factors are called noise. Noise distorts the way the message gets to the intended target audience. These distractions are from all other forms of advertising and communication from every other person or organisation. Examples of noise are State of mind, unfamiliar language, unclear message, Values, Attitudes, Perceptions, Culture and Knowledge of similar products or services to name a few forms of noise.
Finally there is the response or feedback. This is the receiver's reaction to the communication of message and the way they understood it. Feedback relates to the way sales react as well as the interest or questions that arise in relation to the message put out.
Touch points
Customer journey with touchpoints English
When considering touch points in an advertising campaign a brand looks for Multisensory touch points. These touch points help the brand to develop a point of contact between themselves and the consumer. Modern day advancements in various forms of technology have made it easier for consumers to engage with brands in numerous ways. The most successful touch points are those that create value in the consumer and brands relationship. Common examples of touch points include social media links, QR codes, person handing out flyers about a particular brand, billboards, web sites and various other methods that connect the brand and consumer. The most effective touch points, as found in Effie Award- winning campaigns, are: interactive (91%), followed by TV (63%), print (52%) and consumer involvement (51%).
Multi sensory touch points are subconscious yet helps use to recognise brands through characteristic identified through human sensors. These characteristics could be shape, colour, textures, sounds, smell or tastes associated with a given brand. It is important for an advertising campaign to consider sensory cues into their campaign as market places continue to become increasingly competitive and crowded. Anyone of the given sensory characteristics may remind a person of the brand they best associate with. A prime example of this is Red Bull who use the colour, shapes and size of their cans to best relate their product to success and winning. A taller can looks like the 1st place podium when placed next to competitors, the design looks like the finish flag in racing representing winning. The opportunity for an advertising campaign to succeed is significantly increased with the use of multi sensory touch points used as a point of difference between brands.
Guerrilla marketing
Guerrilla marketing is an advertising strategy which increases brand exposure through the use of unconventional campaigns which initiate social discussion and "buzz". This can often be achieved with lower budgets than conventional advertising methods, allowing small and medium-sized businesses the chance to compete against larger competitors. Through unconventional methods, inventiveness and creativity, guerrilla marketing leaves the receiver with a long lasting impression of the brand as most guerrilla marketing campaigns target the receivers at a personal level, taking them by surprise and may incorporate an element of shock. Guerrilla marketing is typically executed exclusively in public places, including streets, parks, shopping centres etc., to ensure maximum audience resulting in further discussion on social media.
Guerrilla marketing is the term used for several types of marketing categories including street marketing, ambient marketing, presence marketing, alternative marketing, experimental marketing, grassroots marketing, flyposting, guerrilla projection advertising, undercover marketing and astroturfing.
Jay Conrad Levinson coined the term Guerrilla Marketing with his 1984 book of the same name. Through the enhancement of technology and common use of internet and mobile phones, marketing communication has become more affordable and guerrilla marketing is on the rise, allowing the spread of newsworthy guerrilla campaigns.
When establishing a guerrilla marketing strategy, there are seven elements to a clear and logical approach. Firstly, write a statement that identifies the purpose of the strategy. Secondly define how the purpose will be achieved concentrating on the key advantages. Next Levinson (1989) suggests writing a descriptive summary on the target market or consumers. The fourth element is to establish a statement that itemizes the marketing tools and methods planning to be used in the strategy (for example, radio advertising during 6.30am – 9am on weekday mornings or window displays that are regularly updated). The fifth step is to create a statement which positions the brand/product/company in the market. Define the brands characteristics and give it an identity is the sixth element. Lastly, clearly identify a budget which will be put solely towards marketing going forward.
For a successful overall guerrilla marketing campaign, combine the above steps with seven winning actions. These seven principles are commitment – stick to the marketing plan without changing it; investment – appreciate that marketing is an investment, consistency – ensure the marketing message and strategy remains consistent across all forms of, confidence – show confidence in the commitment to the guerrilla marketing strategy, patience – time and dedication to the strategy, assortment – incorporate different methods of advertising and marketing for optimum results, and subsequent – build customer loyalty and retention though follow up marketing post-sale.
Levinson suggests guerrilla marketing tactics were initiated to enable small businesses with limited financial resources to gain an upper hand on the corporate giants who had unlimited budgets and resources at their disposal. Large companies cottoned on to the success of guerrilla marketing and have had hundreds of effective attention grabbing campaigns using the strategies originally designed for smaller businesses with minimal marketing budgets.
Non-traditional, unconventional and shocking campaigns are highly successful in obtaining media coverage and therefore brand awareness, albeit good or bad media attention. However, like most marketing strategies a bad campaign can backfire and damage profits and sales. Undercover marketing and astroturfing are two type of guerrilla marketing that are deemed as risky and can be detrimental to the company.
"Advertising can be dated back to 4000 BC where Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Traditional advertising and marketing slowly developed over the centuries but never bloomed until early 1900s" ("What Is Guerrilla Marketing?", 2010). Guerrilla marketing are relatively simple, use tactics to advertise on a very small budget. It is to make a campaign that is "shocking, funny, unique, outrageous, clever and creative that people can't stop talking about it" (Uk essays, 2016). Guerrilla marketing is different when compared to traditional marketing tactics (Staff, 2016). "Guerrilla marketing means going after conventional goals of profits, sales and growth but doing it by using unconventional means, such as expanding offerings during gloomy economic days to inspire customers to increase the size of each purchase" (Staff, 2016). Guerrilla marketing also suggests that rather than investing money, it is better to "invest time, energy, imagination and knowledge" (Staff, 2016) instead. Guerrilla marketing puts profit as their main priority not sales as their main focal point, this is done to urge the growth of geometrically by enlarging the size of each transactions. This all done through one of the most powerful marketing weapons around, the telephone. Research shows that it will always increases profits and sales. The term "guerrilla first appeared during the war of independence in Spain and Portugal at the beginning of the 19th century it can be translated as battle" (Uk essays, 2016). Even thou guerrilla marketing was aimed for small business; this did not stop bigger business from adopting the same ideology. "Larger business has been using unconventional marketing to complement their advertising campaigns, even then some marketers argue that when bigger business utilize guerrilla marketing tactics, it isn't true guerrilla" ("What Is Guerrilla Marketing?", 2010). The reason being that larger companies have bigger budgets and usually their brands well established. In some cases, it is far riskier for a larger business to do guerrilla marketing tactics. Which can cause problem when their stunts become a flop when compared to smaller business, as they do not run as much risk, as most people will just write it off as another failed stunt. Many methods in guerrilla marketing consist of "graffiti (or reverse graffiti, where a dirty wall is selectively cleaned), interactive displays, intercept encounters in public spaces, flash mobs, or various PR stunts are often used."
Small business use social media as a form of marketing. "Collecting billions of people around the world through a series of status updates, tweets, and other rich media" ("Guerrilla Marketing Strategies for Small Businesses", 2013). Social media is a powerful tool in the world of business. Guerrilla marketing strategies and tactics are a great and cost effective way to generate" awareness for business, products and services. To maximize full potential of marketing efforts, it's to blend them with a powerful and robust online marking strategy with a marketing automation software" ("Guerrilla Marketing Strategies for Small Businesses", 2013). Which can boost small businesses. Guerrilla tactics consist of instruments that have effects on the efforts. Some instruments are usually there to maximize the surprise effect and some of these instruments mainly cutting advertising costs." Guerrilla marketing is a way of increasing the number of individuals exposed to the advertising with the cost of campaign. The instrument of diffusion helps to each a wide audience, which causes none or little cost because consumers (viral marketing) or the media (guerrilla PR) pass on the advertising message" ("Guerrilla Marketing: The Nature of the Concept and Propositions for Further Research", 2016). Guerrilla campaigns usually implement a free ride approach, this means that to cut their costs and increase the number of recipients simultaneously to maximize the low cost effect. For example, they will try to benefit from placing advertisements on big events e.g. sporting events. Guerrilla marketing was regarded to target existing customers rather than new ones, aiming to increase their engagement with a product and/ or brand. "When selecting audiences for a guerrilla message, a group that is already engaged with the product at some level is the best target; they will be quicker to recognize and respond to creative tactics, and more likely to share the experience with their friends, as social media has become a major feature of the market landscape, guerrilla marketing has shown to be particularly effective online. Consumers who regularly use social media are more likely to share their interactions with guerrilla marketing, and creative advertising can quickly go viral."
See also
Advertising
Advertising management
Augmented Advertising
Campaign advertising
Conditional rebate
Family in advertising
Mobile Campaign (Mobile Advertising)
Radio commercial
Television commercial
References
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^ email What is Email Marketing & How Does it Work?
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^ "The Broad Targeting Advantages in Marketing". smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
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^ "The Importance of Product Positioning to the Marketing Plan". smallbusiness.chron.com. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
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^ a b c d e f g h i Belch, G.; Belch, M. A. (2012). Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communication perspective (9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. pp. 147–158.
^ Persson, J. (n.d.). Brand TouchPoint Matrix. Retrieved March 19, 2016 from http://brandtouchpointmatrix.com
^ Zwerin, Amanda; Clarke, Theresa B.; Clarke, Irvine (2020-02-23). "Traditional and Emerging Integrated Marketing Communication Touchpoints Used in Effie Award-Winning Promotional Campaigns". Journal of Promotion Management. 26 (2): 163–185. doi:10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626. ISSN 1049-6491.
^ a b c d e Heath, R., Brandt, D., & Nairn, A. (2006). Brand relationships: Strengtheng. by emotion, weakened by attention. Journal of Advertising Research, 46(4), 410-419.
^ Hutter, K., & Hoffmann, S. (2011). Guerrilla marketing: The nature of the concept and propositions for further research. Asian Journal of Marketing, 5(2), 39-54.
^ Paksoy, T & Chang, C. (2010). Applied Mathematical Modelling. Revised multi-choice goal programming for multi-period, multi-stage inventory controlled supply chain model with popup stores in Guerrilla marketing, 34(34), 3586-3587
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^ a b "Guerrilla Marketing". Marketing-schools.org. 2012.
Media related to Advertising campaigns at Wikimedia Commons
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campaign advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_advertising"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uncle_Sam_style_Smokey_Bear_Only_You.jpg"},{"link_name":"Smokey Bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey_Bear"},{"link_name":"U.S. Forest Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Forest_Service"},{"link_name":"advertisement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertisement"},{"link_name":"integrated marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_strategy"},{"link_name":"communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_communications"},{"link_name":"marketing communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_communications"},{"link_name":"marketing mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_mix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"touch points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_point"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Campaign advertising.Smokey Bear is the icon of the U.S. Forest Service's long-running campaign against wildfires.An advertising campaign is a series of advertisement messages that share a single idea and theme which make up an integrated marketing communication (IMC). An IMC is a platform in which a group of people can group their ideas, beliefs, and concepts into one large media base. Advertising campaigns utilize diverse media channels over a particular time frame and target identified audiences.The campaign theme is the central message that will be received in the promotional activities and is the prime focus of the advertising campaign, as it sets the motif for the series of individual advertisements and other marketing communications that will be used. The campaign themes are usually produced with the objective of being used for a significant period but many of them are temporal due to factors like being not effective or market conditions, competition and marketing mix.[1]Advertising campaigns are built to accomplish a particular objective or a set of objectives. Such objectives usually include establishing a brand, raising brand awareness, aggrandizing the rate of conversions/sales. The rate of success or failure in accomplishing these goals is reckoned via effectiveness measures. There are 5 key points at which an advertising campaign must consider to ensure an effective campaign. These points are, integrated marketing communications, media channels, positioning, the communications process diagram and touch points.","title":"Advertising campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"customer experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_experience"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is a conceptual approach used by the majority of organizations to develop a strategic plan on how they are going to broadcast their marketing and advertising campaigns. Recently there has been a shift in the way marketers and advertisers interact with their consumers and now see it as a conversation between Advertising/ Marketing teams and consumers. IMC has emerged as a key strategy for organizations to manage customer experiences in the digital age, since organizations can communicate with people in more ways than those typically thought of as media.[2] The more traditional advertising practices such as newspapers, billboards, and magazines are still used but fail to have the same effect now as they did in previous years.[3] Current research shows that no other form of commercial communication shares the same essential elements as the mobile forms, making it unique in its advertising impact.[4]The importance of the IMC is to make the marketing process seamless for both the brand and the consumer. IMC attempts to meld all aspects of marketing into one cohesive piece. This includes sales promotion, advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and social media. The entire point of IMC is to have all of these aspects of marketing work together as a unified force. This can be done through methods, channels, and activities all while using a media platform. The end goal of IMC is to get the brands message across to consumers in the most convenient way possible.[5]The advantage of using IMC is that it has the ability to communicate the same message through several channels to create brand awareness. IMC is the most cost-effective solution when compared to mass media advertising to interact with target consumers on a personal level. IMC also benefits small businesses, as they are able to submerge their consumers with communication of various kinds in a way that pushes them through the research and buying stages creating a relationship and dialogue with their new customer. Popular and obvious examples of IMC put into action are the likes of direct marketing to the consumer that the organization already has a knowledge that the person is interested in the brand by gathering personal information about them from when they previously shopped there and then sending mail, emails, texts and other direct communication with the person.[1] In-store sales promotions are tactics such as '30% off' sales or offering loyalty cards to consumers to build a relationship. Television and radio advertisement are also a form of advertising strategy derived from IMC.[1] All of the components of IMC play an important role and a company may or may not choose to implement any of the integration strategies.[6]","title":"Integrated marketing communication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"target audience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_audience"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Media channels, also known as, marketing communications channels, are used to create a connection with the target consumer and influence the behavior.[7] Traditional methods of communication with the consumer include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, billboards, telephone, post and door to door sales. These are just a few of the historically traditional methods.Along with traditional media channels, comes new and upcoming media channels. Social media has begun to play a very large role in the way media and marketing intermingle to reach a consumer base. Social media has the power to reach a wider audience. Depending on the age group and demographic, social media can influence a company's overall image. Using social media as a marketing tool has become a widely popular method for branding. A brand has the chance to create an entire social media presence based around their own specific targeted community.With advancements in digital communications channels, marketing communications allow for the possibility of two-way communications where an immediate consumer response can be elicited.[8] Digital communications tools include: websites, blogs, social media, email,[9] mobile, and search engines as a few examples. It is important for an advertising campaign to carefully select channels based on where their target consumer spends time to ensure market and advertising efforts are maximized. Marketing professionals should also consider the cost of reaching its target audience and the time (i.e. advertising during the holiday season tends to be more expensive).[10]","title":"Media channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the rapidly changing marketing and advertising environment, exposure to certain consumer groups and target audiences through traditional media channels has blurred. These traditional media channels are defined as print, broadcast, out-of-home and direct mail.[11] The introduction of various new modern-day media channels has altered their traditional advantages and disadvantages. It is imperative to the effectiveness of the Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) strategy that exposure to certain demographics, consumer groups and target audiences is anticipated to provide clarity, consistency, and maximum communications impact.[12]","title":"Modern day implications for the advantages & disadvantages of traditional media channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Print media","text":"Print media is mainly defined as newspapers and magazines. With the transition in around 2006 – 2016 to digital information on phones, computers and tablets, the main demographic that is still exposed to traditional print media is older. It is also estimated that there will be a reduction of print material in the coming years, as print media moves online.[13] Advertisers need to consider this; in some cases, they could use this to their advantage. The advantages of newspaper advertising are that it is low cost, timely, the reader controls exposure, and it provides moderate coverage to the older generations in western society. Disadvantages are the aging demographic, short life, clutter[clarification needed] and that it attracts less attention. Magazines are similar in some cases, but as they are a niche product they increase segmentation potential; they also have high information content and longevity. Disadvantages are that they are visual only, they lack flexibility and a long lead time for advertisement placement.[1]","title":"Modern day implications for the advantages & disadvantages of traditional media channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"}],"sub_title":"Broadcast media","text":"Traditional broadcast media's primary platforms are television and radio. These are still relatively prominent in modern-day society, but with the emergence of online content such as YouTube and Instagram, it would be difficult to anticipate where the market is headed in the next decade. Television's advantages are that it has mass coverage, high reach, quality reputation, low post per exposure and impacts human senses. Disadvantages would be that it has low selectivity, short message life and high production costs. Alternatively, radio offers flexibility, high frequency and low advertising and production costs. Disadvantages to radio are that its audio only, low attention-getting and short message.","title":"Modern day implications for the advantages & disadvantages of traditional media channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Out-of-home (OOH) media","text":"This is a broad marketing concept that is no longer confined to large, static billboards on the side of motorways. More current and innovative approaches to OOH media range from street furniture to aerial blimps and the advance of digital OOH.[14] As the world changes, there will always be new ways in which a campaign can revitalize this media channel. Its potential advantages are accessibility and reach, geographic flexibility and relatively low cost. Disadvantages to OOH media are that it has a short life, is difficult to measure/control and can convey a poor brand image.[11]Direct mail consists of messages sent directly to consumers through the mail delivery service. It is one of the more \"dated\" media channels. In the modern day it has few advantages, except that it can be highly selective, and has high information content. Disadvantages are that it promotes a poor brand image (\"junk mail\") and has a high cost-to-contact ratio.[1]","title":"Modern day implications for the advantages & disadvantages of traditional media channels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Greer_-_I_changed_to_Camels,_May_1953.jpg"},{"link_name":"tobacco industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_industry"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"There are many examples of the tobacco industry targeting womenWhen an organisation begins to construct their advertising campaign they need to research each and every aspect of their target market and target consumers. The target consumers (or \"potential customers\") are the people who are most likely to buy from an organisation. They can be categorized by several key characteristics: mainly gender, age, occupation, marital status, geographical location, behavioral,[15] level of income and education.[16] This process is called segmenting customers on the basis of demographics.","title":"Target market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Defining the target market helps businesses and individuals design a marketing campaign. This in turn helps businesses and individuals avoid waste and get their advertisements to likely customers. While attempting to find the correct target market it is important to focus on specific groups of individuals that will benefit. By marketing to specific groups of individuals that specifically relate to the product, businesses and individuals will more quickly and efficiently find those who will purchase the product. Businesses and individuals that monitor their existing data (customer and sales data) will find it easier to define their target market, and surveying existing customers will assist in finding more customers. Avoiding inefficiencies when finding a target market is equally as important. Wasting time and money advertising to a large group of potential customers is inefficient if only a handful become customers. A focused plan that reaches a tiny audience can work out well if they're already interested in a product. Over time target markets can change. People interested today might not be interested tomorrow, and those not interested in the present time might become interested over time. Analysing sales data and customer information helps businesses and individuals understand when their target market is increasing or decreasing.[17]There are many advantages that are associated with finding a target market. One advantage is the \"ability to offer the right product\" (Suttle. R. 2016) through knowing the age and needs of the customer willing to purchase the item. Another advantage of target marketing assists businesses in understanding what price the customer will pay for the products or service. Businesses are also more efficient and effective at advertising their product, because they \"reach the right consumers with messages that are more applicable\" (Suttle. R. 2016).[18]However, there are several disadvantages that can be associated with target marketing. Firstly, finding a target market is expensive. Often businesses conduct primary research to find whom their target market is, which usually involves hiring a research agency, which can cost \"tens of thousands of dollars\" (Suttle, R. 2016). Finding one's target market is also time-consuming, as it often \"requires a considerable amount of time to identify a target audience\" (Suttle, R. 2016). Also focusing on finding a target market can make one overlook other customers that may be in a product. Businesses or individuals may find that their 'average customer' might not include those that fall just outside of the average customers \"demographics\" (Suttle, R. 2016), which will limit the sale of their products. The last disadvantage to note is the ethical ramifications that are associated with target marketing. An example of this would be a \"beer company that may target less educated, poorer people with larger-sized bottles\" (Suttle, R. 2016).[19]","title":"Target market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"In advertising various brands compete to the most important brand to the consumer. Everyday consumers view advertising and rank particular brands compared to their competitors. Individuals rank these specific brands in an order of what is most important to them. For example, a person may compare brands of cars based on how sporty they think they look, affordability, practicality and classiness. How one person perceives a brand is different from another but is largely left to the advertising campaign to manipulate and create the perception that they want a consumer to envision[citation needed]Positioning is an important marketing concept that businesses implement to market their products or services. The positioning concept focuses on creating an image that will best attract the intended audience. Businesses that implement the positioning concept focus on promotion, price, placement and product. When the positioning concept is effective and productive it elevates the marketing efforts made by a business, and assists the buyer in purchasing the product.[20]The positioning process is imperative in marketing because of the specific level of consumer-based recognition is involved. A company must create a trademark brand for themselves in order to be recognizable by a broad range of consumers. For example, a fast food restaurant positions itself as fast, cheap, and delicious. They are playing upon their strengths and most visible characteristics. On the other hand, a luxury car brand will position its brand as a stylish and expensive platform because they want to target a specific brand very different from the fast food brand.[21]For the positioning concept to be effective one must focus on the concepts of promotion, price, place and product.There are three basic objectives of promotion, which include: presenting product information to targeted business customers and consumers, increase demand among the target market, and differentiating a product and creating a brand identity. Tools that can be used to achieve these objectives are advertising, public relations, personal selling, direct marketing, and sales promotion.Price of an object is crucial in the concept of positioning. Adjusting or decreasing the product price has a profound impact on the sales of the product, and should complement the other parts of the positioning concept. The price needs to ensure survival, increase profit, generate survival, gain market shares, and establish an appropriate image.Promoting a product is essential in the positioning concept. It is the process marketers use to communicate their products' attributes to the intended target market. In order for products to be successful businesses must focus on the customer needs, competitive pressures, available communication channels and carefully crafted key messages.[22]Product Positioning presents several advantages in the advertising campaign, and to the businesses/ individuals that implement it. Positioning connects with superior aspects of a product and matches \"them with consumers more effectively than competitors\" (Jaideep, S. 2016). Positioning can also help businesses or individuals realise the consumer's expectations of the product/s they are willing to purchase from them. Positioning a product reinforces the companies name, product and brand. It also makes the brand popular and strengthens customer loyalty. Product benefits to customers are better advertised through positioning the product, which results in more interest and attention of consumers. This also attracts different types of consumers as products posse's different benefits that attract different groups of consumers, for example: a shoe that is advertised for playing sports, going for walks, hiking and casual wear will attract different groups of consumers. Another advantage of positioning is the competitive strength it gives to businesses/ individuals and their products, introducing new products successfully to the market and communicating new and varied features that are added to a product later on.[23]","title":"Positioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-24"}],"text":"The Communication of processes diagram refers to the order of operation an advertising campaign pieces together the flow of communication between a given organisation and the consumer. The diagram usually flows left to right (unless shown in a circular array) starting with the source. An advertising campaign uses the communication process diagram to ensure all the appropriate steps of communication are being taken in order.The source is the person or organisation that has a message they want to share with potential consumers.[24] An example of this is Vodafone wanting to tell their consumers and new consumers of a new monthly plan.The diagram then moves on to encoding which consists of the organisation putting messages, thoughts and ideas into a symbolic form that be interpreted by the target consumer using symbols or words.[24]The third stage in the diagram is channel message. This occurs when the information or meaning the source wants to convoy, is put into a form to easily be transmitted to the targeted audience.[24] This also includes the method that communication gets from the source to the receiver. Examples of this is Vodafone advertising on TV, bus stops and university campuses as students may be the intended consumer for the new plan.Decoding is the processes that the viewer interprets the message that the source sent.[24] Obviously it is up to the source to ensure that the message encoded well enough so that it is received as intended.The receiver is also known as the viewer or potential consumer.[24] This is the person who interprets the source message through channeling whether they are the intended target audience or not. Every day we interpret different advertisements even if we are not the target audience for that advertisement.In between these steps there are external factors acting as distractions, these factors are called noise. Noise distorts the way the message gets to the intended target audience.[24] These distractions are from all other forms of advertising and communication from every other person or organisation. Examples of noise are State of mind, unfamiliar language, unclear message, Values, Attitudes, Perceptions, Culture and Knowledge of similar products or services to name a few forms of noise.[24]Finally there is the response or feedback. This is the receiver's reaction to the communication of message[24] and the way they understood it. Feedback relates to the way sales react as well as the interest or questions that arise in relation to the message put out.[24]","title":"Communication process diagram"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Customer_journey_with_touchpoints_English.png"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Effie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.effie.org/worldwide/about"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"}],"text":"Customer journey with touchpoints EnglishWhen considering touch points in an advertising campaign a brand looks for Multisensory touch points. These touch points help the brand to develop a point of contact between themselves and the consumer. Modern day advancements in various forms of technology have made it easier for consumers to engage with brands in numerous ways. The most successful touch points are those that create value in the consumer and brands relationship.[25] Common examples of touch points include social media links, QR codes, person handing out flyers about a particular brand, billboards, web sites and various other methods that connect the brand and consumer. The most effective touch points, as found in Effie Award- winning campaigns, are: interactive (91%), followed by TV (63%), print (52%) and consumer involvement (51%).[26]Multi sensory touch points are subconscious yet helps use to recognise brands through characteristic identified through human sensors.[27] These characteristics could be shape, colour, textures, sounds, smell or tastes associated with a given brand.[27] It is important for an advertising campaign to consider sensory cues into their campaign as market places continue to become increasingly competitive and crowded. Anyone of the given sensory characteristics may remind a person of the brand they best associate with. A prime example of this is Red Bull who use the colour, shapes and size of their cans to best relate their product to success and winning.[27] A taller can looks like the 1st place podium when placed next to competitors, the design looks like the finish flag in racing representing winning.[27] The opportunity for an advertising campaign to succeed is significantly increased with the use of multi sensory touch points used as a point of difference between brands.[27]","title":"Touch points"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"astroturfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson,_J._1989-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson,_J._1989-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson,_J._1989-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson,_J._2010-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levinson,_J._2010-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marketingschools-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marketingschools-35"}],"text":"Guerrilla marketing is an advertising strategy which increases brand exposure through the use of unconventional campaigns which initiate social discussion and \"buzz\". This can often be achieved with lower budgets than conventional advertising methods, allowing small and medium-sized businesses the chance to compete against larger competitors. Through unconventional methods, inventiveness and creativity, guerrilla marketing leaves the receiver with a long lasting impression of the brand as most guerrilla marketing campaigns target the receivers at a personal level, taking them by surprise and may incorporate an element of shock. Guerrilla marketing is typically executed exclusively in public places, including streets, parks, shopping centres etc., to ensure maximum audience resulting in further discussion on social media.[28]Guerrilla marketing is the term used for several types of marketing categories including street marketing, ambient marketing, presence marketing, alternative marketing, experimental marketing, grassroots marketing, flyposting, guerrilla projection advertising, undercover marketing and astroturfing.[citation needed]Jay Conrad Levinson coined the term Guerrilla Marketing with his 1984 book of the same name.[29] Through the enhancement of technology and common use of internet and mobile phones, marketing communication has become more affordable and guerrilla marketing is on the rise, allowing the spread of newsworthy guerrilla campaigns.[30]When establishing a guerrilla marketing strategy, there are seven elements to a clear and logical approach.[31] Firstly, write a statement that identifies the purpose of the strategy. Secondly define how the purpose will be achieved concentrating on the key advantages. Next Levinson (1989) suggests writing a descriptive summary on the target market or consumers. The fourth element is to establish a statement that itemizes the marketing tools and methods planning to be used in the strategy (for example, radio advertising during 6.30am – 9am on weekday mornings or window displays that are regularly updated). The fifth step is to create a statement which positions the brand/product/company in the market. Define the brands characteristics and give it an identity is the sixth element. Lastly, clearly identify a budget which will be put solely towards marketing going forward.[31]For a successful overall guerrilla marketing campaign, combine the above steps with seven winning actions.[32] These seven principles are commitment – stick to the marketing plan without changing it; investment – appreciate that marketing is an investment, consistency – ensure the marketing message and strategy remains consistent across all forms of, confidence – show confidence in the commitment to the guerrilla marketing strategy, patience – time and dedication to the strategy, assortment – incorporate different methods of advertising and marketing for optimum results, and subsequent – build customer loyalty and retention though follow up marketing post-sale.[31]Levinson suggests guerrilla marketing tactics were initiated to enable small businesses with limited financial resources to gain an upper hand on the corporate giants who had unlimited budgets and resources at their disposal. Large companies cottoned on to the success of guerrilla marketing and have had hundreds of effective attention grabbing campaigns using the strategies originally designed for smaller businesses with minimal marketing budgets.[33]Non-traditional, unconventional and shocking campaigns are highly successful in obtaining media coverage and therefore brand awareness, albeit good or bad media attention. However, like most marketing strategies a bad campaign can backfire and damage profits and sales.[34] Undercover marketing and astroturfing are two type of guerrilla marketing that are deemed as risky and can be detrimental to the company.[34]\"Advertising can be dated back to 4000 BC where Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and wall posters. Traditional advertising and marketing slowly developed over the centuries but never bloomed until early 1900s\" (\"What Is Guerrilla Marketing?\", 2010). Guerrilla marketing are relatively simple, use tactics to advertise on a very small budget. It is to make a campaign that is \"shocking, funny, unique, outrageous, clever and creative that people can't stop talking about it\" (Uk essays, 2016). Guerrilla marketing is different when compared to traditional marketing tactics (Staff, 2016). \"Guerrilla marketing means going after conventional goals of profits, sales and growth but doing it by using unconventional means, such as expanding offerings during gloomy economic days to inspire customers to increase the size of each purchase\" (Staff, 2016). Guerrilla marketing also suggests that rather than investing money, it is better to \"invest time, energy, imagination and knowledge\" (Staff, 2016) instead. Guerrilla marketing puts profit as their main priority not sales as their main focal point, this is done to urge the growth of geometrically by enlarging the size of each transactions. This all done through one of the most powerful marketing weapons around, the telephone. Research shows that it will always increases profits and sales. The term \"guerrilla first appeared during the war of independence in Spain and Portugal at the beginning of the 19th century it can be translated as battle\" (Uk essays, 2016). Even thou guerrilla marketing was aimed for small business; this did not stop bigger business from adopting the same ideology. \"Larger business has been using unconventional marketing to complement their advertising campaigns, even then some marketers argue that when bigger business utilize guerrilla marketing tactics, it isn't true guerrilla\" (\"What Is Guerrilla Marketing?\", 2010). The reason being that larger companies have bigger budgets and usually their brands well established. In some cases, it is far riskier for a larger business to do guerrilla marketing tactics. Which can cause problem when their stunts become a flop when compared to smaller business, as they do not run as much risk, as most people will just write it off as another failed stunt. Many methods in guerrilla marketing consist of \"graffiti (or reverse graffiti, where a dirty wall is selectively cleaned), interactive displays, intercept encounters in public spaces, flash mobs, or various PR stunts are often used.\"[35]Small business use social media as a form of marketing. \"Collecting billions of people around the world through a series of status updates, tweets, and other rich media\" (\"Guerrilla Marketing Strategies for Small Businesses\", 2013). Social media is a powerful tool in the world of business. Guerrilla marketing strategies and tactics are a great and cost effective way to generate\" awareness for business, products and services. To maximize full potential of marketing efforts, it's to blend them with a powerful and robust online marking strategy with a marketing automation software\" (\"Guerrilla Marketing Strategies for Small Businesses\", 2013). Which can boost small businesses. Guerrilla tactics consist of instruments that have effects on the efforts. Some instruments are usually there to maximize the surprise effect and some of these instruments mainly cutting advertising costs.\" Guerrilla marketing is a way of increasing the number of individuals exposed to the advertising with the cost of campaign. The instrument of diffusion helps to each a wide audience, which causes none or little cost because consumers (viral marketing) or the media (guerrilla PR) pass on the advertising message\" (\"Guerrilla Marketing: The Nature of the Concept and Propositions for Further Research\", 2016). Guerrilla campaigns usually implement a free ride approach, this means that to cut their costs and increase the number of recipients simultaneously to maximize the low cost effect. For example, they will try to benefit from placing advertisements on big events e.g. sporting events. Guerrilla marketing was regarded to target existing customers rather than new ones, aiming to increase their engagement with a product and/ or brand. \"When selecting audiences for a guerrilla message, a group that is already engaged with the product at some level is the best target; they will be quicker to recognize and respond to creative tactics, and more likely to share the experience with their friends, as social media has become a major feature of the market landscape, guerrilla marketing has shown to be particularly effective online. Consumers who regularly use social media are more likely to share their interactions with guerrilla marketing, and creative advertising can quickly go viral.\"[35]","title":"Guerrilla marketing"}] | [{"image_text":"Smokey Bear is the icon of the U.S. Forest Service's long-running campaign against wildfires.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Uncle_Sam_style_Smokey_Bear_Only_You.jpg/220px-Uncle_Sam_style_Smokey_Bear_Only_You.jpg"},{"image_text":"There are many examples of the tobacco industry targeting women","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Jane_Greer_-_I_changed_to_Camels%2C_May_1953.jpg/220px-Jane_Greer_-_I_changed_to_Camels%2C_May_1953.jpg"},{"image_text":"Customer journey with touchpoints English","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Customer_journey_with_touchpoints_English.png/220px-Customer_journey_with_touchpoints_English.png"}] | [{"title":"Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"title":"Advertising management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_management"},{"title":"Augmented Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_reality#Commerce"},{"title":"Campaign advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_advertising"},{"title":"Conditional rebate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_rebate"},{"title":"Family in advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_in_advertising"},{"title":"Mobile Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_campaign"},{"title":"Mobile Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_advertising"},{"title":"Radio commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_commercial"},{"title":"Television commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial"}] | [{"reference":"Belch, George; Belch, Michael (2004). Advertising and Promotion: an integrated marketing communications perspective. MacGraw-Hill/Irwin. ISBN 978-0078028977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0078028977","url_text":"978-0078028977"}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Don; Patti, Charles H.; Kitchen, Philip J. (2013). The Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communications: The Customer-driven Marketplace. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781317979616.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h89dAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25","url_text":"The Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communications: The Customer-driven Marketplace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317979616","url_text":"9781317979616"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Rachel; Angelopulo, George Charles (2005). Integrated Organisational Communication. Juta and Company. p. 301. ISBN 9780702166648.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rkS-Q-mYUC&pg=PA301","url_text":"Integrated Organisational Communication"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702166648","url_text":"9780702166648"}]},{"reference":"Ewing, Michael T. (2009-07-01). \"Integrated marketing communications measurement and evaluation\". Journal of Marketing Communications. 15 (2–3): 103–117. doi:10.1080/13527260902757514. ISSN 1352-7266.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260902757514","url_text":"\"Integrated marketing communications measurement and evaluation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13527260902757514","url_text":"10.1080/13527260902757514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1352-7266","url_text":"1352-7266"}]},{"reference":"\"Integrated Marketing Definitions\". Data & Marketing Association. October 30, 2015. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151030004014/https://thedma.org/membership/member-groups-communities/integrated-marketing-community/integrated-marketing-definitions/","url_text":"\"Integrated Marketing Definitions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%26_Marketing_Association","url_text":"Data & Marketing Association"},{"url":"https://thedma.org/membership/member-groups-communities/integrated-marketing-community/integrated-marketing-definitions/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Schultz, Don E.; Schultz, Heidi F. (1998-01-01). \"Transitioning marketing communication into the twenty-first century\". Journal of Marketing Communications. 4 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1080/135272698345852. 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New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. pp. 147–158.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Zwerin, Amanda; Clarke, Theresa B.; Clarke, Irvine (2020-02-23). \"Traditional and Emerging Integrated Marketing Communication Touchpoints Used in Effie Award-Winning Promotional Campaigns\". Journal of Promotion Management. 26 (2): 163–185. doi:10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626. ISSN 1049-6491.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626","url_text":"\"Traditional and Emerging Integrated Marketing Communication Touchpoints Used in Effie Award-Winning Promotional Campaigns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10496491.2019.1699626","url_text":"10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1049-6491","url_text":"1049-6491"}]},{"reference":"Kotler, P; Caslione, J. \"Chaotics - The Business of Managing and Marketing in the Age of Turbulence\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kolegjifama.eu/materialet/Biblioteka%20Elektronike/Chaotics%20The%20Business%20of%20Managing%20and%20Marketing%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Turbulence.pdf","url_text":"\"Chaotics - The Business of Managing and Marketing in the Age of Turbulence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guerrilla Marketing\". Marketing-schools.org. 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/guerrilla-marketing.html","url_text":"\"Guerrilla Marketing\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advertising_campaign&action=edit","external_links_name":"rewrite this article"},{"Link":"https://www.effie.org/worldwide/about","external_links_name":"Effie Award"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h89dAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25","external_links_name":"The Evolution of Integrated Marketing Communications: The Customer-driven Marketplace"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D7rkS-Q-mYUC&pg=PA301","external_links_name":"Integrated Organisational Communication"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13527260902757514","external_links_name":"\"Integrated marketing communications measurement and evaluation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13527260902757514","external_links_name":"10.1080/13527260902757514"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1352-7266","external_links_name":"1352-7266"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151030004014/https://thedma.org/membership/member-groups-communities/integrated-marketing-community/integrated-marketing-definitions/","external_links_name":"\"Integrated Marketing Definitions\""},{"Link":"https://thedma.org/membership/member-groups-communities/integrated-marketing-community/integrated-marketing-definitions/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F135272698345852","external_links_name":"10.1080/135272698345852"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1352-7266","external_links_name":"1352-7266"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VZQraFDCtIEC&pg=PA7","external_links_name":"Integrated Marketing Communications"},{"Link":"https://eduardsmarketing.club/marketing-communications-and-strategies/","external_links_name":"\"Marketing Communications and strategies\""},{"Link":"https://www.aitrillion.com/blog/best-email-marketing-tips-for-your-shopify-store/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://blog.citizennet.com/3-ways-to-get-the-most-out-of-your-holiday-ad-campaigns","external_links_name":"\"3 Ways To Get The Most Out Of Your Holiday Ad Campaigns\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xB5TCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"Cengage Advantage Books: American Government and Politics Today, Brief Edition"},{"Link":"https://www.thedrum.com/opinion/2019/12/05/creative-roi-ambition-the-way-forward-dooh","external_links_name":"\"Creative ROI ambition - the way forward for DOOH\""},{"Link":"http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/target-market","external_links_name":"\"Target Market\""},{"Link":"http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-defining-target-market-69728.html","external_links_name":"\"The Importance of Defining a Target Market\""},{"Link":"http://smallbusiness.chron.com/broad-targeting-advantages-marketing-25610.html","external_links_name":"\"The Broad Targeting Advantages in Marketing\""},{"Link":"http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-target-marketing-36131.html","external_links_name":"\"The Disadvantages of Target Marketing\""},{"Link":"http://smallbusiness.chron.com/positioning-marketing-plan-22983.html","external_links_name":"\"What Is Positioning in a Marketing Plan?\""},{"Link":"https://strategiccfo.com/market-positioning/","external_links_name":"\"Market Positioning • The Strategic CFO\""},{"Link":"http://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-product-positioning-marketing-plan-24275.html","external_links_name":"\"The Importance of Product Positioning to the Marketing Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/marketing/product/top-10-benefits-of-product-positioning/48605/","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Benefits of Product Positioning\""},{"Link":"http://brandtouchpointmatrix.com/","external_links_name":"http://brandtouchpointmatrix.com"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626","external_links_name":"\"Traditional and Emerging Integrated Marketing Communication Touchpoints Used in Effie Award-Winning Promotional Campaigns\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10496491.2019.1699626","external_links_name":"10.1080/10496491.2019.1699626"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1049-6491","external_links_name":"1049-6491"},{"Link":"http://www.kolegjifama.eu/materialet/Biblioteka%20Elektronike/Chaotics%20The%20Business%20of%20Managing%20and%20Marketing%20in%20the%20Age%20of%20Turbulence.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Chaotics - The Business of Managing and Marketing in the Age of Turbulence\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/guerrilla-marketing.html","external_links_name":"\"Guerrilla Marketing\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120762048","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120762048","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4134093-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292936605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001196","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_Braves | Rome Emperors | ["1 History","1.1 Organization's historical beginnings","1.2 The Macon Braves","1.3 Moving to Rome","1.4 2003 Inaugural season and championship","1.5 Beginning of Ingle era","1.6 Leadup to 2016 championship","1.7 Ingle's retirement, Rocket's return, start of Tuiasosopo era","1.8 2020 Season cancellation and High-A promotion","1.9 Emperors","2 Team mascot","3 Season-by-season records","4 Roster","5 Notable alumni","6 Notes","7 External links"] | Minor league baseball teamRome EmperorsFounded in 2003 Rome, Georgia
Team logo
Cap insignia
Minor league affiliationsClassHigh-A (2021–present)Previous classesClass A (2003–2020)LeagueSouth Atlantic League (2022–present)DivisionSouth DivisionPrevious leagues
High-A East (2021)
South Atlantic League (2003–2020)
Major league affiliationsTeamAtlanta Braves (2003–present)Minor league titlesLeague titles (2)20032016Division titles (2)20032016Second-half titles (1)2022Team dataNameRome Emperors (2024–present)Previous namesRome Braves (2003–2023)MascotJuliusBallparkAdventHealth Stadium (2003–present)Owner(s)/Operator(s)Diamond Baseball Holdings / Atlanta National League Baseball Club, Inc. General managerDavid LaneManagerCody Gabella
The Rome Emperors are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves. They are located in Rome, Georgia, and play their home games at AdventHealth Stadium. From 2003 to 2023, the team was known as the Rome Braves. They served as Atlanta's Class A affiliate before being elevated to High-A with the restructuring of the minor league system in 2021. Rome is the longest-tenured partner club of the Atlanta Braves.
