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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apperley	Apperley	["1 Manor","1.1 Manor house","2 Chapels and church","3 School","4 Cricket club","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 51°57′N 2°12′W / 51.950°N 2.200°W / 51.950; -2.200Not to be confused with Apperley Bridge in West Yorkshire. For other uses, see Apperley (surname). Human settlement in EnglandApperleyApperley village pondApperleyLocation within GloucestershireArea0.2825 km2 (0.1091 sq mi)Population625 (2020 estimate)• Density2,212/km2 (5,730/sq mi)OS grid referenceSO862283Civil parishDeerhurstDistrictTewkesburyShire countyGloucestershireRegionSouth WestCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townGloucesterPostcode districtGL19Dialling code01452PoliceGloucestershireFireGloucestershireAmbulanceSouth Western UK ParliamentTewkesburyWebsiteApperley and Deerhurst List of places UK England Gloucestershire 51°57′N 2°12′W / 51.950°N 2.200°W / 51.950; -2.200 Apperley is a village in Gloucestershire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Tewkesbury, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Deerhurst and 1⁄3 mile (0.5 km) east of the River Severn. It is the largest settlement in Deerhurst civil parish. In 2020 it had an estimated population of 625. The place-name is derived from the Old English Apuldor-lēah, meaning "apple-tree wood". The area still had orchards in the 1960s, but by then they were being removed. Manor Wightfield manor existed by the reign of Edward the Confessor (AD 1042–66), when it was valued at one hide. But the earliest known record of a settlement at Apperley itself dates from AD 1212, when it was part of Westminster Abbey's Deerhurst manor and was valued at three knight's fees. Westminster Abbey held Wightfield manor by 1284, and possibly earlier. In the 14th century Gilbert Despenser, a son of Hugh Despenser the Younger and Isabella de Beauchamp, bought Wightfield. The bear and ragged staff symbol of the Beauchamp family forms a gable finial on Apperley Hall at Lower Apperley. The house is late 16th- or early 17th-century, but the finial may have been salvaged from an earlier house. In 1357 Gilbert Despenser sold Wightfield to John of Leigh. In 1382 Thomas of Leigh sold Wightfield to John Cassey, whose descendants held the manor until the 17th century. The Cassey family were recusants and royalists, so between 1647 and 1654 the Commonwealth of England sequestered their property. Between 1660 and 1676 John Cassey sold Wightfield to a prominent recusant, Peter Fermor of Tusmore, Oxfordshire. In 1720 Fermor's son-in-law John More sold Wightfield to a John Snell of Gloucester. It passed to Snell's descendants in the Powell and Barnard families until it was sold in 1881. Manor house Wightfield Manor house Wightfield Manor house is 1⁄2 mile (800 m) east of Apperley. Remnants of Anglo-Saxon wall, and 12th-century masonry including a Norman arch, have been found here. The Cassey family had a house here by 1385. The current Wightfield Manor house is a Tudor building whose earliest parts are 16th-century. Much of the house is built of stone, probably taken in 1547 from a chapel at the Benedictine Deerhurst Priory, which was dissolved in 1540. The house is partly surrounded by a moat, and there is a second moated enclosure just east of the house. The house has red-brick additions from the 17th century and later. It is a Grade II* listed building. Chapels and church Apperley war memorial For most of its history Apperley has been the largest settlement in Deerhurst parish, but the only parish church was St Mary's Priory Church, Deerhurst. In the 18th century a Moravian congregation was established in Apperley, and in 1750 a red-brick chapel was built for it in School Road. By 1792 the Moravian congregation had ceased to use the chapel, but by 1799 another congregation, possibly Methodist, was worshipping there. A Wesleyan Methodist congregation had formed in Apperley in the 18th century, and bought the former Moravian chapel in 1845 or 1846. In 1856 the Church of England finally had a church built in Apperley. Holy Trinity parish church is a Romanesque Revival building in red brick designed by Francis Penrose. In 1890 Penrose added a west tower incorporating a porch, and an eastern apse for the chancel. In 1904 the Wesleyan Methodists had a larger chapel built next to the old one in School Road. It is a Gothic Revival building in red brick. The Wesleyans turned the old Moravian chapel into a school room. It is now a store house. School Apperley has a Church of England primary school. A National School was built in Apperley in 1858. In 1923 it was closed and its pupils were transferred to Deerhurst. But the old school building at Deerhurst has since been closed and the school moved to Apperley. Cricket club Apperley has a cricket club that reached the final of the National Village Cricket Championship in 1998. The England cricketer Alfred Dipper (1885–1945) was born in Apperley. References ^ "Apperley". City Population De. Retrieved 26 April 2022. ^ Ekwall 1960, Apperley. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elrington 1968, pp. 34–49. ^ a b Verey 1970, p. 86. ^ Historic England. "Apperley Hall (Grade II) (1341674)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ a b c Verey 1970, p. 171. ^ Historic England. "Wightfield Manor (Grade II*) (1088690)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ a b c Historic England. "Former Sunday school, by Methodist chapel (Grade II) (1088703)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2018. ^ Verey 1970, p. 85. ^ Deerhurst and Apperley C of E Primary School ^ "Apperley Cricket Club". Weebly.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016. ^ "Alfred Dipper". CricketWeb. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008. Further reading Ekwall, Eilert (1960) . Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Apperley. ISBN 0198691033. Elrington, CR, ed. (1968). "Deerhurst". A History of the County of Gloucester. Victoria County History. Vol. VIII. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 34–49. ISBN 978-0197227244. Verey, David (1970). Gloucestershire: The Vale and the Forest of Dean. The Buildings of England. Vol. 2. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 85–86, 170–171. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apperley. Apperley and Deerhurst Apperley Cricket Club Authority control databases: National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apperley Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apperley_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Apperley (surname)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apperley_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"Tewkesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewkesbury"},{"link_name":"Deerhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerhurst"},{"link_name":"River Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Severn"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"place-name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkwall1960Apperley-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Apperley Bridge in West Yorkshire.For other uses, see Apperley (surname).Human settlement in EnglandApperley is a village in Gloucestershire, England, about 3 miles (5 km) southwest of Tewkesbury, 1 mile (1.6 km) south of Deerhurst and 1⁄3 mile (0.5 km) east of the River Severn. It is the largest settlement in Deerhurst civil parish. In 2020 it had an estimated population of 625.[1]The place-name is derived from the Old English Apuldor-lēah, meaning \"apple-tree wood\".[2] The area still had orchards in the 1960s, but by then they were being removed.[3]","title":"Apperley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"knight's fees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_fee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"Hugh Despenser the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Despenser_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Isabella de Beauchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_de_Beauchamp"},{"link_name":"finial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerey197086-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"recusants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recusancy"},{"link_name":"royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"Tusmore, Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusmore,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"}],"text":"Wightfield manor existed by the reign of Edward the Confessor (AD 1042–66), when it was valued at one hide. But the earliest known record of a settlement at Apperley itself dates from AD 1212, when it was part of Westminster Abbey's Deerhurst manor and was valued at three knight's fees.[3]Westminster Abbey held Wightfield manor by 1284, and possibly earlier. In the 14th century Gilbert Despenser, a son of Hugh Despenser the Younger and Isabella de Beauchamp, bought Wightfield. The bear and ragged staff symbol of the Beauchamp family forms a gable finial on Apperley Hall at Lower Apperley. The house is late 16th- or early 17th-century, but the finial may have been salvaged from an earlier house.[4][5]In 1357 Gilbert Despenser sold Wightfield to John of Leigh. In 1382 Thomas of Leigh sold Wightfield to John Cassey, whose descendants held the manor until the 17th century. The Cassey family were recusants and royalists, so between 1647 and 1654 the Commonwealth of England sequestered their property.[3]Between 1660 and 1676 John Cassey sold Wightfield to a prominent recusant, Peter Fermor of Tusmore, Oxfordshire. In 1720 Fermor's son-in-law John More sold Wightfield to a John Snell of Gloucester. It passed to Snell's descendants in the Powell and Barnard families until it was sold in 1881.[3]","title":"Manor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wightfield_Manor,_Apperley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644899.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerey1970171-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_architecture"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict"},{"link_name":"Deerhurst Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Priory_Church,_Deerhurst#Priory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerey1970171-6"},{"link_name":"dissolved in 1540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"moat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerey1970171-6"},{"link_name":"Grade II* listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building#Categories_of_listed_building"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Manor house","text":"Wightfield Manor houseWightfield Manor house is 1⁄2 mile (800 m) east of Apperley. Remnants of Anglo-Saxon wall, and 12th-century masonry[3] including a Norman arch,[6] have been found here. The Cassey family had a house here by 1385.[3]The current Wightfield Manor house is a Tudor building whose earliest parts are 16th-century. Much of the house is built of stone, probably taken in 1547 from a chapel at the Benedictine Deerhurst Priory,[6] which was dissolved in 1540. The house is partly surrounded by a moat, and there is a second moated enclosure just east of the house.The house has red-brick additions from the 17th century and later.[6] It is a Grade II* listed building.[7]","title":"Manor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apperley_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_643374.jpg"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Priory Church, Deerhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Priory_Church,_Deerhurst"},{"link_name":"Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Province_of_the_Moravian_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-Moravian-8"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-Moravian-8"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church"},{"link_name":"Romanesque Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Francis Penrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Penrose"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerey197085-9"},{"link_name":"apse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerey197086-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHLE-Moravian-8"}],"text":"Apperley war memorialFor most of its history Apperley has been the largest settlement in Deerhurst parish, but the only parish church was St Mary's Priory Church, Deerhurst.In the 18th century a Moravian congregation was established in Apperley,[3] and in 1750 a red-brick chapel was built for it in School Road.[8]By 1792 the Moravian congregation had ceased to use the chapel, but by 1799 another congregation, possibly Methodist, was worshipping there. A Wesleyan Methodist congregation had formed in Apperley in the 18th century, and bought the former Moravian chapel in 1845[3] or 1846.[8]In 1856 the Church of England finally had a church built in Apperley. Holy Trinity parish church is a Romanesque Revival building in red brick designed by Francis Penrose.[9] In 1890 Penrose added a west tower incorporating a porch, and an eastern apse for the chancel.[4]In 1904 the Wesleyan Methodists had a larger chapel built next to the old one in School Road. It is a Gothic Revival building in red brick. The Wesleyans turned the old Moravian chapel into a school room.[3] It is now a store house.[8]","title":"Chapels and church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_school_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElrington196834%E2%80%9349-3"}],"text":"Apperley has a Church of England primary school.[10] A National School was built in Apperley in 1858. In 1923 it was closed and its pupils were transferred to Deerhurst.[3] But the old school building at Deerhurst has since been closed and the school moved to Apperley.","title":"School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"England cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Alfred Dipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Dipper"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Apperley has a cricket club that reached the final of the National Village Cricket Championship in 1998.[11] The England cricketer Alfred Dipper (1885–1945) was born in Apperley.[12]","title":"Cricket club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ekwall, Eilert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilert_Ekwall"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0198691033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198691033"},{"link_name":"Elrington, CR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Elrington"},{"link_name":"A History of the County of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol8/pp34-49"},{"link_name":"Victoria County History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Institute of Historical Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0197227244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197227244"},{"link_name":"The Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"}],"text":"Ekwall, Eilert (1960) [1936]. Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Apperley. ISBN 0198691033.\nElrington, CR, ed. (1968). \"Deerhurst\". A History of the County of Gloucester. Victoria County History. Vol. VIII. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 34–49. ISBN 978-0197227244.\nVerey, David (1970). Gloucestershire: The Vale and the Forest of Dean. The Buildings of England. Vol. 2. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 85–86, 170–171.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Wightfield Manor house","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Wightfield_Manor%2C_Apperley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644899.jpg/220px-Wightfield_Manor%2C_Apperley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_644899.jpg"},{"image_text":"Apperley war memorial","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apperley_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_643374.jpg/170px-Apperley_War_Memorial_-_geograph.org.uk_-_643374.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Apperley\". City Population De. Retrieved 26 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/southwestengland/gloucestershire/E34001867__apperley/","url_text":"\"Apperley\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Apperley Hall (Grade II) (1341674)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1341674","url_text":"\"Apperley Hall (Grade II) (1341674)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Wightfield Manor (Grade II) (1088690)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1088690","url_text":"\"Wightfield Manor (Grade II) (1088690)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Former Sunday school, by Methodist chapel (Grade II) (1088703)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 12 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1088703","url_text":"\"Former Sunday school, by Methodist chapel (Grade II) (1088703)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"\"Apperley Cricket Club\". Weebly.com. Retrieved 10 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://apperleycc.weebly.com/","url_text":"\"Apperley Cricket Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Dipper\". CricketWeb. Archived from the original on 24 July 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricketweb.net/statsspider/player/242901.php","url_text":"\"Alfred Dipper\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724154441/http://www.cricketweb.net/statsspider/player/242901.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ekwall, Eilert (1960) [1936]. Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Apperley. ISBN 0198691033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilert_Ekwall","url_text":"Ekwall, Eilert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198691033","url_text":"0198691033"}]},{"reference":"Elrington, CR, ed. (1968). \"Deerhurst\". A History of the County of Gloucester. Victoria County History. Vol. VIII. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research. pp. 34–49. ISBN 978-0197227244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Elrington","url_text":"Elrington, CR"},{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol8/pp34-49","url_text":"A History of the County of Gloucester"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Historical_Research","url_text":"Institute of Historical Research"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197227244","url_text":"978-0197227244"}]},{"reference":"Verey, David (1970). Gloucestershire: The Vale and the Forest of Dean. The Buildings of England. Vol. 2. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 85–86, 170–171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apperley&params=51_57_N_2_12_W_type:city_region:GB_source:openstreetmap(128885973)","external_links_name":"51°57′N 2°12′W / 51.950°N 2.200°W / 51.950; -2.200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apperley&params=51.953016_N_2.202210_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Apperley","external_links_name":"SO862283"},{"Link":"http://www.apperley-deerhurst.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Apperley and Deerhurst"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apperley&params=51_57_N_2_12_W_type:city_region:GB_source:openstreetmap(128885973)","external_links_name":"51°57′N 2°12′W / 51.950°N 2.200°W / 51.950; -2.200"},{"Link":"https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uk/southwestengland/gloucestershire/E34001867__apperley/","external_links_name":"\"Apperley\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1341674","external_links_name":"\"Apperley Hall (Grade II) (1341674)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1088690","external_links_name":"\"Wightfield Manor (Grade II*) (1088690)\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1088703","external_links_name":"\"Former Sunday school, by Methodist chapel (Grade II) (1088703)\""},{"Link":"https://www.deerhurst.gloucs.sch.uk/","external_links_name":"Deerhurst and Apperley C of E Primary School"},{"Link":"http://apperleycc.weebly.com/","external_links_name":"\"Apperley Cricket Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricketweb.net/statsspider/player/242901.php","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Dipper\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080724154441/http://www.cricketweb.net/statsspider/player/242901.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/glos/vol8/pp34-49","external_links_name":"A History of the County of Gloucester"},{"Link":"http://www.apperley-deerhurst.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Apperley and Deerhurst"},{"Link":"http://www.apperleycc.com/","external_links_name":"Apperley Cricket Club"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007480105305171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_1._deild	1992 1. deild	["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 Top goalscorers"]	Coordinates: 62°01′00″N 6°46′00″W / 62.0167°N 6.7667°W / 62.0167; -6.7667This article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article by providing more context for the reader. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "1992 1. deild" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Football league seasonFaroe Islands Premier League FootballSeason1992ChampionsHBRelegatedNSÍMatches played90Goals scored278 (3.09 per match)Top goalscorerSímun Petur Justinussen (14 goals)Biggest home winKÍ 6–0 GÍBiggest away winB36 0–3 KÍ B68 1–4 GÍ Gøta HB 0–3 B71 NSÍ 0–3 HB SÍF 1–4 TB TB 0–3 B68 TB 0–3 GÍHighest scoringHB 6–3 SÍF← 1991 1993 → Statistics of 1. deild in the 1992 season. Overview It was contested by 10 teams, and B68 Toftir won the championship. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 B68 Toftir 18 11 5 2 35 18 +17 27 Qualification for the Champions League Preliminary round 2 GÍ Gøta 18 11 3 4 33 20 +13 25 3 KÍ Klaksvík 18 7 9 2 32 18 +14 23 4 Havnar Bóltfelag 18 7 7 4 34 24 +10 21 Qualification for the Cup Winners' Cup qualifying round 5 TB Tvøroyri 18 7 5 6 29 30 −1 19 6 B36 Tórshavn 18 4 8 6 26 28 −2 16 7 VB Vágur 18 4 8 6 19 26 −7 16 8 B71 Sandur 18 4 7 7 24 25 −1 15 9 SÍF Sandavágur 18 4 4 10 29 40 −11 12 10 NSÍ Runavík 18 2 2 14 17 49 −32 6 Source: Results The schedule consisted of a total of 18 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away. Home \ Away B36 B68 B71 GÍG HB KÍ NSÍ SÍF TB VBV B36 Tórshavn 0–0 2–2 1–1 2–2 0–3 5–1 2–4 1–2 3–0 B68 Toftir 0–0 1–0 1–4 1–0 0–0 4–2 4–1 5–0 2–1 B71 Sandoy 1–0 2–4 1–2 0–0 1–2 3–0 1–1 1–0 2–2 GÍ Gøta 0–1 1–1 1–0 1–2 1–0 4–0 3–1 5–2 1–2 HB 2–1 4–2 0–3 1–1 2–2 3–4 6–3 0–0 4–0 KÍ 2–2 1–1 1–1 6–0 1–0 2–0 3–1 1–1 3–3 NSÍ Runavík 1–3 2–4 2–2 0–1 0–3 1–0 0–0 1–2 0–1 SÍF Sandavágur 2–2 0–1 2–1 0–2 2–2 1–2 5–1 1–4 4–1 TB 5–1 0–3 4–2 0–3 0–2 2–2 5–1 2–1 0–0 VB Vágur 0–0 0–1 1–1 1–2 1–1 1–1 2–1 3–0 0–0 Source: www.faroesoccer.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. Top goalscorers Source: faroesoccer.com 14 goals Símun Petur Justinussen (GÍ) 11 goals Uni Arge (HB) 10 goals Øssur Hansen (B68) Olgar Danielsen (KÍ) 8 goals Jákup Símun Simonsen (B36) Aksel Højgaard (B68) Bogi Johannesen (TB) 7 goals Jens Kristian Hansen (B36) Gunnar Mohr (HB) vteFaroe Islands Premier League seasonsMeistaradeildin 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1. deild 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Faroe Islands Premier League 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vte1991–92 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia '91 '92 Faroe Islands '91 '92 Finland '91 '92 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '91 '92 Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia '91 '92 Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '91 '92 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Slovenia Soviet Union '91 '92 Spain Sweden '91 '92 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '91 '92 Finland '91 '92 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '91 '92 Israel Italy Latvia '91 '92 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '91 '92 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Supercups England Germany UEFA competitions European Cup (first round, second round, group stage, Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup Mitropa Cup vte1992–93 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues Albania Armenia '92 '93 Austria Azerbaijan '92 '93 Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '92 '93 Finland '92 '93 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '92 '93 Israel Italy Kazakhstan '92 '93 Latvia '92 '93 Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '92 '93 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia '92 '93 San Marino Scotland Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden '92 '93 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales FR Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan '92 '93 Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands '92 '93 Finland '92 '93 France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '92 '93 Israel Italy Latvia '92 '93 Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '92 '93 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales FR Yugoslavia League cups England Israel Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Scotland Wales Supercups England Germany UEFA competitions Champions League (preliminary round, first round, second round, group stage, Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Super Cup Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup 62°01′00″N 6°46′00″W / 62.0167°N 6.7667°W / 62.0167; -6.7667	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1. deild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._deild"}],"text":"Football league seasonStatistics of 1. deild in the 1992 season.","title":"1992 1. deild"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B68 Toftir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B68_Toftir"}],"text":"It was contested by 10 teams, and B68 Toftir won the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B36_T%C3%B3rshavn"},{"link_name":"B68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B68_Toftir"},{"link_name":"B71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B71_Sandoy"},{"link_name":"GÍG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%8D_G%C3%B8ta"},{"link_name":"HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havnar_B%C3%B3ltfelag"},{"link_name":"KÍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%8D_Klaksv%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"NSÍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS%C3%8D_Runav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"SÍF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%8DF_Sandav%C3%A1gur"},{"link_name":"TB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TB_Tv%C3%B8royri"},{"link_name":"VBV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VB_V%C3%A1gur"},{"link_name":"B36 Tórshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B36_T%C3%B3rshavn"},{"link_name":"B68 Toftir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B68_Toftir"},{"link_name":"B71 Sandoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B71_Sandoy"},{"link_name":"GÍ Gøta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%8D_G%C3%B8ta"},{"link_name":"HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havnar_B%C3%B3ltfelag"},{"link_name":"KÍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%8D_Klaksv%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"NSÍ Runavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS%C3%8D_Runav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"SÍF Sandavágur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%8DF_Sandav%C3%A1gur"},{"link_name":"TB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TB_Tv%C3%B8royri"},{"link_name":"VB Vágur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VB_V%C3%A1gur"},{"link_name":"www.faroesoccer.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.faroesoccer.com/content.php?pid=792"}],"text":"The schedule consisted of a total of 18 games. Each team played two games against every opponent in no particular order. One of the games was at home and one was away.Home \\ Away\n\nB36\n\nB68\n\nB71\n\nGÍG\n\nHB\n\nKÍ\n\nNSÍ\n\nSÍF\n\nTB\n\nVBV\n\n\nB36 Tórshavn\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n5–1\n\n2–4\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n\nB68 Toftir\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–2\n\n4–1\n\n5–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nB71 Sandoy\n\n1–0\n\n2–4\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n\nGÍ Gøta\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–2\n\n1–2\n\n\nHB\n\n2–1\n\n4–2\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n3–4\n\n6–3\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n\nKÍ\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n6–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–3\n\n\nNSÍ Runavík\n\n1–3\n\n2–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n\nSÍF Sandavágur\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n5–1\n\n\n\n1–4\n\n4–1\n\n\nTB\n\n5–1\n\n0–3\n\n4–2\n\n0–3\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n5–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n0–0\n\n\nVB Vágur\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\nSource: www.faroesoccer.comLegend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"faroesoccer.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.faroesoccer.com/content.php?pid=792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Símun Petur Justinussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%ADmun_Petur_Justinussen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"GÍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%8D_G%C3%B8ta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Uni Arge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Arge"},{"link_name":"HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havnar_B%C3%B3ltfelag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Øssur Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ssur_Hansen"},{"link_name":"B68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B68_Toftir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Olgar Danielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olgar_Danielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KÍ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%8D_Klaksv%C3%ADk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jákup Símun Simonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A1kup_S%C3%ADmun_Simonsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B36_T%C3%B3rshavn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Aksel Højgaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aksel_H%C3%B8jgaard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B68_Toftir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bogi Johannesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogi_Johannesen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TB_Tv%C3%B8royri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Jens Kristian Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Kristian_Hansen"},{"link_name":"B36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B36_T%C3%B3rshavn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Mohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunnar_Mohr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havnar_B%C3%B3ltfelag"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Faroe_Islands_Premier_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Faroe_Islands_Premier_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Faroe_Islands_Premier_League_seasons"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroe_Islands_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Meistaradeildin"},{"link_name":"1. 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Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_Coppa_Titano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Slovenian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_Svenska_Cupen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Swiss_Cup"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_Turkish_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Ukrainian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_Welsh_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FR Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_Toto_Cup_Al&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Irish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_League_of_Ireland_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Scottish_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1992%E2%80%9393_Welsh_League_Cup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_FA_Charity_Shield"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_DFB-Supercup"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"preliminary round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Champions_League_preliminary_round"},{"link_name":"first round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Champions_League_first_round"},{"link_name":"second round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Champions_League_second_round"},{"link_name":"group stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_UEFA_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_UEFA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_European_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Intertoto Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Intertoto_Cup"},{"link_name":"Balkans Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_Balkans_Cup"},{"link_name":"62°01′00″N 6°46′00″W / 62.0167°N 6.7667°W / 62.0167; -6.7667","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1992_1._deild&params=62.0167_N_6.7667_W_source:wikidata"}],"text":"Source: faroesoccer.com14 goalsSímun Petur Justinussen (GÍ)11 goalsUni Arge (HB)10 goalsØssur Hansen (B68)\n Olgar Danielsen (KÍ)8 goalsJákup Símun Simonsen (B36)\n Aksel Højgaard (B68)\n Bogi Johannesen (TB)7 goalsJens Kristian Hansen (B36)\n Gunnar Mohr (HB)vteFaroe Islands Premier League seasonsMeistaradeildin\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1. deild\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\nFaroe Islands Premier League\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024vte1991–92 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues\nAlbania\nArmenia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEngland\nEstonia '91 '92\nFaroe Islands '91 '92\nFinland '91 '92\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '91 '92\nIsrael\nItaly\nKazakhstan\nLatvia '91 '92\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '91 '92\nPoland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSlovenia\nSoviet Union '91 '92\nSpain\nSweden '91 '92\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nYugoslavia\nDomestic cups\nAlbania\nAndorra\nArmenia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEngland\nFaroe Islands '91 '92\nFinland '91 '92\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '91 '92\nIsrael\nItaly\nLatvia '91 '92\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '91 '92\nPoland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland\nRomania\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSlovenia\nSoviet Union\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nWales\nYugoslavia\nLeague cups\nEngland\nIsrael\nNorthern Ireland\nRepublic of Ireland\nScotland\nSupercups\nEngland\nGermany\nUEFA competitions\nEuropean Cup (first round, second round, group stage, Final)\nCup Winners' Cup (Final)\nUEFA Cup (Final)\nSuper Cup\nNon-UEFA competitions\nIntertoto Cup\nBalkans Cup\nMitropa Cupvte1992–93 in European football (UEFA)Domestic leagues\nAlbania\nArmenia '92 '93\nAustria\nAzerbaijan '92 '93\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEngland\nEstonia\nFaroe Islands '92 '93\nFinland '92 '93\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '92 '93\nIsrael\nItaly\nKazakhstan '92 '93\nLatvia '92 '93\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMacedonia\nMalta\nMoldova\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '92 '93\nPoland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland\nRomania\nRussia '92 '93\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSlovenia\nSoviet Union\nSpain\nSweden '92 '93\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nWales\nFR Yugoslavia\nDomestic cups\nAlbania\nArmenia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan '92 '93\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEngland\nEstonia\nFaroe Islands '92 '93\nFinland '92 '93\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland '92 '93\nIsrael\nItaly\nLatvia '92 '93\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMacedonia\nMalta\nMoldova\nNetherlands\nNorthern Ireland\nNorway '92 '93\nPoland\nPortugal\nRepublic of Ireland\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nScotland\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nWales\nFR Yugoslavia\nLeague cups\nEngland\nIsrael\nNorthern Ireland\nRepublic of Ireland\nScotland\nWales\nSupercups\nEngland\nGermany\nUEFA competitions\nChampions League (preliminary round, first round, second round, group stage, Final)\nCup Winners' Cup (Final)\nUEFA Cup (Final)\nSuper Cup\nNon-UEFA competitions\nIntertoto Cup\nBalkans Cup62°01′00″N 6°46′00″W / 62.0167°N 6.7667°W / 62.0167; -6.7667","title":"Top goalscorers"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=1992_1._deild&params=62.0167_N_6.7667_W_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"62°01′00″N 6°46′00″W / 62.0167°N 6.7667°W / 62.0167; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmsen-Berne	Farmsen-Berne	["1 Geography","2 History","3 Politics","4 Transportation","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 53°36′23″N 10°07′11″E / 53.606389°N 10.119722°E / 53.606389; 10.119722Quarter of Hamburg in GermanyFarmsen-Berne Quarter of Hamburg Library FarmsenLocation of Farmsen-Berne in Hamburg Farmsen-Berne Show map of GermanyFarmsen-Berne Show map of HamburgCoordinates: 53°36′23″N 10°07′11″E / 53.606389°N 10.119722°E / 53.606389; 10.119722CountryGermanyStateHamburgCityHamburg BoroughHamburg-Wandsbek Area • Total8.3 km2 (3.2 sq mi)Population (2023-12-31) • Total38,624 • Density4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Dialling codes040Vehicle registrationHH Berne manor house, built in 1890 Residential houses in Gartenstadt (lit. garden city) Berne Farmsen-Berne is a quarter of Hamburg, Germany, in the borough of Wandsbek. More than 34,000 inhabitants live in an area of 8.3 km2. Farmsen (German pronunciation: ⓘ) and Berne (German pronunciation: ⓘ) are part of the area of Walddörfer (lit. forest villages). Geography Farmsen-Berne borders the quarters of Rahlstedt, Tonndorf, Wandsbek, Bramfeld, Sasel, and Volksdorf. The stream of Berner Au flows through Farmsen-Berne and, behind the pond of Kupfermühlenteich, into Wandse river. History In 1296, the former villages of Farmsen and Berne were first mentioned. Farmsen was then called Vermerschen, deriving of Fridumareshusen or Fridumaresheim, founded by a Franconian settler named Fridumar. The name Berne has its origin in Baren, meaning a small stream - Berner Au in this case. Farmsen-Berne was an exclave of Hamburg in Prussian territory. In 1937, the villages were incorporated into Hamburg by the Greater Hamburg Act, which came into force in 1938. Politics These are the results of Farmsen-Berne in the Hamburg state election: SPD Greens CDU AfD Left FDP Others 2020 47,0 % 17,7 % 09,6 % 08,2 % 07,5 % 03,7 % 06,3 % 2015 54,2 % 07,4 % 13,4 % 08,2 % 07,2 % 05,7 % 03,9 % 2011 55,8 % 07,6 % 19,9 % – 06,1 % 05,1 % 05,5 % 2008 37,0 % 06,5 % 42,3 % – 07,1 % 03,8 % 03,3 % 2004 35,7 % 08,2 % 45,5 % – – 02,8 % 07,9 % 2001 39,6 % 05,3 % 24,5 % – 00,2 % 04,3 % 26,1 % Transportation Hamburg U-Bahn line U1, the former Walddörfer railway, was built since 1912 in the area and has three stops in Farmsen-Berne: Trabrennbahn, Farmsen, Oldenfelde and Berne, of which Farmsen station is the largest. It has four tracks, and a railway repair workshop is located here. References ^ "Bevölkerung in Hamburg am 31.12.2023 nach Stadtteilen". Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein. May 2024. ^ a b Farmsen-Berne, Hamburg.de, in German ^ Horst Beckershaus: Die Namen der Hamburger Stadtteile. Woher sie kommen und was sie bedeuten, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-434-52545-9, p. 40 ^ "Farmsen". hamburger-untergrundbahn.de (in German). Retrieved 10 June 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamburg-Farmsen-Berne. Farmsen-Berne, Hamburg.de You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (June 2016) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying\|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. vte Free and Hanseatic City of HamburgFreie und Hansestadt HamburgGovernment and symbols Parliament Constitution Subdivisions Elections Flag Coat of arms Police History and culture Timeline Hamburg culture Hanseatic League Hanseaten Demographics Dialect Education Sport Museums Theatres Cuisine Economy and transport Hamburg Metropolitan Region Chamber of Commerce Airport Port Bridges Hamburg S-Bahn stations Hamburg U-Bahn stations Lists Mayors Honorary citizens Diplomatic missions Rivers Parks and gardens Churches Libraries Museums Theatres Castles Railway stations vteBoroughs and quarters of the Free and Hanseatic City of HamburgBoroughs Altona Bergedorf Eimsbüttel Hamburg-Mitte Hamburg-Nord Harburg Wandsbek Quarters Allermöhe Alsterdorf Altengamme Altenwerder Altona-Altstadt Altona-Nord Altstadt Bahrenfeld Barmbek-Nord Barmbek-Süd Bergedorf Bergstedt Billbrook Billwerder Billstedt Blankenese Borgfelde Bramfeld Cranz Curslack Dulsberg Duvenstedt Eidelstedt Eilbek Eimsbüttel Eißendorf Eppendorf Farmsen-Berne Finkenwerder Francop Fuhlsbüttel Groß Borstel Groß Flottbek Gut Moor HafenCity Hamm Hammerbrook Harburg Harvestehude Hausbruch Heimfeld Hoheluft-Ost Hoheluft-West Hohenfelde Horn Hummelsbüttel Iserbrook Jenfeld Kirchwerder Kleiner Grasbrook Langenbek Langenhorn Lemsahl-Mellingstedt Lohbrügge Lokstedt Lurup Marienthal Marmstorf Moorburg Moorfleet Neuallermöhe Neuenfelde Neuengamme Neugraben-Fischbek Neuland Neustadt Neuwerk Niendorf Nienstedten Ochsenwerder Ohlsdorf Osdorf Othmarschen Ottensen Poppenbüttel Rahlstedt Reitbrook Rissen Rönneburg Rothenburgsort Rotherbaum Sasel Schnelsen Sinstorf Spadenland St. Georg St. Pauli Steilshoop Steinwerder Stellingen Sternschanze Sülldorf Tatenberg Tonndorf Uhlenhorst Veddel Volksdorf Wandsbek Waltershof Wellingsbüttel Wilhelmsburg Wilstorf Winterhude Wohldorf-Ohlstedt Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hamburg.Berne.Gutshaus_Berne.wmt.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hh-berne-gartenstadt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Wandsbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek"},{"link_name":"[ˈfaʁmzn̩]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/De-Farmsen.ogg/De-Farmsen.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Farmsen.ogg"},{"link_name":"[ˈbɛʁnə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/De-Berne.ogg/De-Berne.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Berne.ogg"},{"link_name":"Walddörfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldd%C3%B6rfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hde-2"}],"text":"Quarter of Hamburg in GermanyBerne manor house, built in 1890Residential houses in Gartenstadt (lit. garden city) BerneFarmsen-Berne is a quarter of Hamburg, Germany, in the borough of Wandsbek. More than 34,000 inhabitants live in an area of 8.3 km2. Farmsen (German pronunciation: [ˈfaʁmzn̩] ⓘ) and Berne (German pronunciation: [ˈbɛʁnə] ⓘ) are part of the area of Walddörfer (lit. forest villages).[2]","title":"Farmsen-Berne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rahlstedt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahlstedt"},{"link_name":"Tonndorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonndorf,_Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Wandsbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek_(quarter)"},{"link_name":"Bramfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramfeld"},{"link_name":"Sasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasel"},{"link_name":"Volksdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdorf"},{"link_name":"Berner Au","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berner_Au"},{"link_name":"Wandse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandse"}],"text":"Farmsen-Berne borders the quarters of Rahlstedt, Tonndorf, Wandsbek, Bramfeld, Sasel, and Volksdorf. The stream of Berner Au flows through Farmsen-Berne and, behind the pond of Kupfermühlenteich, into Wandse river.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"exclave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclave"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Greater Hamburg Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hde-2"}],"text":"In 1296, the former villages of Farmsen and Berne were first mentioned. Farmsen was then called Vermerschen, deriving of Fridumareshusen or Fridumaresheim, founded by a Franconian settler named Fridumar. The name Berne has its origin in Baren, meaning a small stream - Berner Au in this case.[3] Farmsen-Berne was an exclave of Hamburg in Prussian territory. In 1937, the villages were incorporated into Hamburg by the Greater Hamburg Act, which came into force in 1938.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamburg state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Parliament"}],"text":"These are the results of Farmsen-Berne in the Hamburg state election:","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamburg U-Bahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_U-Bahn"},{"link_name":"U1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U1_(Hamburg_U-Bahn)"},{"link_name":"Walddörfer railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waldd%C3%B6rfer_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trabrennbahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trabrennbahn_(Hamburg_U-Bahn_station)"},{"link_name":"Farmsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmsen_(Hamburg_U-Bahn_station)"},{"link_name":"Berne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berne_(Hamburg_U-Bahn_station)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hamburger-untergrundbahn.de-4"}],"text":"Hamburg U-Bahn line U1, the former Walddörfer railway, was built since 1912 in the area and has three stops in Farmsen-Berne: Trabrennbahn, Farmsen, Oldenfelde and Berne, of which Farmsen station is the largest. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMF-224	VMFA(AW)-224	["1 Mission","2 History","2.1 World War II","2.2 1950s - 1970s","2.3 The Gulf War & the 1990s","2.4 Global War on Terror","2.5 2010 crash","2.6 2015 Crash","3 See also","4 Citations","5 References","6 External links"]	Marine All Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 224Active1 May 1942 - presentCountry United States of AmericaBranch United States Marine CorpsTypeAll Weather Fighter/AttackRoleClose air supportAir interdictionAerial reconnaissancePart ofMarine Aircraft Group 312nd Marine Aircraft WingGarrison/HQMarine Corps Air Station BeaufortNickname(s)"Fighting Bengals"Fighting Wildcats (WWII)Tail CodeWKEngagementsWorld War II* Battle of Guadalcanal* Battle of OkinawaVietnam WarOperation Desert StormOperation Joint EndeavorOperation Iraqi Freedom Operation Inherent ResolveCommandersCommanding OfficerLtCol J. SchranzExecutive OfficerMaj CarterAircraft flownAttackDouglas A4D SkyhawkGrumman A-6 IntruderFighterGrumman F4F WildcatVought F4U CorsairMcDonnell F2H-2 BansheeGrumman F9F PantherMcDonnell-Douglas F/A-18D HornetMilitary unit Marine All Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 224 (VMFA(AW)-224) is a United States Marine Corps (USMC) F/A-18 Hornet squadron. Also known as the "Fighting Bengals", the squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 31 (MAG-31) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). The Bengals are the only Marine F/A-18D Hornet Squadron currently operating out of MCAS Beaufort. Mission Support the Marine Air–Ground Task Force commander by providing supporting arms coordination, conducting multi-sensor imagery, and destroying surface targets and enemy aircraft day or night; under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint, or combined operations. History World War II Marine Fighter Squadron 224 (VMF-224) was commissioned on 1 May 1942 at Marine Corps Air Station Ewa Hawaii. During this time the squadron flew both Brewster F2A Buffalos and Grumman F4F Wildcats out of Naval Air Station Barbers Point. In the spring, a ten-plane detachment from the squadron was sent to Barking Sands at the northern tip of Kauai to patrol against possible Japanese raids. On 14 August 1942, the planes and pilots of VMF-224 departed Hawaii onboard the USS Kitty Hawk (AKV-1). VMF-224 was part of the 2nd echelon of Marine Aircraft Group 23 to depart Hawaii. The Kitty Hawk arrived at Port Vila, Efate, New Hebrides on 28 August. The ship moored alongside the escort carrier Long Island and transferred 40 aircraft. VMF-224 aircraft catapulted from the Long Island on 30 August 1942 arriving at Henderson Field, Guadalcanal in the middle of a Japanese air raid. The squadron saw its first combat on 2 September, when it assisted with intercepting a 40 plane raid. During this engagement, the squadron commanding officer, Maj Robert Galer, was credited with destroying two Japanese aircraft. The squadron was credited with destroying 60.5 Japanese aircraft in less than two months. The squadron also conducted close air support (CAS) missions while under constant attack from Japanese naval, air, and ground forces. VMF-224 contributed significantly to the American victory during the Guadalcanal Campaign, which in turn, helped stem the tide of the Japanese advance across the Southern Pacific and secured a crucial foothold in the long island-hopping campaign against Japan. Squadron Patch from WWII After Guadalcanal, the squadron was refitted with the Vought F4U Corsair and participated in the Marshall Islands Campaign. The spring of 1945 found VMF-224 participating in the last great battle of the Pacific Campaign. During the Battle of Okinawa the squadron operated initially from Yomitan and then from 1 July from Chimu Airfield. Throughout the struggle for Okinawa, the Bengals flew infantry support and counter air missions accounting for an additional fifty-five enemy aircraft being destroyed. 1950s - 1970s The squadron entered the jet era in 1951 with the acceptance of the McDonnell F2H-2 Banshee. In 1952, after completing a Mediterranean Cruise aboard the USS Roosevelt, the squadron accepted the Grumman F9F Panther, and was re-designated Marine Attack Squadron 224 (VMA-224). A newly delivered Vought F4U-5 Corsair at MCAS Cherry Point in 1948 A VMA-224 A-4E takes off from Chu Lai, Vietnam, 24 September 1966. On 29 September 1956, the squadron became the first Marine unit to field the Douglas A4D Skyhawk aircraft. In 1965, the Bengals deployed to South Vietnam as part of the United States' buildup during the Vietnam War. For nearly a year the Bengals operated their "Scooters" from the expeditionary field at Chu Lai. On 1 November 1966, the squadron acquired the Grumman A-6 Intruder and was re-designated as Marine All Weather Attack Squadron 224 (VMA(AW)-224). In 1971, the Bengals deployed to the South China Sea aboard the USS Coral Sea (CV-43). As part of Carrier Air Wing 15, the squadron completed six line periods on Yankee Station and participated in numerous operations including the historic Operation Pocket Money mining of Hai Phong Harbor. The Gulf War & the 1990s Grumman A-6 Intruder from VMA(AW)-224 on the flightline at MCAS Cherry Point in 1984. The Bengals deployed to Southwest Asia, on 28 August 1990. Operating from Shaikh-Isa Air Base, Bahrain the squadron participated in Operation Desert Shield. From 16 January, to 28 February 1991, the Bengals participated in Operation Desert Storm, expending more than 2.3 million pounds of ordnance during 422 combat sorties. Shortly after their return to MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, on 24 May 1992, the Bengals celebrated their 50th anniversary. Less than a year later on 5 March 1993, the squadron was re-designated VMFA(AW)-224 and moved to MCAS Beaufort, South Carolina where the Bengals received the multi-mission F/A-18D Hornet. A tigerstripe-painted F/A-18D of VMFA(AW)-224 at Al Asad. From April to September 1994 the Bengals deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy, as part of the United Nations force for Operation Deny Flight and Operation Provide Promise in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The squadron flew 1150 sorties for 3485 flight hours including 1150 night hours. The Marines of VMFA(AW)-224 again deployed to Aviano in September 1995, as part of NATO Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Joint Endeavor. Global War on Terror On 11 January 2005, VMFA(AW)-224 deployed to Al Asad Airbase, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). While in support of OIF, the Bengals employed 65,225 lbs. of ordnance and flew over 2500 sorties and 7000 hours in direct support of USMC, U.S. Army and Coalition ground units. On 7 May 2021, VMFA(AW)-224 deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia for Dynamic Force Employment (DFE) in support of withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan and Operation Inherent Resolve. 2010 crash On 12 March 2010 an F/A-18D Hornet from the squadron crashed 35 miles (56 km) off the coast of Saint Helena Sound north of Beaufort due to an engine fire. The pilot and Weapons Systems Officer were able to safely eject. 2015 Crash On 22 February 2015 an F/A-18D crashed in wooded and swampy terrain, near Statenville, Georgia, while conducting low-altitude tactics training. Both the pilot and weapon systems officer were able to safely eject and were treated for minor injuries. See also United States Marine Corps Aviation List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons List of decommissioned United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons Citations ^ De Chant 1947, pp. 225. ^ Rottman 2002, pp. 442. ^ Sherrod 1952, pp. 46. ^ Crowder 2000, pp. 87. ^ "Kitty Hawk". World War II Database. Lava Development. Retrieved 18 November 2023. ^ Sherrod 1952, pp. 84. ^ Sherrod 1952, pp. 87. ^ Tillman 2014, pp. 118. ^ "McDONNELL-DOUGLAS A-4M "SKYHAWK"". Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum. Retrieved 16 December 2007. ^ SKYHAWK - "FIRST & LAST" MILESTONES ^ "USMC F/A-18D aircraft conduct DFE to PSAB". U.S. Air Forces Central. Retrieved 23 January 2022. ^ 2 Marine fighter pilots rescued; SC crash probed ^ [https://www.moody.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/668436/marine-pilots-treated-released-following-fa-18d-crash/ Marine pilots treated, released following F/A 18D crash References This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps. Bibliography Crowder, Michael J. (2000). United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History - Volume One - The Fighter Squadrons. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-926-9. De Chant, John A. (1947). Devilbirds - The Story of United States Marine Aviation in World War II. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 4–5. Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313319065. Sherrod, Robert (1952). History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press. Tillman, Barrett (2014). US Marine Corps Fighter Squadrons of World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782004103. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 224. VMFA(AW)-224's official website Video recounting VMFA(AW)-224's 2005 deployment to Iraq vteUnited States Marine CorpsLeadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Marine Corps four-star generals Marine Corps three-star generals 1942–1959 2000–2009 2010–present US Congress House Armed Services Committee Seapower and Projection Forces subcommittee Senate Armed Services Committee Seapower subcommittee Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Training & Education Command (TECOM) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Marine Corps Systems Command Auxiliary Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary Structure Marine Air-Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF/Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Marine Security Guard Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personneland trainingPersonnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniformsand equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment Historyand traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Color Sergeant of the Marine Corps Eagle, Globe, and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Horse Marines Marine One Color Guard Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments "Marines' Hymn" Oorah National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Gung ho Category vte2nd Marine Aircraft Wing Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron 2 2nd MAW Band MAG-14 MALS-14 VMUT-2 VMA-223 VMA-231 VMGR-252 VMFA-542 MAG-26 MALS-26 MWSS-272 VMM-162 VMMT-204 VMM-261 VMM-263 VMM-266 VMM-365 MAG-29 MALS-29 HMLA-167 HMLA-269 HMHT-302 HMH-366 HMH-461 HMH-464 MAG-31 MALS-31 VMFA-115 VMFA(AW)-224 VMFA-251 VMFA-312 VMFAT-501 VMFA(AW)-533 MACG-28 MTACS-28 MWCS-28 MASS-1 MACS-2 2nd LAAD MWSS-271 MWSS-272 MWSS-273 MWSS-274	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"F/A-18 Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_31"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Aircraft Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Aircraft_Wing"}],"text":"Military unitMarine All Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 224 (VMFA(AW)-224) is a United States Marine Corps (USMC) F/A-18 Hornet squadron. Also known as the \"Fighting Bengals\", the squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 31 (MAG-31) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW). The Bengals are the only Marine F/A-18D Hornet Squadron currently operating out of MCAS Beaufort.","title":"VMFA(AW)-224"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Air–Ground Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_air%E2%80%93ground_task_force"}],"text":"Support the Marine Air–Ground Task Force commander by providing supporting arms coordination, conducting multi-sensor imagery, and destroying surface targets and enemy aircraft day or night; under all weather conditions during expeditionary, joint, or combined operations.","title":"Mission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station Ewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Ewa"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002442-2"},{"link_name":"Brewster F2A Buffalos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"Grumman F4F Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Barbers Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaeloa_Airport"},{"link_name":"Barking Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Missile_Range_Facility"},{"link_name":"Kauai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrod195246-3"},{"link_name":"USS Kitty Hawk (AKV-1)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_(AKV-1)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowder200087-4"},{"link_name":"Marine Aircraft Group 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_23"},{"link_name":"Port Vila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vila"},{"link_name":"Efate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efate"},{"link_name":"New Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"escort carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Long_Island_(CVE-1)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Henderson Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrod195284-6"},{"link_name":"Maj Robert Galer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Galer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrod195287-7"},{"link_name":"close air support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETillman2014118-8"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania"},{"link_name":"island-hopping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VMF-224.jpg"},{"link_name":"F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pacific Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Yomitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomitan,_Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Chimu Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimu_Airfield"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Marine Fighter Squadron 224 (VMF-224) was commissioned on 1 May 1942 at Marine Corps Air Station Ewa Hawaii.[2] During this time the squadron flew both Brewster F2A Buffalos and Grumman F4F Wildcats out of Naval Air Station Barbers Point. In the spring, a ten-plane detachment from the squadron was sent to Barking Sands at the northern tip of Kauai to patrol against possible Japanese raids.[3] On 14 August 1942, the planes and pilots of VMF-224 departed Hawaii onboard the USS Kitty Hawk (AKV-1).[4] VMF-224 was part of the 2nd echelon of Marine Aircraft Group 23 to depart Hawaii. The Kitty Hawk arrived at Port Vila, Efate, New Hebrides on 28 August. The ship moored alongside the escort carrier Long Island and transferred 40 aircraft.[5] VMF-224 aircraft catapulted from the Long Island on 30 August 1942 arriving at Henderson Field, Guadalcanal in the middle of a Japanese air raid.[6] The squadron saw its first combat on 2 September, when it assisted with intercepting a 40 plane raid. During this engagement, the squadron commanding officer, Maj Robert Galer, was credited with destroying two Japanese aircraft.[7] The squadron was credited with destroying 60.5 Japanese aircraft in less than two months. The squadron also conducted close air support (CAS) missions while under constant attack from Japanese naval, air, and ground forces.[8] VMF-224 contributed significantly to the American victory during the Guadalcanal Campaign, which in turn, helped stem the tide of the Japanese advance across the Southern Pacific and secured a crucial foothold in the long island-hopping campaign against Japan.Squadron Patch from WWIIAfter Guadalcanal, the squadron was refitted with the Vought F4U Corsair and participated in the Marshall Islands Campaign. The spring of 1945 found VMF-224 participating in the last great battle of the Pacific Campaign. During the Battle of Okinawa the squadron operated initially from Yomitan and then from 1 July from Chimu Airfield. Throughout the struggle for Okinawa, the Bengals flew infantry support and counter air missions accounting for an additional fifty-five enemy aircraft being destroyed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McDonnell F2H-2 Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_F2H_Banshee"},{"link_name":"Grumman F9F Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F4U-5_VMF-224_MCAS_Cherry_Point_LtEmilZanutto_NAN10-48.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VMA-224_takes_off_from_Chu_Lai_on_24_September_1966_(NNAM.1996.253.5558).jpg"},{"link_name":"Douglas A4D Skyhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Chu Lai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Lai"},{"link_name":"A-6 Intruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-6_Intruder"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"USS Coral Sea (CV-43)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)"},{"link_name":"Carrier Air Wing 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_15"},{"link_name":"Yankee Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Station"},{"link_name":"Operation Pocket Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money"},{"link_name":"Hai Phong Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_Phong_Port"}],"sub_title":"1950s - 1970s","text":"The squadron entered the jet era in 1951 with the acceptance of the McDonnell F2H-2 Banshee. In 1952, after completing a Mediterranean Cruise aboard the USS Roosevelt, the squadron accepted the Grumman F9F Panther, and was re-designated Marine Attack Squadron 224 (VMA-224).A newly delivered Vought F4U-5 Corsair at MCAS Cherry Point in 1948A VMA-224 A-4E takes off from Chu Lai, Vietnam, 24 September 1966.On 29 September 1956, the squadron became the first Marine unit to field the Douglas A4D Skyhawk aircraft.[9][10] In 1965, the Bengals deployed to South Vietnam as part of the United States' buildup during the Vietnam War. For nearly a year the Bengals operated their \"Scooters\" from the expeditionary field at Chu Lai. On 1 November 1966, the squadron acquired the Grumman A-6 Intruder and was re-designated as Marine All Weather Attack Squadron 224 (VMA(AW)-224). In 1971, the Bengals deployed to the South China Sea aboard the USS Coral Sea (CV-43). As part of Carrier Air Wing 15, the squadron completed six line periods on Yankee Station and participated in numerous operations including the historic Operation Pocket Money mining of Hai Phong Harbor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-6E_VMA(AW)-224_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_1984.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grumman A-6 Intruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_A-6_Intruder"},{"link_name":"Southwest Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Asia"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War#Operation_Desert_Shield"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Storm"},{"link_name":"MCAS Cherry Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCAS_Cherry_Point"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"MCAS Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCAS_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FA18D_Bengals.JPG"},{"link_name":"Aviano Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviano_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Operation Deny Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight"},{"link_name":"Operation Provide Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Provide_Promise"},{"link_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Operation Deliberate Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force"},{"link_name":"Operation Joint Endeavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Joint_Endeavor"}],"sub_title":"The Gulf War & the 1990s","text":"Grumman A-6 Intruder from VMA(AW)-224 on the flightline at MCAS Cherry Point in 1984.The Bengals deployed to Southwest Asia, on 28 August 1990. Operating from Shaikh-Isa Air Base, Bahrain the squadron participated in Operation Desert Shield. From 16 January, to 28 February 1991, the Bengals participated in Operation Desert Storm, expending more than 2.3 million pounds of ordnance during 422 combat sorties.Shortly after their return to MCAS Cherry Point, North Carolina, on 24 May 1992, the Bengals celebrated their 50th anniversary. Less than a year later on 5 March 1993, the squadron was re-designated VMFA(AW)-224 and moved to MCAS Beaufort, South Carolina where the Bengals received the multi-mission F/A-18D Hornet.A tigerstripe-painted F/A-18D of VMFA(AW)-224 at Al Asad.From April to September 1994 the Bengals deployed to Aviano Air Base, Italy, as part of the United Nations force for Operation Deny Flight and Operation Provide Promise in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The squadron flew 1150 sorties for 3485 flight hours including 1150 night hours. The Marines of VMFA(AW)-224 again deployed to Aviano in September 1995, as part of NATO Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Joint Endeavor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Asad Airbase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Asad_Airbase"},{"link_name":"Operation Iraqi Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Prince Sultan Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Sultan_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Operation Inherent Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Global War on Terror","text":"On 11 January 2005, VMFA(AW)-224 deployed to Al Asad Airbase, Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). While in support of OIF, the Bengals employed 65,225 lbs. of ordnance and flew over 2500 sorties and 7000 hours in direct support of USMC, U.S. Army and Coalition ground units.On 7 May 2021, VMFA(AW)-224 deployed to Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia for Dynamic Force Employment (DFE) in support of withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan and Operation Inherent Resolve.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Helena Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helena_Sound"},{"link_name":"Weapons Systems Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_systems_officer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"2010 crash","text":"On 12 March 2010 an F/A-18D Hornet from the squadron crashed 35 miles (56 km) off the coast of Saint Helena Sound north of Beaufort due to an engine fire. The pilot and Weapons Systems Officer were able to safely eject.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statenville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"2015 Crash","text":"On 22 February 2015 an F/A-18D crashed in wooded and swampy terrain, near Statenville, Georgia, while conducting low-altitude tactics training. Both the pilot and weapon systems officer were able to safely eject and were treated for minor injuries.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Chant1947225_1-0"},{"link_name":"De Chant 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDe_Chant1947"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002442_2-0"},{"link_name":"Rottman 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRottman2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherrod195246_3-0"},{"link_name":"Sherrod 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSherrod1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowder200087_4-0"},{"link_name":"Crowder 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCrowder2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Kitty Hawk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ww2db.com/ship_spec.php?ship_id=188"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherrod195284_6-0"},{"link_name":"Sherrod 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSherrod1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherrod195287_7-0"},{"link_name":"Sherrod 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSherrod1952"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETillman2014118_8-0"},{"link_name":"Tillman 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTillman2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"McDONNELL-DOUGLAS A-4M \"SKYHAWK\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flyingleathernecks.org/jets.html#skyhawk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"SKYHAWK - \"FIRST & LAST\" MILESTONES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//a4skyhawk.org/2c/first-last.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"USMC F/A-18D aircraft conduct DFE to PSAB\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.afcent.af.mil/News/Article/2605483/usmc-fa-18d-aircraft-conduct-dfe-to-psab/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"2 Marine fighter pilots rescued; SC crash probed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5h8Ycl2CSWZMDDu_jgIJhD4hWm-8QD9ECG7GO0"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"https://www.moody.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/668436/marine-pilots-treated-released-following-fa-18d-crash/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.moody.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/668436/marine-pilots-treated-released-following-fa-18d-crash/"}],"text":"^ De Chant 1947, pp. 225.\n\n^ Rottman 2002, pp. 442.\n\n^ Sherrod 1952, pp. 46.\n\n^ Crowder 2000, pp. 87.\n\n^ \"Kitty Hawk\". World War II Database. Lava Development. Retrieved 18 November 2023.\n\n^ Sherrod 1952, pp. 84.\n\n^ Sherrod 1952, pp. 87.\n\n^ Tillman 2014, pp. 118.\n\n^ \"McDONNELL-DOUGLAS A-4M \"SKYHAWK\"\". Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum. Retrieved 16 December 2007.\n\n^ SKYHAWK - \"FIRST & LAST\" MILESTONES\n\n^ \"USMC F/A-18D aircraft conduct DFE to PSAB\". U.S. Air Forces Central. Retrieved 23 January 2022.\n\n^ 2 Marine fighter pilots rescued; SC crash probed[dead link]\n\n^ [https://www.moody.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/668436/marine-pilots-treated-released-following-fa-18d-crash/ Marine pilots treated, released following F/A 18D crash","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"Squadron Patch from WWII","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/VMF-224.jpg/200px-VMF-224.jpg"},{"image_text":"A newly delivered Vought F4U-5 Corsair at MCAS Cherry Point in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/F4U-5_VMF-224_MCAS_Cherry_Point_LtEmilZanutto_NAN10-48.jpg/220px-F4U-5_VMF-224_MCAS_Cherry_Point_LtEmilZanutto_NAN10-48.jpg"},{"image_text":"A VMA-224 A-4E takes off from Chu Lai, Vietnam, 24 September 1966.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VMA-224_takes_off_from_Chu_Lai_on_24_September_1966_%28NNAM.1996.253.5558%29.jpg/220px-A-4E_Skyhawk_of_VMA-224_takes_off_from_Chu_Lai_on_24_September_1966_%28NNAM.1996.253.5558%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grumman A-6 Intruder from VMA(AW)-224 on the flightline at MCAS Cherry Point in 1984.