History
Organization's historical beginnings
A longstanding member of the current iteration South Atlantic League since its inception, the Class A Atlanta Braves affiliate's history dates back to 1968 with the founding of the Greenwood Braves, sporting a roster featuring future major league talents such as Brett Butler, Steve Bedrosian, and Brian Snitker. Dale Murphy, Earl Williams and Rafeal Ramirez. The team was part of the Western Carolina's League from 1968-1979 winning three league titles before being moved to Anderson, SC The Anderson team received a great deal of support and experienced relatively high attendance figures during its short run. Despite the local support though, former Atlanta Braves owner Ted Turner moved the team to Sumter, South Carolina, after the 1984 season to establish the Sumter Braves. Sumter was a starting point for several major league talents, including an early stop for future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Tom Glavine. Sumter enjoyed the team for 6 seasons from 1985 to 1990. Notably for both Anderson and Sumter, their best finishes while in both locations came in seasons managed by current Atlanta manager Brian Snitker, who brought the Anderson team to a 72–70 5th-place finish in 1982, and a 77–60 3rd-place finish for Sumter in 1986. In Sumter, the team also earned their first opportunity in the SAL Playoffs as the First Half Champion of the 1985 North Division, going on to lose to the Greensboro Hornets in 2 games.
The Macon Braves
In 1991, the low league Braves saw themselves on the move once more when they transplanted the team to Macon, Georgia, thus becoming the Macon Braves. Macon had a very long history with minor league baseball before their time with the Braves, with the earliest assumed records dating back to 1885 with some nameless forms before their predominant history as the Macon Peaches in the original iteration of the South Atlantic League, which is still active today as the AA Southern League. The Braves brought baseball back to Macon following a three-season gap with the departure of the Pirates affiliate in 1987. As the Macon Braves, the team saw marginal success, earning a playoff bid in their inaugural 1991 season (2–0 series loss to the Columbia Mets), mid or lower pack of the SAL South Division from 1992 to 1996, a 1997 South Division Championship in 1997 which saw them win their first-ever Playoff series with a 2–1 win over the Augusta GreenJackets before falling to the Greensboro Bats 2–0 in the following round, subsequent Playoff runs in 1998 (2–0 series loss to Augusta) and 1999 (2–0 series loss to the Hickory Crawdads), and mid pack success in their final three seasons in Macon. In total, the team racked up an 850–820 record during their Macon years, with notable alumni such as Al Lopez, John Smoltz, Chipper Jones, and Andruw Jones. The Macon Braves would serve as the last time the city would host a major-league affiliated minor league team.
Moving to Rome
AdventHealth Stadium, home of the Rome Emperors since 2003
Following failed attempts to get the city of Macon to build a new ballpark for the team, as their home at Luther Williams Field was beginning to show its age and with the team still wanting over $1 million in renovations, the end of the 2002 season saw Atlanta decide again to move the franchise. Following the approval of a SPLOST tax, the city of Rome, Georgia, managed to entice the Braves organization, and as a result they became the new home of the Single-A affiliate starting with the 2003 season. The SPLOST tax helped with entirely building their home, AdventHealth Stadium, and a high level of optimism followed the team to Rome.
2003 Inaugural season and championship
Rocket Wheeler would be named the manager for the first season in Rome, and the start of his tenure in the Braves organization after previously serving the past three seasons as the manager for the AA then-Toronto Blue Jays affiliate Tennessee Smokies. During their inaugural season in Rome, the team started the first half of the 2003 South Atlantic League season with a 36–33 record, finishing foutth in the Southern Division and well outside the playoff spot won by Hickory. The second half featured a much better effort, with help from two future Braves fan-favorites in Brian McCann and Jeff Francoeur, and Rome got to a 42–38 record to win the Southern Division in the second half of the season and advance to the Playoffs for the time ever in Rome, and the sixth time overall since the original inception of the team in Anderson in 1980. Not only was it a historic first season in Rome by just making it to the playoffs, but the Rome Braves followed this with 2–1 series win over Hickory to advance to their first-ever South Atlantic League Championship, where they met the Lake County Captains. The series went to four games, and in their inaugural season, the Rome Braves won the 2003 South Atlantic League with a 3–1 series win over Lake County.
Beginning of Ingle era
After their first team championship in 2003, the following two seasons under Rocket Wheeler saw the team finish with a 70–70 record in 2004, and a 72–65 record in 2005, though neither were able to replicate the similar success of either a Championship or even a divisional crown. Rome went for a managerial change for the 2006 season, calling on Randy Ingle. Ingle served in the Braves organization for his entire 14 seasons prior to joining Rome, including two stops in 1993 and 2001 with Macon. He was also coming off of 4 years as the manager for the then Advanced-A affiliate Myrtle Beach Pelicans. Under Ingle, the 2006 Rome Braves won the 1st half South Division title with a 42–28 record to secure their first playoff trip since the Championship 2003 season, and finished the season with a 71–68 record and a 2–0 series loss to Augusta in the postseason. 2007–2010 saw the Rome Braves unable to climb out of the lower part of the South Division, finishing with losing records in all 4 seasons. Ingle would leave the team for the 2011 season, being sent down to manage the rookie league Danville Braves, however Ingle would return to Rome in 2012, as Rome finished the 2011 season with a 60–80 season and two different managers during the season with Matt Walbeck fired midseason by the organization after compiling a 25–45 bottom of the division record which was one of the worst in the minor leagues, and Walbeck being replaced by Rick Albert who led the team to a 35–35 finish. Ingle's 2012 return started off much poorer than the 2011 Rome start, with Rome compiling an 18–52 record in the 1st half. The 2nd half of the season fared much better for Rome, going 44–24 and securing their first divisional crown in 6 seasons, even despite the overall season finish of 62–72 which would be worst in the Southern Division. The Braves would lose to the eventual 2012 Champion Asheville Tourists 2 games to 1 in their playoff series.
Leadup to 2016 championship
Ingle would serve another season with Rome in 2013, finishing just shy of a 2nd straight trip to the SAL Playoffs during the 2nd half of the season, and finishing with a 73–66 overall record. Jon Schuerholz would take over the team in 2014, swapping managerial duties with Ingle who would return to Danville for 2014. Rome would finish 2014 with a 56–84 record, their 3rd time in the last 5 seasons that the Braves would finish at the bottom of the South Division in overall record. Ingle again returned to the team in 2015, producing a just as disappointing 58–82 record with Rome unable to escape the bottom of the division once again. Sporting one of the youngest clubs in full-season baseball, 2016 looked to be starting the same way under Ingle, with a 27–42 having them at 6th in the division heading into the midseason break. Things got much better though in what would turn out to be another historic season for Rome. Thanks to a pitching room featuring Mike Soroka, Kolby Allard, Max Fried, A. J. Minter, and Touki Toussaint, and two big time bats in the form of Ronald Acuña Jr. and Austin Riley, players that majorly make up most of the current major league roster for Atlanta gave Rome one of its biggest pushes and went on to finish the 2nd half with a 43–27 record, once again returning to the playoffs. From there, it was indeed history as the R-Braves would get a 2–1 series win over the division powerhouse Charleston RiverDogs in the semifinals, and then go on to capture their 2nd South Atlantic League title with a 3–1 series victory over the Lakewood BlueClaws.
Ingle's retirement, Rocket's return, start of Tuiasosopo era
Following their second championship season, Ingle would serve one last year as manager for the Rome Braves in 2017, end with his best overall record finish during his time in Rome at 74–65, but unfortunately coming up short of a return to postseason play. 2018 saw Rome return to their past by bringing back Rocket Wheeler, their manager from the 2003 Championship season and the two seasons following. Wheeler had spent his time since leaving Rome in the Braves organization, taking over the Pelicans for 5 seasons following his original departure, getting 1 season as the manager for the AA Mississippi Braves, and 4 seasons on the rookie level before managing the Braves Advanced A ball for the Carolina Mudcats in 2016 and Florida Fire Frogs in 2017. Wheeler's return in 2018 would show quick results with Rome finishing at the top of the South Division in the 1st half with a 40–29 record, though a slight slump in the 2nd half gave them a 31–36 record and 71–65 overall on the season. Rome would be eliminated in the playoffs by the 2nd half division champion, and eventual SAL Champion, Lexington Legends in a 2–0 series loss. For 2019 and into the modern day, Matt Tuiasosopo would be named the Rome Braves manager, and he would lead Rome to a 65–74 overall record while missing the playoffs.
2020 Season cancellation and High-A promotion
Like the entirety of the MiLB, the 2020 season was postponed and later cancelled for Rome following the COVID-19 pandemic. This also came following an off-season of rumors regarding the complete reorganization of the minor leagues, which would come into fruition following the cancellation of the 2020 season. On December 9, 2020, many of the major league clubs announced their new affiliations, totaling at 120 with each team sporting a Low-A, High-A, AA, and AAA team for 2021 and beyond. Rome was invited, and subsequently accepted said invite, back into the Braves organization as the new High-A affiliate, ending their run since the team's inception as the Low-A affiliate and replacing the Fire Frogs in their new spot. Their fellow South Atlantic League team, the Augusta GreenJackets, would be named the new Low-A affiliate, while the Mississippi Braves and Gwinnett Stripers would retain their status as AA and AAA affiliates for the Braves respectively.
As part of the announcement on February 12, 2021, announcement of the new Professional Development League alignment, Rome accepted their invitation as the High-A affiliate, and signed a new contract with the organization to continue their tenure together through the 2030 season. The announcement also included Rome's new league location, the newly created High-A East, with the Rome Braves joining former South Atlantic League opponents Asheville Tourists, Greensboro Grasshoppers, Greenville Drive, Hickory Crawdads, and Jersey Shore (formerly Lakewood) BlueClaws; alongside new opponents Aberdeen IronBirds, Brooklyn Cyclones, Hudson Valley Renegades, Wilmington Blue Rocks, Bowling Green Hot Rods, and Winston-Salem Dash. In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.
Emperors
After the 20 years of donning the Braves tomahawk across the chest, the Rome Braves announced on August 11, 2023, that they would be dropping Braves' moniker in 2024. On November 16, 2023, the team was renamed the Rome Emperors, with a cap insignia and logo that featured an emperor penguin.
Team mascot
Former Rome mascot Romey
Prior to 2024, Rome had three mascots, Romey, Roxie, and introduced for the 2015 season, their "son" Roman. Romey was a tall (6-foot-3-inch (1.91 m)), blue, furry humanoid male mascot with yellow hair, while Roxie, who was added to the team after the 2005 season, was 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall, humanoid, a lighter blue, and has a large yellow ponytail. Roman was also a furry blue humanoid male, his blue more matching that of Romey, with the added detail of his head being that of a baseball wearing a Roman soldier helmet.
Following Rome's rebrand in 2024, the team introduced a new mascot, Julius. An emperor penguin, his name is an homage to former Roman emperor Julius Caesar.
Season-by-season records
South Atlantic League champions(2003–present) *
Division champions(2003–present) ^
Season
Level
League
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Pct.
GB
Postseason
Awards
Ref.
2003
A
SAL *
Southern ^
2nd
78
61
.561
5½
Won First Round (Hickory) 2–1 ^Won Championship Series (Lake County) 3–1 *
2004
A
SAL
South
4th
70
70
.500
21
2005
A
SAL
South
4th
72
65
.526
7½
2006
A
SAL
South
5th
71
68
.511
21
Lost First Round (Augusta) 0–2
2007
A
SAL
South
6th
66
74
.471
15
2008
A
SAL
South
8th
56
81
.409
26
2009
A
SAL
Southern
6th
66
73
.475
7½
2010
A
SAL
Southern
7th
59
80
.424
18
2011
A
SAL
Southern
5th
60
80
.429
19½
2012
A
SAL
Southern
7th
62
76
.449
25
Lost First Round (Asheville) 1–2
2013
A
SAL
Southern
4th
73
66
.525
10
2014
A
SAL
Southern
7th
56
84
.400
34
2015
A
SAL
Southern
7th
58
82
.414
27½
2016
A
SAL *
Southern ^
4th
70
69
.504
6
Won First Round (Charleston) 2–1 ^Won Championship Series (Lakewood) 3–1 *
2017
A
SAL
Southern
3rd
74
65
.532
5
2018
A
SAL
Southern
2nd
71
65
.522
5
Lost First Round (Lexington) 0–2
2019
A
SAL
Southern
5th
65
74
.468
12½
2020
A
SAL
Southern
Season cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic
2021
A+
High-A East
South
4th
56
60
.483
25
2022
A+
SAL
South
2nd
74
54
.578
3
2023
A+
SAL
South
3rd
64
68
.485
9.5
Roster
Rome Emperors rostervte
Players
Coaches/Other
Pitchers
53 Ryan Bourassa
60 Lucas Braun
16 Chad Bryant
86 Blake Burkhalter
66 Rob Griswold
32 Drue Hackenberg
99 Landon Harper
59 Jared Johnson
38 Elison Joseph
43 Jhancarlos Lara
11 Owen Murphy
8 Shay Schanaman
25 Spencer Schwellenbach
52 Samuel Strickland
18 Tyree Thompson
45 Cory Wall
Catchers
19 Nick Clarno
28 Dawson Dimon
27 Adam Zebrowski
Infielders
30 Carlos Arroyo
23 Sabin Ceballos
2 E.J. Exposito
26 Justin Janas
9 Ambioris Tavarez
14 Nick Ward
Outfielders
34 Jeremy Celedonio
4 Kevin Kilpatrick Jr.
24 Stephen Paolini
7 Ethan Workinger
15 Bryson Worrell
Manager
-- Cody Gabella
Coaches
1 Bobby Moore (coach)
22 Mike Steed (pitching)
-- Danny Santiesteban (hitting)
60-day injured list
-- Cedric De Grandpre
51 Daniel Martinez
-- David McCabe
7-day injured list
* On Atlanta Braves 40-man roster
~ Development list
# Rehab assignment
∞ Reserve list
‡ Restricted list
§ Suspended list
† Temporarily inactive list
Roster updated May 2, 2024
Transactions
→ More rosters: MiLB • South Atlantic League
→ Atlanta Braves minor league players
Notable alumni
Max Fried
Jason Marquis
Hall of Fame alumni
Tom Glavine (Played 1 game for the team in 2009)
Chipper Jones (Played 1 game for the team in 2004, 3 games in 2005, 2 games in 2011, and 2 games in 2012)
John Smoltz (2008) Inducted, 2016
Notable alumni
Blaine Boyer
Kyle Davies
Yunel Escobar
Julio Franco (Played 4 games for the team in 2007)
Jeff Francoeur
Freddie Freeman
Max Fried
Tommy Hanson
Jason Heyward
Omar Infante (Played 3 games for the team in 2009)
Chuck James
Kelly Johnson (Played 5 games for the team in 2006)
Brandon Jones
Brian Jordan (Played 1 game for the team in 2006)
Jason Marquis (1997)
Brian McCann
Martín Prado
David Ross (Played 2 games for the team in 2009)
Jo-Jo Reyes
Jarrod Saltalamacchia
Ronald Acuña Jr. (2016)
Notes
^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). "MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
^ "Historical League Names to Return in 2022". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
^ George, Evelyn (August 11, 2023). "Rome Braves plan to change team name in 2024 season, accepting fan suggestions". News Now Georgia. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
^ Jackson, Josh (August 14, 2023). "Rome announces name change for 2024 season". MILB.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
^ Hill, Benjamin (November 16, 2023). "Black and white and Rome all over: Braves affiliate unveils new name, logos". MLB.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
^ a b c d e "2003 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ a b c d e "2004 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ a b c "2005 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ a b c d "2006 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ a b "2007 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2008 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2009 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
^ "2010 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2011 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2012 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2013 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2014 South Atlantic League". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2015 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2016 South Atlantic League". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2017 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2018 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2019 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2021 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.
^ "2022 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
^ "2023 Rome Braves Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
^ "Chipper Jones Minor Leagues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^ Dawson, David (May 31, 2008). "Smoltz effective in loss: Atlanta pitcher makes last appearance with Rome". Rome News-Tribune. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008.
^ "Brandon Jones Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
^ "Phil Niekro Award: Braves Outstanding Minor League Pitcher". Braves 400 Club. Archived from the original on January 27, 2001. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
External links
Official website
vteRome, GeorgiaSchools
Rome City SD
Elm St ES
Rome HS
Darlington School
Shorter University
Georgia Northwestern Technical College Rome Campus
Transportation
Richard B. Russell Airport (outside the Rome city limits)
Landmarks
AdventHealth Stadium
Atrium Health Floyd Medical Center
Barron Stadium
Chieftains Museum (Major Ridge Home)
Culture
Rome Emperors
This list is incomplete.Berry College and Georgia Highlands College are outside of the Rome city limitsFloyd County School District's Armuchee High School and Coosa High School have Rome addresses but are not in the city limits; their attendance boundaries do not include the city limits.
vteAtlanta Braves
Established in 1871
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1892
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2010
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Minor leagueaffiliates
Triple-A: Gwinnett Stripers
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Seasons (154)1870s
1870 · 1871
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vteSouth Atlantic LeagueNorth Division
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Atlanta Vibe | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_League"},{"link_name":"High-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Rome, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"AdventHealth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdventHealth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Class A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_A_(baseball)"}],"text":"Minor league baseball teamThe Rome Emperors are a Minor League Baseball team of the South Atlantic League and the High-A affiliate of the Atlanta Braves. They are located in Rome, Georgia, and play their home games at AdventHealth Stadium. From 2003 to 2023, the team was known as the Rome Braves. They served as Atlanta's Class A affiliate before being elevated to High-A with the restructuring of the minor league system in 2021. Rome is the longest-tenured partner club of the Atlanta Braves.","title":"Rome Emperors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_League"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Braves"},{"link_name":"Brett Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dusty_Baker_(baseball)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Steve Bedrosian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bedrosian"},{"link_name":"Brian Snitker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Snitker"},{"link_name":"Ted Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Turner"},{"link_name":"Sumter, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Sumter Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumter_Braves"},{"link_name":"Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Tom Glavine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Glavine"},{"link_name":"Brian Snitker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Snitker"},{"link_name":"Greensboro Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Hornets"}],"sub_title":"Organization's historical beginnings","text":"A longstanding member of the current iteration South Atlantic League since its inception, the Class A Atlanta Braves affiliate's history dates back to 1968 with the founding of the Greenwood Braves, sporting a roster featuring future major league talents such as Brett Butler, Steve Bedrosian, and Brian Snitker. Dale Murphy, Earl Williams and Rafeal Ramirez. The team was part of the Western Carolina's League from 1968-1979 winning three league titles before being moved to Anderson, SC The Anderson team received a great deal of support and experienced relatively high attendance figures during its short run. Despite the local support though, former Atlanta Braves owner Ted Turner moved the team to Sumter, South Carolina, after the 1984 season to establish the Sumter Braves. Sumter was a starting point for several major league talents, including an early stop for future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Tom Glavine. Sumter enjoyed the team for 6 seasons from 1985 to 1990. Notably for both Anderson and Sumter, their best finishes while in both locations came in seasons managed by current Atlanta manager Brian Snitker, who brought the Anderson team to a 72–70 5th-place finish in 1982, and a 77–60 3rd-place finish for Sumter in 1986. In Sumter, the team also earned their first opportunity in the SAL Playoffs as the First Half Champion of the 1985 North Division, going on to lose to the Greensboro Hornets in 2 games.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Macon Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_Braves"},{"link_name":"Southern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_League_(1964%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Columbia Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Mets"},{"link_name":"Augusta GreenJackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_GreenJackets"},{"link_name":"Greensboro Bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Bats"},{"link_name":"Hickory Crawdads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Crawdads"},{"link_name":"Al Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Lopez"},{"link_name":"John Smoltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smoltz"},{"link_name":"Chipper Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipper_Jones"},{"link_name":"Andruw Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andruw_Jones"}],"sub_title":"The Macon Braves","text":"In 1991, the low league Braves saw themselves on the move once more when they transplanted the team to Macon, Georgia, thus becoming the Macon Braves. Macon had a very long history with minor league baseball before their time with the Braves, with the earliest assumed records dating back to 1885 with some nameless forms before their predominant history as the Macon Peaches in the original iteration of the South Atlantic League, which is still active today as the AA Southern League. The Braves brought baseball back to Macon following a three-season gap with the departure of the Pirates affiliate in 1987. As the Macon Braves, the team saw marginal success, earning a playoff bid in their inaugural 1991 season (2–0 series loss to the Columbia Mets), mid or lower pack of the SAL South Division from 1992 to 1996, a 1997 South Division Championship in 1997 which saw them win their first-ever Playoff series with a 2–1 win over the Augusta GreenJackets before falling to the Greensboro Bats 2–0 in the following round, subsequent Playoff runs in 1998 (2–0 series loss to Augusta) and 1999 (2–0 series loss to the Hickory Crawdads), and mid pack success in their final three seasons in Macon. In total, the team racked up an 850–820 record during their Macon years, with notable alumni such as Al Lopez, John Smoltz, Chipper Jones, and Andruw Jones. The Macon Braves would serve as the last time the city would host a major-league affiliated minor league team.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_Mutual_Stadium,_Rome,_GA_Nov_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"AdventHealth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdventHealth_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Luther Williams Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Williams_Field"},{"link_name":"SPLOST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPLOST"},{"link_name":"Rome, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"AdventHealth Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdventHealth_Stadium"}],"sub_title":"Moving to Rome","text":"AdventHealth Stadium, home of the Rome Emperors since 2003Following failed attempts to get the city of Macon to build a new ballpark for the team, as their home at Luther Williams Field was beginning to show its age and with the team still wanting over $1 million in renovations, the end of the 2002 season saw Atlanta decide again to move the franchise. Following the approval of a SPLOST tax, the city of Rome, Georgia, managed to entice the Braves organization, and as a result they became the new home of the Single-A affiliate starting with the 2003 season. The SPLOST tax helped with entirely building their home, AdventHealth Stadium, and a high level of optimism followed the team to Rome.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rocket Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Smokies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Smokies"},{"link_name":"Brian McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McCann_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Francoeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Francoeur"},{"link_name":"Lake County Captains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_County_Captains"}],"sub_title":"2003 Inaugural season and championship","text":"Rocket Wheeler would be named the manager for the first season in Rome, and the start of his tenure in the Braves organization after previously serving the past three seasons as the manager for the AA then-Toronto Blue Jays affiliate Tennessee Smokies. During their inaugural season in Rome, the team started the first half of the 2003 South Atlantic League season with a 36–33 record, finishing foutth in the Southern Division and well outside the playoff spot won by Hickory. The second half featured a much better effort, with help from two future Braves fan-favorites in Brian McCann and Jeff Francoeur, and Rome got to a 42–38 record to win the Southern Division in the second half of the season and advance to the Playoffs for the time ever in Rome, and the sixth time overall since the original inception of the team in Anderson in 1980. Not only was it a historic first season in Rome by just making it to the playoffs, but the Rome Braves followed this with 2–1 series win over Hickory to advance to their first-ever South Atlantic League Championship, where they met the Lake County Captains. The series went to four games, and in their inaugural season, the Rome Braves won the 2003 South Atlantic League with a 3–1 series win over Lake County.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myrtle Beach Pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtle_Beach_Pelicans"},{"link_name":"Danville Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danville_Braves"},{"link_name":"Matt Walbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Walbeck"},{"link_name":"Rick Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Albert"}],"sub_title":"Beginning of Ingle era","text":"After their first team championship in 2003, the following two seasons under Rocket Wheeler saw the team finish with a 70–70 record in 2004, and a 72–65 record in 2005, though neither were able to replicate the similar success of either a Championship or even a divisional crown. Rome went for a managerial change for the 2006 season, calling on Randy Ingle. Ingle served in the Braves organization for his entire 14 seasons prior to joining Rome, including two stops in 1993 and 2001 with Macon. He was also coming off of 4 years as the manager for the then Advanced-A affiliate Myrtle Beach Pelicans. Under Ingle, the 2006 Rome Braves won the 1st half South Division title with a 42–28 record to secure their first playoff trip since the Championship 2003 season, and finished the season with a 71–68 record and a 2–0 series loss to Augusta in the postseason. 2007–2010 saw the Rome Braves unable to climb out of the lower part of the South Division, finishing with losing records in all 4 seasons. Ingle would leave the team for the 2011 season, being sent down to manage the rookie league Danville Braves, however Ingle would return to Rome in 2012, as Rome finished the 2011 season with a 60–80 season and two different managers during the season with Matt Walbeck fired midseason by the organization after compiling a 25–45 bottom of the division record which was one of the worst in the minor leagues, and Walbeck being replaced by Rick Albert who led the team to a 35–35 finish. Ingle's 2012 return started off much poorer than the 2011 Rome start, with Rome compiling an 18–52 record in the 1st half. The 2nd half of the season fared much better for Rome, going 44–24 and securing their first divisional crown in 6 seasons, even despite the overall season finish of 62–72 which would be worst in the Southern Division. The Braves would lose to the eventual 2012 Champion Asheville Tourists 2 games to 1 in their playoff series.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Soroka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Soroka"},{"link_name":"Kolby Allard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolby_Allard"},{"link_name":"Max Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fried"},{"link_name":"A. J. Minter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Minter"},{"link_name":"Touki Toussaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touki_Toussaint"},{"link_name":"Ronald Acuña Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Acu%C3%B1a_Jr."},{"link_name":"Austin Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Riley"},{"link_name":"Charleston RiverDogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_RiverDogs"},{"link_name":"Lakewood BlueClaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_BlueClaws"}],"sub_title":"Leadup to 2016 championship","text":"Ingle would serve another season with Rome in 2013, finishing just shy of a 2nd straight trip to the SAL Playoffs during the 2nd half of the season, and finishing with a 73–66 overall record. Jon Schuerholz would take over the team in 2014, swapping managerial duties with Ingle who would return to Danville for 2014. Rome would finish 2014 with a 56–84 record, their 3rd time in the last 5 seasons that the Braves would finish at the bottom of the South Division in overall record. Ingle again returned to the team in 2015, producing a just as disappointing 58–82 record with Rome unable to escape the bottom of the division once again. Sporting one of the youngest clubs in full-season baseball, 2016 looked to be starting the same way under Ingle, with a 27–42 having them at 6th in the division heading into the midseason break. Things got much better though in what would turn out to be another historic season for Rome. Thanks to a pitching room featuring Mike Soroka, Kolby Allard, Max Fried, A. J. Minter, and Touki Toussaint, and two big time bats in the form of Ronald Acuña Jr. and Austin Riley, players that majorly make up most of the current major league roster for Atlanta gave Rome one of its biggest pushes and went on to finish the 2nd half with a 43–27 record, once again returning to the playoffs. From there, it was indeed history as the R-Braves would get a 2–1 series win over the division powerhouse Charleston RiverDogs in the semifinals, and then go on to capture their 2nd South Atlantic League title with a 3–1 series victory over the Lakewood BlueClaws.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mississippi Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_Braves"},{"link_name":"Carolina Mudcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Mudcats"},{"link_name":"Florida Fire Frogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Fire_Frogs"},{"link_name":"Lexington Legends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Legends"}],"sub_title":"Ingle's retirement, Rocket's return, start of Tuiasosopo era","text":"Following their second championship season, Ingle would serve one last year as manager for the Rome Braves in 2017, end with his best overall record finish during his time in Rome at 74–65, but unfortunately coming up short of a return to postseason play. 2018 saw Rome return to their past by bringing back Rocket Wheeler, their manager from the 2003 Championship season and the two seasons following. Wheeler had spent his time since leaving Rome in the Braves organization, taking over the Pelicans for 5 seasons following his original departure, getting 1 season as the manager for the AA Mississippi Braves, and 4 seasons on the rookie level before managing the Braves Advanced A ball for the Carolina Mudcats in 2016 and Florida Fire Frogs in 2017. Wheeler's return in 2018 would show quick results with Rome finishing at the top of the South Division in the 1st half with a 40–29 record, though a slight slump in the 2nd half gave them a 31–36 record and 71–65 overall on the season. Rome would be eliminated in the playoffs by the 2nd half division champion, and eventual SAL Champion, Lexington Legends in a 2–0 series loss. For 2019 and into the modern day, Matt Tuiasosopo would be named the Rome Braves manager, and he would lead Rome to a 65–74 overall record while missing the playoffs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MiLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiLB"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"High-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A"},{"link_name":"Gwinnett Stripers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinnett_Stripers"},{"link_name":"High-A East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-A_East"},{"link_name":"Asheville Tourists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville_Tourists"},{"link_name":"Greensboro Grasshoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro_Grasshoppers"},{"link_name":"Greenville Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_Drive"},{"link_name":"Hickory Crawdads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Crawdads"},{"link_name":"Jersey Shore (formerly Lakewood) BlueClaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Shore_BlueClaws"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen IronBirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_IronBirds"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Cyclones"},{"link_name":"Hudson Valley Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley_Renegades"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Blue Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington_Blue_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green Hot Rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Hot_Rods"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem Dash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Dash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JMayo2-12-2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SALrename-2"}],"sub_title":"2020 Season cancellation and High-A promotion","text":"Like the entirety of the MiLB, the 2020 season was postponed and later cancelled for Rome following the COVID-19 pandemic. This also came following an off-season of rumors regarding the complete reorganization of the minor leagues, which would come into fruition following the cancellation of the 2020 season. On December 9, 2020, many of the major league clubs announced their new affiliations, totaling at 120 with each team sporting a Low-A, High-A, AA, and AAA team for 2021 and beyond. Rome was invited, and subsequently accepted said invite, back into the Braves organization as the new High-A affiliate, ending their run since the team's inception as the Low-A affiliate and replacing the Fire Frogs in their new spot. Their fellow South Atlantic League team, the Augusta GreenJackets, would be named the new Low-A affiliate, while the Mississippi Braves and Gwinnett Stripers would retain their status as AA and AAA affiliates for the Braves respectively.As part of the announcement on February 12, 2021, announcement of the new Professional Development League alignment, Rome accepted their invitation as the High-A affiliate, and signed a new contract with the organization to continue their tenure together through the 2030 season. The announcement also included Rome's new league location, the newly created High-A East, with the Rome Braves joining former South Atlantic League opponents Asheville Tourists, Greensboro Grasshoppers, Greenville Drive, Hickory Crawdads, and Jersey Shore (formerly Lakewood) BlueClaws; alongside new opponents Aberdeen IronBirds, Brooklyn Cyclones, Hudson Valley Renegades, Wilmington Blue Rocks, Bowling Green Hot Rods, and Winston-Salem Dash.[1] In 2022, the High-A East became known as the South Atlantic League, the name historically used by the regional circuit prior to the 2021 reorganization.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"emperor penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_penguin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Emperors","text":"After the 20 years of donning the Braves tomahawk across the chest, the Rome Braves announced on August 11, 2023, that they would be dropping Braves' moniker in 2024.[3][4] On November 16, 2023, the team was renamed the Rome Emperors, with a cap insignia and logo that featured an emperor penguin.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romey_mascot,_Rome_Braves,_May_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"mascots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"ponytail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponytail"},{"link_name":"Roman soldier helmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galea_(helmet)"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"}],"text":"Former Rome mascot RomeyPrior to 2024, Rome had three mascots, Romey, Roxie, and introduced for the 2015 season, their \"son\" Roman. Romey was a tall (6-foot-3-inch (1.91 m)), blue, furry humanoid male mascot with yellow hair, while Roxie, who was added to the team after the 2005 season, was 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall, humanoid, a lighter blue, and has a large yellow ponytail. Roman was also a furry blue humanoid male, his blue more matching that of Romey, with the added detail of his head being that of a baseball wearing a Roman soldier helmet.Following Rome's rebrand in 2024, the team introduced a new mascot, Julius. An emperor penguin, his name is an homage to former Roman emperor Julius Caesar.","title":"Team mascot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season-by-season records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Fried_July_16,_2019_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Max Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fried"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MG_6582_Jason_Marquis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jason Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Marquis"},{"link_name":"Tom Glavine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Glavine"},{"link_name":"Chipper Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipper_Jones"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-8"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"John Smoltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smoltz"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Blaine Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_Boyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"Kyle Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Davies_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"Yunel Escobar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunel_Escobar"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-8"},{"link_name":"Julio Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Franco"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2007_stats-10"},{"link_name":"Jeff Francoeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Francoeur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"Freddie Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Max Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fried"},{"link_name":"Tommy Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hanson"},{"link_name":"Jason Heyward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Heyward"},{"link_name":"Omar Infante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Infante"},{"link_name":"Chuck James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_James"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"Kelly Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Johnson_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"Brandon Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Jones_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Brian Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"Jason Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Marquis"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Brian McCann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_McCann_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-6"},{"link_name":"Martín Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Prado"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"David Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ross_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Jo-Jo Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo-Jo_Reyes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"},{"link_name":"Jarrod Saltalamacchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrod_Saltalamacchia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"Ronald Acuña Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Acu%C3%B1a_Jr."}],"text":"Max FriedJason MarquisHall of Fame alumni\n\nTom Glavine (Played 1 game for the team in 2009)\nChipper Jones (Played 1 game for the team in 2004,[7] 3 games in 2005,[8] 2 games in 2011, and 2 games in 2012[26])\nJohn Smoltz (2008) Inducted, 2016[27]\nNotable alumni\n\nBlaine Boyer[6]\nKyle Davies[6]\nYunel Escobar[8]\nJulio Franco (Played 4 games for the team in 2007[10])\nJeff Francoeur[6]\nFreddie Freeman\nMax Fried\nTommy Hanson\nJason Heyward\nOmar Infante (Played 3 games for the team in 2009)\nChuck James[7]\nKelly Johnson (Played 5 games for the team in 2006[9])\nBrandon Jones[28]\nBrian Jordan (Played 1 game for the team in 2006[9])\nJason Marquis (1997)[29]\nBrian McCann[6]\nMartín Prado[7]\nDavid Ross (Played 2 games for the team in 2009)\nJo-Jo Reyes[9]\nJarrod Saltalamacchia[7]\nRonald Acuña Jr. (2016)","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-JMayo2-12-2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SALrename_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Rome Braves plan to change team name in 2024 season, accepting fan suggestions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newsnowgeorgia.com/sports/rome-braves-plan-to-change-team-name-in-2024-season-accepting-fan-suggestions/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Rome announces name change for 2024 season\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.milb.com/news/rome-braves-to-take-on-new-name-for-2024"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Black and white and Rome all over: Braves affiliate unveils new name, logos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mlb.com/braves/news/atlanta-braves-affiliate-unveils-new-rome-emperors-identity"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated2_6-4"},{"link_name":"\"2003 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=1d415766"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-4"},{"link_name":"\"2004 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=b3e06ed4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated4_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated4_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated4_8-2"},{"link_name":"\"2005 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=b435215e"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-3"},{"link_name":"\"2006 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=7ddfaf93"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2007_stats_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2007_stats_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"2007 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=ce8257a8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"2008 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=fc6d6aa5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"2009 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=3a201b57"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"2010 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=95578271"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"2011 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=f2efc6a7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"2012 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=58eac5fd"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"2013 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=5a240d3d"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"2014 South Atlantic League\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=34046118"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"2015 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=7374ab0f"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"2016 South Atlantic League\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=8089b231"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"2017 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=76c10f37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"2018 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=9ed0c62f"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"2019 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=94f0dc87"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"2021 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=c9b57ce9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"2022 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=ced7db04"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"2023 Rome Braves Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=451a75dc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"Chipper Jones Minor Leagues Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=jones-005lar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"Smoltz effective in loss: Atlanta pitcher makes last appearance with Rome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080604085543/http://news.mywebpal.com/partners/680/public/news906559.html"},{"link_name":"Rome News-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_News-Tribune"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.mywebpal.com/partners/680/public/news906559.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"Brandon Jones Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=jones-002bra"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Phil Niekro Award: Braves Outstanding Minor League Pitcher\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20010127165700/http://www.braves400.org/event_gameboree_phil_niekro.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.braves400.org/event_gameboree_phil_niekro.html"}],"text":"^ Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). \"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.\n\n^ \"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022. \n\n^ George, Evelyn (August 11, 2023). \"Rome Braves plan to change team name in 2024 season, accepting fan suggestions\". News Now Georgia. Retrieved November 18, 2023.\n\n^ Jackson, Josh (August 14, 2023). \"Rome announces name change for 2024 season\". MILB.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.\n\n^ Hill, Benjamin (November 16, 2023). \"Black and white and Rome all over: Braves affiliate unveils new name, logos\". MLB.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.\n\n^ a b c d e \"2003 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ a b c d e \"2004 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ a b c \"2005 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ a b c d \"2006 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ a b \"2007 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2008 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2009 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.\n\n^ \"2010 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2011 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2012 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2013 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2014 South Atlantic League\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2015 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2016 South Atlantic League\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2017 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2018 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2019 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2021 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.\n\n^ \"2022 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.\n\n^ \"2023 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.\n\n^ \"Chipper Jones Minor Leagues Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved June 20, 2012.\n\n^ Dawson, David (May 31, 2008). \"Smoltz effective in loss: Atlanta pitcher makes last appearance with Rome\". Rome News-Tribune. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008.\n\n^ \"Brandon Jones Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.\n\n^ \"Phil Niekro Award: Braves Outstanding Minor League Pitcher\". Braves 400 Club. Archived from the original on January 27, 2001. Retrieved July 20, 2009.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"AdventHealth Stadium, home of the Rome Emperors since 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/State_Mutual_Stadium%2C_Rome%2C_GA_Nov_2017.jpg/220px-State_Mutual_Stadium%2C_Rome%2C_GA_Nov_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Rome mascot Romey","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Romey_mascot%2C_Rome_Braves%2C_May_2018.jpg/220px-Romey_mascot%2C_Rome_Braves%2C_May_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Max Fried","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Max_Fried_July_16%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Max_Fried_July_16%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jason Marquis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/MG_6582_Jason_Marquis.jpg/150px-MG_6582_Jason_Marquis.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Mayo, Jonathan (February 12, 2021). \"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\". Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","url_text":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\". Minor League Baseball. March 16, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022","url_text":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\""}]},{"reference":"George, Evelyn (August 11, 2023). \"Rome Braves plan to change team name in 2024 season, accepting fan suggestions\". News Now Georgia. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsnowgeorgia.com/sports/rome-braves-plan-to-change-team-name-in-2024-season-accepting-fan-suggestions/","url_text":"\"Rome Braves plan to change team name in 2024 season, accepting fan suggestions\""}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Josh (August 14, 2023). \"Rome announces name change for 2024 season\". MILB.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/rome-braves-to-take-on-new-name-for-2024","url_text":"\"Rome announces name change for 2024 season\""}]},{"reference":"Hill, Benjamin (November 16, 2023). \"Black and white and Rome all over: Braves affiliate unveils new name, logos\". MLB.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/atlanta-braves-affiliate-unveils-new-rome-emperors-identity","url_text":"\"Black and white and Rome all over: Braves affiliate unveils new name, logos\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=1d415766","url_text":"\"2003 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=b3e06ed4","url_text":"\"2004 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=b435215e","url_text":"\"2005 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=7ddfaf93","url_text":"\"2006 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2007 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=ce8257a8","url_text":"\"2007 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=fc6d6aa5","url_text":"\"2008 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=3a201b57","url_text":"\"2009 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=95578271","url_text":"\"2010 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=f2efc6a7","url_text":"\"2011 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=58eac5fd","url_text":"\"2012 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=5a240d3d","url_text":"\"2013 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2014 South Atlantic League\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=34046118","url_text":"\"2014 South Atlantic League\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=7374ab0f","url_text":"\"2015 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 South Atlantic League\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=8089b231","url_text":"\"2016 South Atlantic League\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=76c10f37","url_text":"\"2017 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=9ed0c62f","url_text":"\"2018 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi?id=94f0dc87","url_text":"\"2019 Rome Braves Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Rome Braves Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. 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Rome News-Tribune. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604085543/http://news.mywebpal.com/partners/680/public/news906559.html","url_text":"\"Smoltz effective in loss: Atlanta pitcher makes last appearance with Rome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_News-Tribune","url_text":"Rome News-Tribune"},{"url":"http://news.mywebpal.com/partners/680/public/news906559.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Brandon Jones Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=jones-002bra","url_text":"\"Brandon Jones Minor, Winter & Independent Leagues Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phil Niekro Award: Braves Outstanding Minor League Pitcher\". Braves 400 Club. Archived from the original on January 27, 2001. Retrieved July 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010127165700/http://www.braves400.org/event_gameboree_phil_niekro.html","url_text":"\"Phil Niekro Award: Braves Outstanding Minor League Pitcher\""},{"url":"http://www.braves400.org/event_gameboree_phil_niekro.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/rome/roster","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/rome/roster/transactions","external_links_name":"Transactions"},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/news/new-minor-league-baseball-structure","external_links_name":"\"MLB Announces New Minors Teams, Leagues\""},{"Link":"https://www.milb.com/news/minor-league-baseball-historical-league-names-to-return-in-2022","external_links_name":"\"Historical League Names to Return in 2022\""},{"Link":"https://newsnowgeorgia.com/sports/rome-braves-plan-to-change-team-name-in-2024-season-accepting-fan-suggestions/","external_links_name":"\"Rome Braves plan to change team name in 2024 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_industrial_music_festivals | List of industrial music festivals | ["1 Festivals","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | List of industrial festivalsGeneral InformationRelated genresIndustrial music, electro-industrial, EBM, industrial rock, industrial metalLocationWorldwideRelated eventsConcert tour, music festival, heavy metal festivals, EDM festivals, goth festivals, rock festivals, punk festivalsRelated topicsCassette culture, rivethead, steampunk, industrial music bands
The following is an incomplete list of industrial music festivals, which encapsulates music festivals focused on industrial music. The list may have some overlap with list of electronic music festivals, list of gothic festivals, and list of heavy metal festivals. Industrial music is a genre of experimental music that draws on transgressive and provocative themes. The term was coined in the mid-1970s, and precursors included acts such as electronic group Kraftwerk, experimental rock acts such as The Velvet Underground and Frank Zappa, psychedelic rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix, and composers such as John Cage. AllMusic defines industrial as the "most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music"; "initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments (tape music, musique concrète, white noise, synthesizers, sequencers, etc.) and punk provocation".
Notable hybrid genres are industrial rock from the late 1970s and industrial metal from the 1980s, while electro-industrial developed in the late 1980s. Because of its genre fluidity, industrial music may be featured at rock festivals, heavy metal festivals, goth festivals, and electronic music festivals, though there are also festivals dedicated solely to industrial music. In North America in particular, electro-industrial music is often termed industrial dance, and since the late 1980s industrial music festivals often attract industrial fans termed rivetheads or cybergoths, with other countercultures such as cyberpunk and goth appearing as well. Cybergoth dance styles include rave dance styles, while more rock-focused festivals may feature dance styles such as pogoing, headbanging, and moshing. The rivethead dress code that emerged in the late 1980s is militaristic with hints of punk aesthetics and fetish fashion, while cybergoth fashion from the late 1990s combines rivethead industrial aesthetics with a style associated with "gravers" (gothic ravers).
Festivals
See also: Category:Industrial music festivals
Festival name
Years
Location
Genre and details
Hellsinki industrial festival
2018-present
Helsinki, Finland
3-day festival with international lineup that focuses on industrial, EBM and industrial metal. The festival is held annually during Halloween season. Headliners include Suicide commando, Covenant, Blutengel, Rotersand and Hocico.
Berlin Atonal
1982–1990 2013–present
Germany
Originally held at SO36 in Kreuzberg, the early years of Atonal fostered revolutionary and innovative musical acts such as Psychic TV, Einstürzende Neubauten, Test Dept, 808 State, Die Haut among many others.
Whitby Goth Weekend
1994–present
Whitby, North Yorkshire, UK
Twice-yearly goth festival with genres such as EBM and industrial
Dark Force Fest
2023-present
New Jersey, U.S.
Annual Gothic-Industrial festival hosted by VampireFreaks. 2 stages over 3 days, featuring over 30 bands, vendors, club events, performers, panels and presentations.
Prague Industrial Festival
1995–?
Czech Republic
Organized by Martina Sanollová
Infest
1998–present
Bradford, England
Mixture of electronic, industrial and gothic music
Bats Day in the Fun Park
1999–present
Anaheim, California, U.S.
Created by two local goth/industrial and deathrock clubs
Maschinenfest
1999–2018
Oberhausen, Germany
Industrial, power electronics, and other alternative electronic performers
Noize Of Life
2017-present
Mannheim, Germany
Industrial, power electronics, and other alternative electronic performers
Tinnitus
1999–2009
Stockholm, Sweden
subgenres of alternative electronic music such as Industrial, EBM, Synthpop and Futurepop
M'era Luna Festival
2000–present
Hildesheim, Germany
Goth, metal and industrial music
Lumous Gothic Festival
2001–2020
Finland
Genres such as gothic rock, deathrock, industrial, EBM and neofolk
Forms of Hands
2001–present
Bönen, Germany
2 days, industrial, power electronics, musicians and bands published by the German hands label
Reverence
2003–2009
Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.
An electronic music festival with primarily aggrotech, electro-industrial and synthpop bands
C.O.M.A.
2004–2008
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
industrial, power electronics other alternative electronic musicians and DJs.
Eccentrik
2004–2009
Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.
A 3-day industrial and goth music festival
Amphi Festival
2005–Present
Cologne, Germany
EBM/Industrial festival held at the Tanzbrunen in Cologne. The first year the festival was held at the Amphitheatre at Gelsenkirchen however it transferred to the Tanzbrunnen, Cologne in 2006. The festival is held over 2 days in late July and audience numbers are typically around 12,000 spectators per day. Currently the festival has three stages and typically hosts approximately 44 artists over the event
Blacksun Festival
2005–2007
New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
3-day industrial and goth music international festival
Distorted Music Festival
2005
Melbourne, Australia
One year EDM festival that featured underground/mainstream electronic artists, with the genres of breakcore, IDM, noise, industrial, power noise, and glitch
Kinetik Festival
2008–2013
Canada
C.O.M.A. was essentially replaced by the Kinetik Festival
Resistanz
2011–2016, 2020-?
Sheffield, United Kingdom
Large industrial music festival
Renaissance Alternative Music Festival
2011–present
London, UK
Alternative Music and Art Festival with focus on Industrial, Industrial Metal, Metal, Gothic
Cold Waves
2012–present
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Annual industrial music festival honoring the memory of deceased Chicago-based musician Jamie Duffy.
Aftermath Festival
2014–2015
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
In 2014, Kinetik was replaced by Aftermath, with many bands that were originally intended to play Kinetik.
EBM Dark Souls
2015–2019
Bratislava, Slovakia
A small industrial/Dark Electro/EBM/Dark Ambient festival which for the first time was organized for one evening in 2015. EBM Dark Souls 2016 edition consisted of two evenings
Tomorrow's Ghosts festival
2018–present
Whitby, North Yorkshire, UK
Twice-yearly goth and film festival with genres such as Metal, EBM and industrial
Dry Sockets
2019–
Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
Two day festival of death industrial, power electronics, harsh noise, harsh ambient and synth-creep with a strong DIY ethic.
Factory Fest
2020
Saintes, France
A small industrial / post-industrial / industrial metal festival which for the first time is organized indoor for one evening in 2020.
Mechanismus
2018–present
Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Eponymous, multi-day Industrial / EBM / Aggrotech / etc. festival that began on the 10th anniversary of this production & DJ crew.
BIMFEST
2003-present
De Casino, Sint-Niklaas, Belgium
The Belgian Independent Music Festival hosts top international artists from electro/industrial/EBM acts and also great and rising Belgian acts. 18th-10th March 2022 features UK pioneers Portion Control and many other great acts.
Wave-Gotik-Treffen Treffen
1992-present
Leipzig, Germany
Wav Gotik Treffen is a four day music festival boasting more than 100 artists playing in multiple locations around Leipzig. There is also a gothic outdoor picnic, clothing exhibits, and meetups. The musicians include industrial, EBM, aggrotech, gothic, etc.
Natale Industriale
2022-present
Hell Fire Club, Rome, Italy
Festival of Industrial / Experimental Music, Movies, Art, etc.
INterlinkfest
2024–present
Montreal, Quebec
A three-day festival of techno-industrial, industrial hardcore, acid techno and dark techno with a cyberpunk philosophy, aesthetic and visuals.
Gallery
The following is a gallery of music festivals focused largely on industrial music (as compared to gothic music):
See also
Rock music portal
List of music festivals
List of electronic music festivals
List of gothic festivals
List of heavy metal festivals
Music festivals
Experimental music festivals
Industrial music festivals
References
^ "... journalists now use 'industrial' as a term like they would 'blues.'"—Genesis P-Orridge, RE/Search #6/7, p. 16.
^ "Industrial". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved October 27, 2009.
^ Marras, Amerigo (1999). ECO-TEC: Architecture of the In-Between -. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 54. ISBN 1568981597.
^ a b Steele, Valerie (2008). Gothic: Dark Glamour. Yale University Press. p. 48.
^ Lauren M. E. Goodlad, Michael Bibby: Goth. Undead subculture, Duke University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0822339212, p. 69
^ (HiS Voice Magazine, access: 23 April 2013)
^ home – FORMS OF HANDS 20
^ GmbH, Amphi Festival. "Amphi Festival 2018 - Tanzbrunnen Köln". www.amphi-festival.de.
^ ""Dark EBM Souls"". www.facebook.com.
^ "DARK EBM SOULS v2.0". www.facebook.com.
^ "Dry Sockets". industrial.org.
^ "FACTORY FEST // Industrial Music Festival // Saintes". Factory Fest (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-25.
^ "Past Shows". Mechanismus.net. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
External links
Media related to Industrial music festivals at Wikimedia Commons
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The list may have some overlap with list of electronic music festivals, list of gothic festivals, and list of heavy metal festivals. Industrial music is a genre of experimental music that draws on transgressive and provocative themes. The term was coined in the mid-1970s,[1] and precursors included acts such as electronic group Kraftwerk, experimental rock acts such as The Velvet Underground and Frank Zappa, psychedelic rock artists such as Jimi Hendrix, and composers such as John Cage. AllMusic defines industrial as the \"most abrasive and aggressive fusion of rock and electronic music\"; \"initially a blend of avant-garde electronics experiments (tape music, musique concrète, white noise, synthesizers, sequencers, etc.) and punk provocation\".[2]Notable hybrid genres are industrial rock from the late 1970s and industrial metal from the 1980s, while electro-industrial developed in the late 1980s. Because of its genre fluidity, industrial music may be featured at rock festivals, heavy metal festivals, goth festivals, and electronic music festivals, though there are also festivals dedicated solely to industrial music. In North America in particular, electro-industrial music is often termed industrial dance, and since the late 1980s industrial music festivals often attract industrial fans termed rivetheads or cybergoths,[3] with other countercultures such as cyberpunk and goth appearing as well. Cybergoth dance styles include rave dance styles, while more rock-focused festivals may feature dance styles such as pogoing, headbanging, and moshing. The rivethead dress code that emerged in the late 1980s[4] is militaristic with hints of punk aesthetics and fetish fashion,[5] while cybergoth fashion from the late 1990s combines rivethead industrial aesthetics with a style associated with \"gravers\" (gothic ravers).[4]","title":"List of industrial music festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Industrial music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_music_festivals"}],"text":"See also: Category:Industrial music festivals","title":"Festivals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Resistanz_2014.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_242_at_2008_Infest_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heimataerde_Infest_2008_11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pneumatic-detatch-at-COMA2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_242_at_2008_Infest_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_242_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Front_242_at_2008_Infest_10.jpg"}],"text":"The following is a gallery of music festivals focused largely on industrial music (as compared to gothic music):","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Rock music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Rock_music"},{"title":"List of music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_festivals"},{"title":"List of electronic music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_festivals"},{"title":"List of gothic festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals"},{"title":"List of heavy metal festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heavy_metal_festivals"},{"title":"Music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_festivals"},{"title":"Experimental music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Experimental_music_festivals"},{"title":"Industrial music festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Industrial_music_festivals"}] | [{"reference":"\"Industrial\". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved October 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d141","url_text":"\"Industrial\""}]},{"reference":"Marras, Amerigo (1999). ECO-TEC: Architecture of the In-Between -. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 54. ISBN 1568981597.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ecotecarchitectu0000unse/page/54","url_text":"ECO-TEC: Architecture of the In-Between -"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ecotecarchitectu0000unse/page/54","url_text":"54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1568981597","url_text":"1568981597"}]},{"reference":"GmbH, Amphi Festival. \"Amphi Festival 2018 - Tanzbrunnen Köln\". www.amphi-festival.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amphi-festival.de/2017/home.html","url_text":"\"Amphi Festival 2018 - Tanzbrunnen Köln\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Dark EBM Souls\"\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/events/298891223616655/","url_text":"\"\"Dark EBM Souls\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"DARK EBM SOULS v2.0\". www.facebook.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/events/1613526755559516/","url_text":"\"DARK EBM SOULS v2.0\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dry Sockets\". industrial.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://industrial.org/drysockets/","url_text":"\"Dry Sockets\""}]},{"reference":"\"FACTORY FEST // Industrial Music Festival // Saintes\". Factory Fest (in French). Retrieved 2020-01-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.factoryfest.com/","url_text":"\"FACTORY FEST // Industrial Music Festival // Saintes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Past Shows\". Mechanismus.net. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mechanismus.net/past-shows.html","url_text":"\"Past Shows\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.mechanismus.net/","external_links_name":"Mechanismus"},{"Link":"https://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/english/bands.php","external_links_name":"Treffen"},{"Link":"http://interlinkfest.com/","external_links_name":"INterlinkfest"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d141","external_links_name":"\"Industrial\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ecotecarchitectu0000unse/page/54","external_links_name":"ECO-TEC: Architecture of the In-Between -"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ecotecarchitectu0000unse/page/54","external_links_name":"54"},{"Link":"https://www.formsofhands.de/","external_links_name":"home – FORMS OF HANDS 20"},{"Link":"http://www.amphi-festival.de/2017/home.html","external_links_name":"\"Amphi Festival 2018 - Tanzbrunnen Köln\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/events/298891223616655/","external_links_name":"\"\"Dark EBM Souls\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/events/1613526755559516/","external_links_name":"\"DARK EBM SOULS v2.0\""},{"Link":"https://industrial.org/drysockets/","external_links_name":"\"Dry Sockets\""},{"Link":"https://www.factoryfest.com/","external_links_name":"\"FACTORY FEST // Industrial Music Festival // Saintes\""},{"Link":"https://www.mechanismus.net/past-shows.html","external_links_name":"\"Past Shows\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warning_(Daysend_album) | Daysend | ["1 History","2 Members","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"] | Australia melodic death metal band
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DaysendOriginSydney, New South Wales, AustraliaGenresMelodic death metalmelodic metalcorethrash metalYears active2002 (2002)–2011 (2011)LabelsFaultlineMetal BladeChatterboxPast membersMark McKernanMeredith WebsterAaron BilbijaWayne J. MorrisJason TurnbullSimon CalabreseAndrew LilleyDave MicallefMatt LambMichael KordekWebsitewww.daysend.com
Daysend (pronounced days-end) were an Australian melodic death metal band formed in 2002 by mainstays Aaron Bilbija on guitars and Meredith Webster on bass guitar. They were joined later that year by Wayne Morris on drums. From 2003 to 2006 their lead vocalist was Simon Calabrese, who was replaced by Mark McKernan. The group released three albums, Severance (November 2003), The Warning (May 2007) and Within the Eye of Chaos (February 2010), before disbanding in May 2011.
History
Daysend were formed in mid-2002 by Aaron Bilbija on guitars, Matt Lamb on drums and Meredith Webster on bass guitar. All three had been members of a thrash metal band, Psi.Kore, which were founded by Lamb's brother Chuck, guitarist Adam Boyle and bassist Lex Dourian in 1996; Lamb had joined in 1997 and Webster took Dourian's place in late 1998. The band recorded an EP with Chatterbox Records in 2000 and toured Australia widely before Bilbija was recruited in early 2002. Relations within the group pushed Chuck Lamb out and the remaining members decided to continue in a slightly different musical direction. In 1995, Bilbija had formed a death metal band called Deadspawn and with the eventual line-up of himself plus Dave Micallef (vocals, guitar), Bob Latsombath (bass) and Wayne Morris (drums), that group had released an album on Warhead Records in 1999 before eventually splitting up when Micallef left in mid-2001. Bilbija now recruited Micallef into his latest band, and Daysend was formed with guitarist Michael Kordek (from a death metal act called Automation and then, briefly, Infernal Method with Bilbija) also coming into the group. The line-up was only together briefly before Matt Lamb left, his place taken by Morris. Lamb has since played in a variety of Sydney rock and metal bands.
A debut live show with Melbourne death metal band Earth was booked but Micallef quit Daysend before the show; the band played regardless as an instrumental act. Inheriting Psi.Kore's manager, Chatterbox owner Nik Tropiano, who had helped push that group to the verge of major success, Daysend was listed on the bill for the 2002 Metal for the Brain festival and slated to open for Austrian death metal band Pungent Stench shortly afterward, both without so much as having either a recording or a vocalist. However, Metal for the Brain was cancelled due to an insurance cost blow-out and Daysend had still not found a singer in time for the Pungent Stench tour. In January 2003, Simon Calabrese was recruited as lead vocalist. Calabrese had previously been with a nu metal act called Redsands that had recorded an EP before disbanding.
With Calabrese in place, Daysend immediately found themselves supporting Sweden's The Haunted in March and then on a national tour with the reformed Melbourne grindcore band Damaged. After that, Daysend spent ten days recording the debut album Severance, which was released by Chatterbox in October. Severance was voted Best Australian Metal Album in a Triple J listeners poll soon after, an honour it shared with Renascent Misanthropy by Brisbane black metal band Astriaal.
2004 saw Daysend touring heavily. They supported Slipknot, In Flames, Shadows Fall and Machine Head and toured nationally with Entombed. Severance was released in the United States by Metal Blade Records and by Locomotive in Europe in November. When the Metal for the Brain festival added two extra shows in Brisbane and Perth along with its regular Canberra fixture in February 2005, Daysend appeared at each. Two days before this, however, Kordek suddenly left the band. His replacement was Andrew Lilley, who had most recently served a brief spell with Melbourne thrash band Atomizer. Lilley's addition to Daysend caused some initial surprise as he had been fired from Psi.Kore in mid-2001, then coincidentally joined Infernal Method after Bilbija had left to join Psi.Kore. However, after learning the band's entire set in one emergency rehearsal, he slotted into the Daysend line-up.
In May 2005, Daysend toured the US for six weeks with Otep. On returning to Australia, the band split with both its management and with Lilley. Michael Kordek rejoined and some work began on a second album. Further activity was stalled however when Simon Calabrese left Daysend in May 2006. Within a short time, however, ex-Headcage vocalist Mark Halcroft (McKernan) joined the band. Playing just two shows with him, Daysend began recording The Warning in November 2006 with DW Norton, who had also produced the debut. Norton signed the band to his label Faultline and the album was released on 28 May 2007 ahead of Daysend's appearance at Sydney's two-day Come Together Festival. A national tour began soon after but at least one show was cancelled when Morris received an eye injury from a broken drumstick during a show in Sydney on 13 July.
In late November 2007, Michael Kordek left the band to follow "other musical and non-musical interests". He was replaced by Jason Turnbull in late 2007, playing his first show with the band on New Year's Eve. In July 2008 Daysend then travelled to New Zealand for a small tour with Subtract. August saw Daysend play a string of shows with Perth band Dyscord, and be the direct support for Trivium's one off Australian show at the Enmore Theatre in Sydney. In October, Daysend supported renowned UK metal band Carcass at Sydney's Metro Theatre, before playing a string of New South Wales shows with Dyscord, Psycroptic and the US deathcore band Whitechapel in early January 2009. Following this, Daysend began recording their third album as a four-piece since Turnbull had left the group. Within the Eye of Chaos was released on 19 February 2010, on the Stomp label. A national tour followed with Braithe Selby as a touring member. On 10 July 2010, the band played Utopia Records 30th Anniversary show which marked the return of Jason Turnbull to the line-up.
Daysend played only a handful of shows throughout the year. In 2011 it was announced that Daysend would be touring Australia with Nevermore in June; however, that tour was cancelled. On 5 May, Daysend announced through their Facebook page that they were disbanding: "The reason is not due to artistic differences or personal issues but rather that we feel we cannot continue with the band any longer. We would like to extend our sincerest thanks to our family and friends who have supported us over the years and most of all, our loyal fans". The announcement was carried by various Australian metal websites.
In June 2019, Daysend's full discography was added to major music streaming services.
Members
Mark McKernan (Halcroft) – vocals (2006–2011)
Aaron Bilbija – guitars (2002–2011)
Meredith Webster – bass (2002–2011)
Wayne Morris – drums (2002–2011)
Jason Turnbull – guitars (2007–2010, 2010–2011)
Braithe Selby – guitars (2010 – Aus Tour Only)
Simon Calabrese – vocals (2003–2006)
Adam Nobilia – vocals (2002)
Dave Micallef – vocals (2002)
Andrew Lilley – guitar (2005)
Matt Lamb – drums (2002)
Michael Kordek – guitar (2002–2005, 2005–2007)
Discography
Severance (2003)
The Warning (2007)
Within the Eye of Chaos (2010)
References
^ Fischer-Giffin, Brian The Australian Metal Guide, Iron Pages, 2002 ISBN 978-3-931624-23-1
External links
Daysend – official MySpace
BEAT 2007 Interview w/ Meredith Webster
BEAT 2007 Review of The Warning
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"melodic death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_death_metal"},{"link_name":"Severance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severance_(album)"},{"link_name":"Within the Eye of Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_the_Eye_of_Chaos"}],"text":"Daysend (pronounced days-end) were an Australian melodic death metal band formed in 2002 by mainstays Aaron Bilbija on guitars and Meredith Webster on bass guitar. They were joined later that year by Wayne Morris on drums. From 2003 to 2006 their lead vocalist was Simon Calabrese, who was replaced by Mark McKernan. 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All three had been members of a thrash metal band, Psi.Kore, which were founded by Lamb's brother Chuck, guitarist Adam Boyle and bassist Lex Dourian in 1996; Lamb had joined in 1997 and Webster took Dourian's place in late 1998. The band recorded an EP with Chatterbox Records in 2000 and toured Australia widely before Bilbija was recruited in early 2002. Relations within the group pushed Chuck Lamb out and the remaining members decided to continue in a slightly different musical direction. In 1995, Bilbija had formed a death metal band called Deadspawn and with the eventual line-up of himself plus Dave Micallef (vocals, guitar), Bob Latsombath (bass) and Wayne Morris (drums), that group had released an album on Warhead Records in 1999 before eventually splitting up when Micallef left in mid-2001. Bilbija now recruited Micallef into his latest band, and Daysend was formed with guitarist Michael Kordek (from a death metal act called Automation and then, briefly, Infernal Method with Bilbija) also coming into the group.[1] The line-up was only together briefly before Matt Lamb left, his place taken by Morris. Lamb has since played in a variety of Sydney rock and metal bands.A debut live show with Melbourne death metal band Earth was booked but Micallef quit Daysend before the show; the band played regardless as an instrumental act. Inheriting Psi.Kore's manager, Chatterbox owner Nik Tropiano, who had helped push that group to the verge of major success, Daysend was listed on the bill for the 2002 Metal for the Brain festival and slated to open for Austrian death metal band Pungent Stench shortly afterward, both without so much as having either a recording or a vocalist. However, Metal for the Brain was cancelled due to an insurance cost blow-out and Daysend had still not found a singer in time for the Pungent Stench tour. In January 2003, Simon Calabrese was recruited as lead vocalist. Calabrese had previously been with a nu metal act called Redsands that had recorded an EP before disbanding.With Calabrese in place, Daysend immediately found themselves supporting Sweden's The Haunted in March and then on a national tour with the reformed Melbourne grindcore band Damaged. After that, Daysend spent ten days recording the debut album Severance, which was released by Chatterbox in October. Severance was voted Best Australian Metal Album in a Triple J listeners poll soon after, an honour it shared with Renascent Misanthropy by Brisbane black metal band Astriaal.2004 saw Daysend touring heavily. They supported Slipknot, In Flames, Shadows Fall and Machine Head and toured nationally with Entombed. Severance was released in the United States by Metal Blade Records and by Locomotive in Europe in November. When the Metal for the Brain festival added two extra shows in Brisbane and Perth along with its regular Canberra fixture in February 2005, Daysend appeared at each. Two days before this, however, Kordek suddenly left the band. His replacement was Andrew Lilley, who had most recently served a brief spell with Melbourne thrash band Atomizer. Lilley's addition to Daysend caused some initial surprise as he had been fired from Psi.Kore in mid-2001, then coincidentally joined Infernal Method after Bilbija had left to join Psi.Kore. However, after learning the band's entire set in one emergency rehearsal, he slotted into the Daysend line-up.In May 2005, Daysend toured the US for six weeks with Otep. On returning to Australia, the band split with both its management and with Lilley. Michael Kordek rejoined and some work began on a second album. Further activity was stalled however when Simon Calabrese left Daysend in May 2006. Within a short time, however, ex-Headcage vocalist Mark Halcroft (McKernan) joined the band. Playing just two shows with him, Daysend began recording The Warning in November 2006 with DW Norton, who had also produced the debut. Norton signed the band to his label Faultline and the album was released on 28 May 2007 ahead of Daysend's appearance at Sydney's two-day Come Together Festival. A national tour began soon after but at least one show was cancelled when Morris received an eye injury from a broken drumstick during a show in Sydney on 13 July.In late November 2007, Michael Kordek left the band to follow \"other musical and non-musical interests\". He was replaced by Jason Turnbull in late 2007, playing his first show with the band on New Year's Eve. In July 2008 Daysend then travelled to New Zealand for a small tour with Subtract. August saw Daysend play a string of shows with Perth band Dyscord, and be the direct support for Trivium's one off Australian show at the Enmore Theatre in Sydney. In October, Daysend supported renowned UK metal band Carcass at Sydney's Metro Theatre, before playing a string of New South Wales shows with Dyscord, Psycroptic and the US deathcore band Whitechapel in early January 2009. Following this, Daysend began recording their third album as a four-piece since Turnbull had left the group. Within the Eye of Chaos was released on 19 February 2010, on the Stomp label. A national tour followed with Braithe Selby as a touring member. On 10 July 2010, the band played Utopia Records 30th Anniversary show which marked the return of Jason Turnbull to the line-up.Daysend played only a handful of shows throughout the year. In 2011 it was announced that Daysend would be touring Australia with Nevermore in June; however, that tour was cancelled. On 5 May, Daysend announced through their Facebook page that they were disbanding: \"The reason is not due to artistic differences or personal issues but rather that we feel we cannot continue with the band any longer. We would like to extend our sincerest thanks to our family and friends who have supported us over the years and most of all, our loyal fans\". The announcement was carried by various Australian metal websites.In June 2019, Daysend's full discography was added to major music streaming services.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocals"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitars"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitars"},{"link_name":"guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitars"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocals"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocals"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocals"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"}],"text":"Mark McKernan (Halcroft) – vocals (2006–2011)\nAaron Bilbija – guitars (2002–2011)\nMeredith Webster – bass (2002–2011)\nWayne Morris – drums (2002–2011)\nJason Turnbull – guitars (2007–2010, 2010–2011)\nBraithe Selby – guitars (2010 – Aus Tour Only)\nSimon Calabrese – vocals (2003–2006)\nAdam Nobilia – vocals (2002)\nDave Micallef – vocals (2002)\nAndrew Lilley – guitar (2005)\nMatt Lamb – drums (2002)\nMichael Kordek – guitar (2002–2005, 2005–2007)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Severance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severance_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warning_(Daysend_album)"},{"link_name":"Within the Eye of Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Within_the_Eye_of_Chaos"}],"text":"Severance (2003)\nThe Warning (2007)\nWithin the Eye of Chaos (2010)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Daysend%22","external_links_name":"\"Daysend\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Daysend%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Daysend%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Daysend%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Daysend%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Daysend%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.daysend.com/","external_links_name":"www.daysend.com"},{"Link":"http://www.myspace.com/daysendmusic","external_links_name":"Daysend – official MySpace"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190122/http://www.beat.com.au/article.php?id=702","external_links_name":"BEAT 2007 Interview w/ Meredith Webster"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070813153954/http://www.beat.com.au/review.php?id=680","external_links_name":"BEAT 2007 Review of The Warning"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/759bc6fb-f9b8-4279-b396-250d2bf2d98e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebiotic_soup | Primordial soup | ["1 Historical background","1.1 Heterotrophic theory","2 Oparin's theory","3 Haldane's theory","4 Monomer formation","5 See also","6 References"] | Theoretical conditions under which life on earth might have begun
Primordial soup, also known as prebiotic soup, is the hypothetical set of conditions present on the Earth around 3.7 to 4.0 billion years ago. It is an aspect of the heterotrophic theory (also known as the Oparin–Haldane hypothesis) concerning the origin of life, first proposed by Alexander Oparin in 1924, and J. B. S. Haldane in 1929.