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/A-6E_VMA%28AW%29-224_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_1984.jpg/220px-A-6E_VMA%28AW%29-224_at_MCAS_Cherry_Point_1984.jpg"},{"image_text":"A tigerstripe-painted F/A-18D of VMFA(AW)-224 at Al Asad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/FA18D_Bengals.JPG/220px-FA18D_Bengals.JPG"}]	[{"title":"United States Marine Corps Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Aviation"},{"title":"List of active United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons"},{"title":"List of decommissioned United States Marine Corps aircraft squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_decommissioned_United_States_Marine_Corps_aircraft_squadrons"}]	[{"reference":"\"Kitty Hawk\". World War II Database. Lava Development. Retrieved 18 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ww2db.com/ship_spec.php?ship_id=188","url_text":"\"Kitty Hawk\""}]},{"reference":"\"McDONNELL-DOUGLAS A-4M \"SKYHAWK\"\". Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation and Aviation Museum. Retrieved 16 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flyingleathernecks.org/jets.html#skyhawk","url_text":"\"McDONNELL-DOUGLAS A-4M \"SKYHAWK\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"USMC F/A-18D aircraft conduct DFE to PSAB\". U.S. Air Forces Central. Retrieved 23 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afcent.af.mil/News/Article/2605483/usmc-fa-18d-aircraft-conduct-dfe-to-psab/","url_text":"\"USMC F/A-18D aircraft conduct DFE to PSAB\""}]},{"reference":"Crowder, Michael J. (2000). United States Marine Corps Aviation Squadron Lineage, Insignia & History - Volume One - The Fighter Squadrons. Paducah, KY: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56311-926-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56311-926-9","url_text":"1-56311-926-9"}]},{"reference":"De Chant, John A. (1947). Devilbirds - The Story of United States Marine Aviation in World War II. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 4–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313319065.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport,_Connecticut","url_text":"Westport, Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313319065","url_text":"0313319065"}]},{"reference":"Sherrod, Robert (1952). History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II. Washington, D.C.: Combat Forces Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofmarinec00sher","url_text":"History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II"}]},{"reference":"Tillman, Barrett (2014). US Marine Corps Fighter Squadrons of World War II. Osprey Publishing. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viable_material	Natural selection	["1 Historical development","1.1 Pre-Darwinian theories","1.2 Darwin's theory","1.3 The modern synthesis","1.4 A second synthesis","2 Terminology","3 Mechanism","3.1 Heritable variation, differential reproduction","3.2 Fitness","3.3 Competition","4 Classification","4.1 By effect on a trait","4.2 By effect on genetic diversity","4.3 By life cycle stage","4.4 By unit of selection","4.5 By resource being competed for","5 Arms races","6 Evolution by means of natural selection","6.1 Speciation","7 Genetic basis","7.1 Genotype and phenotype","7.2 Directionality of selection","7.3 Selection, genetic variation, and drift","8 Impact","8.1 Origin of life","8.2 Cell and molecular biology","8.3 Social and psychological theory","8.4 Information and systems theory","8.5 In fiction","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals "Natural Selection" redirects here. For other uses, see Natural Selection (disambiguation). "Natural selections" redirects here. For the Brad Laner album, see Natural Selections. A diagram demonstrating mutation and selection Modern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selection Part of a series onEvolutionary biologyDarwin's finches by John Gould Index Introduction Main Outline Glossary Evidence History Processes and outcomes Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Coextinction Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction Natural history Origin of life Common descent History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event History of evolutionary theory Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology (timeline) Fields and applications Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Island biogeography Systematics Universal Darwinism Social implications Evolution as fact and theory Social effects Creation–evolution controversy Theistic evolution Objections to evolution Level of support Nature-nurture controversy Evolutionary biology portal Categoryvte Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. Variation of traits, both genotypic and phenotypic, exists within all populations of organisms. However, some traits are more likely to facilitate survival and reproductive success. Thus, these traits are passed onto the next generation. These traits can also become more common within a population if the environment that favours these traits remain fixed. If new traits become more favored due to changes in a specific niche, microevolution occurs. If new traits become more favored due to changes in the broader environment, macroevolution occurs. Sometimes, new species can arise especially if these new traits are radically different from the traits possessed by their predecessors. The likelihood of these traits being 'selected' and passed down are determined by many factors. Some are likely to be passed down because they adapt well to their environments. Others are passed down because these traits are actively preferred by mating partners, which is known as sexual selection. Female bodies also prefer traits that confer the lowest cost to their reproductive health, which is known as fecundity selection. Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. He described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology, which explains evolution at the molecular level. While genotypes can slowly change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution. Historical development Main article: History of evolutionary thought Pre-Darwinian theories Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving. Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius, expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce successfully persist. Empedocles' idea that organisms arose entirely by the incidental workings of causes such as heat and cold was criticised by Aristotle in Book II of Physics. He posited natural teleology in its place, and believed that form was achieved for a purpose, citing the regularity of heredity in species as proof. Nevertheless, he accepted in his biology that new types of animals, monstrosities (τερας), can occur in very rare instances (Generation of Animals, Book IV). As quoted in Darwin's 1872 edition of The Origin of Species, Aristotle considered whether different forms (e.g., of teeth) might have appeared accidentally, but only the useful forms survived: So what hinders the different parts from having this merely accidental relation in nature? as the teeth, for example, grow by necessity, the front ones sharp, adapted for dividing, and the grinders flat, and serviceable for masticating the food; since they were not made for the sake of this, but it was the result of accident. And in like manner as to the other parts in which there appears to exist an adaptation to an end. Wheresoever, therefore, all things together (that is all the parts of one whole) happened like as if they were made for the sake of something, these were preserved, having been appropriately constituted by an internal spontaneity, and whatsoever things were not thus constituted, perished, and still perish.— Aristotle, Physics, Book II, Chapter 8 But Aristotle rejected this possibility in the next paragraph, making clear that he is talking about the development of animals as embryos with the phrase "either invariably or normally come about", not the origin of species: ... Yet it is impossible that this should be the true view. For teeth and all other natural things either invariably or normally come about in a given way; but of not one of the results of chance or spontaneity is this true. We do not ascribe to chance or mere coincidence the frequency of rain in winter, but frequent rain in summer we do; nor heat in the dog-days, but only if we have it in winter. If then, it is agreed that things are either the result of coincidence or for an end, and these cannot be the result of coincidence or spontaneity, it follows that they must be for an end; and that such things are all due to nature even the champions of the theory which is before us would agree. Therefore action for an end is present in things which come to be and are by nature.— Aristotle, Physics, Book II, Chapter 8 The struggle for existence was later described by the Islamic writer Al-Jahiz in the 9th century, particularly in the context of top-down population regulation, but not in reference to individual variation or natural selection. At the turn of the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci collected a set of fossils of ammonites as well as other biological material. He extensively reasoned in his writings that the shapes of animals are not given once and forever by the "upper power" but instead are generated in different forms naturally and then selected for reproduction by their compatibility with the environment. The more recent classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis and others, including Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin. Until the early 19th century, the prevailing view in Western societies was that differences between individuals of a species were uninteresting departures from their Platonic ideals (or typus) of created kinds. However, the theory of uniformitarianism in geology promoted the idea that simple, weak forces could act continuously over long periods of time to produce radical changes in the Earth's landscape. The success of this theory raised awareness of the vast scale of geological time and made plausible the idea that tiny, virtually imperceptible changes in successive generations could produce consequences on the scale of differences between species. The early 19th-century zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolutionary change; adaptive traits acquired by an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by that organism's progeny, eventually causing transmutation of species. This theory, Lamarckism, was an influence on the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko's ill-fated antagonism to mainstream genetic theory as late as the mid-20th century. Between 1835 and 1837, the zoologist Edward Blyth worked on the area of variation, artificial selection, and how a similar process occurs in nature. Darwin acknowledged Blyth's ideas in the first chapter on variation of On the Origin of Species. Darwin's theory Main articles: Inception of Darwin's theory and Development of Darwin's theory Further information: Coloration evidence for natural selection In 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the "principle by which each slight variation , if useful, is preserved". The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to the evolution of particular populations of a species, and populations that evolve to be sufficiently different eventually become different species. Part of Thomas Malthus's table of population growth in England 1780–1810, from his Essay on the Principle of Population, 6th edition, 1826 Darwin's ideas were inspired by the observations that he had made on the second voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836), and by the work of a political economist, Thomas Robert Malthus, who, in An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), noted that population (if unchecked) increases exponentially, whereas the food supply grows only arithmetically; thus, inevitable limitations of resources would have demographic implications, leading to a "struggle for existence". When Darwin read Malthus in 1838 he was already primed by his work as a naturalist to appreciate the "struggle for existence" in nature. It struck him that as population outgrew resources, "favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species." Darwin wrote: If during the long course of ages and under varying conditions of life, organic beings vary at all in the several parts of their organisation, and I think this cannot be disputed; if there be, owing to the high geometrical powers of increase of each species, at some age, season, or year, a severe struggle for life, and this certainly cannot be disputed; then, considering the infinite complexity of the relations of all organic beings to each other and to their conditions of existence, causing an infinite diversity in structure, constitution, and habits, to be advantageous to them, I think it would be a most extraordinary fact if no variation ever had occurred useful to each being's own welfare, in the same way as so many variations have occurred useful to man. But if variations useful to any organic being do occur, assuredly individuals thus characterised will have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle for life; and from the strong principle of inheritance they will tend to produce offspring similarly characterised. This principle of preservation, I have called, for the sake of brevity, Natural Selection.— Darwin summarising natural selection in the fourth chapter of On the Origin of Species Once he had his theory, Darwin was meticulous about gathering and refining evidence before making his idea public. He was in the process of writing his "big book" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858. Darwin published a detailed account of his evidence and conclusions in On the Origin of Species in 1859. In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications. Charles Darwin noted that pigeon fanciers had created many kinds of pigeon, such as Tumblers (1, 12), Fantails (13), and Pouters (14) by selective breeding. Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called "artificial selection"; in his early manuscripts he referred to a "Nature" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not yet explicitly formulated, and Darwin believed that selection was likely only part of the story: "I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main but not exclusive means of modification." In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860, Darwin regretted the use of the term "Natural Selection", preferring the term "Natural Preservation". For Darwin and his contemporaries, natural selection was in essence synonymous with evolution by natural selection. After the publication of On the Origin of Species, educated people generally accepted that evolution had occurred in some form. However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its "unguided" and non-progressive nature, a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance. However, some thinkers enthusiastically embraced natural selection; after reading Darwin, Herbert Spencer introduced the phrase survival of the fittest, which became a popular summary of the theory. The fifth edition of On the Origin of Species published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: "But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient." Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if "fittest" is read to mean "functionally superior" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations. The modern synthesis Main article: Modern synthesis (20th century) Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity, but developed before the basic concepts of genetics. Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work lay in obscurity, only being rediscovered in 1900. With the early 20th-century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection. The synthesis grew from advances in different fields. Ronald Fisher developed the required mathematical language and wrote The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930). J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the "cost" of natural selection. Sewall Wright elucidated the nature of selection and adaptation. In his book Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937), Theodosius Dobzhansky established the idea that mutation, once seen as a rival to selection, actually supplied the raw material for natural selection by creating genetic diversity. A second synthesis Evolutionary developmental biology relates the evolution of form to the precise pattern of gene activity, here gap genes in the fruit fly, during embryonic development. Main article: Evolutionary developmental biology § History Ernst Mayr recognised the key importance of reproductive isolation for speciation in his Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942). W. D. Hamilton conceived of kin selection in 1964. This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory, where it remains today. A second synthesis was brought about at the end of the 20th century by advances in molecular genetics, creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology ("evo-devo"), which seeks to explain the evolution of form in terms of the genetic regulatory programs which control the development of the embryo at molecular level. Natural selection is here understood to act on embryonic development to change the morphology of the adult body. Terminology The term natural selection is most often defined to operate on heritable traits, because these directly participate in evolution. However, natural selection is "blind" in the sense that changes in phenotype can give a reproductive advantage regardless of whether or not the trait is heritable. Following Darwin's primary usage, the term is used to refer both to the evolutionary consequence of blind selection and to its mechanisms. It is sometimes helpful to explicitly distinguish between selection's mechanisms and its effects; when this distinction is important, scientists define "(phenotypic) natural selection" specifically as "those mechanisms that contribute to the selection of individuals that reproduce", without regard to whether the basis of the selection is heritable. Traits that cause greater reproductive success of an organism are said to be selected for, while those that reduce success are selected against. Mechanism Heritable variation, differential reproduction During the industrial revolution, pollution killed many lichens, leaving tree trunks dark. A dark (melanic) morph of the peppered moth largely replaced the formerly usual light morph (both shown here). Since the moths are subject to predation by birds hunting by sight, the colour change offers better camouflage against the changed background, suggesting natural selection at work. Main article: Genetic variation Natural variation occurs among the individuals of any population of organisms. Some differences may improve an individual's chances of surviving and reproducing such that its lifetime reproductive rate is increased, which means that it leaves more offspring. If the traits that give these individuals a reproductive advantage are also heritable, that is, passed from parent to offspring, then there will be differential reproduction, that is, a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation. Even if the reproductive advantage is very slight, over many generations any advantageous heritable trait becomes dominant in the population. In this way the natural environment of an organism "selects for" traits that confer a reproductive advantage, causing evolutionary change, as Darwin described. This gives the appearance of purpose, but in natural selection there is no intentional choice. Artificial selection is purposive where natural selection is not, though biologists often use teleological language to describe it. The peppered moth exists in both light and dark colours in Great Britain, but during the industrial revolution, many of the trees on which the moths rested became blackened by soot, giving the dark-coloured moths an advantage in hiding from predators. This gave dark-coloured moths a better chance of surviving to produce dark-coloured offspring, and in just fifty years from the first dark moth being caught, nearly all of the moths in industrial Manchester were dark. The balance was reversed by the effect of the Clean Air Act 1956, and the dark moths became rare again, demonstrating the influence of natural selection on peppered moth evolution. A recent study, using image analysis and avian vision models, shows that pale individuals more closely match lichen backgrounds than dark morphs and for the first time quantifies the camouflage of moths to predation risk. Fitness Main article: Fitness (biology) The concept of fitness is central to natural selection. In broad terms, individuals that are more "fit" have better potential for survival, as in the well-known phrase "survival of the fittest", but the precise meaning of the term is much more subtle. Modern evolutionary theory defines fitness not by how long an organism lives, but by how successful it is at reproducing. If an organism lives half as long as others of its species, but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood, its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation. Though natural selection acts on individuals, the effects of chance mean that fitness can only really be defined "on average" for the individuals within a population. The fitness of a particular genotype corresponds to the average effect on all individuals with that genotype. A distinction must be made between the concept of "survival of the fittest" and "improvement in fitness". "Survival of the fittest" does not give an "improvement in fitness", it only represents the removal of the less fit variants from a population. A mathematical example of "survival of the fittest" is given by Haldane in his paper "The Cost of Natural Selection". Haldane called this process "substitution" or more commonly in biology, this is called "fixation". This is correctly described by the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. On the other hand, "improvement in fitness" is not dependent on the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype, it is dependent on the absolute survival of the particular variant. The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of a population depends on the total number of replications of that variant. The mathematics of "improvement in fitness was described by Kleinman. An empirical example of "improvement in fitness" is given by the Kishony Mega-plate experiment. In this experiment, "improvement in fitness" depends on the number of replications of the particular variant for a new variant to appear that is capable of growing in the next higher drug concentration region. Fixation or substitution is not required for this "improvement in fitness". On the other hand, "improvement in fitness" can occur in an environment where "survival of the fittest" is also acting. Richard Lenski's classic E. coli long-term evolution experiment is an example of adaptation in a competitive environment, ("improvement in fitness" during "survival of the fittest"). The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of the lineage to give improved fitness is slowed by the competition. The variant which is a candidate for a beneficial mutation in this limited carrying capacity environment must first out-compete the "less fit" variants in order to accumulate the requisite number of replications for there to be a reasonable probability of that beneficial mutation occurring. Competition Main article: Competition (biology) In biology, competition is an interaction between organisms in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. This may be because both rely on a limited supply of a resource such as food, water, or territory. Competition may be within or between species, and may be direct or indirect. Species less suited to compete should in theory either adapt or die out, since competition plays a powerful role in natural selection, but according to the "room to roam" theory it may be less important than expansion among larger clades. Competition is modelled by r/K selection theory, which is based on Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson's work on island biogeography. In this theory, selective pressures drive evolution in one of two stereotyped directions: r- or K-selection. These terms, r and K, can be illustrated in a logistic model of population dynamics: d N d t = r N ( 1 − N K ) {\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dt}}=rN\left(1-{\frac {N}{K}}\right)\qquad \!} where r is the growth rate of the population (N), and K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting. Typically, r-selected species exploit empty niches, and produce many offspring, each with a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood. In contrast, K-selected species are strong competitors in crowded niches, and invest more heavily in much fewer offspring, each with a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood. Classification 1: directional selection: a single extreme phenotype favoured.2, stabilizing selection: intermediate favoured over extremes.3: disruptive selection: extremes favoured over intermediate.X-axis: phenotypic traitY-axis: number of organismsGroup A: original populationGroup B: after selection Natural selection can act on any heritable phenotypic trait, and selective pressure can be produced by any aspect of the environment, including sexual selection and competition with members of the same or other species. However, this does not imply that natural selection is always directional and results in adaptive evolution; natural selection often results in the maintenance of the status quo by eliminating less fit variants. Selection can be classified in several different ways, such as by its effect on a trait, on genetic diversity, by the life cycle stage where it acts, by the unit of selection, or by the resource being competed for. By effect on a trait Selection has different effects on traits. Stabilizing selection acts to hold a trait at a stable optimum, and in the simplest case all deviations from this optimum are selectively disadvantageous. Directional selection favours extreme values of a trait. The uncommon disruptive selection also acts during transition periods when the current mode is sub-optimal, but alters the trait in more than one direction. In particular, if the trait is quantitative and univariate then both higher and lower trait levels are favoured. Disruptive selection can be a precursor to speciation. By effect on genetic diversity Alternatively, selection can be divided according to its effect on genetic diversity. Purifying or negative selection acts to remove genetic variation from the population (and is opposed by de novo mutation, which introduces new variation. In contrast, balancing selection acts to maintain genetic variation in a population, even in the absence of de novo mutation, by negative frequency-dependent selection. One mechanism for this is heterozygote advantage, where individuals with two different alleles have a selective advantage over individuals with just one allele. The polymorphism at the human ABO blood group locus has been explained in this way. Different types of selection act at each life cycle stage of a sexually reproducing organism. By life cycle stage Another option is to classify selection by the life cycle stage at which it acts. Some biologists recognise just two types: viability (or survival) selection, which acts to increase an organism's probability of survival, and fecundity (or fertility or reproductive) selection, which acts to increase the rate of reproduction, given survival. Others split the life cycle into further components of selection. Thus viability and survival selection may be defined separately and respectively as acting to improve the probability of survival before and after reproductive age is reached, while fecundity selection may be split into additional sub-components including sexual selection, gametic selection, acting on gamete survival, and compatibility selection, acting on zygote formation. By unit of selection Selection can also be classified by the level or unit of selection. Individual selection acts on the individual, in the sense that adaptations are "for" the benefit of the individual, and result from selection among individuals. Gene selection acts directly at the level of the gene. In kin selection and intragenomic conflict, gene-level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process. Group selection, if it occurs, acts on groups of organisms, on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals. There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature. By resource being competed for The peacock's elaborate plumage is mentioned by Darwin as an example of sexual selection, and is a classic example of Fisherian runaway, driven to its conspicuous size and coloration through mate choice by females over many generations. Further information: Sexual selection Finally, selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for. Sexual selection results from competition for mates. Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide. Following Darwin, natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological selection, in which case sexual selection is considered a separate mechanism. Sexual selection as first articulated by Darwin (using the example of the peacock's tail) refers specifically to competition for mates, which can be intrasexual, between individuals of the same sex, that is male–male competition, or intersexual, where one gender chooses mates, most often with males displaying and females choosing. However, in some species, mate choice is primarily by males, as in some fishes of the family Syngnathidae. Phenotypic traits can be displayed in one sex and desired in the other sex, causing a positive feedback loop called a Fisherian runaway, for example, the extravagant plumage of some male birds such as the peacock. An alternate theory proposed by the same Ronald Fisher in 1930 is the sexy son hypothesis, that mothers want promiscuous sons to give them large numbers of grandchildren and so choose promiscuous fathers for their children. Aggression between members of the same sex is sometimes associated with very distinctive features, such as the antlers of stags, which are used in combat with other stags. More generally, intrasexual selection is often associated with sexual dimorphism, including differences in body size between males and females of a species. Arms races Selection in action: resistance to antibiotics grows through the survival of individuals less affected by the antibiotic. Their offspring inherit the resistance. Further information: Antimicrobial resistance Natural selection is seen in action in the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases. The widespread misuse of antibiotics has selected for microbial resistance to antibiotics in clinical use, to the point that the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been described as a "superbug" because of the threat it poses to health and its relative invulnerability to existing drugs. Response strategies typically include the use of different, stronger antibiotics; however, new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs. This is an evolutionary arms race, in which bacteria develop strains less susceptible to antibiotics, while medical researchers attempt to develop new antibiotics that can kill them. A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects. Arms races are not necessarily induced by man; a well-documented example involves the spread of a gene in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina suppressing male-killing activity by Wolbachia bacteria parasites on the island of Samoa, where the spread of the gene is known to have occurred over a period of just five years. Evolution by means of natural selection Main articles: Evolution and Darwinism A prerequisite for natural selection to result in adaptive evolution, novel traits and speciation is the presence of heritable genetic variation that results in fitness differences. Genetic variation is the result of mutations, genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyotype (the number, shape, size and internal arrangement of the chromosomes). Any of these changes might have an effect that is highly advantageous or highly disadvantageous, but large effects are rare. In the past, most changes in the genetic material were considered neutral or close to neutral because they occurred in noncoding DNA or resulted in a synonymous substitution. However, many mutations in non-coding DNA have deleterious effects. Although both mutation rates and average fitness effects of mutations are dependent on the organism, a majority of mutations in humans are slightly deleterious. Some mutations occur in "toolkit" or regulatory genes. Changes in these often have large effects on the phenotype of the individual because they regulate the function of many other genes. Most, but not all, mutations in regulatory genes result in non-viable embryos. Some nonlethal regulatory mutations occur in HOX genes in humans, which can result in a cervical rib or polydactyly, an increase in the number of fingers or toes. When such mutations result in a higher fitness, natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population. Established traits are not immutable; traits that have high fitness in one environmental context may be much less fit if environmental conditions change. In the absence of natural selection to preserve such a trait, it becomes more variable and deteriorate over time, possibly resulting in a vestigial manifestation of the trait, also called evolutionary baggage. In many circumstances, the apparently vestigial structure may retain a limited functionality, or may be co-opted for other advantageous traits in a phenomenon known as preadaptation. A famous example of a vestigial structure, the eye of the blind mole-rat, is believed to retain function in photoperiod perception. Speciation Main article: Speciation Speciation requires a degree of reproductive isolation—that is, a reduction in gene flow. However, it is intrinsic to the concept of a species that hybrids are selected against, opposing the evolution of reproductive isolation, a problem that was recognised by Darwin. The problem does not occur in allopatric speciation with geographically separated populations, which can diverge with different sets of mutations. E. B. Poulton realized in 1903 that reproductive isolation could evolve through divergence, if each lineage acquired a different, incompatible allele of the same gene. Selection against the heterozygote would then directly create reproductive isolation, leading to the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model, further elaborated by H. Allen Orr and Sergey Gavrilets. With reinforcement, however, natural selection can favor an increase in pre-zygotic isolation, influencing the process of speciation directly. Genetic basis Genotype and phenotype Main article: Genotype–phenotype distinction Natural selection acts on an organism's phenotype, or physical characteristics. Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives. When different organisms in a population possess different versions of a gene for a certain trait, each of these versions is known as an allele. It is this genetic variation that underlies differences in phenotype. An example is the ABO blood type antigens in humans, where three alleles govern the phenotype. Some traits are governed by only a single gene, but most traits are influenced by the interactions of many genes. A variation in one of the many genes that contributes to a trait may have only a small effect on the phenotype; together, these genes can produce a continuum of possible phenotypic values. Directionality of selection Main article: Directional selection When some component of a trait is heritable, selection alters the frequencies of the different alleles, or variants of the gene that produces the variants of the trait. Selection can be divided into three classes, on the basis of its effect on allele frequencies: directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Directional selection occurs when an allele has a greater fitness than others, so that it increases in frequency, gaining an increasing share in the population. This process can continue until the allele is fixed and the entire population shares the fitter phenotype. Far more common is stabilizing selection, which lowers the frequency of alleles that have a deleterious effect on the phenotype—that is, produce organisms of lower fitness. This process can continue until the allele is eliminated from the population. Stabilizing selection conserves functional genetic features, such as protein-coding genes or regulatory sequences, over time by selective pressure against deleterious variants. Disruptive (or diversifying) selection is selection favoring extreme trait values over intermediate trait values. Disruptive selection may cause sympatric speciation through niche partitioning. Some forms of balancing selection do not result in fixation, but maintain an allele at intermediate frequencies in a population. This can occur in diploid species (with pairs of chromosomes) when heterozygous individuals (with just one copy of the allele) have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals (with two copies). This is called heterozygote advantage or over-dominance, of which the best-known example is the resistance to malaria in humans heterozygous for sickle-cell anaemia. Maintenance of allelic variation can also occur through disruptive or diversifying selection, which favours genotypes that depart from the average in either direction (that is, the opposite of over-dominance), and can result in a bimodal distribution of trait values. Finally, balancing selection can occur through frequency-dependent selection, where the fitness of one particular phenotype depends on the distribution of other phenotypes in the population. The principles of game theory have been applied to understand the fitness distributions in these situations, particularly in the study of kin selection and the evolution of reciprocal altruism. Selection, genetic variation, and drift Main articles: Genetic variation and Genetic drift A portion of all genetic variation is functionally neutral, producing no phenotypic effect or significant difference in fitness. Motoo Kimura's neutral theory of molecular evolution by genetic drift proposes that this variation accounts for a large fraction of observed genetic diversity. Neutral events can radically reduce genetic variation through population bottlenecks. which among other things can cause the founder effect in initially small new populations. When genetic variation does not result in differences in fitness, selection cannot directly affect the frequency of such variation. As a result, the genetic variation at those sites is higher than at sites where variation does influence fitness. However, after a period with no new mutations, the genetic variation at these sites is eliminated due to genetic drift. Natural selection reduces genetic variation by eliminating maladapted individuals, and consequently the mutations that caused the maladaptation. At the same time, new mutations occur, resulting in a mutation–selection balance. The exact outcome of the two processes depends both on the rate at which new mutations occur and on the strength of the natural selection, which is a function of how unfavourable the mutation proves to be. Genetic linkage occurs when the loci of two alleles are close on a chromosome. During the formation of gametes, recombination reshuffles the alleles. The chance that such a reshuffle occurs between two alleles is inversely related to the distance between them. Selective sweeps occur when an allele becomes more common in a population as a result of positive selection. As the prevalence of one allele increases, closely linked alleles can also become more common by "genetic hitchhiking", whether they are neutral or even slightly deleterious. A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are in essence the only ones that exist in the population. Selective sweeps can be detected by measuring linkage disequilibrium, or whether a given haplotype is overrepresented in the population. Since a selective sweep also results in selection of neighbouring alleles, the presence of a block of strong linkage disequilibrium might indicate a 'recent' selective sweep near the centre of the block. Background selection is the opposite of a selective sweep. If a specific site experiences strong and persistent purifying selection, linked variation tends to be weeded out along with it, producing a region in the genome of low overall variability. Because background selection is a result of deleterious new mutations, which can occur randomly in any haplotype, it does not produce clear blocks of linkage disequilibrium, although with low recombination it can still lead to slightly negative linkage disequilibrium overall. Impact Main article: Universal Darwinism Darwin's ideas, along with those of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, had a profound influence on 19th century thought, including his radical claim that "elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner" evolved from the simplest forms of life by a few simple principles. This inspired some of Darwin's most ardent supporters—and provoked the strongest opposition. Natural selection had the power, according to Stephen Jay Gould, to "dethrone some of the deepest and most traditional comforts of Western thought", such as the belief that humans have a special place in the world. In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, "Darwin's dangerous idea" of evolution by natural selection is a "universal acid," which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings. Thus, in the last decades, the concept of natural selection has spread from evolutionary biology to other disciplines, including evolutionary computation, quantum Darwinism, evolutionary economics, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology, and cosmological natural selection. This unlimited applicability has been called universal Darwinism. Origin of life Main article: Abiogenesis How life originated from inorganic matter remains an unresolved problem in biology. One prominent hypothesis is that life first appeared in the form of short self-replicating RNA polymers. On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. The fitness of an early RNA replicator would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (i.e., determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities could logically have been: (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type), (2) the capacity to avoid decay, and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations (including those configurations with ribozyme activity) of the RNA replicators that, in turn, would have been encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Cell and molecular biology In 1881, the embryologist Wilhelm Roux published Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus (The Struggle of Parts in the Organism) in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules to organs. In recent years, a modern version of this theory has been proposed by Jean-Jacques Kupiec. According to this cellular Darwinism, random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo. Social and psychological theory Main article: Evolutionary psychology The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co-originator of the ideology of communism, wrote in 1872 that "Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind, and especially on his countrymen, when he showed that free competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical achievement, is the normal state of the animal kingdom." Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism. For example, in 1940, Konrad Lorenz, in writings that he subsequently disowned, used the theory as a justification for policies of the Nazi state. He wrote "... selection for toughness, heroism, and social utility ... must be accomplished by some human institution, if mankind, in default of selective factors, is not to be ruined by domestication-induced degeneracy. The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect." Others have developed ideas that human societies and culture evolve by mechanisms analogous to those that apply to evolution of species. More recently, work among anthropologists and psychologists has led to the development of sociobiology and later of evolutionary psychology, a field that attempts to explain features of human psychology in terms of adaptation to the ancestral environment. The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language. Other aspects of human behaviour and social structures, from specific cultural norms such as incest avoidance to broader patterns such as gender roles, have been hypothesised to have similar origins as adaptations to the early environment in which modern humans evolved. By analogy to the action of natural selection on genes, the concept of memes—"units of cultural transmission," or culture's equivalents of genes undergoing selection and recombination—has arisen, first described in this form by Richard Dawkins in 1976 and subsequently expanded upon by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett as explanations for complex cultural activities, including human consciousness. Information and systems theory In 1922, Alfred J. Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle that could be described in terms of the use of energy by a system, a concept later developed by Howard T. Odum as the maximum power principle in thermodynamics, whereby evolutionary systems with selective advantage maximise the rate of useful energy transformation. The principles of natural selection have inspired a variety of computational techniques, such as "soft" artificial life, that simulate selective processes and can be highly efficient in 'adapting' entities to an environment defined by a specified fitness function. For example, a class of heuristic optimisation algorithms known as genetic algorithms, pioneered by John Henry Holland in the 1970s and expanded upon by David E. Goldberg, identify optimal solutions by simulated reproduction and mutation of a population of solutions defined by an initial probability distribution. Such algorithms are particularly useful when applied to problems whose energy landscape is very rough or has many local minima. In fiction Main article: Evolution in fiction Darwinian evolution by natural selection is pervasive in literature, whether taken optimistically in terms of how humanity may evolve towards perfection, or pessimistically in terms of the dire consequences of the interaction of human nature and the struggle for survival. Among major responses is Samuel Butler's 1872 pessimistic Erewhon ("nowhere", written mostly backwards). In 1893 H. G. Wells imagined "The Man of the Year Million", transformed by natural selection into a being with a huge head and eyes, and shrunken body. Notes ^ In sexual selection, a female animal making a choice of mate may be argued to be intending to get the best mate; there is no suggestion that she has any intention to improve the bloodline in the manner of an animal breeder. 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Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76748-2. LCCN 93010367. OCLC 896826726. Wallace, Alfred Russel (1871) . Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays (2nd, with corrections and additions ed.). New York: Macmillan & Co. LCCN agr04000394. OCLC 809350209. Williams, George C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton Science Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02615-2. LCCN 65017164. OCLC 35230452. Wilson, David Sloan (2002). Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02615-2. LCCN 2002017375. OCLC 48777441. Zimmer, Carl; Emlen, Douglas J. (2013). Evolution: Making Sense of Life (1st ed.). Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts and Company Publishers. ISBN 978-1-936221-17-2. LCCN 2012025118. OCLC 767565909. Further reading For technical audiences Bell, Graham (2008). Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856972-5. LCCN 2007039692. OCLC 170034792. Johnson, Clifford (1976). Introduction to Natural Selection. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. ISBN 978-0-8391-0936-5. LCCN 76008175. OCLC 2091640. Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00613-3. LCCN 2001043556. OCLC 47869352. Maynard Smith, John (1993) . The Theory of Evolution (Canto ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45128-4. LCCN 93020358. OCLC 27676642. Popper, Karl (December 1978). "Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind". Dialectica. 32 (3–4): 339–355. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1978.tb01321.x. ISSN 0012-2017. Sammut-Bonnici, Tanya; Wensley, Robin (September 2002). "Darwinism, probability and complexity: Market-based organizational transformation and change explained through the theories of evolution" (PDF). International Journal of Management Reviews. 4 (3): 291–315. doi:10.1111/1468-2370.00088. ISSN 1460-8545. Sober, Elliott, ed. (1994). Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69162-8. LCCN 93008199. OCLC 28150417. Williams, George C. (1992). Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506933-4. LCCN 91038938. OCLC 228136567. For general audiences Dawkins, Richard (1996). Climbing Mount Improbable (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03930-6. LCCN 34633422. OCLC 34633422. Gould, Stephen Jay (1977). Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06425-4. LCCN 77022504. OCLC 3090189. Jones, Steve (2000). Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50103-6. LCCN 99053246. OCLC 42690131. Lewontin, Richard C. (September 1978). "Adaptation". Scientific American. 239 (3): 212–230. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239c.212L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-212. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 705323. Mayr, Ernst (2002) . What Evolution Is. Science Masters. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-60741-0. LCCN 2001036562. OCLC 248107061. Weiner, Jonathan (1994). The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40003-5. LCCN 93036755. OCLC 29029572. Historical Kohn, Marek (2004). A Reason for Everything: Natural Selection and the English Imagination. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22392-3. LCCN 2005360890. OCLC 57200626. Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941). "Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 84 (1): 71–123. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 984852. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Natural selection. Darwin, Charles. "On the Origin of Species". Archived from the original on 25 February 2001. – Chapter 4, Natural Selection vteEvolutionary biology Introduction Outline Timeline of evolution History of life Index Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Altruism Cheating Reciprocal Baldwin effect Cladistics Coevolution Mutualism Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of evolution Evolutionary arms race Evolutionary pressure Exaptation Extinction Event Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex Taxonomy Unit of selection Gene-centered view of evolution Populationgenetics Artificial selection Biodiversity Evolutionarily stable strategy Fisher's principle Fitness Inclusive Gene flow Genetic drift Kin selection Parental investment Parent–offspring conflict Mutation Population Natural selection Sexual dimorphism 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A. Fisher J. B. S. Haldane Sewall Wright Related topics Biogeography Evolution Evolutionary game theory Fitness landscape Genetic genealogy Landscape genetics and genomics Microevolution Population genomics Phylogeography Quantitative genetics Index of evolutionary biology articles Portal: Evolutionary biology Authority control databases National Israel United States Czech Republic Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"Natural Selection (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Selection_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Natural Selections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Selections"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mutation_and_selection_diagram_(2).svg"},{"link_name":"mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(biology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"heritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"traits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_trait"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"artificial selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"Variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"genotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"phenotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"},{"link_name":"survival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival"},{"link_name":"reproductive success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_success"},{"link_name":"common within a population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele_frequency"},{"link_name":"niche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche"},{"link_name":"microevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microevolution"},{"link_name":"macroevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroevolution"},{"link_name":"new species can arise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation"},{"link_name":"adapt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"},{"link_name":"fecundity selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecundity_selection"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"joint presentation of papers in 1858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"Darwinian evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism"},{"link_name":"classical genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_genetics"},{"link_name":"modern synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"evolutionary developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"genotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genotype"},{"link_name":"genetic drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"},{"link_name":"adaptive evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"}],"text":"Mechanism of evolution by differential survival and reproduction of individuals\"Natural Selection\" redirects here. For other uses, see Natural Selection (disambiguation).\"Natural selections\" redirects here. For the Brad Laner album, see Natural Selections.A diagram demonstrating mutation and selectionModern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selectionNatural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term \"natural selection\", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not.Variation of traits, both genotypic and phenotypic, exists within all populations of organisms. However, some traits are more likely to facilitate survival and reproductive success. Thus, these traits are passed onto the next generation. These traits can also become more common within a population if the environment that favours these traits remain fixed. If new traits become more favored due to changes in a specific niche, microevolution occurs. If new traits become more favored due to changes in the broader environment, macroevolution occurs. Sometimes, new species can arise especially if these new traits are radically different from the traits possessed by their predecessors.The likelihood of these traits being 'selected' and passed down are determined by many factors. Some are likely to be passed down because they adapt well to their environments. Others are passed down because these traits are actively preferred by mating partners, which is known as sexual selection. Female bodies also prefer traits that confer the lowest cost to their reproductive health, which is known as fecundity selection.Natural selection is a cornerstone of modern biology. The concept, published by Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in a joint presentation of papers in 1858, was elaborated in Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. He described natural selection as analogous to artificial selection, a process by which animals and plants with traits considered desirable by human breeders are systematically favoured for reproduction. The concept of natural selection originally developed in the absence of a valid theory of heredity; at the time of Darwin's writing, science had yet to develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis of the mid-20th century. The addition of molecular genetics has led to evolutionary developmental biology, which explains evolution at the molecular level. While genotypes can slowly change by random genetic drift, natural selection remains the primary explanation for adaptive evolution.","title":"Natural selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"classical era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_era"},{"link_name":"Empedocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lucretius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"teleology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henry-5"},{"link_name":"in his biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology"},{"link_name":"monstrosities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorder"},{"link_name":"Generation of Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"development of animals as embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"struggle for existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struggle_for_existence#Historical_development"},{"link_name":"Islamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Al-Jahiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pierre Louis Maupertuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Erasmus Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin"},{"link_name":"prevailing view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_creationism#Renaissance_to_Darwin"},{"link_name":"Western societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"Platonic ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_Forms"},{"link_name":"typus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/typus"},{"link_name":"created kinds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraminology"},{"link_name":"uniformitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformitarianism"},{"link_name":"geological time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Lamarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck"},{"link_name":"inheritance of acquired characteristics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_of_acquired_characteristics"},{"link_name":"transmutation of species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lamarckism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamarckism"},{"link_name":"Trofim Lysenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joravsky-15"},{"link_name":"Edward Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blyth#On_natural_selection"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Pre-Darwinian theories","text":"Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving.Several philosophers of the classical era, including Empedocles[1] and his intellectual successor, the Roman poet Lucretius,[2] expressed the idea that nature produces a huge variety of creatures, randomly, and that only those creatures that manage to provide for themselves and reproduce successfully persist. Empedocles' idea that organisms arose entirely by the incidental workings of causes such as heat and cold was criticised by Aristotle in Book II of Physics.[3] He posited natural teleology in its place, and believed that form was achieved for a purpose, citing the regularity of heredity in species as proof.[4][5] Nevertheless, he accepted in his biology that new types of animals, monstrosities (τερας), can occur in very rare instances (Generation of Animals, Book IV).[6] As quoted in Darwin's 1872 edition of The Origin of Species, Aristotle considered whether different forms (e.g., of teeth) might have appeared accidentally, but only the useful forms survived:So what hinders the different parts [of the body] from having this merely accidental relation in nature? as the teeth, for example, grow by necessity, the front ones sharp, adapted for dividing, and the grinders flat, and serviceable for masticating the food; since they were not made for the sake of this, but it was the result of accident. And in like manner as to the other parts in which there appears to exist an adaptation to an end. Wheresoever, therefore, all things together (that is all the parts of one whole) happened like as if they were made for the sake of something, these were preserved, having been appropriately constituted by an internal spontaneity, and whatsoever things were not thus constituted, perished, and still perish.— Aristotle, Physics, Book II, Chapter 8[7]But Aristotle rejected this possibility in the next paragraph, making clear that he is talking about the development of animals as embryos with the phrase \"either invariably or normally come about\", not the origin of species:... Yet it is impossible that this should be the true view. For teeth and all other natural things either invariably or normally come about in a given way; but of not one of the results of chance or spontaneity is this true. We do not ascribe to chance or mere coincidence the frequency of rain in winter, but frequent rain in summer we do; nor heat in the dog-days, but only if we have it in winter. If then, it is agreed that things are either the result of coincidence or for an end, and these cannot be the result of coincidence or spontaneity, it follows that they must be for an end; and that such things are all due to nature even the champions of the theory which is before us would agree. Therefore action for an end is present in things which come to be and are by nature.— Aristotle, Physics, Book II, Chapter 8[8]The struggle for existence was later described by the Islamic writer Al-Jahiz in the 9th century, particularly in the context of top-down population regulation, but not in reference to individual variation or natural selection.[9][10]At the turn of the 16th century Leonardo da Vinci collected a set of fossils of ammonites as well as other biological material. He extensively reasoned in his writings that the shapes of animals are not given once and forever by the \"upper power\" but instead are generated in different forms naturally and then selected for reproduction by their compatibility with the environment.[11]The more recent classical arguments were reintroduced in the 18th century by Pierre Louis Maupertuis[12] and others, including Darwin's grandfather, Erasmus Darwin.Until the early 19th century, the prevailing view in Western societies was that differences between individuals of a species were uninteresting departures from their Platonic ideals (or typus) of created kinds. However, the theory of uniformitarianism in geology promoted the idea that simple, weak forces could act continuously over long periods of time to produce radical changes in the Earth's landscape. The success of this theory raised awareness of the vast scale of geological time and made plausible the idea that tiny, virtually imperceptible changes in successive generations could produce consequences on the scale of differences between species.[13]The early 19th-century zoologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolutionary change; adaptive traits acquired by an organism during its lifetime could be inherited by that organism's progeny, eventually causing transmutation of species.[14] This theory, Lamarckism, was an influence on the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko's ill-fated antagonism to mainstream genetic theory as late as the mid-20th century.[15]Between 1835 and 1837, the zoologist Edward Blyth worked on the area of variation, artificial selection, and how a similar process occurs in nature. Darwin acknowledged Blyth's ideas in the first chapter on variation of On the Origin of Species.[16]","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coloration evidence for natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection"},{"link_name":"adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"heritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritability"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus"},{"link_name":"population growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth"},{"link_name":"Essay on the Principle of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population"},{"link_name":"second voyage of HMS Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle"},{"link_name":"Thomas Robert Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus"},{"link_name":"An Essay on the Principle of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population"},{"link_name":"increases exponentially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"arithmetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_function"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"naturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto120-21"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Alfred Russel Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Charles Lyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dalton Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker"},{"link_name":"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection"},{"link_name":"Linnean Society of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"William Charles Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Wells"},{"link_name":"Patrick Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Matthew"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA2-NSRW-3-0536_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"pigeon fanciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_fancying"},{"link_name":"Tumblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbler_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Fantails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantail_pigeon"},{"link_name":"Pouters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pouter_pigeon"},{"link_name":"selective breeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding"},{"link_name":"artificial selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_selection"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origin-27"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogenesis"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Herbert Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer"},{"link_name":"survival of the fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sotf-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"tautological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Darwin's theory","text":"Further information: Coloration evidence for natural selectionIn 1859, Charles Darwin set out his theory of evolution by natural selection as an explanation for adaptation and speciation. He defined natural selection as the \"principle by which each slight variation [of a trait], if useful, is preserved\".[17] The concept was simple but powerful: individuals best adapted to their environments are more likely to survive and reproduce. As long as there is some variation between them and that variation is heritable, there will be an inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantageous variations. If the variations are heritable, then differential reproductive success leads to the evolution of particular populations of a species, and populations that evolve to be sufficiently different eventually become different species.[18][19]Part of Thomas Malthus's table of population growth in England 1780–1810, from his Essay on the Principle of Population, 6th edition, 1826Darwin's ideas were inspired by the observations that he had made on the second voyage of HMS Beagle (1831–1836), and by the work of a political economist, Thomas Robert Malthus, who, in An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798), noted that population (if unchecked) increases exponentially, whereas the food supply grows only arithmetically; thus, inevitable limitations of resources would have demographic implications, leading to a \"struggle for existence\".[20] When Darwin read Malthus in 1838 he was already primed by his work as a naturalist to appreciate the \"struggle for existence\" in nature. It struck him that as population outgrew resources, \"favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species.\"[21] Darwin wrote:If during the long course of ages and under varying conditions of life, organic beings vary at all in the several parts of their organisation, and I think this cannot be disputed; if there be, owing to the high geometrical powers of increase of each species, at some age, season, or year, a severe struggle for life, and this certainly cannot be disputed; then, considering the infinite complexity of the relations of all organic beings to each other and to their conditions of existence, causing an infinite diversity in structure, constitution, and habits, to be advantageous to them, I think it would be a most extraordinary fact if no variation ever had occurred useful to each being's own welfare, in the same way as so many variations have occurred useful to man. But if variations useful to any organic being do occur, assuredly individuals thus characterised will have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle for life; and from the strong principle of inheritance they will tend to produce offspring similarly characterised. This principle of preservation, I have called, for the sake of brevity, Natural Selection.— Darwin summarising natural selection in the fourth chapter of On the Origin of Species[22]Once he had his theory, Darwin was meticulous about gathering and refining evidence before making his idea public. He was in the process of writing his \"big book\" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858.[23] Darwin published a detailed account of his evidence and conclusions in On the Origin of Species in 1859. In the 3rd edition of 1861 Darwin acknowledged that others—like William Charles Wells in 1813, and Patrick Matthew in 1831—had proposed similar ideas, but had neither developed them nor presented them in notable scientific publications.[24]Charles Darwin noted that pigeon fanciers had created many kinds of pigeon, such as Tumblers (1, 12), Fantails (13), and Pouters (14) by selective breeding.Darwin thought of natural selection by analogy to how farmers select crops or livestock for breeding, which he called \"artificial selection\"; in his early manuscripts he referred to a \"Nature\" which would do the selection. At the time, other mechanisms of evolution such as evolution by genetic drift were not yet explicitly formulated, and Darwin believed that selection was likely only part of the story: \"I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main but not exclusive means of modification.\"[25] In a letter to Charles Lyell in September 1860, Darwin regretted the use of the term \"Natural Selection\", preferring the term \"Natural Preservation\".[26]For Darwin and his contemporaries, natural selection was in essence synonymous with evolution by natural selection. After the publication of On the Origin of Species,[27] educated people generally accepted that evolution had occurred in some form. However, natural selection remained controversial as a mechanism, partly because it was perceived to be too weak to explain the range of observed characteristics of living organisms, and partly because even supporters of evolution balked at its \"unguided\" and non-progressive nature,[28] a response that has been characterised as the single most significant impediment to the idea's acceptance.[29] However, some thinkers enthusiastically embraced natural selection; after reading Darwin, Herbert Spencer introduced the phrase survival of the fittest, which became a popular summary of the theory.[30][31] The fifth edition of On the Origin of Species published in 1869 included Spencer's phrase as an alternative to natural selection, with credit given: \"But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer of the Survival of the Fittest is more accurate, and is sometimes equally convenient.\"[32] Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if \"fittest\" is read to mean \"functionally superior\" and is applied to individuals rather than considered as an averaged quantity over populations.[33]","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Gregor Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mendel's laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendel%27s_laws"},{"link_name":"modern synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huxley-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-37"},{"link_name":"J. B. S. Haldane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sewall Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewall_Wright"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Genetics and the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"Theodosius Dobzhansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky"},{"link_name":"once seen as a rival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutationism"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"The modern synthesis","text":"Natural selection relies crucially on the idea of heredity, but developed before the basic concepts of genetics. Although the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel, the father of modern genetics, was a contemporary of Darwin's, his work lay in obscurity, only being rediscovered in 1900.[34] With the early 20th-century integration of evolution with Mendel's laws of inheritance, the so-called modern synthesis, scientists generally came to accept natural selection.[35][36] The synthesis grew from advances in different fields. Ronald Fisher developed the required mathematical language and wrote The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930).[37] J. B. S. Haldane introduced the concept of the \"cost\" of natural selection.