As formulated by Oparin, in the primitive Earth's surface layers, carbon, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia reacted to form the first organic compounds. The concept of a primordial soup gained credence in 1953 when the "Miller–Urey experiment" used a highly reduced mixture of gases—methane, ammonia and hydrogen—to form basic organic monomers, such as amino acids.
Historical background
The notion that living beings originated from inanimate materials comes from the Ancient Greeks—the theory known as spontaneous generation. Aristotle in the 4th century BCE gave a proper explanation, writing:
So with animals, some spring from parent animals according to their kind, whilst others grow spontaneously and not from kindred stock; and of these instances of spontaneous generation some come from putrefying earth or vegetable matter, as is the case with a number of insects, while others are spontaneously generated in the inside of animals out of the secretions of their several organs. — Aristotle, On the History of Animals, Book V, Part 1
Aristotle also states that it is not only that animals originate from other similar animals, but also that living things do arise and always have arisen from lifeless matter. His theory remained the dominant idea on origin of life (outside that of deity as a causal agent) from the ancient philosophers to the Renaissance thinkers in various forms. With the birth of modern science, experimental refutations emerged. Italian physician Francesco Redi demonstrated in 1668 that maggots developed from rotten meat only in a jar where flies could enter, but not in a closed-lid jar. He concluded that: omne vivum ex vivo (All life comes from life).
The experiment of French chemist Louis Pasteur in 1859 is regarded as the death blow to spontaneous generation. He experimentally showed that organisms (microbes) can not grow in sterilised water, unless it is exposed to air. The experiment won him the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 from the French Academy of Sciences, and he concluded: "Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment."
Evolutionary biologists believed that a kind of spontaneous generation, but different from the simple Aristotelian doctrine, must have worked for the emergence of life. French biologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck had speculated that the first life form started from non-living materials. "Nature, by means of heat, light, electricity and moisture", he wrote in 1809 in Philosophie Zoologique (The Philosophy of Zoology), "forms direct or spontaneous generation at that extremity of each kingdom of living bodies, where the simplest of these bodies are found".
When English naturalist Charles Darwin introduced the theory of natural selection in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his supporters, such as the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, criticised him for not using his theory to explain the origin of life. Haeckel wrote in 1862: "The chief defect of the Darwinian theory is that it throws no light on the origin of the primitive organism—probably a simple cell—from which all the others have descended. When Darwin assumes a special creative act for this first species, he is not consistent, and, I think, not quite sincere."
Although Darwin did not speak explicitly about the origin of life in On the Origin of Species, he did mention a "warm little pond" in a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker dated February 1, 1871:
It is often said that all the conditions for the first production of a living being are now present, which could ever have been present. But if (and oh what a big if) we could conceive in some warm little pond with all sort of ammonia and phosphoric salts,—light, heat, electricity present, that a protein compound was chemically formed, ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the present such matter would be instantly devoured, or absorbed, which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed .— Charles Darwin, Letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on February 1, 1871
Heterotrophic theory
A coherent scientific argument was introduced by Soviet biochemist Alexander Oparin in 1924. According to Oparin, in the primitive Earth's surface, carbon, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia reacted to form the first organic compounds. Unbeknownst to Oparin, whose writing was circulated only in Russian, an English scientist J. B. S. Haldane independently arrived at a similar conclusion in 1929. It was Haldane who first used the term "soup" to describe the accumulation of organic material and water in the primitive Earth
When ultra-violet light acts on a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, a vast variety of organic substances are made, including sugars and apparently some of the materials from which proteins are built up. before the origin of life they must have accumulated till the primitive oceans reached the consistency of hot dilute soup.— J. B. S. Haldane, The Origin of Life
According to the theory, organic compounds essential for life forms were synthesized in the primitive Earth under prebiotic conditions. The mixture of inorganic and organic compounds with water on the primitive Earth became the prebiotic or primordial soup. There, life originated and the first forms of life were able to use the organic molecules to survive and reproduce. Today the theory is variously known as the heterotrophic theory, heterotrophic origin of life theory, or the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis. Biochemist Robert Shapiro has summarized the basic points of the theory in its "mature form" as follows:
Early Earth had a chemically reducing atmosphere.
This atmosphere, exposed to energy in various forms, produced simple organic compounds ("monomers").
These compounds accumulated in the prebiotic soup, which may have been concentrated at places such as shorelines and oceanic vents.
By further transformation, more complex organic polymers – and ultimately life – developed in the soup.
Oparin's theory
Alexander Oparin
Alexander Oparin first postulated his theory in Russian in 1924 in a small pamphlet titled Proiskhozhdenie Zhizny (The Origin of Life). According to Oparin, the primitive Earth's surface had a thick red-hot liquid, composed of heavy elements such as carbon (in the form of iron carbide). This nucleus was surrounded by the lightest elements, i.e. gases, such as hydrogen. In the presence of water vapour, carbides reacted with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons. Such hydrocarbons were the first organic molecules. These further combined with oxygen and ammonia to produce hydroxy- and amino-derivatives, such as carbohydrates and proteins. These molecules accumulated on the ocean's surface, becoming gel-like substances and growing in size. They gave rise to primitive organisms (cells), which he called coacervates. In his original theory, Oparin considered oxygen as one of the primordial gases; thus the primordial atmosphere was an oxidising one. However, when he elaborated his theory in 1936 (in a book by the same title, and translated into English in 1938), he modified the chemical composition of the primordial environment as strictly reducing, consisting of methane, ammonia, free hydrogen and water vapour—excluding oxygen.
In his 1936 work, impregnated by a Darwinian thought that involved a slow and gradual evolution from the simple to the complex, Oparin proposed a heterotrophic origin, result of a long process of chemical and pre-biological evolution, where the first forms of life should have been microorganisms dependent on the molecules and organic substances present in their external environment. That external environment was the primordial soup.
The idea of a heterotrophic origin was based, in part, on the universality of fermentative reactions, which, according to Oparin, should have first appeared in evolution due to its simplicity. This was opposed to the idea, widely accepted at that time, that the first organisms emerged endowed with an autotrophic metabolism, which included photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and the ability to synthesize organic compounds from CO2 and H2O; for Oparin it was impossible to reconcile the original photosynthetic organisms with the ideas of Darwinian evolution.
From the detailed analysis of the geochemical and astronomical data known at that date, Oparin also proposed a primitive atmosphere devoid of O2 and composed of CH4, NH3 and H2O; under these conditions it was pointed out that the origin of life had been preceded by a period of abiotic synthesis and subsequent accumulation of various organic compounds in the seas of primitive Earth. This accumulation resulted in the formation of a primordial broth containing a wide variety of molecules.
There, according to Oparin, a particular type of colloid, the coacervates, were formed due to the conglomeration of organic molecules and other polymers with positive and negative charges. Oparin suggested that the first living beings had been preceded by pre-cellular structures similar to those coacervates, whose gradual evolution gave rise to the appearance of the first organisms.
Like the coacervates, several of Oparin's original ideas have been reformulated and replaced; this includes, for example, the reducing character of the atmosphere on primitive Earth, the coacervates as a pre-cellular model and the primitive nature of glycolysis. In the same way, we now understand that the gradual processes are not necessarily slow, and we even know, thanks to the fossil record, that the origin and early evolution of life occurred in short geologic time lapses.
However, the general approach of Oparin's theory had great implications for biology, since his work achieved the transformation of the study of the origin of life from a purely speculative field to a structured and broad research program. Thus, since the second half of the twentieth century, Oparin's theory of the origin and early evolution of life has undergone a restructuring that accommodates the experimental findings of molecular biology, as well as the theoretical contributions of evolutionary biology.
A point of convergence between these two branches of biology and that has been perfectly incorporated into the heterotrophic origin theory is found in the RNA world hypothesis.
Haldane's theory
J.B.S. Haldane
J.B.S. Haldane independently postulated his primordial soup theory in 1929 in an eight-page article "The origin of life" in The Rationalist Annual. According to Haldane the primitive Earth's atmosphere was essentially reducing, with little or no oxygen. Ultraviolet rays from the Sun induced reactions on a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Organic substances such as sugars and protein components (amino acids) were synthesised. These molecules "accumulated till the primitive oceans reached the consistency of hot dilute soup." The first reproducing things were created from this soup.
As to the priority over the theory, Haldane accepted that Oparin came first, saying, "I have very little doubt that Professor Oparin has the priority over me."
Monomer formation
Main article: Miller–Urey experiment
One of the most important pieces of experimental support for the "soup" theory came in 1953. A graduate student, Stanley Miller, and his professor, Harold Urey, performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors, under conditions like those posited by the Oparin–Haldane hypothesis. The now-famous "Miller–Urey experiment" used a highly reduced mixture of gases—methane, ammonia and hydrogen—to form basic organic monomers, such as amino acids. This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the "soup" theory, and it is one of the remaining two points of the theory that much of the debate now centers.
Apart from the Miller–Urey experiment, the next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by Joan Oró that the nucleic acid purine base, adenine, was formed by heating aqueous ammonium cyanide solutions. In support of abiogenesis in eutectic ice, more recent work demonstrated the formation of s-triazines (alternative nucleobases), pyrimidines (including cytosine and uracil), and adenine from urea solutions subjected to freeze-thaw cycles under a reductive atmosphere (with spark discharges as an energy source).
See also
Common descent
Entropy and life
Primordial sandwich
Primordial sea
References
^ Oparin, Alexander. "The Origin of Life" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
^ a b Haldane, John B. S. "The Origin of Life" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-09-27. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
^ a b Miller, Stanley L. (1953). "A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions". Science. 117 (3046): 528–9. Bibcode:1953Sci...117..528M. doi:10.1126/science.117.3046.528. PMID 13056598. S2CID 38897285.
^ Aristotle (1910) . "Book V". The History of Animals. translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 90-6186-973-0. Archived from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
^ Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). "The Spontaneous Generation Controversy". Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 270–280. ISBN 978-3-540-68834-1. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
^ Gottdenker, P. (1979). "Francesco Redi and the fly experiments". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 53 (4): 575–592. PMID 397843.
^ Schwartz, M. (2001). "The life and works of Louis Pasteur". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 597–601. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x. PMID 11576293. S2CID 39020116.
^ a b c d e f Lazcano, A. (2010). "Historical Development of Origins Research". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (11): a002089. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002089. PMC 2964185. PMID 20534710.
^ Losch, Andreas (2017). What is Life? On Earth and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-107-17589-1. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2020-10-10.
^ Peretó, Juli; Bada, Jeffrey L.; Lazcano, Antonio (2009). "Charles Darwin and the Origin of Life". Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres. 39 (5): 395–406. doi:10.1007/s11084-009-9172-7. PMC 2745620. PMID 19633921.
^ a b c Oparin, Alexander. "The Origin of Life" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
^ Haldane, John B. S. "The Origin of Life" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-09-27. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
^ a b Fry, Iris (2006). "The origins of research into the origins of life". Endeavour. 30 (1): 24–28. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.12.002. PMID 16469383.
^ Shapiro, Robert (1987). Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth. Bantam Books. p. 110. ISBN 0-671-45939-2.
^ Oparin, Alexander Ivanovich (1924). "Происхождение жизни" . In Bernal, John Desmond (ed.). The Origin of Life. World natural history. Translated by Synge, Ann. London: World Pub. Co. (published 1967). pp. 197–234. Retrieved 2017-08-15.
^ Oparin, Alexander (1938). The origin of life. New York: MacMillan.
^ Haldane, J.B.S. (1929). "The origin of life". The Rationalist Annual. 148: 3–10. Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-09-19.
^ Miller, Stanley L.; Schopf, J. William; Lazcano, Antonio (1997). "Oparin's Origin of Life: Sixty Years Later". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 351–353. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44..351M. doi:10.1007/PL00006153. PMID 9089073. S2CID 40090531.
^ Oró, J. (1961). "Mechanism of synthesis of adenine from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive Earth conditions". Nature. 191 (4794): 1193–4. Bibcode:1961Natur.191.1193O. doi:10.1038/1911193a0. PMID 13731264. S2CID 4276712.
^ Menor-Salván C, Ruiz-Bermejo DM, Guzmán MI, Osuna-Esteban S, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S (2007). "Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases". Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (17): 4411–8. doi:10.1002/chem.200802656. PMID 19288488.
vteOrigin of lifeHistory of research
Panspermia (5th century BC)
Spontaneous generation (4th century BC)
Primordial soup (19th century)
Prebiotic synthesis
Pseudo-panspermia
Miller–Urey experiment
Formamide-based prebiotic chemistry
Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
Protocells
GADV-protein world
Clay hypothesis
Iron–sulfur world
Primordial sandwich
PAH world
Peptide-RNA world
Quasispecies model
RNA world
Earliest organisms
Earliest known life forms
Last universal common ancestor (LUCA)
Research
Astrobiology
Paleobiology | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"origin of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Life"},{"link_name":"Alexander Oparin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Oparin"},{"link_name":"J. B. S. Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"organic compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"Miller–Urey experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_experiment"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller53-3"}],"text":"Primordial soup, also known as prebiotic soup, is the hypothetical set of conditions present on the Earth around 3.7 to 4.0 billion years ago. It is an aspect of the heterotrophic theory (also known as the Oparin–Haldane hypothesis) concerning the origin of life, first proposed by Alexander Oparin in 1924, and J. B. S. Haldane in 1929.[1][2]As formulated by Oparin, in the primitive Earth's surface layers, carbon, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia reacted to form the first organic compounds. The concept of a primordial soup gained credence in 1953 when the \"Miller–Urey experiment\" used a highly reduced mixture of gases—methane, ammonia and hydrogen—to form basic organic monomers, such as amino acids.[3]","title":"Primordial soup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spontaneous generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_generation"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistAnimV-4"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Francesco Redi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Redi"},{"link_name":"maggots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggots"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Louis Pasteur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"Philosophie Zoologique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_Zoologique"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lazcano10-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"Ernst Haeckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dalton Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pereto-10"}],"text":"The notion that living beings originated from inanimate materials comes from the Ancient Greeks—the theory known as spontaneous generation. Aristotle in the 4th century BCE gave a proper explanation, writing:So with animals, some spring from parent animals according to their kind, whilst others grow spontaneously and not from kindred stock; and of these instances of spontaneous generation some come from putrefying earth or vegetable matter, as is the case with a number of insects, while others are spontaneously generated in the inside of animals out of the secretions of their several organs.[4] — Aristotle, On the History of Animals, Book V, Part 1Aristotle also states that it is not only that animals originate from other similar animals, but also that living things do arise and always have arisen from lifeless matter. His theory remained the dominant idea on origin of life (outside that of deity as a causal agent) from the ancient philosophers to the Renaissance thinkers in various forms.[5] With the birth of modern science, experimental refutations emerged. Italian physician Francesco Redi demonstrated in 1668 that maggots developed from rotten meat only in a jar where flies could enter, but not in a closed-lid jar. He concluded that: omne vivum ex vivo (All life comes from life).[6]The experiment of French chemist Louis Pasteur in 1859 is regarded as the death blow to spontaneous generation. He experimentally showed that organisms (microbes) can not grow in sterilised water, unless it is exposed to air. The experiment won him the Alhumbert Prize in 1862 from the French Academy of Sciences, and he concluded: \"Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow of this simple experiment.\"[7]Evolutionary biologists believed that a kind of spontaneous generation, but different from the simple Aristotelian doctrine, must have worked for the emergence of life. French biologist Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck had speculated that the first life form started from non-living materials. \"Nature, by means of heat, light, electricity and moisture\", he wrote in 1809 in Philosophie Zoologique (The Philosophy of Zoology), \"forms direct or spontaneous generation at that extremity of each kingdom of living bodies, where the simplest of these bodies are found\".[8]When English naturalist Charles Darwin introduced the theory of natural selection in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his supporters, such as the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel, criticised him for not using his theory to explain the origin of life. Haeckel wrote in 1862: \"The chief defect of the Darwinian theory is that it throws no light on the origin of the primitive organism—probably a simple cell—from which all the others have descended. When Darwin assumes a special creative act for this first species, he is not consistent, and, I think, not quite sincere.\"[9]Although Darwin did not speak explicitly about the origin of life in On the Origin of Species, he did mention a \"warm little pond\" in a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker dated February 1, 1871:[10]It is often said that all the conditions for the first production of a living being are now present, which could ever have been present. But if (and oh what a big if) we could conceive in some warm little pond with all sort of ammonia and phosphoric salts,—light, heat, electricity present, that a protein compound was chemically formed, ready to undergo still more complex changes, at the present such matter would be instantly devoured, or absorbed, which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed [...].— Charles Darwin, Letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on February 1, 1871","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Alexander Oparin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Oparin"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"ammonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"J. B. S. Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oparin-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lazcano10-8"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fry-13"},{"link_name":"Robert Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Shapiro_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"reducing atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_atmosphere"},{"link_name":"monomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomer"},{"link_name":"oceanic vents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent"},{"link_name":"polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"}],"sub_title":"Heterotrophic theory","text":"A coherent scientific argument was introduced by Soviet biochemist Alexander Oparin in 1924. According to Oparin, in the primitive Earth's surface, carbon, hydrogen, water vapour, and ammonia reacted to form the first organic compounds. Unbeknownst to Oparin, whose writing was circulated only in Russian, an English scientist J. B. S. Haldane independently arrived at a similar conclusion in 1929.[11][12] It was Haldane who first used the term \"soup\" to describe the accumulation of organic material and water in the primitive Earth[2][8]When ultra-violet light acts on a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, a vast variety of organic substances are made, including sugars and apparently some of the materials from which proteins are built up. [...] before the origin of life they must have accumulated till the primitive oceans reached the consistency of hot dilute soup.— J. B. S. Haldane, The Origin of LifeAccording to the theory, organic compounds essential for life forms were synthesized in the primitive Earth under prebiotic conditions. The mixture of inorganic and organic compounds with water on the primitive Earth became the prebiotic or primordial soup. There, life originated and the first forms of life were able to use the organic molecules to survive and reproduce. Today the theory is variously known as the heterotrophic theory, heterotrophic origin of life theory, or the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.[13] Biochemist Robert Shapiro has summarized the basic points of the theory in its \"mature form\" as follows:[14]Early Earth had a chemically reducing atmosphere.\nThis atmosphere, exposed to energy in various forms, produced simple organic compounds (\"monomers\").\nThese compounds accumulated in the prebiotic soup, which may have been concentrated at places such as shorelines and oceanic vents.\nBy further transformation, more complex organic polymers – and ultimately life – developed in the soup.","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oparin.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oparin24-15"},{"link_name":"iron carbide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_carbide"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"coacervates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coacervate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lazcano10-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fry-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lazcano10-8"},{"link_name":"autotrophic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrophic"},{"link_name":"photosynthetic pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_pigments"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oparin-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oparin-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lazcano10-8"},{"link_name":"RNA world hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world"}],"text":"Alexander OparinAlexander Oparin first postulated his theory in Russian in 1924 in a small pamphlet titled Proiskhozhdenie Zhizny (The Origin of Life).[15] According to Oparin, the primitive Earth's surface had a thick red-hot liquid, composed of heavy elements such as carbon (in the form of iron carbide). This nucleus was surrounded by the lightest elements, i.e. gases, such as hydrogen. In the presence of water vapour, carbides reacted with hydrogen to form hydrocarbons. Such hydrocarbons were the first organic molecules. These further combined with oxygen and ammonia to produce hydroxy- and amino-derivatives, such as carbohydrates and proteins. These molecules accumulated on the ocean's surface, becoming gel-like substances and growing in size. They gave rise to primitive organisms (cells), which he called coacervates.[8] In his original theory, Oparin considered oxygen as one of the primordial gases; thus the primordial atmosphere was an oxidising one. However, when he elaborated his theory in 1936 (in a book by the same title, and translated into English in 1938),[16] he modified the chemical composition of the primordial environment as strictly reducing, consisting of methane, ammonia, free hydrogen and water vapour—excluding oxygen.[13]In his 1936 work, impregnated by a Darwinian thought that involved a slow and gradual evolution from the simple to the complex, Oparin proposed a heterotrophic origin, result of a long process of chemical and pre-biological evolution, where the first forms of life should have been microorganisms dependent on the molecules and organic substances present in their external environment.[8] That external environment was the primordial soup.The idea of a heterotrophic origin was based, in part, on the universality of fermentative reactions, which, according to Oparin, should have first appeared in evolution due to its simplicity. This was opposed to the idea, widely accepted at that time, that the first organisms emerged endowed with an autotrophic metabolism, which included photosynthetic pigments, enzymes and the ability to synthesize organic compounds from CO2 and H2O; for Oparin it was impossible to reconcile the original photosynthetic organisms with the ideas of Darwinian evolution.From the detailed analysis of the geochemical and astronomical data known at that date, Oparin also proposed a primitive atmosphere devoid of O2 and composed of CH4, NH3 and H2O; under these conditions it was pointed out that the origin of life had been preceded by a period of abiotic synthesis and subsequent accumulation of various organic compounds in the seas of primitive Earth.[11] This accumulation resulted in the formation of a primordial broth containing a wide variety of molecules.There, according to Oparin, a particular type of colloid, the coacervates, were formed due to the conglomeration of organic molecules and other polymers with positive and negative charges. Oparin suggested that the first living beings had been preceded by pre-cellular structures similar to those coacervates, whose gradual evolution gave rise to the appearance of the first organisms.[11]Like the coacervates, several of Oparin's original ideas have been reformulated and replaced; this includes, for example, the reducing character of the atmosphere on primitive Earth, the coacervates as a pre-cellular model and the primitive nature of glycolysis. In the same way, we now understand that the gradual processes are not necessarily slow, and we even know, thanks to the fossil record, that the origin and early evolution of life occurred in short geologic time lapses.However, the general approach of Oparin's theory had great implications for biology, since his work achieved the transformation of the study of the origin of life from a purely speculative field to a structured and broad research program.[8] Thus, since the second half of the twentieth century, Oparin's theory of the origin and early evolution of life has undergone a restructuring that accommodates the experimental findings of molecular biology, as well as the theoretical contributions of evolutionary biology.A point of convergence between these two branches of biology and that has been perfectly incorporated into the heterotrophic origin theory is found in the RNA world hypothesis.","title":"Oparin's theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haldane.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lazcano10-8"},{"link_name":"Ultraviolet rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_rays"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"J.B.S. HaldaneJ.B.S. Haldane independently postulated his primordial soup theory in 1929 in an eight-page article \"The origin of life\" in The Rationalist Annual.[8] According to Haldane the primitive Earth's atmosphere was essentially reducing, with little or no oxygen. Ultraviolet rays from the Sun induced reactions on a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Organic substances such as sugars and protein components (amino acids) were synthesised. These molecules \"accumulated till the primitive oceans reached the consistency of hot dilute soup.\" The first reproducing things were created from this soup.[17]As to the priority over the theory, Haldane accepted that Oparin came first, saying, \"I have very little doubt that Professor Oparin has the priority over me.\"[18]","title":"Haldane's theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanley Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Miller"},{"link_name":"Harold Urey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Urey"},{"link_name":"Miller–Urey experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_experiment"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller53-3"},{"link_name":"Joan Oró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Or%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"ammonium cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_cyanide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"abiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis"},{"link_name":"triazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazine"},{"link_name":"nucleobases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleobase"},{"link_name":"pyrimidines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"One of the most important pieces of experimental support for the \"soup\" theory came in 1953. A graduate student, Stanley Miller, and his professor, Harold Urey, performed an experiment that demonstrated how organic molecules could have spontaneously formed from inorganic precursors, under conditions like those posited by the Oparin–Haldane hypothesis. The now-famous \"Miller–Urey experiment\" used a highly reduced mixture of gases—methane, ammonia and hydrogen—to form basic organic monomers, such as amino acids.[3] This provided direct experimental support for the second point of the \"soup\" theory, and it is one of the remaining two points of the theory that much of the debate now centers.Apart from the Miller–Urey experiment, the next most important step in research on prebiotic organic synthesis was the demonstration by Joan Oró that the nucleic acid purine base, adenine, was formed by heating aqueous ammonium cyanide solutions.[19] In support of abiogenesis in eutectic ice, more recent work demonstrated the formation of s-triazines (alternative nucleobases), pyrimidines (including cytosine and uracil), and adenine from urea solutions subjected to freeze-thaw cycles under a reductive atmosphere (with spark discharges as an energy source).[20]","title":"Monomer formation"}] | [{"image_text":"Alexander Oparin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Oparin.jpg/120px-Oparin.jpg"},{"image_text":"J.B.S. Haldane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Haldane.jpg/121px-Haldane.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Common descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_descent"},{"title":"Entropy and life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_and_life"},{"title":"Primordial sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_sandwich"},{"title":"Primordial sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_sea"}] | [{"reference":"Oparin, Alexander. \"The Origin of Life\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://breadtagsagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AI-Oparin-The-Origin-of-Life.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origin of Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014725/http://breadtagsagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AI-Oparin-The-Origin-of-Life.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haldane, John B. S. \"The Origin of Life\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-09-27. Retrieved 2018-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origin of Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030927095824/http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stanley L. (1953). \"A Production of Amino Acids Under Possible Primitive Earth Conditions\". Science. 117 (3046): 528–9. Bibcode:1953Sci...117..528M. doi:10.1126/science.117.3046.528. PMID 13056598. S2CID 38897285.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Sci...117..528M","url_text":"1953Sci...117..528M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.117.3046.528","url_text":"10.1126/science.117.3046.528"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13056598","url_text":"13056598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38897285","url_text":"38897285"}]},{"reference":"Aristotle (1910) [c. 343 BCE]. \"Book V\". The History of Animals. translated by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 90-6186-973-0. Archived from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2008-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle","url_text":"Aristotle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180508025913/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/","url_text":"\"Book V\""},{"url":"https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/complete.html","url_text":"The History of Animals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6186-973-0","url_text":"90-6186-973-0"},{"url":"http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/book5.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ben-Menahem, Ari (2009). \"The Spontaneous Generation Controversy\". Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 270–280. ISBN 978-3-540-68834-1. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2020-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5oQ_SQAACAAJ","url_text":"Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68834-1","url_text":"978-3-540-68834-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220426234243/https://books.google.com/books?id=5oQ_SQAACAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gottdenker, P. (1979). \"Francesco Redi and the fly experiments\". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 53 (4): 575–592. PMID 397843.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/397843","url_text":"397843"}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, M. (2001). \"The life and works of Louis Pasteur\". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 91 (4): 597–601. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x. PMID 11576293. S2CID 39020116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Microbiology","url_text":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01495.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576293","url_text":"11576293"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39020116","url_text":"39020116"}]},{"reference":"Lazcano, A. (2010). \"Historical Development of Origins Research\". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (11): a002089. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002089. PMC 2964185. PMID 20534710.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964185","url_text":"\"Historical Development of Origins Research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a002089","url_text":"10.1101/cshperspect.a002089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964185","url_text":"2964185"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20534710","url_text":"20534710"}]},{"reference":"Losch, Andreas (2017). What is Life? On Earth and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-107-17589-1. Archived from the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 2020-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P9AoDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"What is Life? 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PMID 19633921.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745620","url_text":"\"Charles Darwin and the Origin of Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11084-009-9172-7","url_text":"10.1007/s11084-009-9172-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745620","url_text":"2745620"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19633921","url_text":"19633921"}]},{"reference":"Oparin, Alexander. \"The Origin of Life\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2018-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://breadtagsagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AI-Oparin-The-Origin-of-Life.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origin of Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014725/http://breadtagsagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AI-Oparin-The-Origin-of-Life.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haldane, John B. S. \"The Origin of Life\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2003-09-27. Retrieved 2018-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origin of Life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030927095824/http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fry, Iris (2006). \"The origins of research into the origins of life\". Endeavour. 30 (1): 24–28. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.12.002. PMID 16469383.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2005.12.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.endeavour.2005.12.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469383","url_text":"16469383"}]},{"reference":"Shapiro, Robert (1987). Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth. Bantam Books. p. 110. ISBN 0-671-45939-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originsskepticsg0000shap/page/110","url_text":"Origins: A Skeptic's Guide to the Creation of Life on Earth"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/originsskepticsg0000shap/page/110","url_text":"110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-45939-2","url_text":"0-671-45939-2"}]},{"reference":"Oparin, Alexander Ivanovich (1924). \"Происхождение жизни\" [The Origin of Life]. In Bernal, John Desmond (ed.). The Origin of Life. World natural history. Translated by Synge, Ann. London: World Pub. Co. (published 1967). pp. 197–234. Retrieved 2017-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Oparin","url_text":"Oparin, Alexander Ivanovich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Desmond_Bernal","url_text":"Bernal, John Desmond"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ob6PhrWXZ4gC","url_text":"The Origin of Life"}]},{"reference":"Oparin, Alexander (1938). The origin of life. New York: MacMillan.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haldane, J.B.S. (1929). \"The origin of life\". The Rationalist Annual. 148: 3–10. Archived from the original on 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://breadtagsagas.com/j-b-s-haldane-the-origin-of-life-1929/","url_text":"\"The origin of life\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171004164015/http://breadtagsagas.com/j-b-s-haldane-the-origin-of-life-1929/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Stanley L.; Schopf, J. William; Lazcano, Antonio (1997). \"Oparin's Origin of Life: Sixty Years Later\". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 44 (4): 351–353. Bibcode:1997JMolE..44..351M. doi:10.1007/PL00006153. PMID 9089073. S2CID 40090531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JMolE..44..351M","url_text":"1997JMolE..44..351M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00006153","url_text":"10.1007/PL00006153"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9089073","url_text":"9089073"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40090531","url_text":"40090531"}]},{"reference":"Oró, J. (1961). \"Mechanism of synthesis of adenine from hydrogen cyanide under possible primitive Earth conditions\". Nature. 191 (4794): 1193–4. Bibcode:1961Natur.191.1193O. doi:10.1038/1911193a0. PMID 13731264. S2CID 4276712.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961Natur.191.1193O","url_text":"1961Natur.191.1193O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1911193a0","url_text":"10.1038/1911193a0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13731264","url_text":"13731264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4276712","url_text":"4276712"}]},{"reference":"Menor-Salván C, Ruiz-Bermejo DM, Guzmán MI, Osuna-Esteban S, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S (2007). \"Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases\". Chemistry: A European Journal. 15 (17): 4411–8. doi:10.1002/chem.200802656. PMID 19288488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.200802656","url_text":"10.1002/chem.200802656"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19288488","url_text":"19288488"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://breadtagsagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AI-Oparin-The-Origin-of-Life.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Origin of Life\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014725/http://breadtagsagas.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/AI-Oparin-The-Origin-of-Life.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Origin of Life\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030927095824/http://www.uv.es/~orilife/textos/Haldane.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Sci...117..528M","external_links_name":"1953Sci...117..528M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.117.3046.528","external_links_name":"10.1126/science.117.3046.528"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13056598","external_links_name":"13056598"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38897285","external_links_name":"38897285"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180508025913/https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/","external_links_name":"\"Book V\""},{"Link":"https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/complete.html","external_links_name":"The History of Animals"},{"Link":"http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/a/aristotle/history/book5.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5oQ_SQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220426234243/https://books.google.com/books?id=5oQ_SQAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/397843","external_links_name":"397843"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2672.2001.01495.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01495.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11576293","external_links_name":"11576293"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39020116","external_links_name":"39020116"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964185","external_links_name":"\"Historical Development of Origins Research\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a002089","external_links_name":"10.1101/cshperspect.a002089"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2964185","external_links_name":"2964185"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20534710","external_links_name":"20534710"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P9AoDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"What is Life? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Henson_(T-AGS-63) | USNS Henson | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Henson in Guantanamo Bay, January 2010
History
United States
NameHenson
NamesakeMatthew Henson
Owner United States Navy
OperatorMilitary Sealift Command
Awarded20 October 1994
BuilderHalter Marine
Laid down13 October 1995
Launched21 October 1996
In service20 February 1998
Identification
IMO number: 9132129
MMSI number: 368920000
Callsign: NENB
Statusin active service
General characteristics
Class and typePathfinder-class survey ship
Displacement5,000 tons full 3,019 light
Length329 ft (100 m)
Beam58 ft (18 m)
Draft19 ft (5.8 m)
Speed16 kn (30 km/h)
Complement28 mariners/27 sponsor personnel
USNS Henson (T-AGS-63) is a Pathfinder-class oceanographic survey ship. It is the fourth ship in the class. Henson is named after Matthew Henson, who accompanied Robert Peary, most famously on an expedition intended to reach the Geographic North Pole in 1909.
Henson participated in the search for the remains of USS Bonhomme Richard off the coast of Flamborough Head, England, during the week of 10 September 2010. The survey crew is composed of oceanographers from the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) who planned and coordinated the U.S. Navy's participation in the search. Representatives from the U.S. Naval Academy, Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Naval History and Heritage Command will also be aboard Henson to assist in the search and identification of found artifacts.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "USNS Henson". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
^ "Navy Searches for John Paul Jones' Ship". Navy News Service. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to IMO 9132129.
USNS Henson official web site
Henson on the Potomac River, November 1998
vtePathfinder-class survey ships
Pathfinder
Sumner
Bowditch
Henson
Bruce C. Heezen
Mary Sears
Maury / Marie Tharp
Robert Ballard
List of auxiliaries of the United States Navy
This article about a specific ship or boat of the United States Armed Forces is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Bonhomme Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Bonhomme_Richard_(1765)"},{"link_name":"Flamborough Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamborough_Head"},{"link_name":"Naval Oceanographic Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Oceanographic_Office"},{"link_name":"Naval History and Heritage Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNS100911-07-2"}],"text":"Henson participated in the search for the remains of USS Bonhomme Richard off the coast of Flamborough Head, England, during the week of 10 September 2010. The survey crew is composed of oceanographers from the Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO) who planned and coordinated the U.S. Navy's participation in the search. Representatives from the U.S. Naval Academy, Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Naval History and Heritage Command will also be aboard Henson to assist in the search and identification of found artifacts.[2]","title":"USNS Henson"}] | [{"image_text":"Henson on the Potomac River, November 1998","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/USNS_Henson_%28T-AGS_63%29.jpg/300px-USNS_Henson_%28T-AGS_63%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"USNS Henson\". Naval Vessel Register. Retrieved 14 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_AGS_63.HTML","url_text":"\"USNS Henson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navy Searches for John Paul Jones' Ship\". Navy News Service. 11 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=55874","url_text":"\"Navy Searches for John Paul Jones' Ship\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/imo:9132129","external_links_name":"9132129"},{"Link":"https://www.marinetraffic.com/ais/details/ships/mmsi:368920000","external_links_name":"368920000"},{"Link":"http://www.nvr.navy.mil/SHIPDETAILS/SHIPSDETAIL_AGS_63.HTML","external_links_name":"\"USNS Henson\""},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=55874","external_links_name":"\"Navy Searches for John Paul Jones' Ship\""},{"Link":"http://www.msc.navy.mil/inventory/ships.asp?ship=103&type=OceanographicSurveyShip","external_links_name":"USNS Henson official web site"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USNS_Henson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XI_(album) | XI (album) | ["1 Background","2 Critical reception","2.1 Commercial performance","2.2 Touring and promotion","3 Track listing","3.1 Accolades","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"] | 2016 studio album by Metal ChurchXIStudio album by Metal ChurchReleasedMarch 25, 2016 (2016-03-25)Recorded2015GenreHeavy metalthrash metalLength58:30LabelRat Pak RecordsProducerKurdt Vanderhoof, Chris "Wizard" CollierMetal Church chronology
Generation Nothing(2013)
XI(2016)
Damned If You Do(2018)
Singles from XI
"No Tomorrow"Released: January 5, 2016
"Killing Your Time"Released: February 11, 2016
"Reset"Released: March 18, 2016
XI is the eleventh studio album by American heavy metal band Metal Church. It was released on March 25, 2016, and is the band's first album in 23 years (since Hanging in the Balance) to feature vocalist Mike Howe. XI was considered a comeback for both Metal Church and Howe since the latter's hiatus from the music industry following the band's first breakup in 1996; the album received generally positive reviews, and was their first studio album since 1989's Blessing in Disguise to enter the Billboard 200 chart, where it peaked at number 57, the band's highest chart position in their career. This is also Metal Church's final album with drummer Jeff Plate, who left the band almost exactly a year after its release.
Background
In 2014, a year after the release of the band's tenth album, Generation Nothing, longtime vocalist Ronny Munroe announced he was quitting the band. In April of the next year, it was announced that former vocalist Mike Howe had rejoined the band. This lineup subsequently recorded and released a new version of the song "Badlands" (from the band's 1989 debut album with Howe, Blessing in Disguise).
Mike Howe spoke about his absence from the music scene for two decades before his return to the band in 2015. He said: "I dropped off the radar because the record business really disappointed me. Things were changing, grunge was coming up and we were getting ignored. We were not businessmen, we were musicians, and like a lot of bands, we just wanted to write songs and play metal."
Over the course of 2015, the band announced its intention of releasing another album featuring Howe. He added - "the biggest thing for us was being able to write, record and present an album of material that represented us and who we are today from beginning to end without any external pressures, timelines or anything like that, and that's exactly what we did. We are very happy about this and it's allowed us to relax, be big kids again and enjoy the process".
In January 2016, Metal Church released a video for a new song, "No Tomorrow" as the album's first single, with the band announcing a title and track listing for the album at the same time. Another video, for the song "Killing Your Time" was released in February. On March 18, one week prior to the album's release, the band released a lyric video for "Reset." A video for "Needle and Suture" was released on December 6.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic70/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBlabbermouth.net8.5/10Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles9/10KNAC4.6/5Classic RockSputnikmusic4/5
XI received an average score of 70/100 on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Metal Underground rated the album four stars out of five and called it "a must buy for long time and new fans of the band and should be placed on the mantle in the same light as Howe, Phase One." AllMusic writer James Christopher Monger gave XI three-and-a-half out of five stars, and states that it "feels a bit more lived-in and immediate than 2013's so-so Generation Nothing." Monger finished his review, saying that "Metal Church seem to have finally found the sweet spot between the thrash-kissed days of yore and the more traditional yet no less meaty metal stylings of their 21st century incarnation." Angry Metal Guy commented on Mike Howe's remarkably unchanged bellowing snarl as out in front of hooky, meaty riffs that walk a fine line between traditional metal and hard rock that it feels like old times all over again. Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles concurred that the return of Mike Howe is the show-stealer, the clarity and bite of his voice makes for a raucous return.
Commercial performance
XI sold 11,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States, and debuted at number 57 on the Billboard 200 chart, making it their highest chart position, and their first entry on the Billboard 200 chart in 27 years (since Blessing in Disguise). It also became the band's highest-charting album in Germany, peaking at number 34, and becoming their first album to chart there since Hanging in the Balance reached number 79 in 1994.
Touring and promotion
To support XI and the return of Mike Howe, the band co-headlined a West Coast North American tour with Armored Saint in June 2016, They also appeared in multiple European festivals including Alcatraz Metal Festival, Wacken Open Air, Porispere Festival, Dynamo Open Air, Rock Hard Festival as well as the first edition of Ozzfest Meets Knotfest which took place in San Bernardino, California. Along with Amon Amarth, Suicidal Tendencies and Butcher Babies, they supported Megadeth on the latter's Dystopia arena tour in September–October 2016. To wrap up a successful year of touring and promotion, the band released a music video in December for "Needle And Suture", directed by Jamie Brown of Smokin' Gun Video Productions.
Track listing
All music by Kurdt Vanderhoof; all lyrics by Vanderhoof and Mike Howe.
No.TitleLength1."Reset"3:532."Killing Your Time"5:063."No Tomorrow"5:084."Signal Path"7:125."Sky Falls In"7:016."Needle and Suture"4:387."Shadow"4:088."Blow Your Mind"6:289."Soul Eating Machine"4:4110."It Waits"5:1511."Suffer Fools"4:54Total length:58:30
European bonus trackNo.TitleLength12."Fan the Fire"3:47
Japan bonus trackNo.TitleLength12."Long Time Coming"5:29
Rat Pak Records website exclusive edition bonus discNo.TitleLength1."The Coward"4:122."Blister Fist"3:293."God Hit"4:044."The Enemy Mind"3:085."Signal Path" (Radio edit)4:286."Badlands" (2015 version)7:227."Shadow" (Demo version)4:218."No Tomorrow" (Alternate mix)4:45
Accolades
Publication
Accolade
Work
Year
Rank
Ref.
Darkside Records & Gallery
Best of 2016 Lists
XI
2016
1
Sentinel Daily
Top 100 Albums of 2016
XI
2016
2
Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles
Bravepicks 2016 Top 31
XI
2016
5
Limelight
Top Albums of 2016
XI
2016
7
Worship Metal
The 10 Greatest Thrash Albums Of 2016
XI
2016
8
HRH Mag
2016 Best of The Best - Critics' Pick
XI
2016
9
Something Else Reviews
Fred Phillips' Best Hard Rock and Metal of 2016
XI
2016
10
Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.
Metal Church
Mike Howe – vocals
Rick Van Zandt – lead guitar
Kurdt Vanderhoof – rhythm guitar, mellotron, synthesizer
Steve Unger – bass
Jeff Plate – drums
Production
Produced and mastered by Kurdt Vanderhoof
Mixed by Kurdt Vanderhoof and Chris "Wizard" Collier
Charts
Chart (2016)
Peak position
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
51
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
94
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
77
French Albums (SNEP)
153
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
34
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
30
US Billboard 200
57
References
^ "Metal Church To Release 'XI' Album In March". Blabbermouth.net. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.
^ a b "Metal Church's 'XI' Lands On Billboard Chart". Blabbermouth.net. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
^ "Metal Church: New Version of 'Badlands' Featuring Return of Mike Howe (Audio)". Blabbermouth.net. June 17, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ a b "Mike Howe of Metal Church Talks of his Return, the New Album, and Where He's Been…". nysmusic.com. March 21, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ DiVita, Joe (January 5, 2016). "Metal Church Reveal 'XI' Album Details, Serve Up New Song 'No Tomorrow'". Loudwire.com. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ "Metal Church: Lyric Video for New Song 'Killing Your Time'". Blabbermouth.net. February 11, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ "Metal Church: Official Lyric Video for 'Reset' Song". Blabbermouth.net. March 18, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ a b "Metal Church XI". Metacritic. Retrieved December 24, 2016.
^ a b Monger, James Christopher (March 25, 2016). "XI – Metal Church". AllMusic. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ Van Horn, Jr., Ray. "Metal Church XI". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
^ Henderson, Tim (March 29, 2016). "Metal Church XI". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ Roberts, Jay (March 18, 2016). "Metal Church XI". KNAC. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ Arnopp, Jason (November 2, 2016). "Metal Church XI". Classic Rock. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ PsychicChris (November 18, 2016). "Metal Church XI". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
^ "Metal Church - "XI" CD Review". metalunderground.com. March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
^ "Metal Church - "XI" CD Review". angrymetalguy.com. March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.
^ "Metal Church - "XI" CD Review". bravewords.com. March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
^ a b "Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts". GfK Entertainment Charts. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
^ "Armored Saint To Team Up With Metal Church For West Coast Tour". Blabbermouth.net. April 22, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ "Megadeth Announces U.S. Tour With Amon Amarth, Suicidal Tendencies, Metal Church, Havok". Blabbermouth.net. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.
^ "Video Premiere: METAL CHURCH's 'Needle And Suture'". Blabbermouth.net. December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
^ a b XI liner notes. Rat Pak Records. 2016. p. 4.
^ "Rat Pak Records - Metal Church". RatPakRecordsAmerica.com. Rat Pak Records. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
^ "Best of 2016 Lists". Darkside Records. December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
^ "Top 100 Albums of 2016". Sentinel Daily. December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.
^ "BravePicks 2016 Top 31". Bravewords. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
^ "LIMELIGHT MAGAZINE'S TOP 10 ALBUMS OF 2016". Limelight Magazine. December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
^ "The 10 Greatest Thrash Albums Of 2016". Worship Metal. December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.
^ "2016 Best of The Best - Critics' Pick". HTH Mag. December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
^ "20 Best Metal Albums of 2016". Something Else Reviews. January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Metal Church – XI" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ "Ultratop.be – Metal Church – XI" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
^ "Ultratop.be – Metal Church – XI" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
^ "Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums - SNEP (Semaine du 25 Mars)". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved April 7, 2016.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Metal Church – XI" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Metal Church – XI". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
^ "Metal Church Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
vteMetal Church
Kurdt Vanderhoof
Steve Unger
Rick Van Zandt
Stet Howland
Marc Lopes
Mike Howe
Rick Condrin
Ed Bull
Rick Wagner
Aaron Zimpel
Mike Murphy
Steve Holt
Carl Sacco
Craig Wells
David Wayne
Duke Erickson
Kirk Arrington
Mark Baker
John Marshall
Jay Reynolds
Ronny Munroe
William McKay
Jeff Plate
Studio albums
Metal Church
The Dark
Blessing in Disguise
The Human Factor
Hanging in the Balance
Masterpeace
The Weight of the World
A Light in the Dark
This Present Wasteland
Generation Nothing
XI
Damned If You Do
Congregation of Annihilation
Live albums
Live
Tours
Operation Rock & Roll
Related articles
Band members
Portal:Heavy metal
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Metal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hanging in the Balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_in_the_Balance"},{"link_name":"Mike Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Howe"},{"link_name":"Blessing in Disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_in_Disguise_(Metal_Church_album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabbermouth_billboard-2"},{"link_name":"Jeff Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Plate"}],"text":"2016 studio album by Metal ChurchXI is the eleventh studio album by American heavy metal band Metal Church. It was released on March 25, 2016,[1] and is the band's first album in 23 years (since Hanging in the Balance) to feature vocalist Mike Howe. XI was considered a comeback for both Metal Church and Howe since the latter's hiatus from the music industry following the band's first breakup in 1996; the album received generally positive reviews, and was their first studio album since 1989's Blessing in Disguise to enter the Billboard 200 chart, where it peaked at number 57,[2] the band's highest chart position in their career. This is also Metal Church's final album with drummer Jeff Plate, who left the band almost exactly a year after its release.","title":"XI (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Generation Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_Nothing"},{"link_name":"Ronny Munroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Munroe"},{"link_name":"Mike Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Howe"},{"link_name":"Blessing in Disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_in_Disguise_(Metal_Church_album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysmusic.com-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nysmusic.com-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2014, a year after the release of the band's tenth album, Generation Nothing, longtime vocalist Ronny Munroe announced he was quitting the band. In April of the next year, it was announced that former vocalist Mike Howe had rejoined the band. This lineup subsequently recorded and released a new version of the song \"Badlands\" (from the band's 1989 debut album with Howe, Blessing in Disguise).[3]Mike Howe spoke about his absence from the music scene for two decades before his return to the band in 2015. He said: \"I dropped off the radar because the record business really disappointed me. Things were changing, grunge was coming up and we were getting ignored. We were not businessmen, we were musicians, and like a lot of [other] bands, we just wanted to write songs and play metal.\"\n[4]Over the course of 2015, the band announced its intention of releasing another album featuring Howe. He added - \"the biggest thing for us was being able to write, record and present an album of material that represented us and who we are today from beginning to end without any external pressures, timelines or anything like that, and that's exactly what we did. We are very happy about this and it's allowed us to relax, be big kids again and enjoy the process\".[4]In January 2016, Metal Church released a video for a new song, \"No Tomorrow\" as the album's first single, with the band announcing a title and track listing for the album at the same time.[5] Another video, for the song \"Killing Your Time\" was released in February.[6] On March 18, one week prior to the album's release, the band released a lyric video for \"Reset.\"[7] A video for \"Needle and Suture\" was released on December 6.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metacritic-8"},{"link_name":"Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Howe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Words_%26_Bloody_Knuckles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"XI received an average score of 70/100 on Metacritic, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[8] Metal Underground rated the album four stars out of five and called it \"a must buy for long time and new fans of the band and should be placed on the mantle in the same light as Howe, Phase One.\"[15] AllMusic writer James Christopher Monger gave XI three-and-a-half out of five stars, and states that it \"feels a bit more lived-in and immediate than 2013's so-so Generation Nothing.\" Monger finished his review, saying that \"Metal Church seem to have finally found the sweet spot between the thrash-kissed days of yore and the more traditional yet no less meaty metal stylings of their 21st century incarnation.\"[9] Angry Metal Guy commented on Mike Howe's remarkably unchanged bellowing snarl as out in front of hooky, meaty riffs that walk a fine line between traditional metal and hard rock that it feels like old times all over again.[16] Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles concurred that the return of Mike Howe is the show-stealer, the clarity and bite of his voice makes for a raucous return.[17]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blabbermouth_billboard-2"},{"link_name":"Blessing in Disguise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_in_Disguise_(Metal_Church_album)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-german_charts-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-german_charts-18"}],"sub_title":"Commercial performance","text":"XI sold 11,000 copies in its first week of release in the United States, and debuted at number 57 on the Billboard 200 chart,[2] making it their highest chart position, and their first entry on the Billboard 200 chart in 27 years (since Blessing in Disguise). It also became the band's highest-charting album in Germany, peaking at number 34,[18] and becoming their first album to chart there since Hanging in the Balance reached number 79 in 1994.[18]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mike Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Howe"},{"link_name":"Armored Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Saint"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Wacken Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Open Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_Open_Air"},{"link_name":"Ozzfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozzfest"},{"link_name":"Knotfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knotfest"},{"link_name":"Amon Amarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Amarth"},{"link_name":"Suicidal Tendencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicidal_Tendencies"},{"link_name":"Butcher Babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butcher_Babies"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"Dystopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia_(Megadeth_album)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Touring and promotion","text":"To support XI and the return of Mike Howe, the band co-headlined a West Coast North American tour with Armored Saint in June 2016,[19] They also appeared in multiple European festivals including Alcatraz Metal Festival, Wacken Open Air, Porispere Festival, Dynamo Open Air, Rock Hard Festival as well as the first edition of Ozzfest Meets Knotfest which took place in San Bernardino, California. Along with Amon Amarth, Suicidal Tendencies and Butcher Babies, they supported Megadeth on the latter's Dystopia arena tour in September–October 2016.[20] To wrap up a successful year of touring and promotion, the band released a music video in December for \"Needle And Suture\", directed by Jamie Brown of Smokin' Gun Video Productions.[21]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinerNotes-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"All music by Kurdt Vanderhoof; all lyrics by Vanderhoof and Mike Howe.[22]No.TitleLength1.\"Reset\"3:532.\"Killing Your Time\"5:063.\"No Tomorrow\"5:084.\"Signal Path\"7:125.\"Sky Falls In\"7:016.\"Needle and Suture\"4:387.\"Shadow\"4:088.\"Blow Your Mind\"6:289.\"Soul Eating Machine\"4:4110.\"It Waits\"5:1511.\"Suffer Fools\"4:54Total length:58:30European bonus trackNo.TitleLength12.\"Fan the Fire\"3:47[citation needed]Japan bonus trackNo.TitleLength12.\"Long Time Coming\"5:29Rat Pak Records website exclusive edition bonus discNo.TitleLength1.\"The Coward\"4:122.\"Blister Fist\"3:293.\"God Hit\"4:044.\"The Enemy Mind\"3:085.\"Signal Path\" (Radio edit)4:286.\"Badlands\" (2015 version)7:227.\"Shadow\" (Demo version)4:218.\"No Tomorrow\" (Alternate mix)4:45[23]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LinerNotes-22"},{"link_name":"Mike Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Howe"},{"link_name":"Kurdt Vanderhoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdt_Vanderhoof"},{"link_name":"Jeff Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Plate"}],"text":"Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[22]Metal ChurchMike Howe – vocals\nRick Van Zandt – lead guitar\nKurdt Vanderhoof – rhythm guitar, mellotron, synthesizer\nSteve Unger – bass\nJeff Plate – drumsProductionProduced and mastered by Kurdt Vanderhoof\nMixed by Kurdt Vanderhoof and Chris \"Wizard\" Collier","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Metal Church To Release 'XI' Album In March\". Blabbermouth.net. January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/metal-church-to-release-xi-album-in-march/","url_text":"\"Metal Church To Release 'XI' Album In March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church's 'XI' Lands On Billboard Chart\". Blabbermouth.net. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/metal-churchs-xi-lands-on-billboard-chart/","url_text":"\"Metal Church's 'XI' Lands On Billboard Chart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church: New Version of 'Badlands' Featuring Return of Mike Howe (Audio)\". Blabbermouth.net. June 17, 2015. 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Retrieved June 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://loudwire.com/metal-church-xi-album-details-new-song-no-tomorrow/?trackback=tsmclip","url_text":"\"Metal Church Reveal 'XI' Album Details, Serve Up New Song 'No Tomorrow'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church: Lyric Video for New Song 'Killing Your Time'\". Blabbermouth.net. February 11, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/metal-church-lyric-video-for-new-song-killing-your-time/","url_text":"\"Metal Church: Lyric Video for New Song 'Killing Your Time'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church: Official Lyric Video for 'Reset' Song\". Blabbermouth.net. March 18, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/metal-church-official-lyric-video-for-reset-song/","url_text":"\"Metal Church: Official Lyric Video for 'Reset' Song\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church XI\". Metacritic. Retrieved December 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/xi/metal-church","url_text":"\"Metal Church XI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Monger, James Christopher (March 25, 2016). \"XI – Metal Church\". AllMusic. Retrieved June 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/xi-mw0002909628","url_text":"\"XI – Metal Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Van Horn, Jr., Ray. \"Metal Church XI\". Blabbermouth.net. Retrieved November 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/cdreviews/xi/","url_text":"\"Metal Church XI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Tim (March 29, 2016). \"Metal Church XI\". Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles. Retrieved November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bravewords.com/reviews/metal-church-xi","url_text":"\"Metal Church XI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_Words_%26_Bloody_Knuckles","url_text":"Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Jay (March 18, 2016). \"Metal Church XI\". KNAC. Retrieved November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Roberts","url_text":"Roberts, Jay"},{"url":"http://www.knac.com/article.asp?ArticleID=19251","url_text":"\"Metal Church XI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNAC","url_text":"KNAC"}]},{"reference":"Arnopp, Jason (November 2, 2016). \"Metal Church XI\". Classic Rock. Retrieved November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://teamrock.com/review/2016-03-01/metal-church-xi","url_text":"\"Metal Church XI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"PsychicChris (November 18, 2016). \"Metal Church XI\". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved November 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/70698/Metal-Church-XI/","url_text":"\"Metal Church XI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church - \"XI\" CD Review\". metalunderground.com. March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metalunderground.com/reviews/details.cfm?releaseid=17553","url_text":"\"Metal Church - \"XI\" CD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church - \"XI\" CD Review\". angrymetalguy.com. March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.angrymetalguy.com/metal-church-xi-review/","url_text":"\"Metal Church - \"XI\" CD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metal Church - \"XI\" CD Review\". bravewords.com. March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bravewords.com/reviews/metal-church-xi","url_text":"\"Metal Church - \"XI\" CD Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\". GfK Entertainment Charts. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-298694","url_text":"\"Offizielle Deutsche Charts - Offizielle Deutsche Charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts","url_text":"GfK Entertainment Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Armored Saint To Team Up With Metal Church For West Coast Tour\". Blabbermouth.net. April 22, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/armored-saint-to-team-up-with-metal-church-for-west-coast-tour/","url_text":"\"Armored Saint To Team Up With Metal Church For West Coast Tour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Megadeth Announces U.S. Tour With Amon Amarth, Suicidal Tendencies, Metal Church, Havok\". Blabbermouth.net. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/megadeth-announces-u-s-tour-with-amon-amarth-suicidal-tendencies-metal-church-havok/","url_text":"\"Megadeth Announces U.S. Tour With Amon Amarth, Suicidal Tendencies, Metal Church, Havok\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"\"Video Premiere: METAL CHURCH's 'Needle And Suture'\". Blabbermouth.net. December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/video-premiere-metal-church-needle-and-suture/","url_text":"\"Video Premiere: METAL CHURCH's 'Needle And Suture'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blabbermouth.net","url_text":"Blabbermouth.net"}]},{"reference":"XI liner notes. Rat Pak Records. 2016. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rat Pak Records - Metal Church\". RatPakRecordsAmerica.com. Rat Pak Records. Retrieved June 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ratpakrecordsamerica.com/metal-church","url_text":"\"Rat Pak Records - Metal Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"Best of 2016 Lists\". Darkside Records. December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.darksiderecordsandgallery.com/single-post/2016/12/19/Best-of-2016-Unsoundrob","url_text":"\"Best of 2016 Lists\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 100 Albums of 2016\". Sentinel Daily. December 22, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sentineldaily.com.au/sentinel-dailys-top-100-albums-of-2016-part-ix/","url_text":"\"Top 100 Albums of 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"BravePicks 2016 Top 31\". Bravewords. December 27, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://bravewords.com/news/bravepicks-2016-metal-church-s-xi-5","url_text":"\"BravePicks 2016 Top 31\""}]},{"reference":"\"LIMELIGHT MAGAZINE'S TOP 10 ALBUMS OF 2016\". Limelight Magazine. December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://limelightmagazine.com/2016/12/31/top10albums2016/","url_text":"\"LIMELIGHT MAGAZINE'S TOP 10 ALBUMS OF 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 10 Greatest Thrash Albums Of 2016\". Worship Metal. December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worshipmetal.com/features/the-10-greatest-thrash-albums-of-2016/","url_text":"\"The 10 Greatest Thrash Albums Of 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 Best of The Best - Critics' Pick\". HTH Mag. December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrhmag.com/2016/12/31/2016-best-of-the-best-critics-pick-3/","url_text":"\"2016 Best of The Best - Critics' Pick\""}]},{"reference":"\"20 Best Metal Albums of 2016\". Something Else Reviews. January 2, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://somethingelsereviews.com/2017/01/02/best-hard-rock-and-metal-of-2016-anthrax-testament-rob-zombie-dead-daisies/","url_text":"\"20 Best Metal Albums of 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums - SNEP (Semaine du 25 Mars)\". Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cinghinarele_Island | Battle of Cinghinarele Island | ["1 Background","2 Battle","3 Aftermath","4 References"] | Battle during the Romanian Campaign of WWI
Battle of the Cinghinarele IslandPart of the Romanian Campaign of World War IDate2–8 October 1916LocationCinghinarele Island, Romania (near Belene, Bulgaria)Result
Central Powers victoryBelligerents
Romania
Germany Austria-Hungary
Austro-Hungarian navyStrength
1 infantry company2 batteries (6 guns)
Germany (7 October):Unknown infantry1 artillery batteryAustria-Hungary (7 October):Unknown combat engineers2 river monitorsCasualties and losses
130 prisoners6 guns captured
Unknown total Austria-Hungary (2 October):1 barge damaged
vteRomanian Campaign1916 Campaign
Transylvania
Northern front
Sibiu (offensive)
Petroșani (offensive)
Șelimbăr
Livadia
Baru
1st Petroșani
2nd Petroșani
Roșia
Mount Cindrel
Colun
Sibiu
3rd Petroșani
Bărcuț
Brașov
Bulgaria
Ruse
Flămânda
Orșova (offensive)
Băile Herculane
Dobruja
Turtucaia
Bazargic
1st Cobadin
2nd Cobadin
1st Orșova
Cinghinarele
Southern Carpathians
Predeal
1st Oituz
Sălătrucu
1st Jiu Valley
Dragoslavele
Eastern Carpathians
Úz Valley
Ghimeș
Olt Valley
The Romanian Debacle
2nd Jiu Valley
2nd Oituz
Zimnicea
Slatina
Robănești
Bucharest
Prunaru
Pitești–Târgoviște
Argeș
Retreat
Buzău
Râmnicu Sărat
Brăila
Focșani
1917 Campaign
Mărăști
Mărășești
3rd Oituz
Galați
Bessarabia
Treaty of Buftea
Treaty of Bucharest
Romania rejoins the war
The Battle of Cinghinarele Island was a military engagement between Central Powers forces (Germany and Austria-Hungary) on one side and Romanian forces on the other side during the Romanian Campaign of World War I. It took place in early October 1916. In late September 1916, Romanian forces occupied the island, setting up a garrison comprising an infantry company and six guns in two batteries. On 2 October, in support of the Flămânda Offensive, the Romanian garrison on the island attacked passing Austro-Hungarian warships, inflicting some damage and delaying the naval group long enough to allow a Romanian bridge over the Danube to be repaired. However, after an artillery bombardment which started on 7 October, the island was taken by the Central Powers on the 8th, the Romanian garrison being captured.
Background
Following the defeat of the Romanian 3rd Army at Turtucaia in early September 1916, the commanding general of this army was replaced with Alexandru Averescu on 7 September, whom historian John Buchan considered "the ablest of Rumanian generals". At the end of September, Romanian forces occupied the island of Cinghinarele. Averescu had deployed on the island an infantry company along with two artillery batteries of three guns each. Cinghinarele is a low-lying island in the Danube, a third of a mile wide and two and a half miles long. It is located at the eastern opening of the Belene Channel. Aside from the garrison, the Romanians had also laid mines near the island.
Battle
On 2 October, the Romanian batteries on the island opened fire at bypassing warships belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Navy's Groups I and IV of the Danube Flotilla. The Romanian guns holed Group I's coal barge, forcing the naval formation to run for cover in order to make repairs. Group IV decided not to risk shell fire hitting its fuel barge, and thus waited until nightfall before moving on. The two naval groups finally arrived a Ryahovo on the morning of 3 October. However, there they discovered that the Romanians had repaired damage to the bridge and were retreating across it. On 7 October, Group II of Austro-Hungarian monitors (Inn and Sava), along with a German artillery battery of 100 mm guns, began a bombardment of the Cinghinarele. On the 8th, a combined force of German infantry and Austro-Hungarian combat engineers overran the island, capturing the six guns along with 130 prisoners. The flotilla's minesweeping detachment subsequently cleared the channel.
Aftermath
Following their conquest of the island, the Central Powers had placed their own pair of artillery batteries on Cinghinarele by the middle of November.
References
^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, 23 oct. 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, pp. 127, 135 and 143
^ John Buchan, T. Nelson, 1922, A History of the Great War: From the battle of Verdun to the third battle of Ypres, p. 226
^ Michael B. Barrett, Indiana University Press, 23 oct. 2013, Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania, pp. 142-144
^ Institution of Royal Engineers, 1941, The Royal Engineers Journal, Volume 55, p. 15
^ Institution of Royal Engineers, 1941, The Royal Engineers Journal, Volume 55, p. 18 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Romanian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Romanian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Romanian Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"1916 Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_campaign_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Northern front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_front_of_the_Battle_of_Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Sibiu (offensive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyszeben_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Petroșani (offensive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrozs%C3%A9ny_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Șelimbăr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sellenberk_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Livadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mez%C5%91liv%C3%A1dia"},{"link_name":"Baru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nagyb%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"1st Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Petrozs%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"2nd Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Petrozs%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Roșia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veresmart_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Mount Cindrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Csindrel"},{"link_name":"Colun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kolun"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nagyszeben"},{"link_name":"3rd Petroșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petrozs%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Bărcuț","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1nyk%C3%BAt"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brass%C3%B3_(1916)"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_operations_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Ruse"},{"link_name":"Flămânda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C4%83m%C3%A2nda_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Orșova (offensive)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsova_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Băile Herculane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Herkulesf%C3%BCrd%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Turtucaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turtucaia"},{"link_name":"Bazargic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bazargic"},{"link_name":"1st Cobadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cobadin"},{"link_name":"2nd Cobadin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cobadin"},{"link_name":"1st Orșova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Orsova"},{"link_name":"Cinghinarele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Southern Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Southern_Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Predeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Predeal_Pass"},{"link_name":"1st Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Sălătrucu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%83l%C4%83trucu"},{"link_name":"1st Jiu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Jiu_Valley"},{"link_name":"Dragoslavele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dragoslavele"},{"link_name":"Eastern Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Úz Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_%C3%9Az_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ghimeș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gyimes_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olt Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Olt_Valley"},{"link_name":"The Romanian Debacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Romanian_Debacle"},{"link_name":"2nd Jiu Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Jiu_Valley"},{"link_name":"2nd Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Zimnicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landing_at_Zimnicea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Slatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Slatina"},{"link_name":"Robănești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rob%C4%83ne%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Prunaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prunaru"},{"link_name":"Pitești–Târgoviște","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite%C8%99ti%E2%80%93T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te_Retreat"},{"link_name":"Argeș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arge%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Retreat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retreat_towards_Moldavia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buzău","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Buz%C4%83u&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Râmnicu Sărat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_R%C3%A2mnicu_S%C4%83rat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brăila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Br%C4%83ila&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Focșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Foc%C8%99ani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1917 Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Campaign_(1917)"},{"link_name":"Mărăști","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Mărășești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"3rd Oituz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz"},{"link_name":"Galați","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gala%C8%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Buftea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Buftea"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Romania rejoins the war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Romanian Campaign of World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Flămânda Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C4%83m%C3%A2nda_Offensive"}],"text":"vteRomanian Campaign1916 Campaign\nTransylvania\nNorthern front\nSibiu (offensive)\nPetroșani (offensive)\nȘelimbăr\nLivadia\nBaru\n1st Petroșani\n2nd Petroșani\nRoșia\nMount Cindrel\nColun\nSibiu\n3rd Petroșani\nBărcuț\nBrașov\nBulgaria\nRuse\nFlămânda\nOrșova (offensive)\nBăile Herculane\nDobruja\nTurtucaia\nBazargic\n1st Cobadin\n2nd Cobadin\n1st Orșova\nCinghinarele\nSouthern Carpathians\nPredeal\n1st Oituz\nSălătrucu\n1st Jiu Valley\nDragoslavele\nEastern Carpathians\nÚz Valley\nGhimeș\nOlt Valley\nThe Romanian Debacle\n\n2nd Jiu Valley\n2nd Oituz\nZimnicea\nSlatina\nRobănești\nBucharest\nPrunaru\nPitești–Târgoviște\nArgeș\nRetreat\nBuzău\nRâmnicu Sărat\nBrăila\nFocșani\n1917 Campaign\n\nMărăști\nMărășești\n3rd Oituz\n\nGalați\nBessarabia\nTreaty of Buftea\nTreaty of Bucharest\n\nRomania rejoins the warThe Battle of Cinghinarele Island was a military engagement between Central Powers forces (Germany and Austria-Hungary) on one side and Romanian forces on the other side during the Romanian Campaign of World War I. It took place in early October 1916. In late September 1916, Romanian forces occupied the island, setting up a garrison comprising an infantry company and six guns in two batteries. On 2 October, in support of the Flămânda Offensive, the Romanian garrison on the island attacked passing Austro-Hungarian warships, inflicting some damage and delaying the naval group long enough to allow a Romanian bridge over the Danube to be repaired. However, after an artillery bombardment which started on 7 October, the island was taken by the Central Powers on the 8th, the Romanian garrison being captured.","title":"Battle of Cinghinarele Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turtucaia"},{"link_name":"Romanian 3rd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Army_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Turtucaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutrakan"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Averescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu"},{"link_name":"John Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Belene Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belene_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Following the defeat of the Romanian 3rd Army at Turtucaia in early September 1916, the commanding general of this army was replaced with Alexandru Averescu on 7 September, whom historian John Buchan considered \"the ablest of Rumanian generals\". At the end of September, Romanian forces occupied the island of Cinghinarele. Averescu had deployed on the island an infantry company along with two artillery batteries of three guns each. Cinghinarele is a low-lying island in the Danube, a third of a mile wide and two and a half miles long. It is located at the eastern opening of the Belene Channel. Aside from the garrison, the Romanians had also laid mines near the island.[1][2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Ryahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryahovo"},{"link_name":"monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_monitor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On 2 October, the Romanian batteries on the island opened fire at bypassing warships belonging to the Austro-Hungarian Navy's Groups I and IV of the Danube Flotilla. The Romanian guns holed Group I's coal barge, forcing the naval formation to run for cover in order to make repairs. Group IV decided not to risk shell fire hitting its fuel barge, and thus waited until nightfall before moving on. The two naval groups finally arrived a Ryahovo on the morning of 3 October. However, there they discovered that the Romanians had repaired damage to the bridge and were retreating across it. On 7 October, Group II of Austro-Hungarian monitors (Inn and Sava), along with a German artillery battery of 100 mm guns, began a bombardment of the Cinghinarele. On the 8th, a combined force of German infantry and Austro-Hungarian combat engineers overran the island, capturing the six guns along with 130 prisoners. The flotilla's minesweeping detachment subsequently cleared the channel.[3][4]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Following their conquest of the island, the Central Powers had placed their own pair of artillery batteries on Cinghinarele by the middle of November.[5]","title":"Aftermath"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M7UZAQAAIAAJ&q=ginghinarele","external_links_name":"Institution of Royal Engineers, 1941, The Royal Engineers Journal, Volume 55, p. 15"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M7UZAQAAIAAJ&q=ginghinarele","external_links_name":"Institution of Royal Engineers, 1941, The Royal Engineers Journal, Volume 55, p. 18"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport%E2%80%93Bossier_City_metropolitan_area | Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area | ["1 Geography","2 Communities","2.1 Cities","2.2 Towns","2.3 Villages","2.4 Unincorporated areas","2.4.1 Census-designated places","2.4.2 Other communities","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 Media","5.1 Television","5.2 Radio","6 Education","7 Transportation","8 See also","9 References"] | Metropolitan Statistical Area in Louisiana, United StatesShreveport–Bossier CityMetropolitan Statistical AreaShreveport–Bossier City, LAMetropolitan Statistical AreaFrom top to bottom: Shreveport, Bossier CityMap of Shreveport–Bossier City–Minden, LA CSA
City of Shreveport
Bossier City
Shreveport–Bossier City, LA MSA
Minden, LA µSA
CountryUnited StatesStateLouisianaPrincipal communities
List
ShreveportBossier CityGreenwoodMansfield
Area • Metro2,699 sq mi (6,990 km2)Population (2020) • MSA393,406 (140th)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)Interstates
The Red River between Shreveport and Bossier City
The Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, officially designated Shreveport–Bossier City by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, or simply Greater Shreveport, is a metropolitan statistical area in northwestern Louisiana that covers three parishes: Caddo, Bossier, and DeSoto. At the 2020 United States census, the metropolitan region had a population of 393,406; its American Community Survey population was 397,590 per census estimates. With a 2010 census population of 439,000, it declined to become Louisiana's fourth largest metropolis at 394,706 residents at the 2019 census estimates.
Shreveport–Bossier City is the largest economic and cultural center of North Louisiana and the wider Ark-La-Tex region. The Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan region comprises the highest concentration of colleges and universities in the Ark-La-Tex. It is part of the I-20 Cyber Corridor linking the area to Ruston, Grambling, and Monroe, Louisiana; Dallas and Tyler, Texas; and Atlanta, Georgia.
Shreveport–Bossier City's metropolitan economy is primarily based on oil and natural gas, manufacturing, casinos, restaurants, commerce, telecommunications, technology, banking, healthcare and medical research, and advertising. The largest companies operating within the metropolitan statistical area are Amazon, Calumet Specialty Products Partners, SWEPCO, AT&T Mobility and Cricket Wireless, Louisiana State University, JPMorgan Chase, Comcast, Regions Financial Corporation, Brookshire Grocery Company, and Walmart. The metropolis is one of the most religious in the United States, Shreveport being one of the top 5 most religious cities in the United States in 2016.
Geography
The Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area has a total area a little over 2,699 square miles. The area is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Delaware, and smaller than Connecticut and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the metropolitan region as covering Caddo, Bossier, and DeSoto parishes. Previously, Webster Parish was considered part of Greater Shreveport; it is now part of the Shreveport–Bossier City–Minden combined statistical area. Communities of the metropolis sit at elevations over 100 feet above sea level making them primary locations for coastal retreat due to rising sea levels.
The Shreveport–Bossier City area is located in the South Central United States, bordering East Texas and South Arkansas. As such, it is within the Piney Woods ecoregion. Its vegetation is classified as temperate forest and grassland. Much of the urbanized area was built on forested land, marshes, swamp, or prairie, remnants of which can still be seen throughout the metropolitan region.
Communities
Cities
Shreveport (Principal city)
Bossier City (Principal city and suburb)
Mansfield (Principal city)
Towns
Benton
Blanchard (suburb)
Greenwood (suburb)
Haughton (suburb)
Keachi
Logansport
Oil City
Plain Dealing
Stonewall (suburb)
Vivian
Villages
Belcher
Gilliam
Grand Cane
Hosston
Ida
Longstreet
Mooringsport
Rodessa
South Mansfield
Stanley
Unincorporated areas
Census-designated places
Eastwood
Frierson
Gloster
Lakeview
Red Chute
Other communities
Keithville
Kingston
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
185023,869—186036,78654.1%187049,35134.2%188057,94117.4%189071,74523.8%190093,71530.6%1910107,62714.8%1920134,90725.3%1930184,07436.4%1940215,16816.9%1950241,08412.0%1960305,72926.8%1970317,4673.8%1980358,60913.0%1990359,6870.3%2000375,9654.5%2010398,6046.0%2020393,406−1.3%U.S. Decennial Census1790–1960 1900–19901990–2000 2010–2016
Lakeside Baptist Church in downtown Shreveport, a historic African-American congregation
At the 2010 United States census, there were 557,201 people, 189,000 households, and 139,000 families residing within the metropolitan statistical area; in 2020, the United States census determined it had a population of 393,406. The American Community Survey's 2020 census estimates postulated a rebound of 397,590.