[38][39]\nSewall Wright elucidated the nature of selection and adaptation.[40]\nIn his book Genetics and the Origin of Species (1937), Theodosius Dobzhansky established the idea that mutation, once seen as a rival to selection, actually supplied the raw material for natural selection by creating genetic diversity.[41][42]","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gap_gene_expression.svg"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"gap genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_gene"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ernst Mayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"reproductive isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_isolation"},{"link_name":"Systematics and the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematics_and_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"W. D. Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._D._Hamilton"},{"link_name":"kin selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"molecular genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics"},{"link_name":"evolutionary developmental biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology"},{"link_name":"form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genetic regulatory programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert2003-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert1996-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-M%C3%BCller-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"A second synthesis","text":"Evolutionary developmental biology relates the evolution of form to the precise pattern of gene activity, here gap genes in the fruit fly, during embryonic development.[43]Ernst Mayr recognised the key importance of reproductive isolation for speciation in his Systematics and the Origin of Species (1942).[44]\nW. D. Hamilton conceived of kin selection in 1964.[45][46] This synthesis cemented natural selection as the foundation of evolutionary theory, where it remains today. A second synthesis was brought about at the end of the 20th century by advances in molecular genetics, creating the field of evolutionary developmental biology (\"evo-devo\"), which seeks to explain the evolution of form in terms of the genetic regulatory programs which control the development of the embryo at molecular level. Natural selection is here understood to act on embryonic development to change the morphology of the adult body.[47][48][49][50]","title":"Historical development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origin-27"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fisher-37"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomenclature1-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nomenclature2-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"The term natural selection is most often defined to operate on heritable traits, because these directly participate in evolution. However, natural selection is \"blind\" in the sense that changes in phenotype can give a reproductive advantage regardless of whether or not the trait is heritable. Following Darwin's primary usage, the term is used to refer both to the evolutionary consequence of blind selection and to its mechanisms.[27][37][51][52] It is sometimes helpful to explicitly distinguish between selection's mechanisms and its effects; when this distinction is important, scientists define \"(phenotypic) natural selection\" specifically as \"those mechanisms that contribute to the selection of individuals that reproduce\", without regard to whether the basis of the selection is heritable.[53][54][55] Traits that cause greater reproductive success of an organism are said to be selected for, while those that reduce success are selected against.[56]","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"lichens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"dark (melanic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_melanism"},{"link_name":"morph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morph_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"peppered moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"heritable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritable"},{"link_name":"natural environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michigan-57"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"purposive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology"},{"link_name":"biologists often use teleological language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology_in_biology"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanford-59"},{"link_name":"peppered moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"soot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Clean Air Act 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956"},{"link_name":"peppered moth evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peppered_moth_evolution"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"camouflage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage"},{"link_name":"predation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walton2018-61"}],"sub_title":"Heritable variation, differential reproduction","text":"During the industrial revolution, pollution killed many lichens, leaving tree trunks dark. A dark (melanic) morph of the peppered moth largely replaced the formerly usual light morph (both shown here). Since the moths are subject to predation by birds hunting by sight, the colour change offers better camouflage against the changed background, suggesting natural selection at work.Natural variation occurs among the individuals of any population of organisms. Some differences may improve an individual's chances of surviving and reproducing such that its lifetime reproductive rate is increased, which means that it leaves more offspring. If the traits that give these individuals a reproductive advantage are also heritable, that is, passed from parent to offspring, then there will be differential reproduction, that is, a slightly higher proportion of fast rabbits or efficient algae in the next generation. Even if the reproductive advantage is very slight, over many generations any advantageous heritable trait becomes dominant in the population. In this way the natural environment of an organism \"selects for\" traits that confer a reproductive advantage, causing evolutionary change, as Darwin described.[57] This gives the appearance of purpose, but in natural selection there is no intentional choice.[a] Artificial selection is purposive where natural selection is not, though biologists often use teleological language to describe it.[58]The peppered moth exists in both light and dark colours in Great Britain, but during the industrial revolution, many of the trees on which the moths rested became blackened by soot, giving the dark-coloured moths an advantage in hiding from predators. This gave dark-coloured moths a better chance of surviving to produce dark-coloured offspring, and in just fifty years from the first dark moth being caught, nearly all of the moths in industrial Manchester were dark. The balance was reversed by the effect of the Clean Air Act 1956, and the dark moths became rare again, demonstrating the influence of natural selection on peppered moth evolution.[59] A recent study, using image analysis and avian vision models, shows that pale individuals more closely match lichen backgrounds than dark morphs and for the first time quantifies the camouflage of moths to predation risk.[60]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"survival of the fittest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr2009-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Richard Lenski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lenski"},{"link_name":"E. coli long-term evolution experiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._coli_long-term_evolution_experiment"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18524956-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Fitness","text":"The concept of fitness is central to natural selection. In broad terms, individuals that are more \"fit\" have better potential for survival, as in the well-known phrase \"survival of the fittest\", but the precise meaning of the term is much more subtle. Modern evolutionary theory defines fitness not by how long an organism lives, but by how successful it is at reproducing. If an organism lives half as long as others of its species, but has twice as many offspring surviving to adulthood, its genes become more common in the adult population of the next generation. Though natural selection acts on individuals, the effects of chance mean that fitness can only really be defined \"on average\" for the individuals within a population. The fitness of a particular genotype corresponds to the average effect on all individuals with that genotype.[61]\nA distinction must be made between the concept of \"survival of the fittest\" and \"improvement in fitness\". \"Survival of the fittest\" does not give an \"improvement in fitness\", it only represents the removal of the less fit variants from a population. A mathematical example of \"survival of the fittest\" is given by Haldane in his paper \"The Cost of Natural Selection\".[62] Haldane called this process \"substitution\" or more commonly in biology, this is called \"fixation\". This is correctly described by the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. On the other hand, \"improvement in fitness\" is not dependent on the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype, it is dependent on the absolute survival of the particular variant. The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of a population depends on the total number of replications of that variant. The mathematics of \"improvement in fitness was described by Kleinman.[63] An empirical example of \"improvement in fitness\" is given by the Kishony Mega-plate experiment.[64] In this experiment, \"improvement in fitness\" depends on the number of replications of the particular variant for a new variant to appear that is capable of growing in the next higher drug concentration region. Fixation or substitution is not required for this \"improvement in fitness\". On the other hand, \"improvement in fitness\" can occur in an environment where \"survival of the fittest\" is also acting. Richard Lenski's classic E. coli long-term evolution experiment is an example of adaptation in a competitive environment, (\"improvement in fitness\" during \"survival of the fittest\").[65] The probability of a beneficial mutation occurring on some member of the lineage to give improved fitness is slowed by the competition. The variant which is a candidate for a beneficial mutation in this limited carrying capacity environment must first out-compete the \"less fit\" variants in order to accumulate the requisite number of replications for there to be a reasonable probability of that beneficial mutation occurring.[66]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_factor"},{"link_name":"territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(animal)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_competition"},{"link_name":"between species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interspecific_competition"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-69"},{"link_name":"in theory either adapt or die out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle"},{"link_name":"clades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jardine2012-70"},{"link_name":"r/K selection theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R/K_selection_theory"},{"link_name":"Robert MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"E. O. Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson"},{"link_name":"island biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_biogeography"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"logistic model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic_function#In_ecology:_modeling_population_growth"},{"link_name":"population dynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verhulst-73"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verhulst-73"}],"sub_title":"Competition","text":"In biology, competition is an interaction between organisms in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. This may be because both rely on a limited supply of a resource such as food, water, or territory.[67] Competition may be within or between species, and may be direct or indirect.[68] Species less suited to compete should in theory either adapt or die out, since competition plays a powerful role in natural selection, but according to the \"room to roam\" theory it may be less important than expansion among larger clades.[68][69]Competition is modelled by r/K selection theory, which is based on Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson's work on island biogeography.[70] In this theory, selective pressures drive evolution in one of two stereotyped directions: r- or K-selection.[71] These terms, r and K, can be illustrated in a logistic model of population dynamics:[72]d\n N\n \n \n d\n t\n \n \n \n =\n r\n N\n \n (\n \n 1\n −\n \n \n N\n K\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {dN}{dt}}=rN\\left(1-{\\frac {N}{K}}\\right)\\qquad \\!}rgrowth rateNKcarrying capacityrnichesprobabilityKinvest[72]","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genetic_Distribution.svg"},{"link_name":"directional selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_selection"},{"link_name":"phenotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotype"},{"link_name":"stabilizing selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizing_selection"},{"link_name":"phenotypic trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_trait"},{"link_name":"phenotypic trait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_trait"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArnqvistRowe2005-76"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michigan-57"}],"text":"1: directional selection: a single extreme phenotype favoured.2, stabilizing selection: intermediate favoured over extremes.3: disruptive selection: extremes favoured over intermediate.X-axis: phenotypic traitY-axis: number of organismsGroup A: original populationGroup B: after selectionNatural selection can act on any heritable phenotypic trait,[73] and selective pressure can be produced by any aspect of the environment, including sexual selection and competition with members of the same or other species.[74][75] However, this does not imply that natural selection is always directional and results in adaptive evolution; natural selection often results in the maintenance of the status quo by eliminating less fit variants.[57]Selection can be classified in several different ways, such as by its effect on a trait, on genetic diversity, by the life cycle stage where it acts, by the unit of selection, or by the resource being competed for.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stabilizing selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizing_selection"},{"link_name":"Directional selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_selection"},{"link_name":"disruptive selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_selection"},{"link_name":"univariate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univariate"},{"link_name":"speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciation"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michigan-57"}],"sub_title":"By effect on a trait","text":"Selection has different effects on traits. Stabilizing selection acts to hold a trait at a stable optimum, and in the simplest case all deviations from this optimum are selectively disadvantageous. Directional selection favours extreme values of a trait. The uncommon disruptive selection also acts during transition periods when the current mode is sub-optimal, but alters the trait in more than one direction. In particular, if the trait is quantitative and univariate then both higher and lower trait levels are favoured. Disruptive selection can be a precursor to speciation.[57]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"},{"link_name":"Purifying or negative selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_selection_(natural_selection)"},{"link_name":"de novo mutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation#By_inheritance"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"balancing selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_selection"},{"link_name":"frequency-dependent selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-dependent_selection"},{"link_name":"heterozygote advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterozygote_advantage"},{"link_name":"ABO blood group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO_blood_group"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Life_cycle_of_a_sexually_reproducing_organism.svg"},{"link_name":"life cycle stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christiansen1984-80"}],"sub_title":"By effect on genetic diversity","text":"Alternatively, selection can be divided according to its effect on genetic diversity. Purifying or negative selection acts to remove genetic variation from the population (and is opposed by de novo mutation, which introduces new variation.[76][77] In contrast, balancing selection acts to maintain genetic variation in a population, even in the absence of de novo mutation, by negative frequency-dependent selection. One mechanism for this is heterozygote advantage, where individuals with two different alleles have a selective advantage over individuals with just one allele. The polymorphism at the human ABO blood group locus has been explained in this way.[78]Different types of selection act at each life cycle stage of a sexually reproducing organism.[79]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"},{"link_name":"viability (or survival) selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Types_of_selection"},{"link_name":"gamete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"zygote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christiansen1984-80"}],"sub_title":"By life cycle stage","text":"Another option is to classify selection by the life cycle stage at which it acts. Some biologists recognise just two types: viability (or survival) selection, which acts to increase an organism's probability of survival, and fecundity (or fertility or reproductive) selection, which acts to increase the rate of reproduction, given survival. Others split the life cycle into further components of selection. Thus viability and survival selection may be defined separately and respectively as acting to improve the probability of survival before and after reproductive age is reached, while fecundity selection may be split into additional sub-components including sexual selection, gametic selection, acting on gamete survival, and compatibility selection, acting on zygote formation.[79]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unit of selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_selection"},{"link_name":"Gene selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_selection"},{"link_name":"kin selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection"},{"link_name":"intragenomic conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intragenomic_conflict"},{"link_name":"Group selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"sub_title":"By unit of selection","text":"Selection can also be classified by the level or unit of selection. Individual selection acts on the individual, in the sense that adaptations are \"for\" the benefit of the individual, and result from selection among individuals. Gene selection acts directly at the level of the gene. In kin selection and intragenomic conflict, gene-level selection provides a more apt explanation of the underlying process. Group selection, if it occurs, acts on groups of organisms, on the assumption that groups replicate and mutate in an analogous way to genes and individuals. There is an ongoing debate over the degree to which group selection occurs in nature.[80]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavo_cristatus_in_Barbados_Wildlife_Reserve_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peafowl"},{"link_name":"sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarwinSexualSelection-82"},{"link_name":"Fisherian runaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherian_runaway"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenfield-83"},{"link_name":"coloration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration"},{"link_name":"mate choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice"},{"link_name":"Sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"},{"link_name":"resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Ecological selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_selection"},{"link_name":"infanticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peafowl"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DarwinSexualSelection-82"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"chooses mates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate_choice"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hosken2011-86"},{"link_name":"Syngnathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngnathidae"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eens-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barlow-88"},{"link_name":"displayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_theory"},{"link_name":"positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"Fisherian runaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherian_runaway"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenfield-83"},{"link_name":"Ronald Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Fisher"},{"link_name":"sexy son hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"stags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"sexual dimorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hosken2011-86"}],"sub_title":"By resource being competed for","text":"The peacock's elaborate plumage is mentioned by Darwin as an example of sexual selection,[81] and is a classic example of Fisherian runaway,[82] driven to its conspicuous size and coloration through mate choice by females over many generations.Further information: Sexual selectionFinally, selection can be classified according to the resource being competed for. Sexual selection results from competition for mates. Sexual selection typically proceeds via fecundity selection, sometimes at the expense of viability. Ecological selection is natural selection via any means other than sexual selection, such as kin selection, competition, and infanticide. Following Darwin, natural selection is sometimes defined as ecological selection, in which case sexual selection is considered a separate mechanism.[83]Sexual selection as first articulated by Darwin (using the example of the peacock's tail)[81] refers specifically to competition for mates,[84] which can be intrasexual, between individuals of the same sex, that is male–male competition, or intersexual, where one gender chooses mates, most often with males displaying and females choosing.[85] However, in some species, mate choice is primarily by males, as in some fishes of the family Syngnathidae.[86][87]Phenotypic traits can be displayed in one sex and desired in the other sex, causing a positive feedback loop called a Fisherian runaway, for example, the extravagant plumage of some male birds such as the peacock.[82] An alternate theory proposed by the same Ronald Fisher in 1930 is the sexy son hypothesis, that mothers want promiscuous sons to give them large numbers of grandchildren and so choose promiscuous fathers for their children. Aggression between members of the same sex is sometimes associated with very distinctive features, such as the antlers of stags, which are used in combat with other stags. More generally, intrasexual selection is often associated with sexual dimorphism, including differences in body size between males and females of a species.[85]","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antibiotic_resistance.svg"},{"link_name":"resistance to antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"Antimicrobial resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"microorganisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism"},{"link_name":"penicillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotics"},{"link_name":"methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"strains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schito_2006-90"},{"link_name":"evolutionary arms race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race"},{"link_name":"pesticide resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide_resistance"},{"link_name":"Hypolimnas bolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypolimnas_bolina"},{"link_name":"Wolbachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbachia"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"Selection in action: resistance to antibiotics grows through the survival of individuals less affected by the antibiotic. Their offspring inherit the resistance.Further information: Antimicrobial resistanceNatural selection is seen in action in the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases. The widespread misuse of antibiotics has selected for microbial resistance to antibiotics in clinical use, to the point that the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been described as a \"superbug\" because of the threat it poses to health and its relative invulnerability to existing drugs.[88] Response strategies typically include the use of different, stronger antibiotics; however, new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs.[89] This is an evolutionary arms race, in which bacteria develop strains less susceptible to antibiotics, while medical researchers attempt to develop new antibiotics that can kill them. A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects. Arms races are not necessarily induced by man; a well-documented example involves the spread of a gene in the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina suppressing male-killing activity by Wolbachia bacteria parasites on the island of Samoa, where the spread of the gene is known to have occurred over a period of just five years.[90][91]","title":"Arms races"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic recombinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombination"},{"link_name":"karyotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karyotype"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"noncoding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncoding_DNA"},{"link_name":"synonymous substitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonymous_substitution"},{"link_name":"non-coding DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-coding_DNA"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCFitnessEffects-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCFitnessEffects2-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eyre-Walker-95"},{"link_name":"\"toolkit\" or regulatory genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo-devo_gene_toolkit"},{"link_name":"HOX genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeobox#Hox_genes"},{"link_name":"cervical rib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_rib"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"polydactyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"vestigial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestigiality"},{"link_name":"evolutionary baggage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_baggage"},{"link_name":"preadaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaptation"},{"link_name":"blind mole-rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalax"},{"link_name":"photoperiod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoperiodism"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanyal-98"}],"text":"A prerequisite for natural selection to result in adaptive evolution, novel traits and speciation is the presence of heritable genetic variation that results in fitness differences. Genetic variation is the result of mutations, genetic recombinations and alterations in the karyotype (the number, shape, size and internal arrangement of the chromosomes). Any of these changes might have an effect that is highly advantageous or highly disadvantageous, but large effects are rare. In the past, most changes in the genetic material were considered neutral or close to neutral because they occurred in noncoding DNA or resulted in a synonymous substitution. However, many mutations in non-coding DNA have deleterious effects.[92][93] Although both mutation rates and average fitness effects of mutations are dependent on the organism, a majority of mutations in humans are slightly deleterious.[94]Some mutations occur in \"toolkit\" or regulatory genes. Changes in these often have large effects on the phenotype of the individual because they regulate the function of many other genes. Most, but not all, mutations in regulatory genes result in non-viable embryos. Some nonlethal regulatory mutations occur in HOX genes in humans, which can result in a cervical rib[95] or polydactyly, an increase in the number of fingers or toes.[96] When such mutations result in a higher fitness, natural selection favours these phenotypes and the novel trait spreads in the population.\nEstablished traits are not immutable; traits that have high fitness in one environmental context may be much less fit if environmental conditions change. In the absence of natural selection to preserve such a trait, it becomes more variable and deteriorate over time, possibly resulting in a vestigial manifestation of the trait, also called evolutionary baggage. In many circumstances, the apparently vestigial structure may retain a limited functionality, or may be co-opted for other advantageous traits in a phenomenon known as preadaptation. A famous example of a vestigial structure, the eye of the blind mole-rat, is believed to retain function in photoperiod perception.[97]","title":"Evolution by means of natural selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reproductive isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_isolation"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)"},{"link_name":"allopatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric"},{"link_name":"E. B. Poulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._B._Poulton"},{"link_name":"Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateson%E2%80%93Dobzhansky%E2%80%93Muller_model"},{"link_name":"H. Allen Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Allen_Orr"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Sergey Gavrilets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Gavrilets"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"reinforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Modes_and_Mechanisms_of_Speciation-101"}],"sub_title":"Speciation","text":"Speciation requires a degree of reproductive isolation—that is, a reduction in gene flow. However, it is intrinsic to the concept of a species that hybrids are selected against, opposing the evolution of reproductive isolation, a problem that was recognised by Darwin. The problem does not occur in allopatric speciation with geographically separated populations, which can diverge with different sets of mutations. E. B. Poulton realized in 1903 that reproductive isolation could evolve through divergence, if each lineage acquired a different, incompatible allele of the same gene. Selection against the heterozygote would then directly create reproductive isolation, leading to the Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model, further elaborated by H. Allen Orr[98] and Sergey Gavrilets.[99] With reinforcement, however, natural selection can favor an increase in pre-zygotic isolation, influencing the process of speciation directly.[100]","title":"Evolution by means of natural selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Genetic basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"ABO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABO"},{"link_name":"blood type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type"},{"link_name":"antigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Genotype and phenotype","text":"Natural selection acts on an organism's phenotype, or physical characteristics. Phenotype is determined by an organism's genetic make-up (genotype) and the environment in which the organism lives. When different organisms in a population possess different versions of a gene for a certain trait, each of these versions is known as an allele. It is this genetic variation that underlies differences in phenotype. An example is the ABO blood type antigens in humans, where three alleles govern the phenotype.[101]Some traits are governed by only a single gene, but most traits are influenced by the interactions of many genes. A variation in one of the many genes that contributes to a trait may have only a small effect on the phenotype; together, these genes can produce a continuum of possible phenotypic values.[102]","title":"Genetic basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_selection"},{"link_name":"stabilizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilizing_selection"},{"link_name":"disruptive selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_selection"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rice-104"},{"link_name":"fixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_(population_genetics)"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"conserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"protein-coding genes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis"},{"link_name":"regulatory sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_sequence"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"sympatric speciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatric_speciation"},{"link_name":"niche partitioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_partitioning"},{"link_name":"balancing selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balancing_selection"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"heterozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity#Heterozygous"},{"link_name":"sickle-cell anaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle-cell_anaemia"},{"link_name":"disruptive or diversifying selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_selection"},{"link_name":"bimodal distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal_distribution"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"reciprocal altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trivers-108"}],"sub_title":"Directionality of selection","text":"When some component of a trait is heritable, selection alters the frequencies of the different alleles, or variants of the gene that produces the variants of the trait. Selection can be divided into three classes, on the basis of its effect on allele frequencies: directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.[103] Directional selection occurs when an allele has a greater fitness than others, so that it increases in frequency, gaining an increasing share in the population. This process can continue until the allele is fixed and the entire population shares the fitter phenotype.[104] Far more common is stabilizing selection, which lowers the frequency of alleles that have a deleterious effect on the phenotype—that is, produce organisms of lower fitness. This process can continue until the allele is eliminated from the population. Stabilizing selection conserves functional genetic features, such as protein-coding genes or regulatory sequences, over time by selective pressure against deleterious variants.[105] Disruptive (or diversifying) selection is selection favoring extreme trait values over intermediate trait values. Disruptive selection may cause sympatric speciation through niche partitioning.Some forms of balancing selection do not result in fixation, but maintain an allele at intermediate frequencies in a population. This can occur in diploid species (with pairs of chromosomes) when heterozygous individuals (with just one copy of the allele) have a higher fitness than homozygous individuals (with two copies). This is called heterozygote advantage or over-dominance, of which the best-known example is the resistance to malaria in humans heterozygous for sickle-cell anaemia. Maintenance of allelic variation can also occur through disruptive or diversifying selection, which favours genotypes that depart from the average in either direction (that is, the opposite of over-dominance), and can result in a bimodal distribution of trait values. Finally, balancing selection can occur through frequency-dependent selection, where the fitness of one particular phenotype depends on the distribution of other phenotypes in the population. The principles of game theory have been applied to understand the fitness distributions in these situations, particularly in the study of kin selection and the evolution of reciprocal altruism.[106][107]","title":"Genetic basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motoo Kimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motoo_Kimura"},{"link_name":"neutral theory of molecular evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_theory_of_molecular_evolution"},{"link_name":"genetic drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kimura-109"},{"link_name":"population bottlenecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_bottleneck"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"founder effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effect"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell1996-111"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rice-104"},{"link_name":"mutation–selection balance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation%E2%80%93selection_balance"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch-112"},{"link_name":"Genetic linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_linkage"},{"link_name":"loci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"Selective sweeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_sweep"},{"link_name":"genetic hitchhiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"haplotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype"},{"link_name":"linkage disequilibrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkage_disequilibrium"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaynardSmithHaigh-113"},{"link_name":"Background selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_selection"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keightley_&_Otto_2006-114"}],"sub_title":"Selection, genetic variation, and drift","text":"A portion of all genetic variation is functionally neutral, producing no phenotypic effect or significant difference in fitness. Motoo Kimura's neutral theory of molecular evolution by genetic drift proposes that this variation accounts for a large fraction of observed genetic diversity.[108] Neutral events can radically reduce genetic variation through population bottlenecks.[109] which among other things can cause the founder effect in initially small new populations.[110] When genetic variation does not result in differences in fitness, selection cannot directly affect the frequency of such variation. As a result, the genetic variation at those sites is higher than at sites where variation does influence fitness.[103] However, after a period with no new mutations, the genetic variation at these sites is eliminated due to genetic drift. Natural selection reduces genetic variation by eliminating maladapted individuals, and consequently the mutations that caused the maladaptation. At the same time, new mutations occur, resulting in a mutation–selection balance. The exact outcome of the two processes depends both on the rate at which new mutations occur and on the strength of the natural selection, which is a function of how unfavourable the mutation proves to be.[111]Genetic linkage occurs when the loci of two alleles are close on a chromosome. During the formation of gametes, recombination reshuffles the alleles. The chance that such a reshuffle occurs between two alleles is inversely related to the distance between them. Selective sweeps occur when an allele becomes more common in a population as a result of positive selection. As the prevalence of one allele increases, closely linked alleles can also become more common by \"genetic hitchhiking\", whether they are neutral or even slightly deleterious. A strong selective sweep results in a region of the genome where the positively selected haplotype (the allele and its neighbours) are in essence the only ones that exist in the population. Selective sweeps can be detected by measuring linkage disequilibrium, or whether a given haplotype is overrepresented in the population. Since a selective sweep also results in selection of neighbouring alleles, the presence of a block of strong linkage disequilibrium might indicate a 'recent' selective sweep near the centre of the block.[112]Background selection is the opposite of a selective sweep. If a specific site experiences strong and persistent purifying selection, linked variation tends to be weeded out along with it, producing a region in the genome of low overall variability. Because background selection is a result of deleterious new mutations, which can occur randomly in any haplotype, it does not produce clear blocks of linkage disequilibrium, although with low recombination it can still lead to slightly negative linkage disequilibrium overall.[113]","title":"Genetic basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Stephen Jay Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"evolutionary biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology"},{"link_name":"evolutionary computation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_computation"},{"link_name":"quantum Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"evolutionary economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_economics"},{"link_name":"evolutionary epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology"},{"link_name":"evolutionary psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology"},{"link_name":"cosmological natural selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Smolin#Cosmological_natural_selection"},{"link_name":"universal Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"}],"text":"Darwin's ideas, along with those of Adam Smith and Karl Marx, had a profound influence on 19th century thought, including his radical claim that \"elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner\" evolved from the simplest forms of life by a few simple principles.[114] This inspired some of Darwin's most ardent supporters—and provoked the strongest opposition. Natural selection had the power, according to Stephen Jay Gould, to \"dethrone some of the deepest and most traditional comforts of Western thought\", such as the belief that humans have a special place in the world.[115]In the words of the philosopher Daniel Dennett, \"Darwin's dangerous idea\" of evolution by natural selection is a \"universal acid,\" which cannot be kept restricted to any vessel or container, as it soon leaks out, working its way into ever-wider surroundings.[116] Thus, in the last decades, the concept of natural selection has spread from evolutionary biology to other disciplines, including evolutionary computation, quantum Darwinism, evolutionary economics, evolutionary epistemology, evolutionary psychology, and cosmological natural selection. This unlimited applicability has been called universal Darwinism.[117]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"in the form of short self-replicating RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_world"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"variation of type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_variability"},{"link_name":"RNA replicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenesis#RNA_synthesis_and_replication"},{"link_name":"nucleotide sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernstein-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michod-121"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bernstein-120"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Michod-121"},{"link_name":"ribozyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozyme"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"sub_title":"Origin of life","text":"How life originated from inorganic matter remains an unresolved problem in biology. One prominent hypothesis is that life first appeared in the form of short self-replicating RNA polymers.[118] On this view, life may have come into existence when RNA chains first experienced the basic conditions, as conceived by Charles Darwin, for natural selection to operate. These conditions are: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources. The fitness of an early RNA replicator would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (i.e., determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources.[119][120] The three primary adaptive capacities could logically have been: (1) the capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type), (2) the capacity to avoid decay, and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources.[119][120] These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations (including those configurations with ribozyme activity) of the RNA replicators that, in turn, would have been encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences.[121]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilhelm Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roux"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Kupiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Kupiec"},{"link_name":"random variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Cell and molecular biology","text":"In 1881, the embryologist Wilhelm Roux published Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus (The Struggle of Parts in the Organism) in which he suggested that the development of an organism results from a Darwinian competition between the parts of the embryo, occurring at all levels, from molecules to organs.[122] In recent years, a modern version of this theory has been proposed by Jean-Jacques Kupiec. According to this cellular Darwinism, random variation at the molecular level generates diversity in cell types whereas cell interactions impose a characteristic order on the developing embryo.[123]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Engels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Engels"},{"link_name":"political philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Francis Galton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton"},{"link_name":"colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"social Darwinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"Konrad Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"evolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"sociobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology"},{"link_name":"human psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Noam Chomsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky"},{"link_name":"Steven Pinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker"},{"link_name":"acquire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_acquisition"},{"link_name":"grammatical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"natural language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinker-128"},{"link_name":"incest avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westermarck_effect#Westermarck_effect"},{"link_name":"gender roles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role"},{"link_name":"memes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme"},{"link_name":"Richard Dawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Daniel Dennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett"},{"link_name":"consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"Social and psychological theory","text":"The social implications of the theory of evolution by natural selection also became the source of continuing controversy. Friedrich Engels, a German political philosopher and co-originator of the ideology of communism, wrote in 1872 that \"Darwin did not know what a bitter satire he wrote on mankind, and especially on his countrymen, when he showed that free competition, the struggle for existence, which the economists celebrate as the highest historical achievement, is the normal state of the animal kingdom.\"[124] Herbert Spencer and the eugenics advocate Francis Galton's interpretation of natural selection as necessarily progressive, leading to supposed advances in intelligence and civilisation, became a justification for colonialism, eugenics, and social Darwinism. For example, in 1940, Konrad Lorenz, in writings that he subsequently disowned, used the theory as a justification for policies of the Nazi state. He wrote \"... selection for toughness, heroism, and social utility ... must be accomplished by some human institution, if mankind, in default of selective factors, is not to be ruined by domestication-induced degeneracy. The racial idea as the basis of our state has already accomplished much in this respect.\"[125] Others have developed ideas that human societies and culture evolve by mechanisms analogous to those that apply to evolution of species.[126]More recently, work among anthropologists and psychologists has led to the development of sociobiology and later of evolutionary psychology, a field that attempts to explain features of human psychology in terms of adaptation to the ancestral environment. The most prominent example of evolutionary psychology, notably advanced in the early work of Noam Chomsky and later by Steven Pinker, is the hypothesis that the human brain has adapted to acquire the grammatical rules of natural language.[127] Other aspects of human behaviour and social structures, from specific cultural norms such as incest avoidance to broader patterns such as gender roles, have been hypothesised to have similar origins as adaptations to the early environment in which modern humans evolved. By analogy to the action of natural selection on genes, the concept of memes—\"units of cultural transmission,\" or culture's equivalents of genes undergoing selection and recombination—has arisen, first described in this form by Richard Dawkins in 1976[128] and subsequently expanded upon by philosophers such as Daniel Dennett as explanations for complex cultural activities, including human consciousness.[129]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred J. Lotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_J._Lotka"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Howard T. Odum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_T._Odum"},{"link_name":"maximum power principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_principle"},{"link_name":"thermodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"artificial life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_life"},{"link_name":"fitness function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_function"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"heuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"optimisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization"},{"link_name":"algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"genetic algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_algorithm"},{"link_name":"John Henry Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Holland"},{"link_name":"David E. Goldberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_E._Goldberg"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"probability distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_distribution"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"energy landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_landscape"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"}],"sub_title":"Information and systems theory","text":"In 1922, Alfred J. Lotka proposed that natural selection might be understood as a physical principle that could be described in terms of the use of energy by a system,[130][131] a concept later developed by Howard T. Odum as the maximum power principle in thermodynamics, whereby evolutionary systems with selective advantage maximise the rate of useful energy transformation.[132]The principles of natural selection have inspired a variety of computational techniques, such as \"soft\" artificial life, that simulate selective processes and can be highly efficient in 'adapting' entities to an environment defined by a specified fitness function.[133] For example, a class of heuristic optimisation algorithms known as genetic algorithms, pioneered by John Henry Holland in the 1970s and expanded upon by David E. Goldberg,[134] identify optimal solutions by simulated reproduction and mutation of a population of solutions defined by an initial probability distribution.[135] Such algorithms are particularly useful when applied to problems whose energy landscape is very rough or has many local minima.[136]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Erewhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erewhon"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"The Man of the Year Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_of_the_Year_Million"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFE-138"}],"sub_title":"In fiction","text":"Darwinian evolution by natural selection is pervasive in literature, whether taken optimistically in terms of how humanity may evolve towards perfection, or pessimistically in terms of the dire consequences of the interaction of human nature and the struggle for survival. Among major responses is Samuel Butler's 1872 pessimistic Erewhon (\"nowhere\", written mostly backwards). In 1893 H. G. Wells imagined \"The Man of the Year Million\", transformed by natural selection into a being with a huge head and eyes, and shrunken body.[137]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"sexual selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_selection"}],"text":"^ In sexual selection, a female animal making a choice of mate may be argued to be intending to get the best mate; there is no suggestion that she has any intention to improve the bloodline in the manner of an animal breeder.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bell, Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Bell_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Oxford University 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American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1978SciAm.239c.212L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978SciAm.239c.212L"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/scientificamerican0978-212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0978-212"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0036-8733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"705323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/705323"},{"link_name":"Mayr, Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr"},{"link_name":"Basic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Books"},{"link_name":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-297-60741-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-60741-0"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001036562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/2001036562"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"248107061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/248107061"},{"link_name":"Weiner, Jonathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Weiner"},{"link_name":"The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beak_of_the_Finch"},{"link_name":"Knopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-679-40003-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-40003-5"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"93036755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/93036755"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"29029572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/29029572"},{"link_name":"Kohn, Marek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Kohn"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-571-22392-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-22392-3"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005360890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/2005360890"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"57200626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/57200626"},{"link_name":"Zirkle, Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Zirkle"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0003-049X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"984852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/984852"}],"text":"For technical audiences\nBell, Graham (2008). Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856972-5. LCCN 2007039692. OCLC 170034792.\nJohnson, Clifford (1976). Introduction to Natural Selection. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. ISBN 978-0-8391-0936-5. LCCN 76008175. OCLC 2091640.\nGould, Stephen Jay (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00613-3. LCCN 2001043556. OCLC 47869352.\nMaynard Smith, John (1993) [Originally published 1958; Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books]. The Theory of Evolution (Canto ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45128-4. LCCN 93020358. OCLC 27676642.\nPopper, Karl (December 1978). \"Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind\". Dialectica. 32 (3–4): 339–355. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1978.tb01321.x. ISSN 0012-2017.\nSammut-Bonnici, Tanya; Wensley, Robin (September 2002). \"Darwinism, probability and complexity: Market-based organizational transformation and change explained through the theories of evolution\" (PDF). International Journal of Management Reviews. 4 (3): 291–315. doi:10.1111/1468-2370.00088. ISSN 1460-8545.\nSober, Elliott, ed. (1994). Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-69162-8. LCCN 93008199. OCLC 28150417.\nWilliams, George C. (1992). Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506933-4. LCCN 91038938. OCLC 228136567.\nFor general audiences\nDawkins, Richard (1996). Climbing Mount Improbable (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03930-6. LCCN 34633422. OCLC 34633422.\nGould, Stephen Jay (1977). Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06425-4. LCCN 77022504. OCLC 3090189.\nJones, Steve (2000). Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50103-6. LCCN 99053246. OCLC 42690131.\nLewontin, Richard C. (September 1978). \"Adaptation\". Scientific American. 239 (3): 212–230. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239c.212L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0978-212. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 705323.\nMayr, Ernst (2002) [Originally published 2001; New York: Basic Books]. What Evolution Is. Science Masters. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-60741-0. LCCN 2001036562. OCLC 248107061.\nWeiner, Jonathan (1994). The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-40003-5. LCCN 93036755. OCLC 29029572.\nHistorical\nKohn, Marek (2004). A Reason for Everything: Natural Selection and the English Imagination. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22392-3. LCCN 2005360890. OCLC 57200626.\nZirkle, Conway (25 April 1941). \"Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 84 (1): 71–123. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 984852.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"A diagram demonstrating mutation and selection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg/220px-Mutation_and_selection_diagram_%282%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Modern biology began in the nineteenth century with Charles Darwin's work on evolution by natural selection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg/260px-Charles_Darwin_aged_51.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aristotle considered whether different forms could have appeared, only the useful ones surviving.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg/170px-Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of Thomas Malthus's table of population growth in England 1780–1810, from his Essay on the Principle of Population, 6th edition, 1826","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg/220px-Malthus_1826_vol_1_page_435_top_Table_England_Population_Growth_1780-1810.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charles Darwin noted that pigeon fanciers had created many kinds of pigeon, such as Tumblers (1, 12), Fantails (13), and Pouters (14) by selective breeding.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/LA2-NSRW-3-0536_cropped.jpg/170px-LA2-NSRW-3-0536_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evolutionary developmental biology relates the evolution of form to the precise pattern of gene activity, here gap genes in the fruit fly, during embryonic development.[43]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gap_gene_expression.svg/180px-Gap_gene_expression.svg.png"},{"image_text":"During the industrial revolution, pollution killed many lichens, leaving tree trunks dark. A dark (melanic) morph of the peppered moth largely replaced the formerly usual light morph (both shown here). Since the moths are subject to predation by birds hunting by sight, the colour change offers better camouflage against the changed background, suggesting natural selection at work.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg/260px-Lichte_en_zwarte_versie_berkenspanner_crop.jpg"},{"image_text":"1: directional selection: a single extreme phenotype favoured.2, stabilizing selection: intermediate favoured over extremes.3: disruptive selection: extremes favoured over intermediate.X-axis: phenotypic traitY-axis: number of organismsGroup A: original populationGroup B: after selection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Genetic_Distribution.svg/220px-Genetic_Distribution.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Different types of selection act at each life cycle stage of a sexually reproducing organism.[79]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Life_cycle_of_a_sexually_reproducing_organism.svg/240px-Life_cycle_of_a_sexually_reproducing_organism.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The peacock's elaborate plumage is mentioned by Darwin as an example of sexual selection,[81] and is a classic example of Fisherian runaway,[82] driven to its conspicuous size and coloration through mate choice by females over many generations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pavo_cristatus_in_Barbados_Wildlife_Reserve_12.jpg/260px-Pavo_cristatus_in_Barbados_Wildlife_Reserve_12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Selection in action: resistance to antibiotics grows through the survival of individuals less affected by the antibiotic. Their offspring inherit the resistance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Antibiotic_resistance.svg/170px-Antibiotic_resistance.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Henry, Devin (September 2006). \"Aristotle on the Mechanism of Inheritance\". Journal of the History of Biology. 39 (3): 425–455. doi:10.1007/s10739-005-3058-y. S2CID 85671523.","urls":[{"url":"http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=devinhenry","url_text":"\"Aristotle on the Mechanism of Inheritance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10739-005-3058-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10739-005-3058-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85671523","url_text":"85671523"}]},{"reference":"Zirkle, Conway (25 April 1941). \"Natural Selection before the 'Origin of Species'\". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 84 (1): 71–123. JSTOR 984852.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Zirkle","url_text":"Zirkle, Conway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society","url_text":"Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/984852","url_text":"984852"}]},{"reference":"Leonardo, Codex C. Institut of France. Trans. Richter. 2016.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Maupertuis, Pierre Louis (1746). \"Les Loix du mouvement et du repos déduites d'un principe metaphysique\" [\"Derivation of the laws of motion and equilibrium from a metaphysical principle\"]. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et des Belles Lettres (in French). 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OCLC 43091892.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8/page/129","url_text":"Evolution: The History of an Idea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8/page/129","url_text":"129–134"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23693-6","url_text":"978-0-520-23693-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43091892","url_text":"43091892"}]},{"reference":"Joravsky, David (January 1959). \"Soviet Marxism and Biology before Lysenko\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 20 (1): 85–104. doi:10.2307/2707968. 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This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called 'natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.'","urls":[{"url":"http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=maurice_stucke","url_text":"\"Better Competition Advocacy\""}]},{"reference":"Mills, Susan K.; Beatty, John H. (1979). \"The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness\" (PDF). Philosophy of Science. 46 (2): 263–286. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.332.697. doi:10.1086/288865. S2CID 38015862. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 December 2015. 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The Internet Classics Archive. OCLC 54350394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle","url_text":"Aristotle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)","url_text":"Physics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54350394","url_text":"54350394"}]},{"reference":"Begon, Michael; Townsend, Colin R.; Harper, John L. (1996). Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities (3rd ed.). Oxford; Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science. ISBN 978-0-632-03801-5. LCCN 95024627. 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Evolutionary Ecology: The 23rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Leeds, 1982. Symposium of the British Ecological Society. Vol. 23. Oxford; Boston: Blackwell Scientific Publications. ISBN 978-0-632-01189-6. LCCN 85106855. 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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (1st ed.). London: John Murray. LCCN 06017473. OCLC 741260650.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin","url_text":"Darwin, Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species","url_text":"On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/06017473","url_text":"06017473"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741260650","url_text":"741260650"}]},{"reference":"Darwin, Charles (1861). 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OCLC 869541868.","urls":[{"url":"http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=side&pageseq=1","url_text":"The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: With original omissions restored; Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his grand-daughter, Nora Barlow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons","url_text":"Collins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93017940","url_text":"93017940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869541868","url_text":"869541868"}]},{"reference":"Dawkins, Richard (1976). The Selfish Gene. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-857519-1. LCCN 76029168. 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OCLC 1376248.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empedocles","url_text":"Empedocles"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924029013162","url_text":"\"Empedokles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Fairbanks","url_text":"Fairbanks, Arthur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/03031810","url_text":"03031810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1376248","url_text":"1376248"}]},{"reference":"Endler, John A. (1986). Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08386-5. LCCN 85042683. 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OCLC 45202069.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_MacArthur","url_text":"MacArthur, Robert H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._O._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, Edward O."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Island_Biogeography","url_text":"The Theory of Island Biogeography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08836-5","url_text":"978-0-691-08836-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/00051495","url_text":"00051495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45202069","url_text":"45202069"}]},{"reference":"Malthus, Thomas Robert (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society: with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers (1st ed.). London: J. Johnson. LCCN 46038215. OCLC 65344349.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus","url_text":"Malthus, Thomas Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population","url_text":"An Essay on the Principle of Population, As It Affects the Future Improvement of Society: with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/46038215","url_text":"46038215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65344349","url_text":"65344349"}]},{"reference":"Mayr, Ernst (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist. Columbia Biological Series. Vol. 13. New York: Columbia University Press. LCCN 43001098. 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OCLC 62857839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_Publishers","url_text":"AldineTransaction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30845-6","url_text":"978-0-202-30845-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2005046652","url_text":"2005046652"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62857839","url_text":"62857839"}]},{"reference":"Michod, Richard A. (1999). Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02699-2. LCCN 98004166. OCLC 38948118.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/darwiniandynamic00mich","url_text":"Darwinian Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02699-2","url_text":"978-0-691-02699-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/98004166","url_text":"98004166"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38948118","url_text":"38948118"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Geoffrey (2000). The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-49516-5. LCCN 00022673. OCLC 43648482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)","url_text":"Miller, Geoffrey"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/matingmind00geof","url_text":"The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)","url_text":"Doubleday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49516-5","url_text":"978-0-385-49516-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/00022673","url_text":"00022673"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43648482","url_text":"43648482"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Melanie (1996). An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms. Complex Adaptive Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-13316-6. LCCN 95024489. OCLC 42854439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Mitchell","url_text":"Mitchell, Melanie"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontoge00mitc","url_text":"An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-13316-6","url_text":"978-0-262-13316-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/95024489","url_text":"95024489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42854439","url_text":"42854439"}]},{"reference":"Pinker, Steven (1995) [Originally published 1994; New York: William Morrow and Company]. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language (1st Harper Perennial ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-097651-4. LCCN 94039138. OCLC 670524593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Pinker","url_text":"Pinker, Steven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company","url_text":"William Morrow and Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Language_Instinct","url_text":"The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial","url_text":"Harper Perennial"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-097651-4","url_text":"978-0-06-097651-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/94039138","url_text":"94039138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/670524593","url_text":"670524593"}]},{"reference":"Rice, Sean H. (2004). Evolutionary Theory: Mathematical and Conceptual Foundations. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-702-8. LCCN 2004008054. OCLC 54988554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-702-8","url_text":"978-0-87893-702-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2004008054","url_text":"2004008054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54988554","url_text":"54988554"}]},{"reference":"Roux, Wilhelm (1881). Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. OCLC 8200805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Roux","url_text":"Roux, Wilhelm"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_66lBAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Der Kampf der Theile im Organismus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Engelmann","url_text":"Wilhelm Engelmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8200805","url_text":"8200805"}]},{"reference":"Sober, Elliott (1993) [Originally published 1984; Cambridge, MA: MIT Press]. The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76748-2. LCCN 93010367. OCLC 896826726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Sober","url_text":"Sober, Elliott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76748-2","url_text":"978-0-226-76748-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93010367","url_text":"93010367"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/896826726","url_text":"896826726"}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Alfred Russel (1871) [Originally published 1870]. Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays (2nd, with corrections and additions ed.). New York: Macmillan & Co. LCCN agr04000394. OCLC 809350209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace","url_text":"Wallace, Alfred Russel"},{"url":"http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&idno=AJP5195.0001.001&view=toc","url_text":"Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/agr04000394","url_text":"agr04000394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809350209","url_text":"809350209"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought. Princeton Science Library. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02615-2. LCCN 65017164. OCLC 35230452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)","url_text":"Williams, George C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation_and_Natural_Selection","url_text":"Adaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02615-2","url_text":"978-0-691-02615-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/65017164","url_text":"65017164"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35230452","url_text":"35230452"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, David Sloan (2002). Darwin's Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02615-2. LCCN 2002017375. 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OCLC 767565909.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zimmer","url_text":"Zimmer, Carl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Emlen","url_text":"Emlen, Douglas J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936221-17-2","url_text":"978-1-936221-17-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2012025118","url_text":"2012025118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/767565909","url_text":"767565909"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Graham (2008). Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution (2nd ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-856972-5. LCCN 2007039692. OCLC 170034792.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Bell_(biologist)","url_text":"Bell, Graham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856972-5","url_text":"978-0-19-856972-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2007039692","url_text":"2007039692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/170034792","url_text":"170034792"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Clifford (1976). Introduction to Natural Selection. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press. ISBN 978-0-8391-0936-5. LCCN 76008175. OCLC 2091640.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontona00john","url_text":"Introduction to Natural Selection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8391-0936-5","url_text":"978-0-8391-0936-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/76008175","url_text":"76008175"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2091640","url_text":"2091640"}]},{"reference":"Gould, Stephen Jay (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00613-3. LCCN 2001043556. OCLC 47869352.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould","url_text":"Gould, Stephen Jay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Evolutionary_Theory","url_text":"The Structure of Evolutionary Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Belknap Press of Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00613-3","url_text":"978-0-674-00613-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2001043556","url_text":"2001043556"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47869352","url_text":"47869352"}]},{"reference":"Maynard Smith, John (1993) [Originally published 1958; Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books]. The Theory of Evolution (Canto ed.). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45128-4. LCCN 93020358. OCLC 27676642.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith","url_text":"Maynard Smith, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theory_of_Evolution","url_text":"The Theory of Evolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45128-4","url_text":"978-0-521-45128-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93020358","url_text":"93020358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27676642","url_text":"27676642"}]},{"reference":"Popper, Karl (December 1978). \"Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind\". Dialectica. 32 (3–4): 339–355. doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1978.tb01321.x. ISSN 0012-2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper","url_text":"Popper, Karl"},{"url":"http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/philosophers/popper/natural_selection_and_the_emergence_of_mind.html","url_text":"\"Natural Selection and the Emergence of Mind\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectica","url_text":"Dialectica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1746-8361.1978.tb01321.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1746-8361.1978.tb01321.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-2017","url_text":"0012-2017"}]},{"reference":"Sammut-Bonnici, Tanya; Wensley, Robin (September 2002). \"Darwinism, probability and complexity: Market-based organizational transformation and change explained through the theories of evolution\" (PDF). 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OCLC 28150417.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Sober","url_text":"Sober, Elliott"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conceptualissues0000unse","url_text":"Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Press","url_text":"MIT Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69162-8","url_text":"978-0-262-69162-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93008199","url_text":"93008199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28150417","url_text":"28150417"}]},{"reference":"Williams, George C. (1992). Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-506933-4. LCCN 91038938. OCLC 228136567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Williams_(biologist)","url_text":"Williams, George C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506933-4","url_text":"978-0-19-506933-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/91038938","url_text":"91038938"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/228136567","url_text":"228136567"}]},{"reference":"Dawkins, Richard (1996). Climbing Mount Improbable (1st American ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03930-6. LCCN 34633422. 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OCLC 3090189.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ever_Since_Darwin","url_text":"Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06425-4","url_text":"978-0-393-06425-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/77022504","url_text":"77022504"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3090189","url_text":"3090189"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Steve (2000). Darwin's Ghost: The Origin of Species Updated (1st ed.). New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50103-6. LCCN 99053246. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dem_Boyz_(Boyz_n_da_Hood_song)	Dem Boyz (Boyz n da Hood song)	["1 Charts","1.1 Weekly charts","1.2 Year-end charts","2 References"]	2005 single by Boyz n da Hood"Dem Boyz"Single by Boyz n da Hoodfrom the album Boyz n da Hood Released2005Recorded2005GenreGangsta rap, Southern hip hopLength4:16LabelBad Boy South, Block EntertainmentSongwriter(s)Lee F Dixon, Jay Jenkins, Chadron Moore, Miguel T Scott, Zachary Anson Wallace, Jacoby WhiteProducer(s)NittiMusic video"Dem Boyz" on YouTube "Dem Boyz" is the first single from Boyz n da Hood's self-titled debut album. The song reached number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number 13 on the Rap Songs chart. Charts Weekly charts Chart (2005) Peakposition US Billboard Hot 100 56 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 15 US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard) 13 US Pop 100 (Billboard) 63 Year-end charts Chart (2005) Position US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 48 References ^ Dem Boyz song information ^ "Boyz n da Hood Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ "Boyz n da Hood Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ "Boyz n da Hood Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2022. ^ "Boyz N da Hood – Awards". AllMusic. Archived from the original on May 3, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2022. ^ "Year-End Charts – Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – 2005". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2022. vteJeezyDiscographyStudio albums Let's Get It: Thug Motivation 101 Thug Motivation 102: The Inspiration The Recession TM:103 Hustlerz Ambition Seen It All: The Autobiography Church in These Streets Trap or Die 3 Pressure TM104: The Legend of the Snowman The Recession 2 I Might Forgive... But I Don't Forget Mixtapes 1,000 Grams The Real Is Back The Real Is Back 2 It's tha World Boss Yo Life Up Gang Collaboration albums Boyz n da Hood Cold Summer Singles "And Then What" "Soul Survivor" "Go Crazy" "My Hood" "I Luv It" "Go Getta" "Dreamin'" "Put On" "Vacation" "Crazy World" "My President" "Who Dat" "Lose My Mind" "Ballin'" "F.A.M.E." "I Do" "Leave You Alone" "R.I.P." "Seen It All" "All There" Featured songs "Icy" "Get Throwed" "Say I" "Grew Up a Screw Up" "Top Back (Remix)" "Diamonds" "5000 Ones" "I'm So Hood (Remix)" "100 Million" "Love in This Club" "Side Effects" "Louie" "Out Here Grindin" "I'm So Paid" "Never Ever" "Amazing" "Better Believe It" "I'm Goin' In" "Hard" "Put Your Hands Up" "(Ha Ha) Slow Down" "We in This Bitch" "Hold On (Shut Up)" "Champion" "My Homies Still" "Major Distribution" "Show Out" "Pour It Up (Remix)" "Act Right" "My Nigga" "Money Can't Buy" Collaborative singles "Dem Boyz" "White Girl" Related topics Boyz n da Hood U.S.D.A. CTE World Jeannie Mai This 2000s hip hop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boyz n da Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_n_da_Hood"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyz_n_da_Hood_(album)"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Rap Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_Songs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Dem Boyz\" is the first single from Boyz n da Hood's self-titled debut album.The song reached number 56 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 15 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and number 13 on the Rap Songs chart.[1]","title":"Dem Boyz (Boyz n da Hood song)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Year-end charts","title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Boyz N da Hood – Awards\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clock_Play	Clock Play	["1 Summary","1.1 Aftermath","2 Officials","3 Broadcast call on the play","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Famous trick play in American football Clock PlayGiants Stadium, the site of the game. Miami Dolphins (7–4) New York Jets (6–5) 28 24 Head coach:Don Shula Head coach:Pete Carroll 1234 Total MIA 001414 28 NYJ 37140 24 DateNovember 27, 1994StadiumGiants Stadium, East Rutherford, New JerseyRefereeGary LaneAttendance75,606TV in the United StatesNetworkNBCAnnouncersMarv Albert and Paul Maguire The Clock Play was a famous trick play in American football, immortalized in what came to be known as the Fake Spike Game, played on November 27, 1994. The contest was played by the National Football League (NFL)'s Miami Dolphins and New York Jets that featured one of the most famous comeback plays in league history. Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino ran a trick play, pretending to stop the game clock but instead threw a pass that scored the game-winning touchdown, ultimately giving Miami the 28–24 victory. Summary The game itself pitted the 7–4 Dolphins against the 6–5 Jets; entering this game the Dolphins and Jets led the AFC East, but all five teams in the division were within two games of the division lead; the Bills had fallen to 6–6 following a Thanksgiving Day loss in Detroit while the Patriots had begun a late-season surge following victories over the Vikings and San Diego and were 5–6 facing the 5–6 Colts that same Sunday. The Jets were coming off a victory at Minnesota while the Dolphins had suffered back-to-back losses to Chicago and Pittsburgh. The Jets raced to a 17–0 lead before the Dolphins got on the board on Dan Marino's touchdown to Mark Ingram Sr., but misfired on a two-point conversion. The Jets scored again on Johnny Mitchell's touchdown catch before Marino found Ingram again, and this time, connected on another two-point conversion try, this one going to Irving Fryar. In the fourth, Boomer Esiason was intercepted for the first time; this set up a third Marino-to-Ingram score. The Dolphins blitzed Esiason and Tim Bowens forced a fumble recovered by the Jets; this forced a Jets punt, but O. J. McDuffie fumbled the punt to the Jets. The Jets drove to the Miami 38 with six minutes left but Esiason was intercepted again. The Jets forced another Miami punt, but with 2:34 left, J. B. Brown picked off Esiason again. Trailing 24–21 with 38 seconds left, the Dolphins had the ball at the Jets' 8-yard line with only one timeout. Running to the line of scrimmage, Marino nodded to Ingram and yelled "Clock! Clock! Clock!" and motioned that he was going to spike the ball to stop the clock. The Jets defense, anticipating a spike, relaxed. Marino took the snap; instead of spiking the ball, he dropped back to pass, while Ingram ran to the corner of the end zone with rookie Jets cornerback Aaron Glenn biting on the fake. With the Jets caught off-guard, Marino threw the pass to Ingram in the front-right corner of the end zone. The play was brought to Miami earlier in the year by backup quarterback Bernie Kosar, and Dolphins coach Don Shula decided it was the right time to use the trick play. The 28–24 victory moved the Dolphins to 8–4 and despite subsequent losses to Buffalo and Indianapolis the 10–6 Dolphins edged the 10–6 Patriots, who had won their last seven games, for the division title (winning on a season sweep of New England), the twelfth in the team's history. The Dolphins defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card Game 27-17 but lost in the divisional round to the San Diego Chargers, 22–21. The comeback was Marino's 29th in his career, and his fifth against the Jets. Aftermath The Jets, meanwhile, went into a tailspin. Coach Pete Carroll called the loss "staggering." It proved to be more than that. The loss set off the Jets' second straight December collapse; they would not win another game for the rest of the season, and Coach Carroll was then fired. But the Jets' slump continued under his successor, Rich Kotite; they would win only four games during Kotite's two seasons, including a franchise worst 1–15 record in 1996. Officials Referee: Gary Lane (#120) Umpire: Bob Boylston (#101) Head Linesman: Sanford Rivers (#121) Line Judge: Jeff Bergman (#32) Back Judge: Bill Lovett (#98) Side Judge: Don Wedge (#28) Field Judge: Bobby Skelton (#73) Broadcast call on the play Maguire: Marino's trying to get everybody on the line of scrimmage. Now he still has one timeout. They'll save that for the field goal, if they have to.Albert: We are seeing another spectacular effort by Marino, who fires... TOUCHDOWN!— NBC's Marv Albert and Paul Maguire calling the play See also Dolphins–Jets rivalry References ^ a b Cannizzaro, Mike (2011). New York Jets: The Complete Illustrated History. MVP Books. p. 78. ISBN 9780760340639. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Miami Dolphins 28 at New York Jets 24 from Pro Football Reference ^ Cole, Jason (October 17, 2005). "Bledsoe, Parcells making sweet music". NBCSports.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012. ^ Anderson, Dave (October 24, 2000). "Sports of The Times; Without 13, It Can't Be The Dolphins, But It Is". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-18. ^ a b Svekis, Steve (December 11, 2008). "Remember when? Marino fake-spikes Jets". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-26. ^ "Dan Marino's Career 4th quarter comebacks and game-winning drives" Pro-Football-Reference.com External links Dan Marino's Famous Fake Spike on YouTube Marino Fake Spike: NFL Full Game on YouTube vteMiami Dolphins Founded in 1966 Based and headquarted in Miami Gardens, Florida Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Players First-round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records Awards Honor roll Training facility Stadiums Orange Bowl Hard Rock Stadium Culture "Fins" (Jimmy Buffett song) Wayne Huizenga Stephen M. Ross Joe Robbie T. D. Cheerleaders Ace Ventura: Pet Detective "Only Wanna Be with You" (Hootie & the Blowfish song) Elway to Marino Ballers Lore Perfect season The Sea of Hands Announcerless game Epic in Miami Snowplow Game Clock Play Monday Night Miracle Miami Miracle Rivalries Buffalo Bills Las Vegas Raiders New England Patriots New York Jets Tampa Bay Buccaneers Division championships (13) 1971 1972 1973 1974 1979 1981 1983 1984 1985 1992 1994 2000 2008 Conference championships (5) 1971 1972 1973 1982 1984 League championships (2) 1972 (VII) 1973 (VIII) Retired numbers 12 13 39 Media Broadcasters WFOR-TV Current league affiliations League: National Football League (1970–present) Conference: American Football Conference Division: East Division Former league affiliation League: American Football League (1966–1969) vteNew York Jets Founded in 1960 Formerly the New York Titans (1960–1962) Based in East Rutherford, New Jersey Headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Logos and uniforms First-round draft picks Quarterbacks Flight Crew Stadiums Polo Grounds Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Fireman Ed Alex Anthony Flash Gordon The Wonder Years West Side Stadium Generation Jets The King of Queens Rise and Walk: The Dennis Byrd Story The Sopranos Lore Heidi Game The Guarantee Announcerless game New York Sack Exchange Clock Play The Monday Night Miracle Spygate Butt Fumble Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Giants Key personnel Owner: Woody Johnson Chairman/CEO: Christopher Johnson General manager: Joe Douglas Head coach: Robert Saleh Division championships (4) 1968 1969 1998 2002 League championships (1) 1968 (III) Media Broadcasters WEPN WEPN-FM WCBS-TV SportsNet New York Current league affiliations League: National Football League (1970–present) Conference: American Football Conference Division: East Division Former league affiliation League: American Football League (1960–1969) vteNFL on NBCRelated programs The NFL on NBC pregame show (Football Night in America) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football (2016–2017) College football programs College Football on NBC (Notre Dame, Big Ten College Countdown) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television (history) 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Super Bowl TV ratings (lead-out programs) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime-time results Sunday Night Football results (2006-present) Commentators Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL–NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All-Star Game NFL Championship Game Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless game "Clock Play" Cleveland Browns relocation controversy "Holy Roller" "No Punt Game" "Snowplow Game" Thanksgiving Day "Leon Lett Blunder II" Snowball Game Postseason lore "4th and 2" "Beast Quake" "The Comeback" "Double Doink" "Epic in Miami" "Ghost to the Post" "Immaculate Reception" "The Interception" "Philly Special" "Red Right 88" "The Sea of Hands" Pre-AFL–NFL merger lore "The Greatest Game Ever Played" "Heidi Game" Sunday Night Football lore 16–0 "Butt Fumble" "Colts Catastrophe" Brady's first game against the Patriots Final game of the 2021 season AFC Championship Game 1970 1971 1972 1974 1975 1976 1977 1995 "The Drive" "Freezer Bowl" "The Fumble" Rivalries Cowboys–Eagles rivalry Cowboys–Giants rivalry Bears–Packers rivalry Packers–Vikings rivalry Ravens–Steelers rivalry Commanders–Cowboys rivalry Colts–Patriots rivalry Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams "I Hate Myself for Loving You" Joan Jett "Somethin' Bad" Ludacris Miranda Lambert Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super BowlPre-AFL–NFL merger I (1966) III (1968) AFC package carrier(1970–1997) V (1970) VII (1972) IX (1974) XI (1976) XIII (1978) XV (1980) XVII (1982) XX (1985) XXIII (1988) XXVII (1992) XXVIII (1993) XXX (1995) XXXII (1997) Sunday Night Football era(2006–present) XLIII (2008) XLVI (2011) XLIX (2014) LII (2017) LVI (2021) LX (2025) Halftime shows V (1970) XX (1985) XXIII (1988) XXVII (1992) XXX (1995) XLVI (2011) XLIX (2014) LII (2017) LVI (2021) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 1974 2009 2012 2013 2014 NFL Honors 2012 2015 2018 2023 Website: NBC Sports - NFL News	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trick play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_play"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cannizzaro-1"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Miami_Dolphins_season"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_New_York_Jets_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Dan Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Marino"},{"link_name":"trick play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_play"},{"link_name":"pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_pass"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"}],"text":"The Clock Play was a famous trick play in American football, immortalized in what came to be known as the Fake Spike Game,[1] played on November 27, 1994. The contest was played by the National Football League (NFL)'s Miami Dolphins and New York Jets[2] that featured one of the most famous comeback plays in league history.[3] Dolphins quarterback Dan Marino ran a trick play, pretending to stop the game clock but instead threw a pass that scored the game-winning touchdown, ultimately giving Miami the 28–24 victory.","title":"Clock Play"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AFC East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_East"},{"link_name":"Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Buffalo_Bills_season"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Day"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Detroit_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"the Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_San_Diego_Chargers_season"},{"link_name":"Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Indianapolis_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Chicago_Bears_season"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season"},{"link_name":"Mark Ingram Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Ingram_Sr."},{"link_name":"Johnny Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Irving Fryar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Fryar"},{"link_name":"Boomer Esiason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomer_Esiason"},{"link_name":"Tim Bowens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bowens"},{"link_name":"O. 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Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Brown"},{"link_name":"spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"Aaron Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Glenn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bernie Kosar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Kosar"},{"link_name":"Don Shula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Shula"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svekis-5"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Indianapolis_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The game itself pitted the 7–4 Dolphins against the 6–5 Jets; entering this game the Dolphins and Jets led the AFC East, but all five teams in the division were within two games of the division lead; the Bills had fallen to 6–6 following a Thanksgiving Day loss in Detroit while the Patriots had begun a late-season surge following victories over the Vikings and San Diego and were 5–6 facing the 5–6 Colts that same Sunday. The Jets were coming off a victory at Minnesota while the Dolphins had suffered back-to-back losses to Chicago and Pittsburgh.The Jets raced to a 17–0 lead before the Dolphins got on the board on Dan Marino's touchdown to Mark Ingram Sr., but misfired on a two-point conversion. The Jets scored again on Johnny Mitchell's touchdown catch before Marino found Ingram again, and this time, connected on another two-point conversion try, this one going to Irving Fryar. In the fourth, Boomer Esiason was intercepted for the first time; this set up a third Marino-to-Ingram score. The Dolphins blitzed Esiason and Tim Bowens forced a fumble recovered by the Jets; this forced a Jets punt, but O. J. McDuffie fumbled the punt to the Jets. The Jets drove to the Miami 38 with six minutes left but Esiason was intercepted again. The Jets forced another Miami punt, but with 2:34 left, J. B. Brown picked off Esiason again.Trailing 24–21 with 38 seconds left, the Dolphins had the ball at the Jets' 8-yard line with only one timeout. Running to the line of scrimmage, Marino nodded to Ingram and yelled \"Clock! Clock! Clock!\" and motioned that he was going to spike the ball to stop the clock. The Jets defense, anticipating a spike, relaxed. Marino took the snap; instead of spiking the ball, he dropped back to pass, while Ingram ran to the corner of the end zone with rookie Jets cornerback Aaron Glenn biting on the fake. With the Jets caught off-guard, Marino threw the pass to Ingram in the front-right corner of the end zone.[4] The play was brought to Miami earlier in the year by backup quarterback Bernie Kosar, and Dolphins coach Don Shula decided it was the right time to use the trick play.[5]The 28–24 victory moved the Dolphins to 8–4 and despite subsequent losses to Buffalo and Indianapolis the 10–6 Dolphins edged the 10–6 Patriots, who had won their last seven games, for the division title (winning on a season sweep of New England), the twelfth in the team's history. The Dolphins defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card Game 27-17 but lost in the divisional round to the San Diego Chargers, 22–21.The comeback was Marino's 29th in his career, and his fifth against the Jets.[6]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cannizzaro-1"},{"link_name":"Rich Kotite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Kotite"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-svekis-5"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"The Jets, meanwhile, went into a tailspin. Coach Pete Carroll called the loss \"staggering.\"[1] It proved to be more than that. The loss set off the Jets' second straight December collapse; they would not win another game for the rest of the season, and Coach Carroll was then fired. But the Jets' slump continued under his successor, Rich Kotite; they would win only four games during Kotite's two seasons, including a franchise worst 1–15 record in 1996.[5]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lane_(gridiron_football)"},{"link_name":"Don Wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Wedge"}],"text":"Referee: Gary Lane (#120)\nUmpire: Bob Boylston (#101)\nHead Linesman: Sanford Rivers (#121)\nLine Judge: Jeff Bergman (#32)\nBack Judge: Bill Lovett (#98)\nSide Judge: Don Wedge (#28)\nField Judge: Bobby Skelton (#73)","title":"Officials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_NBC"},{"link_name":"Marv Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv_Albert"},{"link_name":"Paul Maguire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Maguire"}],"text":"Maguire: Marino's trying to get everybody on the line of scrimmage. Now he still has one timeout. They'll save that for the field goal, if they have to.Albert: We are seeing another spectacular effort by Marino, who fires... TOUCHDOWN!— NBC's Marv Albert and Paul Maguire calling the play","title":"Broadcast call on the play"}]	[]	[{"title":"Dolphins–Jets rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphins%E2%80%93Jets_rivalry"}]	[{"reference":"Cannizzaro, Mike (2011). New York Jets: The Complete Illustrated History. MVP Books. p. 78. ISBN 9780760340639. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3IvLSCeI0JIC&q=fake+spike&pg=PA78","url_text":"New York Jets: The Complete Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760340639","url_text":"9780760340639"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Jason (October 17, 2005). \"Bledsoe, Parcells making sweet music\". NBCSports.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130129041629/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/9723092/","url_text":"\"Bledsoe, Parcells making sweet music\""},{"url":"http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/9723092/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Dave (October 24, 2000). \"Sports of The Times; Without 13, It Can't Be The Dolphins, But It Is\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306173353/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/24/sports/sports-of-the-times-without-13-it-can-t-be-the-dolphins-but-it-is.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"\"Sports of The Times; Without 13, It Can't Be The Dolphins, But It Is\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/24/sports/sports-of-the-times-without-13-it-can-t-be-the-dolphins-but-it-is.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Svekis, Steve (December 11, 2008). \"Remember when? Marino fake-spikes Jets\". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111202212734/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/miami-dolphins/sfl-dolclock121208,0,2966660.story","url_text":"\"Remember when? Marino fake-spikes Jets\""},{"url":"http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/miami-dolphins/sfl-dolclock121208,0,2966660.story","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3IvLSCeI0JIC&q=fake+spike&pg=PA78","external_links_name":"New York Jets: The Complete Illustrated History"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/199411270nyj.htm","external_links_name":"Miami Dolphins 28 at New York Jets 24"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130129041629/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/9723092/","external_links_name":"\"Bledsoe, Parcells making sweet music\""},{"Link":"http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/9723092/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306173353/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/24/sports/sports-of-the-times-without-13-it-can-t-be-the-dolphins-but-it-is.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","external_links_name":"\"Sports of The Times; Without 13, It Can't Be The Dolphins, But It Is\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/24/sports/sports-of-the-times-without-13-it-can-t-be-the-dolphins-but-it-is.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111202212734/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/miami-dolphins/sfl-dolclock121208,0,2966660.story","external_links_name":"\"Remember when? Marino fake-spikes Jets\""},{"Link":"http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/miami-dolphins/sfl-dolclock121208,0,2966660.story","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/comeback.cgi?player=MariDa00","external_links_name":"\"Dan Marino's Career 4th quarter comebacks and game-winning drives\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFQ8UZkpusA","external_links_name":"Dan Marino's Famous Fake Spike"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=muse9wmuueM","external_links_name":"Marino Fake Spike: NFL Full Game"},{"Link":"http://www.nbcsports.com/nfl","external_links_name":"NBC Sports - NFL News"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Solos_(George_Winston_album)	Piano Solos (George Winston album)	["1 Track listing","2 References"]	For other uses, see Ballads and Blues. 1973 studio album by George WinstonPiano SolosStudio album by George WinstonReleased1973RecordedNovember 1972, June 1973StudioUnited Recording Studios, Hollywood, CaliforniaGenreFolkbluesragtimeLength33:5057:47 (2006 reissue)LabelTakoma (1972 release)Windham Hill (1981 reissue)Dancing Cat (1994, 2006 CD releases)ProducerJohn FaheyDoug DeckerGeorge Winston chronology Piano Solos(1973) Autumn(1980) Alternate coverDancing Cat 1994 CD release cover art Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Piano Solos is the debut album by American pianist George Winston. It features his first compositions and covers. American guitarist John Fahey co-produced the album with Doug Decker, who engineered it. First released in 1973 on Takoma Records, it was reissued in 1981 by Windham Hill Records as Ballads and Blues 1972. It was released on CD in 1994 by Winston's Dancing Cat label, with a remastered release on October 5, 2006, along with five bonus tracks. Track listing All tracks are written by George Winston, except where notedOriginal 1972 releaseNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Deland, Florida Medley: Highway Hymn Blues" 3:002."Deland, Florida Medley: Song" 3:203."Deland, Florida Medley: Go 'Way From My Window"John Jacob Niles1:304."Deland, Florida Medley: The Woods East of Deland" 2:585."Brenda's Blues"John Fahey1:446."Miles City Train" 5:597."New Hope Blues" 1:408."Theme for a Futuristic Movie"Michael S. Roth1:559."Rag" 5:5510.Untitled 5:49Total length:33:50 2006 Reissue Bonus TracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length11."Blues in G" 3:4812."You Don't Love Me"Bo Diddley4:4813."Elcina's Grandmother's Rag" 3:2014."Variations on Song for Kurt"Alan Kilmartin8:0715."Bright Light Waltz" 3:54Total length:57:47 References ^ Piano Solos at AllMusic ^ John Schaefer - New Sounds: A Listener's Guide to New Music - 1987 Page 198 "Like Ackerman, he also admired the guitar works of John Fahey, and in 1972 he released his first album, Piano Solos, on Fahey's Takoma label.* " ^ Keyboard - Volume 10 -1984 Page 51 For a while he composed stride and blues pieces, many of which appear on his first solo album, Piano Solos, released originally on the Takoma label, but now available ..." ^ "George Winston -- Ballads and Blues 1972". Discogs. Retrieved 3 January 2017. vteGeorge WinstonStudio albums Piano Solos (1972) Autumn (1980) Winter into Spring (1982) December (1982) Summer (1992) Forest (1994) Linus and Lucy: The Music of Vince Guaraldi (1996) Plains (1999) Remembrance: A Memorial Benefit (2001) Night Divides the Day: The Music of the Doors (2002) Montana: A Love Story (2004) Gulf Coast Blues and Impressions: A Hurricane Relief Benefit (2006) Love Will Come: The Music of Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2 (2010) Gulf Coast Blues and Impressions 2: A Louisiana Wetlands Benefit (2012) Harmonica Solos (2013) Spring Carousel: A Cancer Research Benefit (2017) Restless Wind (2019) Night (2022) Soundtracks The Velveteen Rabbit (1984) This is America Charlie Brown: The Birth of the Constitution (1988) Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes (1995) Singles"Silent Night: A Benefit Single for Feeding America" (2013) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group This 1970s folk album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This blues album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballads and Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballads_and_Blues_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"George Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Winston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"John Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-4"},{"link_name":"Takoma Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takoma_Records"},{"link_name":"Windham Hill Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham_Hill_Records"},{"link_name":"Dancing Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_Cat"}],"text":"For other uses, see Ballads and Blues.1973 studio album by George WinstonPiano Solos is the debut album by American pianist George Winston.[2][3] It features his first compositions and covers. American guitarist John Fahey co-produced the album with Doug Decker, who engineered it.[4]First released in 1973 on Takoma Records, it was reissued in 1981 by Windham Hill Records as Ballads and Blues 1972. It was released on CD in 1994 by Winston's Dancing Cat label, with a remastered release on October 5, 2006, along with five bonus tracks.","title":"Piano Solos (George Winston album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Winston"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Niles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Niles"},{"link_name":"John Fahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fahey_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Miles City Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_City,_Montana"},{"link_name":"You Don't Love Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don%27t_Love_Me_(No,_No,_No)"},{"link_name":"Bo Diddley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Diddley"}],"text":"All tracks are written by George Winston, except where notedOriginal 1972 releaseNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Deland, Florida Medley: Highway Hymn Blues\" 3:002.\"Deland, Florida Medley: Song\" 3:203.\"Deland, Florida Medley: Go 'Way From My Window\"John Jacob Niles1:304.\"Deland, Florida Medley: The Woods East of Deland\" 2:585.\"Brenda's Blues\"John Fahey1:446.\"Miles City Train\" 5:597.\"New Hope Blues\" 1:408.\"Theme for a Futuristic Movie\"Michael S. Roth1:559.\"Rag\" 5:5510.Untitled 5:49Total length:33:502006 Reissue Bonus TracksNo.TitleWriter(s)Length11.\"Blues in G\" 3:4812.\"You Don't Love Me\"Bo Diddley4:4813.\"Elcina's Grandmother's Rag\" 3:2014.\"Variations on Song for Kurt\"Alan Kilmartin8:0715.\"Bright Light Waltz\" 3:54Total length:57:47","title":"Track listing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"George Winston -- Ballads and Blues 1972\". Discogs. Retrieved 3 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/George-Winston-Ballads-And-Blues-1972/release/2657908","url_text":"\"George Winston -- Ballads and Blues 1972\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r83797","external_links_name":"Piano Solos"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/George-Winston-Ballads-And-Blues-1972/release/2657908","external_links_name":"\"George Winston -- Ballads and Blues 1972\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/1b05d171-7236-3c20-8aef-c2d90c07ca5a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_Solos_(George_Winston_album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piano_Solos_(George_Winston_album)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_Manufacturing_Company	Goodman Global	["1 History","2 Brands","3 References","4 External links"]	HVAC equipment manufacturer Goodman ManufacturingCompany typePrivateIndustryHVACFounded1975; 49 years ago (1975)San Antonio, Texas, U.S.FounderHarold V. GoodmanHeadquartersWaller, Texas, U.S.Area servedUnited States, CanadaKey peopleTakeshi Ebisu (CEO)BrandsAmanaGMCGoodmanJanitrolRevenue $2.6 billion (2013)Number of employees5,000+ParentDaikinWebsitewww.goodmanmfg.com Goodman Manufacturing is an American company operating as an independent subsidiary of Daikin Group, the world's largest manufacturer of heating, ventilation and air conditioning products and systems. The company, founded in 1975 and based in Waller, Texas, manufactures residential heating and cooling systems. Goodman is located just outside Houston, Texas, in the $417 million Daikin Texas Technology Park. History Goodman Manufacturing was founded by HVAC dealer, Harold V. Goodman, in 1975 as a manufacturer of flexible air ducts and plastic blade registers. However, he turned his sights to fulfill a dream of manufacturing affordable HVAC equipment for households across the United States of America and beyond. In 1982, the company acquired Janitrol and entered the HVAC market, expanding its product offering in 1986 to include gas heating products. Harold V. Goodman died in 1996 and was succeeded by Frank H. Murray who became chairman and CEO in April 1996. In 1997, Murray initiated and spearheaded the Goodman acquisition of Raytheon Appliances, the predecessor of Amana Corporation, a manufacturer of appliances and HVAC units. Four years later, in 2001, Goodman separated its appliances business from its HVAC business and would sell the appliances business to Maytag Corporation. In 2004, Goodman was acquired by Apollo Management, a private equity firm, for approximately $1.43 billion. Just a year and a half later, in April 2006, Goodman completed an initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange. In October 2007, Goodman agreed to be acquired by Hellman & Friedman, a San Francisco-based private equity firm, in a $1.8 billion transaction. In August 2012, Hellman & Friedman agreed to sell Goodman Global to Japan's Daikin Industries Ltd. for $3.7 billion. In 2015, Daikin commenced construction of the state-of-the-art Daikin Texas Technology Park campus near Houston, Texas. This project, costing over $400 million, was the largest investment made in Daikin’s 90-year history. In October 2016, operations at the new facility ramped up and the first Goodman air conditioner and gas furnace units came off the line. In 2017, the construction of the huge facility concluded to consolidate Goodman’s HVAC manufacturing, engineering, logistics, and customer support under one, very large 4.1 million square foot roof. In 2017, Goodman acquired property technology (proptech) company Motili, to expand its HVAC market reach. In September 2019, the company closed a factory in Fayetteville, Tennessee and laid off about 700 workers. The closure of the factory is part of a long-term plan to relocate manufacturing jobs to a new industrial facility in Texas. Brands Amana Heating and Cooling References ^ "StackPath". ^ "Japan's Daikin to Buy U.S. Peer Goodman". Wall Street Journal. 29 August 2012. ^ "History Behind The Growth \| HVAC \| Goodman Manufacturing". www.goodmanmfg.com. Retrieved 2020-04-16. ^ "Daikin celebrates grand opening at new technology park". 24 May 2017. ^ "Lake Country Repair". Saturday, 13 March 2021 ^ Canedy, Dana (15 July 1997). "Sale to Remove Raytheon from Consumer Appliances". The New York Times. ^ MAYTAG GETS APPROVAL TO PURCHASE AMANA, A RIVAL. New York Times, July 14, 2001 ^ APOLLO TO BUY HEATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING CONCERN . New York Times, November 20, 2004 ^ Stock Offerings This Week. New York Times, April 3, 2006 ^ Maker of Heating Systems Is Bought for $1.8 Billion. The Associated Press, October 23, 2007 ^ "On outskirts of Houston, giant HVAC plant employs thousands". 21 May 2017. ^ "Jeff Wilkins, CEO and director at Motili". ^ Kelman, Brett. "Goodman Manufacturing to layoff 700+ workers from small-town factory". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2020-02-25. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goodman Global. Official website UNbeaten Hepa Air Purifier How Goodman Global’s Deal Got Done	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikin"},{"link_name":"heating, ventilation and air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating,_ventilation_and_air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"Waller, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waller,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Daikin Texas Technology Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikin_Texas_Technology_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Goodman Manufacturing is an American company operating as an independent subsidiary [1][2] of Daikin Group, the world's largest manufacturer of heating, ventilation and air conditioning products and systems. The company, founded in 1975 and based in Waller, Texas, manufactures residential heating and cooling systems.[3]Goodman is located just outside Houston, Texas, in the $417 million Daikin Texas Technology Park.[4][5]","title":"Goodman Global"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Frank H. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H._Murray"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Amana Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Maytag Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maytag_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Apollo Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Global_Management"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hellman & Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellman_%26_Friedman"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikin"},{"link_name":"Daikin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikin"},{"link_name":"Daikin Texas Technology Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daikin_Texas_Technology_Park"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"property technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_technology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Goodman Manufacturing was founded by HVAC dealer, Harold V. Goodman, in 1975 as a manufacturer of flexible air ducts and plastic blade registers. However, he turned his sights to fulfill a dream of manufacturing affordable HVAC equipment for households across the United States of America and beyond.[citation needed]In 1982, the company acquired Janitrol and entered the HVAC market, expanding its product offering in 1986 to include gas heating products.Harold V. Goodman died in 1996 and was succeeded by Frank H. Murray who became chairman and CEO in April 1996.In 1997, Murray initiated and spearheaded the Goodman acquisition of[6] Raytheon Appliances, the predecessor of Amana Corporation, a manufacturer of appliances and HVAC units. Four years later, in 2001, Goodman separated its appliances business from its HVAC business and would sell the appliances business to Maytag Corporation.[7]In 2004, Goodman was acquired by Apollo Management, a private equity firm, for approximately $1.43 billion.[8] Just a year and a half later, in April 2006, Goodman completed an initial public offering, listing on the New York Stock Exchange.[9]In October 2007, Goodman agreed to be acquired by Hellman & Friedman, a San Francisco-based private equity firm, in a $1.8 billion transaction.[10] In August 2012, Hellman & Friedman agreed to sell Goodman Global to Japan's Daikin Industries Ltd. for $3.7 billion.In 2015, Daikin commenced construction of the state-of-the-art Daikin Texas Technology Park campus near Houston, Texas. This project, costing over $400 million, was the largest investment made in Daikin’s 90-year history. In October 2016, operations at the new facility ramped up and the first Goodman air conditioner and gas furnace units came off the line.[11]In 2017, the construction of the huge facility concluded to consolidate Goodman’s HVAC manufacturing, engineering, logistics, and customer support under one, very large 4.1 million square foot roof.In 2017, Goodman acquired property technology (proptech) company Motili, to expand its HVAC market reach.[12]In September 2019, the company closed a factory in Fayetteville, Tennessee and laid off about 700 workers. The closure of the factory is part of a long-term plan to relocate manufacturing jobs to a new industrial facility in Texas.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amana Heating and Cooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amana_Corporation"}],"text":"Amana Heating and Cooling","title":"Brands"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"StackPath\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.contractormag.com/management/business-development/article/20878369/daikin-buys-goodman-for-37-billion","url_text":"\"StackPath\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan's Daikin to Buy U.S. Peer Goodman\". Wall Street Journal. 29 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444506004577618191239376880","url_text":"\"Japan's Daikin to Buy U.S. Peer Goodman\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Behind The Growth \| HVAC \| Goodman Manufacturing\". www.goodmanmfg.com. Retrieved 2020-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodmanmfg.com/about/history","url_text":"\"History Behind The Growth \| HVAC \| Goodman Manufacturing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daikin celebrates grand opening at new technology park\". 24 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://communityimpact.com/houston/cy-fair/development-construction/2017/05/24/daikin-celebrates-grand-opening-at-new-technology-park/","url_text":"\"Daikin celebrates grand opening at new technology park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Country Repair\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lcrepairs.com/","url_text":"\"Lake Country Repair\""}]},{"reference":"Canedy, Dana (15 July 1997). \"Sale to Remove Raytheon from Consumer Appliances\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/15/business/sale-to-remove-raytheon-from-consumer-appliances.html","url_text":"\"Sale to Remove Raytheon from Consumer Appliances\""}]},{"reference":"\"On outskirts of Houston, giant HVAC plant employs thousands\". 21 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/On-outskirts-of-Houston-giant-HVAC-plant-employs-11161770.php","url_text":"\"On outskirts of Houston, giant HVAC plant employs thousands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeff Wilkins, CEO and director at Motili\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hvacrbusiness.com/20-questions-jeff-wilkins","url_text":"\"Jeff Wilkins, CEO and director at Motili\""}]},{"reference":"Kelman, Brett. \"Goodman Manufacturing to layoff 700+ workers from small-town factory\". The Tennessean. Retrieved 2020-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2019/07/31/goodman-manufacturing-lay-off-700-workers-tennessee-factory/1877550001/","url_text":"\"Goodman Manufacturing to layoff 700+ workers from small-town factory\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.goodmanmfg.com/","external_links_name":"www.goodmanmfg.com"},{"Link":"https://www.contractormag.com/management/business-development/article/20878369/daikin-buys-goodman-for-37-billion","external_links_name":"\"StackPath\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444506004577618191239376880","external_links_name":"\"Japan's Daikin to Buy U.S. Peer Goodman\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodmanmfg.com/about/history","external_links_name":"\"History Behind The Growth \| HVAC \| Goodman Manufacturing\""},{"Link":"https://communityimpact.com/houston/cy-fair/development-construction/2017/05/24/daikin-celebrates-grand-opening-at-new-technology-park/","external_links_name":"\"Daikin celebrates grand opening at new technology park\""},{"Link":"https://www.lcrepairs.com/","external_links_name":"\"Lake Country Repair\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/07/15/business/sale-to-remove-raytheon-from-consumer-appliances.html","external_links_name":"\"Sale to Remove Raytheon from Consumer Appliances\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/business/company-news-maytag-gets-approval-to-purchase-amana-a-rival.html","external_links_name":"MAYTAG GETS APPROVAL TO PURCHASE AMANA, A RIVAL"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE4DB1E3FF933A15752C1A9629C8B63","external_links_name":"APOLLO TO BUY HEATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING CONCERN"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04E7DC1330F930A35757C0A9609C8B63","external_links_name":"Stock Offerings This Week"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E3DE1538F930A15753C1A9619C8B63","external_links_name":"Maker of Heating Systems Is Bought for $1.8 Billion"},{"Link":"http://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/article/On-outskirts-of-Houston-giant-HVAC-plant-employs-11161770.php","external_links_name":"\"On outskirts of Houston, giant HVAC plant employs thousands\""},{"Link":"http://www.hvacrbusiness.com/20-questions-jeff-wilkins","external_links_name":"\"Jeff Wilkins, CEO and director at Motili\""},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/money/2019/07/31/goodman-manufacturing-lay-off-700-workers-tennessee-factory/1877550001/","external_links_name":"\"Goodman Manufacturing to layoff 700+ workers from small-town factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.goodmanmfg.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.unbeatengroup.com/","external_links_name":"UNbeaten Hepa Air Purifier"},{"Link":"http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/02/14/how-goodman-globals-deal-got-done/","external_links_name":"How Goodman Global’s Deal Got Done"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan_High_Court	Rajasthan High Court	["1 List of chief justices","2 Rajasthan High Court Bar Association, Jaipur","3 Statue of Manu","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 26°17′32″N 73°02′07″E / 26.292246°N 73.035172°E / 26.292246; 73.035172High Court for the State of Rajasthan Rajasthan High CourtRajasthan High Court Building26°17′32″N 73°02′07″E / 26.292246°N 73.035172°E / 26.292246; 73.035172Established29 August 1949; 74 years ago (1949-08-29)JurisdictionRajasthanLocationPrincipal Seat: Jodhpur, Rajasthan Circuit Bench: JaipurCoordinates26°17′32″N 73°02′07″E / 26.292246°N 73.035172°E / 26.292246; 73.035172Composition methodPresidential with confirmation of Chief Justice of India and Governor of respective state.Authorized byConstitution of IndiaAppeals toSupreme Court of IndiaJudge term lengthmandatory retirement by age of 62Number of positions50(Permanent: 38; Addl: 12)Websitehttp://hcraj.nic.in/Chief JusticeCurrentlyManindra Mohan ShrivastavaSince6 February 2024 The Rajasthan High Court is the High Court of the state of Rajasthan. It was established on 29 August 1949 under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949. The seat of the court is at Jodhpur. The court has a sanctioned judge strength of 50. View of the Rajasthan High Court, Sardar museum in Umaid Park and upper right is Jodhpur fort in 1960. There were five High Courts functioning in the various units of the States - at Jodhpur, Jaipur and Bikaner, the High Courts of former Rajasthan and Matsya Union, before unification of the Rajasthan. The Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949 abolished these different jurisdictions and provided for a single High Court for the entire State. The High Court of Rajasthan was founded in 1949 at Jaipur, and was inaugurated by the Rajpramukh, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh on 29 August 1949, later on after complete integration of Rajasthan in 1956 it was moved at Jodhpur with recommendation of the Satyanarayan Rao committee. The first Chief Justice was Kamala Kant Verma. A bench was formed at Jaipur on 31 January 1977 under sub-section (2) of Section 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 which was dissolved in 1958. Currently the sanctioned strength of the judges is 50 and actual strength is 34. The highcourt was shifted to a new premises on outskirts of Jodhpur from the city centre in 2019. The president of India inaugurated the newly constructed building List of chief justices # Chief Justice Date of Appointment Date of Retirement 1 Kamala Kant Verma 29 August 1949 24 January 1950 2 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 2 January 1951 10 August 1958 3 Sarju Prasad 28 February 1959 10 October 1961 4 J.S. Ranawat 11 October 1961 31 May 1963 5 D.S. Dave 1 June 1963 17 December 1968 6 Daulat Mal Bhandari 18 December 1968 15 December 1969 7 J. Narayan 16 December 1969 13 February 1973 8 Bhagwati Prasad Beri 14 February 1973 16 February 1975 9 P.N. Singhal 17 February 1975 5 November 1975 10 V.P. Tyagi 6 November 1975 27 December 1977 11 C. Honniah 27 April 1978 22 September 1978 12 Chand Mal Lodha 12 March 1979 9 July 1980 13 K.D. Sharma 7 January 1981 22 October 1983 14 P.K. Banerjee 23 October 1983 30 September 1985 15 D.P. Gupta 12 April 1986 31 July 1986 16 J. S. Verma 1 September 1986 22 May 1989 17 Krishna Chandra Agarwal 15 April 1990 7 April 1994 18 G.C. Mittal 12 April 1994 3 March 1995 19 A P Ravani 4 April 1995 10 September 1996 20 Mukul Gopal Mukherjee 19 September 1996 24 December 1997 21 Shivaraj V Patil 22 January 1999 14 March 2000 22 A. R. Lakshmanan 29 May 2000 25 November 2001 23 Arun Kumar 2 December 2001 2 October 2002 24 Anil Dev Singh 24 December 2002 22 October 2004 25 S. N. Jha 12 October 2005 15 June 2007 26 J. M. Panchal 16 September 2007 11 November 2007 27 Narayan Roy 5 January 2008 31 January 2009 28 Deepak Verma 6 March 2009 10 May 2009 29 Jagadish Bhalla 10 August 2009 31 October 2010 30 Arun Kumar Mishra 26 November 2010 13 December 2012 31 Amitava Roy 2 January 2013 5 August 2014 32 Sunil Ambwani 24 March 2015 21 August 2015 33 S. K. Mittal 5 March 2016 14 April 2016 34 Navin Sinha 14 May 2016 16 February 2017 35 Pradeep Nandrajog 2 April 2017 6 April 2019 36 Shripathi Ravindra Bhat 5 May 2019 22 September 2019 37 Indrajit Mahanty 6 October 2019 11 October 2021 38 Akil Abdulhamid Kureshi 12 October 2021 6 March 2022 39 Sambhaji Shiwaji Shinde 21 June 2022 1 August 2022 40 Pankaj Mithal 14 October 2022 5 February 2023 41 Augustine George Masih 30 May 2023 8 November 2023 42 Manindra Mohan Shrivastav 06 Feb 2024 See also: List of judges of the Rajasthan High Court Rajasthan High Court Bar Association, Jaipur Rajasthan High Court Bar Association, Jaipur is a registered society of the Advocates practicing at Jaipur Bench of Rajasthan High Court. The body elects its office bearers through direct election every year. Statue of Manu On March 3, 1989, the Rajasthan Judicial Officers Association sponsored by the Lions Club had installed a Manu idol in front of the lawn of the high court with the permission of the high court. See also High courts of India List of chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court List of judges of the Rajasthan High Court References ^ "President to open Rajasthan high court 's new building in Jodhpur on December 7". The Times of India. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2022. ^ "Rajasthan High Court". Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts Judge strength in High Courts increased External links Rajasthan High Court official website List of Former Chief Justices of Rajasthan High Court List of Former Justices of Rajasthan High Court vteHigh courts of India Allahabad Andhra Pradesh Bombay Calcutta Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Gauhati Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Madras Manipur Meghalaya Orissa Patna Punjab and Haryana Rajasthan Sikkim Telangana Tripura Uttarakhand vte State of RajasthanCapital: JaipurOutline Climate Culture Architecture Cuisine Economy Geography History Politics Government Tourism Language People Rivers Highest point Films Institutions of higher education Municipalities Chief Secretaries Chief Justices of Rajasthan High Court Governance Governors Chief Ministers Speaker Legislative Assembly Human rights Commission Political parties Constituencies of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly High Court Police Divisions and districtsAjmer division Ajmer district Beawar district Didwana Kuchaman district Kekri district Nagaur district Shahpura district Tonk district Bharatpur division Bharatpur district Deeg district Dholpur district Gangapur district Karauli district Sawai Madhopur district Bikaner division Anupgarh district Bikaner district Hanumangarh district Sri Ganganagar district Banswara division Banswara district Dungarpur district Pratapgarh district Jaipur division Alwar district Dausa district Dudu district Jaipur district Jaipur Rural district Khairthal-Tijara district Kotputli-Behror district Jodhpur division Balotra district Barmer district Jaisalmer district Jodhpur district Jodhpur Rural district Phalodi district Kota division Baran district Bundi district Jhalawar district Kota district Pali division Jalore district Pali district Sanchore district Sirohi district Sikar division Churu district Jhunjhunu district Neem Ka Thana district Sikar district Udaipur division Bhilwara district Chittorgarh district Rajsamand district Salumbar district Udaipur district Major cities Jaipur (capital) Alwar Ajmer Bikaner Jodhpur Kota Udaipur Related templates Forts in Rajasthan Hydrography of Rajathan Power stations and power organisations	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Courts_of_India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_state"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Jodhpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhpur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JODHPUR_1960.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rajpramukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajpramukh"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"States Reorganisation Act, 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"High Court for the State of RajasthanThe Rajasthan High Court is the High Court of the state of Rajasthan. It was established on 29 August 1949 under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949.The seat of the court is at Jodhpur. The court has a sanctioned judge strength of 50.View of the Rajasthan High Court, Sardar museum in Umaid Park and upper right is Jodhpur fort in 1960.There were five High Courts functioning in the various units of the States - at Jodhpur, Jaipur and Bikaner, the High Courts of former Rajasthan and Matsya Union, before unification of the Rajasthan. The Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949 abolished these different jurisdictions and provided for a single High Court for the entire State. The High Court of Rajasthan was founded in 1949 at Jaipur, and was inaugurated by the Rajpramukh, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh on 29 August 1949, later on after complete integration of Rajasthan in 1956 it was moved at Jodhpur with recommendation of the Satyanarayan Rao committee.The first Chief Justice was Kamala Kant Verma. A bench was formed at Jaipur on 31 January 1977 under sub-section (2) of Section 51 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 which was dissolved in 1958. Currently the sanctioned strength of the judges is 50 and actual strength is 34.The highcourt was shifted to a new premises on outskirts of Jodhpur from the city centre in 2019. The president of India inaugurated the newly constructed building[1]","title":"Rajasthan High Court"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of judges of the Rajasthan High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Rajasthan_High_Court"}],"text":"See also: List of judges of the Rajasthan High Court","title":"List of chief justices"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rajasthan High Court Bar Association, Jaipur is a registered society of the Advocates practicing at Jaipur Bench of Rajasthan High Court. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geldof_discography	Bob Geldof discography	["1 Solo albums","2 Compilation albums","3 Singles","4 Notes","5 References"]	For Bob Geldof's recordings with The Boomtown Rats, see The Boomtown Rats discography. This is the discography of solo recordings by the singer-songwriter Bob Geldof who is also known as the lead vocalist of the Irish new wave band Boomtown Rats which performed from 1977 to 1985 and reformed in 2013. Solo albums Year Title Peak chart positions UK AUS AUT GER IRE NL NOR SWE SWI US 1986 Deep in the Heart of Nowhere Released: November 1986 Label: Mercury (UK) / Atlantic (US) 79 — — 27 — — 3 18 15 130 1990 The Vegetarians of Love Released: July 1990 Label: Mercury 21 43 27 15 — 37 — — 20 — 1992 The Happy Club Released: October 1992 Label: Mercury (UK) / Atlantic (US) — — — 60 — — — — 39 — 2001 Sex, Age & Death Released: October 2001 Label: Eagle Records 134 — — — — — — — — — 2011 How to Compose Popular Songs That Will Sell Released: 7 February 2011 Label: Mercury 89 — — — 87 — — — — — "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Compilation albums Year Title Peak chart positions UK 1994 Loudmouth – The Best of Bob Geldof & The Boomtown Rats includes solo recordings and The Boomtown Rats songs Released: July 1994 Label: Vertigo 10 2005 Great Songs of Indifference: The Anthology 1986-2001 Box Set including the first 4 solo albums Released: 2005 Label: Mercury — "—" denotes a release that did not chart. Singles Year Title Chart positions Album UK AUS GER IRE NL NOR SWE SWI US 1986 "This Is the World Calling" 25 — 28 2 29 1 10 18 82 Deep in the Heart of Nowhere 1987 "Love Like a Rocket" 61 — — 21 — — — — — "Heartless Heart" — — — — — — — — — "I Cry Too" — — — — — — — — — "In the Pouring Rain" — — — — — — — — — 1990 "The Great Song of Indifference" 15 25 20 7 16 — — — — Vegetarians of Love "Love or Something" 86 — 55 — — — — — — "A Gospel Song" — — — — — — — — — 1992 "Room 19 (Sha La La La Lee)" — — 53 — — — — — — Happy Club "My Hippy Angel" — — — — — — — — 1993 "The Happy Club" — — — — — — — — — "Yeah, Definitely" — — — — — — — — — 1994 "Crazy" 65 — 72 — — — — — — Loudmouth – The Best of Bob Geldof & The Boomtown Rats 1996 "Rat Trap" (Dustin & Geldof) — — — 1 — — — — — 2002 "Pale White Girls" — — — — — — — — — Sex Age & Death 2011 "Silly Pretty Thing" 146 — — — — — — — — How To Compose Popular Songs That Will Sell "Here's To You" — — — — — — — — — Notes A^ "This Is the World Calling" also charted at #23 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart. B^ "Love or Something" charted at #24 on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks Chart. References ^ Jonze, Tim (28 January 2013). "Boomtown Rats re-form for Isle of Wight festival". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2013. ^ a b c Bob Geldof in UK Charts "Bob Geldof - The Official Charts Company". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 February 2011. "Chart Log UK 1994–2008: Gina G – GZA". zobbel.de. Retrieved 23 February 2011. "The Official Charts Company - Bob Geldof". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ a b c d e f g "dutchcharts.nl - Discografie Bob Geldof". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "charts.de - suche (Album): Bob Geldof". Media Control. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "irish-charts.com - Bob Geldof (2000-2011)". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ a b "norwegiancharts.com - Discography Bob Geldof". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "hitparade.ch - search (alben) : Bob Geldof". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof". All Music. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "charts.de - suche (Song): Bob Geldof". Media Control. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "The Irish Charts - search: Bob Geldof". IRMA. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "hitparade.ch - search (songs) : Bob Geldof". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ a b "Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof". All Music. Retrieved 10 September 2011. ^ "Great Songs of Indifference: The Best of Bob Geldof & the Boomtown Rats - Boomtown Rats - AllMusic". All Music. Retrieved 10 September 2011. vteBob GeldofStudio album Deep in the Heart of Nowhere The Vegetarians of Love The Happy Club Sex, Age & Death How to Compose Popular Songs That Will Sell Compilation Loudmouth – The Best of Bob Geldof and the Boomtown Rats Charity Projects Band Aid "Do They Know It's Christmas?" Band Aid 20 Live Aid Live 8 Sport Aid Related Bob Geldof discography The Boomtown Rats Paula Yates Peaches Geldof Pixie Geldof When Harvey Met Bob	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Boomtown Rats discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boomtown_Rats_discography"},{"link_name":"Bob Geldof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Geldof"},{"link_name":"Boomtown Rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown_Rats"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For Bob Geldof's recordings with The Boomtown Rats, see The Boomtown Rats discography.This is the discography of solo recordings by the singer-songwriter Bob Geldof who is also known as the lead vocalist of the Irish new wave band Boomtown Rats which performed from 1977 to 1985 and reformed in 2013. \n[1]","title":"Bob Geldof discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Solo albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Compilation albums"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_A"},{"link_name":"Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US2-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_B"},{"link_name":"Billboard Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US3-13"}],"text":"A^ \"This Is the World Calling\" also charted at #23 on Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart.[12]\nB^ \"Love or Something\" charted at #24 on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks Chart.[13]","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jonze, Tim (28 January 2013). \"Boomtown Rats re-form for Isle of Wight festival\". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/28/boomtown-rats-reform-isle-of-wight-festival","url_text":"\"Boomtown Rats re-form for Isle of Wight festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bob Geldof - The Official Charts Company\". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 23 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/bob%20geldof/","url_text":"\"Bob Geldof - The Official Charts Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Log UK 1994–2008: Gina G – GZA\". zobbel.de. Retrieved 23 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_G.HTM","url_text":"\"Chart Log UK 1994–2008: Gina G – GZA\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Charts Company - Bob Geldof\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artists/","url_text":"\"The Official Charts Company - Bob Geldof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"dutchcharts.nl - Discografie Bob Geldof\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025194535/http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","url_text":"\"dutchcharts.nl - Discografie Bob Geldof\""},{"url":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"charts.de - suche (Album): Bob Geldof\". Media Control. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/search.asp?search=bob+geldof&x=0&y=0&cat=a&country=de","url_text":"\"charts.de - suche (Album): Bob Geldof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control","url_text":"Media Control"}]},{"reference":"\"irish-charts.com - Bob Geldof (2000-2011)\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007221253/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","url_text":"\"irish-charts.com - Bob Geldof (2000-2011)\""},{"url":"http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Discography Bob Geldof\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. 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Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bob-geldof-p4348/charts-awards/billboard-albums","url_text":"\"Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof\""}]},{"reference":"\"charts.de - suche (Song): Bob Geldof\". Media Control. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.de/search.asp?search=bob+geldof&x=2&y=8&cat=s&country=de","url_text":"\"charts.de - suche (Song): Bob Geldof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control","url_text":"Media Control"}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Charts - search: Bob Geldof\". IRMA. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105231849/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"\"The Irish Charts - search: Bob Geldof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Recorded_Music_Association","url_text":"IRMA"},{"url":"http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"hitparade.ch - search (songs) : Bob Geldof\". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009211237/http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=bob%20geldof&cat=s","url_text":"\"hitparade.ch - search (songs) : Bob Geldof\""},{"url":"http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=bob%20geldof&cat=s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof\". All Music. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bob-geldof-p4348/charts-awards/billboard-singles","url_text":"\"Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Songs of Indifference: The Best of Bob Geldof & the Boomtown Rats - Boomtown Rats - AllMusic\". All Music. Retrieved 10 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/great-songs-of-indifference-the-best-of-bob-geldof-the-boomtown-rats-r260032/charts-awards/billboard-single","url_text":"\"Great Songs of Indifference: The Best of Bob Geldof & the Boomtown Rats - Boomtown Rats - AllMusic\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2013/jan/28/boomtown-rats-reform-isle-of-wight-festival","external_links_name":"\"Boomtown Rats re-form for Isle of Wight festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/bob%20geldof/","external_links_name":"\"Bob Geldof - The Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"http://zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_G.