According to census estimates from 2015 to 2020, approximately 156,594 households were in the metropolitan area with an average of 2.5 people per household; 46% of the household were married, and spread among 184,148 housing units of which 85% were occupied. Of the housing units, 63% were owner-occupied and 71% were single-unit detached homes at a median value of $156,900. Residents in the metropolitan statistical area had a median household income of $46,610 and 20.9% of its population lived at or below the poverty line.
At the 2010 census, the racial and ethnic makeup of Shreveport–Bossier City was 60.58% White, 28.74% African American, 1.02% Native American, 1.88% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, 1.22% from two or more races, and 6.08% Hispanic or Latino of any heritage. According to 2020 census estimates, 52% of its population were White Americans, and 40% were Black or African American. Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race were 4% of the total metropolitan population, rebounding from previous census estimates after declining since the 2010 census.
In 2020 according to Sperling's BestPlaces, roughly 63.5% of Shreveport–Bossier City was religious. The city of Shreveport was ranked one of the most religious cities in the U.S. in 2016 through another study. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, it remained one of the most Christian areas of the United States. Per Sperling's, the largest religion in the metropolitan statistical area is Christianity, followed by Islam, Judaism, and eastern religions including Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. There is also a growing spiritual but not religious community.
Among Christians, Baptists, Methodists, and Catholics form the largest communities in the metropolitan area. A 2014 study determined the leading Baptist denomination was the Southern Baptist Convention. The United Methodist Church was the largest Methodist body and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport was the primary Catholic jurisdiction. The same study also named Islam the second-largest religion in the area, with Shreveporter Muslims making up about 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim-affiliated population. In a separate study by the Association of Religion Data Archives for 2020, the Southern Baptists had 111,745 members spread throughout 151 churches in the area; and the United Methodists had 19,114 members in 46 churches. Historically African American Christian denominations including the National Baptist Convention, National Baptist Convention of America, and National Missionary Baptist Convention had 32,132 members altogether.
Economy
Shreveport Convention Center
Shreveport–Bossier City is the economic and cultural center of Northwest Louisiana and the wider Ark-La-Tex tri-state region. It is also the largest economic metropolitan area in North Louisiana. The area's economic activity is centered in the city of Shreveport, the parish seat of Caddo Parish.
Much of the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area's economy is based on oil and natural gas, manufacturing, casinos, restaurants, and commerce. The city of Shreveport was once a major player in the national oil industry. Standard Oil of Louisiana and United Gas Corporation were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s. Since the downturn in the oil industry, telecommunications, technology, banking, healthcare and medical research, and advertising have been rising industries since the early 2000s. Filming has also been a prevalent industry in the metropolitan area.
The largest companies operating within the metropolitan area are Amazon, Calumet Specialty Products Partners, SWEPCO, AT&T Mobility and Cricket Wireless, Louisiana State University, JPMorgan Chase, Regions Financial Corporation, Comcast, and Walmart. AT&T, Chase, and Regions have regional offices within Shreveport's downtown area. The Tyler, Texas-based Brookshire Grocery Company operates numerous Super 1 Foods and Brookshire's supermarkets in the area.
From 2013-2014, Greater Shreveport had a gross metropolitan product of nearly $23.6 billion and negative growth rate of 5.4 percent. Its gross metropolitan product had been declining since 2011 to a low of $19 billion in 2016. In 2018, its gross metropolitan product rebounded to $23.7 billion. Following statewide economic recovery trends, the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area was expected to gain at least 5,000 jobs by the third quarter of 2021. As of 2021, its gross metropolitan product grew to $24.1 billion.
Media
The principal cities of Shreveport and Bossier City have their own newspapers, The Shreveport Times and Bossier Press-Tribune, respectively. Other major publications in the metropolitan area include The Barksdale Warrior, The Shreveport Sun, Caddo Citizen, SB Magazine, The Forum Newsweekly, City Lights, The Inquisitor and The Shreveport Catalyst.
The central city of Shreveport is home to several radio stations, particularly KWKH and KEEL. The three commercial television outlets for the metropolis are KSLA (CBS), founded in 1954; KTBS-TV (ABC), founded in 1955; and KTAL-TV, which arrived in Shreveport in September 1961 as the NBC station. KTBS was an NBC station, with occasional ABC programs, from 1955–1961, when it switched affiliation to ABC. KTAL, formerly known as KCMC of Texarkana, was a CBS outlet prior to conversion to NBC, when it began to cover Shreveport as well as Texarkana.
Television
Channel
Callsign
Affiliation
Subchannels
Owner
(Virtual/RF)
Channel
Programming
3.1 (28)
KTBS-TV
ABC
3.2
3.3
The Local AccuWeather Channel
KTBS 24 Hour News
KTBS, Inc. (Wray Family)
6.1 (15)
KTAL-TV
NBC
Nexstar Media Group
12.1 (17)
KSLA
CBS
12.2
12.3
This TV
Bounce TV
Gray Television
21.1 (21)
KPXJ
The CW
21.2
Me-TV
KTBS, Inc.
24.1 (24)
KLTS-TV
PBS
24.2
24.3
PBS KidsCreate
Louisiana Public Broadcasting
33.1 (34)
KMSS-TV
Fox
Marshall Broadcasting Group(operated by Nexstar Media Group)
40
KADO-CD
Religious Ind.
Word of Life Ministries
42
K27NA-D
3ABN
Edge Spectrum, Inc.
45.1 (44)
KSHV-TV
MyNetworkTV
White Knight Broadcasting(operated by Nexstar Media Group)
54
K54CB
Ind.
59
W59GO
TBN
Trinity Broadcasting Network
Radio
AM stations
Frequency
Callsign
Nickname
Format
Owner
710
KEEL
News/Talk
Townsquare Media
950
KRRP
Praise 950
Gospel Music
Maria Hobbs, Administratrix of Estate of Frank Van Dyke Hobb, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
980
KOKA
Black Gospel
Alpha Media
1070
KBCL
Contemporary Christian
Barnabus Center Ministries
1130
KWKH
1130 The Tiger
Sports/Talk
Townsquare Media
1240
KASO
Classic Hits
Greenwood Acres Baptist Church
1300
KSYB
Black Gospel
Amistad Radio Group
1320
KNCB
Sports 1320
Sports
Vivian
1340
KRMD (AM)
100.7 The Ticket
Sports/Talk
Cumulus Media
1450
KNOC
95.9 Kix Country
Classic country
Elite Radio Group, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
1460
KTKC (AM)
Red de Radio Amistad
Spanish Christian
Houston Christian Broadcasters, Inc.
1480
KIOU
Black Gospel
Wilkins Communications
1590
KGAS
Southern Gospel
Hanszen Broadcasting Group
FM stations
Frequency
Callsign
Nickname
Format
Owner
89.9
KDAQ
Classical
Red River Radio
91.3
KSCL
College Rock/Various Genres
Centenary College
92.1
KVFZ
Spanish
Alpha Media
92.1
KVCL
Country
Baldridge-Dumas Communications, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
92.9
KSPH
True Country
Classic country
Houston Christian Broadcasters, Inc.
93.7
KXKS-FM
Kiss Country 93-7
Country
Townsquare Media
94.5
KRUF
K94.5
Top 40
Townsquare Media
94.9
KSBH
94.9 The River
Country
Elite Radio Group, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
95.7
KLKL
The River 95.7
Oldies
Alpha Media
96.5
KVKI
96-5 KVKI
Adult Contemporary
Townsquare Media
97.3
KQHN
Q97.3
Hot Adult Contemporary
Cumulus Media
97.5
KDBH-FM
Country Legends 97.5
Classic country
Baldridge-Dumas Communications, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
98.1
KTAL
98 Rocks
Classic Rock
98.9
KTUX
Highway 98.9
Classic rock
Townsquare Media
99.7
KMJJ
The Big Station 99.7 KMJJ
Urban Contemporary
Cumulus Media
99.9
KTEZ
Easy 99.9
Adult Contemporary
Baldridge-Dumas Communications, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
100.7
KZBL
Good Time Oldies
Oldies
Baldridge-Dumas Communications, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
101.1
KRMD
101.1 KRMD
Country
Cumulus Media
102.1
KDKS
Hot 102 Jamz
Urban Adult Contemporary
Alpha Media
102.9
KVMA-FM
Magic 102.9
Urban Adult Contemporary
Cumulus Media
103.7
KBTT
103.7 Tha Beat
Mainstream Urban
Alpha Media
104.7
KHMD
Country
Mansfield
105.3
KNCB-FM
Caddo Country 105.3
Classic Country
Vivian
106.5
KLNQ
K-Love
Contemporary Christian
EMF Broadcasting, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
106.7
KYXA
K-Love
Contemporary Christian
EMF Broadcasting
107.1
KWLV
Country
Baldridge-Dumas Communications, Southeast Ark-La-Tex
Education
The Shreveport–Bossier City area is home to several colleges: among them, the Methodist-affiliated Centenary College of Louisiana (originally founded in the East Feliciana Parish town of Jackson in 1825, eventually relocating to Shreveport in 1908), Louisiana Baptist University and Theological Seminary (founded in 1973), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport (opened in 1969 as the only medical school in northern Louisiana) and one of the largest nursing schools in northern Louisiana, the Northwestern State University College of Nursing (opened in 1949) as well as satellite campuses of Louisiana State University (opened as a two-year institution in 1967, and expanded into a four-year college in 1976), and Southern University (opened in 1967 with a two-year associate's degree program).
Transportation
The Shreveport Regional Airport is the major airport for the metropolitan region. Interstate 20 and Interstate 49 are also major highways connecting the metro area to others including the DFW metroplex in Texas and Tyler, Texas.
See also
Louisiana census statistical areas
List of census-designated places in Louisiana
List of cities, towns, and villages in Louisiana
List of metropolitan areas of Louisiana
References
^ a b Bureau, US Census. "Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Totals: 2010-2019". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
^ a b "Shreveport, Bossier City Metro Area - USA.com". Retrieved 8 December 2015.
^ a b c "Census profile: Shreveport-Bossier City, LA Metro Area". Census Reporter. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
^ "2017-2018 Economic Profile of Shreveport, Louisiana". shreveportla.gov.
^ CollegeSimply. "Colleges within 25 Miles of Bossier City, LA in 2020". CollegeSimply. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
^ cfloyd. "Rise of the I-20 Technology Corridor". Cyber Innovation Center. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
^ Hilburn, Greg. "Gov. Edwards: New center strengthens Shreveport-Bossier as cyber hub of La". shreveporttimes.com. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
^ "Louisiana Governor launches the first ever Cyber Security Education Center in the state with Cybint and BPCC". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
^ "The Most Bible-Minded Cities in America". American Bible Society. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Map Shreveport - Louisiana Longitude, Altitude - Sunset". www.usclimatedata.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Weather averages Bossier City, Louisiana". www.usclimatedata.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Statistical Atlas of Shreveport-Bossier". statisticalatlas.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
^ "Lakeside Baptist Church". Downtown Development Authority. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City". Sperling's BestPlaces.
^ "Shreveport, LA: One Of The Top 5 Most Religious Cities In America". The Odyssey Online. 2016-06-27. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ a b "Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics". www.usreligioncensus.org. Retrieved 2022-12-30.
^ "A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City". Shreveport News. 2014-06-08. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ a b c d U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2001-01-01). "Total Gross Domestic Product for Shreveport-Bossier City, LA (MSA)". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ "Residents express high hopes for film industry in Shreveport in 2018". ksla.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ Randy Brown. "10 Binge-Worthy movies filmed in Shreveport-Bossier | Bossier Press-Tribune". Retrieved 2020-07-29.
^ "$200M Shreveport Amazon fulfillment center announced". KTBS. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
^ "Production Facilities". Calumet. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Contact Us". www.swepco.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "AT&T Stores - Shreveport, LA - Cell Phones, DirecTV & More". www.att.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "JPMorgan Chase Bank". Greater Shreveport Chamber of Commerce | Shreveport, LA 71101. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Shreveport - Shreveport Main | Regions Bank". RegionsBank. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Stores". Brookshire's Food & Pharmacy. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Super 1 Foods Locations Map". Super 1 Foods by Brookshire Grocery Company.
^ Reports, Staff and Wire. "Shreveport near bottom of GDP growth". The Times. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ Potter, William Taylor. "Lasting effects: Louisiana faces long economic recovery, Houma-Thibodaux may be longer". Houma Today. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
^ "Federal Communications Commission". FCC.
^ "Federal Communications Commission". FCC.
^ "Federal Communications Commission". FCC.
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Louisiana portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_River_Between_Shreveport_and_Bossier_City,_2008-07-24.jpg"},{"link_name":"Red River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South"},{"link_name":"Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport"},{"link_name":"Bossier City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossier_City"},{"link_name":"U.S. Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical 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and natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas_law_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"medical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Calumet Specialty Products Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Specialty_Products_Partners"},{"link_name":"SWEPCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"AT&T Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility"},{"link_name":"Cricket Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Wireless"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"Regions Financial Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Brookshire Grocery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookshire_Grocery_Company"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Red River between Shreveport and Bossier CityThe Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, officially designated Shreveport–Bossier City by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget,[1] or simply Greater Shreveport, is a metropolitan statistical area in northwestern Louisiana that covers three parishes: Caddo, Bossier, and DeSoto.[2] At the 2020 United States census, the metropolitan region had a population of 393,406; its American Community Survey population was 397,590 per census estimates.[3] With a 2010 census population of 439,000, it declined to become Louisiana's fourth largest metropolis at 394,706 residents at the 2019 census estimates.[1]Shreveport–Bossier City is the largest economic and cultural center of North Louisiana and the wider Ark-La-Tex region.[4] The Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan region comprises the highest concentration of colleges and universities in the Ark-La-Tex.[5] It is part of the I-20 Cyber Corridor linking the area to Ruston, Grambling, and Monroe, Louisiana; Dallas and Tyler, Texas; and Atlanta, Georgia.[6][7][8]Shreveport–Bossier City's metropolitan economy is primarily based on oil and natural gas, manufacturing, casinos, restaurants, commerce, telecommunications, technology, banking, healthcare and medical research, and advertising. The largest companies operating within the metropolitan statistical area are Amazon, Calumet Specialty Products Partners, SWEPCO, AT&T Mobility and Cricket Wireless, Louisiana State University, JPMorgan Chase, Comcast, Regions Financial Corporation, Brookshire Grocery Company, and Walmart. The metropolis is one of the most religious in the United States, Shreveport being one of the top 5 most religious cities in the United States in 2016.[9]","title":"Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"U.S. territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._territory"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"U.S. Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bossier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossier_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"DeSoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSoto_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Webster Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webster_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Shreveport–Bossier City–Minden combined statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport%E2%80%93Bossier_City%E2%80%93Minden_CSA"},{"link_name":"rising sea levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"South Central United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Central_United_States"},{"link_name":"East Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Texas"},{"link_name":"South Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Piney Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piney_Woods"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_the_United_States_(EPA)"}],"text":"The Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area has a total area a little over 2,699 square miles. The area is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Delaware, and smaller than Connecticut and the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the metropolitan region as covering Caddo, Bossier, and DeSoto parishes.[2] Previously, Webster Parish was considered part of Greater Shreveport; it is now part of the Shreveport–Bossier City–Minden combined statistical area. Communities of the metropolis sit at elevations over 100 feet above sea level making them primary locations for coastal retreat due to rising sea levels.[10][11]The Shreveport–Bossier City area is located in the South Central United States, bordering East Texas and South Arkansas.[12] As such, it is within the Piney Woods ecoregion. Its vegetation is classified as temperate forest and grassland. Much of the urbanized area was built on forested land, marshes, swamp, or prairie, remnants of which can still be seen throughout the metropolitan region.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Bossier City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossier_City,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield,_Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Shreveport (Principal city)\nBossier City (Principal city and suburb)\nMansfield (Principal city)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanchard,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Greenwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Haughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haughton,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Keachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keachi,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Logansport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logansport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Oil City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Plain Dealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_Dealing,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Vivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian,_Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Towns","text":"Benton\nBlanchard (suburb)\nGreenwood (suburb)\nHaughton (suburb)\nKeachi\nLogansport\nOil City\nPlain Dealing\nStonewall (suburb)\nVivian","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belcher,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Gilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilliam,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Grand Cane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cane,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Hosston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosston,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Ida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longstreet,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mooringsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooringsport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Rodessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodessa,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"South Mansfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mansfield,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley,_Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Villages","text":"Belcher\nGilliam\nGrand Cane\nHosston\nIda\nLongstreet\nMooringsport\nRodessa\nSouth Mansfield\nStanley","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Unincorporated areas","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastwood,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Frierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frierson,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Gloster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloster,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lakeview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Red Chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Chute,_Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated areas - Census-designated places","text":"Eastwood\nFrierson\nGloster\nLakeview\nRed Chute","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keithville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keithville,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Louisiana"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated areas - Other communities","text":"Keithville\nKingston","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shreveport_September_2015_104_(Lakeside_Baptist_Church).jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2010 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-18"},{"link_name":"United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_census"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-3"},{"link_name":"Sperling's BestPlaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperling%27s_BestPlaces"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Association of Religion Data Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"eastern religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_religions"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"spiritual but not religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"},{"link_name":"Methodists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Shreveport"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Historically African American Christian denominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_church"},{"link_name":"National Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention,_USA,_Inc."},{"link_name":"National Baptist Convention of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International,_Inc."},{"link_name":"National Missionary Baptist Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Missionary_Baptist_Convention_of_America"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"}],"text":"Lakeside Baptist Church in downtown Shreveport,[17] a historic African-American congregationAt the 2010 United States census,[18] there were 557,201 people, 189,000 households, and 139,000 families residing within the metropolitan statistical area; in 2020, the United States census determined it had a population of 393,406. The American Community Survey's 2020 census estimates postulated a rebound of 397,590.[3]According to census estimates from 2015 to 2020, approximately 156,594 households were in the metropolitan area with an average of 2.5 people per household; 46% of the household were married, and spread among 184,148 housing units of which 85% were occupied. Of the housing units, 63% were owner-occupied and 71% were single-unit detached homes at a median value of $156,900. Residents in the metropolitan statistical area had a median household income of $46,610 and 20.9% of its population lived at or below the poverty line.At the 2010 census, the racial and ethnic makeup of Shreveport–Bossier City was 60.58% White, 28.74% African American, 1.02% Native American, 1.88% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 0.80% from other races, 1.22% from two or more races, and 6.08% Hispanic or Latino of any heritage. According to 2020 census estimates, 52% of its population were White Americans, and 40% were Black or African American.[3] Hispanic or Latino Americans of any race were 4% of the total metropolitan population, rebounding from previous census estimates after declining since the 2010 census.In 2020 according to Sperling's BestPlaces, roughly 63.5% of Shreveport–Bossier City was religious.[19] The city of Shreveport was ranked one of the most religious cities in the U.S. in 2016 through another study.[20] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, it remained one of the most Christian areas of the United States.[21] Per Sperling's, the largest religion in the metropolitan statistical area is Christianity, followed by Islam, Judaism, and eastern religions including Buddhism, Sikhism, and Hinduism. There is also a growing spiritual but not religious community.Among Christians, Baptists, Methodists, and Catholics form the largest communities in the metropolitan area. A 2014 study determined the leading Baptist denomination was the Southern Baptist Convention. The United Methodist Church was the largest Methodist body and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Shreveport was the primary Catholic jurisdiction.[22] The same study also named Islam the second-largest religion in the area, with Shreveporter Muslims making up about 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim-affiliated population. In a separate study by the Association of Religion Data Archives for 2020, the Southern Baptists had 111,745 members spread throughout 151 churches in the area; and the United Methodists had 19,114 members in 46 churches. Historically African American Christian denominations including the National Baptist Convention, National Baptist Convention of America, and National Missionary Baptist Convention had 32,132 members altogether.[21]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shreveport_September_2015_050_(Shreveport_Convention_Center).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ark-La-Tex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark-La-Tex"},{"link_name":"tri-state region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-state_area"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Caddo Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"oil and natural gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_and_gas_law_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"casinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"Standard Oil of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"United Gas Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Gas_Corporation"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"medical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"Filming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematography"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Calumet Specialty Products Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Specialty_Products_Partners"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"SWEPCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Electric_Power"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"AT&T Mobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Mobility"},{"link_name":"Cricket Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Wireless"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"JPMorgan Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Regions Financial Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_Financial_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Comcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Brookshire Grocery Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookshire_Grocery_Company"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"gross metropolitan product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_metropolitan_product"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-23"}],"text":"Shreveport Convention CenterShreveport–Bossier City is the economic and cultural center of Northwest Louisiana and the wider Ark-La-Tex tri-state region. It is also the largest economic metropolitan area in North Louisiana.[23] The area's economic activity is centered in the city of Shreveport, the parish seat of Caddo Parish.Much of the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area's economy is based on oil and natural gas, manufacturing, casinos, restaurants, and commerce. The city of Shreveport was once a major player in the national oil industry. Standard Oil of Louisiana and United Gas Corporation were headquartered in the city until the 1960s and 1980s. Since the downturn in the oil industry, telecommunications, technology, banking, healthcare and medical research, and advertising have been rising industries since the early 2000s. Filming has also been a prevalent industry in the metropolitan area.[24][25]The largest companies operating within the metropolitan area are Amazon,[26] Calumet Specialty Products Partners,[27] SWEPCO,[28] AT&T Mobility and Cricket Wireless,[29] Louisiana State University, JPMorgan Chase,[30] Regions Financial Corporation,[31] Comcast, and Walmart. AT&T, Chase, and Regions have regional offices within Shreveport's downtown area. The Tyler, Texas-based Brookshire Grocery Company operates numerous Super 1 Foods and Brookshire's supermarkets in the area.[32][33]From 2013-2014, Greater Shreveport had a gross metropolitan product of nearly $23.6 billion and negative growth rate of 5.4 percent. Its gross metropolitan product had been declining since 2011 to a low of $19 billion in 2016.[34][23] In 2018, its gross metropolitan product rebounded to $23.7 billion.[23] Following statewide economic recovery trends, the Shreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area was expected to gain at least 5,000 jobs by the third quarter of 2021.[35] As of 2021, its gross metropolitan product grew to $24.1 billion.[23]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Shreveport Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_(Shreveport)"},{"link_name":"Bossier Press-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossier_Press-Tribune"},{"link_name":"The Shreveport Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shreveport_Sun"},{"link_name":"KWKH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWKH"},{"link_name":"KEEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEEL"},{"link_name":"KSLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSLA"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"KTBS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTBS-TV"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"KTAL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTAL-TV"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Texarkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texarkana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texarkana_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"The principal cities of Shreveport and Bossier City have their own newspapers, The Shreveport Times and Bossier Press-Tribune, respectively. Other major publications in the metropolitan area include The Barksdale Warrior, The Shreveport Sun, Caddo Citizen, SB Magazine, The Forum Newsweekly, City Lights, The Inquisitor and The Shreveport Catalyst.The central city of Shreveport is home to several radio stations, particularly KWKH and KEEL. The three commercial television outlets for the metropolis are KSLA (CBS), founded in 1954;[36] KTBS-TV (ABC), founded in 1955;[37] and KTAL-TV,[38] which arrived in Shreveport in September 1961 as the NBC station. KTBS was an NBC station, with occasional ABC programs, from 1955–1961, when it switched affiliation to ABC. KTAL, formerly known as KCMC of Texarkana, was a CBS outlet prior to conversion to NBC, when it began to cover Shreveport as well as Texarkana.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"AM stationsFM stations","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Centenary College of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centenary_College_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"East Feliciana Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Baptist University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Baptist_University"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_Health_Sciences_Center_Shreveport"},{"link_name":"medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"Northwestern State University College of Nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_State_University"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University_in_Shreveport"},{"link_name":"Southern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_University_at_Shreveport"},{"link_name":"associate's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate%27s_degree"}],"text":"The Shreveport–Bossier City area is home to several colleges: among them, the Methodist-affiliated Centenary College of Louisiana (originally founded in the East Feliciana Parish town of Jackson in 1825, eventually relocating to Shreveport in 1908), Louisiana Baptist University and Theological Seminary (founded in 1973), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport (opened in 1969 as the only medical school in northern Louisiana) and one of the largest nursing schools in northern Louisiana, the Northwestern State University College of Nursing (opened in 1949) as well as satellite campuses of Louisiana State University (opened as a two-year institution in 1967, and expanded into a four-year college in 1976), and Southern University (opened in 1967 with a two-year associate's degree program).","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shreveport Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport_Regional_Airport"},{"link_name":"Interstate 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Interstate 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_49_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"DFW metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_Texas"}],"text":"The Shreveport Regional Airport is the major airport for the metropolitan region. Interstate 20 and Interstate 49 are also major highways connecting the metro area to others including the DFW metroplex in Texas and Tyler, Texas.","title":"Transportation"}] | [{"image_text":"The Red River between Shreveport and Bossier City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Red_River_Between_Shreveport_and_Bossier_City%2C_2008-07-24.jpg/216px-Red_River_Between_Shreveport_and_Bossier_City%2C_2008-07-24.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lakeside Baptist Church in downtown Shreveport,[17] a historic African-American congregation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Shreveport_September_2015_104_%28Lakeside_Baptist_Church%29.jpg/220px-Shreveport_September_2015_104_%28Lakeside_Baptist_Church%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shreveport Convention Center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Shreveport_September_2015_050_%28Shreveport_Convention_Center%29.jpg/220px-Shreveport_September_2015_050_%28Shreveport_Convention_Center%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Louisiana census statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_census_statistical_areas"},{"title":"List of census-designated places in Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Louisiana"},{"title":"List of cities, towns, and villages in Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns,_and_villages_in_Louisiana"},{"title":"List of metropolitan areas of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Louisiana"}] | [{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Totals: 2010-2019\". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2020-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html","url_text":"\"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Totals: 2010-2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shreveport, Bossier City Metro Area - USA.com\". Retrieved 8 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usa.com/shreveport-bossier-city-la-area.htm","url_text":"\"Shreveport, Bossier City Metro Area - USA.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census profile: Shreveport-Bossier City, LA Metro Area\". Census Reporter. Retrieved 2022-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US43340-shreveport-bossier-city-la-metro-area/","url_text":"\"Census profile: Shreveport-Bossier City, LA Metro Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017-2018 Economic Profile of Shreveport, Louisiana\". shreveportla.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shreveportla.gov/DocumentCenter/View/11968/2017-2018-Economic-Profile?bidId=","url_text":"\"2017-2018 Economic Profile of Shreveport, Louisiana\""}]},{"reference":"CollegeSimply. \"Colleges within 25 Miles of Bossier City, LA in 2020\". CollegeSimply. Retrieved 2020-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/search?sort=distance&place=bossier-city-louisiana&years=4&years=2&type=public&type=private&type=for-profit&gpa=&sat=&act=&admit=comp&field=&major=&radius=25&zip=&state=&size=&tuition-fees=&net-price=","url_text":"\"Colleges within 25 Miles of Bossier City, LA in 2020\""}]},{"reference":"cfloyd. \"Rise of the I-20 Technology Corridor\". Cyber Innovation Center. Retrieved 2020-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://cyberinnovationcenter.org/rise-of-the-i-20-technology-corridor/","url_text":"\"Rise of the I-20 Technology Corridor\""}]},{"reference":"Hilburn, Greg. \"Gov. Edwards: New center strengthens Shreveport-Bossier as cyber hub of La\". shreveporttimes.com. Retrieved 2020-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2019/05/15/gov-edwards-new-center-strengthens-shreveport-bossier-cyber-hub-la/3683386002/","url_text":"\"Gov. Edwards: New center strengthens Shreveport-Bossier as cyber hub of La\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Governor launches the first ever Cyber Security Education Center in the state with Cybint and BPCC\". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/louisiana-governor-launches-first-ever-110000229.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana Governor launches the first ever Cyber Security Education Center in the state with Cybint and BPCC\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Bible-Minded Cities in America\". American Bible Society. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanbible.org/features/americas-most-bible-minded-cities","url_text":"\"The Most Bible-Minded Cities in America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map Shreveport - Louisiana Longitude, Altitude - Sunset\". www.usclimatedata.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usclimatedata.com/map/USLA0426","url_text":"\"Map Shreveport - Louisiana Longitude, Altitude - Sunset\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weather averages Bossier City, Louisiana\". www.usclimatedata.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/bossier-city/louisiana/united-states/usla0540","url_text":"\"Weather averages Bossier City, Louisiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical Atlas of Shreveport-Bossier\". statisticalatlas.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Louisiana/Shreveport/Ancestry","url_text":"\"Statistical Atlas of Shreveport-Bossier\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). \"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ar190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved August 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lakeside Baptist Church\". Downtown Development Authority. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://downtownshreveport.com/business/lakeside-baptist-church-2/","url_text":"\"Lakeside Baptist Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City\". Sperling's BestPlaces.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bestplaces.net/religion/metro/louisiana/shreveport-bossier_city","url_text":"\"Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperling%27s_BestPlaces","url_text":"Sperling's BestPlaces"}]},{"reference":"\"Shreveport, LA: One Of The Top 5 Most Religious Cities In America\". The Odyssey Online. 2016-06-27. Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theodysseyonline.com/shreveport-la-top-5-most-religious-city-america","url_text":"\"Shreveport, LA: One Of The Top 5 Most Religious Cities In America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics\". www.usreligioncensus.org. Retrieved 2022-12-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639","url_text":"\"Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City\". Shreveport News. 2014-06-08. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/468/","url_text":"\"A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City\""}]},{"reference":"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (2001-01-01). \"Total Gross Domestic Product for Shreveport-Bossier City, LA (MSA)\". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP43340","url_text":"\"Total Gross Domestic Product for Shreveport-Bossier City, LA (MSA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Residents express high hopes for film industry in Shreveport in 2018\". ksla.com. Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ksla.com/story/37094092/residents-express-high-hopes-for-film-industry-in-shreveport-in-2018","url_text":"\"Residents express high hopes for film industry in Shreveport in 2018\""}]},{"reference":"Randy Brown. \"10 Binge-Worthy movies filmed in Shreveport-Bossier | Bossier Press-Tribune\". Retrieved 2020-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://bossierpress.com/10-binge-worthy-movies-filmed-in-shreveport-bossier/","url_text":"\"10 Binge-Worthy movies filmed in Shreveport-Bossier | Bossier Press-Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"\"$200M Shreveport Amazon fulfillment center announced\". KTBS. Retrieved 2022-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ktbs.com/news/200m-shreveport-amazon-fulfillment-center-announced/article_561ff4cc-af09-11eb-a0fb-b36042f61225.html","url_text":"\"$200M Shreveport Amazon fulfillment center announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Production Facilities\". Calumet. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.calumetspecialty.com/facilities/production-facilities/","url_text":"\"Production Facilities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". www.swepco.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swepco.com/contact/","url_text":"\"Contact Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"AT&T Stores - Shreveport, LA - Cell Phones, DirecTV & More\". www.att.com. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.att.com/stores/louisiana/shreveport","url_text":"\"AT&T Stores - Shreveport, LA - Cell Phones, DirecTV & More\""}]},{"reference":"\"JPMorgan Chase Bank\". Greater Shreveport Chamber of Commerce | Shreveport, LA 71101. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.shreveportchamber.org/external/wcpages/wcdirectory/results/listing.aspx?listingid=1548","url_text":"\"JPMorgan Chase Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shreveport - Shreveport Main | Regions Bank\". RegionsBank. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regions.com/Locator/Branch/bank-branch-Shreveport-Main-Shreveport","url_text":"\"Shreveport - Shreveport Main | Regions Bank\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stores\". Brookshire's Food & Pharmacy. Retrieved 2020-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brookshires.com/stores","url_text":"\"Stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Super 1 Foods Locations Map\". Super 1 Foods by Brookshire Grocery Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.super1foods.com/stores/?q=Shreveport,%20LA,%20USA&coordinates=32.461417320907636,-93.81372845&zoom=11","url_text":"\"Super 1 Foods Locations Map\""}]},{"reference":"Reports, Staff and Wire. \"Shreveport near bottom of GDP growth\". The Times. 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FCC.","urls":[{"url":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=KTBS-TV","url_text":"\"Federal Communications Commission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federal Communications Commission\". FCC.","urls":[{"url":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=KTAL-TV","url_text":"\"Federal Communications Commission\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Totals: 2010-2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.usa.com/shreveport-bossier-city-la-area.htm","external_links_name":"\"Shreveport, Bossier City Metro Area - USA.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US43340-shreveport-bossier-city-la-metro-area/","external_links_name":"\"Census profile: Shreveport-Bossier City, LA Metro Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.shreveportla.gov/DocumentCenter/View/11968/2017-2018-Economic-Profile?bidId=","external_links_name":"\"2017-2018 Economic Profile of Shreveport, Louisiana\""},{"Link":"https://www.collegesimply.com/colleges/search?sort=distance&place=bossier-city-louisiana&years=4&years=2&type=public&type=private&type=for-profit&gpa=&sat=&act=&admit=comp&field=&major=&radius=25&zip=&state=&size=&tuition-fees=&net-price=","external_links_name":"\"Colleges within 25 Miles of Bossier City, LA in 2020\""},{"Link":"https://cyberinnovationcenter.org/rise-of-the-i-20-technology-corridor/","external_links_name":"\"Rise of the I-20 Technology Corridor\""},{"Link":"https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/news/2019/05/15/gov-edwards-new-center-strengthens-shreveport-bossier-cyber-hub-la/3683386002/","external_links_name":"\"Gov. 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Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"Link":"https://downtownshreveport.com/business/lakeside-baptist-church-2/","external_links_name":"\"Lakeside Baptist Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.bestplaces.net/religion/metro/louisiana/shreveport-bossier_city","external_links_name":"\"Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City\""},{"Link":"https://www.theodysseyonline.com/shreveport-la-top-5-most-religious-city-america","external_links_name":"\"Shreveport, LA: One Of The Top 5 Most Religious Cities In America\""},{"Link":"https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639","external_links_name":"\"Maps and data files for 2020 | U.S. Religion Census | Religious Statistics & Demographics\""},{"Link":"https://www.shreveportnews.com/shreveport_news/look-religion-shreveport-bossier-city/468/","external_links_name":"\"A Look at Religion in Shreveport-Bossier City\""},{"Link":"https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP43340","external_links_name":"\"Total Gross Domestic Product for Shreveport-Bossier City, LA (MSA)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ksla.com/story/37094092/residents-express-high-hopes-for-film-industry-in-shreveport-in-2018","external_links_name":"\"Residents express high hopes for film industry in Shreveport in 2018\""},{"Link":"https://bossierpress.com/10-binge-worthy-movies-filmed-in-shreveport-bossier/","external_links_name":"\"10 Binge-Worthy movies filmed in Shreveport-Bossier | Bossier Press-Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://www.ktbs.com/news/200m-shreveport-amazon-fulfillment-center-announced/article_561ff4cc-af09-11eb-a0fb-b36042f61225.html","external_links_name":"\"$200M Shreveport Amazon fulfillment center announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.calumetspecialty.com/facilities/production-facilities/","external_links_name":"\"Production Facilities\""},{"Link":"https://www.swepco.com/contact/","external_links_name":"\"Contact Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.att.com/stores/louisiana/shreveport","external_links_name":"\"AT&T Stores - Shreveport, LA - Cell Phones, DirecTV & More\""},{"Link":"https://web.shreveportchamber.org/external/wcpages/wcdirectory/results/listing.aspx?listingid=1548","external_links_name":"\"JPMorgan Chase Bank\""},{"Link":"http://www.regions.com/Locator/Branch/bank-branch-Shreveport-Main-Shreveport","external_links_name":"\"Shreveport - Shreveport Main | Regions Bank\""},{"Link":"https://www.brookshires.com/stores","external_links_name":"\"Stores\""},{"Link":"https://www.super1foods.com/stores/?q=Shreveport,%20LA,%20USA&coordinates=32.461417320907636,-93.81372845&zoom=11","external_links_name":"\"Super 1 Foods Locations Map\""},{"Link":"https://www.shreveporttimes.com/story/money/business/2014/09/17/shreveport-near-bottom-gdp-growth/15769195/","external_links_name":"\"Shreveport near bottom of GDP growth\""},{"Link":"https://www.houmatoday.com/story/news/2020/06/17/lasting-effects-louisiana-faces-long-economic-recovery-houma-thibodaux-may-be-longer/112555488/","external_links_name":"\"Lasting effects: Louisiana faces long economic recovery, Houma-Thibodaux may be longer\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=KSLA","external_links_name":"\"Federal Communications Commission\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=KTBS-TV","external_links_name":"\"Federal Communications Commission\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/tvq?call=KTAL-TV","external_links_name":"\"Federal Communications Commission\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting | 1979 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting | ["1 References"] | 5th Commonwealth Heads of Government MeetingHost country ZambiaDates1–7 August 1979Venue(s)LusakaCitiesLusakaParticipants39 (of 39 members)Heads of State or Government27ChairKenneth Kaunda(President)Follows1977Precedes1981Key points
Lusaka DeclarationRhodesia Racism CyprusSouthern AfricaApartheid
The 1979 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the fifth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. 39 countries attended the meeting. It was held in Lusaka, Zambia, between 1 August 1979 and 7 August 1979, and was hosted by that country's President, Kenneth Kaunda.
Issues discussed at the conference included the situation in Rhodesia, the armed conflicts in Indo-China, the global growth of the refugee problem, the situation in Cyprus and Southern Africa. Sir Shridath Ramphal was reappointed as Commonwealth Secretary-General during the meeting. The Lusaka Declaration of the Commonwealth on Racism and Racial Prejudice was issued at the end of the CHOGM, including a special declaration condemning apartheid.
References
^ Ingram, Derek (October 1979). "Lusaka 1979: A Significant Commonwealth Meeting". The Round Table. 69 (276): 275–283. doi:10.1080/00358537908453397.
^ Commonwealth Secretariat (1979). Commonwealth Heads of Government. The Lusaka Communique August 1979. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
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This article about politics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting"},{"link_name":"Heads of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Kaunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kaunda"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Shridath Ramphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shridath_Ramphal"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"Lusaka Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka_Declaration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1979 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting was the fifth Meeting of the Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations. 39 countries attended the meeting. It was held in Lusaka, Zambia, between 1 August 1979 and 7 August 1979, and was hosted by that country's President, Kenneth Kaunda.Issues discussed at the conference included the situation in Rhodesia, the armed conflicts in Indo-China, the global growth of the refugee problem, the situation in Cyprus and Southern Africa. Sir Shridath Ramphal was reappointed as Commonwealth Secretary-General during the meeting. The Lusaka Declaration of the Commonwealth on Racism and Racial Prejudice was issued at the end of the CHOGM, including a special declaration condemning apartheid.[1] [2]","title":"1979 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ingram, Derek (October 1979). \"Lusaka 1979: A Significant Commonwealth Meeting\". The Round Table. 69 (276): 275–283. doi:10.1080/00358537908453397.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358537908453397","url_text":"10.1080/00358537908453397"}]},{"reference":"Commonwealth Secretariat (1979). Commonwealth Heads of Government. The Lusaka Communique August 1979. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00358537908453397","external_links_name":"10.1080/00358537908453397"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1979_Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney | Rhymney | ["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Education and transport","4 Notable people and organisations","5 \"The Bells of Rhymney\"","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°45′32″N 3°16′59″W / 51.759°N 3.283°W / 51.759; -3.283Not to be confused with Rumney, Cardiff.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Rhymney" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Human settlement in WalesRhymneyWelsh: RhymniSaint David's Church, RhymneyRhymneyLocation within CaerphillyPopulation8,845 OS grid referenceSO115075Principal areaCaerphillyPreserved countyGwentCountryWalesSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBARGOEDPostcode districtCF81Post townTREDEGARPostcode districtNP22Dialling code01685PoliceGwentFireSouth WalesAmbulanceWelsh
UK ParliamentMerthyr Tydfil and RhymneySenedd Cymru – Welsh ParliamentMerthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
List of places
UK
Wales
Caerphilly
51°45′32″N 3°16′59″W / 51.759°N 3.283°W / 51.759; -3.283
Rhymney (/ˈrʌmni/; Welsh: Rhymni ) is a town and a community in the county borough of Caerphilly, South Wales. It is within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. With the villages of Pontlottyn, Fochriw, Abertysswg, Deri and New Tredegar, Rhymney is designated as the 'Upper Rhymney Valley' by the local Unitary Authority, Caerphilly County Borough Council. As a community, Rhymney includes the town of Rhymney, Pontlottyn, Abertysswg, Butetown and Twyncarno.
Rhymney is known to many outside Wales as a result of the song "The Bells of Rhymney", a musical adaptation of a poem by Idris Davies.
Etymology
The town is named after the Rhymney River, whose name derives from the Welsh word rhwmp "auger" + -ni, a derivational noun ending.
History
The countryside around present day Rhymney would have been very different in the early 17th century. In 1624 the parish of Bedwellty was created which covered the lower division of the Wentloog Hundred, in the county of Monmouth, a hilly district between the river Rumney, on the West and the Sirhowey on the East. The upper Sirhowy Valley at this time would have been a natural well wooded valley, consisting of a few farms and the occasional small iron works where iron ore and coal naturally had occurred together. Later it would have contained the chapelries of Rhymney and Tredegar, the latter being known as a market town. It was not until the 1750s that industrialisation began with the establishment of the Sirhowy Iron Works.
The town was founded with the establishment of the Union ironworks in 1801, with the Rhymney Iron Company later being founded from a merger between the Bute and Union Ironworks in 1837. The ironworks used local coking coal, iron ore and limestone. From the mid-19th century, steam coal pits were sunk to the south of the town. The ironworks closed in 1891 and by the early 20th century the town's collieries employed nearly the entire local population.
The parish church of Rhymney is a Grade II listed building that was constructed in the neo-classical style. It was built by architect Philip Hardwick from London on commission for Andrew Buchan who was the manager of the local Rhymney brewery between 1838–1858. The building was listed in 1990 and was noted for being one of the most 'interesting' examples of neoclassical architecture in South Wales. Buchan himself is buried in the parish church vaults and is commemorated with a plaque in the nave of the church. The parish is occasionally visited by enthusiasts of Hardwick's work who are interested in neo-classical buildings of this type.
The history of Rhymney is described in Rhymney Memories, a book by Dr Thomas Jones. Jones was born in the town and his daughter, the Labour Party politician Eirene White, was later granted the title Baroness White of Rhymney.
Education and transport
The town's secondary school, Idris Davies School, serves a catchment area that includes Fochriw, Pontlottyn and New Tredegar. There is also a Welsh language primary school in Rhymney.
In 1999, Ystrad Mynach College launched its sister campus in Rhymney to serve the top end of the Rhymney Valley under the name The College Rhymney. The College Rhymney underwent rapid growth after its opening, with over 700 students enrolling on various courses in the 2007–2008 academic year. The College Rhymney is now permanently closed.
Rhymney railway station is on the Rhymney Line. Featured on the Rhymney Line is a viaduct that was built by the Rhymney Railway company to facilitate the line in 1857 after the incorporation of the company to build the line to the steel works in 1854. The viaduct which opened in 1858 was designed by English engineer Joseph Cubitt.(1811–1872).
Notable people and organisations
See also Category:People from Rhymney
The celebrated Welsh poet Idris Davies (1905–1953) was born in Rhymney. After leaving school at the age of 14 he worked as a miner in the nearby Abertysswg and Rhymney Mardy Pits. After participating in the failed General Strike of 1926, Davies moved to London where he worked as a teacher at various schools. Four volumes of his poetry were published during his lifetime: Gwalia Deserta (1938), The Angry Summer: A Poem of 1926 (1943), Tonypandy and other poems (1945), and Selected Poems (1953). He returned to Rhymney in 1947 and died of cancer on 6 April 1953.
General manager and engineer of the Rhymney Railway Cornelius Lundie (1815–1908). For over 40 years, he was, a few years prior to his death, appointed consulting director to the Company, and actively discharged the duties of that office until the very end. As an engineer he designed and constructed many extensions of the system and widenings of the main line, including a double-way tunnel under the Cefn On or Caerphilly mountain, and a masonry viaduct of seven spans over the River Taff, besides new locomotive shops at Caerphilly, and other works. He was 93 when he died in 1908 and is thought to be the oldest railway director of his time.
The professor, civil servant, administrator, and author Dr Thomas Jones CH (1870–1955) was also born in Rhymney. After leaving school at 14 he became a clerk at the Rhymney Iron and Steel Works. He was admitted to the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1890 and later migrated to Glasgow University in 1890. Between 1904 and 1905 he lectured in Ireland and upon returning to Wales in 1910 became Secretary of the Welsh National Campaign against Tuberculosis. He was appointed Secretary of the National Health Insurance Commission (Wales) in 1912 and transferred to London in 1916 as Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet, eventually becoming Deputy Secretary. He suffered a serious fall indoors at his home in Kent in June 1955 and died in a private nursing home on 15 October 1955.
Notable people born in Rhymney include the Major League Baseball trainer John D. Reese, Wales international rugby union Wing Tom James, and Professor W. John Morgan, Commonwealth Scholarship Commissioner, and Chair of the United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO.https://www.ukwhoswho.com/
One of the largest employers in Rhymney is Williams Medical Supplies Ltd.
The town is home to the Rhymney Silurian Male Choir, which was formed in 1951 to renew the tradition of male voice singing in Rhymney. During its history, the choir has won four National Eisteddfod titles and raised money for a number of charities.
"The Bells of Rhymney"
Main article: The Bells of Rhymney
Rhymney is known to many outside Wales due to folk singer Pete Seeger's song "The Bells of Rhymney". The lyrics to the song are drawn from a poem by Idris Davies, and the poem was first published in Davies' 1938 anthology Gwalia Deserta. The poem was inspired by the failure of the 1926 General Strike and by the Marine Colliery disaster of 1 March 1927. In addition to Rhymney, the poem also refers to the bells of Merthyr, Rhondda, Blaina, Caerphilly, Neath, Brecon, Swansea, Newport, Cardiff and the Wye Valley.
The song has been covered by a number of acts over the years, including Judy Collins, Cher, the Alarm, the Ian Campbell Folk Group, John Denver, Robyn Hitchcock, Oysterband and Ralph McTell. Arguably the most widely known rendition of the song, however, was that recorded by the American band the Byrds for their 1965 album Mr. Tambourine Man.
See also
Wales portal
Redwood Memorial Hospital
References
^ "Town population 2015". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 755. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
^ Mills, A. D. (2003). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198527589.
^ "Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ Stuff, Good. "Church of St David, Rhymney, Caerphilly". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ a b c d e "Davies, Idris (1905–1953)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Lundie, Cornelius (1815–1908) Biography". Obituaries. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
^ a b c d e f "Jones, Thomas (1870–1955)". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Rhymney Silurian Male Choir: History". Rhymney Silurian Male Choir website. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Rhymney Silurian Male Choir overview". Rhymney Silurian Male Choir website. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ a b c d "The Bells of Rhymney". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ a b Rogan, Johnny. (1996). Mr. Tambourine Man (1996 CD liner notes).
^ "The Bells of Rhymney Lyrics". Pete Seeger Appreciation Page. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "The Bells of Rhymney cover versions". Allmusic. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ "Bells of Rhymney cover versions". Allmusic. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
Bibliography
Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.
Evans, Marion. (1994). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 1. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-40-9.
Evans, Marion. (1995). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 2. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-70-0.
Evans, Marion. (1996). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 3. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-41-7.
Evans, Marion. (1998). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 4. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-02-6.
Evans, Marion. (2009). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 5. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 978-1-905967-20-9.
Evans, Marion. (2007). The History of Andrew Buchan's Rhymney Brewery. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 978-1-905967-07-0.
Jones,Thomas, 1990, Rhymney Memories, The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, ISBN 0-907158-43-9.
Morris, Eben (Ed.),1990, Fe'm Ganed i yn Rhymni|I Was Born in Rhymney, Cyfrol Deyrnged i Idris Davies|The Idris Davies Memorial Volume, Gwasg Gomer|Gomer Press, LLandyssul, Dyfed.ISBN 0-86383-623-2 (HB) ISBN 0086383-698-4 (SB).
Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.
External links
Media related to Rhymney at Wikimedia Commons
The College Rhymney
Rhymney Comprehensive School
Lyrics to the song "The Bells of Rhymney"
vteCaerphilly County BoroughCaerphilly County Borough CouncilPrincipal settlements
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MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rumney, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumney,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"/ˈrʌmni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈr̥əmnɪ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_(Wales)"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_(county_borough)"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"},{"link_name":"historic boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Monmouthshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"Pontlottyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontlottyn"},{"link_name":"Fochriw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fochriw"},{"link_name":"Abertysswg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abertysswg"},{"link_name":"Deri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deri,_Caerphilly"},{"link_name":"New Tredegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tredegar"},{"link_name":"Upper Rhymney Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney_Valley"},{"link_name":"Unitary Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_Authority"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly County Borough Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_County_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Bells of Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bells_of_Rhymney"},{"link_name":"Idris Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Davies"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Rumney, Cardiff.Human settlement in WalesRhymney (/ˈrʌmni/; Welsh: Rhymni [ˈr̥əmnɪ]) is a town and a community in the county borough of Caerphilly, South Wales. It is within the historic boundaries of Monmouthshire. With the villages of Pontlottyn, Fochriw, Abertysswg, Deri and New Tredegar, Rhymney is designated as the 'Upper Rhymney Valley' by the local Unitary Authority, Caerphilly County Borough Council. As a community, Rhymney includes the town of Rhymney, Pontlottyn, Abertysswg, Butetown and Twyncarno.[2]Rhymney is known to many outside Wales as a result of the song \"The Bells of Rhymney\", a musical adaptation of a poem by Idris Davies.","title":"Rhymney"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhymney River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney_River"},{"link_name":"auger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_auger"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The town is named after the Rhymney River, whose name derives from the Welsh word rhwmp \"auger\" + -ni, a derivational noun ending.[3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedwellty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwellty"},{"link_name":"Wentloog Hundred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentloog_Hundred"},{"link_name":"Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Tredegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredegar"},{"link_name":"ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironworks"},{"link_name":"coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"collieries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"Philip Hardwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hardwick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Dr Thomas Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(T._J.)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Eirene White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirene_White"},{"link_name":"Baroness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron#The_British_Isles"}],"text":"The countryside around present day Rhymney would have been very different in the early 17th century. In 1624 the parish of Bedwellty was created which covered the lower division of the Wentloog Hundred, in the county of Monmouth, a hilly district between the river Rumney, on the West and the Sirhowey on the East. The upper Sirhowy Valley at this time would have been a natural well wooded valley, consisting of a few farms and the occasional small iron works where iron ore and coal naturally had occurred together. Later it would have contained the chapelries of Rhymney and Tredegar, the latter being known as a market town. It was not until the 1750s that industrialisation began with the establishment of the Sirhowy Iron Works.The town was founded with the establishment of the Union ironworks in 1801, with the Rhymney Iron Company later being founded from a merger between the Bute and Union Ironworks in 1837. The ironworks used local coking coal, iron ore and limestone. From the mid-19th century, steam coal pits were sunk to the south of the town. The ironworks closed in 1891 and by the early 20th century the town's collieries employed nearly the entire local population.The parish church of Rhymney is a Grade II listed building that was constructed in the neo-classical style. It was built by architect Philip Hardwick from London on commission for Andrew Buchan who was the manager of the local Rhymney brewery between 1838–1858.[5] The building was listed in 1990 and was noted for being one of the most 'interesting' examples of neoclassical architecture in South Wales. Buchan himself is buried in the parish church vaults and is commemorated with a plaque in the nave of the church. The parish is occasionally visited by enthusiasts of Hardwick's work who are interested in neo-classical buildings of this type.[citation needed]The history of Rhymney is described in Rhymney Memories, a book by Dr Thomas Jones. Jones was born in the town and his daughter, the Labour Party politician Eirene White, was later granted the title Baroness White of Rhymney.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fochriw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fochriw"},{"link_name":"Pontlottyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontlottyn"},{"link_name":"New Tredegar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tredegar"},{"link_name":"Ystrad Mynach College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ystrad_Mynach_College"},{"link_name":"Rhymney railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rhymney Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney_Line"},{"link_name":"viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaduct"},{"link_name":"Rhymney Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhymney_Railway"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cubitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cubitt"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The town's secondary school, Idris Davies School, serves a catchment area that includes Fochriw, Pontlottyn and New Tredegar. There is also a Welsh language primary school in Rhymney.In 1999, Ystrad Mynach College launched its sister campus in Rhymney to serve the top end of the Rhymney Valley under the name The College Rhymney. The College Rhymney underwent rapid growth after its opening, with over 700 students enrolling on various courses in the 2007–2008 academic year. The College Rhymney is now permanently closed.Rhymney railway station is on the Rhymney Line. Featured on the Rhymney Line is a viaduct that was built by the Rhymney Railway company to facilitate the line in 1857 after the incorporation of the company to build the line to the steel works in 1854. The viaduct which opened in 1858 was designed by English engineer Joseph Cubitt.(1811–1872).[citation needed]","title":"Education and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Rhymney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Rhymney"},{"link_name":"Idris Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Davies"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-6"},{"link_name":"miner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner"},{"link_name":"Abertysswg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abertysswg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-6"},{"link_name":"General Strike of 1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-6"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-davies-6"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Lundie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_Lundie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly_mountain"},{"link_name":"River Taff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Taff"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"Dr Thomas Jones CH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(T._J.)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-8"},{"link_name":"University College of Wales, Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Wales,_Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-8"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-8"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-8"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_trainer"},{"link_name":"John D. Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Reese"},{"link_name":"Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Tom James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_James_(rugby_union,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ukwhoswho.com/"},{"link_name":"Williams Medical Supplies Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Medical_Supplies_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eisteddfod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisteddfod"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"See also Category:People from RhymneyThe celebrated Welsh poet Idris Davies (1905–1953) was born in Rhymney.[6] After leaving school at the age of 14 he worked as a miner in the nearby Abertysswg and Rhymney Mardy Pits.[6] After participating in the failed General Strike of 1926, Davies moved to London where he worked as a teacher at various schools.[6] Four volumes of his poetry were published during his lifetime: Gwalia Deserta (1938), The Angry Summer: A Poem of 1926 (1943), Tonypandy and other poems (1945), and Selected Poems (1953).[6] He returned to Rhymney in 1947 and died of cancer on 6 April 1953.[6]General manager and engineer of the Rhymney Railway Cornelius Lundie (1815–1908).[7] For over 40 years, he was, a few years prior to his death, appointed consulting director to the Company, and actively discharged the duties of that office until the very end. As an engineer he designed and constructed many extensions of the system and widenings of the main line, including a double-way tunnel under the Cefn On or Caerphilly mountain, and a masonry viaduct of seven spans over the River Taff, besides new locomotive shops at Caerphilly, and other works. He was 93 when he died in 1908 and is thought to be the oldest railway director of his time.The professor, civil servant, administrator, and author Dr Thomas Jones CH (1870–1955) was also born in Rhymney.[8] After leaving school at 14 he became a clerk at the Rhymney Iron and Steel Works.[8] He was admitted to the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth in 1890 and later migrated to Glasgow University in 1890.[8] Between 1904 and 1905 he lectured in Ireland and upon returning to Wales in 1910 became Secretary of the Welsh National Campaign against Tuberculosis.[8] He was appointed Secretary of the National Health Insurance Commission (Wales) in 1912 and transferred to London in 1916 as Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet, eventually becoming Deputy Secretary.[8] He suffered a serious fall indoors at his home in Kent in June 1955 and died in a private nursing home on 15 October 1955.[8]Notable people born in Rhymney include the Major League Baseball trainer John D. Reese, Wales international rugby union Wing Tom James, and Professor W. John Morgan, Commonwealth Scholarship Commissioner, and Chair of the United Kingdom National Commission for UNESCO.https://www.ukwhoswho.com/One of the largest employers in Rhymney is Williams Medical Supplies Ltd.The town is home to the Rhymney Silurian Male Choir, which was formed in 1951 to renew the tradition of male voice singing in Rhymney.[9] During its history, the choir has won four National Eisteddfod titles and raised money for a number of charities.[10]","title":"Notable people and organisations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Pete Seeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Seeger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-11"},{"link_name":"Idris Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idris_Davies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-11"},{"link_name":"1926 General Strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike"},{"link_name":"Marine Colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Colliery"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogan-12"},{"link_name":"Merthyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil"},{"link_name":"Rhondda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda"},{"link_name":"Blaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaina"},{"link_name":"Caerphilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caerphilly"},{"link_name":"Neath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath"},{"link_name":"Brecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brecon"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"Wye Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_Valley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Judy Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Collins"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"the Alarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alarm"},{"link_name":"the Ian Campbell Folk Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Campbell_Folk_Group"},{"link_name":"John Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Denver"},{"link_name":"Robyn Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Oysterband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oysterband"},{"link_name":"Ralph McTell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_McTell"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"the Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Mr. Tambourine Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Tambourine_Man_(album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rogan-12"}],"text":"Rhymney is known to many outside Wales due to folk singer Pete Seeger's song \"The Bells of Rhymney\".[11] The lyrics to the song are drawn from a poem by Idris Davies, and the poem was first published in Davies' 1938 anthology Gwalia Deserta.[11] The poem was inspired by the failure of the 1926 General Strike and by the Marine Colliery disaster of 1 March 1927.[11][12] In addition to Rhymney, the poem also refers to the bells of Merthyr, Rhondda, Blaina, Caerphilly, Neath, Brecon, Swansea, Newport, Cardiff and the Wye Valley.[11][13]The song has been covered by a number of acts over the years, including Judy Collins, Cher, the Alarm, the Ian Campbell Folk Group, John Denver, Robyn Hitchcock, Oysterband and Ralph McTell.[14][15] Arguably the most widely known rendition of the song, however, was that recorded by the American band the Byrds for their 1965 album Mr. Tambourine Man.[12]","title":"\"The Bells of Rhymney\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7083-1953-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874538-40-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-40-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874538-70-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-70-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874538-41-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-41-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-874538-02-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-02-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-905967-20-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905967-20-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-905967-07-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905967-07-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-907158-43-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907158-43-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-86383-623-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86383-623-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0086383-698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0086383-698"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9529540-1-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529540-1-X"}],"text":"Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.\nEvans, Marion. (1994). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 1. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-40-9.\nEvans, Marion. (1995). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 2. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-70-0.\nEvans, Marion. (1996). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 3. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-41-7.\nEvans, Marion. (1998). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 4. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-02-6.\nEvans, Marion. (2009). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 5. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 978-1-905967-20-9.\nEvans, Marion. (2007). The History of Andrew Buchan's Rhymney Brewery. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 978-1-905967-07-0.\nJones,Thomas, 1990, Rhymney Memories, The National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, ISBN 0-907158-43-9.\nMorris, Eben (Ed.),1990, Fe'm Ganed i yn Rhymni|I Was Born in Rhymney, Cyfrol Deyrnged i Idris Davies|The Idris Davies Memorial Volume, Gwasg Gomer|Gomer Press, LLandyssul, Dyfed.ISBN 0-86383-623-2 (HB) ISBN 0086383-698-4 (SB).\nRogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. ISBN 0-9529540-1-X.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"},{"title":"Redwood Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_Memorial_Hospital"}] | [{"reference":"\"Town population 2015\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121004/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127913&c=NP22+5EU&d=16&e=62&g=6495754&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1446988513379&enc=1","url_text":"\"Town population 2015\""},{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127913&c=NP22+5EU&d=16&e=62&g=6495754&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1446988513379&enc=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 755. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6","url_text":"978-0-7083-1953-6"}]},{"reference":"Mills, A. D. (2003). A Dictionary of British Place-Names. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198527589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198527589","url_text":"9780198527589"}]},{"reference":"\"Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru\". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?bar","url_text":"\"Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163733/https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?bar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stuff, Good. \"Church of St David, Rhymney, Caerphilly\". britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013578-church-of-st-david-rhymney","url_text":"\"Church of St David, Rhymney, Caerphilly\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115012955/https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013578-church-of-st-david-rhymney","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Davies, Idris (1905–1953)\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-DAVI-IDR-1905","url_text":"\"Davies, Idris (1905–1953)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales","url_text":"National Library of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Lundie, Cornelius (1815–1908) Biography\". Obituaries. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cornelius_Lundie","url_text":"\"Lundie, Cornelius (1815–1908) Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obituaries","url_text":"Obituaries"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216060155/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cornelius_Lundie","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jones, Thomas (1870–1955)\". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-JONE-THO-1870","url_text":"\"Jones, Thomas (1870–1955)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Welsh_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Welsh Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Wales","url_text":"National Library of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhymney Silurian Male Choir: History\". Rhymney Silurian Male Choir website. Archived from the original on 26 November 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131126071627/http://rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/page3.htm","url_text":"\"Rhymney Silurian Male Choir: History\""},{"url":"http://www.rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/page3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhymney Silurian Male Choir overview\". Rhymney Silurian Male Choir website. Archived from the original on 24 October 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161024225006/http://www.rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/","url_text":"\"Rhymney Silurian Male Choir overview\""},{"url":"http://www.rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bells of Rhymney\". BBC. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/caerphilly/pages/bellsofrhymney.shtml","url_text":"\"The Bells of Rhymney\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210115704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/caerphilly/pages/bellsofrhymney.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Johnny. (1996). Mr. Tambourine Man (1996 CD liner notes).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Bells of Rhymney Lyrics\". Pete Seeger Appreciation Page. Archived from the original on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015203634/http://www.peteseeger.net/BellsofR.htm","url_text":"\"The Bells of Rhymney Lyrics\""},{"url":"http://www.peteseeger.net/BellsofR.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bells of Rhymney cover versions\". Allmusic. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/The+Bells+Of+Rhymney/order:default-asc","url_text":"\"The Bells of Rhymney cover versions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Bells of Rhymney cover versions\". Allmusic. Retrieved 1 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/Bells+Of+Rhymney/order:default-asc","url_text":"\"Bells of Rhymney cover versions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Davies, John; Jenkins, Nigel (2008). The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1953-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6","url_text":"978-0-7083-1953-6"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Marion. (1994). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 1. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-40-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-40-9","url_text":"1-874538-40-9"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Marion. (1995). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 2. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-70-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-70-0","url_text":"1-874538-70-0"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Marion. (1996). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 3. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-41-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-41-7","url_text":"1-874538-41-7"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Marion. (1998). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 4. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 1-874538-02-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874538-02-6","url_text":"1-874538-02-6"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Marion. (2009). A Portrait of Rhymney: Volume 5. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 978-1-905967-20-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905967-20-9","url_text":"978-1-905967-20-9"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Marion. (2007). The History of Andrew Buchan's Rhymney Brewery. Old Bakehouse Publications. ISBN 978-1-905967-07-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905967-07-0","url_text":"978-1-905967-07-0"}]},{"reference":"Rogan, Johnny. (1998). The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited (2nd ed.). Rogan House. 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-3.283"},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121004/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127913&c=NP22+5EU&d=16&e=62&g=6495754&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1446988513379&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Town population 2015\""},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11127913&c=NP22+5EU&d=16&e=62&g=6495754&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1446988513379&enc=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?bar","external_links_name":"\"Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210412163733/https://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html?bar","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013578-church-of-st-david-rhymney","external_links_name":"\"Church of St David, Rhymney, Caerphilly\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210115012955/https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300013578-church-of-st-david-rhymney","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-DAVI-IDR-1905","external_links_name":"\"Davies, Idris (1905–1953)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cornelius_Lundie","external_links_name":"\"Lundie, Cornelius (1815–1908) Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216060155/http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Cornelius_Lundie","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://biography.wales/article/s2-JONE-THO-1870","external_links_name":"\"Jones, Thomas (1870–1955)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131126071627/http://rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/page3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rhymney Silurian Male Choir: History\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/page3.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161024225006/http://www.rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/","external_links_name":"\"Rhymney Silurian Male Choir overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.rhymney-silurian-male-choir.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/caerphilly/pages/bellsofrhymney.shtml","external_links_name":"\"The Bells of Rhymney\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090210115704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/caerphilly/pages/bellsofrhymney.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015203634/http://www.peteseeger.net/BellsofR.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Bells of Rhymney Lyrics\""},{"Link":"http://www.peteseeger.net/BellsofR.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/The+Bells+Of+Rhymney/order:default-asc","external_links_name":"\"The Bells of Rhymney cover versions\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/search/track/Bells+Of+Rhymney/order:default-asc","external_links_name":"\"Bells of Rhymney cover versions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725150140/http://www.ystrad-mynach.ac.uk/rhymney.aspx","external_links_name":"The College Rhymney"},{"Link":"http://www.rhymney.org/","external_links_name":"Rhymney Comprehensive School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091015203634/http://www.peteseeger.net/BellsofR.htm","external_links_name":"Lyrics to the song \"The Bells of Rhymney\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/122429991","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRGXF7fpwrGj7xH9kJjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540357205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93001693","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/33690103-855a-4938-8d37-d0748454df3e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyen_(name) | Quyen (name) | ["1 Surname","2 Given names","3 References"] | Quyen (Vietnamese pronunciation: ) is the Anglicised spelling of a Vietnamese surname (Quyền) as well as various Vietnamese given names (Quyên, Quyễn, Quyền).
Surname
The Vietnamese surname Quyền, meaning "power" or "right", is cognate with the Chinese surname (權) now spelled Quán in Mandarin Pinyin. People with this surname include:
Quyền Văn Minh (born 1954), Vietnamese jazz saxophonist
Given names
Quyen:
Quyen T. Nguyen, American surgeon
Quyen Tran, American cinematographer
Quyên:
Hoàng Quyên (born 1992), Vietnamese singer
Quyễn:
Nguyễn Quyễn (born 1952), Vietnamese long-distance runner
Quyền:
Ngô Quyền (897–944), Ngô dynasty king
Nguyễn Quyền (1869–1941), Vietnamese anti-colonial activist
References
^ "權QUYỀN". Từ Điển ABC. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Quyen (name)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"權","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AC%8A"},{"link_name":"Quán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quyền Văn Minh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_V%C4%83n_Minh"}],"text":"The Vietnamese surname Quyền, meaning \"power\" or \"right\", is cognate with the Chinese surname (權) now spelled Quán in Mandarin Pinyin.[1] People with this surname include:Quyền Văn Minh (born 1954), Vietnamese jazz saxophonist","title":"Surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quyen T. Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyen_T._Nguyen"},{"link_name":"Quyen Tran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyen_Tran"},{"link_name":"Hoàng Quyên","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Quy%C3%AAn"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Quyễn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quy%E1%BB%85n"},{"link_name":"Ngô Quyền","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_Quy%E1%BB%81n"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Quyền","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Quy%E1%BB%81n"}],"text":"Quyen:Quyen T. Nguyen, American surgeon\nQuyen Tran, American cinematographerQuyên:Hoàng Quyên (born 1992), Vietnamese singerQuyễn:Nguyễn Quyễn (born 1952), Vietnamese long-distance runnerQuyền:Ngô Quyền (897–944), Ngô dynasty king\nNguyễn Quyền (1869–1941), Vietnamese anti-colonial activist","title":"Given names"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"權QUYỀN\". Từ Điển ABC. Retrieved 25 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tudienabc.com/tra-han-tu/bo-moc/tu-han-quyen/id-4167/radical_page:122","url_text":"\"權QUYỀN\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tudienabc.com/tra-han-tu/bo-moc/tu-han-quyen/id-4167/radical_page:122","external_links_name":"\"權QUYỀN\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Quyen_(name)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler%27s_bunker | Führerbunker | ["1 Construction","2 End of World War II","3 Post-war events","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Informational notes","5.2 Citations","6 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815Subterranean bunker complex for Adolf Hitler
FührerbunkerFührer's bunkerJuly 1947 photo of the rear entrance to the Führerbunker in the garden of the Reich Chancellery. The corpses of Hitler and Eva Braun were burned in a shell hole in front of the emergency exit at left; the cone-shaped structure in the centre served for ventilation, and as a bomb shelter for the guards.General informationTown or cityBerlinCountryNazi GermanyCoordinates52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815Construction started1943Completed23 October 1944Destroyed5 December 1947Cost1.35 million ℛ︁ℳ︁ (equivalent to €5 million in 2021)OwnerNazi GermanyDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Albert Speer, Karl PiepenburgArchitecture firmHochtief AG
3D model of the New Reich Chancellery with location of bunker complex in red
3D model of Führerbunker (left) and Vorbunker (right)
The Führerbunker (German pronunciation: ⓘ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters (Führerhauptquartiere) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II.
Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide.
After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army. The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist but are sealed off from the public.
Construction
The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker ("forward bunker"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker, located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944. They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door. The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77. The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6. Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick. About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940. The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks.
Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings. After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side. On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard. On the left side was Eva Braun's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office. On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great, one of Hitler's heroes. A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom. Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom.
The bunker complex was self-contained. However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table, conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater. A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply. Communications systems included a telex, a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier.
End of World War II
See also: Battle of Berlin and Death of Adolf Hitler
Plan of the FührerbunkerPlan of the Vorbunker
Hitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, joined by his senior staff, including Martin Bormann. Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker. Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge), a nurse named Erna Flegel, and Sergeant Rochus Misch, who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study. Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi. The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily. Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep. Conferences took place for much of the night, often until 05:00.
On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin, and they started to encircle the city by 19 April. Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth. That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time.
Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner, the Armeeabteilung Steiner ("Army Detachment Steiner"). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army, south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack. That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin. Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself.
On 23 April, Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling, commander of the LVI Panzer Corps, as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant-Colonel (Oberstleutnant) Ernst Kaether. The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker. There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture. Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring, and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch.
On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte, and Hitler considered this treason. Himmler's SS representative in Berlin Hermann Fegelein was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest. On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg. Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck, commander of the Twelfth Army, and Theodor Busse, commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz: "Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble." He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and "that without exception Schörner, Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer".
That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz, only a city block from the Führerbunker. During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin. Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt.
Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker. He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament. Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00. Hitler then retired to bed.
Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: "Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste's spearhead." In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: "Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake. Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive."
SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke, commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00. Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide. In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's bodies were burned in the garden behind the Reich Chancellery. Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany (Reichskanzler) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany (Reichspräsident), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament.
Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov, commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, at about 04:00 on 1 May, and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker. In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned, and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30. There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards. Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move. The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried.
Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH, like others who were captured from the Führerbunker. The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree. Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge.
At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker, General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head. The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne, others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Latvian SS and Spanish SS units. A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May. The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery. General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23. Johannes Hentschel, the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May. The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces.
Post-war events
The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes. Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Reich Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945. On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil; this included the site where Hitler's remains had been exhumed that May. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied, but no further outside investigation was allowed until years later.
The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946. Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker. Because it was near the Berlin Wall, the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89. During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but these were ignored, filled in, or resealed.
Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks. The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable. The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park.
On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker. The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz. Rochus Misch, one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony.
Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947
Site of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023
A side angle view of the site in July 2007
See also
Berghof
The Bunker – 1970 book
The Bunker – 1981 film
Downfall – 2004 film
Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters
Nazi architecture
Presidential Emergency Operations Center
Stalin's bunker
Wolf's Lair
References
Informational notes
^ Beevor 2002, p. 286 states the appointment was 23 April; Hamilton 2008, p. 160 states "officially" it was the morning of 24 April; Dollinger 1997, p. 228, gives 26 April for the appointment.
^ The Luftwaffe order differs in different sources. Beevor 2002, p. 342 states it was to attack Potsdamerplatz, but Ziemke states it was to support Wenck's Twelfth Army attack. Both agree that von Greim was also ordered to make sure Himmler was punished.
^ "MI5 staff 2005: Hitler's will and marriage" on the website of MI5, using the sources available to Hugh Trevor-Roper (a World War II MI5 agent and historian/author of The Last Days of Hitler), records the marriage as taking place after Hitler had dictated his last will and testament.
^ Dollinger 1997, p. 239, says Jodl replied, but Ziemke 1969, p. 120, and Beevor 2002, p. 537, say it was Keitel.
^ Dollinger 1997, p. 239, states 03:00, and Beevor 2002, p. 367, 04:00, for Krebs' meeting with Chuikov.
^ Ziemke 1969, p. 126 says that Weidling gave no orders for a break-out.
Citations
^ Arnold 2012.
^ Lehrer 2006, pp. 117, 119, 123.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, p. 56.
^ Mollo 1988, p. 28.
^ Lehrer 2006, p. 117.
^ Lehrer 2006, p. 123.
^ McNab 2014, pp. 21, 28.
^ Lehrer 2006, pp. 117, 119, 121–123.
^ Lehrer 2006, p. 124.
^ Kershaw 2008, p. 97.
^ a b McNab 2014, p. 28.
^ a b McNab 2011, p. 109.
^ a b c McNab 2014, p. 29.
^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 97, 901–902.
^ Kershaw 2008, p. 901.
^ Lehrer 2006, pp. 124–125.
^ Taylor 2007, p. 184.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 278.
^ a b Kershaw 2008, p. 902.
^ a b Bullock 1999, p. 785.
^ Speer 1971, p. 597.
^ Kershaw 2008, p. 903.
^ Beevor 2002, pp. 217–233.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 251.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 255.
^ Beevor 2002, pp. 267–268.
^ Ziemke 1969, pp. 87–88.
^ Beevor 2002, pp. 255, 256.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 275.
^ Kershaw 2008, p. 934.
^ Ziemke 1969, p. 111.
^ a b c Dollinger 1997, p. 228.
^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 923–925, 943.
^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 943–946.
^ Kershaw 2008, p. 946.
^ a b Ziemke 1969, p. 119.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 342.
^ Ziemke 1969, p. 118.
^ a b c d Dollinger 1997, p. 239.
^ a b Beevor 2002, p. 343.
^ Kershaw 2008, p. 950.