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Chart Log UK 1994–2008: Gina G – GZA\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artists/","external_links_name":"\"The Official Charts Company - Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121025194535/http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","external_links_name":"\"dutchcharts.nl - Discografie Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.de/search.asp?search=bob+geldof&x=0&y=0&cat=a&country=de","external_links_name":"\"charts.de - suche (Album): Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007221253/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","external_links_name":"\"irish-charts.com - Bob Geldof (2000-2011)\""},{"Link":"http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007234613/http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","external_links_name":"\"norwegiancharts.com - Discography Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Bob+Geldof","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009171257/http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=bob%20geldof&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"hitparade.ch - search (alben) : Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=bob%20geldof&cat=a","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bob-geldof-p4348/charts-awards/billboard-albums","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.de/search.asp?search=bob+geldof&x=2&y=8&cat=s&country=de","external_links_name":"\"charts.de - suche (Song): Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105231849/http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","external_links_name":"\"The Irish Charts - search: Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111009211237/http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=bob%20geldof&cat=s","external_links_name":"\"hitparade.ch - search (songs) : Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://hitparade.ch/search.asp?search=bob%20geldof&cat=s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/bob-geldof-p4348/charts-awards/billboard-singles","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic - Billboard Albums > Bob Geldof\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/great-songs-of-indifference-the-best-of-bob-geldof-the-boomtown-rats-r260032/charts-awards/billboard-single","external_links_name":"\"Great Songs of Indifference: The Best of Bob Geldof & the Boomtown Rats - Boomtown Rats - AllMusic\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_for_Manufacturers_and_Fisheries	Board of Manufactures	["1 Linen industry","2 List of trustees","3 See also","4 References"]	The Royal Institution, Edinburgh (now the Royal Scottish Academy building), was commissioned and owned by the Board of Manufactures. It served as the head office of the board from 1826 until its demise in 1906, and as home to several learned societies. During the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution, Scottish industrial policy was made by the Board of Trustees for Fisheries, Manufactures and Improvements in Scotland, which sought to build an economy complementary, not competitive, with England. Since England had woollens, this meant linen. The board was established in 1727, with the purpose of dispersing grants to encourage the growth of the fishing and manufacturing industries. When state regulation of the linen industry was abolished in 1823, the focus of the board turned to the decorative arts and the improvement of fine arts education. The board had established the Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh in 1760, to improve industrial design, and in 1906 the board's remaining functions were transferred to the trustees of the National Galleries of Scotland by the National Galleries of Scotland Act. Linen industry The linen industry was Scotland's premier industry in the 18th century and formed the basis for the later cotton, jute, and woollen industries. Encouraged and subsidized by the board of trustees so it could compete with German products, merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market. The British Linen Company, established in 1746, was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century, exporting linen to England and America. As a joint-stock company, it had the right to raise funds through the issue of promissory notes or bonds. With its bonds functioning as bank notes, the company gradually moved into the business of lending and discounting to other linen manufacturers, and in the early 1770s banking became its main activity. Renamed the British Linen Bank in 1906, it was one of Scotland's premier banks until it was bought out by the Bank of Scotland in 1969. It joined the established Scottish banks such as the Bank of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1695) and the Royal Bank of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1727). Glasgow would soon follow and Scotland had a flourishing financial system by the end of the century. There were over 400 branches, amounting to one office per 7,000 people, double the level in England. The banks were more lightly regulated than those in England. Historians often emphasise that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the 19th century. List of trustees This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (November 2011) Robert Arbuthnot of Haddo (Secretary 1779–1803) Sir William Arbuthnot, 1st Baronet Sir George Clerk-Maxwell Andrew Fletcher, Lord Milton Sir Thomas Dick Lauder James Veitch, Lord Elliock Schomberg Kerr, 9th Marquess of Lothian ( -17 Jan 1900) James Robertson, Baron Robertson (-1900) (resigned) Sir Robert Murdoch Smith, KCMG (–1900)Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations Sir John Cowan, 1st Baronet (–1900)Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, Baron Carmichael (15 Feb 1900 - ?) David Scott-Moncrieff (15 Feb 1900 - ?) Sidney Buller-Fullerton-Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone (13 Feb 1901 – ?)Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations Sir Ludovic Grant, 11th Baronet, Regius Professor of Public Law at the University of Edinburgh (13 Feb 1901 – ?) See also Economic history of Scotland Government of Scotland Scotland in the modern era John Graham (painter) References ^ "Scottish government records after 1707". Edinburgh: The National Archives of Scotland. 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2011. ^ "National Galleries of Scotland Act 1906". Retrieved 2012-12-15. ^ Miskell, Louise; Whatley, C. A. (Autumn 1999). "'Juteopolis' in the Making: Linen and the Industrial Transformation of Dundee, c. 1820-1850". Textile History. 30 (2): 176–98. doi:10.1179/004049699793710552. ^ Durie, Alastair J. (April 1973). "The Markets for Scottish Linen, 1730-1775". Scottish Historical Review. 52 (153, Part 1): 30–49. JSTOR 25528985. ^ Durie, Alastair (1993). "Imitation in Scottish Eighteenth-Century Textiles: The Drive to Establish the Manufacture of Osnaburg Linen". Journal of Design History. 6 (2): 71–6. doi:10.1093/jdh/6.2.71. ^ Malcolm, C. A. (1950). The History of the British Linen Bank. ^ Saville, R. (1996). Bank of Scotland: a History, 1695-1995. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0757-9. ^ Daunton, M. J. (1995). Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-19-822281-5. ^ Cowen, T.; Kroszner, R. (May 1989). "Scottish Banking before 1845: A Model for Laissez-Faire?". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 21 (2): 221–31. doi:10.2307/1992370. JSTOR 1992370. ^ a b c d "No. 27165". The London Gazette. 16 February 1900. p. 1076. ^ "No. 27285". The London Gazette. 15 February 1901. p. 1146.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"industrial revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution"},{"link_name":"industrial policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_policy"},{"link_name":"grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_grant"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS-1"},{"link_name":"state regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_regulation"},{"link_name":"decorative arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorative_arts"},{"link_name":"fine arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_arts"},{"link_name":"Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustees_Drawing_Academy_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"industrial design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"National Galleries of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Galleries_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During the Enlightenment and the industrial revolution, Scottish industrial policy was made by the Board of Trustees for Fisheries, Manufactures and Improvements in Scotland, which sought to build an economy complementary, not competitive, with England. Since England had woollens, this meant linen.The board was established in 1727, with the purpose of dispersing grants to encourage the growth of the fishing and manufacturing industries.[1]When state regulation of the linen industry was abolished in 1823, the focus of the board turned to the decorative arts and the improvement of fine arts education. The board had established the Trustees Drawing Academy of Edinburgh in 1760, to improve industrial design, and in 1906 the board's remaining functions were transferred to the trustees of the National Galleries of Scotland by the National Galleries of Scotland Act.[2]","title":"Board of Manufactures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"British Linen Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Linen_Bank"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Royal Bank of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The linen industry was Scotland's premier industry in the 18th century and formed the basis for the later cotton, jute,[3] and woollen industries.[4]Encouraged and subsidized by the board of trustees so it could compete with German products, merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market.[5] The British Linen Company, established in 1746, was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century, exporting linen to England and America. As a joint-stock company, it had the right to raise funds through the issue of promissory notes or bonds. With its bonds functioning as bank notes, the company gradually moved into the business of lending and discounting to other linen manufacturers, and in the early 1770s banking became its main activity. Renamed the British Linen Bank in 1906, it was one of Scotland's premier banks until it was bought out by the Bank of Scotland in 1969.[6] It joined the established Scottish banks such as the Bank of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1695) and the Royal Bank of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1727).[7] Glasgow would soon follow and Scotland had a flourishing financial system by the end of the century. There were over 400 branches, amounting to one office per 7,000 people, double the level in England. The banks were more lightly regulated than those in England. Historians often emphasise that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the 19th century.[8][9]","title":"Linen industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Arbuthnot of Haddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Arbuthnot_of_Haddo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Arbuthnot, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Arbuthnot,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"George Clerk-Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clerk-Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Andrew Fletcher, Lord Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fletcher,_Lord_Milton"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dick Lauder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dick_Lauder"},{"link_name":"James Veitch, Lord Elliock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Veitch,_Lord_Elliock"},{"link_name":"Schomberg Kerr, 9th Marquess of Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schomberg_Kerr,_9th_Marquess_of_Lothian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27165-10"},{"link_name":"James Robertson, Baron Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robertson,_Baron_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27165-10"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Murdoch Smith, KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Murdoch_Smith"},{"link_name":"Sir John Cowan, 1st Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowan_baronets"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gibson-Carmichael, Baron Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gibson-Carmichael,_1st_Baron_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27165-10"},{"link_name":"David Scott-Moncrieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Scott-Moncrieff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LG27165-10"},{"link_name":"Sidney Buller-Fullerton-Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Buller-Fullerton-Elphinstone,_16th_Lord_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"Sir Ludovic Grant, 11th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Ludovic_Grant,_11th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Public Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Chair_of_Public_Law_and_the_Law_of_Nature_and_Nations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Robert Arbuthnot of Haddo (Secretary 1779–1803)\nSir William Arbuthnot, 1st Baronet\nSir George Clerk-Maxwell\nAndrew Fletcher, Lord Milton\nSir Thomas Dick Lauder\nJames Veitch, Lord Elliock\nSchomberg Kerr, 9th Marquess of Lothian ( -17 Jan 1900)[10]\nJames Robertson, Baron Robertson (-1900) (resigned)[10]\nSir Robert Murdoch Smith, KCMG (–1900)Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations\nSir John Cowan, 1st Baronet (–1900)Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations\nThomas Gibson-Carmichael, Baron Carmichael (15 Feb 1900 - ?)[10]\nDavid Scott-Moncrieff (15 Feb 1900 - ?)[10]\nSidney Buller-Fullerton-Elphinstone, 16th Lord Elphinstone (13 Feb 1901 – ?)Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations\nSir Ludovic Grant, 11th Baronet, Regius Professor of Public Law at the University of Edinburgh (13 Feb 1901 – ?) [11]","title":"List of trustees"}]	[{"image_text":"The Royal Institution, Edinburgh (now the Royal Scottish Academy building), was commissioned and owned by the Board of Manufactures. It served as the head office of the board from 1826 until its demise in 1906, and as home to several learned societies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Royal_Scottish_Academy%2C_Princes_Street_Edinburgh.jpg/220px-Royal_Scottish_Academy%2C_Princes_Street_Edinburgh.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Economic history of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Government of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Scotland"},{"title":"Scotland in the modern era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era"},{"title":"John Graham (painter)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Graham_(painter)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Scottish government records after 1707\". 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Textile History. 30 (2): 176–98. doi:10.1179/004049699793710552.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_History","url_text":"Textile History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F004049699793710552","url_text":"10.1179/004049699793710552"}]},{"reference":"Durie, Alastair J. (April 1973). \"The Markets for Scottish Linen, 1730-1775\". Scottish Historical Review. 52 (153, Part 1): 30–49. JSTOR 25528985.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25528985","url_text":"25528985"}]},{"reference":"Durie, Alastair (1993). \"Imitation in Scottish Eighteenth-Century Textiles: The Drive to Establish the Manufacture of Osnaburg Linen\". Journal of Design History. 6 (2): 71–6. doi:10.1093/jdh/6.2.71.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjdh%2F6.2.71","url_text":"10.1093/jdh/6.2.71"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm, C. A. (1950). The History of the British Linen Bank.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saville, R. (1996). Bank of Scotland: a History, 1695-1995. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-0757-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0757-9","url_text":"0-7486-0757-9"}]},{"reference":"Daunton, M. J. (1995). Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 344. ISBN 0-19-822281-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-822281-5","url_text":"0-19-822281-5"}]},{"reference":"Cowen, T.; Kroszner, R. (May 1989). \"Scottish Banking before 1845: A Model for Laissez-Faire?\". Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. 21 (2): 221–31. doi:10.2307/1992370. JSTOR 1992370.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1992370","url_text":"10.2307/1992370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992370","url_text":"1992370"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27165\". The London Gazette. 16 February 1900. p. 1076.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27165/page/1076","url_text":"\"No. 27165\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 27285\". The London Gazette. 15 February 1901. p. 1146.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27285/page/1146","url_text":"\"No. 27285\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Manufactures&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"http://www.nas.gov.uk/guides/scottishGovernmentAfter1707.asp","external_links_name":"\"Scottish government records after 1707\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Edw7/6/50/enacted","external_links_name":"\"National Galleries of Scotland Act 1906\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2F004049699793710552","external_links_name":"10.1179/004049699793710552"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25528985","external_links_name":"25528985"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjdh%2F6.2.71","external_links_name":"10.1093/jdh/6.2.71"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1992370","external_links_name":"10.2307/1992370"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992370","external_links_name":"1992370"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27165/page/1076","external_links_name":"\"No. 27165\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27285/page/1146","external_links_name":"\"No. 27285\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election	2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election	["1 History","2 Result","3 Reactions","4 See also","5 References"]	2015 by-election in Taiwan 2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election ← 2013 17 January 2015 2016 → Turnout56.34% Nominee Eric Chu Popular vote 196,065 Percentage 100% Chairman before election Wu Den-yih (acting) Elected Chairman Eric Chu The 2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election (Chinese: 2015年中國國民黨主席補選) was held on 17 January 2015 in Taiwan. This was the sixth direct election of the chairman in the Kuomintang history. All registered, due-paying KMT party members were eligible to vote. History The election was called after Ma Ying-jeou resigned from the Kuomintang chairmanship to take responsibility for the party's heavy losses during the local elections held on 29 November 2014. Six KMT members, among them Clara Chou and Lee Hsin, attempted to register for the election, but five were rejected. Eric Chu, who had just been reelected Mayor of New Taipei in the November elections, was the only officially confirmed candidate. Result Chu garnered 99.61% of all votes, beating the previous record in 2001. CandidatePartyVotes%Eric ChuKuomintang196,065100.00Total196,065100.00Valid votes196,06599.61Invalid/blank votes7650.39Total votes196,830100.00Registered voters/turnout349,37456.34Source: Apple Daily Reactions Democratic Progressive Party - Chairperson Tsai Ing-wen sent congratulatory flowers and a message to KMT headquarters after the polls closed. The message read, in part, "heavy responsibilities, long road ahead." General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping congratulated Chu immediately after the election. He expressed that the two sides of the Taiwan Strait could continue adhering the 1992 Consensus and oppose Taiwan independence to push for the peaceful development of Cross-Strait relations. See also Elections in the Republic of China List of leaders of the Kuomintang References ^ Li-jung, Liu; Tseng, Ying-yu; Huang, Li-yun; Lee, Hsin-Yin (10 December 2014). "KMT to elect new chairman Jan. 17". Central News Agency (Taiwan). Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ Chung, Lawrence (12 December 2014). "New Taipei City Mayor Eric Chu to run for Kuomintang chairman". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 1 January 2016. ^ a b Shih, Hsiu-chuan (13 December 2014). "Eric Chu puts hand up for KMT role". Taipei Times. Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ Huang, Kelven; Low, Y.F. (13 December 2014). "New Taipei mayor to run uncontested in KMT chair election". Central News Agency (Taiwan). Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ a b Chyan, Amy (18 January 2015). "99.61% of votes name Chu KMT chair". China Post. Retrieved 8 September 2015. ^ a b "朱立倫拿下9成9超高得票率當選黨主席". Apple Daily. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. ^ Wen, Kuei-hsiang; Liu, Claudia; Wu, Lilian (17 January 2015). "Eric Chu elected Kuomintang chairman (update)". Central News Agency (Taiwan). Retrieved 8 September 2015. vteKuomintangHistory History of the Kuomintang History of the Kuomintang cultural policy National Revolutionary Army Northern Expedition Blue Sky with a White Sun Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China Founders Song Jiaoren Sun Yat-sen Lu Haodong (Flag, emblem creator) Ideology Chinese unification Chiangism Dang Guo Five Races Under One Union Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang Three Principles of the People Zhonghua minzu Leaders Sun Yat-sen Song Jiaoren Zhang Renjie Chiang Kai-shek Hu Hanmin Wang Jingwei Chiang Ching-kuo Lee Teng-hui Lien Chan Ma Ying-jeou Wu Po-hsiung Chiang Pin-kung Wu Den-yih Eric Chu Huang Min-hui Hung Hsiu-chu Lin Junq-tzer Wu Den-yih Lin Rong-te Johnny Chiang Party congress 1st (1924) 2nd (1926) 3rd (1929) 4th (1931) 5th (1935) Extraordinary (1938) 6th (Wang, 1939) 6th (1945) 7th (1952) 8th (1957) 9th (1963) 10th (1969) 11th (1976) 12th (1981) 13th (1988) 14th (1993) 15th (1997) 16th (2001) 17th (2005) 18th (2009) 19th (2013) 20th (2017) 21st (2021) Leadership elections 2001 2005 2007 (b) 2009 2013 2015 (b) 2016 (b) 2017 2020 (b) 2021 Significant venues Huguang Guild Hall Presidential Palace (Nanjing) See also List of assets owned by the Kuomintang 2019 Kuomintang presidential primary Notes: Acting leaders italicised ; By-elections denoted with (b) This Asian election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This ROC (Taiwanese) politics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintang"}],"text":"The 2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election (Chinese: 2015年中國國民黨主席補選) was held on 17 January 2015 in Taiwan. This was the sixth direct election of the chairman in the Kuomintang history. All registered, due-paying KMT party members were eligible to vote.","title":"2015 Kuomintang chairmanship by-election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ma Ying-jeou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou"},{"link_name":"Kuomintang chairmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Kuomintang"},{"link_name":"local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Taiwan_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Clara Chou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Chou"},{"link_name":"Lee Hsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shihtt-3"},{"link_name":"Eric Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Chu"},{"link_name":"Mayor of New Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_New_Taipei"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shihtt-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The election was called after Ma Ying-jeou resigned from the Kuomintang chairmanship to take responsibility for the party's heavy losses during the local elections held on 29 November 2014.[1] Six KMT members, among them Clara Chou and Lee Hsin, attempted to register for the election, but five were rejected.[2][3] Eric Chu, who had just been reelected Mayor of New Taipei in the November elections,[3] was the only officially confirmed candidate.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpchyan-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple_Daily-6"}],"text":"Chu garnered 99.61% of all votes,[5] beating the previous record in 2001.[6]","title":"Result"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Chairperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Democratic_Progressive_Party"},{"link_name":"Tsai Ing-wen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpchyan-5"},{"link_name":"General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Xi Jinping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Jinping"},{"link_name":"1992 Consensus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Consensus"},{"link_name":"Cross-Strait relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Democratic Progressive Party - Chairperson Tsai Ing-wen sent congratulatory flowers and a message to KMT headquarters after the polls closed. The message read, in part, \"heavy responsibilities, long road ahead.\"[5]\nGeneral Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping congratulated Chu immediately after the election. He expressed that the two sides of the Taiwan Strait could continue adhering the 1992 Consensus and oppose Taiwan independence to push for the peaceful development of Cross-Strait relations.[7]","title":"Reactions"}]	[]	[{"title":"Elections in the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_China"},{"title":"List of leaders of the Kuomintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Kuomintang"}]	[{"reference":"Li-jung, Liu; Tseng, Ying-yu; Huang, Li-yun; Lee, Hsin-Yin (10 December 2014). \"KMT to elect new chairman Jan. 17\". Central News Agency (Taiwan). 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Retrieved 8 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/12/13/2003606611","url_text":"\"Eric Chu puts hand up for KMT role\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_Times","url_text":"Taipei Times"}]},{"reference":"Huang, Kelven; Low, Y.F. (13 December 2014). \"New Taipei mayor to run uncontested in KMT chair election\". Central News Agency (Taiwan). Retrieved 8 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201412130017.aspx?q=New%20Taipei%20mayor%20to%20run%20uncontested%20in%20KMT%20chair%20election","url_text":"\"New Taipei mayor to run uncontested in KMT chair election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(Taiwan)","url_text":"Central News Agency (Taiwan)"}]},{"reference":"Chyan, Amy (18 January 2015). \"99.61% of votes name Chu KMT chair\". China Post. Retrieved 8 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://chinapost.nownews.com/20150118-57238","url_text":"\"99.61% of votes name Chu KMT chair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Post","url_text":"China Post"}]},{"reference":"\"朱立倫拿下9成9超高得票率當選黨主席\". Apple Daily. 17 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133307/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150117/543890/1/%E6%9C%B1%E7%AB%8B%E5%80%AB%E6%8B%BF%E4%B8%8B9%E6%88%909%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%97%E7%A5%A8%E7%8E%87%E7%95%B6%E9%81%B8%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD/","url_text":"\"朱立倫拿下9成9超高得票率當選黨主席\""},{"url":"http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150117/543890/1/%E6%9C%B1%E7%AB%8B%E5%80%AB%E6%8B%BF%E4%B8%8B9%E6%88%909%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%97%E7%A5%A8%E7%8E%87%E7%95%B6%E9%81%B8%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wen, Kuei-hsiang; Liu, Claudia; Wu, Lilian (17 January 2015). \"Eric Chu elected Kuomintang chairman (update)\". Central News Agency (Taiwan). Retrieved 8 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201501170027.aspx?q=Eric%20Chu%20elected%20Kuomintang%20chairman","url_text":"\"Eric Chu elected Kuomintang chairman (update)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_News_Agency_(Taiwan)","url_text":"Central News Agency (Taiwan)"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201412100028.aspx?q=KMT%20to%20elect%20new%20chairman%20Jan.%2017","external_links_name":"\"KMT to elect new chairman Jan. 17\""},{"Link":"http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1661463/taiwanese-mayor-eric-chu-hopes-revive-ailing-kuomintang-next-chairman","external_links_name":"\"New Taipei City Mayor Eric Chu to run for Kuomintang chairman\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2014/12/13/2003606611","external_links_name":"\"Eric Chu puts hand up for KMT role\""},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201412130017.aspx?q=New%20Taipei%20mayor%20to%20run%20uncontested%20in%20KMT%20chair%20election","external_links_name":"\"New Taipei mayor to run uncontested in KMT chair election\""},{"Link":"https://chinapost.nownews.com/20150118-57238","external_links_name":"\"99.61% of votes name Chu KMT chair\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133307/http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150117/543890/1/%E6%9C%B1%E7%AB%8B%E5%80%AB%E6%8B%BF%E4%B8%8B9%E6%88%909%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%97%E7%A5%A8%E7%8E%87%E7%95%B6%E9%81%B8%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD/","external_links_name":"\"朱立倫拿下9成9超高得票率當選黨主席\""},{"Link":"http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150117/543890/1/%E6%9C%B1%E7%AB%8B%E5%80%AB%E6%8B%BF%E4%B8%8B9%E6%88%909%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%97%E7%A5%A8%E7%8E%87%E7%95%B6%E9%81%B8%E9%BB%A8%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://focustaiwan.tw/search/201501170027.aspx?q=Eric%20Chu%20elected%20Kuomintang%20chairman","external_links_name":"\"Eric Chu elected Kuomintang chairman (update)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Kuomintang_chairmanship_by-election&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Prairie_Settlement	Jefferson Prairie Settlement, Wisconsin	["1 Background","2 References","3 Related reading","4 Additional sources","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°29.62′N 88°51.796′W / 42.49367°N 88.863267°W / 42.49367; -88.863267 Ghost town in Wisconsin, United StatesJefferson Prairie SettlementGhost townJefferson Prairie SettlementCoordinates: 42°29.62′N 88°51.796′W / 42.49367°N 88.863267°W / 42.49367; -88.863267CountryUnited StatesStateWisconsinCountyRockTime zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT) Jefferson Prairie Settlement was a pioneer colony of Norwegian-Americans located in the Town of Clinton, in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States. This site and the nearby Rock Prairie settlement outside Orfordville served as centers for both Norwegian immigration and developments within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The unincorporated community of Bergen is in the vicinity of Jefferson Prairie Settlement. Background Ole Knudsen Nattestad and Ansten Nattestad, two brothers from the valley of Numedal in southeastern Norway, emigrated in 1837. Numedal is a traditional district located in the county of Buskerud, Norway. Together the Nattestad brothers played a key role in promoting immigration from Norway and for directing immigrants to southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Ole Knutson Nattestad first came to the Town of Clinton in 1838. Ansten Nattestad returned to Norway to have the letters of Ole Rynning published. Ole Rynning (1809–1838) had been an early immigrant living in Beaver Creek, Iroquois County, Illinois. Rynning's work was published as True Account of America (Norwegian: Sandfærdig Beretning om Amerika). The return trip of Ansten Nattestad to Norway was instrumental in promoting interest in America. Ansten Nattestad organized more than a hundred emigrants and led them to Wisconsin, arriving in September, 1839. Some joined Ole Nattestad at Jefferson Prairie; others settled in nearby Rock Prairie. The Jefferson Prairie Lutheran Church was organized in 1844. Pioneer Lutheran Minister, Claus Lauritz Clausen, accepted a call during 1846 from Norwegian-settlers at Jefferson Prairie. He relocated from the Muskego Settlement and made Rock County the center for his activities among the settlements in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, remaining until 1853. Clausen based part of his efforts from Rock Prairie, which he rechristened Luther Valley. During 1846, the Eielsen Synod, a Norwegian Lutheran church body, was founded at Jefferson Prairie by a group led by Elling Eielsen. In 1853, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (the "Norwegian Synod") was organized at Luther Valley. The organizing meeting of the Augustana Synod was held at Jefferson Prairie in June 1860. Today a historic marker near Wisconsin Highway 140, four miles south of Clinton, marks the former location of the Jefferson Prairie Settlement and highlights the role of the Nattestads in its development. References ^ History of Clinton and the Surrounding Area (The Clinton Community Resources Guide. Village of Clinton, Wisconsin 1998) ^ Ole Rynning's true account of America (translated and edited by Theodore C. Blegen. Norwegian-American Historical Association, Minneapolis. 1926) ^ "Luther Valley Has a Thriving Church". Janesville Gazette, November 9, 1929. ^ Blaine Hansen. "The Norwegians of Luther Valley". Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol 28, no. 4 (June 1945): 422-430. ^ Nelson, E. Clifford, and Fevold, Eugene L. The Lutheran Church among Norwegian-Americans: A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1960. ^ McBride, Sarah Davis. History Just Ahead. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society, 1999. ^ Historical Markers - Rock Co., WI Jefferson Prairie Settlement Related reading Ulvestad, Martin (1907) Nordmændene i Amerika (translated by Olaf Kringhaug as "Norwegians in America". History Book Company’s Forlag, Minneapolis, MN.). Blegen, Theodore C. (1931) Norwegian Migration to America, 1825-1860 (reprinted: Ayer Co Publishing, 1969) Anderson, Rasmus Björn (1895) First Chapter of Norwegian Immigration, 1821–1840 (reprinted: Arno Press 1979) Additional sources Ole Rynning's True Account of America (National Library of Oslo: translated and edited by Theodore C. Blegen) History of the Augustana Lutheran Church Archived 2009-02-20 at the Wayback Machine History of Clinton and the Surrounding Area (The Clinton Community Resources Guide. Village of Clinton, Wisconsin 1998) External links Jefferson Prairie Settlement Historic Marker Jefferson Prairie Cemetery Ole Knudsen Nattestad, Wisconsin Historic Society vteMunicipalities and communities of Rock County, Wisconsin, United StatesCounty seat: JanesvilleCities Beloit Brodhead‡ Edgerton‡ Evansville Janesville Milton Villages Clinton Footville Orfordville Towns Avon Beloit Bradford Center Clinton Fulton Harmony Janesville Johnstown La Prairie Lima Magnolia Milton Newark Plymouth Porter Rock Spring Valley Turtle Union CDPs Fulton Hanover Shopiere Othercommunities Afton Avalon Avon Belcrest Bergen Cainville Center Charlie Bluff Cooksville Coopers Shores Crestview Emerald Grove Fairfield‡ Foxhollow Indianford Johnstown Center Koshkonong‡ Leyden Lima Center Magnolia Mallwood Maple Beach Newark Newville Porters Stebbinsville Tiffany Union Victory Heights Formercommunities Fellows Jefferson Prairie Settlement Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Wisconsin portal United States portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian-Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian-American"},{"link_name":"Town of Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_(town),_Rock_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Rock County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Orfordville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfordville,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen,_Rock_County,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"Ghost town in Wisconsin, United StatesJefferson Prairie Settlement was a pioneer colony of Norwegian-Americans located in the Town of Clinton, in Rock County, Wisconsin, United States. This site and the nearby Rock Prairie settlement outside Orfordville served as centers for both Norwegian immigration and developments within the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.[1] The unincorporated community of Bergen is in the vicinity of Jefferson Prairie Settlement.","title":"Jefferson Prairie Settlement, Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ole Knudsen Nattestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Knudsen_Nattestad"},{"link_name":"Numedal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numedal"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Buskerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskerud"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_(town),_Rock_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Iroquois County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Claus Lauritz Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Lauritz_Clausen"},{"link_name":"Muskego Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskego_Settlement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Eielsen Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eielsen_Synod"},{"link_name":"Elling Eielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elling_Eielsen"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America"},{"link_name":"Augustana Synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustana_Synod"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Highway 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Highway_140"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Ole Knudsen Nattestad and Ansten Nattestad, two brothers from the valley of Numedal in southeastern Norway, emigrated in 1837. Numedal is a traditional district located in the county of Buskerud, Norway. Together the Nattestad brothers played a key role in promoting immigration from Norway and for directing immigrants to southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. Ole Knutson Nattestad first came to the Town of Clinton in 1838. Ansten Nattestad returned to Norway to have the letters of Ole Rynning published. Ole Rynning (1809–1838) had been an early immigrant living in Beaver Creek, Iroquois County, Illinois. Rynning's work was published as True Account of America (Norwegian: Sandfærdig Beretning om Amerika).[2]The return trip of Ansten Nattestad to Norway was instrumental in promoting interest in America. Ansten Nattestad organized more than a hundred emigrants and led them to Wisconsin, arriving in September, 1839. Some joined Ole Nattestad at Jefferson Prairie; others settled in nearby Rock Prairie. The Jefferson Prairie Lutheran Church was organized in 1844. Pioneer Lutheran Minister, Claus Lauritz Clausen, accepted a call during 1846 from Norwegian-settlers at Jefferson Prairie. He relocated from the Muskego Settlement and made Rock County the center for his activities among the settlements in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, remaining until 1853. Clausen based part of his efforts from Rock Prairie, which he rechristened Luther Valley.[3][4]During 1846, the Eielsen Synod, a Norwegian Lutheran church body, was founded at Jefferson Prairie by a group led by Elling Eielsen. In 1853, the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (the \"Norwegian Synod\") was organized at Luther Valley. The organizing meeting of the Augustana Synod was held at Jefferson Prairie in June 1860.[5] Today a historic marker near Wisconsin Highway 140, four miles south of Clinton, marks the former location of the Jefferson Prairie Settlement and highlights the role of the Nattestads in its development.[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulvestad, Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ulvestad"},{"link_name":"Blegen, Theodore C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_C._Blegen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anderson, Rasmus Björn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasmus_B._Anderson"}],"text":"Ulvestad, Martin (1907) Nordmændene i Amerika (translated by Olaf Kringhaug as \"Norwegians in America\". History Book Company’s Forlag, Minneapolis, MN.).\nBlegen, Theodore C. (1931) Norwegian Migration to America, 1825-1860 (reprinted: Ayer Co Publishing, 1969)\nAnderson, Rasmus Björn (1895) First Chapter of Norwegian Immigration, 1821–1840 (reprinted: Arno Press 1979)","title":"Related reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ole Rynning's True Account of America (National Library of Oslo: translated and edited by Theodore C. Blegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nb.no/utlevering/contentview.jsf?sesamid=e6bd6ae272950a0c379e6f355987ecc0"},{"link_name":"History of the Augustana Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.augustanaheritage.org/history.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090220013343/http://www.augustanaheritage.org/history.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"History of Clinton and the Surrounding Area (The Clinton Community Resources Guide. Village of Clinton, Wisconsin 1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.clintonwi.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={A8543B80-E471-4BA4-8078-72DD45125912}"}],"text":"Ole Rynning's True Account of America (National Library of Oslo: translated and edited by Theodore C. Blegen)\nHistory of the Augustana Lutheran Church Archived 2009-02-20 at the Wayback Machine\nHistory of Clinton and the Surrounding Area (The Clinton Community Resources Guide. Village of Clinton, Wisconsin 1998)","title":"Additional sources"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Rock_County.svg/70px-Map_of_Wisconsin_highlighting_Rock_County.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jefferson_Prairie_Settlement,_Wisconsin&params=42_29.62_N_88_51.796_W_type:city_region:US-WI","external_links_name":"42°29.62′N 88°51.796′W / 42.49367°N 88.863267°W / 42.49367; -88.863267"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jefferson_Prairie_Settlement,_Wisconsin&params=42_29.62_N_88_51.796_W_type:city_region:US-WI","external_links_name":"42°29.62′N 88°51.796′W / 42.49367°N 88.863267°W / 42.49367; -88.863267"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/wmh/id/15314/show/15219/rec/1","external_links_name":"The Norwegians of Luther Valley"},{"Link":"http://www.usgennet.org/usa/wi/county/rock/Mark/MarkS005.html","external_links_name":"Historical Markers - Rock Co., WI Jefferson Prairie Settlement"},{"Link":"http://www.nb.no/utlevering/contentview.jsf?sesamid=e6bd6ae272950a0c379e6f355987ecc0","external_links_name":"Ole Rynning's True Account of America (National Library of Oslo: translated and edited by Theodore C. Blegen"},{"Link":"http://www.augustanaheritage.org/history.html","external_links_name":"History of the Augustana Lutheran Church"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220013343/http://www.augustanaheritage.org/history.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.clintonwi.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC={A8543B80-E471-4BA4-8078-72DD45125912}","external_links_name":"History of Clinton and the Surrounding Area (The Clinton Community Resources Guide. Village of Clinton, Wisconsin 1998)"},{"Link":"http://www.historicmarkers.com/wi/189-rock/69616-jefferson-prairie-settlement","external_links_name":"Jefferson Prairie Settlement Historic Marker"},{"Link":"http://www.comportone.com/cpo/cemeteries/wisconsin/rockcounty/south_bergen.htm","external_links_name":"Jefferson Prairie Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=1501&term_type_id=1&term_type_text=People&letter=N","external_links_name":"Ole Knudsen Nattestad, Wisconsin Historic Society"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_BYU_Cougars_football_team	2015 BYU Cougars football team	["1 Before the season","1.1 2015 recruits","1.2 2015 returning missionaries","1.3 2015 departures","2 Media","2.1 Football Media Day","2.2 Cougar IMG Sports Network Affiliates","3 Roster","4 Schedule","5 Game summaries","5.1 Nebraska","5.2 Boise State","5.3 UCLA","5.4 Michigan","5.5 UConn","5.6 East Carolina","5.7 Cincinnati","5.8 Wagner","5.9 San Jose State","5.10 Missouri","5.11 Fresno State","5.12 Utah State","5.13 Las Vegas Bowl","6 Rankings","7 References"]	American college football season 2015 BYU Cougars footballLas Vegas Bowl, L 28–35 vs. UtahConferenceIndependentRecord9–4Head coachBronco Mendenhall (11th season)Offensive coordinatorRobert Anae (9th season)Offensive schemeAir raidDefensive coordinatorNick Howell (3rd season)Base defense3–4Captains Taysom Hill Bronson Kaufusi Home stadiumLaVell Edwards StadiumSeasons← 20142016 → 2015 NCAA Division I FBS independents football records vte Conf Overall Team W L W L No. 11 Notre Dame – 10 – 3 BYU – 9 – 4 Army – 2 – 10 Rankings from AP Poll The 2015 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University (BYU) in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cougars, led by 11th-year head coach Bronco Mendenhall, played their home games at LaVell Edwards Stadium. This was the fifth year BYU competed as an NCAA Division I FBS independent. They finished the season 9–4. They were invited to the Las Vegas Bowl, where they lost to rival Utah. On December 4, Mendenhall was hired as the head coach at Virginia. He stayed and coached the Cougars in the Las Vegas Bowl. He finished at BYU with an 11-year record of 99–43. On December 19, Oregon State defensive coordinator and former BYU fullback Kalani Sitake was named BYU's new head coach. Before the season After a season in which the entire offensive staff was changed, BYU is expected to have stability in the coaching ranks as every coach is expected to return. 2015 recruits 2015 returning missionaries Name Pos. Height Weight Year Hometown High School Matt Hadley DB 6'0" 191 Sophomore Connell, WA Connell Micah Hannemann DB 6'1" 190 Sophomore Alpine, UT Lone Peak Austin Hoyt OL 6'7" 268 RS Freshman Ione, CA Argonaut Moses Kaumatule DL 6'1" 254 RS Freshman South Jordan, UT Bingham Sawyer Powell DB 6'1" 203 RS Freshman West Richland, WA Richland Rhett Sandlin LB 6'2" 220 RS Freshman Sandy, UT Alta Josh Weeks WR 6'4" 200 Freshman Show Low, AZ Show Low 2015 departures The following Cougars graduated, transferred, or chose to serve two-year church missions after the 2013 season and didn't return to the team in 2015. Media Football Media Day Football Media Day took place on June 24, 2015. It aired live on BYUtv, with a simulcast on ESPN3. The Media Day featured the start time and TV network of all but 2 home games. Player interviews were also conducted on byutv.org. Cougar IMG Sports Network Affiliates See also: 2015–16 BYU Cougars men's basketball team, 2015–16 BYU Cougars women's basketball team, and 2015 BYU Cougars women's soccer team KSL 102.7 FM and 1160 AM- Flagship Station (Salt Lake City/ Provo, UT and ksl.com)BYU Radio- Nationwide (Dish Network 980, Sirius XM 143, and byuradio.org)KIDO- Boise, ID (football only)KTHK- Blackfoot/ Idaho Falls/ Pocatello/ Rexburg, IDKMGR- Manti, UTKSUB- Cedar City, UTKDXU- St. George, UTKSHP- Las Vegas, NV (football only) Roster 2015 BYU Cougars football team roster Players Coaches Offense Pos. # Name Class WR 1 Akile Davis Fr WR 1 Moroni Laulu-Pututau Fr RB 2 Squally Canada Fr WR 3 Colby Pearson Jr QB 4 Taysom Hill (C) Sr WR 5 Nick Kurtz Jr WR 6 Trey Dye So QB 7 Beau Hoge Fr WR 10 Mitch Mathews Sr WR 11 Terenn Houk Sr QB 12 Tanner Mangum Fr QB 13 Koy Detmer Jr. Fr WR 13 Kurt Henderson Sr QB 17 McCoy Hill So TE 17 Colby Jorgensen So WR 18 Elliot Knox Jr WR 18 Josh Weeks Fr WR 19 Devon Blackmon Sr WR 22 Cody Stewart So WR 23 Rickey Shumway Fr RB 24 Algie Brown Jr RB 24 Brayden El-Bakri Fr WR 25 Talon Shumway Fr RB 26 Nate Carter Sr RB 28 Adam Hiné Sr WR 29 Zachary Saunders Fr RB 30 Colby Hansen So RB 32 Riley Burt Fr RB 32 Peter Welsh Jr RB 34 Bryan Engstrom Fr RB 36 Francis Bernard Fr RB 45 Toloa'i Ho Ching So OL 54 Parker Dawe Jr OL 55 Quin Ficklin Fr OL 56 Tejan Koroma So OL 57 LeRoy Tanoai Fr OL 58 Demetrius Davis Fr OL 60 Darren Denucci Jr OL 65 JJ Nwigwe Fr OL 67 Kyle Johnson Jr OL 68 Brian Rawlinson So OL 70 Jacob Jimenez Fr OL 71 Austin Hoyt Fr OL 72 Ryker Mathews Sr OL 73 Ului Lapuaho So OL 74 Figgs Hofheins So OL 75 Brad Wilcox Jr OL 77 Jaterrius Gulley Fr OL 78 Tuni Kanuch So WR 82 Jake Ziolkowski Jr WR 83 David Kessler Jr TE 84 Jackson Kaka So TE 85 Bryan Sampson Jr WR 86 Travis Frey Jr WR 87 Mitchell Juergens Jr TE 89 Tanner Balderree So TE 89 Steven Richards Fr Defense Pos. # Name Class DB 1 Micah Simon Fr DB 2 Matt Hadley So LB 2 Troy Hinds So LB 4 Fred Warner So DB 5 Dayan Ghanwoloku Fr DB 7 Micah Hannemann So DB 12 Kai Nacua Jr DB 15 Michael Davis Jr LB 16 Sione Takitaki So DB 17 Chris Badger Jr DB 18 Michael Shelton Fr DB 19 Trevor Brent Fr DB 20 KJ Hall Fr DB 20 Jordan Preator So LB 21 Harvey Langi Jr LB 22 Manoa Pikula Sr DB 23 Garrett Juergens Jr DB 24 Zayne Anderson Fr DB 24 BJ Fifita Fr LB 25 Teu Kautai Sr DB 27 Morgan Unga Fr DB 28 Sawyer Powell So DB 30 Michael Wadsworth Sr LB 31 Sae Tautu Jr DB 32 Gavin Fowler So DB 33 Eric Takenaka Jr DB 34 AJ Moore Jr LB 35 Va'a Niumatalolo So LB 36 Nathan DeBeikes Fr DB 37 Grant Jones So LB 38 Butch Pau'u Fr LB 39 Phillip Amone Fr LB 41 Paul Langi Fr LB 41 Sam Morell Fr LB 41 Adam Pulsipher Fr LB 42 Austin Heder Jr LB 43 Jherremya Leuta-Douyere Sr DL 44 Remington Peck Sr LB 46 Rhett Sandlin Fr LB 47 Scott Huntsman Fr DL 48 Tomasi Laulile Jr DL 49 Moses Kaumatule Fr DL 50 Tevita Mo'Unga Fr LB 51 Lene Lesatele So LB 52 Nate Sampson So LB 53 Ryan Jensen Fr LB 53 Creed Richardson Fr DL 55 Felesi Tofi Fr LB 56 Zach Newman So DL 59 Roman Andrus Fr DL 62 Logan Taele Jr LB 88 Tyler Cook Fr DL 90 Bronson Kaufusi (C) Sr DL 91 Travis Tuiloma Jr DL 92 Graham Rowley Sr DL 94 Kesni Tausinga So DL 95 Cody Savage Fr DL 96 Adam Ingersoll Jr DL 97 Theodore King Jr DL 98 Maurice Maxwell Jr Special teams Pos. # Name Class P 29 Rhett Almond Fr P 31 Jonny Linehan So K 27 Trevor Samson Sr K 33 Corey Edwards Fr K 84 Austin Brasher Jr DS 64 Matt Foley Fr Head coach Bronco Mendenhall (Oregon State) Coordinators/assistant coaches Robert Anae (BYU) Offensive coordinator, offensive line, assistant head coach Mark Atuaia (BYU) Running backs Garett Tujague (BYU) Offensive line Jason Beck (BYU) Quarterbacks Guy Holliday (Cheyney) Outside wide receivers Nick Howell (Weber State) Secondary, defensive coorindator Steve Kaufusi (BYU) Defensive line Kelly Poppinga (BYU) Outside linebackers, special teams Paul Tidwell (Utah State) Inside linebackers Frank Wintrich (Kentucky Wesleyan) Strength & conditioning Justin Anderson (BYU) Director of player personnel Russell Tialavea (BYU) Asst. director of football operations Patrick Hickman (Boise State) Director of football operations JD Falslev (BYU) Offensive graduate assistant Shane Hunter (BYU) Defensive graduate assistant Jan Jorgensen (BYU) Defensive graduate assistant Kyle Visciglia (UCLA) Special teams graduate assistant Legend (C) Team captain (S) Suspended (I) Ineligible Injured Redshirt Roster Schedule DateTimeOpponentRankSiteTVResultAttendanceSeptember 51:30 p.m.at NebraskaMemorial StadiumLincoln, NEABCW 33–2889,959 September 128:15 p.m.No. 20 Boise StateLaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTESPN2W 35–2463,470 September 198:30 p.m.at No. 10 UCLANo. 19Rose BowlLos Angeles, CAFS1L 23–2467,612 September 2610:00 a.m.at MichiganNo. 22Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIABCL 0–31108,940 October 28:15 p.m.UConnLaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTESPN2W 30–1356,393 October 105:30 p.m.East CarolinaLaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTESPNUW 45–3860,186 October 166:00 p.m.CincinnatiLaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTESPNW 38–2457,612 October 241:00 p.m.WagnerLaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTBYUtvW 70–656,015 November 69:30 p.m.at San Jose StateSpartan StadiumSan Jose, CACBSSNW 17–1615,652 November 145:30 p.m.vs. MissouriArrowhead StadiumKansas City, MOSECNL 16–2042,824 November 211:00 p.m.Fresno StateLaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTBYUtv/ESPN3W 52–1057,515 November 281:30 p.m.at Utah StateMaverik StadiumLogan, UT (Beehive Boot & The Old Wagon Wheel)CBSSNW 51–2822,509 December 191:30 p.m.vs. No. 20 UtahSam Boyd StadiumWhitney, NV (Las Vegas Bowl, Holy War & Beehive Boot)ABCL 28–3542,213 HomecomingRankings from AP Poll / Coaches' Poll released prior to gameAll times are in Mountain time Game summaries Nebraska See also: Nebraska Cornhuskers football and 2015 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team BYU at Nebraska 1 234Total • Cougars 7 1709 33 Cornhuskers 14 0140 28 Date: September 5Location: Lincoln Memorial StadiumLincoln, NEGame start: 2:37 p.m. CSTElapsed time: 3:42Game attendance: 89,959Game weather: 93 °F (34 °C), Sunny, Humidity 47%, winds SSW 15 mphReferee: Michael CannonTV announcers (ABC/WW1): Sean McDonough, Chris Spielman, Todd McShay (ABC)Chuck Cooperstein, Derek Rackley (WW1) Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants. BYU entered Lincoln as 6-point underdogs, with Bronco Mendenhall taking back defensive play-calling responsibilities, and with Taysom Hill looking to prove last years Heisman talk wasn't outside the box. The Cougars entered the game with 4 starters being suspended due to last years bowl game: defensive lineman Tomasi Laulile, safety Kai Nacua, wide receiver Trey Dye, and linebacker Sione Takitaki. The revamped BYU defense gave up huge amounts of passing yardage, giving up 180 yards passing in the first quarter alone. On the way they lost 3 defensive starters to injury, including nose tackle Travis Tuiloma 4–6 weeks. Taysom Hill kept BYU in the game with his scrambling, including a 21-yard run which evened it up at 14. On the 21-yard run though, Hill came to an abrupt stop in the endzone. He was taken into the locker room, where he was diagnosed with a foot sprain of some sort. A Fred Warner fumble recovery gave BYU the ball back quickly. Freshman QB Tanner Mangum came in on BYU's next possession for 2 plays: a 9-yard run and a 9-yard pass, before Hill returned. The Cougars drove the rest of the field before Hill found Mitch Mathews for the first of his 2 receiving touchdowns. A Hill interception in the third reversed the tide back to Nebraska. After missing 12-of-15 passes in the 2nd quarter Nebraska QB Tommy Armstrong, Jr. once again shredded the BYU D for more than 100 yards receiving in the 3rd. Hill would keep in close, driving possession after possession into Nebraska's end of the field, but the interception and a 4th down stop seemed to keep Nebraska with the momentum. In the 4th Hill limped off the field. BYU sent him back into the locker room and sent Mangum back onto the field. Mangum went on to complete 6/10 in the 4th quarter for 102 yards, but the most memorable play came on the final possession. With only one second left Mangum scrambled right and threw the hail mary to the end zone. Mathews came all the way across the field and caught the 42-yard pass for the touchdown, ending Nebraska's 29-year home opener winning streak. While Mangum entered the halls of Cougar lore with the touchdown pass, the news wasn't so good for BYU after the game. Hill was diagnosed with a lisfranc injury, which would be season-ending. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU NEB 1 8:10 9 88 3:47 Nebraska Jordan Westerkamp 14-yard touchdown reception from Tommy Armstrong Jr., Drew Brown kick good 0 7 1 2:50 9 88 3:47 BYU Taysom Hill 3-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 7 7 1 0:16 7 65 2:34 Nebraska Alonzo Moore 22-yard touchdown reception from Tommy Armstrong Jr., Drew Brown kick good 7 14 2 13:13 8 75 2:03 BYU Taysom Hill 21-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 14 14 2 5:42 11 55 4:59 BYU 42-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 17 14 2 3:48 3 22 1:13 BYU Mitch Mathews 15-yard touchdown reception from Taysom Hill, Trevor Samson kick good 24 14 3 10:39 3 35 1:13 Nebraska Terrell Newby 10-yard touchdown run, Drew Brown kick good 24 21 3 5:31 8 62 3:29 Nebraska Trey Foster 9-yard touchdown reception from Tommy Armstrong Jr., Drew Brown kick good 24 28 4 7:57 9 71 4:15 BYU 35-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 27 28 4 0:00 7 76 0:48 BYU Mitch Mathews 42-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick not attempted 33 28 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 33 28 Game Stats: Passing: BYU- Taysom Hill 21–34–1—268, Tanner Mangum 7–11–0—111; Nebraska- Tommy Armstrong Jr. 24–41–1—319. Rushing: BYU- Taysom Hill 9–72, Adam Hine 4–37, Tanner Mangum 5–26, Mitch Juergens 1–7, Algernon Brown 3–1, Nate Carter 4-(−11); Nebraska- Terrell Newby 10–43, Imani Cross 7–34, Alonzo Moore 2–24, Mikale Wilcon 6–14, Brandon Reilly 1–11, Tommy Armstrong Jr. 9–2, Jamal Turner 2-(−2). Receiving: BYU- Nick Kurtz 5–123, Mitch Mathews 3–69, Terenn Houk 4–59, Devon Blackmon 5–43, Colby Pearson 3–28, Mitch Juergens 3–24, Moroni Laulu-Pututau 1–10, Algernon Brown 2–9, Kurt Henderson 1–8, Tyler Cook 1–6; Nebraska- Jordan Westerkamp 7–107, Brandon Reilly 5–70, Alonzo Moore 3–48, Mikale Wilbon 2–28, Jamal Turner 2–21, Stanley Morgan Jr. 2–19, Lane Hovey 2–17, Trey Foster 1–9. Interceptions: BYU- Micah Hanneman 1–0; Nebraska- Nate Gerry 1–43. Boise State See also: Boise State Broncos football and 2015 Boise State Broncos football team Boise State at BYU 1 234Total #20 Broncos 7 3140 24 • Cougars 7 0721 35 Date: September 12Location: LaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTGame start: 8:26 p.m. MSTElapsed time: 3:14Game attendance: 63,470Game weather: 76 °F (24 °C), winds calmReferee: Cooper CastleberryTV announcers (ESPN2/BYUtv): Dave LaMont, Ray Bentley, Allison Williams (ESPN2)Dave McCann, Blaine Fowler, Lauren Francom (BYUtv) Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BSU BYU 1 14:09 3 75 0:51 BYU Mitch Juergens 84-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 0 7 1 4:13 7 52 2:38 BSU Jeremy McNichols 3-yard touchdown run, Tyler Rausa kick good 7 7 2 0:00 9 0 3:16 BSU 31-yard field goal by Tyler Rausa 10 7 3 11:01 11 75 3:59 BSU Jeremy McNichols 3-yard touchdown run, Tyler Rausa kick good 17 7 3 4:32 6 84 3:07 BYU Adam Hine 21-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 17 14 3 2:03 6 86 2:23 BSU Jeremy McNichols 29-yard touchdown reception from Ryan Finley, Tyler Rausa kick good 24 14 4 10:22 5 12 2:41 BYU Tanner Mangum 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 24 21 4 0:45 7 64 2:48 BYU Mitch Juergens 35-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 24 28 4 0:30 BYU Interception returned 50 yards for touchdown by Kai Nacua, Trevor Samson kick good 24 35 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 24 35 Game Stats: Passing: BSU- Ryan Finley 25–38–3—297; BYU- Tanner Mangum 17–28–2—309. Rushing: BSU- Jeremy McNichols 15–46, Devan Demas 5–21, Finley 9–5, Shane Williams-Rhodes 1–3, Team 1-(−11); BYU- Adam Hine 19–93, Algernon Brown 5–22, Mitch Juergens 2–4, Nate Carter 2–2, Team 1-(−11), Mangum 10-(−38). Receiving: BSU- Williams-Rhodes 11–107, Chaz Anderson 3–66, McNichols 5–49, David Lucero 1–26, Holden Huff 1–17, Jake Roh 1–15, Thomas Sperbeck 2–13, Demas 1–4; BYU- Mitch Juergens 4–172, Devon Blackmon 6–105, Mitch Mathews 5–32, Hine 1–2, Brown 1-(−2). Interceptions: BSU- Donte Deayon 2–29; BYU- Kai Nacua 3–76. UCLA See also: UCLA Bruins football and 2015 UCLA Bruins football team BYU at UCLA 1 234Total #19 Cougars 7 376 23 • #10 Bruins 0 3714 24 Date: September 19Location: Rose BowlPasadena, CAGame start: 7:37 p.m. PSTElapsed time: 3:03Game attendance: 67,612Game weather: 85 °F (29 °C), Light Haze, Humidity 36%, winds SSE 5 mphReferee: Chris CoyteTV announcers (FS1): Joe Davis, Brady Quinn, Kris Budden Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU UCLA 1 9:39 11 71 4:06 BYU Adam Hine 7-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 7 0 2 13:38 7 57 1:45 UCLA 35-yard field goal by Ka'imi Fairbairn 7 3 2 9:18 6 14 1:54 BYU 40-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 10 3 3 9:27 5 17 1:55 UCLA Paul Perkins 5-yard touchdown run, Ka'imi Fairbairn kick good 10 10 3 6:26 7 75 3:01 BYU Mitch Mathews 14-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 17 10 4 13:41 11 62 4:29 BYU 45-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 20 10 4 12:16 5 68 1:20 UCLA Jordan Payton 19-yard touchdown reception from Josh Rosen, Ka'imi Fairbairn kick good 20 17 4 5:39 16 61 6:37 BYU 32-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 23 17 4 3:21 7 80 2:18 UCLA Nate Starks 3-yard touchdown run, Ka'imi Fairbairn kick good 23 24 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 23 24 Game Stats: Passing: BYU- Tanner Mangum 30–47–1—244; UCLA- Josh Rosen 11–23–3—106. Rushing: BYU- Adam Hine 23–149, Nate Carter 7–22, Harvey Langi 2–8, Trey Dye 1–1, Tanner Mangum 8-(−19); UCLA- Paul Perkins 26–219, Nate Starks 7–81, Soso Jamabo 2-(−1), Team 3-(−3). Receiving: BYU- Mitch Mathews 9–84, Mitch Juergens 5–42, Nick Kurtz 4–38, Terenn Houk 4–37, Devon Blackmon 3–23, Colby Pearson 2–8, Hine 2–8, Mangum 1–4; UCLA- Jordan Payton 4–59, Thomas Duarte 3–33, Mossi Johnson 2–8, Kenneth Walker 1–4, Jamabo 1–2. Interceptions: BYU- Langi 2–21, Kai Nacua 1–0; UCLA- Myles Jack 1–3. Michigan See also: Michigan Wolverines football and 2015 Michigan Wolverines football team BYU at Michigan 1 234Total #22 Cougars 0 000 0 • Wolverines 7 2400 31 Date: September 26Location: Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MIGame start: 12:05 p.m. ESTElapsed time: 3:08Game attendance: 108,940Game weather: 70 °F (21 °C), Partly Cloudy, winds NE 10–15 mphReferee: Mike CannonTV announcers (ABC): Sean McDonough, Chris Spielman, Todd McShay Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU MICH 1 6:52 10 80 4:42 MICH Jake Rudock 3-yard touchdown run, Kenny Allen kick good 0 7 2 13:37 10 90 4:19 MICH Amara Darboh 4-yard touchdown reception from Jake Rudock, Kenny Allen kick good 0 14 2 11:37 2 68 0:52 MICH De'Veon Smith 3-yard touchdown run, Kenny Allen kick good 0 21 2 6:57 6 59 3:26 MICH Jake Rudock 17-yard touchdown run, Kenny Allen kick good 0 28 2 1:02 10 47 5:04 MICH 40-yard field goal by Kenny Allen 0 31 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 0 31 Game Stats: Passing: BYU- Tanner Mangum 12–28–0—55; MICH- Jake Rudock 14–25–0—194. Rushing: BYU- Adam Hine 8–33, Franci Bernard 4–30, Nate Carter 3–9, Team 1-(−4), Mangum 6-(−18); MICH- De'Veon Smith 16–125, Rudock 10–33, Derrick Green 10–28, Drake Johnson 5–26, Sione Houma 4–17, Blake O'Neill 1–9, Ty Isaac 2–9, Ross Douglas 3–7. Receiving: BYU- Devon Blackmon 1–14, Colby Pearson 2–11, Nick Kurtz 2–10, Mitch Juergens 2–6, Hine 1–5, Mitch Mathews 1–4, Carter 1–4, Teremm Houk 1–3, M Laulu-Pututau 1-(−2); MICH- Amara Darboh 4–57, Jake Butt 1–41, Khalid Hill 2–39, Jehu Chesson 2–17, Drake Johnson 1–14, Ian Bunting 1–10, Green 1–7, AJ Williams 1–7, Henry Poggi 1–2. UConn See also: UConn Huskies football and 2015 UConn Huskies football team UConn at BYU 1 234Total Huskies 0 733 13 • Cougars 7 0320 30 Date: October 2Location: LaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTGame start: 8:21 p.m. MSTElapsed time: 3:16Game attendance: 56,393Game weather: 56 °F (13 °C), Cloudy, winds WNW 4 mphReferee: Scott CampbellTV announcers (ESPN2/BYUtv): Eamon McAnaney, Rocky Boiman (ESPN2)Dave McCann, Blaine Fowler, Lauren Francom (BYUtv) Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP UConn BYU 1 2:44 12 87 5:18 BYU Francis Bernard 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 0 7 2 1:42 6 80 2:12 UConn Arkeel Newsome 30-yard touchdown reception from Bryant Shirreffs, Bobby Puyol kick good 7 7 3 7:11 8 16 4:16 UConn 37-yard field goal by Bobby Puyol 10 7 3 3:02 11 63 4:01 BYU 26-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 10 10 4 13:24 11 34 3:27 BYU 25-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 10 13 4 12:03 1 21 0:08 BYU Mitch Mathews 21-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 10 20 4 8:59 9 55 2:55 UConn 42-yard field goal by Bobby Puyol 13 20 4 7:26 6 41 1:31 BYU Mitch Mathews 6-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 13 27 4 0:26 9 51 4:21 BYU 32-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 13 30 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 13 30 Game Stats: Passing: UConn- Bryant Shirreffs 14–28–2—168; BYU- Tanner Mangum 35–53–2—265, Team 0–1–0—0. Rushing: UConn- Arkee Newsome 13–68, Max Delorenzo 1–2, Ron Johnson 1-(−3), Shirreffs 12-(−5); BYU- Algernon Brown 18–95, Francis Bernard 11–69, Nate Carter 8–14, Riley Burt 1–5, Mangum 3-(−9). Receiving: UConn- Newsome 4–63, Tommy Myers 2–35, Tyraiq Beals 3–33, Delorenzo 3–24, Noel Thomas 2–13; BYU- Terenn Houk 6–129, Mitch Mathews 8–78, Mitch Juergens 10–74, Nick Kurtz 5–52, Devon Blackmon 3–15, Carter 1–7, Brown 1–6, Trey Dye 1–4. Interceptions: UConn- Jamar Summers 1–26, Jhavon Williams 1–0; BYU- Bronson Kaufusi 1–10, Michael Shelton 1–4. East Carolina See also: East Carolina Pirates football and 2015 East Carolina Pirates football team East Carolina at BYU 1 234Total Pirates 14 7017 38 • Cougars 7 21107 45 Date: October 10Location: LaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTGame start: 5:32 p.m. MSTElapsed time: 3:31Game attendance: 60,186Game weather: 82 °F (28 °C), Sunny, winds lightReferee: Adam SavoieTV announcers (ESPNU/BYUtv): Allen Bestwick, Dan Hawkins (ESPNU)Dave McCann, Blaine Fowler, Lauren Francom (BYUtv) Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet with royal blue decals and royal blue chromium facemasks, royal blue jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP ECU BYU 1 7:21 7 69 2:51 ECU James Summers 34-yard touchdown run, Davis Plowman kick good 7 0 1 5:35 ECU Yiannis Bowden recovers blocked punt in end zone for touchdown, Davis Plowman kick good 14 0 1 1:36 10 75 3:59 BYU Algernon Brown 22-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 14 7 2 13:20 3 1 0:55 BYU Algernon Brown 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 14 14 2 8:05 10 68 3:45 BYU Mitch Mathews 13-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 14 21 2 2:14 7 87 3:04 BYU Terenn Houk 9-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 14 28 2 0:06 9 77 2:01 ECU Trevon Brown 1-yard touchdown reception from Blake Kemp, Davis Plowman kick good 21 28 3 13:02 5 75 1:58 BYU Algernon Brown 53-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 21 35 3 2:25 9 50 3:15 BYU 37-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 21 38 4 12:48 6 85 1:52 ECU Chris Hairston 2-yard touchdown run, Davis Plowman kick good 28 38 4 6:02 6 63 2:26 ECU Isaiah Jones 7-yard touchdown reception from Blake Kemp, Davis Plowman kick good 35 38 4 4:01 5 27 1:05 ECU 34-yard field goal by Davis Plowman 38 38 4 0:19 10 75 3:42 BYU Algernon Brown 9-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 38 45 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 38 45 Game Stats: Passing: ECU: Blake Kemp 28–36–1—371, James Summers 2–6–0—14; BYU: Tanner Mangum 24–33–0—332, Beau Hoge 1–5–1—9. Rushing: ECU: Chris Hairston 15–77, Summers 10–55, Shawn Furlow 3–4, Kemp 4-(−3); BYU: Algernon Brown 24–134, Francis Bernard 8–30, Jonny Linehan 1–7, Trey Dye 1–5, Riley Burt 1–4, Hoge 3-(−3), Mangum 5-(−10). Receiving: ECU: Isaiah Jones 10–97, Bryce Williams 5–87, Trevon Brown 6–84, Davon Grayson 5–53, Chris Hairston 3–50, Daquan Barnes 1–8, Anthony Scott 0–5, Christian Matau 0–3; BYU: Devon Blackmon 9–142, Mitch Mathews 4–72, Terenn Houk 4–43, Brown 2–20, Mitch Juergens 1–17, Colby Pearson 2–16, Nick Kurtz 1–12, Kurt Henderson 1–11, Trey Dye 1–8. Interceptions: ECU: Yiannis Bowden 1–7; BYU: Fred Warner 1–0. Cincinnati See also: Cincinnati Bearcats football and 2015 Cincinnati Bearcats football team Cincinnati at BYU 1 234Total Bearcats 10 770 24 • Cougars 0 10721 38 Date: October 16Location: LaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTGame start: 6:01 p.m. MSTElapsed time: 3:24Game attendance: 57,612Game weather: 73 °F (23 °C), Mostly Sunny, winds noneReferee: Tracy JonesTV announcers (ESPN/BYUtv): Adam Amin, Kelly Stouffer, Olivia Harlan (ESPN)Dave McCann, Blaine Fowler, Lauren Francom (BYUtv) Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP CIN BYU 1 11:48 10 63 3:12 CIN 29-yard field goal by Andrew Gantz 3 0 1 4:54 15 92 5:41 CIN DJ Dowdy 1-yard touchdown reception from Tion Green, Andrew Gantz kick good 10 0 2 13:29 5 43 1:23 BYU 29-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 10 3 2 6:50 7 20 3:12 CIN Mike Boone 5-yard touchdown run, Andrew Gantz kick good 17 3 2 4:30 5 76 2:13 BYU Algernon Brown 5-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 17 10 3 9:31 12 78 5:22 BYU Nick Kurtz 19-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 17 17 3 3:28 8 64 3:10 CIN DJ Dowdy 2-yard touchdown run, Andrew Gantz kick good 24 17 4 10:24 6 61 2:26 BYU Algernon Brown 2-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 24 24 4 8:14 1 53 0:09 BYU Nick Kurtz 53-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 24 31 4 4:35 4 32 2:01 BYU Francis Bernard 11-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 24 38 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 24 38 Game Stats: Passing: CIN: Hayden Moore 15–30–0—219, Tion Green 1–1–0—1; BYU: Tanner Mangum 19–32–1—252. Rushing: CIN: Mike Boone 9–53, Tion Green 9–30, Hosey Williams 8–29, Moore 20–9; BYU: Algernon Brown 20–88, Francis Bernard 4–60, Riley Burt 2–48, Nate Carter 2–5, Trey Dye 1-(−4). Receiving: CIN: Shaq Washington 5–103, Alex Chisum 2–45, Max Morrison 4–31, Mike Boone 3–25, Nate Cole 1–15, DJ Dowdy 1–1; BYU: Nick Kurtz 6–119, Mitch Mathews 3–54, Devon Blackmon 3–32, Colby Pearson 2–21, Terenn Houk 1–10, Bernard 2–7, Brown 1–5, Mitch Juergens 1–4. Interceptions: CIN: Kevin Brown 1–0. Wagner See also: Wagner Seahawks football and 2015 Wagner Seahawks football team Wagner at BYU 1 234Total Seahawks 0 060 6 • Cougars 28 21147 70 Date: October 24Location: LaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTGame start: 1:05 p.m. MSTElapsed time: 2:58Game attendance: 56,015Game weather: 57 °F (14 °C), Clear & Sunny, winds calmReferee: Dan RomeoTV announcers (BYUtv): Dave McCann, Blaine Fowler, Lauren Francom Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP WAG BYU 1 13:47 4 75 1:13 BYU Colby Pearson 16-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 0 7 1 11:28 3 48 0:46 BYU Mitch Mathews 20-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 0 14 1 7:52 4 66 1:03 BYU Algernon Brown 42-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 0 21 1 3:35 6 72 2:34 BYU Algernon Brown 37-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 0 28 2 13:07 5 86 1:53 BYU Mitch Mathews 19-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 0 35 2 9:49 4 50 1:28 BYU Francis Bernard 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 0 42 2 4:17 10 40 4:03 BYU Beau Hoge 2-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 0 49 3 6:52 15 70 8:08 WAG Matthias McKinnon 1-yard touchdown run, Bryan Maley kick blocked 6 49 3 3:23 7 80 3:20 BYU David Kessler 47-yard touchdown reception from Beau Hoge, Trevor Samson kick good 6 56 3 0:55 2 76 0:59 BYU Nate Carter 70-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 6 63 4 8:07 12 77 5:42 BYU Beau Hoge 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 6 70 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 6 70 Game Stats: Passing: WAG: Alex Thomson 7–12–1—43, Chris Andrews 1–4–0—3; BYU: Tanner Mangum 12–13–0—237, Beau Hoge 8–11–0—117, Koy Detmer Jr. 3–3–0—57. Rushing: WAG: Thomson 8–28, Otis Wright 12–25, Denzel Knight 12–15, Matthias McKinnon 6–12, Andrews 5-(−1); BYU: Algernon Brown 6–109, Nate Carter 10–102, Francis Bernard 6–54, Hoge 12–47, Colby Hansen 5–17, Toloa Ho Ching 2–10, Detmer Jr. 1-(−9). Receiving: WAG: Ryan Owens 2–28, Calee Scepaniak 2–6, Andre Yevchinecz 2–4, Anthony Carrington 1–5, Lloyd Smith 1–3; BYU: David Kessler 3–78, Terenn Houk 2–65, Trey Dye 2–55, Mitch Juergens 2–52, Mitch Mathews 3–44, Devon Blackmon 2–26, Josh Weeks 3–23, Jake Ziolkowski 2–20, Colby Pearson 1–16, Nick Kurtz 1–14, Akile Davis 1–9, Moroni Laulu-Pututau 1–9. Interceptions: BYU: Jordan Praetor 1–3. San Jose State See also: San Jose State Spartans football and 2015 San Jose State Spartans football team BYU at San Jose State 1 234Total • Cougars 7 703 17 Spartans 3 706 16 Date: November 6Location: Spartan StadiumSan Jose, CAGame start: 8:40 PSTElapsed time: 3:06Game attendance: 15,652Game weather: 57 °F (14 °C), Clear and cool, winds lightReferee: Brandon CruseTV announcers (CBSSN): Rich Waltz, Adam Archuleta, Cassie Gallo Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU SJSU 1 10:07 10 59 4:53 SJSU 31-yard field goal by Austin Lopez 0 3 1 6:09 10 75 3:58 BYU Mitch Mathews 4-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 7 3 2 10:12 17 80 5:45 BYU Algernon Brown 5-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 14 3 2 0:21 SJSU Interception returned 61 yards for touchdown by Cleveland Wallace, Austin Lopez kick good 14 10 4 11:21 10 69 4:49 BYU 31-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 17 10 4 0:45 10 85 4:20 SJSU Kenny Potter 6-yard touchdown run, 2-point pass incomplete 17 16 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 17 16 Game Stats: Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 23–37–1—293; SJSU: Kenny Potter 18–25–0—147, Tim Crawley 0–1–0—0. Rushing: BYU: Algernon Brown 12–41, Adam Hiné 3–9, Francis Bernard 2–5, TEAM 4-(−9), Mangum 4-(−10); SJSU: Tyler Ervin 23–80, Kenny Potter 12–20, Hansell Wilson 1–15, Thomas Tucker 2–7. Receiving: BYU: Devon Blackmon 6–102, Mitch Mathews 4–62, Nick Kurtz 3–33, Bernard 3–33, Terenn Houk 4–32, Remington Peck 1–18, Colby Pearson 1–8, Brown 1–5; SJSU: Billy Freeman 6–67, Shane Smith 2–17, Crawley 2–14, Ervin 4–13, Thomas Tucker 1–13, Hansell Wilson 1–11, Justin Holmes 1–6, Josh Oliver 1–6. Interceptions: SJSU: Cleveland Wallace 1–61. Missouri See also: Missouri Tigers football and 2015 Missouri Tigers football team BYU vs. Missouri 1 234Total Cougars 0 376 16 • Tigers 3 3014 20 Date: November 14Location: Arrowhead StadiumKansas City, MOGame start: 6:39 p.m. CSTElapsed time: 3:25Game attendance: 42,824Game weather: 57 °F (14 °C), Clear, winds SSW 15 mphReferee: Alan EckTV announcers (SEC): Brent Musburger, Jesse Palmer, Maria Taylor Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU MIZ 1 0:56 12 68 5:22 MIZ 23-yard field goal by Andrew Baggett 0 3 2 7:29 9 75 3:33 BYU 23-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 3 3 2 0:54 18 65 6:29 MIZ 34-yard field goal by Andrew Baggett 3 6 3 6:21 7 41 3:28 BYU Algernon Brown 11-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 10 6 4 13:03 13 79 8:09 MIZ J'Mon Moore 4-yard touchdown reception from Drew Lock, Andrew Baggett kick good 10 13 4 10:03 6 16 2:46 MIZ Tyler Hunt 1-yard touchdown run, Andrew Baggett kick good 10 20 4 7:19 10 72 2:35 BYU Francis Bernard 6-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick failed 16 20 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 16 20 Game Stats: Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 23–41–0—244; MIZ: Drew Lock 19–28–1—244. Rushing: BYU: Algernon Brown 7–42, Adam Hine 6–7, Francis Bernard 1–3, Tanner Mangum 1-(−6); MIZ: Russell Hansbrough 26–117, Ish Witter 13–34, Lock 3–26, Tyler Hunt 10–14, Ray Wingo 1–1, Team 2-(−2). Receiving: BYU: Nick Kurtz 3–67, Bernard 4–56, Remington Peck 3–41, Colby Pearson 4–40, Mitch Mathews 4–20, Devon Blackmon 2–15, Mitch Jurgens 1–4, Brown 2–1; MIZ: Nate Brown 5–65, Witter 2–57, J'Mon Moore 3–49, Cam Hilton 3–36, Sean Culkin 1–16, Jason Reese 1–11, Wesley Leftwich 2–9, Hunt 1–2, Emanuel Hall 1-(−1). Interceptions: BYU: Micah Hanneman 1–29. Fresno State See also: Fresno State Bulldogs football and 2015 Fresno State Bulldogs football team Fresno State at BYU 1 234Total Bulldogs 3 007 10 • Cougars 3 211414 52 Date: November 21Location: LaVell Edwards StadiumProvo, UTGame start: 1:05 p.m. MSTElapsed time: 3:30Game attendance: 57,515Game weather: 57 °F (14 °C), Clear, winds SSW 15 mphReferee: Kevin MarTV announcers (BYUtv/ESPN3): Dave McCann, Blaine Fowler, Lauren Francom Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP FSU BYU 1 5:11 7 13 2:33 FSU 28-yard field goal by Kody Kroening 3 0 1 1:42 11 57 3:24 BYU 40-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 3 3 2 13:25 5 59 1:36 BYU Francis Bernard 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 3 10 2 7:21 BYU Interception returned 32 yards for touchdown by Kai Nacua, Trevor Samson kick failed 3 16 2 6:11 1 18 0:05 BYU Moroni Laulu-Pututau 18-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, 2-point pass to Terenn Houk good 3 24 3 9:59 9 59 3:57 BYU Francis Bernard 1-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 3 31 3 5:06 6 95 1:54 BYU Algernon Brown 45-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 3 38 4 14:52 4 87 1:43 BYU Terenn Houk 15-yard touchdown reception from Remington Peck, Trevor Samson kick good 3 45 4 12:22 4 23 1:30 BYU Nate Carter 5-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 3 52 4 8:42 7 77 3:34 FSU Kilto Anderson 29-yard touchdown run, Kody Kroening kick good 10 52 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 10 52 Game Stats: Passing: FSU: Zack Greenlee 14–41–3—125, Kilto Anderson 4–7–0—65; BYU: Tanner Mangum 24–37–0—336, Remington Peck 1–1–0—15, Beau Hoge 1–1–0—11. Rushing: FSU: Marteze Waller 18–47, Kilto Anderson 1–29, Dejonte O'Neal 3–14, Dustin Garrison 3–12, Greenlee 5-(−17); BYU: Algernon Brown 11–97, Riley Burt 10–29, Mangum 4–14, Francis Bernard 6–8, Nate Carter 1–5, Hoge 1–5, Jonny Linehan 1–0. Receiving: FSU: Jamire Jordan 8–54, Justin Johnson 3–45, Stratton Brown 1–43, KeeSea Johnson 2–27, Delvo Hardaway 1–10, Da'Mari Scott 1–6, Marteze Waller 2–5; BYU: Moroni Laulu-Pututau 3–95, Colby Pearson 4–55, Mitch Mathews 2–52, Terenn Houk 5–44, Nick Kurtz 4–41, Bernard 4–37, Devon Blackmon 2–20, Mitch Juergens 1–12, Remington Peck 1–6. Interceptions: BYU: Kai Nacua 2–61, Fred Warner 1–27. Utah State See also: Utah State Aggies football, 2015 Utah State Aggies football team, The Old Wagon Wheel, and Beehive Boot BYU at Utah State 1 234Total • Cougars 10 141413 51 Aggies 7 1407 28 Date: November 28Location: Maverik StadiumLogan, UTGame start: 1:35 MSTElapsed time: 3:52Game attendance: 22,509Game weather: 25 °F (−4 °C), Partly cloudy w/ snow flurries, No windReferee: Eddy SheltonTV announcers (CBSSN): Rich Waltz, Adam Archuleta, Cassie Gallo Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, white pants. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU USU 1 12:52 6 75 2:08 USU Chuckie Keeton 52-yard touchdown run, Jake Thompson kick good 0 7 1 10:08 7 75 2:44 BYU Algernon Brown 8-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 7 7 1 0:29 10 45 4:15 BYU 41-yard field goal by Trevor Samson 10 7 2 7:05 8 59 3:16 USU LaJuan Hunt 6-yard touchdown run, Jake Thompson kick good 10 14 2 3:00 7 58 2:23 USU Hunter Sharp 24-yard touchdown reception from Chuckie Keeton, Jake Thompson kick good 10 21 2 2:42 1 72 0:11 BYU Mitch Mathews 72-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 17 21 2 0:00 BYU Tomasi Laulile 37 yard fumble returned for touchdown, Trevor Samson kick good 24 21 3 13:40 3 62 1:11 BYU Mitch Mathews 35-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 31 21 3 3:01 1 10 0:07 BYU Francis Bernard 10-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 38 21 4 14:48 8 86 3:06 USU Nick Vigil 2-yard touchdown run, Brock Warren kick good 38 28 4 12:06 8 90 2:36 BYU Francis Bernard 4-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick failed 44 28 4 3:02 4 26 2:10 BYU Algernon Brown 18-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 51 28 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 51 28 Game Stats: Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 16–30–0—284; USU: Chuckie Keeton 20–45–0—243. Rushing: BYU: Algernon Brown 16–68, Francis Bernard 3–17, Harvey Langi 3–15, Adam Hine 1-(−2), Team 3-(−6), Mangum 5-(−18); USU: Devante Mays 19–54, Keeton 9–54, Lajuan Hunt 8–50, Tonny Lindsey 2–24, DJ Nelson 1–13, Nick Vigil 2–5, Hunter Sharp 1–2, Devon Robinson 1–0. Receiving: BYU: Mitch Mathews 6–158, Kurt Henderson 2–39, Devon Blackmon 1–35, Brown 1–18, Nick Kurtz 1–13, Colby Pearson 1–7, Remington Peck 1–7, Bernard 2–4, Mitch Juergens 1–3; USU: Hunter Sharp 7–100, Andre Rodriguez 4–78, Tyler Fox 1–25, Wyatt Houston 2–24, Kenne Williams 1–13, Brand Swindall 1–11, Braelon Roberts 1–9, Jake Simonich 1-(−5), Lajuan Hunt 2-(−12). Utah State 0–3 on Field Goals. Bronson Kaufusi blocks 2 FG's for BYU. Las Vegas Bowl See also: Las Vegas Bowl, 2015 Las Vegas Bowl, 2015 Utah Utes football team, Holy War (BYU–Utah), and Beehive Boot BYU vs. Utah 1 234Total Cougars 0 7714 28 • #20 Utes 35 000 35 Date: December 19Location: Whitney, NVGame start: 12:45 p.m. PSTElapsed time: 3:40Game attendance: 42,213Game weather: 54 °F (12 °C), Sunny, Wind ESE 3 mphReferee: Mark KlucynnskiTV announcers (ABC/Sports USA): Brent Musburger, Jesse Palmer, Maria Taylor (ABC)Mike Morgan, Gary Barnett, Jonathan Von Tobel (Sports USA) Sources: Uniform combination: white helmet with royal blue decals and royal blue chromium facemasks, royal blue jersey, white pants. This was the final game for head coach Bronco Mendenhall, who accepted the same position with the Virginia Cavaliers on December 4, and for assistant coaches Robert Anae, Garett Tujague, Mark Atuaia, Jason Beck, Nick Howell, and Kelly Poppinga who accepted coaching responsibilities for the same positions at Virginia on December 9 & 10. Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP BYU Utah 1 10:59 6 25 3:18 Utah Joe Williams 1-yard touchdown run, Andy Phillips kick good 0 7 1 10:42 Utah Interception returned 28 yards for touchdown by Tevin Carter, Andy Phillips kick good 0 14 1 9:01 1 1 0:05 Utah Joe Williams 1-yard touchdown run, Andy Phillips kick good 0 21 1 7:29 Utah Interception returned 28 yards for touchdown by Dominique Hatfield, Andy Phillips kick good 0 28 1 4:38 5 39 2:06 Utah Travis Wilson 20-yard touchdown run, Andy Phillips kick good 0 35 2 0:36 13 97 4:16 BYU Remington Peck 3-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 7 35 3 10:02 12 72 3:44 BYU Francis Bernard 10-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 14 35 4 10:33 10 65 3:22 BYU Nick Kurtz 5-yard touchdown reception from Tanner Mangum, Trevor Samson kick good 21 35 4 3:23 7 60 1:37 BYU Tanner Mangum 4-yard touchdown run, Trevor Samson kick good 28 35 "TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football. 28 35 Game Stats: Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 25–56–3—315; Utah: Travis Wilson 9–16–0—71. Rushing: BYU: Francis Bernard 7–58, Algernon Brown 5–12, Mangum 11–3, Squally Canada 1–1, Trey Dye 1-(−3); Utah: Joe Williams 25–91, Wilson 15–23, Tom Hackt 1–21, Bubba Poole 1–0, Britain Covey 1-(−1), Team 3-(−3), Kendal Thompson 1-(−5). Receiving: BYU: Devon Blacmkmon 3–97, Terenn Houk 6–68, Nick Kurtz 4–56, Mitch Juergens 5–55, Bernard 2–19, Brown 2–9, Mitch Mathews 2–8, Remington Peck 1–3; Utah: Williams 2–22, Harris Handley 2–16, Tyrone Smith 1–15, Kenneth Scott 1–9, Thompson 1–8, Covey 2–1. Interceptions: Utah: Tevin Carter 2–61, Dominique Hatfield 1–46. After the game was completed, Tom Holmoe took time during the post-game press conference to announce that Kalani Sitake would become the BYU head coach beginning with the 2016 season. Rankings Further information: 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings Ranking movementsLegend: ██ Increase in ranking ██ Decrease in ranking — = Not ranked RV = Received votesWeekPollPre123456789101112131415FinalAPRVRV1922RVRVRVRVRVRVRV—RVRVRVRVRVCoachesRVRV22RVRV——RVRVRVRVRVRVRVRVRV—CFPNot released———————Not released References ^ "Ex-player Sitake returning to BYU as head coach". December 19, 2015. ^ "BYU Sports Network Affiliates". KSL. Retrieved October 11, 2011. ^ "BYU Men's Football Staff". BYU Athletics. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2015. ^ "BYU at Nebraska". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 5, 2015. ^ "BYU loses nose tackle Travis Tuiloma for 4–6 weeks in win over Nebraska". Deseret News. September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015. ^ "BYU beat Nebraska 33–28 as Mangum throws 42-yard Hail Mary to Mathews on game's final play, Hill out for the year". Deseret News. September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015. ^ "BYU QB Hill out for the season with a foot fracture". KSL-TV. Retrieved September 5, 2015. ^ "Boise State at BYU". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 12, 2015. ^ "BYU at UCLA". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 19, 2015. ^ "BYU at Michigan". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 26, 2015. ^ "UConn at BYU". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 2, 2015. ^ "East Carolina at BYU". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 10, 2015. ^ "Cincinnati at BYU". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 16, 2015. ^ "Wagner at BYU". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 24, 2015. ^ "BYU at San Jose State". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 24, 2015. ^ "BYU vs. Missouri". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved November 14, 2015. ^ "Fresno State at BYU". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 12, 2015. ^ "BYU at Utah State". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 24, 2015. ^ "2015 Las Vegas Bowl: BYU vs. Utah Stats". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved December 19, 2015. ^ Wood, Norm (December 4, 2015). "Virginia keeps Bronco Mendenhall pursuit a secret, taps him to be Cavaliers' new football coach". Daily Press. Retrieved December 5, 2015. ^ Harmon, Dick (December 9, 2015). "BYU's Robert Anae leaving for Virginia, taking 3 assistants with him". Deseret News. Retrieved December 9, 2015. ^ Welch, Jake (December 10, 2015). "BYU assistants Kelly Poppinga, Nick Howell reportedly following Bronco Mendenhall to Virginia". SB Nation. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ^ Mizell, Gina (December 19, 2015). "Kalani Sitake hired as BYU's head coach". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 19, 2015. vteBYU Cougars footballVenues LaVell Edwards Stadium (1964–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Utah: Holy War (Beehive Boot) Utah State (Beehive Boot, The Old Wagon Wheel) Culture & lore Cosmo the Cougar "The Cougar Song" BYU Cougar Marching Band People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943–1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season"},{"link_name":"Bronco Mendenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronco_Mendenhall"},{"link_name":"LaVell Edwards Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVell_Edwards_Stadium"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I FBS independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Las_Vegas_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Utah_Utes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers_football"},{"link_name":"Oregon State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_football"},{"link_name":"Kalani Sitake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalani_Sitake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2015 BYU Cougars football team represented Brigham Young University (BYU) in the 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cougars, led by 11th-year head coach Bronco Mendenhall, played their home games at LaVell Edwards Stadium. This was the fifth year BYU competed as an NCAA Division I FBS independent. They finished the season 9–4. They were invited to the Las Vegas Bowl, where they lost to rival Utah.On December 4, Mendenhall was hired as the head coach at Virginia. He stayed and coached the Cougars in the Las Vegas Bowl. He finished at BYU with an 11-year record of 99–43.On December 19, Oregon State defensive coordinator and former BYU fullback Kalani Sitake was named BYU's new head coach.[1]","title":"2015 BYU Cougars football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After a season in which the entire offensive staff was changed, BYU is expected to have stability in the coaching ranks as every coach is expected to return.","title":"Before the season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015 recruits","title":"Before the season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015 returning missionaries","title":"Before the season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015 departures","text":"The following Cougars graduated, transferred, or chose to serve two-year church missions after the 2013 season and didn't return to the team in 2015.","title":"Before the season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BYUtv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYUtv"},{"link_name":"ESPN3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN3"}],"sub_title":"Football Media Day","text":"Football Media Day took place on June 24, 2015. It aired live on BYUtv, with a simulcast on ESPN3. The Media Day featured the start time and TV network of all but 2 home games. Player interviews were also conducted on byutv.org.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015–16 BYU Cougars men's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_BYU_Cougars_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015–16 BYU Cougars women's basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_BYU_Cougars_women%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015 BYU Cougars women's soccer team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_BYU_Cougars_women%27s_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"KSL 102.7 FM and 1160 AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL_(radio)"},{"link_name":"BYU Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYU_Radio"},{"link_name":"KIDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIDO"},{"link_name":"KTHK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTHK"},{"link_name":"KMGR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUTC"},{"link_name":"KSUB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSUB"},{"link_name":"KDXU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDXU"},{"link_name":"KSHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSHP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Cougar IMG Sports Network Affiliates","text":"See also: 2015–16 BYU Cougars men's basketball team, 2015–16 BYU Cougars women's basketball team, and 2015 BYU Cougars women's soccer teamKSL 102.7 FM and 1160 AM- Flagship Station (Salt Lake City/ Provo, UT and ksl.com)BYU Radio- Nationwide (Dish Network 980, Sirius XM 143, and byuradio.org)KIDO- Boise, ID (football only)KTHK- Blackfoot/ Idaho Falls/ Pocatello/ Rexburg, IDKMGR- Manti, UTKSUB- Cedar City, UTKDXU- St. George, UTKSHP- Las Vegas, NV (football only)[2]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nebraska Cornhuskers football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sione Takitaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sione_Takitaki"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Nebraska","text":"See also: Nebraska Cornhuskers football and 2015 Nebraska Cornhuskers football teamUniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants.\nBYU entered Lincoln as 6-point underdogs, with Bronco Mendenhall taking back defensive play-calling responsibilities, and with Taysom Hill looking to prove last years Heisman talk wasn't outside the box. The Cougars entered the game with 4 starters being suspended due to last years bowl game: defensive lineman Tomasi Laulile, safety Kai Nacua, wide receiver Trey Dye, and linebacker Sione Takitaki. The revamped BYU defense gave up huge amounts of passing yardage, giving up 180 yards passing in the first quarter alone. On the way they lost 3 defensive starters to injury, including nose tackle Travis Tuiloma 4–6 weeks.[5]\n\nTaysom Hill kept BYU in the game with his scrambling, including a 21-yard run which evened it up at 14. On the 21-yard run though, Hill came to an abrupt stop in the endzone. He was taken into the locker room, where he was diagnosed with a foot sprain of some sort. A Fred Warner fumble recovery gave BYU the ball back quickly. Freshman QB Tanner Mangum came in on BYU's next possession for 2 plays: a 9-yard run and a 9-yard pass, before Hill returned. The Cougars drove the rest of the field before Hill found Mitch Mathews for the first of his 2 receiving touchdowns.\n\nA Hill interception in the third reversed the tide back to Nebraska. After missing 12-of-15 passes in the 2nd quarter Nebraska QB Tommy Armstrong, Jr. once again shredded the BYU D for more than 100 yards receiving in the 3rd. Hill would keep in close, driving possession after possession into Nebraska's end of the field, but the interception and a 4th down stop seemed to keep Nebraska with the momentum.\n\nIn the 4th Hill limped off the field. BYU sent him back into the locker room and sent Mangum back onto the field. Mangum went on to complete 6/10 in the 4th quarter for 102 yards, but the most memorable play came on the final possession. With only one second left Mangum scrambled right and threw the hail mary to the end zone. Mathews came all the way across the field and caught the 42-yard pass for the touchdown, ending Nebraska's 29-year home opener winning streak.[6]\n \nWhile Mangum entered the halls of Cougar lore with the touchdown pass, the news wasn't so good for BYU after the game. Hill was diagnosed with a lisfranc injury, which would be season-ending.[7]Game Stats:Passing: BYU- Taysom Hill 21–34–1—268, Tanner Mangum 7–11–0—111; Nebraska- Tommy Armstrong Jr. 24–41–1—319.\nRushing: BYU- Taysom Hill 9–72, Adam Hine 4–37, Tanner Mangum 5–26, Mitch Juergens 1–7, Algernon Brown 3–1, Nate Carter 4-(−11); Nebraska- Terrell Newby 10–43, Imani Cross 7–34, Alonzo Moore 2–24, Mikale Wilcon 6–14, Brandon Reilly 1–11, Tommy Armstrong Jr. 9–2, Jamal Turner 2-(−2).\nReceiving: BYU- Nick Kurtz 5–123, Mitch Mathews 3–69, Terenn Houk 4–59, Devon Blackmon 5–43, Colby Pearson 3–28, Mitch Juergens 3–24, Moroni Laulu-Pututau 1–10, Algernon Brown 2–9, Kurt Henderson 1–8, Tyler Cook 1–6; Nebraska- Jordan Westerkamp 7–107, Brandon Reilly 5–70, Alonzo Moore 3–48, Mikale Wilbon 2–28, Jamal Turner 2–21, Stanley Morgan Jr. 2–19, Lane Hovey 2–17, Trey Foster 1–9.\nInterceptions: BYU- Micah Hanneman 1–0; Nebraska- Nate Gerry 1–43.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boise State Broncos football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_State_Broncos_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Boise State Broncos football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Boise_State_Broncos_football_team"},{"link_name":"Thomas Sperbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Sperbeck"}],"sub_title":"Boise State","text":"See also: Boise State Broncos football and 2015 Boise State Broncos football teamUniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: BSU- Ryan Finley 25–38–3—297; BYU- Tanner Mangum 17–28–2—309.\nRushing: BSU- Jeremy McNichols 15–46, Devan Demas 5–21, Finley 9–5, Shane Williams-Rhodes 1–3, Team 1-(−11); BYU- Adam Hine 19–93, Algernon Brown 5–22, Mitch Juergens 2–4, Nate Carter 2–2, Team 1-(−11), Mangum 10-(−38).\nReceiving: BSU- Williams-Rhodes 11–107, Chaz Anderson 3–66, McNichols 5–49, David Lucero 1–26, Holden Huff 1–17, Jake Roh 1–15, Thomas Sperbeck 2–13, Demas 1–4; BYU- Mitch Juergens 4–172, Devon Blackmon 6–105, Mitch Mathews 5–32, Hine 1–2, Brown 1-(−2).\nInterceptions: BSU- Donte Deayon 2–29; BYU- Kai Nacua 3–76.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCLA Bruins football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football"},{"link_name":"2015 UCLA Bruins football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UCLA_Bruins_football_team"},{"link_name":"Thomas Duarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Duarte"},{"link_name":"Myles Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Jack"}],"sub_title":"UCLA","text":"See also: UCLA Bruins football and 2015 UCLA Bruins football teamUniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants.Game Stats:Passing: BYU- Tanner Mangum 30–47–1—244; UCLA- Josh Rosen 11–23–3—106.\nRushing: BYU- Adam Hine 23–149, Nate Carter 7–22, Harvey Langi 2–8, Trey Dye 1–1, Tanner Mangum 8-(−19); UCLA- Paul Perkins 26–219, Nate Starks 7–81, Soso Jamabo 2-(−1), Team 3-(−3).\nReceiving: BYU- Mitch Mathews 9–84, Mitch Juergens 5–42, Nick Kurtz 4–38, Terenn Houk 4–37, Devon Blackmon 3–23, Colby Pearson 2–8, Hine 2–8, Mangum 1–4; UCLA- Jordan Payton 4–59, Thomas Duarte 3–33, Mossi Johnson 2–8, Kenneth Walker 1–4, Jamabo 1–2.\nInterceptions: BYU- Langi 2–21, Kai Nacua 1–0; UCLA- Myles Jack 1–3.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan Wolverines football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Michigan Wolverines football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jake Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Butt"}],"sub_title":"Michigan","text":"See also: Michigan Wolverines football and 2015 Michigan Wolverines football teamUniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants.Game Stats:Passing: BYU- Tanner Mangum 12–28–0—55; MICH- Jake Rudock 14–25–0—194.\nRushing: BYU- Adam Hine 8–33, Franci Bernard 4–30, Nate Carter 3–9, Team 1-(−4), Mangum 6-(−18); MICH- De'Veon Smith 16–125, Rudock 10–33, Derrick Green 10–28, Drake Johnson 5–26, Sione Houma 4–17, Blake O'Neill 1–9, Ty Isaac 2–9, Ross Douglas 3–7.\nReceiving: BYU- Devon Blackmon 1–14, Colby Pearson 2–11, Nick Kurtz 2–10, Mitch Juergens 2–6, Hine 1–5, Mitch Mathews 1–4, Carter 1–4, Teremm Houk 1–3, M Laulu-Pututau 1-(−2); MICH- Amara Darboh 4–57, Jake Butt 1–41, Khalid Hill 2–39, Jehu Chesson 2–17, Drake Johnson 1–14, Ian Bunting 1–10, Green 1–7, AJ Williams 1–7, Henry Poggi 1–2.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UConn Huskies football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UConn_Huskies_football"},{"link_name":"2015 UConn Huskies football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_UConn_Huskies_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jamar Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamar_Summers"}],"sub_title":"UConn","text":"See also: UConn Huskies football and 2015 UConn Huskies football teamUniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: UConn- Bryant Shirreffs 14–28–2—168; BYU- Tanner Mangum 35–53–2—265, Team 0–1–0—0.\nRushing: UConn- Arkee Newsome 13–68, Max Delorenzo 1–2, Ron Johnson 1-(−3), Shirreffs 12-(−5); BYU- Algernon Brown 18–95, Francis Bernard 11–69, Nate Carter 8–14, Riley Burt 1–5, Mangum 3-(−9).\nReceiving: UConn- Newsome 4–63, Tommy Myers 2–35, Tyraiq Beals 3–33, Delorenzo 3–24, Noel Thomas 2–13; BYU- Terenn Houk 6–129, Mitch Mathews 8–78, Mitch Juergens 10–74, Nick Kurtz 5–52, Devon Blackmon 3–15, Carter 1–7, Brown 1–6, Trey Dye 1–4.\nInterceptions: UConn- Jamar Summers 1–26, Jhavon Williams 1–0; BYU- Bronson Kaufusi 1–10, Michael Shelton 1–4.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Carolina Pirates football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Carolina_Pirates_football"},{"link_name":"2015 East Carolina Pirates football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_East_Carolina_Pirates_football_team"}],"sub_title":"East Carolina","text":"See also: East Carolina Pirates football and 2015 East Carolina Pirates football teamUniform combination: white helmet with royal blue decals and royal blue chromium facemasks, royal blue jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: ECU: Blake Kemp 28–36–1—371, James Summers 2–6–0—14; BYU: Tanner Mangum 24–33–0—332, Beau Hoge 1–5–1—9.\nRushing: ECU: Chris Hairston 15–77, Summers 10–55, Shawn Furlow 3–4, Kemp 4-(−3); BYU: Algernon Brown 24–134, Francis Bernard 8–30, Jonny Linehan 1–7, Trey Dye 1–5, Riley Burt 1–4, Hoge 3-(−3), Mangum 5-(−10).\nReceiving: ECU: Isaiah Jones 10–97, Bryce Williams 5–87, Trevon Brown 6–84, Davon Grayson 5–53, Chris Hairston 3–50, Daquan Barnes 1–8, Anthony Scott 0–5, Christian Matau 0–3; BYU: Devon Blackmon 9–142, Mitch Mathews 4–72, Terenn Houk 4–43, Brown 2–20, Mitch Juergens 1–17, Colby Pearson 2–16, Nick Kurtz 1–12, Kurt Henderson 1–11, Trey Dye 1–8.\nInterceptions: ECU: Yiannis Bowden 1–7; BYU: Fred Warner 1–0.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bearcats football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bearcats_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Cincinnati Bearcats football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Cincinnati_Bearcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hayden Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Moore"}],"sub_title":"Cincinnati","text":"See also: Cincinnati Bearcats football and 2015 Cincinnati Bearcats football teamUniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: CIN: Hayden Moore 15–30–0—219, Tion Green 1–1–0—1; BYU: Tanner Mangum 19–32–1—252.\nRushing: CIN: Mike Boone 9–53, Tion Green 9–30, Hosey Williams 8–29, Moore 20–9; BYU: Algernon Brown 20–88, Francis Bernard 4–60, Riley Burt 2–48, Nate Carter 2–5, Trey Dye 1-(−4).\nReceiving: CIN: Shaq Washington 5–103, Alex Chisum 2–45, Max Morrison 4–31, Mike Boone 3–25, Nate Cole 1–15, DJ Dowdy 1–1; BYU: Nick Kurtz 6–119, Mitch Mathews 3–54, Devon Blackmon 3–32, Colby Pearson 2–21, Terenn Houk 1–10, Bernard 2–7, Brown 1–5, Mitch Juergens 1–4.\nInterceptions: CIN: Kevin Brown 1–0.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wagner Seahawks football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Seahawks_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Wagner Seahawks football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Wagner_Seahawks_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Wagner","text":"See also: Wagner Seahawks football and 2015 Wagner Seahawks football teamUniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: WAG: Alex Thomson 7–12–1—43, Chris Andrews 1–4–0—3; BYU: Tanner Mangum 12–13–0—237, Beau Hoge 8–11–0—117, Koy Detmer Jr. 3–3–0—57.\nRushing: WAG: Thomson 8–28, Otis Wright 12–25, Denzel Knight 12–15, Matthias McKinnon 6–12, Andrews 5-(−1); BYU: Algernon Brown 6–109, Nate Carter 10–102, Francis Bernard 6–54, Hoge 12–47, Colby Hansen 5–17, Toloa Ho Ching 2–10, Detmer Jr. 1-(−9).\nReceiving: WAG: Ryan Owens 2–28, Calee Scepaniak 2–6, Andre Yevchinecz 2–4, Anthony Carrington 1–5, Lloyd Smith 1–3; BYU: David Kessler 3–78, Terenn Houk 2–65, Trey Dye 2–55, Mitch Juergens 2–52, Mitch Mathews 3–44, Devon Blackmon 2–26, Josh Weeks 3–23, Jake Ziolkowski 2–20, Colby Pearson 1–16, Nick Kurtz 1–14, Akile Davis 1–9, Moroni Laulu-Pututau 1–9.\nInterceptions: BYU: Jordan Praetor 1–3.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Jose State Spartans football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_State_Spartans_football"},{"link_name":"2015 San Jose State Spartans football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_San_Jose_State_Spartans_football_team"},{"link_name":"Josh Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Oliver"}],"sub_title":"San Jose State","text":"See also: San Jose State Spartans football and 2015 San Jose State Spartans football teamUniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, blue pants.Game Stats:Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 23–37–1—293; SJSU: Kenny Potter 18–25–0—147, Tim Crawley 0–1–0—0.\nRushing: BYU: Algernon Brown 12–41, Adam Hiné 3–9, Francis Bernard 2–5, TEAM 4-(−9), Mangum 4-(−10); SJSU: Tyler Ervin 23–80, Kenny Potter 12–20, Hansell Wilson 1–15, Thomas Tucker 2–7.\nReceiving: BYU: Devon Blackmon 6–102, Mitch Mathews 4–62, Nick Kurtz 3–33, Bernard 3–33, Terenn Houk 4–32, Remington Peck 1–18, Colby Pearson 1–8, Brown 1–5; SJSU: Billy Freeman 6–67, Shane Smith 2–17, Crawley 2–14, Ervin 4–13, Thomas Tucker 1–13, Hansell Wilson 1–11, Justin Holmes 1–6, Josh Oliver 1–6.\nInterceptions: SJSU: Cleveland Wallace 1–61.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri Tigers football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Missouri Tigers football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Missouri_Tigers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Missouri","text":"See also: Missouri Tigers football and 2015 Missouri Tigers football teamUniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 23–41–0—244; MIZ: Drew Lock 19–28–1—244.\nRushing: BYU: Algernon Brown 7–42, Adam Hine 6–7, Francis Bernard 1–3, Tanner Mangum 1-(−6); MIZ: Russell Hansbrough 26–117, Ish Witter 13–34, Lock 3–26, Tyler Hunt 10–14, Ray Wingo 1–1, Team 2-(−2).\nReceiving: BYU: Nick Kurtz 3–67, Bernard 4–56, Remington Peck 3–41, Colby Pearson 4–40, Mitch Mathews 4–20, Devon Blackmon 2–15, Mitch Jurgens 1–4, Brown 2–1; MIZ: Nate Brown 5–65, Witter 2–57, J'Mon Moore 3–49, Cam Hilton 3–36, Sean Culkin 1–16, Jason Reese 1–11, Wesley Leftwich 2–9, Hunt 1–2, Emanuel Hall 1-(−1).\nInterceptions: BYU: Micah Hanneman 1–29.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fresno State Bulldogs football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Fresno State Bulldogs football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Fresno_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tanner Mangum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Mangum"},{"link_name":"Da'Mari Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27Mari_Scott"}],"sub_title":"Fresno State","text":"See also: Fresno State Bulldogs football and 2015 Fresno State Bulldogs football teamUniform combination: white helmet, blue jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: FSU: Zack Greenlee 14–41–3—125, Kilto Anderson 4–7–0—65; BYU: Tanner Mangum 24–37–0—336, Remington Peck 1–1–0—15, Beau Hoge 1–1–0—11.\nRushing: FSU: Marteze Waller 18–47, Kilto Anderson 1–29, Dejonte O'Neal 3–14, Dustin Garrison 3–12, Greenlee 5-(−17); BYU: Algernon Brown 11–97, Riley Burt 10–29, Mangum 4–14, Francis Bernard 6–8, Nate Carter 1–5, Hoge 1–5, Jonny Linehan 1–0.\nReceiving: FSU: Jamire Jordan 8–54, Justin Johnson 3–45, Stratton Brown 1–43, KeeSea Johnson 2–27, Delvo Hardaway 1–10, Da'Mari Scott 1–6, Marteze Waller 2–5; BYU: Moroni Laulu-Pututau 3–95, Colby Pearson 4–55, Mitch Mathews 2–52, Terenn Houk 5–44, Nick Kurtz 4–41, Bernard 4–37, Devon Blackmon 2–20, Mitch Juergens 1–12, Remington Peck 1–6.\nInterceptions: BYU: Kai Nacua 2–61, Fred Warner 1–27.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utah State Aggies football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Aggies_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Utah State Aggies football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Utah_State_Aggies_football_team"},{"link_name":"The Old Wagon Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Wagon_Wheel"},{"link_name":"Beehive Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_Boot"},{"link_name":"Tanner Mangum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Mangum"},{"link_name":"Chuckie Keeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckie_Keeton"}],"sub_title":"Utah State","text":"See also: Utah State Aggies football, 2015 Utah State Aggies football team, The Old Wagon Wheel, and Beehive BootUniform combination: white helmet, white jersey, white pants.Game Stats:Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 16–30–0—284; USU: Chuckie Keeton 20–45–0—243.\nRushing: BYU: Algernon Brown 16–68, Francis Bernard 3–17, Harvey Langi 3–15, Adam Hine 1-(−2), Team 3-(−6), Mangum 5-(−18); USU: Devante Mays 19–54, Keeton 9–54, Lajuan Hunt 8–50, Tonny Lindsey 2–24, DJ Nelson 1–13, Nick Vigil 2–5, Hunter Sharp 1–2, Devon Robinson 1–0.\nReceiving: BYU: Mitch Mathews 6–158, Kurt Henderson 2–39, Devon Blackmon 1–35, Brown 1–18, Nick Kurtz 1–13, Colby Pearson 1–7, Remington Peck 1–7, Bernard 2–4, Mitch Juergens 1–3; USU: Hunter Sharp 7–100, Andre Rodriguez 4–78, Tyler Fox 1–25, Wyatt Houston 2–24, Kenne Williams 1–13, Brand Swindall 1–11, Braelon Roberts 1–9, Jake Simonich 1-(−5), Lajuan Hunt 2-(−12).\nUtah State 0–3 on Field Goals. Bronson Kaufusi blocks 2 FG's for BYU.","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Las Vegas Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2015 Las Vegas Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Las_Vegas_Bowl"},{"link_name":"2015 Utah Utes football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Utah_Utes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Holy War (BYU–Utah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_War_(BYU%E2%80%93Utah)"},{"link_name":"Beehive Boot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beehive_Boot"},{"link_name":"Bronco Mendenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronco_Mendenhall"},{"link_name":"Virginia Cavaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Cavaliers"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uva_hire_dailypress-20"},{"link_name":"Robert Anae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anae"},{"link_name":"Jason Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Beck_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nick Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Howell_(football_coach)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Poppinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Poppinga"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tanner Mangum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_Mangum"},{"link_name":"Tom Holmoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Holmoe"},{"link_name":"Kalani Sitake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalani_Sitake"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Las Vegas Bowl","text":"See also: Las Vegas Bowl, 2015 Las Vegas Bowl, 2015 Utah Utes football team, Holy War (BYU–Utah), and Beehive BootUniform combination: white helmet with royal blue decals and royal blue chromium facemasks, royal blue jersey, white pants.\nThis was the final game for head coach Bronco Mendenhall, who accepted the same position with the Virginia Cavaliers on December 4,[20] and for assistant coaches Robert Anae, Garett Tujague, Mark Atuaia, Jason Beck,[21] Nick Howell, and Kelly Poppinga[22] who accepted coaching responsibilities for the same positions at Virginia on December 9 & 10.Game Stats:Passing: BYU: Tanner Mangum 25–56–3—315; Utah: Travis Wilson 9–16–0—71.\nRushing: BYU: Francis Bernard 7–58, Algernon Brown 5–12, Mangum 11–3, Squally Canada 1–1, Trey Dye 1-(−3); Utah: Joe Williams 25–91, Wilson 15–23, Tom Hackt 1–21, Bubba Poole 1–0, Britain Covey 1-(−1), Team 3-(−3), Kendal Thompson 1-(−5).\nReceiving: BYU: Devon Blacmkmon 3–97, Terenn Houk 6–68, Nick Kurtz 4–56, Mitch Juergens 5–55, Bernard 2–19, Brown 2–9, Mitch Mathews 2–8, Remington Peck 1–3; Utah: Williams 2–22, Harris Handley 2–16, Tyrone Smith 1–15, Kenneth Scott 1–9, Thompson 1–8, Covey 2–1.\nInterceptions: Utah: Tevin Carter 2–61, Dominique Hatfield 1–46.After the game was completed, Tom Holmoe took time during the post-game press conference to announce that Kalani Sitake would become the BYU head coach beginning with the 2016 season.[23]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_rankings"}],"text":"Further information: 2015 NCAA Division I FBS football rankings","title":"Rankings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ex-player Sitake returning to BYU as head coach\". December 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/14399087/byu-cougars-agree-kalani-sitake-become-next-head-coach","url_text":"\"Ex-player Sitake returning to BYU as head coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU Sports Network Affiliates\". KSL. Retrieved October 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksl.com/?sid=17626099&nid=276&title=ksl-newsradiobyu-radio-sports-network-affiliates","url_text":"\"BYU Sports Network Affiliates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV","url_text":"KSL"}]},{"reference":"\"BYU Men's Football Staff\". BYU Athletics. Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032929/http://byucougars.com/staff/m-football","url_text":"\"BYU Men's Football Staff\""},{"url":"http://byucougars.com/staff/m-football","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BYU at Nebraska\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=91390&a=1","url_text":"\"BYU at Nebraska\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU loses nose tackle Travis Tuiloma for 4–6 weeks in win over Nebraska\". Deseret News. September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865636195/BYU-loses-nose-tackle-Travis-Tuiloma-for-4-6-weeks-in-win-over-Nebraska.html","url_text":"\"BYU loses nose tackle Travis Tuiloma for 4–6 weeks in win over Nebraska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"BYU beat Nebraska 33–28 as Mangum throws 42-yard Hail Mary to Mathews on game's final play, Hill out for the year\". Deseret News. September 5, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865636164/BYU-football-Cougars-use-strong-second-quarter-to-take-24-14-halftime-lead-over-Nebraska.html","url_text":"\"BYU beat Nebraska 33–28 as Mangum throws 42-yard Hail Mary to Mathews on game's final play, Hill out for the year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"BYU QB Hill out for the season with a foot fracture\". KSL-TV. Retrieved September 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ksl.com/?sid=36388875&nid=272","url_text":"\"BYU QB Hill out for the season with a foot fracture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSL-TV","url_text":"KSL-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Boise State at BYU\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96099&a=1","url_text":"\"Boise State at BYU\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU at UCLA\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=95685&a=1","url_text":"\"BYU at UCLA\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU at Michigan\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved September 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=94050&a=1","url_text":"\"BYU at Michigan\""}]},{"reference":"\"UConn at BYU\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96100&a=1","url_text":"\"UConn at BYU\""}]},{"reference":"\"East Carolina at BYU\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96101","url_text":"\"East Carolina at BYU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cincinnati at BYU\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96102","url_text":"\"Cincinnati at BYU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wagner at BYU\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96103","url_text":"\"Wagner at BYU\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU at San Jose State\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=94621","url_text":"\"BYU at San Jose State\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU vs. Missouri\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved November 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=97475&a=1","url_text":"\"BYU vs. Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresno State at BYU\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96104","url_text":"\"Fresno State at BYU\""}]},{"reference":"\"BYU at Utah State\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved October 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=94641","url_text":"\"BYU at Utah State\""}]},{"reference":"\"2015 Las Vegas Bowl: BYU vs. Utah Stats\". Stat Broadcast. Retrieved December 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=112019&a=1","url_text":"\"2015 Las Vegas Bowl: BYU vs. Utah Stats\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Norm (December 4, 2015). \"Virginia keeps Bronco Mendenhall pursuit a secret, taps him to be Cavaliers' new football coach\". Daily Press. Retrieved December 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailypress.com/sports/uva/dp-spt-virginia-football-bronco-mendenhall-coach-1205-20151204-story.html","url_text":"\"Virginia keeps Bronco Mendenhall pursuit a secret, taps him to be Cavaliers' new football coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Press_(Virginia)","url_text":"Daily Press"}]},{"reference":"Harmon, Dick (December 9, 2015). \"BYU's Robert Anae leaving for Virginia, taking 3 assistants with him\". Deseret News. Retrieved December 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865643395/BYUs-Robert-Anae-leaving-for-Virginia-taking-3-assistants-with-him.html","url_text":"\"BYU's Robert Anae leaving for Virginia, taking 3 assistants with him\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"Welch, Jake (December 10, 2015). \"BYU assistants Kelly Poppinga, Nick Howell reportedly following Bronco Mendenhall to Virginia\". SB Nation. Retrieved December 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanquishthefoe.com/2015/12/10/9886202/byu-coaching-search-assistant-coaches-uva","url_text":"\"BYU assistants Kelly Poppinga, Nick Howell reportedly following Bronco Mendenhall to Virginia\""}]},{"reference":"Mizell, Gina (December 19, 2015). \"Kalani Sitake hired as BYU's head coach\". The Oregonian. Retrieved December 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oregonlive.com/beavers/index.ssf/2015/12/kalani_sitake_hired_as_byus_he.html","url_text":"\"Kalani Sitake hired as BYU's head coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://byucougars.com/roster/m-football","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/14399087/byu-cougars-agree-kalani-sitake-become-next-head-coach","external_links_name":"\"Ex-player Sitake returning to BYU as head coach\""},{"Link":"http://www.ksl.com/?sid=17626099&nid=276&title=ksl-newsradiobyu-radio-sports-network-affiliates","external_links_name":"\"BYU Sports Network Affiliates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120122032929/http://byucougars.com/staff/m-football","external_links_name":"\"BYU Men's Football Staff\""},{"Link":"http://byucougars.com/staff/m-football","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=91390&a=1","external_links_name":"\"BYU at Nebraska\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865636195/BYU-loses-nose-tackle-Travis-Tuiloma-for-4-6-weeks-in-win-over-Nebraska.html","external_links_name":"\"BYU loses nose tackle Travis Tuiloma for 4–6 weeks in win over Nebraska\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865636164/BYU-football-Cougars-use-strong-second-quarter-to-take-24-14-halftime-lead-over-Nebraska.html","external_links_name":"\"BYU beat Nebraska 33–28 as Mangum throws 42-yard Hail Mary to Mathews on game's final play, Hill out for the year\""},{"Link":"http://www.ksl.com/?sid=36388875&nid=272","external_links_name":"\"BYU QB Hill out for the season with a foot fracture\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96099&a=1","external_links_name":"\"Boise State at BYU\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=95685&a=1","external_links_name":"\"BYU at UCLA\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=94050&a=1","external_links_name":"\"BYU at Michigan\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96100&a=1","external_links_name":"\"UConn at BYU\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96101","external_links_name":"\"East Carolina at BYU\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96102","external_links_name":"\"Cincinnati at BYU\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96103","external_links_name":"\"Wagner at BYU\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=94621","external_links_name":"\"BYU at San Jose State\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=97475&a=1","external_links_name":"\"BYU vs. Missouri\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=96104","external_links_name":"\"Fresno State at BYU\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=94641","external_links_name":"\"BYU at Utah State\""},{"Link":"http://stats.statbroadcast.com/statmonitr/?id=112019&a=1","external_links_name":"\"2015 Las Vegas Bowl: BYU vs. Utah Stats\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailypress.com/sports/uva/dp-spt-virginia-football-bronco-mendenhall-coach-1205-20151204-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Virginia keeps Bronco Mendenhall pursuit a secret, taps him to be Cavaliers' new football coach\""},{"Link":"http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865643395/BYUs-Robert-Anae-leaving-for-Virginia-taking-3-assistants-with-him.html","external_links_name":"\"BYU's Robert Anae leaving for Virginia, taking 3 assistants with him\""},{"Link":"http://www.vanquishthefoe.com/2015/12/10/9886202/byu-coaching-search-assistant-coaches-uva","external_links_name":"\"BYU assistants Kelly Poppinga, Nick Howell reportedly following Bronco Mendenhall to Virginia\""},{"Link":"http://www.oregonlive.com/beavers/index.ssf/2015/12/kalani_sitake_hired_as_byus_he.html","external_links_name":"\"Kalani Sitake hired as BYU's head coach\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bx36_(New_York_City_bus)	Bx36 (New York City bus)	["1 Route description","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]	Bus route in New York City This article is about the service that replaced the 180th Street Crosstown Line streetcars and ran along 180th Street prior to June 2022. For the bus routes currently running along 180th Street, see Bx40 and Bx42 buses. bx36bx36Tremont Avenue LineWashington Heights-Soundview LineWestbound Bx36 in West FarmsOverviewSystemMTA Regional Bus OperationsOperatorNew York City TransitGarageWest Farms DepotVehicleNew Flyer Xcelsior XN60Nova Bus LFS articulatedNew Flyer C40LF (supplemental)New Flyer Xcelsior XN40 (supplemental)Began serviceOctober 25, 1947September 8, 2009 (Bx36 LTD)RouteLocaleManhattan and The BronxCommunities servedWashington Heights, Morris Heights, Tremont, West Farms, Van Nest, Parkchester, Soundview, Castle HillStartLittle Dominican Republic/Washington Heights - George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal/179th Street & Fort Washington AvenueViaWest 181st Street, Tremont Avenue, White Plains RoadEndCastle Hill - Olmstead Avenue & Seward AvenueLength6.5 miles (10.5 km)Other routesBx3 University/Sedgwick AvesBx11 170th/East 174th StsBx13 Ogden/River AvesBx35 E.L. Grant Hwy/East 167th/169th StsServiceOperates24 hours (Bx36)Rush hours (Bx36 LTD)Annual patronage2,893,136 (2023)TransfersYesTimetableBx36 Route map ← Bx35 {{{system_nav}}} Bx38 → The Bx36 is a public transit line in the Bronx, New York. Originally a streetcar line, it now runs between Washington Heights in Manhattan and Soundview in the Bronx, primarily on Tremont Avenue and White Plains Road. Route description A New Flyer XN60 on the Bx36 at Washington Bridge The Bx36 begins at the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal in Washington Heights, Manhattan, and uses West 179th Street, Fort Washington Avenue, and West 178th Street to access Wadsworth Avenue, while buses accessing the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal use West 179th Street. It then continues on Wadsworth Avenue until it turns to West 181st Street, and continues until it turns to University Avenue, and then to Tremont Avenue. It then continues along Tremont Avenue until White Plains Road. It turns then continues south on White Plains Road until it turns to Lafayette Avenue and then Pugsley Avenue, and uses Seward Avenue and Olmstead Avenue to access the Soundview terminus, while buses heading westbound use Randall Avenue to access Pugsley Avenue. Select local trips originate/terminate at Boston Road and East Tremont Avenue. The Bx36 also employs limited-stop service, which runs during weekday rush hours only, and makes all local stops in Manhattan and south of Story Avenue. History G.W. Bridge-bound Bx36 in Washington Heights The Bx36 replaced 180th Street Crosstown Line streetcars on October 25, 1947. Its original south-eastern terminus was at Bruckner Boulevard-Zerega Avenue via Cross Bronx Expressway, running all times except nights until February 1984. On February 14, 1965, every other bus on the route was extended one mile to run to Pugsley Avenue and Story Avenue, instead of to the previous terminal of Chatterton Avenue and Zerega Avenue. These buses would turn off the regular route at Westchester Avenue and White Plains Road, running south on White Plains Road, Houghton Avenue, and Pugsley Avenue to the terminal, and via Story Avenue and White Plains Road before turning back onto Westchester Avenue for the return trip to Manhattan. In November 1967, a full-time terminus was established at White Plains Road and Story Avenue, but later as part of the July 1974 service changes, it was extended to its current southeastern terminus. Eastbound buses were rerouted to use East 174th Street in both directions, with service on Cross Bronx Expressway being taken over by the Q44. On September 13, 1987, the Bx36 was extended from 181st Street and Broadway to the outside of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station at 179th Street and Broadway and later on January 18, 1998, buses in both directions were rerouted to use Wadsworth Avenue instead of Broadway. Westbound trips were streamlined onto White Plains Road, whereas they had previously deviated to Hugh Grant Circle/Parkchester station prior to September 2000. On September 8, 2009, the Bx36 Limited began service during rush hours, consisting of every other Bx36 during rush hours, and possibly saving up to eight minutes in each direction. In 2017, the MTA released its Fast Forward Plan, aimed at speeding up mass transit services. As part of it, a draft plan for the reorganization of Bronx bus routes was proposed in draft format in June 2019, with a final version published in October 2019. The plan included rerouting service on Tremont Avenue and White Plains Road rather than 180th Street, Boston Road, and 174th Street, with the rerouted Bx40/Bx42 covering 180th Street and the rerouted Bx11 covering 174th Street. Changes would apply to both local and limited-stop variants and were proposed to be implemented by mid-2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the changes were halted for over a year. The modification took place on June 26, 2022. References ^ "Subway and bus ridership for 2023". mta.info. April 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024. ^ "Hike Service Of Manhattan, Bronx Buses". New York Daily News. February 14, 1965. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ "Limited-stop bus set for rush hour". New York Daily News. September 3, 1987. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018. ^ Gunn, David L. (August 18, 1987). "September 1987 Bus Changes" (PDF). laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu. New York City Transit Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2019. ^ "Bus Service Notices". Archived from the original on January 27, 1998. Retrieved September 12, 2023. ^ "Bx36 Limited Rush Hour Service". Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018. ^ "Fast Forward: The Plan to Modernize New York City Transitt" (PDF). MTA. Retrieved September 12, 2023. ^ "Draft Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2020. ^ "Final Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2019. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2020. ^ Spivack, Caroline (October 22, 2019). "MTA's Bronx bus redesign will chop 400 stops and add new routes". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ "MTA releases final Bronx bus system overhaul proposal". ABC7 New York. October 22, 2019. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2019. ^ Duggan, Kevin (2021-08-19). "MTA revives borough bus network redesigns, starting with the Bronx – Bronx Times". Bronx Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved 2021-09-04. ^ "NYC officials announce ambitious plan to expand MTA bus service". ABC7 New York. 2021-08-16. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-04. ^ Duggan, Kevin (February 20, 2022). "MTA sets June date for Bronx bus redesign rollout". amNewYork. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022. ^ Duggan, Kevin (June 26, 2022). "What to know about the Bronx bus redesign". AMNewYork. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. ^ "MTA launches redesigned bus network in the Bronx". CBS News. June 26, 2022. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bx36 (New York City bus). vteBus routes in the BronxCurrent local routes Bx1 Bx2 Bx3 Bx4 Bx4A Bx5 Bx6 Bx7 Bx8 Bx9 Bx10 Bx11 Bx12 Bx13 Bx15 Bx16 Bx17 Bx18 Bx19 Bx20 Bx21 Bx22 Bx23 Bx24 Bx25 Bx26 Bx27 Bx28 Bx29 Bx30 Bx31 Bx32 Bx33 Bx34 Bx35 Bx36 Bx38 Bx39 Bx40 Bx41 Bx42 Bx46 Current express routes BxM1 BxM2 BxM3 BxM4 BxM5 BxM7 BxM8 BxM9 BxM10 BxM11 BxM18 Former routes Bx14 Bx52 Bx55 BxM4A BxM7B X32 X61	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bx40 and Bx42 buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bx40_and_Bx42_buses"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar"}],"text":"This article is about the service that replaced the 180th Street Crosstown Line streetcars and ran along 180th Street prior to June 2022. For the bus routes currently running along 180th Street, see Bx40 and Bx42 buses.The Bx36 is a public transit line in the Bronx, New York. Originally a streetcar line, it now runs between Washington Heights in Manhattan and Soundview in the Bronx, primarily on Tremont Avenue and White Plains Road.","title":"Bx36 (New York City bus)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1021_on_the_Bx36_Washington_Bridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"New Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Flyer"},{"link_name":"XN60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xcelsior"},{"link_name":"Washington Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Bridge_(Harlem_River)"}],"text":"A New Flyer XN60 on the Bx36 at Washington BridgeThe Bx36 begins at the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal in Washington Heights, Manhattan, and uses West 179th Street, Fort Washington Avenue, and West 178th Street to access Wadsworth Avenue, while buses accessing the George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal use West 179th Street. It then continues on Wadsworth Avenue until it turns to West 181st Street, and continues until it turns to University Avenue, and then to Tremont Avenue. It then continues along Tremont Avenue until White Plains Road. It turns then continues south on White Plains Road until it turns to Lafayette Avenue and then Pugsley Avenue, and uses Seward Avenue and Olmstead Avenue to access the Soundview terminus, while buses heading westbound use Randall Avenue to access Pugsley Avenue. Select local trips originate/terminate at Boston Road and East Tremont Avenue.The Bx36 also employs limited-stop service, which runs during weekday rush hours only, and makes all local stops in Manhattan and south of Story Avenue.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadsworth_Avenue_8.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Q44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q20_and_Q44_buses"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bx40/Bx42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bx40_and_Bx42_buses"},{"link_name":"Bx11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bx11_(New_York_City_bus)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"G.W. Bridge-bound Bx36 in Washington HeightsThe Bx36 replaced 180th Street Crosstown Line streetcars on October 25, 1947. Its original south-eastern terminus was at Bruckner Boulevard-Zerega Avenue via Cross Bronx Expressway, running all times except nights until February 1984. On February 14, 1965, every other bus on the route was extended one mile to run to Pugsley Avenue and Story Avenue, instead of to the previous terminal of Chatterton Avenue and Zerega Avenue. These buses would turn off the regular route at Westchester Avenue and White Plains Road, running south on White Plains Road, Houghton Avenue, and Pugsley Avenue to the terminal, and via Story Avenue and White Plains Road before turning back onto Westchester Avenue for the return trip to Manhattan.[2] In November 1967, a full-time terminus was established at White Plains Road and Story Avenue, but later as part of the July 1974 service changes, it was extended to its current southeastern terminus. Eastbound buses were rerouted to use East 174th Street in both directions, with service on Cross Bronx Expressway being taken over by the Q44. On September 13, 1987, the Bx36 was extended from 181st Street and Broadway to the outside of the George Washington Bridge Bus Station at 179th Street and Broadway[3][4] and later on January 18, 1998, buses in both directions were rerouted to use Wadsworth Avenue instead of Broadway.[5] Westbound trips were streamlined onto White Plains Road, whereas they had previously deviated to Hugh Grant Circle/Parkchester station prior to September 2000. On September 8, 2009, the Bx36 Limited began service during rush hours, consisting of every other Bx36 during rush hours, and possibly saving up to eight minutes in each direction.[6] In 2017, the MTA released its Fast Forward Plan, aimed at speeding up mass transit services.[7] As part of it, a draft plan for the reorganization of Bronx bus routes was proposed in draft format in June 2019, with a final version published in October 2019.[8][9] The plan included rerouting service on Tremont Avenue and White Plains Road rather than 180th Street, Boston Road, and 174th Street, with the rerouted Bx40/Bx42 covering 180th Street and the rerouted Bx11 covering 174th Street. Changes would apply to both local and limited-stop variants and were proposed to be implemented by mid-2020.[10][11] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the changes were halted for over a year.[12][13][14] The modification took place on June 26, 2022.[15][16]","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"A New Flyer XN60 on the Bx36 at Washington Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/1021_on_the_Bx36_Washington_Bridge.jpg/220px-1021_on_the_Bx36_Washington_Bridge.jpg"},{"image_text":"G.W. Bridge-bound Bx36 in Washington Heights","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Wadsworth_Avenue_8.jpg/220px-Wadsworth_Avenue_8.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Subway and bus ridership for 2023\". mta.info. April 29, 2024. Retrieved May 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2023","url_text":"\"Subway and bus ridership for 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hike Service Of Manhattan, Bronx Buses\". New York Daily News. February 14, 1965. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98002206/","url_text":"\"Hike Service Of Manhattan, Bronx Buses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limited-stop bus set for rush hour\". New York Daily News. September 3, 1987. Archived from the original on August 30, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=23110752","url_text":"\"Limited-stop bus set for rush hour\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142316/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=23110752","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gunn, David L. (August 18, 1987). \"September 1987 Bus Changes\" (PDF). laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu. New York City Transit Authority. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 17, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/Koch_FILES/08.005.0000.0000260.08.PDF#undefined","url_text":"\"September 1987 Bus Changes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220317201618/http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/Koch_FILES/08.005.0000.0000260.08.PDF#undefined","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bus Service Notices\". Archived from the original on January 27, 1998. Retrieved September 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980127005048/http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/Bus/bussrvno.htm","url_text":"\"Bus Service Notices\""},{"url":"http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/Bus/bussrvno.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bx36 Limited Rush Hour Service\". Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/bx36-limited-rush-hour-service","url_text":"\"Bx36 Limited Rush Hour Service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070006/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/bx36-limited-rush-hour-service","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fast Forward: The Plan to Modernize New York City Transitt\" (PDF). MTA. Retrieved September 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5afef986c3c16a2dc6705929/t/5b072571f950b7a5e621a4ff/1527194994914/Fast+Forward+Plan_05-24-2018_3.15PM.pdf","url_text":"\"Fast Forward: The Plan to Modernize New York City Transitt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Draft Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/sites/default/files/2019-06/410_19_BBNR%20Existing%20Report_Final_2019_v2.pdf","url_text":"\"Draft Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"Final Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2019. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/11321","url_text":"\"Final Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028234204/https://new.mta.info/document/11321","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Spivack, Caroline (October 22, 2019). \"MTA's Bronx bus redesign will chop 400 stops and add new routes\". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ny.curbed.com/2019/10/22/20926765/mta-nyc-bus-bronx-redesign-transportation","url_text":"\"MTA's Bronx bus redesign will chop 400 stops and add new routes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191128135053/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/10/22/20926765/mta-nyc-bus-bronx-redesign-transportation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA releases final Bronx bus system overhaul proposal\". ABC7 New York. October 22, 2019. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7ny.com/5638098/","url_text":"\"MTA releases final Bronx bus system overhaul proposal\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101030034/https://abc7ny.com/5638098/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Duggan, Kevin (2021-08-19). \"MTA revives borough bus network redesigns, starting with the Bronx – Bronx Times\". Bronx Times. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved 2021-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bxtimes.com/mta-revives-borough-bus-network-redesigns-starting-with-the-bronx/","url_text":"\"MTA revives borough bus network redesigns, starting with the Bronx – Bronx Times\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408133051/https://www.bxtimes.com/mta-revives-borough-bus-network-redesigns-starting-with-the-bronx/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NYC officials announce ambitious plan to expand MTA bus service\". ABC7 New York. 2021-08-16. Archived from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://abc7ny.com/10955225/","url_text":"\"NYC officials announce ambitious plan to expand MTA bus service\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904021530/https://abc7ny.com/10955225/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Duggan, Kevin (February 20, 2022). \"MTA sets June date for Bronx bus redesign rollout\". amNewYork. Archived from the original on February 24, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-sets-june-date-bronx-bus-redesign-rollout/","url_text":"\"MTA sets June date for Bronx bus redesign rollout\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224023527/https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-sets-june-date-bronx-bus-redesign-rollout/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Duggan, Kevin (June 26, 2022). \"What to know about the Bronx bus redesign\". AMNewYork. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amny.com/news/what-to-know-about-the-bronx-bus-redesign/","url_text":"\"What to know about the Bronx bus redesign\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220627011649/https://www.amny.com/news/what-to-know-about-the-bronx-bus-redesign/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MTA launches redesigned bus network in the Bronx\". CBS News. June 26, 2022. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/mta-launches-redesigned-bronx-bus-network/","url_text":"\"MTA launches redesigned bus network in the Bronx\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220627004806/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/mta-launches-redesigned-bronx-bus-network/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/88771","external_links_name":"Bx36"},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/agency/new-york-city-transit/subway-bus-ridership-2023","external_links_name":"\"Subway and bus ridership for 2023\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/98002206/","external_links_name":"\"Hike Service Of Manhattan, Bronx Buses\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=23110752","external_links_name":"\"Limited-stop bus set for rush hour\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180830142316/https://www.newspapers.com/image/?spot=23110752","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/Koch_FILES/08.005.0000.0000260.08.PDF#undefined","external_links_name":"\"September 1987 Bus Changes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220317201618/http://www.laguardiawagnerarchive.lagcc.cuny.edu/pages/FileBrowser.aspx?LinkToFile=FILES_DOC/Koch_FILES/08.005.0000.0000260.08.PDF#undefined","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980127005048/http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/Bus/bussrvno.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bus Service Notices\""},{"Link":"http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/nyct/Bus/bussrvno.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/bx36-limited-rush-hour-service","external_links_name":"\"Bx36 Limited Rush Hour Service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505070006/http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/bx36-limited-rush-hour-service","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5afef986c3c16a2dc6705929/t/5b072571f950b7a5e621a4ff/1527194994914/Fast+Forward+Plan_05-24-2018_3.15PM.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Fast Forward: The Plan to Modernize New York City Transitt\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/sites/default/files/2019-06/410_19_BBNR%20Existing%20Report_Final_2019_v2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Draft Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign\""},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/11321","external_links_name":"\"Final Plan, Bronx Bus Network Redesign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028234204/https://new.mta.info/document/11321","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ny.curbed.com/2019/10/22/20926765/mta-nyc-bus-bronx-redesign-transportation","external_links_name":"\"MTA's Bronx bus redesign will chop 400 stops and add new routes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191128135053/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/10/22/20926765/mta-nyc-bus-bronx-redesign-transportation","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abc7ny.com/5638098/","external_links_name":"\"MTA releases final Bronx bus system overhaul proposal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101030034/https://abc7ny.com/5638098/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bxtimes.com/mta-revives-borough-bus-network-redesigns-starting-with-the-bronx/","external_links_name":"\"MTA revives borough bus network redesigns, starting with the Bronx – Bronx Times\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408133051/https://www.bxtimes.com/mta-revives-borough-bus-network-redesigns-starting-with-the-bronx/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://abc7ny.com/10955225/","external_links_name":"\"NYC officials announce ambitious plan to expand MTA bus service\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210904021530/https://abc7ny.com/10955225/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-sets-june-date-bronx-bus-redesign-rollout/","external_links_name":"\"MTA sets June date for Bronx bus redesign rollout\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220224023527/https://www.amny.com/transit/mta-sets-june-date-bronx-bus-redesign-rollout/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amny.com/news/what-to-know-about-the-bronx-bus-redesign/","external_links_name":"\"What to know about the Bronx bus redesign\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220627011649/https://www.amny.com/news/what-to-know-about-the-bronx-bus-redesign/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/mta-launches-redesigned-bronx-bus-network/","external_links_name":"\"MTA launches redesigned bus network in the Bronx\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220627004806/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/mta-launches-redesigned-bronx-bus-network/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_Rock_(TV_series)	Z Rock (TV series)	["1 Characters","1.1 Major characters","1.2 Guest Stars","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (2008)","2.2 Season 2 (2009)","3 References","4 External links"]	American TV series or program Z RockCreated byMark Mark Productions, Andrew GottliebDirected byMark FarrellStarringPaulie ZablidowskyDavid ZablidowskyJoey CassataLynne KoplitzJay OakersonCountry of originUnited StatesNo. of seasons2No. of episodes20 (list of episodes)ProductionRunning timeApprox. 27 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkIFCReleaseAugust 24, 2008 (2008-08-24) –August 9, 2009 (2009-08-09) Z Rock is an American comedy television series, which aired on IFC in the United States. The show is a semi-scripted comedy and is based on the double life of a Brooklyn band, ZO2. By night, they are a hard rock band but, to pay the bills, they are the "Z Brothers" by day, playing at children's birthday parties. ZO2 consists of brothers Paulie Z, David Z and their childhood friend Joey Cassata portraying fictionalized versions of themselves. The series was filmed and produced in New York City by Mark Mark Productions. Characters Major characters Name Actor Role Paulie Zablidowsky Himself Lead vocalist and guitarist of Z02 / Z Brothers David Zablidowsky Himself Bassist for Z02 / Z Brothers Joey Cassata Himself Drummer for Z02 / Z Brothers Dina Lynne Koplitz The band's manager Neil Jay Oakerson The club manager who is in love with Paulie Z Guest Stars Joan Rivers as herself John Popper as himself Marky Ramone as himself Dave Navarro as himself Dee Snider as himself Bethenny Frankel as Bethenny the chef Sebastian Bach as himself Dave Attell as himself Alison Becker as Joey's girlfriend Becky Gilbert Gottfried as himself Patrice O'Neal as Darren the stage manager Warren Sapp as himself Bonnie Bernstein as herself Melissa Rivers as herself Daryl Hall as himself Constantine Maroulis as himself Chris Barron as himself Chris Jericho as himself Michael McDerman as Stylist Greg Giraldo as Harry Bronstein Jim Norton as himself Jeff Ross as himself Eddie Trunk as himself Steel Panther as themselves Frank Stallone as himself Eddie Ojeda Jay Jay French Joe Derosa as Squirt Reynolds Carmine Appice Jay Decay Episodes Season 1 (2008) No. Title Original air date Productioncode 1"Episode 1"August 24, 2008 (2008-08-24)101 After a gig, Paulie and David have an all-nighter with some groupies. They oversleep the next morning, only to realize that they might miss the most important gig of all: a kid's party for a major record executive who holds the power to give them a record deal. 2"Episode 2"August 31, 2008 (2008-08-31)102 The boys show up for a kid's party in Long Island, only to find out it's been double-booked by their kiddie world nemesis, Kidtastic!. Guest starring the Whitest Kids U Know. 3"Episode 3"September 7, 2008 (2008-09-07)103 The Z Brothers meet John Popper after playing at a bris. After a little persuasion, Popper offers the group a record deal, though it may not be exactly what the group is expecting. Guest starring John Popper. 