^ Ziemke 1969, p. 120.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 357, last paragraph.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 358.
^ Joachimsthaler 1999, pp. 160–182.
^ Linge 2009, p. 199.
^ Kershaw 2008, pp. 956–957.
^ Williams 2005, pp. 324, 325.
^ Shirer 1960, pp. 1135–1137.
^ a b Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 52.
^ a b Beevor 2002, p. 381.
^ Beevor 2002, pp. 383, 389.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 387.
^ Weale 2012, p. 407.
^ Hamilton 2020, pp. 349, 386.
^ Hamilton 2020, p. 408.
^ Beevor 2002, pp. 387, 388.
^ Joachimsthaler 1999, p. 287.
^ Beevor 2002, p. 398.
^ O'Donnell 2001, pp. 9–12.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, pp. 98–99.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, pp. 98–101.
^ Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 233–34.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, pp. 101–102.
^ Mollo 1988, pp. 48, 49.
^ Mollo 1988, pp. 49, 50.
^ Mollo 1988, pp. 46, 48, 50–53.
^ McNab 2014, p. 21.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, pp. 27, 28.
^ Kellerhoff 2004, p. 27.
^ Der Spiegel 2006.
Bibliography
Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) . "Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker". Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.
Bullock, Alan (1999) . Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.
Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9.
Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5.
Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) . Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137.
Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) . The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.
Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker. Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.
Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex. An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4.
Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End. London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7.
McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962.
McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6.
Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). "The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International.
MI5 staff (2005). "Hitler's last days". mi5.gov.uk. MI5. Retrieved 12 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
O'Donnell, James P. (2001) . The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.
Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.
Speer, Albert (1971) . Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.
Staff (9 June 2006). "Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker". Spiegel Online. Spiegel-Verlag. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4.
Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0.
Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin. Hodder. ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1.
Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich. London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605.
Further reading
Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7.
C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings. After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1.
de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3.
Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5.
Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3.
Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2.
Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6.
Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin. London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0.
Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) . The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Führerbunker.
Cosgrove, Ben. "After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin". Life Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). "The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin". Time Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). "Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place". Slate Magazine.
3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery
Hitler's Bunker, National Geographic UK.
vteFinal occupants of the Führerbunker by date of departure (1945)20 April
Hermann Göring
Heinrich Himmler
21 April
Robert Ley
Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
22 April
Hugo Blaschke
Karl Gebhardt
Christa Schroeder
Johanna Wolf
Eckhard Christian
23 April
Albert Bormann
Theodor Morell
Joachim von Ribbentrop
Albert Speer
Julius Schaub
24 April
Walter Frentz
28 April
Robert Ritter von Greim
Hanna Reitsch
29 April
Bernd Freytag von Loringhoven
Gerhard Boldt
Rudolf Weiss
Wilhelm Zander
Heinz Lorenz
Willy Johannmeyer
Walter Wagner
30 April
Nicolaus von Below
1 May
Wilhelm Mohnke
Traudl Junge
Gerda Christian
Constanze Manziarly
Else Krüger
Otto Günsche
Walther Hewel
Ernst-Günther Schenck
Hans-Erich Voss
Johann Rattenhuber
Peter Högl
Werner Naumann
Martin Bormann
Hans Baur
Ludwig Stumpfegger
Artur Axmann
Georg Betz
Heinz Linge
Erich Kempka
Heinrich Doose
Günther Schwägermann
Ewald Lindloff
Hans Reisser
Armin D. Lehmann
Josef Ochs
Heinz Krüger
Werner Schwiedel
Gerhard Schach
Hans Fritzsche
Käthe Heusermann
2 May
Helmuth Weidling
Hans Refior
Theodor von Dufving
Siegfried Knappe
Rochus Misch
Still present on 2 May
Werner Haase
Erna Flegel
Helmut Kunz
Fritz Tornow
Liselotte Chervinska
Johanna Ruf
Johannes Hentschel
Committed suicide
Ernst-Robert Grawitz (24 April)
Adolf Hitler (30 April)
Eva Hitler (née Braun, 30 April)
Joseph Goebbels (1 May)
Magda Goebbels (1 May)
Alwin-Broder Albrecht (1 May)
Wilhelm Burgdorf (2 May)
Hans Krebs (2 May)
Franz Schädle (2 May)
Killed
Hermann Fegelein (executed for desertion, 28 April)
Blondi (Hitler's dog, poisoned 29 April)
Goebbels children (poisoned 1 May)
Unknown
Heinrich Müller
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Places of residenceFührer Headquarters
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte-reichskanzlei.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte-fuehrerbunker.jpg"},{"link_name":"[ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/De-F%C3%BChrerbunker.ogg/De-F%C3%BChrerbunker.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-F%C3%BChrerbunker.ogg"},{"link_name":"air raid shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_shelter"},{"link_name":"Reich Chancellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker"},{"link_name":"Führer Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Eva Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun"},{"link_name":"they committed suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"}],"text":"Subterranean bunker complex for Adolf Hitler3D model of the New Reich Chancellery with location of bunker complex in red3D model of Führerbunker (left) and Vorbunker (right)The Führerbunker (German pronunciation: [ˈfyːʁɐˌbʊŋkɐ] ⓘ) was an air raid shelter located near the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Germany. It was part of a subterranean bunker complex constructed in two phases in 1936 and 1944. It was the last of the Führer Headquarters (Führerhauptquartiere) used by Adolf Hitler during World War II.Hitler took up residence in the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, and it became the centre of the Nazi regime until the last week of World War II in Europe. Hitler married Eva Braun there on 29 April 1945, less than 40 hours before they committed suicide.After the war, both the old and new Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviet Red Army. The underground complex remained largely undisturbed until 1988–89, despite some attempts at demolition. The excavated sections of the old bunker complex were mostly destroyed during reconstruction of that area of Berlin. The site remained unmarked until 2006, when a small plaque was installed with a schematic diagram. Some corridors of the bunker still exist but are sealed off from the public.","title":"Führerbunker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reich Chancellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_Chancellery"},{"link_name":"air-raid shelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-raid_shelter"},{"link_name":"Vorbunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbunker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehrer2006117,_119,_123-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff200456-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo198828-4"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmstrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmstrasse"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehrer2006117-5"},{"link_name":"Voßstraße","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%9Fstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehrer2006123-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201421,_28-7"},{"link_name":"Hochtief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochtief"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehrer2006117,_119,_121%E2%80%93123-8"},{"link_name":"Reichsmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehrer2006124-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200897-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201428-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201428-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2011109-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201429-13"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200897,_901%E2%80%93902-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201429-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2011109-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201429-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008901-15"},{"link_name":"water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table"},{"link_name":"groundwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater"},{"link_name":"well water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_water"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehrer2006124%E2%80%93125-16"},{"link_name":"telex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2007184-17"}],"text":"The Reich Chancellery bunker was initially constructed as a temporary air-raid shelter for Hitler, who actually spent very little time in the capital during most of the war. Increased bombing of Berlin led to expansion of the complex as an improvised permanent shelter. The elaborate complex consisted of two separate shelters, the Vorbunker (\"forward bunker\"; the upper bunker), completed in 1936, and the Führerbunker, located 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) lower than the Vorbunker and to the west-southwest, completed in 1944.[2][3] They were connected by a stairway set at right angles and could be closed off from each other by a bulkhead and steel door.[4] The Vorbunker was located 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) beneath the cellar of a large reception hall behind the old Reich Chancellery at Wilhelmstrasse 77.[5] The Führerbunker was located about 8.5 m (28 ft) beneath the garden of the old Reich Chancellery, 120 m (390 ft) north of the new Reich Chancellery building at Voßstraße 6.[6] Besides being deeper under ground, the Führerbunker had significantly more reinforcement. Its roof was made of concrete almost 3 m (9 ft 10 in) thick.[7] About 30 small rooms were protected by approximately 4 m (13 ft 1 in) of concrete; exits led into the main buildings, as well as an emergency exit up to the garden. The Führerbunker development was built by the Hochtief company as part of an extensive programme of subterranean construction in Berlin begun in 1940.[8] The construction cost for the Führerbunker totaled 1,349,899.29 Reichsmarks.[9]Hitler's accommodations were in this newer, lower section, and by February 1945 it had been decorated with high-quality furniture taken from the Chancellery, along with several framed oil paintings.[10] After descending the stairs into the lower section and passing through the steel door, there was a long corridor with a series of rooms on each side.[11] On the right side were a series of rooms which included generator/ventilation rooms and the telephone switchboard.[11] On the left side was Eva Braun's bedroom/sitting room (also known as Hitler's private guest room), an antechamber (also known as Hitler's sitting room), which led into Hitler's study/office.[12][13] On the wall hung a large portrait of Frederick the Great, one of Hitler's heroes.[14] A door led into Hitler's modestly furnished bedroom.[13] Next to it was the conference/map room (also known as the briefing/situation room) which had a door that led out into the waiting room/anteroom.[12][13]The bunker complex was self-contained.[15] However, as the Führerbunker was below the water table, conditions were unpleasantly damp, with pumps running continuously to remove groundwater. A diesel generator provided electricity, and well water was pumped in as the water supply.[16] Communications systems included a telex, a telephone switchboard, and an army radio set with an outdoor antenna. As conditions deteriorated at the end of the war, Hitler received much of his war news from BBC radio broadcasts and via courier.[17]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Death of Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichskanzlei-Fuehrerbunker.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichskanzlei-Vorbunker.png"},{"link_name":"Vorbunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorbunker"},{"link_name":"Martin Bormann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bormann"},{"link_name":"Eva Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Magda Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"their six children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels_children"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002278-18"},{"link_name":"Traudl Junge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traudl_Junge"},{"link_name":"Erna Flegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Flegel"},{"link_name":"Rochus Misch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochus_Misch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008902-19"},{"link_name":"Blondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008902-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1999785-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeer1971597-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullock1999785-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008903-22"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002217%E2%80%93233-23"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Hitler Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Youth"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002251-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002255-25"},{"link_name":"Felix Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Army Detachment Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Detachment_Steiner"},{"link_name":"salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets"},{"link_name":"Ninth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"pincer attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincer_attack"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002267%E2%80%93268-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke196987%E2%80%9388-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002255,_256-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002275-29"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appointment-30"},{"link_name":"General of the Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_of_the_Artillery_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Helmuth Weidling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_Weidling"},{"link_name":"LVI Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVI_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Oberstleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstleutnant"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kaether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kaether"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008934-31"},{"link_name":"investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_(military)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1969111-32"},{"link_name":"Robert Ritter von Greim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ritter_von_Greim"},{"link_name":"Hermann Göring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"Hanna Reitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997228-33"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"Folke Bernadotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008923%E2%80%93925,_943-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008943%E2%80%93946-35"},{"link_name":"Hermann Fegelein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Fegelein"},{"link_name":"court-martialed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court-martial"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008946-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997228-33"},{"link_name":"Hans Krebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(Wehrmacht_general)"},{"link_name":"Field Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel"},{"link_name":"German Armed Forces High Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Fürstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg/Havel"},{"link_name":"Walther Wenck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Wenck"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Theodor Busse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Busse"},{"link_name":"Karl Dönitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997228-33"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1969119-37"},{"link_name":"Arado Ar 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arado_Ar_96"},{"link_name":"Potsdamer Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orders-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002342-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1969118-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997239-41"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1969119-37"},{"link_name":"his last will and testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002343-42"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-will_and_marriage-43"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Burgdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Burgdorf"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002343-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008950-44"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Holste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Holste"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997239-41"},{"link_name":"Schwielow Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwielow_Lake"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997239-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemke1969120-45"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002357last_paragraph-46"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reply-47"},{"link_name":"Brigadeführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Mohnke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002358-48"},{"link_name":"Hitler shot himself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"cyanide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanide"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler1999160%E2%80%93182-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinge2009199-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008956%E2%80%93957-51"},{"link_name":"Head of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_Government"},{"link_name":"Reichskanzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskanzler"},{"link_name":"Head of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"Reichspräsident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2005324,_325-52"},{"link_name":"Vasily Chuikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Chuikov"},{"link_name":"Soviet 8th Guards Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_8th_Guards_Army"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meeting-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer19601135%E2%80%931137-54"},{"link_name":"had his children poisoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Goebbels#Death"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler199952-55"},{"link_name":"coup de grâce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_gr%C3%A2ce"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002381-56"},{"link_name":"Günther Schwägermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Schw%C3%A4germann"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler199952-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002381-56"},{"link_name":"SMERSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMERSH"},{"link_name":"Spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spree_(river)"},{"link_name":"Artur Axmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Axmann"},{"link_name":"Weidendammer bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidendammer_bridge"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002383,_389-57"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-no_orders-58"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002387-59"},{"link_name":"33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Nordland"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale2012407-60"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2020349,_386-61"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2020408-62"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002387,_388-63"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDollinger1997239-41"},{"link_name":"Johannes Hentschel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Hentschel"},{"link_name":"field hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hospital"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler1999287-64"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2002398-65"}],"text":"See also: Battle of Berlin and Death of Adolf HitlerPlan of the FührerbunkerPlan of the VorbunkerHitler moved into the Führerbunker on 16 January 1945, joined by his senior staff, including Martin Bormann. Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels joined them in April, while Magda Goebbels and their six children took residence in the upper Vorbunker.[18] Two or three dozen support, medical, and administrative staff were also sheltered there. These included Hitler's secretaries (including Traudl Junge), a nurse named Erna Flegel, and Sergeant Rochus Misch, who was both bodyguard and telephone switchboard operator. Initially, Hitler continued to use the undamaged wing of the Reich Chancellery, where he held afternoon military conferences in his large study.[19] Afterwards, he would have tea with his secretaries before returning to the bunker complex for the night. After several weeks of this routine, Hitler seldom left the bunker except for short strolls in the chancellery garden with his dog Blondi.[19] The bunker was crowded, the atmosphere was oppressive, and air raids occurred daily.[20] Hitler mostly stayed on the lower level, where it was quieter and he could sleep.[21] Conferences took place for much of the night,[20] often until 05:00.[22]On 16 April, the Red Army started the Battle of Berlin, and they started to encircle the city by 19 April.[23] Hitler made his last trip to the surface on 20 April, his 56th birthday, going to the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery where he awarded the Iron Cross to boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth.[24] That afternoon, Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time.[25]Hitler was in denial about the dire situation and placed his hopes on the units commanded by Waffen-SS General Felix Steiner, the Armeeabteilung Steiner (\"Army Detachment Steiner\"). On 21 April, Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the encircling Soviet salient and ordered the German Ninth Army, south-east of Berlin, to attack northward in a pincer attack.[26][27] That evening, Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of Berlin.[28] Hitler was told at his afternoon situation conference on 22 April that Steiner's forces had not moved, and he fell into a tearful rage when he realised that the attack was not going to be carried out. He openly declared for the first time the war was lost—and he blamed his generals. Hitler announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then shoot himself.[29]On 23 April,[a] Hitler appointed General of the Artillery Helmuth Weidling, commander of the LVI Panzer Corps, as the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, replacing Lieutenant-Colonel (Oberstleutnant) Ernst Kaether.[30] The Red Army had consolidated their investment of Berlin by 25 April, despite the commands being issued from the Führerbunker. There was no prospect that the German defence could do anything but delay the city's capture.[31] Hitler summoned Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring, and he arrived on 26 April along with his mistress, the test pilot Hanna Reitsch.[32]On 28 April, Hitler learned that Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler was trying to discuss surrender terms with the Western Allies through Count Folke Bernadotte,[33] and Hitler considered this treason.[34] Himmler's SS representative in Berlin Hermann Fegelein was shot after being court-martialed for desertion, and Hitler ordered Himmler's arrest.[35][32] On the same day, General Hans Krebs made his last telephone call from the Führerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, Chief of German Armed Forces High Command (OKW) in Fürstenberg. Krebs told him that all would be lost if relief did not arrive within 48 hours. Keitel promised to exert the utmost pressure on Generals Walther Wenck, commander of the Twelfth Army, and Theodor Busse, commander of the Ninth Army. Meanwhile, Bormann wired to German Admiral Karl Dönitz: \"Reich Chancellery a heap of rubble.\"[32] He said that the foreign press was reporting fresh acts of treason and \"that without exception Schörner, Wenck and the others must give evidence of their loyalty by the quickest relief of the Führer\".[36]That evening, von Greim and Reitsch flew out from Berlin in an Arado Ar 96 trainer. Field Marshal von Greim was ordered to get the Luftwaffe to attack the Soviet forces that had just reached Potsdamer Platz, only a city block from the Führerbunker.[b][37][38] During the night of 28 April, General Wenck reported to Keitel that his Twelfth Army had been forced back along the entire front and it was no longer possible for his army to relieve Berlin.[39] Keitel gave Wenck permission to break off the attempt.[36]Hitler married Eva Braun after midnight on 28–29 April in a small civil ceremony within the Führerbunker. He then took secretary Traudl Junge to another room and dictated his last will and testament.[40][c] Hans Krebs, Wilhelm Burgdorf, Goebbels, and Bormann witnessed and signed the documents at approximately 04:00.[40] Hitler then retired to bed.[41]Late in the evening of 29 April, Krebs contacted Jodl by radio: \"Request immediate report. Firstly of the whereabouts of Wenck's spearheads. Secondly of time intended to attack. Thirdly of the location of the Ninth Army. Fourthly of the precise place in which the Ninth Army will break through. Fifthly of the whereabouts of General Rudolf Holste's spearhead.\"[39] In the early morning of 30 April, Jodl replied to Krebs: \"Firstly, Wenck's spearhead bogged down south of Schwielow Lake. Secondly, Twelfth Army therefore unable to continue attack on Berlin. Thirdly, bulk of Ninth Army surrounded. Fourthly, Holste's Corps on the defensive.\"[39][42][43][d]SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke, commander of the centre government district of Berlin, informed Hitler during the morning of 30 April that he would be able to hold for less than two days. Later that morning, Weidling informed Hitler that the defenders would probably exhaust their ammunition that night and again asked him for permission to break out. Weidling finally received permission at about 13:00.[44] Hitler shot himself later that afternoon, at around 15:30, while Eva took cyanide.[45][46] In accordance with Hitler's instructions, his and Eva's bodies were burned in the garden behind the Reich Chancellery.[47] Goebbels became the new Head of Government and Chancellor of Germany (Reichskanzler) in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament. Reichskanzler Goebbels and Bormann sent a radio message to Dönitz at 03:15, informing him of Hitler's death, and that he was the new Head of State and President of Germany (Reichspräsident), in accordance with Hitler's last will and testament.[48]Krebs talked to General Vasily Chuikov, commander of the Soviet 8th Guards Army, at about 04:00 on 1 May,[e] and Chuikov demanded unconditional surrender of the remaining German forces. Krebs did not have the authority to surrender, so he returned to the bunker.[49] In the late afternoon, Goebbels had his children poisoned, and he and his wife left the bunker at around 20:30.[50] There are several different accounts on what followed. According to one account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. Another account was that they each bit on a cyanide ampule and were given a coup de grâce immediately afterwards.[51] Goebbels' SS adjutant Günther Schwägermann testified in 1948 that the couple walked ahead of him up the stairs and out to the Chancellery garden. He waited in the stairwell and heard the shots, then walked up the remaining stairs and saw the lifeless bodies of the couple outside. He then followed Joseph Goebbels' order and had an SS soldier fire several shots into Goebbels' body, which did not move.[50] The bodies were then doused with petrol and set alight, but the remains were only partially burned and not buried.[51]Weidling had given the order for the survivors to break out to the northwest, and the plan got underway at around 23:00. The first group from the Reich Chancellery was led by Mohnke; they tried unsuccessfully to break through the Soviet rings and were captured the next day. Mohnke was interrogated by SMERSH, like others who were captured from the Führerbunker. The third breakout attempt from the Reich Chancellery was made around 01:00 on 2 May, and Bormann managed to cross the Spree. Artur Axmann followed the same route and reported seeing Bormann's body a short distance from the Weidendammer bridge.[52][f]At 01:00, the Soviet forces picked up a radio message from the LVI Panzer Corps requesting a cease-fire. Down in the Führerbunker, General Krebs and General Burgdorf committed suicide by gunshot to the head.[53] The last defenders in the area of the bunker complex were mainly made up of Frenchmen of the 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne, others being Waffen-SS from the remnants of the 11th SS Volunteer Panzergrenadier Division Nordland, Latvian SS and Spanish SS units.[54][55] A group of French SS remained in the area of the bunker until the early morning of 2 May.[56] The Soviet forces then captured the Reich Chancellery.[57] General Weidling surrendered with his staff at 6:00, and his meeting with Chuikov ended at 8:23.[39] Johannes Hentschel, the master electro-mechanic for the bunker complex, stayed after everyone else had either left or committed suicide, as the field hospital in the Reich Chancellery above needed power and water. He surrendered to the Red Army as they entered the bunker complex at 09:00 on 2 May.[58] The bodies of Goebbels' six children were discovered on 3 May. They were found in their beds in the Vorbunker with the clear mark of cyanide shown on their faces.[59]","title":"End of World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James P. O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Donnell20019%E2%80%9312-66"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff200498%E2%80%9399-67"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff200498%E2%80%93101-68"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff2004101%E2%80%93102-70"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo198848,_49-71"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo198849,_50-72"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollo198846,_48,_50%E2%80%9353-73"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201421-74"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff200427,_28-75"},{"link_name":"car park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parking_lot"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellerhoff200427-76"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Potsdamer Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz"},{"link_name":"Rochus Misch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochus_Misch"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Der_Spiegel''2006-77"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-M1204-319,_Berlin,_Reichskanzlei,_gesprengter_F%C3%BChrerbunker.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2023_Oct_-_Berlin_-_F%C3%BChrerbunker.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Place_Of_the_F%C3%BChrerbunker_P7120036.JPG"}],"text":"The first post-war photos of the interior of the Führerbunker were taken in July 1945. On 4 July, American writer James P. O'Donnell toured the bunker after giving the Soviet guard a pack of cigarettes.[60][61] Many soldiers, politicians, and diplomats visited the bunker complex in the following days and months. Winston Churchill visited the Reich Chancellery and bunker on 14 July 1945.[62] On 11 December 1945, the Soviets allowed a limited investigation of the bunker grounds by the other Allied powers. Two representatives from each nation watched several Germans dig up soil; this included the site where Hitler's remains had been exhumed that May. Found during the dig were two hats identified as Hitler's, an undergarment with Braun's initials, and some reports to Hitler from Goebbels. The representatives planned to continue the work, but when they arrived the next morning, an NKVD armed guard met them and accused them of removing documents from the Chancellery. This was denied, but no further outside investigation was allowed until years later.[63]The outer ruins of both Chancellery buildings were levelled by the Soviets between 1945 and 1949 as part of an effort to destroy the landmarks of Nazi Germany. A detailed interior site investigation by the Soviets, including measurements, took place on 16 May 1946.[64] Thereafter, the bunker largely survived, although some areas were partially flooded. In December 1947, the Soviets tried to blow up the bunker, but only the separation walls were damaged. In 1959, the East German government began a series of demolitions of the Chancellery, including the bunker.[65] Because it was near the Berlin Wall, the site was undeveloped and neglected until 1988–89.[66] During extensive construction of residential housing and other buildings on the site, work crews uncovered several underground sections of the old bunker complex; for the most part these were destroyed. Other parts of the Chancellery underground complex were uncovered, but these were ignored, filled in, or resealed.[67]Government authorities wanted to destroy the last vestiges of these Nazi landmarks.[68] The construction of the buildings in the area around the Führerbunker was a strategy for ensuring the surroundings remained anonymous and unremarkable.[69] The emergency exit point for the Führerbunker (which had been in the Chancellery gardens) was occupied by a car park.[70]On 8 June 2006, during the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, an information board was installed to mark the location of the Führerbunker. The board, including a schematic diagram of the bunker, can be found at the corner of In den Ministergärten and Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße, two small streets about three minutes' walk from Potsdamer Platz. Rochus Misch, one of the last people living who was in the bunker at the time of Hitler's suicide, attended the ceremony.[71]Ruins of the bunker after demolition in 1947\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSite of Führerbunker and information board on Gertrud-Kolmar-Straße in October 2023\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA side angle view of the site in July 2007","title":"Post-war events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110518232529/http://berliner-unterwelten.de/fuehrer-bunker.328.1.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//berliner-unterwelten.de/fuehrer-bunker.328.1.html"},{"link_name":"Beevor, 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Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_Online"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57488-928-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-928-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-451-23791-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0"},{"link_name":"D-Day to Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ddaytoberlin0000will"},{"link_name":"Hodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-340-83397-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83397-1"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"253711605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/253711605"}],"text":"Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. \"Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker\". Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.\nBeevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.\nBullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.\nDollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9.\nHamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5.\nHamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137.\nJoachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.\nKellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker. Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5.\nKershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.\nLehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex. An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4.\nLinge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End. London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7.\nMcNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962.\nMcNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6.\nMollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). \"The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole\". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International.\nMI5 staff (2005). \"Hitler's last days\". mi5.gov.uk. MI5. Retrieved 12 June 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\nO'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.\nShirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.\nSpeer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.\nStaff (9 June 2006). \"Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker\". Spiegel Online. Spiegel-Verlag. Retrieved 7 April 2014.\nTaylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4.\nWeale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0.\nWilliams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin. Hodder. ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1.\nZiemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich. London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-698-10531-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10531-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-870067-33-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-33-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-52679-269-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52679-269-3"},{"link_name":"Fest, Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Fest"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-374-13577-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13577-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-3991-3404-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3991-3404-3"},{"link_name":"Junge, Traudl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traudl_Junge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55970-728-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-728-2"},{"link_name":"Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110320022218/http://flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9813977-0-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9813977-0-3"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html"},{"link_name":"The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780393039146"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-03914-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03914-6"},{"link_name":"Ryan, Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7146-4929-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4929-0"},{"link_name":"Trevor-Roper, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-81224-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81224-3"}],"text":"Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7.\nC.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings. After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1.\nde Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3.\nFest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5.\nGalante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3.\nJunge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2.\nNeubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2010.\nPetrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6.\nRyan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle. New York: Simon and Schuster.\nTissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin. London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0.\nTrevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"3D model of the New Reich Chancellery with location of bunker complex in red","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Karte-reichskanzlei.jpg/310px-Karte-reichskanzlei.jpg"},{"image_text":"3D model of Führerbunker (left) and Vorbunker (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Karte-fuehrerbunker.jpg/310px-Karte-fuehrerbunker.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Berghof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghof_(residence)"},{"title":"The Bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bunker_(book)"},{"title":"The Bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bunker_(1981_film)"},{"title":"Downfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)"},{"title":"Matsushiro Underground Imperial Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsushiro_Underground_Imperial_Headquarters"},{"title":"Nazi architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_architecture"},{"title":"Presidential Emergency Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Emergency_Operations_Center"},{"title":"Stalin's bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalin%27s_bunker_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Wolf's Lair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair"}] | [{"reference":"Musmanno, Michael A. (1950). Ten Days to Die. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. pp. 233–34.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Musmanno","url_text":"Musmanno, Michael A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_jNAAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Ten Days to Die"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Dietmar (9 January 2012) [8 June 2010]. \"Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker\". Berliner-unterwelten.de. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518232529/http://berliner-unterwelten.de/fuehrer-bunker.328.1.html","url_text":"\"Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker\""},{"url":"http://berliner-unterwelten.de/fuehrer-bunker.328.1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking–Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-03041-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor","url_text":"Beevor, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03041-5","url_text":"978-0-670-03041-5"}]},{"reference":"Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bullock","url_text":"Bullock, Alan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56852-036-0","url_text":"978-1-56852-036-0"}]},{"reference":"Dollinger, Hans (1997). Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. London: Chancellor. ISBN 978-0-7537-0009-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7537-0009-9","url_text":"978-0-7537-0009-9"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, Stephan (2008). Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Solihull: Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1-906033-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906033-12-5","url_text":"978-1-906033-12-5"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, A. Stephan (2020) [2008]. Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945. Helion & Co. ISBN 978-1912866137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1912866137","url_text":"978-1912866137"}]},{"reference":"Joachimsthaler, Anton (1999) [1995]. The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends – The Evidence – The Truth. London: Brockhampton Press. ISBN 978-1-86019-902-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Joachimsthaler","url_text":"Joachimsthaler, Anton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-902-8","url_text":"978-1-86019-902-8"}]},{"reference":"Kellerhoff, Sven (2004). The Führer Bunker. Berlin: Berlin Story Verlag. ISBN 978-3-929829-23-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Felix_Kellerhoff","url_text":"Kellerhoff, Sven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-929829-23-5","url_text":"978-3-929829-23-5"}]},{"reference":"Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw","url_text":"Kershaw, Ian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06757-6","url_text":"978-0-393-06757-6"}]},{"reference":"Lehrer, Steven (2006). The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex. An Illustrated History of the Seat of the Nazi Regime. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2393-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Lehrer","url_text":"Lehrer, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reich_Chancellery_and_F%C3%BChrerbunker_Complex","url_text":"The Reich Chancellery and Führerbunker Complex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2393-4","url_text":"978-0-7864-2393-4"}]},{"reference":"Linge, Heinz (2009). With Hitler to the End. London; New York: Frontline Books–Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 978-1-60239-804-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Linge","url_text":"Linge, Heinz"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/withhitlertoendm00ling","url_text":"With Hitler to the End"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-804-7","url_text":"978-1-60239-804-7"}]},{"reference":"McNab, Chris (2011). Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1907446962.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907446962","url_text":"978-1907446962"}]},{"reference":"McNab, Chris (2014). Hitler's Fortresses: German Fortifications and Defences 1939–45. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78200-828-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-828-6","url_text":"978-1-78200-828-6"}]},{"reference":"Mollo, Andrew (1988). Ramsey, Winston (ed.). \"The Berlin Führerbunker: The Thirteenth Hole\". After the Battle (61). London: Battle of Britain International.","urls":[]},{"reference":"MI5 staff (2005). \"Hitler's last days\". mi5.gov.uk. MI5. Retrieved 12 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html","url_text":"\"Hitler's last days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5","url_text":"MI5"}]},{"reference":"O'Donnell, James P. (2001) [1978]. The Bunker. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-80958-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._O%27Donnell","url_text":"O'Donnell, James P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bunker_(book)","url_text":"The Bunker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80958-3","url_text":"978-0-306-80958-3"}]},{"reference":"Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Shirer","url_text":"Shirer, William L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-62420-0","url_text":"978-0-671-62420-0"}]},{"reference":"Speer, Albert (1971) [1969]. Inside the Third Reich. New York: Avon. ISBN 978-0-380-00071-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer","url_text":"Speer, Albert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_the_Third_Reich","url_text":"Inside the Third Reich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-00071-5","url_text":"978-0-380-00071-5"}]},{"reference":"Staff (9 June 2006). \"Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker\". Spiegel Online. Spiegel-Verlag. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/debunking-hitler-marking-the-site-of-the-fuehrer-s-bunker-a-420483.html","url_text":"\"Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiegel_Online","url_text":"Spiegel Online"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Blaine (2007). Hitler's Headquarters: From Beer Hall to Bunker, 1920–1945. Dulles, Virginia: Potomac. ISBN 978-1-57488-928-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-928-4","url_text":"978-1-57488-928-4"}]},{"reference":"Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS. New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-23791-0","url_text":"978-0-451-23791-0"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Andrew (2005). D-Day to Berlin. Hodder. ISBN 978-0-340-83397-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ddaytoberlin0000will","url_text":"D-Day to Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton","url_text":"Hodder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83397-1","url_text":"978-0-340-83397-1"}]},{"reference":"Ziemke, Earl F. (1969). Battle For Berlin: End Of The Third Reich. London: MacDonald. OCLC 253711605.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253711605","url_text":"253711605"}]},{"reference":"Boldt, Gerhard (1973). Hitler: The Last Ten Days. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. ISBN 978-0-698-10531-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10531-7","url_text":"978-0-698-10531-7"}]},{"reference":"C.I.U. General Staff, Geographical Section (1990). Ramsey, Winston G. (ed.). Berlin: Allied Intelligence Map of Key Buildings. After the Battle – Battle of Britain International. ISBN 978-1-870067-33-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-33-1","url_text":"978-1-870067-33-1"}]},{"reference":"de Boer, Sjoerd (2021). Escaping Hitler's Bunker: The Fate of the Third Reich Leaders. Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-52679-269-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-52679-269-3","url_text":"978-1-52679-269-3"}]},{"reference":"Fest, Joachim (2005). Inside Hitler's Bunker: The Last Days of the Third Reich. New York: Picador. ISBN 978-0-374-13577-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Fest","url_text":"Fest, Joachim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13577-5","url_text":"978-0-374-13577-5"}]},{"reference":"Galante, Pierre; Silianoff, Eugene (1989). Voices from the Bunker. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0-3991-3404-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3991-3404-3","url_text":"978-0-3991-3404-3"}]},{"reference":"Junge, Traudl (2004). Müller, Melissa (ed.). Until the Final Hour: Hitler's Last Secretary. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-728-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traudl_Junge","url_text":"Junge, Traudl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-728-2","url_text":"978-1-55970-728-2"}]},{"reference":"Neubauer, Christoph (2010). Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin (in German and English). Frankfurt on the Oder: Flashback Medienverlag. ISBN 978-3-9813977-0-3. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320022218/http://flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html","url_text":"Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)","url_text":"Frankfurt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9813977-0-3","url_text":"978-3-9813977-0-3"},{"url":"http://www.flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Petrova, Ada; Watson, Peter (1995). The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives. New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-03914-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393039146","url_text":"The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03914-6","url_text":"978-0-393-03914-6"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Cornelius (1966). The Last Battle. New York: Simon and Schuster.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Ryan","url_text":"Ryan, Cornelius"}]},{"reference":"Tissier, Tony Le (1999). Race for the Reichstag: The 1945 Battle for Berlin. London; Portland, OR: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-4929-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4929-0","url_text":"978-0-7146-4929-0"}]},{"reference":"Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1992) [1947]. The Last Days of Hitler (paperback ed.). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81224-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper","url_text":"Trevor-Roper, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-81224-3","url_text":"978-0-226-81224-3"}]},{"reference":"Cosgrove, Ben. \"After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin\". Life Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.life.com/history/after-the-fall-photos-of-hitlers-bunker-and-the-ruins-of-berlin/","url_text":"\"After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Latson, Jennifer (16 January 2015). \"The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin\". Time Magazine. Retrieved 3 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/3660353/hitler-bunker/","url_text":"\"The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Shuger, Scott; Berger, Donald (21 June 2006). \"Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place\". Slate Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/slates_10th_anniversary/2006/06/hitler_slept_here.html","url_text":"\"Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate_(magazine)","url_text":"Slate Magazine"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=F%C3%BChrerbunker¶ms=52.5125_N_13.3815_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=F%C3%BChrerbunker¶ms=52.5125_N_13.3815_E_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°30′45″N 13°22′53″E / 52.5125°N 13.3815°E / 52.5125; 13.3815"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_jNAAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Ten Days to Die"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110518232529/http://berliner-unterwelten.de/fuehrer-bunker.328.1.html","external_links_name":"\"Berliner Unterwelten e.V.: The Legend of Hitler's Bunker\""},{"Link":"http://berliner-unterwelten.de/fuehrer-bunker.328.1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/withhitlertoendm00ling","external_links_name":"With Hitler to the End"},{"Link":"https://www.mi5.gov.uk/home/about-us/who-we-are/mi5-history/world-war-ii/hitlers-last-days.html","external_links_name":"\"Hitler's last days\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/debunking-hitler-marking-the-site-of-the-fuehrer-s-bunker-a-420483.html","external_links_name":"\"Debunking Hitler: Marking the Site of the Führer's Bunker\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ddaytoberlin0000will","external_links_name":"D-Day to Berlin"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/253711605","external_links_name":"253711605"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110320022218/http://flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html","external_links_name":"Stadtführer durch Hitlers Berlin"},{"Link":"http://www.flashback-medien.de/3d-projekte-stadtfuehrer-durch-hitlers-berlin-e.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780393039146","external_links_name":"The Death of Hitler: The Full Story with New Evidence from Secret Russian Archives"},{"Link":"https://www.life.com/history/after-the-fall-photos-of-hitlers-bunker-and-the-ruins-of-berlin/","external_links_name":"\"After the Fall: Photos of Hitler's Bunker and the Ruins of Berlin\""},{"Link":"https://time.com/3660353/hitler-bunker/","external_links_name":"\"The Brief Luxurious Life of Adolf Hitler, 50 Feet Below Berlin\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/slates_10th_anniversary/2006/06/hitler_slept_here.html","external_links_name":"\"Hitler Slept Here: The too-secret history of the Third Reich's most famous place\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180308091941/http://www.reichskanzlei-3d.de/g-rk-ws77-innen-VB-Haupteingang-e.html","external_links_name":"3D-stereoscopic images of Chancellery"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3NHipjvmSQ","external_links_name":"Hitler's Bunker"}] |
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