4"Episode 4"September 14, 2008 (2008-09-14)104 John Popper wants to show the guys how awesome being a full-time kids band can be, and he books them for a $10,000 birthday party for Gilbert Gottfried's son. Guest starring Gilbert Gottfried and John Popper. 5"Episode 5"September 21, 2008 (2008-09-21)105 Neil can't handle his feelings for Paulie, and he puts the kabosh on their regular gig at Southpaw. ZO2 gets a gig at Manhattan's Cutting Room, but the crowd isn't really a fan of rock music, and the evening descends into chaos. Guest Starring Joan Rivers and Patrice O'Neal. 6"Episode 6"September 28, 2008 (2008-09-28)106 The guys shoot their first music video under the direction of Dave Navarro who is just coming off a major adult movie shoot. The band begins to question the direction the music video is going in, causing Navarro to storm off the shoot, leaving the music video without a director. Guest starring Dave Navarro and Joe DeRosa. 7"Episode 7"October 5, 2008 (2008-10-05)107 The band's future is rocky as each member pursues different paths. Paulie pursues his solo career, David tries modeling, and Joey searches for himself. In the end, they must decide whether to stay as a band or go their separate ways. Guest starring Dee Snider. 8"Episode 8"October 10, 2008 (2008-10-10)108 The group's hard work pays off when they get a fantastic break opening for Joan Rivers. However, the temptation of the casinos affects them all, and they put their careers in jeopardy in the process. Guest starring Joan Rivers. 9"Episode 9"October 19, 2008 (2008-10-19)109 The boys don't want to sell out, and they decide to reject John Poppers deal, until they realize their friend Dina sacrificed everything to make it happen. They accept the deal, only to find out that the major record exec wants to sign their group after all. Guest starring Dave Attell, Joan Rivers and John Popper. 10"Episode 10"October 26, 2008 (2008-10-26)110 The boys begin working for John Popper, but they soon discover they aren't allowed to write their own music. Dina tries to convince Popper to let the group out of their deal, and he gives them a way by tasking them to reek vengeance on Harry Braunstein, the record exec that is offering the band a chance to sign with the major record company. Season 2 (2009) No. Title Original air date Productioncode 11"Z-united"June 7, 2009 (2009-06-07)201 Months after their major record deal falls through, the band is faced with the hardships of life and decide to break up. With a little help from old friends, the boys are forced to come face-to-face with each other, and then they're able to confront the man who cost them their careers. Guest starring Joan Rivers, Dee Snider, Greg Giraldo, and Alison Becker 12"I Wanna Be Z-dated"June 14, 2009 (2009-06-14)202 With the band's career back on track, they now have time to focus on women. Joey meets a woman who cooks just like his Nonna, Paulie meets a lady who is so awesome he'd move to Rwanda with her, and David finds himself in the middle of a band in love. Guest Starring Bonnie Bernstein and Bethenny Frankel. 13"All Z Small Things"June 21, 2009 (2009-06-21)203 Things look up when the boys get a break playing for a lesbian couple's adopted Chinese child's party. Dina nabs the band an opening-gig for Kiss, but their hopes are dashed when they realize that it isn't the KISS they thought it would be. Guest Starring Mini-Kiss and Frank Stallone. 14"Jail House Z Rock"June 28, 2009 (2009-06-28)204 Neil finds himself on a road trip with the group after they get a two-night gig opening for Brett Michaels. Neil finds himself in his hometown of Chappaqua, and he drags ZO2 with him as he settles some old scores. Guest Starring Jay Jay French and Joe Matarese. 15"Z Are Family"July 5, 2009 (2009-07-05)205 The boys meet up with Dave Navarro again, and after they forgive him for abandoning their music video shoot, they audition him to see if he can make the cut as ZO2 material. A few ghosts from the past reappear, including Dina's past fling, rock legend Daryl Hall. Guest Starring Daryl Hall and Dave Navarro. 16"Z Wrestler"July 12, 2009 (2009-07-12)206 The boys get to squeeze into some spandex and capes for a wrestling-themed kids' party, but their wrestling personas might get the group into a bit of trouble. Guest Starring Jeff Ross, Jim Norton and Chris Jericho. 17"Z My Baby"July 19, 2009 (2009-07-19)207 The band's Battle of the Bands position is jeopardized when Joey hurts his knee, opening the door for their rival Steel Panther to win the coveted $15,000 prize. A pregnant ex comes back to visit David, and she brings along her former pro-football player fiance. Guest Starring Warren Sapp, Steel Panther, Julissa Bermudez, and Eddie Trunk. 18"Z Rock This Town"July 26, 2009 (2009-07-26)208 ZO2 is recruited by a local Brooklyn politician to play at a rally, but his supposed mafia connections puts the boys in a sticky situation. They must decide whether to reject the gig and save their reputations, which in turn may cost them their necks. Guest Starring Patrice O'Neal and Kurt Metzger. 19"Johnny Z. Goode"August 2, 2009 (2009-08-02)209 John Popper returns to make amends with the boys by providing the group lunch and getting Paulie an audition for Broadway's "Rock of Ages." Dina and Popper explore old passions with condiments, and things lead to an interesting proposition. Guest Starring John Popper, Constantine Maroulis, Joan Rivers, Marky Ramone and Cornelius T. Funnybuster. 20"Z Will Rock You"August 9, 2009 (2009-08-09)210 ZO2 lands an awesome gig playing at a "B-iz-ar Mitzvah", a Bar Mitzvah for a popular black rapper being filmed for a new reality television series. The question is: could breaking the sanctity of Judaism's sacred traditions threaten the boys' future stardom? Guest Starring Gilbert Gottfried, Jason Flom, Gary Dell'Abate, John Popper, Julian McCullough, Joan Rivers and Bailey Whitney. References ^ "Z Rock (2008) - Mark Farrell \| Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related \| AllMovie". ^ "Episode guide". Archived from the original on 2009-12-28. ^ "Z Rock Episode Guide - Z Rock Season Episodes - TV.com". www.tv.com. Archived from the original on 2008-09-24. External links Official ZO2/Z Rock Website Z Rock at IMDb ZO2's MySpace vteIFC original programmingFormer1990s debuts Fishing with John (1998) Split Screen (1997–2001) 2000s debuts Bollywood Hero (2009) The Business (2006–07) Dinner for Five (2001–05) Dinner with the Band (2009–10) Food Party (2009–10) Framed (2007) Greg the Bunny (2005–06) The Henry Rollins Show (2006–07) Henry Rollins: Uncut (2008) Hopeless Pictures (2005) The IFC Media Project (2008–10) The Minor Accomplishments of Jackie Woodman (2006–07) The Whitest Kids U' Know (2008–11) Z Rock (2008–09) 2010s debuts Benders (2015) The Birthday Boys (2013–14) Brockmire (2017–20) Bullet in the Face (2012) Bunk (2012) Comedy Bang! Bang! (2012–16) Documentary Now! (2015–22) Garfunkel and Oates (2014) Gigi Does It (2015) The Grid (2010) The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret (2010–16) Maron (2013–16) Onion News Network (2011) Out There (2013) Portlandia (2011–18) The Spoils of Babylon (2014) The Spoils Before Dying (2015) Sherman's Showcase (2019–22) Stan Against Evil (2016–18) Year of the Rabbit (2019) Young, Broke & Beautiful (2011)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_television_series"},{"link_name":"IFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Film_Channel"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Z Rock is an American comedy television series, which aired on IFC in the United States. The show is a semi-scripted comedy and is based on the double life of a Brooklyn band, ZO2. By night, they are a hard rock band but, to pay the bills, they are the \"Z Brothers\" by day, playing at children's birthday parties.[1] ZO2 consists of brothers Paulie Z, David Z and their childhood friend Joey Cassata portraying fictionalized versions of themselves.The series was filmed and produced in New York City by Mark Mark Productions.","title":"Z Rock (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major characters","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Rivers"},{"link_name":"John Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Popper"},{"link_name":"Marky Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marky_Ramone"},{"link_name":"Dave Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Navarro"},{"link_name":"Dee Snider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Snider"},{"link_name":"Bethenny Frankel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethenny_Frankel"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Dave Attell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Attell"},{"link_name":"Alison Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Becker"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Gottfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Gottfried"},{"link_name":"Patrice O'Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_O%27Neal"},{"link_name":"Warren Sapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Sapp"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Melissa Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melissa_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Daryl Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daryl_Hall"},{"link_name":"Constantine Maroulis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Maroulis"},{"link_name":"Chris Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Barron"},{"link_name":"Chris Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Jericho"},{"link_name":"Michael McDerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McDerman"},{"link_name":"Greg Giraldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Giraldo"},{"link_name":"Jim Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Norton_(American_comedian)"},{"link_name":"Jeff Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Ross"},{"link_name":"Eddie Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Trunk"},{"link_name":"Steel Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_Panther"},{"link_name":"Frank Stallone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Stallone"},{"link_name":"Eddie Ojeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Ojeda"},{"link_name":"Jay Jay French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Jay_French"},{"link_name":"Joe Derosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_DeRosa_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Carmine Appice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Appice"}],"sub_title":"Guest Stars","text":"Joan Rivers as herself\nJohn Popper as himself\nMarky Ramone as himself\nDave Navarro as himself\nDee Snider as himself\nBethenny Frankel as Bethenny the chef\nSebastian Bach as himself\nDave Attell as himself\nAlison Becker as Joey's girlfriend Becky\nGilbert Gottfried as himself\nPatrice O'Neal as Darren the stage manager\nWarren Sapp as himself\nBonnie Bernstein as herself\nMelissa Rivers as herself\nDaryl Hall as himself\nConstantine Maroulis as himself\nChris Barron as himself\nChris Jericho as himself\nMichael McDerman as Stylist\nGreg Giraldo as Harry Bronstein\nJim Norton as himself\nJeff Ross as himself\nEddie Trunk as himself\nSteel Panther as themselves\nFrank Stallone as himself\nEddie Ojeda\nJay Jay French\nJoe Derosa as Squirt Reynolds\nCarmine Appice\nJay Decay","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"[2][3]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2008)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2009)","title":"Episodes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Z Rock (2008) - Mark Farrell \| Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related \| AllMovie\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmovie.com/work/z-rock-tv-series-466298","url_text":"\"Z Rock (2008) - Mark Farrell \| Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related \| AllMovie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Episode guide\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi_Taj	Mehdi Taj	["1 Women's football in Iran","2 References","3 External links"]	Sport administrator of Iran Mehdi Tajمهدی تاجTaj in 2016President of the Football Federation Islamic Republic of IranIncumbentAssumed office 30 August 2022Preceded byMirshad Majedi (acting)In office7 May 2016 – 30 December 2019Preceded byAli KafashianSucceeded byHeydar Baharvand (acting)President of Iran Football League OrganizationIn office28 October 2013 – 7 May 2016Acting: 14 January – 28 October 2013Preceded byGholamreza BehravanSucceeded byAli Kazemi (acting) Personal detailsBorn (1960-01-20) January 20, 1960 (age 64)Isfahan, IranAlma materUniversity of Isfahan Mehdi Taj (Persian: مهدی تاج) is an Iranian sports executive and administrator who is president of Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran since August 2022 for a second term. Also he was president of the Iranian Football Federation from 2016 until 2019. As of May 2020, Mehdi has been appointed a member of the Asian Football Confederation Emergency Committee. He was previously First Vice President of Iranian Football Federation (2008–2012), President of the Iran Football League Organization (2013–2016), Secretary of the Board of Sepahan (1992–1994, 2002–2006) and president of the club (1994–1999) and Board Chairman of the Foolad Metil. He was also editor-in-chief of Jahan Varzesh from 1991 until 2001. On 7 May 2016, he was elected as president of Iranian Football Federation with 51 votes, succeeding Ali Kafashian. He resigned on 30 December 2019 due to illness. on 30 August 2022, Taj was elected as new president of Iran Football Federation for a two-year term. Taj won the three-candidate race with 51 votes. Women's football in Iran Taj has visited the training camp of the Iranian women's national football team. He also said that all Iranian clubs should try to start a women's section. However, in the economic sector, the serious problems of Iranian women's football remained as before. Taj has watched the 2023 Women's World Cup final. References ^ زندگینامه: مهدی تاج (۱۳۳۸ - ) ^ "Mehdi Taj becomes member of AFC Emergency Committee". Tehran Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020. ^ "محمد ترابیان نهمین مدیر عامل تاریخ سپاهان". Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2016-05-07. ^ "۴ کاندیدای ریاست فدراسیون فوتبال فرم گرفتند/ تردید کفاشیان و تاج برای ثبت نام قطعی". Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2016-05-07. ^ مهدی تاج رئیس فدراسیون فوتبال شد ^ Mehdi Taj resigns as head of Iran football federation ^ "Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation". Tehran Times. 2022-08-30. Retrieved 2022-09-09. ^ "تاج: همه باشگاه‌ها باید تیم زنان داشته باشند". ورزش سه (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-17. ^ "چرا توسعه فوتبال زنان در ایران با مشکل روبروست؟ - دارايان - داشته های اقتصادی ایران". www.daraian.com (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-17. ^ "مهدی تاج تماشاگر ویژه فینال جام جهانی زنان". ورزش سه (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-16. External links about Taj	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Iranian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Asian Football Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Iranian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iran Football League Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Football_League_Organization"},{"link_name":"Sepahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepahan_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jahan Varzesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrar-e_Varzeshi"},{"link_name":"Iranian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ali Kafashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Kafashian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Iran Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mehdi Taj (Persian: مهدی تاج) is an Iranian sports executive and administrator who is president of Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran since August 2022 for a second term.Also he was president of the Iranian Football Federation from 2016 until 2019. As of May 2020, Mehdi has been appointed a member of the Asian Football Confederation Emergency Committee.[2]He was previously First Vice President of Iranian Football Federation (2008–2012), President of the Iran Football League Organization (2013–2016), Secretary of the Board of Sepahan (1992–1994, 2002–2006) and president of the club (1994–1999) and Board Chairman of the Foolad Metil.[3] He was also editor-in-chief of Jahan Varzesh from 1991 until 2001. On 7 May 2016, he was elected as president of Iranian Football Federation with 51 votes, succeeding Ali Kafashian.[4][5] He resigned on 30 December 2019 due to illness.[6][better source needed]on 30 August 2022, Taj was elected as new president of Iran Football Federation for a two-year term. Taj won the three-candidate race with 51 votes.[7]","title":"Mehdi Taj"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Iranian women's football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_football_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2023 Women's World Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Taj has visited the training camp of the Iranian women's national football team. He also said that all Iranian clubs should try to start a women's section.[8] However, in the economic sector, the serious problems of Iranian women's football remained as before.[9]Taj has watched the 2023 Women's World Cup final.[10]","title":"Women's football in Iran"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mehdi Taj becomes member of AFC Emergency Committee\". Tehran Times. Retrieved 19 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/447989/Mehdi-Taj-becomes-member-of-AFC-Emergency-Committee","url_text":"\"Mehdi Taj becomes member of AFC Emergency Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"محمد ترابیان نهمین مدیر عامل تاریخ سپاهان\". Archived from the original on 2016-07-30. Retrieved 2016-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730235718/http://www.imna.ir/fa/doc/news/119685/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86","url_text":"\"محمد ترابیان نهمین مدیر عامل تاریخ سپاهان\""},{"url":"http://www.imna.ir/fa/doc/news/119685/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"۴ کاندیدای ریاست فدراسیون فوتبال فرم گرفتند/ تردید کفاشیان و تاج برای ثبت نام قطعی\". Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2016-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074109/http://90tv.ir/news/224404/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","url_text":"\"۴ کاندیدای ریاست فدراسیون فوتبال فرم گرفتند/ تردید کفاشیان و تاج برای ثبت نام قطعی\""},{"url":"http://90tv.ir/news/224404/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation\". Tehran Times. 2022-08-30. Retrieved 2022-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/476220","url_text":"\"Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Times","url_text":"Tehran Times"}]},{"reference":"\"تاج: همه باشگاه‌ها باید تیم زنان داشته باشند\". ورزش سه (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.varzesh3.com/news/2025996/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AF","url_text":"\"تاج: همه باشگاه‌ها باید تیم زنان داشته باشند\""}]},{"reference":"\"چرا توسعه فوتبال زنان در ایران با مشکل روبروست؟ - دارايان - داشته های اقتصادی ایران\". www.daraian.com (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.daraian.com/fa/news/22486","url_text":"\"چرا توسعه فوتبال زنان در ایران با مشکل روبروست؟ - دارايان - داشته های اقتصادی ایران\""}]},{"reference":"\"مهدی تاج تماشاگر ویژه فینال جام جهانی زنان\". ورزش سه (in Persian). Retrieved 2024-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.varzesh3.com/news/1959038/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86","url_text":"\"مهدی تاج تماشاگر ویژه فینال جام جهانی زنان\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/details/333049/Sport/soccer","external_links_name":"زندگینامه: مهدی تاج (۱۳۳۸ - )"},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/447989/Mehdi-Taj-becomes-member-of-AFC-Emergency-Committee","external_links_name":"\"Mehdi Taj becomes member of AFC Emergency Committee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160730235718/http://www.imna.ir/fa/doc/news/119685/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86","external_links_name":"\"محمد ترابیان نهمین مدیر عامل تاریخ سپاهان\""},{"Link":"http://www.imna.ir/fa/doc/news/119685/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%87%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074109/http://90tv.ir/news/224404/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","external_links_name":"\"۴ کاندیدای ریاست فدراسیون فوتبال فرم گرفتند/ تردید کفاشیان و تاج برای ثبت نام قطعی\""},{"Link":"http://90tv.ir/news/224404/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323536/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%B4%D8%AF","external_links_name":"مهدی تاج رئیس فدراسیون فوتبال شد"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehdi_Taj&action=edit&editintro=Template:BLP_editintro","external_links_name":"Mehdi Taj resigns as head of Iran football federation"},{"Link":"https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/476220","external_links_name":"\"Mehdi Taj elected as head of Iran football federation\""},{"Link":"https://www.varzesh3.com/news/2025996/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%87%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%AF","external_links_name":"\"تاج: همه باشگاه‌ها باید تیم زنان داشته باشند\""},{"Link":"https://www.daraian.com/fa/news/22486","external_links_name":"\"چرا توسعه فوتبال زنان در ایران با مشکل روبروست؟ - دارايان - داشته های اقتصادی ایران\""},{"Link":"https://www.varzesh3.com/news/1959038/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1-%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86","external_links_name":"\"مهدی تاج تماشاگر ویژه فینال جام جهانی زنان\""},{"Link":"http://www.varzesh3.com/news/1323549/","external_links_name":"about Taj"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radek_Zelenka	Radek Zelenka	["1 Role in Stargate","2 Conceptual history","3 Reception","4 References"]	Fictional character of a scientist in the television series Stargate Atlantis For other people named Zelenka, see Zelenka. Fictional character Radek ZelenkaStargate Atlantis characterFirst appearance"Thirty-Eight Minutes"Last appearance"Enemy at the Gate"Portrayed byDavid NyklIn-universe informationOccupationScientistNationalityCzech Dr. Radek Zelenka is a fictional character of a scientist in the 2004 television series Stargate Atlantis, portrayed by David Nykl. He is a member of the original expedition from Earth to the Ancient city of Atlantis in the Pegasus galaxy, which he joined after turning down a job at Masaryk University in his home country Czech Republic. His expertise on Ancient technology is only surpassed by Dr. Rodney McKay, with whom he shares a friendly rivalry. Zelenka's planned one-time appearance in the season 1 episode "Thirty-Eight Minutes" was followed by a recurring role for expository scenes with McKay and the leader of the expedition. Zelenka has since appeared in approximately half of each season's episodes and also appeared in the crossover episode "The Pegasus Project" of Stargate SG-1. The series finale of Atlantis, "Enemy at the Gate", marks his last appearance. For his portrayal of Radek Zelenka, David Nykl was nominated for a 2005 Leo Award in the category "Dramatic Series: Best Supporting Performance by a Male". Role in Stargate Dr. Radek Zelenka is a careful and precise scientist of the original Atlantis Expedition who often supplements the scientific decisions of the "equally brainy" Dr. Rodney McKay, with whom he has a friendly rivalry. He frequently appears in the control room with McKay and the leader of the Atlantis expedition for expository scenes to lay out an episode's premise to the audience, and is "a key player in helping the Atlantis team stay one step ahead of the bad guys as well as solving some of its most perplexing scientific conundrums". GateWorld's David Read felt that while Zelenka may "play second fiddle to Rodney", he is also "the only one who even has the potential to put McKay down." Actor David Nykl explained that Zelenka has "reasonably well honed social skills" and "can put up with a lot of stress and a lot of pressure, particularly from McKay and the situations that he can get into", but he may be too focused and determined to get one thing done. Zelenka recurs in all five seasons of Stargate Atlantis and is also among the Atlantis characters to appear in the Stargate SG-1 crossover episode "The Pegasus Project". In his first appearance in the early Atlantis season 1 episode "Thirty-Eight Minutes", Zelenka helps devise a plan to free Major Sheppard's team including Dr. McKay from a potentially lethal technical problem. After a first short collaboration in "Suspicion", Zelenka and McKay are the driving forces in finding a solution to protect the city of Atlantis from a massive hurricane in "The Storm". "Hot Zone" reveals that Zelenka has been given the ATA gene therapy to enable him to operate Ancient technology, but the therapy had no effect on him. Season 2's "Duet" shows Zelenka off-world for the first time, where he needs to save McKay and a soldier from being captured in a Wraith dart. Following a major dispute about an experimental Ancient power generator in "Trinity", McKay apologizes to Zelenka when the experiment causes the death of a scientist. McKay saves Zelenka from certain death in "Tao of Rodney" and later apologizes for so often putting him down, admitting that Zelenka is "a brilliant scientist and a decent human being". Zelenka last appears in the series finale of Atlantis, "Enemy at the Gate", where he implements a wormhole drive that sends the city of Atlantis from the Pegasus Galaxy to Earth within seconds. Conceptual history David Nykl in 2012 From the beginning of Stargate Atlantis, the producers were looking for actors to play non-Americans to present the cooperation between different nations and other groups of people in an alien environment. In fact, although in the series it is possible to see soldiers and technicians wearing in their uniforms flags that identify them as Russians, Japanese, South Africans, Belgians, Germans, Britons, Spaniards, etc, all main and secondary characters of earthly origin, except Zelenka, are from the Anglosphere: Americans, a Canadian and a Scotsman. When actor David Nykl mentioned his Czech Canadian background during his audition for a Russian character for the season 1 episode "Thirty-Eight Minutes", the producers changed the character's nationality to Czech and cast him. Nykl made such an impression that producer Brad Wright wrote Zelenka into the Rodney McKay (David Hewlett) scenes of the next episode, "Suspicion". Zelenka was re-introduced in the mid-season-1 finale "The Storm", Martin Gero's second Atlantis episode. Gero had had difficulty with laying out the dangers of the storm and its solution in a quick and entertaining manner with just the McKay character, and Brad Wright was not opposed to introducing another expository character. Zelenka has since frequently appeared for expository scenes in the control room with McKay and the leader of the Atlantis expedition. Zelenka's given name is first mentioned by McKay in the season 1 finale "The Siege"; McKay had previously been unable to remember Zelenka's name. The producers chose "Radek", a fairly common Czech given name, without input from Nykl. When Colonel Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) replaced Dr. Elizabeth Weir (Torri Higginson) as the leader of the Atlantis expedition in season 4, the producers shifted the emphasis of Zelenka's collaboration with McKay to his interaction with Carter. By the end of the show's run, the interactions between Zelenka and McKay become more subtle to the point where they finish each other's sentences and need fewer words and expressions to get by. Portraying a recurring character, David Nykl was not under contract and neither knew his number of episodes nor his character's story arc in advance. Nevertheless, he appeared in approximately half of each season's episodes. No scenes with Zelenka were cut in the first two seasons of Atlantis, and extra scenes involving Zelenka were shot in the first episodes of the season 3 to fill time. However, all of David Nykl's scenes were cut from the season 5 episode "The Shrine" due to time constraints, although Nykl's credits appear in the finished episode. Since Zelenka's first appearance, David Nykl's fluent Czech was worked into Stargate Atlantis as part of Zelenka. Approximately half of Zelenka's Czech lines were scripted (in English), which Nykl then translated verbatim. The other half was ad-libbed and usually included swearing. His usual Czech exclamations include Ty vole and Do prdele. Nykl normally speaks with a Canadian accent, but Zelenka had a thick Czech accent; Nykl found it increasingly hard to remember to put on the accent as the show went on. The late season 1 episode "Letters from Pegasus" features a minute-long non-subtitled monologue in which Zelenka describes the city of Atlantis in his mothertongue. Nykl translated the scripted monologue at home and performed it in Czech the next day. A version in English was initially planned to be filmed but was dropped after Nykl's successful first take. The end of Zelenka's video message ("drž se miláčku" - "take care, darling") was ad-libbed, but Nykl left it to the writers to create Zelenka's backstory. But during the show's run, Zelenka only ever mentions having a brother, a sister, and a nephew, and is never shown to be or have been in a romantic relationship. Reception Often informing his superiors of critical situations, Zelenka earned the nickname "Mr. Bad News" among fans. In an interview with David Nykl, TheScifiWorld's Gilles Nuytens referred to Zelenka as a "popular" and "interesting" character, and compared Zelenka's appearances in Atlantis to those of the Stargate SG-1 character Walter Harriman, "a bit like the icing on the cake". Another interviewer mentioned that, following a "warm reception", the "fans have really taken to heart". When GateWorld hypothesized that viewers were looking forward to an episode where the "underdog" Zelenka saves the day instead of McKay, Nykl replied that the set-up dynamic earns the character more sympathy from the audience. For his portrayal of Radek Zelenka, David Nykl was nominated for a 2005 Leo Award in the category "Dramatic Series: Best Supporting Performance by a Male". References ^ Brad Turner (director); Martin Gero (writer). "The Return". Stargate Atlantis. Season 3. Episode 10. Sci Fi Channel. ^ a b Eramo, Steven (January 2007). "David Nykl - Mr Bad News". TV Zone. No. Special 67. pp. 78–79. ^ a b c d e f g Read, David (April 30, 2006). "Czeching In: An Interview With David Nykl". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ a b c d e f Read, David (June 15, 2005). "Chronicles of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ a b Eramo, Steven (October 2007). "Radekal Science". Cult Times. No. Special 45. Archived from the original on 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2008-02-28. ^ a b c d Read, David (October 12, 2007). "Nykl a Minute: An Interview With David Nykl". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-02-17. ^ a b c "David Nykl - Interviewed 19th July 2006". the-gateroom.com. July 19, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-01. ^ Will Waring (director); Brad Wright (writer). "The Pegasus Project". Stargate SG-1. Season 10. Episode 3. ^ a b Mario Azzopardi (director); Brad Wright (writer). "Thirty-Eight Minutes". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 4. Sci Fi Channel. McKay: "And the Czech, the Czech, um, the Czech whose name I can never remember." ^ a b Martin Wood (director); Jill Blotevogel and Martin Gero (writers). "The Storm". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 10. Sci Fi Channel. Weir: "Okay, so we should still evacuate." / McKay: "Yes, but not just because of Zelemka's pessimism." / Zelenka: "Zelenka." ^ Mario Azzopardi (director); Martin Gero (writer). "Hot Zone". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 13. Sci Fi Channel. ^ Peter DeLuise (director); Martin Gero (writer). "Duet". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 4. Sci Fi Channel. ^ Martin Wood (director); Damian Kindler (writer). "Trinity". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 6. Sci Fi Channel. ^ a b Martin Wood (director); Damian Kindler (writer). "Tao of Rodney". Stargate Atlantis. Season 3. Episode 14. Sci Fi Channel. Zelenka: "For me, it was my brother - only we hadn't lights. He used to leave candles burning everywhere." McKay: "You're a brilliant scientist, and a decent human being, and you should not have had to endure the kind of abuse that you've taken from me in the past few years. I hope you can find a way to forgive me for all the things I've said and done to you. You deserve much better than that." ^ Andy Mikita (director); Joseph Mallozzi & Paul Mullie (writers). "Enemy at the Gate". Stargate Atlantis. Season 5. Episode 20. Sci Fi Channel. ^ a b Martin Gero (2005). Audio commentary for "The Storm" (DVD). MGM. ^ Gosling, Sharon (July 2005) . "Recurring cast". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 1. London: Titan Books. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-1-84576-116-5. ^ Martin Wood (director); Martin Gero (writer). "The Siege (Part 1)". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 4. Sci Fi Channel. McKay: Okay, I think I can handle this alone, Radek. Isn't there something better you could be doing?" ^ a b c Read, David (September 13, 2008). "Words of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl". Retrieved 2008-09-16. ^ Mikita, Andy (September 3, 2008). "September 3, 2008: Director Andy Mikita Calls the Shots, and The Weird Food Purchase of the Day". Joseph Mallozzi's Weblog. Retrieved 2008-09-05. ^ Andy Mikita (director); Carl Binder (writer). "Critical Mass". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 13. Sci Fi Channel. Zelenka: "My sister has a child. He breaks things." ^ Nuytens, Gilles (September 15, 2005). "Interview with David Nykl". thescifiworld.net. Retrieved 2008-02-25. ^ "Awards for Stargate Atlantis". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-09-05. vteStargateFilm Soundtrack SG-1 Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 The Ark of Truth Continuum Characters Samantha Carter George Hammond Daniel Jackson Vala Mal Doran Cameron Mitchell Jack O'Neill Jonas Quinn Teal'c Atlantis Awards Episodes Season 1 2 3 4 5 Characters Carson Beckett Ronon Dex Teyla Emmagan Aiden Ford Jennifer Keller Evan Lorne Rodney McKay John Sheppard Elizabeth Weir Richard Woolsey Radek Zelenka Universe Awards Episodes Season 1 2 Characters Nicholas Rush Matthew Scott Other mediaTelevision Origins Infinity Games Pinball Genesis/SNES Roleplaying The Alliance Resistance Worlds Timekeepers Literature Books Comics Audiobooks Related Mythology Atlantis Ori Stargate device Prometheus Fandom Gatecon A Dog's Breakfast Category Topics	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zelenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelenka"},{"link_name":"Dr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)"},{"link_name":"Stargate Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"David Nykl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nykl"},{"link_name":"Ancient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Masaryk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaryk_University"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Return-1"},{"link_name":"Rodney McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_McKay"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Eight Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Eight_Minutes_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"expository scenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expository_writing"},{"link_name":"The Pegasus Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pegasus_Project"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Enemy at the Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gate_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Leo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Award"}],"text":"Fictional character of a scientist in the television series Stargate AtlantisFor other people named Zelenka, see Zelenka.Fictional characterDr. Radek Zelenka is a fictional character of a scientist in the 2004 television series Stargate Atlantis, portrayed by David Nykl. He is a member of the original expedition from Earth to the Ancient city of Atlantis in the Pegasus galaxy, which he joined after turning down a job at Masaryk University in his home country Czech Republic.[1] His expertise on Ancient technology is only surpassed by Dr. Rodney McKay, with whom he shares a friendly rivalry. Zelenka's planned one-time appearance in the season 1 episode \"Thirty-Eight Minutes\" was followed by a recurring role for expository scenes with McKay and the leader of the expedition. Zelenka has since appeared in approximately half of each season's episodes and also appeared in the crossover episode \"The Pegasus Project\" of Stargate SG-1. The series finale of Atlantis, \"Enemy at the Gate\", marks his last appearance. For his portrayal of Radek Zelenka, David Nykl was nominated for a 2005 Leo Award in the category \"Dramatic Series: Best Supporting Performance by a Male\".","title":"Radek Zelenka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_McKay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvzones64-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_chron-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culttimess45-5"},{"link_name":"GateWorld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_minute-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_chron-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gateroom-7"},{"link_name":"The Pegasus Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pegasus_Project"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Eight Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Eight_Minutes_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Major Sheppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sheppard_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thirty-Eight_Minutes-9"},{"link_name":"Suspicion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicion_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"The Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storm_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Storm-10"},{"link_name":"Hot Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Zone_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Duet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tao of Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_of_Rodney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tao_of_Rodney-14"},{"link_name":"Enemy at the Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gate_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Dr. Radek Zelenka is a careful and precise scientist of the original Atlantis Expedition who often supplements the scientific decisions of the \"equally brainy\" Dr. Rodney McKay, with whom he has a friendly rivalry.[2][3] He frequently appears in the control room with McKay and the leader of the Atlantis expedition for expository scenes to lay out an episode's premise to the audience,[3][4] and is \"a key player in helping the Atlantis team stay one step ahead of the bad guys as well as solving some of its most perplexing scientific conundrums\".[5] GateWorld's David Read felt that while Zelenka may \"play second fiddle to Rodney\",[6] he is also \"the only one who even has the potential to put McKay down.\"[4] Actor David Nykl explained that Zelenka has \"reasonably well honed social skills\" and \"can put up with a lot of stress [...] and a lot of pressure, particularly from McKay and the situations that he can get into\", but he may be too focused and determined to get one thing done.[7]Zelenka recurs in all five seasons of Stargate Atlantis and is also among the Atlantis characters to appear in the Stargate SG-1 crossover episode \"The Pegasus Project\".[8] In his first appearance in the early Atlantis season 1 episode \"Thirty-Eight Minutes\", Zelenka helps devise a plan to free Major Sheppard's team including Dr. McKay from a potentially lethal technical problem.[9] After a first short collaboration in \"Suspicion\", Zelenka and McKay are the driving forces in finding a solution to protect the city of Atlantis from a massive hurricane in \"The Storm\".[10]\"Hot Zone\" reveals that Zelenka has been given the ATA gene therapy to enable him to operate Ancient technology, but the therapy had no effect on him.[11] Season 2's \"Duet\" shows Zelenka off-world for the first time, where he needs to save McKay and a soldier from being captured in a Wraith dart.[12] Following a major dispute about an experimental Ancient power generator in \"Trinity\", McKay apologizes to Zelenka when the experiment causes the death of a scientist.[13] McKay saves Zelenka from certain death in \"Tao of Rodney\" and later apologizes for so often putting him down, admitting that Zelenka is \"a brilliant scientist and a decent human being\".[14] Zelenka last appears in the series finale of Atlantis, \"Enemy at the Gate\", where he implements a wormhole drive that sends the city of Atlantis from the Pegasus Galaxy to Earth within seconds.[15]","title":"Role in Stargate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Nykl_-_2012_Sci-Fi_Convention_Toulouse_124.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anglosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere"},{"link_name":"David Nykl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nykl"},{"link_name":"Czech Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Canadian"},{"link_name":"Thirty-Eight Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Eight_Minutes"},{"link_name":"Brad Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright"},{"link_name":"Rodney McKay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_McKay"},{"link_name":"David Hewlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hewlett"},{"link_name":"Suspicion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicion_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_chron-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_a_110-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-companion1-17"},{"link_name":"The Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storm_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"Martin Gero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_a_110-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_chron-4"},{"link_name":"The Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thirty-Eight_Minutes-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Storm-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_chron-4"},{"link_name":"Samantha Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Carter"},{"link_name":"Amanda Tapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Tapping"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Weir_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"Torri Higginson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torri_Higginson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_minute-6"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_words-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_minute-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culttimess45-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_minute-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"The Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shrine_(Stargate_Atlantis)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_chron-4"},{"link_name":"Ty vole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ty_vole"},{"link_name":"Do prdele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/do_prdele"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_words-19"},{"link_name":"Letters from Pegasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_from_Pegasus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gateroom-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tao_of_Rodney-14"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Critical_Mass-21"}],"text":"David Nykl in 2012From the beginning of Stargate Atlantis, the producers were looking for actors to play non-Americans to present the cooperation between different nations and other groups of people in an alien environment. In fact, although in the series it is possible to see soldiers and technicians wearing in their uniforms flags that identify them as Russians, Japanese, South Africans, Belgians, Germans, Britons, Spaniards, etc, all main and secondary characters of earthly origin, except Zelenka, are from the Anglosphere: Americans, a Canadian and a Scotsman.When actor David Nykl mentioned his Czech Canadian background during his audition for a Russian character for the season 1 episode \"Thirty-Eight Minutes\", the producers changed the character's nationality to Czech and cast him. Nykl made such an impression that producer Brad Wright wrote Zelenka into the Rodney McKay (David Hewlett) scenes of the next episode, \"Suspicion\".[4][16][17]Zelenka was re-introduced in the mid-season-1 finale \"The Storm\", Martin Gero's second Atlantis episode. Gero had had difficulty with laying out the dangers of the storm and its solution in a quick and entertaining manner with just the McKay character, and Brad Wright was not opposed to introducing another expository character.[16] Zelenka has since frequently appeared for expository scenes in the control room with McKay and the leader of the Atlantis expedition.[3][4] Zelenka's given name is first mentioned by McKay in the season 1 finale \"The Siege\";[18] McKay had previously been unable to remember Zelenka's name.[9][10] The producers chose \"Radek\", a fairly common Czech given name, without input from Nykl.[4] When Colonel Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping) replaced Dr. Elizabeth Weir (Torri Higginson) as the leader of the Atlantis expedition in season 4, the producers shifted the emphasis of Zelenka's collaboration with McKay to his interaction with Carter.[6] By the end of the show's run, the interactions between Zelenka and McKay become more subtle to the point where they finish each other's sentences and need fewer words and expressions to get by.[19]Portraying a recurring character, David Nykl was not under contract[6] and neither knew his number of episodes nor his character's story arc in advance.[5][6] Nevertheless, he appeared in approximately half of each season's episodes.[3] No scenes with Zelenka were cut in the first two seasons of Atlantis, and extra scenes involving Zelenka were shot in the first episodes of the season 3 to fill time.[3] However, all of David Nykl's scenes were cut from the season 5 episode \"The Shrine\" due to time constraints, although Nykl's credits appear in the finished episode.[20]Since Zelenka's first appearance, David Nykl's fluent Czech was worked into Stargate Atlantis as part of Zelenka. Approximately half of Zelenka's Czech lines were scripted (in English), which Nykl then translated verbatim. The other half was ad-libbed and usually included swearing.[3][4] His usual Czech exclamations include Ty vole and Do prdele. Nykl normally speaks with a Canadian accent, but Zelenka had a thick Czech accent; Nykl found it increasingly hard to remember to put on the accent as the show went on.[19] The late season 1 episode \"Letters from Pegasus\" features a minute-long non-subtitled monologue in which Zelenka describes the city of Atlantis in his mothertongue. Nykl translated the scripted monologue at home and performed it in Czech the next day. A version in English was initially planned to be filmed but was dropped after Nykl's successful first take. The end of Zelenka's video message (\"drž se miláčku\" - \"take care, darling\") was ad-libbed, but Nykl left it to the writers to create Zelenka's backstory.[7] But during the show's run, Zelenka only ever mentions having a brother,[14] a sister, and a nephew,[21] and is never shown to be or have been in a romantic relationship.","title":"Conceptual history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvzones64-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_czech-3"},{"link_name":"Stargate SG-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1"},{"link_name":"Walter Harriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Harriman_(Stargate)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gateroom-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gw_words-19"},{"link_name":"Leo Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Awards"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Often informing his superiors of critical situations, Zelenka earned the nickname \"Mr. Bad News\" among fans.[2][3] In an interview with David Nykl, TheScifiWorld's Gilles Nuytens referred to Zelenka as a \"popular\" and \"interesting\" character, and compared Zelenka's appearances in Atlantis to those of the Stargate SG-1 character Walter Harriman, \"a bit like the icing on the cake\".[22] Another interviewer mentioned that, following a \"warm reception\", the \"fans have really taken [Zelenka] to heart\".[7] When GateWorld hypothesized that viewers were looking forward to an episode where the \"underdog\" Zelenka saves the day instead of McKay, Nykl replied that the set-up dynamic earns the character more sympathy from the audience.[19] For his portrayal of Radek Zelenka, David Nykl was nominated for a 2005 Leo Award in the category \"Dramatic Series: Best Supporting Performance by a Male\".[23]","title":"Reception"}]	[{"image_text":"David Nykl in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/David_Nykl_-_2012_Sci-Fi_Convention_Toulouse_124.jpg/220px-David_Nykl_-_2012_Sci-Fi_Convention_Toulouse_124.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Brad Turner (director); Martin Gero (writer). \"The Return\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 3. Episode 10. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Turner_(director)","url_text":"Brad Turner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"The Return"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Eramo, Steven (January 2007). \"David Nykl - Mr Bad News\". TV Zone. No. Special 67. pp. 78–79.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Zone","url_text":"TV Zone"}]},{"reference":"Read, David (April 30, 2006). \"Czeching In: An Interview With David Nykl\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gateworld.net/news/2006/04/czeching-in/","url_text":"\"Czeching In: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"Read, David (June 15, 2005). \"Chronicles of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2005/06/chronicles-of-radek/","url_text":"\"Chronicles of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"Eramo, Steven (October 2007). \"Radekal Science\". Cult Times. No. Special 45. Archived from the original on 2008-02-23. Retrieved 2008-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080223230531/http://www.visimag.com/culttimes/cs45_feat01.htm","url_text":"\"Radekal Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_Times","url_text":"Cult Times"},{"url":"http://www.visimag.com/culttimes/cs45_feat01.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Read, David (October 12, 2007). \"Nykl a Minute: An Interview With David Nykl\". GateWorld. Retrieved 2008-02-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2007/10/nykl-a-minute/","url_text":"\"Nykl a Minute: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GateWorld","url_text":"GateWorld"}]},{"reference":"\"David Nykl - Interviewed 19th July 2006\". the-gateroom.com. July 19, 2006. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175629/http://www.the-gateroom.com/articles/davidn.html","url_text":"\"David Nykl - Interviewed 19th July 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.the-gateroom.com/articles/davidn.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Will Waring (director); Brad Wright (writer). \"The Pegasus Project\". Stargate SG-1. Season 10. Episode 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Waring","url_text":"Will Waring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright","url_text":"Brad Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pegasus_Project","url_text":"The Pegasus Project"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_SG-1","url_text":"Stargate SG-1"}]},{"reference":"Mario Azzopardi (director); Brad Wright (writer). \"Thirty-Eight Minutes\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 4. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Azzopardi","url_text":"Mario Azzopardi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Wright","url_text":"Brad Wright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-Eight_Minutes","url_text":"Thirty-Eight Minutes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Martin Wood (director); Jill Blotevogel and Martin Gero (writers). \"The Storm\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 10. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Martin Wood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero","url_text":"Martin Gero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storm_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"The Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Mario Azzopardi (director); Martin Gero (writer). \"Hot Zone\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 13. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Azzopardi","url_text":"Mario Azzopardi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero","url_text":"Martin Gero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Zone_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Hot Zone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Peter DeLuise (director); Martin Gero (writer). \"Duet\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 4. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_DeLuise","url_text":"Peter DeLuise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero","url_text":"Martin Gero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Duet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Martin Wood (director); Damian Kindler (writer). \"Trinity\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 6. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Martin Wood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Kindler","url_text":"Damian Kindler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Trinity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Martin Wood (director); Damian Kindler (writer). \"Tao of Rodney\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 3. Episode 14. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Martin Wood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_Kindler","url_text":"Damian Kindler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_of_Rodney","url_text":"Tao of Rodney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Andy Mikita (director); Joseph Mallozzi & Paul Mullie (writers). \"Enemy at the Gate\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 5. Episode 20. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Mikita","url_text":"Andy Mikita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi","url_text":"Joseph Mallozzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Mullie","url_text":"Paul Mullie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gate_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Enemy at the Gate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Martin Gero (2005). Audio commentary for \"The Storm\" (DVD). MGM.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero","url_text":"Martin Gero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Storm_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"The Storm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM","url_text":"MGM"}]},{"reference":"Gosling, Sharon (July 2005) [2005]. \"Recurring cast\". Stargate Atlantis: The Official Companion Season 1. London: Titan Books. pp. 131–133. ISBN 978-1-84576-116-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stargateatlantis00shar/page/131","url_text":"\"Recurring cast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84576-116-5","url_text":"978-1-84576-116-5"}]},{"reference":"Martin Wood (director); Martin Gero (writer). \"The Siege (Part 1)\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 1. Episode 4. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Wood_(director)","url_text":"Martin Wood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gero","url_text":"Martin Gero"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"The Siege (Part 1)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Read, David (September 13, 2008). \"Words of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl\". Retrieved 2008-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://gateworld.net/news/2008/09/words-of-radek/","url_text":"\"Words of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl\""}]},{"reference":"Mikita, Andy (September 3, 2008). \"September 3, 2008: Director Andy Mikita Calls the Shots, and The Weird Food Purchase of the Day\". Joseph Mallozzi's Weblog. Retrieved 2008-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Mikita","url_text":"Mikita, Andy"},{"url":"http://josephmallozzi.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/september-3-2008-director-andy-mikita-calls-the-shots-and-the-weird-food-purchase-of-the-day/","url_text":"\"September 3, 2008: Director Andy Mikita Calls the Shots, and The Weird Food Purchase of the Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi","url_text":"Joseph Mallozzi"}]},{"reference":"Andy Mikita (director); Carl Binder (writer). \"Critical Mass\". Stargate Atlantis. Season 2. Episode 13. Sci Fi Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Mikita","url_text":"Andy Mikita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Binder","url_text":"Carl Binder"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Mass_(Stargate_Atlantis)","url_text":"Critical Mass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stargate_Atlantis","url_text":"Stargate Atlantis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_(United_States)","url_text":"Sci Fi Channel"}]},{"reference":"Nuytens, Gilles (September 15, 2005). \"Interview with David Nykl\". thescifiworld.net. Retrieved 2008-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thescifiworld.net/interviews/david_nykl_01.htm","url_text":"\"Interview with David Nykl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awards for Stargate Atlantis\". IMDb. Retrieved 2008-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0374455/awards","url_text":"\"Awards for Stargate Atlantis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gateworld.net/news/2006/04/czeching-in/","external_links_name":"\"Czeching In: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"Link":"https://gateworld.net/news/2005/06/chronicles-of-radek/","external_links_name":"\"Chronicles of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080223230531/http://www.visimag.com/culttimes/cs45_feat01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Radekal Science\""},{"Link":"http://www.visimag.com/culttimes/cs45_feat01.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gateworld.net/news/2007/10/nykl-a-minute/","external_links_name":"\"Nykl a Minute: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080514175629/http://www.the-gateroom.com/articles/davidn.html","external_links_name":"\"David Nykl - Interviewed 19th July 2006\""},{"Link":"http://www.the-gateroom.com/articles/davidn.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/stargateatlantis00shar/page/131","external_links_name":"\"Recurring cast\""},{"Link":"https://gateworld.net/news/2008/09/words-of-radek/","external_links_name":"\"Words of Radek: An Interview With David Nykl\""},{"Link":"http://josephmallozzi.wordpress.com/2008/09/03/september-3-2008-director-andy-mikita-calls-the-shots-and-the-weird-food-purchase-of-the-day/","external_links_name":"\"September 3, 2008: Director Andy Mikita Calls the Shots, and The Weird Food Purchase of the Day\""},{"Link":"http://www.thescifiworld.net/interviews/david_nykl_01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Interview with David Nykl\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0374455/awards","external_links_name":"\"Awards for Stargate Atlantis\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carey%E2%80%93Thomas_Award	Publishers Weekly	["1 History","1.1 19th century","1.2 20th century","1.3 21st century","2 Features","2.1 Writers and readers","2.2 Book reviews","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	American weekly trade news magazine Publishers WeeklyEditorial DirectorJim MilliotCategoriesPublishingBook reviewsTrade magazineFrequencyWeeklyPublisherCevin BryermanTotal circulation(2017)24,000 First issue1872; 152 years ago (1872)CompanyPWxyz, LLCCountryUnited StatesBased inNew York CityLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.publishersweekly.com ISSN0000-0019OCLC2489456 Publishers Weekly (PW) is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents. Published continuously since 1872, it has carried the tagline, "The International News Magazine of Book Publishing and Bookselling". With 51 issues a year, the emphasis today is on book reviews. History 19th century The magazine was founded by bibliographer Frederick Leypoldt in the late 1860s, and had various titles until Leypoldt settled on the name The Publishers' Weekly (with an apostrophe) in 1872. The publication was a compilation of information about newly published books, collected from publishers and from other sources by Leypoldt, for an audience of booksellers. By 1876, The Publishers' Weekly was being read by nine tenths of the booksellers in the country. In 1878, Leypoldt sold The Publishers' Weekly to his friend Richard Rogers Bowker, in order to free up time for his other bibliographic endeavors.Augusta Garrigue Leypoldt, wife of Frederick Leypoldt, stayed with the publication for thirty years. The publication eventually expanded to include features and articles. Harry Thurston Peck was the first editor-in-chief of The Bookman, which began in 1895. Peck worked on its staff from 1895 to 1906, and in 1895, he created the world's first bestseller list for its pages. 20th century Cover of the November 6, 2006 issue In 1912, Publishers Weekly began to publish its own bestseller lists, patterned after the lists in The Bookman. These were not separated into fiction and non-fiction until 1917, when World War I brought an increased interest in non-fiction by the reading public. For much of the 20th century, Publishers Weekly was guided and developed by Frederic Gershom Melcher (1879–1963), who was editor and co-editor of Publishers' Weekly and chairman of the magazine's publisher, R. R. Bowker, over four decades. Born April 12, 1879, in Malden, Massachusetts, Melcher began at age 16 in Boston's Estes & Lauriat Bookstore, where he developed an interest in children's books. He moved to Indianapolis in 1913 for another bookstore job. In 1918, he read in Publishers' Weekly that the magazine's editorship was vacant. He applied to Richard Rogers Bowker for the job, was hired, and moved with his family to Montclair, New Jersey. He remained with R. R. Bowker for 45 years. While at Publishers Weekly, Melcher began creating space in the publication and a number of issues dedicated solely to books for children. In 1919, he teamed with Franklin K. Mathiews, librarian for the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, a librarian at the New York Public Library, to create Children's Book Week. When Bowker died in 1933, Melcher succeeded him as president of the company; he resigned in 1959 to become chairman of the board of directors. In 1943, Publishers Weekly created the Carey–Thomas Award for creative publishing, naming it in honor of Mathew Carey and Isaiah Thomas. For most of its history, Publishers Weekly, along with the Library Journal-related titles, were owned by founding publisher R. R. Bowker. When Reed Publishing purchased Bowker from Xerox in 1985, it placed Publishers Weekly under the management of its Boston-based Cahners Publishing Company, the trade publishing empire founded by Norman Cahners, which Reed Publishing had purchased in 1977. The merger of Reed with the Netherlands-based Elsevier in 1993 led to many Cahners cutbacks amid takeover turmoil. Nora Rawlinson, who once headed a $4 million book selection budget at the Baltimore County Library System, edited Library Journal for four years prior to becoming editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly in 1992, where he served until 2005. 21st century In 2005, the magazine came under the direction of a new editor-in-chief, veteran book reviewer Sara Nelson, known for publishing columns in the New York Post and The New York Observer. Nelson began to modernize Publishers Weekly with new features and a makeover by illustrator and graphic designer Jean-Claude Suares. The switch to a simple abbreviated logo of initials effectively changed the name of the magazine to PW, the name long used for the magazine within the book industry. She also introduced the magazine's short-lived Quill Awards, with nominees in 19 categories selected by a nominating board of 6,000 booksellers and librarians. Winners were determined by the reading public, who could vote at kiosks in Borders stores or online at the Quills site. Reed Business dropped the Quill Awards in 2008. Since 1872, the front covers of Publishers Weekly were used to display advertisements by book publishers. PW editorial covers now feature illustrations and author photographs tied to interior articles, these covers follow the front cover advertisement. The visual motif of each cover is sometimes repeated on the contents page. The Nelson years were marked by turbulence within the industry as well as a continuing trend away from serious writing and towards pop culture. Publishers Weekly has enjoyed a near monopoly over the past decades, but now with vigorous competition from Internet sites, e-mail newsletters, and daily newspapers. In 2008, faced with a decline in advertising support, Reed's management sought a new direction. In January 2009, Sara Nelson was dismissed along with executive editor Daisy Maryles, who had been with PW for more than four decades. Stepping in as editorial director was Brian Kenney, editorial director of School Library Journal and Library Journal. The dismissals, which sent shockwaves through the industry, were widely covered in newspapers. In April 2010, George W. Slowik Jr., a former publisher of the magazine, purchased Publishers Weekly from Reed Business Information, under the company PWxyz, LLC. Cevin Bryerman remained as publisher along with co-editors Jim Milliot and Michael Coffey. On September 22, 2011, PW began a series of weekly podcasts: "Beyond the Book: PW's Week Ahead". In 2019, The Millions was acquired by PWxyz. PW maintains an online archive of past book reviews from January 1991 to the present. The earliest articles posted in PW's online archive date back to November 1995. A redesigned website was unveiled on May 10, 2010. Features Writers and readers In 2008, the magazine's circulation was 25,000. In 2004, the breakdown of those 25,000 readers was given as 6000 publishers; 5500 public libraries and public library systems; 3800 booksellers; 1600 authors and writers; 1500 college and university libraries; 950 print, film and broad media; and 750 literary and rights agents, among others. Subject areas covered by Publishers Weekly include publishing, bookselling, marketing, merchandising and trade news, along with author interviews and regular columns on rights, people in publishing, and bestsellers. It attempts to serve all involved in the creation, production, marketing and sale of the written word in book, audio, video and electronic formats. The magazine increases the page count considerably for four annual special issues: Spring Adult Announcements, Fall Adult Announcements, Spring Children's Announcements, and Fall Children's Announcements. Book reviews The book review section of Publishers Weekly was added in the early 1940s and grew in importance during the 20th century and through the present day. It currently offers prepublication reviews of 9,000 new trade books each year, in a comprehensive range of genres and including audiobooks and ebooks, with a digitized archive of 200,000 reviews. Reviews appear two to four months prior to the publication date of a book, and until 2014, when PW launched BookLife.com, a website for self-published books, books already in print were seldom reviewed. These anonymous reviews are short, averaging 200–250 words, and it is not unusual for the review section to run as long as 40 pages, filling the second half of the magazine. In the past, a book review editorial staff of eight editors assigned books to more than 100 freelance reviewers. Some are published authors, and others are experts in specific genres or subjects. Although it might take a week or more to read and analyze some books, reviewers were paid $45 per review until June 2008, when the magazine introduced a reduction in payment to $25 a review. In a further policy change that month, reviewers received credit as contributors in issues carrying their reviews. Currently, there are nine reviews editors listed in the masthead. Now titled "Reviews", the review section began life as "Forecasts". For several years, that title was taken literally; reviews were followed with italicized comments that attempted to predict a book's sales success. Genevieve Stuttaford, who greatly expanded the number of reviews during her tenure as the nonfiction "Forecasts" editor, joined the PW staff in 1975. Previously, she was a Saturday Review associate editor, reviewer for Kirkus Reviews and for 12 years on the staff of the San Francisco Chronicle. During the 23 years Stuttaford was with Publishers Weekly, book reviewing was increased from an average of 3,800 titles a year in the 1970s to well over 6,500 titles in 1997. She retired in 1998. Several notable PW editors stand out for making their mark on the magazine. Barbara Bannon was the head fiction reviewer during the 1970s and early 1980s, becoming the magazine's executive editor during that time and retiring in 1983. She was, notably, the first reviewer to insist that her name be appended to any blurb of her reviews, thus drawing attention to herself, to the review and to the influence of the magazine in predicting a book's popularity and salability. Sybil Steinberg came to Publishers Weekly in the mid-1970s and served as a reviews editor for 30 years, taking over after Barbara Bannon retired. Under Steinberg, PW instituted the starred review, a first in the industry, to indicate books of exceptional merit. She also called out particular books of merit by starting the practice of boxed reviews, a precursor to the PW "signature reviews," boxed reviews that are attributed to the reviewer. The "Best Books" lists were also Steinberg's brainchild, and these lists are still published annually, usually in November ahead of "Best Books" lists from The New York Times and other prominent review venues. Steinberg edited the magazine's author interviews, and beginning in 1992 put together four anthologies of them in book form, published by the Pushcart Press. Formerly of InStyle magazine, novelist Louisa Ermelino took the reins of the PW review section in 2005. Under her watch, the number of reviews grew once again, to nearly 9,000 per year from 6,500. In a sea change for the magazine, Ermelino oversaw the integration of self-published book reviews into the main review section of the magazine. Review editors vet and assign self-published books for review, which reviews are then published alongside the reviews of traditionally published books each week in the magazine. Publishers Weekly does not charge for self-published book reviews, bucking a trend within the industry led by Kirkus Reviews and Foreword's Clarion fee-for-review service, both of which offer independent book reviews in exchange for fees in the hundreds of dollars. Publishers Weekly does syndicate its reviews to a variety of online retail venues such as Amazon, Apple Books, Powell's Books, Books-a-Million, and others. The reviews are also carried by library database services such as Baker and Taylor, ProQuest, Bowker, Cengage, EBSCO, and others. See also Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 2010s, or the decades before Booklist Editor & Publisher San Francisco Review of Books Books in the United States References ^ Batten, Donna, ed. (2017). Gale directory of publications and broadcast media. Vol. 2 (153 ed.). Gale. p. 1629. ISBN 978-1-4144-8810-3. ISSN 1048-7972. Retrieved September 20, 2023. Circ: Paid 24000. ^ a b c d e f g h "Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News – Publishers Weekly". PublishersWeekly.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015. ^ Beswick, Jay W. The Work of Frederick Leypoldt, Bibliographer and Publisher. R. R. Bowker, 1942. ^ Publishers' Weekly @ 150. PW, Apr 19, 2022. ^ a b c Baker, John. "Interview". Wired For Books. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007. ^ Hackett, Alice P. (1945). 50 Years of Best Sellers and How They Grew: 1895–1945. R. R. Bowker. ^ a b c Miller, Marilyn Lea (2003). Pioneers and Leaders in Library Services to Youth: a Biographical Dictionary. Libraries Unlimited. ^ Hansen, Harry (1945). Smith, Mildred (ed.). "On the Best Definition of an Editor's Usefulness"". Frederic G. Melcher: Friendly Reminiscences of a Half Century Among Books and Bookmen. New York: The Book Publishers' Bureau. pp. 24–28. ^ "Frederic G. Melcher". Library Journal. April 1, 1963. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. ^ "Publishers' Oscar". Time. February 15, 1943. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012. ^ Rich, Motoko (January 26, 2009). "Top Editor at Publishers Weekly Is Laid Off". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010. Sara Nelson, ... who was previously a publishing columnist for The New York Post and worked at The New York Observer ^ "Quill Awards Are Ended". The New York Times. February 27, 2008. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. ^ Wyatt, Edward (January 5, 2005). "The Winds of Change Are Felt at Publishers Weekly". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2010. ^ Kramer, Staci D. (January 27, 2009). "Reed Tightens The Belt Again: Layoffs Hit Variety, Multichannel, PW; Wage Freeze; B&C Shrinking". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2010. At Publisher's Weekly , the layoffs include Sara Nelson, editor-in-chief... ^ "Publishers Weekly – CCC's Beyond the Book – Part 3". beyondthebookcast.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015. ^ Rosenfield, Kat (January 9, 2019). "The Millions Will Live on, But the Indie Book Blog Is Dead". Vulture. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022. ^ "Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News – Publishers Weekly". PublishersWeekly.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015. ^ "BookLife – Resources and tools for book publishers and writers". booklife.com. Retrieved August 21, 2020. ^ "PW: Stuttaford Retires From 'PW'". Publishers Weekly. Vol. 244, no. 28. July 13, 1998. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. ^ "Barbara A. Bannon; Editor, 67". The New York Times. April 5, 1991. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. ^ "Reviews FAQs". Archived from the original on June 19, 2016. ^ "Kirkus Indie Reviews". Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. ^ "Foreword Reviews, 'Get Your Book Reviewed'". Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Further reading Haines, Helen E. (1957). "Daily Help for Daily Needs". Living with Books: The Art of Book Selection. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 580015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Publishers Weekly. Official website Hathi Trust. The publishers weekly. Digitized issues 1873 – . Interview on magazine's history 20th Century American Bestsellers Sybil Steinberg discusses Publishers Weekly BookLife official site Finding aid to the Publishers Weekly records at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Publishers Weekly 1903	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"news magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_magazine"},{"link_name":"publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"librarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"booksellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookselling"},{"link_name":"literary agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_agent"},{"link_name":"book reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_review"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"}],"text":"Publishers Weekly (PW) is an American weekly trade news magazine targeted at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents. 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The publication was a compilation of information about newly published books, collected from publishers and from other sources by Leypoldt, for an audience of booksellers. By 1876, The Publishers' Weekly was being read by nine tenths of the booksellers in the country.In 1878, Leypoldt sold The Publishers' Weekly to his friend Richard Rogers Bowker, in order to free up time for his other bibliographic endeavors.[3]Augusta Garrigue Leypoldt, wife of Frederick Leypoldt, stayed with the publication for thirty years. [4] The publication eventually expanded to include features and articles.[5]Harry Thurston Peck was the first editor-in-chief of The Bookman, which began in 1895. 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These were not separated into fiction and non-fiction until 1917, when World War I brought an increased interest in non-fiction by the reading public.[5][6]For much of the 20th century, Publishers Weekly was guided and developed by Frederic Gershom Melcher (1879–1963), who was editor and co-editor of Publishers' Weekly and chairman of the magazine's publisher, R. R. Bowker, over four decades. Born April 12, 1879, in Malden, Massachusetts, Melcher began at age 16 in Boston's Estes & Lauriat Bookstore, where he developed an interest in children's books.[7] He moved to Indianapolis in 1913 for another bookstore job. In 1918, he read in Publishers' Weekly that the magazine's editorship was vacant. He applied to Richard Rogers Bowker for the job, was hired, and moved with his family to Montclair, New Jersey. He remained with R. R. Bowker for 45 years.[7]While at Publishers Weekly, Melcher began creating space in the publication and a number of issues dedicated solely to books for children.[8] In 1919, he teamed with Franklin K. Mathiews, librarian for the Boy Scouts of America, and Anne Carroll Moore, a librarian at the New York Public Library, to create Children's Book Week.[7]When Bowker died in 1933, Melcher succeeded him as president of the company; he resigned in 1959 to become chairman of the board of directors.[5][9]In 1943, Publishers Weekly created the Carey–Thomas Award for creative publishing, naming it in honor of Mathew Carey and Isaiah Thomas.[10]For most of its history, Publishers Weekly, along with the Library Journal-related titles, were owned by founding publisher R. R. Bowker. When Reed Publishing purchased Bowker from Xerox in 1985, it placed Publishers Weekly under the management of its Boston-based Cahners Publishing Company, the trade publishing empire founded by Norman Cahners, which Reed Publishing had purchased in 1977.The merger of Reed with the Netherlands-based Elsevier in 1993 led to many Cahners cutbacks amid takeover turmoil. Nora Rawlinson, who once headed a $4 million book selection budget at the Baltimore County Library System, edited Library Journal for four years prior to becoming editor-in-chief of Publishers Weekly in 1992, where he served until 2005.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Nelson_(editor)"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"The New York Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Observer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsOctJ15-11"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Suares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Suares"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"},{"link_name":"Quill Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill_Award"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_Group"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsOctJ31-13"},{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twsOctJ22-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Millions"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In 2005, the magazine came under the direction of a new editor-in-chief, veteran book reviewer Sara Nelson, known for publishing columns in the New York Post and The New York Observer.[11] \nNelson began to modernize Publishers Weekly with new features and a makeover by illustrator and graphic designer Jean-Claude Suares. The switch to a simple abbreviated logo of initials effectively changed the name of the magazine to PW, the name long used for the magazine within the book industry.[2]She also introduced the magazine's short-lived Quill Awards, with nominees in 19 categories selected by a nominating board of 6,000 booksellers and librarians. Winners were determined by the reading public, who could vote at kiosks in Borders stores or online at the Quills site. Reed Business dropped the Quill Awards in 2008.[12]Since 1872, the front covers of Publishers Weekly were used to display advertisements by book publishers. PW editorial covers now feature illustrations and author photographs tied to interior articles, these covers follow the front cover advertisement. The visual motif of each cover is sometimes repeated on the contents page.[2]The Nelson years were marked by turbulence within the industry as well as a continuing trend away from serious writing and towards pop culture. Publishers Weekly has enjoyed a near monopoly over the past decades, but now with vigorous competition from Internet sites, e-mail newsletters, and daily newspapers.[13]In 2008, faced with a decline in advertising support, Reed's management sought a new direction. In January 2009, Sara Nelson was dismissed along with executive editor Daisy Maryles, who had been with PW for more than four decades. Stepping in as editorial director was Brian Kenney, editorial director of School Library Journal and Library Journal.[2] The dismissals, which sent shockwaves through the industry, were widely covered in newspapers.[14]In April 2010, George W. Slowik Jr., a former publisher of the magazine, purchased Publishers Weekly from Reed Business Information, under the company PWxyz, LLC. Cevin Bryerman remained as publisher along with co-editors Jim Milliot and Michael Coffey.[2]On September 22, 2011, PW began a series of weekly podcasts: \"Beyond the Book: PW's Week Ahead\".[15]In 2019, The Millions was acquired by PWxyz.[16]PW maintains an online archive of past book reviews from January 1991 to the present.[17] The earliest articles posted in PW's online archive date back to November 1995. A redesigned website was unveiled on May 10, 2010.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"}],"sub_title":"Writers and readers","text":"In 2008, the magazine's circulation was 25,000. In 2004, the breakdown of those 25,000 readers was given as 6000 publishers; 5500 public libraries and public library systems; 3800 booksellers; 1600 authors and writers; 1500 college and university libraries; 950 print, film and broad media; and 750 literary and rights agents, among others.Subject areas covered by Publishers Weekly include publishing, bookselling, marketing, merchandising and trade news, along with author interviews and regular columns on rights, people in publishing, and bestsellers. It attempts to serve all involved in the creation, production, marketing and sale of the written word in book, audio, video and electronic formats. The magazine increases the page count considerably for four annual special issues: Spring Adult Announcements, Fall Adult Announcements, Spring Children's Announcements, and Fall Children's Announcements.[2]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"audiobooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiobook"},{"link_name":"ebooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Saturday Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Review_(U.S._magazine)"},{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pw-2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"blurb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurb"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Pushcart Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushcart_Press"},{"link_name":"InStyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InStyle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Apple Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Books"},{"link_name":"Books-a-Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books-a-Million"},{"link_name":"Baker and Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_%26_Taylor"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest"},{"link_name":"Bowker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowker"},{"link_name":"Cengage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cengage"},{"link_name":"EBSCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCO"}],"sub_title":"Book reviews","text":"The book review section of Publishers Weekly was added in the early 1940s and grew in importance during the 20th century and through the present day.[when?] It currently offers prepublication reviews of 9,000 new trade books each year, in a comprehensive range of genres and including audiobooks and ebooks, with a digitized archive of 200,000 reviews. Reviews appear two to four months prior to the publication date of a book, and until 2014, when PW launched BookLife.com, a website for self-published books, books already in print were seldom reviewed.[18]These anonymous reviews are short, averaging 200–250 words, and it is not unusual for the review section to run as long as 40 pages, filling the second half of the magazine. In the past, a book review editorial staff of eight editors assigned books to more than 100 freelance reviewers. Some are published authors, and others are experts in specific genres or subjects. Although it might take a week or more to read and analyze some books, reviewers were paid $45 per review until June 2008, when the magazine introduced a reduction in payment to $25 a review. In a further policy change that month, reviewers received credit as contributors in issues carrying their reviews. Currently, there are nine reviews editors listed in the masthead.Now titled \"Reviews\", the review section began life as \"Forecasts\". For several years, that title was taken literally; reviews were followed with italicized comments that attempted to predict a book's sales success. Genevieve Stuttaford, who greatly expanded the number of reviews during her tenure as the nonfiction \"Forecasts\" editor, joined the PW staff in 1975. Previously, she was a Saturday Review associate editor, reviewer for Kirkus Reviews and for 12 years on the staff of the San Francisco Chronicle. During the 23 years Stuttaford was with Publishers Weekly, book reviewing was increased from an average of 3,800 titles a year in the 1970s to well over 6,500 titles in 1997. She retired in 1998.[2][19]Several notable PW editors stand out for making their mark on the magazine. Barbara Bannon was the head fiction reviewer during the 1970s and early 1980s, becoming the magazine's executive editor during that time and retiring in 1983. She was, notably, the first reviewer to insist that her name be appended to any blurb of her reviews, thus drawing attention to herself, to the review and to the influence of the magazine in predicting a book's popularity and salability.[20]Sybil Steinberg came to Publishers Weekly in the mid-1970s and served as a reviews editor for 30 years, taking over after Barbara Bannon retired. Under Steinberg, PW instituted the starred review, a first in the industry, to indicate books of exceptional merit. She also called out particular books of merit by starting the practice of boxed reviews, a precursor to the PW \"signature reviews,\" boxed reviews that are attributed to the reviewer. The \"Best Books\" lists were also Steinberg's brainchild, and these lists are still published annually, usually in November ahead of \"Best Books\" lists from The New York Times and other prominent review venues. Steinberg edited the magazine's author interviews, and beginning in 1992 put together four anthologies of them in book form, published by the Pushcart Press.Formerly of InStyle magazine, novelist Louisa Ermelino took the reins of the PW review section in 2005. Under her watch, the number of reviews grew once again, to nearly 9,000 per year from 6,500.[citation needed]In a sea change for the magazine, Ermelino oversaw the integration of self-published book reviews into the main review section of the magazine. Review editors vet and assign self-published books for review, which reviews are then published alongside the reviews of traditionally published books each week in the magazine.[21]Publishers Weekly does not charge for self-published book reviews, bucking a trend within the industry led by Kirkus Reviews and Foreword's Clarion fee-for-review service, both of which offer independent book reviews in exchange for fees in the hundreds of dollars.[22][23]Publishers Weekly does syndicate its reviews to a variety of online retail venues such as Amazon, Apple Books, Powell's Books, Books-a-Million, and others. The reviews are also carried by library database services such as Baker and Taylor, ProQuest, Bowker, Cengage, EBSCO, and others.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Living with Books: The Art of Book Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.126407"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"580015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/580015"}],"text":"Haines, Helen E. (1957). \"Daily Help for Daily Needs\". Living with Books: The Art of Book Selection. New York: Columbia University Press. OCLC 580015.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Cover of the November 6, 2006 issue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/78/Pw06.jpg/220px-Pw06.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly_list_of_bestselling_novels_in_the_United_States_in_the_2010s"},{"title":"Booklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booklist"},{"title":"Editor & Publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_%26_Publisher"},{"title":"San Francisco Review of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Review_of_Books"},{"title":"Books in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Batten, Donna, ed. (2017). Gale directory of publications and broadcast media. Vol. 2 (153 ed.). Gale. p. 1629. ISBN 978-1-4144-8810-3. ISSN 1048-7972. Retrieved September 20, 2023. Circ: Paid 24000.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/galedirectoryofp0002unse_r2h5/","url_text":"Gale directory of publications and broadcast media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_(publisher)","url_text":"Gale"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4144-8810-3","url_text":"978-1-4144-8810-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1048-7972","url_text":"1048-7972"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News – Publishers Weekly\". PublishersWeekly.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/","url_text":"\"Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News – Publishers Weekly\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150411183154/http://publishersweekly.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Baker, John. \"Interview\". Wired For Books. Archived from the original on March 12, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312010952/http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/","url_text":"\"Interview\""},{"url":"http://wiredforbooks.org/johnbaker/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Alice P. (1945). 50 Years of Best Sellers and How They Grew: 1895–1945. R. R. Bowker.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miller, Marilyn Lea (2003). Pioneers and Leaders in Library Services to Youth: a Biographical Dictionary. Libraries Unlimited.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hansen, Harry (1945). Smith, Mildred (ed.). \"On the Best Definition of an Editor's Usefulness\"\". Frederic G. Melcher: Friendly Reminiscences of a Half Century Among Books and Bookmen. New York: The Book Publishers' Bureau. pp. 24–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Frederic G. Melcher\". Library Journal. April 1, 1963. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090821121853/http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/melcher.html","url_text":"\"Frederic G. Melcher\""},{"url":"http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/melcher.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Publishers' Oscar\". Time. February 15, 1943. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121207220540/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,774310,00.html","url_text":"\"Publishers' Oscar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,774310,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rich, Motoko (January 26, 2009). \"Top Editor at Publishers Weekly Is Laid Off\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 7, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010. Sara Nelson, ... who was previously a publishing columnist for The New York Post and worked at The New York Observer","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20101007013944/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/top-editor-at-publishers-weekly-is-laid-off/","url_text":"\"Top Editor at Publishers Weekly Is Laid Off\""},{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/26/top-editor-at-publishers-weekly-is-laid-off/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Quill Awards Are Ended\". The New York Times. February 27, 2008. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/arts/27arts-QUILLAWARDSA_BRF.html?_r=1&ref=arts&oref=slogin","url_text":"\"Quill Awards Are Ended\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180428160734/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/27/arts/27arts-QUILLAWARDSA_BRF.html?_r=1&ref=arts&oref=slogin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wyatt, Edward (January 5, 2005). \"The Winds of Change Are Felt at Publishers Weekly\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04EED91339F936A35752C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"The Winds of Change Are Felt at Publishers Weekly\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170141/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04EED91339F936A35752C0A9639C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Staci D. (January 27, 2009). \"Reed Tightens The Belt Again: Layoffs Hit Variety, Multichannel, PW; Wage Freeze; B&C Shrinking\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved October 5, 2010. At Publisher's Weekly [sic], the layoffs include Sara Nelson, editor-in-chief...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/26/AR2009012602002.html","url_text":"\"Reed Tightens The Belt Again: Layoffs Hit Variety, Multichannel, PW; Wage Freeze; B&C Shrinking\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121111125321/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/26/AR2009012602002.html","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic","url_text":"sic"}]},{"reference":"\"Publishers Weekly – CCC's Beyond the Book – Part 3\". beyondthebookcast.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://beyondthebookcast.com/tag/publishers-weekly/page/3/","url_text":"\"Publishers Weekly – CCC's Beyond the Book – Part 3\""},{"url":"http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150412163900/http://beyondthebookcast.com/tag/publishers-weekly/page/3/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rosenfield, Kat (January 9, 2019). \"The Millions Will Live on, But the Indie Book Blog Is Dead\". Vulture. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220613080440/https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/the-millions-was-the-last-great-indie-book-blog.html","url_text":"\"The Millions Will Live on, But the Indie Book Blog Is Dead\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(magazine)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/the-millions-was-the-last-great-indie-book-blog.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News – Publishers Weekly\". PublishersWeekly.com. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/archives/index.html","url_text":"\"Book Reviews, Bestselling Books & Publishing Business News – Publishers Weekly\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402054545/http://publishersweekly.com/pw/archives/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BookLife – Resources and tools for book publishers and writers\". booklife.com. Retrieved August 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://booklife.com/","url_text":"\"BookLife – Resources and tools for book publishers and writers\""}]},{"reference":"\"PW: Stuttaford Retires From 'PW'\". Publishers Weekly. Vol. 244, no. 28. July 13, 1998. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19980713/38002-pw-stuttaford-retires-from-pw.html","url_text":"\"PW: Stuttaford Retires From 'PW'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161013122936/http://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19980713/38002-pw-stuttaford-retires-from-pw.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbara A. Bannon; Editor, 67\". The New York Times. April 5, 1991. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/05/obituaries/barbara-a-bannon-editor-67.html","url_text":"\"Barbara A. Bannon; Editor, 67\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002932/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/05/obituaries/barbara-a-bannon-editor-67.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews FAQs\". Archived from the original on June 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://booklife.com/about-us/reviews-faqs.html","url_text":"\"Reviews FAQs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160619120401/http://booklife.com/about-us/reviews-faqs.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kirkus Indie Reviews\". Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/indie-reviews/how-it-works/","url_text":"\"Kirkus Indie Reviews\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919054625/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/indie-reviews/how-it-works/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Foreword Reviews, 'Get Your Book Reviewed'\". Archived from the original on April 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishers.forewordreviews.com/reviews/","url_text":"\"Foreword Reviews, 'Get Your Book Reviewed'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160412015108/https://publishers.forewordreviews.com/reviews/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haines, Helen E. (1957). \"Daily Help for Daily Needs\". Living with Books: The Art of Book Selection. New York: Columbia University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_the_Two_of_Us_(Porter_Wagoner_and_Dolly_Parton_album)	Just the Two of Us (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album)	["1 Recording","2 Release and promotion","2.1 Singles","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance","5 Reissues","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","9 Release history","10 References"]	1968 studio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly PartonJust the Two of UsStudio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly PartonReleasedSeptember 9, 1968RecordedJanuary 31–May 22, 1968StudioRCA Studio B (Nashville)GenreCountryLength28:39LabelRCA VictorProducerBob FergusonPorter Wagoner and Dolly Parton chronology Just Between You And Me(1968) Just the Two of Us(1968) Always, Always(1969) Dolly Parton chronology Just Because I'm a Woman(1968) Just the Two of Us(1968) In the Good Old Days (When Times Were Bad)(1969) Singles from Just the Two of Us "Holding on to Nothin'"Released: March 11, 1968 "We'll Get Ahead Someday"Released: July 1, 1968 "Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark"Released: September 16, 1968 Just the Two of Us is the second collaborative studio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton. It was released on September 9, 1968, by RCA Victor. The album was produced by Bob Ferguson. It peaked at number five on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and number 184 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album spawned three singles. "Holding on to Nothin'" and "We'll Get Ahead Someday" were top ten hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at numbers seven and five, respectively. The third single, "Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark", peaked at number 51. Recording Recording sessions for the album took place at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee, beginning on January 31, 1968. Three additional sessions followed on May 20, 21 and 22. Release and promotion The album was released September 9, 1968, on LP. Singles The album's first single, "Holding on to Nothin'", was released in March 1968 and debuted at number 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated April 13. It peaked at number seven on the chart dated June 1, its seventh week on the chart. It charted for 16 weeks. It also peaked at number 17 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart. "We'll Get Ahead Someday" was released as the second single in July and debuted at number 68 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated July 27. It peaked at number five on the chart dated September 28, its tenth week on the chart. The single charted for 13 weeks. The third single, "Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark", was released in September and debuted at number 66 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated October 5. It peaked at number 51 on the chart dated November 2. It charted for six weeks. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music Billboard published a review of the album in the September 21, 1968 issue, which said, "Wagoner and Parton have proved a hot sales combination for the singles charts, and their second LP built around their singles hits, "Holding on to Nothin'", "The Dark End of the Street", and "We'll Get Ahead Someday", is sure to prove a hot piece of album product." Cashbox published a review of the album also, saying, "After scoring excellent success with their initial duet LP, as well as with several singles, Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton launch their second album on the heels of their latest single, "Holding on to Nothin'". Kicking off the set with that track, the twosome also make a winning combination with such additional tracks as "The Dark End of the Street" and "I Washed My Face in the Morning Dew", among others." AllMusic gave the album 2.5 out of 5 stars. Commercial performance The album debuted at number 41 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart dated October 5, 1968. It peaked at number five on the chart dated April 5, 1969, its 27th week on the chart. The album charted for a total of 49 weeks. Reissues The album was included in the 2014 box set Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967–1976, marking the first time it had been reissued since its original release. The album was released as a digital download on August 17, 2018. Track listing Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Recording dateLength1."Closer by the Hour"Al GoreMay 20, 19682:152."I Washed My Face in the Morning Dew"Tom T. HallMay 21, 19682:453."Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark"Dolly PartonMay 21, 19682:444."Holding on to Nothin'"Jerry ChesnutJanuary 31, 19682:265."Slip Away Today"Curly PutmanJanuary 31, 19682:376."The Dark End of the Street"Dan PennChips MomanMay 22, 19682:15 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Recording dateLength1."Just the Two of Us"ChesnutMay 20, 19682:362."Afraid to Love Again"ChesnutTheresa BeatyMay 20, 19681:533."We'll Get Ahead Someday"Mack MagahaMay 22, 19681:554."Somewhere Between"Merle HaggardMay 22, 19682:135."The Party"PartonMay 21, 19682:546."I Can"PartonMay 21, 19682:06 Personnel Adapted from the album liner notes and RCA recording session records. Jerry Carrigan – drums Anita Carter – backing vocals Pete Drake – steel Dolores Edgin – backing vocals Bob Ferguson – producer, liner notes Roy M. Huskey, Jr. – bass Mack Magaha – fiddle George McCormick – rhythm guitar Wayne Moss – electric guitar Al Pachucki – recording engineer Dolly Parton – lead vocals Hargus Robbins – piano Jerry Stembridge – electric guitar Buck Trent – banjo Porter Wagoner – lead vocals Charts Chart performance for Just the Two of Us Chart (1968–1969) Peakposition US Billboard 200 184 US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 5 Release history Release dates and formats for Just the Two of Us Region Date Format Label Ref. Various September 9, 1968 LP RCA Victor August 17, 2018 Digital download SonyLegacy References ^ "Spotlight Singles" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. March 23, 1968. p. 74. Retrieved September 25, 2020. ^ "Spotlight Singles" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. July 13, 1968. p. 70. Retrieved September 25, 2020. ^ "Full Page Ad" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. September 28, 1968. p. 35. Retrieved September 25, 2020. ^ a b Just the Two of Us at AllMusic ^ Colin Larkin (2006). "Parton, Dolly". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 6 (4th ed.). Muze, Oxford University Press. p. 435–6. ISBN 978-0-19-531373-4. ^ "Album Reviews" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. September 21, 1968. p. 73. Retrieved September 25, 2020. ^ "Country LP Reviews" (PDF). World Radio History. Cashbox. September 21, 1968. p. 61. Retrieved September 25, 2020. ^ "Dolly Parton Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. ^ "Dolly Parton Chart History (Top Country Albums)". Billboard. ^ "Porter Wagoner And Dolly Parton - Just The Two Of Us". Discogs. Retrieved May 19, 2019. ^ "Just the Two of Us by Porter Wagoner & Dolly Parton on Amazon Music - Amazon.com". www.amazon.com. Retrieved May 25, 2019. vtePorter Wagoner and Dolly Parton Discography Studio albums Just Between You and Me Just the Two of Us Always, Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination • Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love and Music Porter 'n' Dolly Say Forever You'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly Compilation albums The Best of Porter Wagoner & Dolly Parton Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967–1976 Singles "The Last Thing on My Mind" "Please Don't Stop Loving Me" "Say Forever You'll Be Mine" Porter Wagoner discography Dolly Parton albums discography Dolly Parton singles discography Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porter Wagoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Wagoner"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Victor"},{"link_name":"Bob Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ferguson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"}],"text":"Just the Two of Us is the second collaborative studio album by Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton. It was released on September 9, 1968, by RCA Victor. The album was produced by Bob Ferguson. It peaked at number five on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and number 184 on the Billboard 200 chart. The album spawned three singles. \"Holding on to Nothin'\" and \"We'll Get Ahead Someday\" were top ten hits on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, peaking at numbers seven and five, respectively. The third single, \"Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark\", peaked at number 51.","title":"Just the Two of Us (Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RCA Studio B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Studio_B"}],"text":"Recording sessions for the album took place at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee, beginning on January 31, 1968. Three additional sessions followed on May 20, 21 and 22.","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"}],"text":"The album was released September 9, 1968, on LP.","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"The album's first single, \"Holding on to Nothin'\", was released in March 1968[1] and debuted at number 60 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated April 13. It peaked at number seven on the chart dated June 1, its seventh week on the chart. It charted for 16 weeks. It also peaked at number 17 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart. \"We'll Get Ahead Someday\" was released as the second single in July[2] and debuted at number 68 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated July 27. It peaked at number five on the chart dated September 28, its tenth week on the chart. The single charted for 13 weeks. The third single, \"Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark\", was released in September[3] and debuted at number 66 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart dated October 5. It peaked at number 51 on the chart dated November 2. It charted for six weeks.","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cashbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashbox_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-4"}],"text":"Billboard published a review of the album in the September 21, 1968 issue, which said, \"Wagoner and Parton have proved a hot sales combination for the singles charts, and their second LP built around their singles hits, \"Holding on to Nothin'\", \"The Dark End of the Street\", and \"We'll Get Ahead Someday\", is sure to prove a hot piece of album product.\"[6]Cashbox published a review of the album also, saying, \"After scoring excellent success with their initial duet LP, as well as with several singles, Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton launch their second album on the heels of their latest single, \"Holding on to Nothin'\". Kicking off the set with that track, the twosome also make a winning combination with such additional tracks as \"The Dark End of the Street\" and \"I Washed My Face in the Morning Dew\", among others.\"[7]AllMusic gave the album 2.5 out of 5 stars.[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"}],"text":"The album debuted at number 41 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart dated October 5, 1968. It peaked at number five on the chart dated April 5, 1969, its 27th week on the chart. The album charted for a total of 49 weeks.","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967–1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Between_You_and_Me:_The_Complete_Recordings,_1967%E2%80%931976"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"}],"text":"The album was included in the 2014 box set Just Between You and Me: The Complete Recordings, 1967–1976, marking the first time it had been reissued since its original release. The album was released as a digital download on August 17, 2018.","title":"Reissues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom T. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_T._Hall"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"Jerry Chesnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Chesnut"},{"link_name":"Curly Putman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Putman"},{"link_name":"The Dark End of the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_End_of_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Dan Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Penn"},{"link_name":"Chips Moman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chips_Moman"},{"link_name":"Mack Magaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Magaha"},{"link_name":"Merle Haggard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Haggard"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Recording dateLength1.\"Closer by the Hour\"Al GoreMay 20, 19682:152.\"I Washed My Face in the Morning Dew\"Tom T. HallMay 21, 19682:453.\"Jeannie's Afraid of the Dark\"Dolly PartonMay 21, 19682:444.\"Holding on to Nothin'\"Jerry ChesnutJanuary 31, 19682:265.\"Slip Away Today\"Curly PutmanJanuary 31, 19682:376.\"The Dark End of the Street\"Dan PennChips MomanMay 22, 19682:15Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Recording dateLength1.\"Just the Two of Us\"ChesnutMay 20, 19682:362.\"Afraid to Love Again\"ChesnutTheresa BeatyMay 20, 19681:533.\"We'll Get Ahead Someday\"Mack MagahaMay 22, 19681:554.\"Somewhere Between\"Merle HaggardMay 22, 19682:135.\"The Party\"PartonMay 21, 19682:546.\"I Can\"PartonMay 21, 19682:06","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Carrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Carrigan"},{"link_name":"Anita Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Carter"},{"link_name":"Pete Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Drake"},{"link_name":"Roy M. Huskey, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Huskey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Mack Magaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Magaha"},{"link_name":"Wayne Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Moss"},{"link_name":"Hargus Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hargus_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Buck Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Trent"}],"text":"Adapted from the album liner notes and RCA recording session records.Jerry Carrigan – drums\nAnita Carter – backing vocals\nPete Drake – steel\nDolores Edgin – backing vocals\nBob Ferguson – producer, liner notes\nRoy M. Huskey, Jr. – bass\nMack Magaha – fiddle\nGeorge McCormick – rhythm guitar\nWayne Moss – electric guitar\nAl Pachucki – recording engineer\nDolly Parton – lead vocals\nHargus Robbins – piano\nJerry Stembridge – electric guitar\nBuck Trent – banjo\nPorter Wagoner – lead vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Spotlight Singles\" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. March 23, 1968. p. 74. Retrieved September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1968/Billboard%201968-03-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Spotlight Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight Singles\" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. July 13, 1968. p. 70. Retrieved September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1968/Billboard%201968-07-13.pdf","url_text":"\"Spotlight Singles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Page Ad\" (PDF). World Radio History. Billboard. 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Retrieved May 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Just-Porter-Wagoner-Dolly-Parton/dp/B07G4L92G2/","url_text":"\"Just the Two of Us by Porter Wagoner & Dolly Parton on Amazon Music - Amazon.com\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1968/Billboard%201968-03-23.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight Singles\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1968/Billboard%201968-07-13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight Singles\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1968/Billboard%201968-09-28.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Full Page Ad\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000898836","external_links_name":"Just the Two of Us"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0006unse/page/435/","external_links_name":"\"Parton, Dolly\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/60s/1968/Billboard%201968-09-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Album Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1968/CB-1968-09-21.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Country LP Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dolly-Parton/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Dolly Parton Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Dolly-Parton/chart-history/CLP","external_links_name":"\"Dolly Parton Chart History (Top Country Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Porter-Wagoner-And-Dolly-Parton-Just-The-Two-Of-Us/master/529839","external_links_name":"\"Porter Wagoner And Dolly Parton - Just The Two Of Us\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Just-Porter-Wagoner-Dolly-Parton/dp/B07G4L92G2/","external_links_name":"\"Just the Two of Us by Porter Wagoner & Dolly Parton on Amazon Music - Amazon.com\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/d572fee5-bc07-34c4-910b-17a1962321fb","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eththan	Eththan	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 References","5 External links"]	2011 Indian filmEththanDirected byL SureshWritten byL SureshProduced byNazirStarringVimalSanushaJayaprakashCinematographyKPR RameshEdited byRaja MohammedMusic byTaj NoorProductioncompanySherali FilmsRelease date 27 May 2011 (2011-05-27) Running time142 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil Eththan (transl. Deceiver), also known as Ethan, is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film written and directed by L Suresh. The film stars Vimal and Sanusha, whilst Jayaprakash and Sarvajit appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by Taj Noor. A remake of the 2010 Telugu film Kalavar King, directed by Suresh himself, the film was released on 27 May 2011, with moderate review. Plot Sathyamoorthy is the son of a schoolteacher named DK in Kumbakonam. Sathya is a happy-go-lucky youngster who yearns to do business. To achieve his "mission", he borrows money from all quarters and is almost drowned in debts. Even as his father advises him to start leading life in a right manner, enters a student named Selvi. Sathya gets acquainted to Selvi, and his life takes a turn. Meanwhile, Selvi is in trouble because her uncle Pandiyan, a rowdy, wants her to marry him. This proposal was ignored by Selvi, and she hated Pandiyan because he killed her father. One day while goofing around with Sathya, Selvi loses the necklace that Pandiyan had given her. Sathya and Selvi escape to Chennai, but Pandiyan and a corrupt inspector come and trouble them. Sathya brilliantly switches on the police's cordless phone, through which the Assistant Commissioner of Police learns about Pandiyan and arrests him. The film ends with Sathya opening a cable TV station and becoming successful. Cast Vimal as Sathyamoorthy Sanusha as Selvi Jayaprakash as DK, Sathya's father Sarvajit as Pandiyan Pragathi as Sathya's mother Santhana Bharathi as Selvi's father Senthi Kumari as Selvi's mother Syamantha Kiran as Fathima, Selvi's friend Singampuli as Veerasingam Manobala as Bank Manager M. S. Bhaskar as Swami Kavithalaya Krishnan as MC Ramdoss as Lender Mayilsamy Madhan Bob Ashvin Raja Amarasigamani Nandha Saravanan Lakshya in a cameo appearance Sampath Raj as Assistant Commissioner of Police (cameo appearance) Soundtrack The soundtrack was composed by Taj Noor in his second venture after Vamsam. EththanSoundtrack album by Taj NoorReleased2011GenreFeature film soundtrackLength25:56LanguageTamilProducerTaj NoorTaj Noor chronology Vamsam(2010) Eththan(2011) Gnana Kirukkan(2014) No. Title Singer(s) Length (m:ss) 1 "Mazhaiyudhir Kaalam" Vijay Yesudas, Saindhavi 04:29 2 "Kannadasan" Ananthu, Solar Sai, Sree Ranjini 04:06 3 "Ethan Kelambittanya" M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Bhagyaraj, Ramesh 02:44 4 "Sigappu Thamaraye" Ananthu 04:35 5 "Kaalayile Kan Vizicha" Velmurugan 02:16 6 "Jimparapara" Taj Noor, Manthangi 03:45 7 "Kadanai Kodutha Nanba" Mukesh Mohamed 04:01 References ^ "Vimal becomes 'Eththan' - Tamil Movie News". IndiaGlitz. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2011. ^ "Movie Review:Ethan". Sify. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2011. ^ "Friday Fiesta 270511 - Tamil Movie News". IndiaGlitz. 27 May 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2011. ^ "Eththan Movie Review". TheCinemanews.com. 27 May 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2011. External links Eththan at IMDb This article about a Tamil-language film of the 2010s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"comedy drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_drama"},{"link_name":"Vimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sanusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanusha"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash"},{"link_name":"Taj Noor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Noor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kalavar King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavar_King"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2011 Indian filmEththan (transl. Deceiver), also known as Ethan, is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film written and directed by L Suresh. The film stars Vimal and Sanusha, whilst Jayaprakash and Sarvajit appear in supporting roles. The music was composed by Taj Noor.[1] A remake of the 2010 Telugu film Kalavar King, directed by Suresh himself,[2] the film was released on 27 May 2011,[3] with moderate review.[4]","title":"Eththan"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sathyamoorthy is the son of a schoolteacher named DK in Kumbakonam. Sathya is a happy-go-lucky youngster who yearns to do business. To achieve his \"mission\", he borrows money from all quarters and is almost drowned in debts. Even as his father advises him to start leading life in a right manner, enters a student named Selvi. Sathya gets acquainted to Selvi, and his life takes a turn. Meanwhile, Selvi is in trouble because her uncle Pandiyan, a rowdy, wants her to marry him. This proposal was ignored by Selvi, and she hated Pandiyan because he killed her father. One day while goofing around with Sathya, Selvi loses the necklace that Pandiyan had given her. Sathya and Selvi escape to Chennai, but Pandiyan and a corrupt inspector come and trouble them. Sathya brilliantly switches on the police's cordless phone, through which the Assistant Commissioner of Police learns about Pandiyan and arrests him. The film ends with Sathya opening a cable TV station and becoming successful.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimal_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sanusha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanusha"},{"link_name":"Jayaprakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaprakash"},{"link_name":"Pragathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragathi_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Santhana Bharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhana_Bharathi"},{"link_name":"Senthi Kumari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senthi_Kumari"},{"link_name":"Syamantha Kiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syamantha_Kiran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Singampuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singampuli"},{"link_name":"Manobala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manobala"},{"link_name":"M. S. Bhaskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Bhaskar"},{"link_name":"Kavithalaya Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavithalaya_Krishnan"},{"link_name":"Ramdoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramdoss"},{"link_name":"Mayilsamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayilsamy"},{"link_name":"Madhan Bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhan_Bob"},{"link_name":"Ashvin Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin_Raja"},{"link_name":"Amarasigamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarasigamani"},{"link_name":"Sampath Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampath_Raj"}],"text":"Vimal as Sathyamoorthy\nSanusha as Selvi\nJayaprakash as DK, Sathya's father\nSarvajit as Pandiyan\nPragathi as Sathya's mother\nSanthana Bharathi as Selvi's father\nSenthi Kumari as Selvi's mother\nSyamantha Kiran as Fathima, Selvi's friend\nSingampuli as Veerasingam\nManobala as Bank Manager\nM. S. Bhaskar as Swami\nKavithalaya Krishnan as MC\nRamdoss as Lender\nMayilsamy\nMadhan Bob\nAshvin Raja\nAmarasigamani\nNandha Saravanan\nLakshya in a cameo appearance\nSampath Raj as Assistant Commissioner of Police (cameo appearance)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taj Noor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Noor"},{"link_name":"Vamsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamsam"}],"text":"The soundtrack was composed by Taj Noor in his second venture after Vamsam.","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Vimal becomes 'Eththan' - Tamil Movie News\". IndiaGlitz. 22 September 2010. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Kelly	Fergus Kelly	["1 Awards and recognition","2 Publications","3 References","4 External links"]	Fergus KellyMRIABornIrelandNationalityIrishEducation B.A. – University College Dublin (UCD) Ph.D. – Trinity College Dublin (TCD) Known forA Guide to Early Irish Law (1988) Fergus Kelly MRIA is an academic at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. His research interests centre on early Irish law-texts and wisdom-texts. He graduated in 1967 in Early and Modern Irish from Trinity College Dublin. He spent a year in the University of Oslo's Linguistics Institute. He also taught a course in Celtic Civilisation at the University of Toronto. He is now a Senior Professor in the School of Celtic Studies (Irish: Scoil an Léinn Cheiltigh) of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. In 2003 he delivered the British Academy's Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture. A prolific author and researcher, he has written and edited a number of books and many articles including A guide to early Irish law. He co-edits the journal Celtica and has collaborated with many others including Thomas Charles-Edwards. Awards and recognition Kelly was granted the highest academic honour in Ireland, membership of the Royal Irish Academy in 2004. Publications Kelly's publications include: Audacht Morainn (Dublin 1976) A guide to early Irish law (Dublin 1988, reprinted 1991, 1995) Early Irish farming: the evidence of the law-texts (Dublin 1997, reprinted 1998) Marriage Disputes: A Fragmentary Old Irish Law-Text (Dublin, 2014) The Life & Work of Oisín Kelly (Carlow, 2015) The MacEgan legal treatise (Dublin, 2020). Edition of work by Giolla na Naomh Mac Aodhagáin. References ^ "Fergus Kelly, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies". Trinity Centre for Environmenal Humanities, Trinity College Dublin. ^ "Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lectures". The British Academy. text video ^ "Fergus Samuel Kelly". Royal Irish Academy. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2021. External links Professor Fergus Kelly , Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies webpage Fergus Kelly in the BBC's plantation series. Fergus Kelly speaks in Trinity College about 'Early Irish Music: An overview of the linguistic and documentary evidence'. vteRecipients of the Derek Allen PrizeMusicology 1977: Oliver Strunk 1980: Julian Budden 1983: David Brown 1986: Reinhard Strohm 1989: J. E. Stevens 1992: David Cairns 1995: Peter Holman 1998: Peter Walls 2001: Janice Stockigt 2004: Colin Timms 2007: Philip V. Bohlman 2010: Gary Tomlinson 2013: Arnold Whittall 2016: Margaret Bent 2019: Alejandro Planchart Numismatics 1978: Karel Castelin 1981: J. B. Colbert de Beaulieu 1984: Simone Scheers 1987: Georges Le Rider 1990: P. Bastien 1993: Jean Lafaurie 1996: J. P. C. Kent 1999: Cécile Morrisson 2002: Gert Hatz 2005: Philip Grierson 2008: Emeritus Michael Metcalf 2011: Mark Blackburn 2014: Richard Reece 2017: Michael Crawford 2020: Andrew Burnett Celtic Studies 1979: Kenneth Jackson 1982: Brian Ó Cuiv 1985: J. E. Caerwyn Williams 1988: Edouard Bachellery 1991: K. H. Schmidt 1994: Emeritus Eric P. Hamp 1997: Proinsias Mac Cana 2000: Derick Thomson 2003: Pádraig Ó Riain 2006: Daniel Huws 2009: Yr Athro Dafydd Jenkins 2012: Fergus Kelly 2015: Pierre-Yves Lambert 2018: Máire Herbert 2021: Ralph A. Griffiths Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MRIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_Irish_Academy"},{"link_name":"Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Celtica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtica_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Charles-Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles-Edwards"}],"text":"Fergus Kelly MRIA is an academic at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. His research interests centre on early Irish law-texts and wisdom-texts.He graduated in 1967 in Early and Modern Irish from Trinity College Dublin. He spent a year in the University of Oslo's Linguistics Institute. He also taught a course in Celtic Civilisation at the University of Toronto. He is now a Senior Professor in the School of Celtic Studies (Irish: Scoil an Léinn Cheiltigh) of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.[1] In 2003 he delivered the British Academy's Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lecture.[2] A prolific author and researcher, he has written and edited a number of books and many articles including A guide to early Irish law. He co-edits the journal Celtica and has collaborated with many others including Thomas Charles-Edwards.","title":"Fergus Kelly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kelly was granted the highest academic honour in Ireland, membership of the Royal Irish Academy in 2004.[3]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Audacht Morainn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audacht_Morainn&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kelly's publications include:Audacht Morainn (Dublin 1976)\nA guide to early Irish law (Dublin 1988, reprinted 1991, 1995)\nEarly Irish farming: the evidence of the law-texts (Dublin 1997, reprinted 1998)\nMarriage Disputes: A Fragmentary Old Irish Law-Text (Dublin, 2014)\nThe Life & Work of Oisín Kelly (Carlow, 2015)\nThe MacEgan legal treatise (Dublin, 2020). Edition of work by Giolla na Naomh Mac Aodhagáin.","title":"Publications"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Fergus Kelly, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies\". Trinity Centre for Environmenal Humanities, Trinity College Dublin.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tcd.ie/tceh/iehn/profiles/kellyf.php","url_text":"\"Fergus Kelly, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lectures\". The British Academy.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/events/lectures/listings/sir-john-rhys-memorial-lectures/","url_text":"\"Sir John Rhŷs Memorial Lectures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fergus Samuel Kelly\". Royal Irish Academy. 19 October 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Maltsev_(synchronized_swimmer)	Aleksandr Maltsev (synchronised swimmer)	["1 Career","2 Education","3 Awards and titles","4 References","5 External links"]	Russian swimmer This article is about the Synchronized swimmer. For the ice hockey player, see Alexander Maltsev. Aleksandr MaltsevPersonal informationFull nameAleksandr Evgenyevich MaltsevNationalityRussianBorn (1995-06-22) 22 June 1995 (age 28)St. Petersburg, RussiaHeight1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)Weight64 kg (141 lb)SportCountryRussiaSportArtistic swimmingClubMGFSO Medal record World Championships 2015 Kazan Mixed duet free 2017 Budapest Mixed duet free 2019 Gwangju Mixed duet technical 2019 Gwangju Mixed duet free 2015 Kazan Mixed duet technical 2017 Budapest Mixed duet technical European Championships 2016 London Mixed technical routine 2016 London Mixed free routine 2018 Glasgow Mixed free routine 2018 Glasgow Mixed technical routine 2020 Budapest Mixed technical routine 2020 Budapest Mixed free routine Aleksandr Evgenyevich Maltsev (Russian: Александр Евгеньевич Мальцев, born 22 June 1995) is a 4-time world champion and 6-time European champion in artistic swimming (mixed duet) and a founder of men's artistic swimming in Russia. Aleksandr is the most titled male artistic swimmer in the world. He is recognized as the best male artistic swimmer in the world by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) (2015, 2017, 2019, 2021) and as the best male artistic swimmer in Europe by the European Swimming League (LEN) (2019, 2021). Career Maltsev was enrolled by his mother in a synchronized swimming group at a local sports school in St. Petersburg when he was 7. At the time, they accepted everyone, boys and girls. At age of 10, Maltsev was selected for the St. Petersburg municipal team and at 15, he was training with Russia's female synchronized swimmers for the first time. Despite being the only male synchronized swimmer in the national team, Maltsev continued to pursue his career even with attempts to divert his attention to water polo and diving. He continued to train his favorite sport even though many people did not understand or support his desires. In 2014, FINA officially approved of adding mixed-gender events in synchronized swimming and diving under its banner after a vote at the Extraordinary Congress in Doha (Qatar). Maltsev began pairing up with Darina Valitova. They competed at the Italian Open Test in Mixed Duet free where they took gold medals. At the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Maltsev/Valitova represented Russia at the inaugural Mixed Duet in synchronized swimming, after leading the preliminaries in Mixed Duet technical, they finished second in the finals losing just 0.2122 points to Americans Bill May and Christina Jones. They avenged their loss by winning the gold in Mixed Duet free with a score of 91.7333 points ahead of May/Lum. Maltsev partnered with Mikhaela Kalancha at the 2016 European Championships; where they won gold in mixed free and technical routines. In November 2016, the Maltsev/Kalancha pair performed the newly composed Swan Lake at the 11th FINA Synchronized Swimming World Trophy in Yangzhou (China) and won the title in 92.6000 points. The next year, they took part in the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, and won gold and silver in the mixed free and technical routines respectively. In 2018, he began partnering with Mayya Gurbanberdieva. Their duet took gold medals in free routine of two steps of the FINA Artistic Swimming World Series 2018 in Paris and Syros Island. At the 2018 European Championships there they won gold in mixed free and technical routines. In 2019, the Maltsev/Gurbanberdieva duet won the Superfinal of the FINA Artistic Swimming World Series, winning 10 gold medals in technical and free duets at the steps of this series (Kazan, Tokyo, Beijing, Barcelona, Budapest). A month later, in Gwangju Maltsev and Gurbanberdieva won 2 gold medals at the same World Championships for the first time in the history of mixed duets, performing with the technical routine "Tango" and the free one "Sing, Sing, Sing". Education He graduated from the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism. In 2017, he received a bachelor's degree in Physical culture. In 2019, he received a master's degree in Sports. Awards and titles Honored Master of Sports of Russia. The best male artistic swimmer in the world (2015, 2017, 2019, 2021) by the FINA. The best male artistic swimmer in Europe (2019, 2021) by the LEN. References ^ "Aleksandr Maltsev Biography". Official FINA website. ^ "Alone in the Swimming Pool". izismile. 27 July 2010. ^ "FINA Adds Mixed-Gender Events in Diving, Synchro". SwimSwam. 29 November 2014. ^ "Swim – Russian duo claim first mixed duo synchro gold". Agence France-Presse. 30 July 2015. ^ "China claim overall gold at FINA synchro swimming world trophy, Russia take the mixed duet gold home". Official FINA website. 27 November 2016. ^ "Synchronized swimming to be called artistic swimming". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 July 2017. ^ "FINA reveals best aquatic athletes of 2015". Official FINA website. 31 January 2016. ^ "FINA awards Best Athletes of 2017". Official FINA website. 2 December 2017. ^ ""FINA Best Athletes of the Year" honoured after a memorable 2019". Official FINA website. 7 February 2020. ^ "Aquatics stars honoured at FINA World Aquatics Gala". Official FINA website. 17 December 2021. ^ "LEN Awards 2019". Official LEN website. ^ "LEN Awards 2021". Official LEN website. External links Aleksandr Maltsev at World Aquatics Aleksandr Maltsev on Instagram Aleksandr Maltsev on Facebook Aleksandr Maltsev on TikTok Aleksandr Maltsev at The-Sports.org	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Maltsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Maltsev"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"artistic swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_swimming"},{"link_name":"artistic swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_swimming"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"},{"link_name":"LEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN"}],"text":"This article is about the Synchronized swimmer. For the ice hockey player, see Alexander Maltsev.Aleksandr Evgenyevich Maltsev (Russian: Александр Евгеньевич Мальцев, born 22 June 1995) is a 4-time world champion and 6-time European champion in artistic swimming (mixed duet) and a founder of men's artistic swimming in Russia. Aleksandr is the most titled male artistic swimmer in the world. He is recognized as the best male artistic swimmer in the world by the International Swimming Federation (FINA) (2015, 2017, 2019, 2021) and as the best male artistic swimmer in Europe by the European Swimming League (LEN) (2019, 2021).","title":"Aleksandr Maltsev (synchronised swimmer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synchronized swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-izismile-2"},{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"},{"link_name":"synchronized swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronized_swimming"},{"link_name":"diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mixedduo-3"},{"link_name":"Darina Valitova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darina_Valitova"},{"link_name":"2015 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Mixed Duet in synchronized swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronised_swimming_at_the_2015_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Bill May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_May_(synchronized_swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Christina Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Jones"},{"link_name":"May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_May_(synchronized_swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Lum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Lum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFPmixed-4"},{"link_name":"Mikhaela Kalancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhaela_Kalancha"},{"link_name":"2016 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_European_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kalancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhaela_Kalancha"},{"link_name":"Yangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2017 World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mayya Gurbanberdieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayya_Gurbanberdieva"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Syros Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syros_Island"},{"link_name":"2018 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_European_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gurbanberdieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayya_Gurbanberdieva"},{"link_name":"Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Gwangju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju"},{"link_name":"Gurbanberdieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayya_Gurbanberdieva"}],"text":"Maltsev was enrolled by his mother in a synchronized swimming group at a local sports school in St. Petersburg when he was 7. At the time, they accepted everyone, boys and girls. At age of 10, Maltsev was selected for the St. Petersburg municipal team and at 15, he was training with Russia's female synchronized swimmers for the first time.[1] Despite being the only male synchronized swimmer in the national team, Maltsev continued to pursue his career even with attempts to divert his attention to water polo and diving. He continued to train his favorite sport even though many people did not understand or support his desires.[2]In 2014, FINA officially approved of adding mixed-gender events in synchronized swimming and diving under its banner after a vote at the Extraordinary Congress in Doha (Qatar).[3] Maltsev began pairing up with Darina Valitova. They competed at the Italian Open Test in Mixed Duet free where they took gold medals.At the 2015 World Aquatics Championships in Kazan, Maltsev/Valitova represented Russia at the inaugural Mixed Duet in synchronized swimming, after leading the preliminaries in Mixed Duet technical, they finished second in the finals losing just 0.2122 points to Americans Bill May and Christina Jones. They avenged their loss by winning the gold in Mixed Duet free with a score of 91.7333 points ahead of May/Lum.[4]Maltsev partnered with Mikhaela Kalancha at the 2016 European Championships; where they won gold in mixed free and technical routines. In November 2016, the Maltsev/Kalancha pair performed the newly composed Swan Lake at the 11th FINA Synchronized Swimming World Trophy in Yangzhou (China) and won the title in 92.6000 points.[5]\nThe next year, they took part in the 2017 World Aquatics Championships in Budapest, and won gold and silver in the mixed free and technical routines respectively.[6]In 2018, he began partnering with Mayya Gurbanberdieva. Their duet took gold medals in free routine of two steps of the FINA Artistic Swimming World Series 2018 in Paris and Syros Island. At the 2018 European Championships there they won gold in mixed free and technical routines.In 2019, the Maltsev/Gurbanberdieva duet won the Superfinal of the FINA Artistic Swimming World Series, winning 10 gold medals in technical and free duets at the steps of this series (Kazan, Tokyo, Beijing, Barcelona, Budapest). A month later, in Gwangju Maltsev and Gurbanberdieva won 2 gold medals at the same World Championships for the first time in the history of mixed duets, performing with the technical routine \"Tango\" and the free one \"Sing, Sing, Sing\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_State_University_of_Physical_Education,_Sport,_Youth_and_Tourism"}],"text":"He graduated from the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism. In 2017, he received a bachelor's degree in Physical culture. In 2019, he received a master's degree in Sports.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FINA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"LEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Honored Master of Sports of Russia.\nThe best male artistic swimmer in the world (2015, 2017, 2019, 2021) by the FINA.[7][8][9][10]\nThe best male artistic swimmer in Europe (2019, 2021) by the LEN.[11][12]","title":"Awards and titles"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Aleksandr Maltsev Biography\". Official FINA website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/athletes/aleksandr-maltsev","url_text":"\"Aleksandr Maltsev Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alone in the Swimming Pool\". izismile. 27 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://izismile.com/2010/07/27/alone_in_the_swimming_pool_12_pics.html","url_text":"\"Alone in the Swimming Pool\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINA Adds Mixed-Gender Events in Diving, Synchro\". SwimSwam. 29 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://swimswam.com/fina-adds-mixed-gender-events-diving-synchro/","url_text":"\"FINA Adds Mixed-Gender Events in Diving, Synchro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Swim – Russian duo claim first mixed duo synchro gold\". Agence France-Presse. 30 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/swim-russian-duo-claim-first-mixed-duo-synchro-181929017.html","url_text":"\"Swim – Russian duo claim first mixed duo synchro gold\""}]},{"reference":"\"China claim overall gold at FINA synchro swimming world trophy, Russia take the mixed duet gold home\". Official FINA website. 27 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/news/china-claim-overall-gold-fina-synchro-swimming-world-trophy-russia-take-mixed-duet-gold-home","url_text":"\"China claim overall gold at FINA synchro swimming world trophy, Russia take the mixed duet gold home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Synchronized swimming to be called artistic swimming\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 23 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/aquatics/synchro-renamed-russia-dominates-1.4217720","url_text":"\"Synchronized swimming to be called artistic swimming\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINA reveals best aquatic athletes of 2015\". Official FINA website. 31 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fina.org/news/pr-7-fina-reveals-best-aquatic-athletes-2015/","url_text":"\"FINA reveals best aquatic athletes of 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"FINA awards Best Athletes of 2017\". Official FINA website. 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://fina.org/news/pr-94-fina-awards-best-athletes-2017","url_text":"\"FINA awards Best Athletes of 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"FINA Best Athletes of the Year\" honoured after a memorable 2019\". Official FINA website. 7 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fina.org/news/1907888/fina-best-athletes-of-the-year-honoured-after-a-memorable-2019/","url_text":"\"\"FINA Best Athletes of the Year\" honoured after a memorable 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aquatics stars honoured at FINA World Aquatics Gala\". Official FINA website. 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fina.org/news/2420612/aquatics-stars-honoured-at-fina-world-aquatics-gala/","url_text":"\"Aquatics stars honoured at FINA World Aquatics Gala\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEN Awards 2019\". Official LEN website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.len.eu/?p=16350/","url_text":"\"LEN Awards 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEN Awards 2021\". Official LEN website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.len.eu/?p=19023/","url_text":"\"LEN Awards 2021\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.fina.org/athletes/aleksandr-maltsev","external_links_name":"\"Aleksandr Maltsev Biography\""},{"Link":"http://izismile.com/2010/07/27/alone_in_the_swimming_pool_12_pics.html","external_links_name":"\"Alone in the Swimming Pool\""},{"Link":"http://swimswam.com/fina-adds-mixed-gender-events-diving-synchro/","external_links_name":"\"FINA Adds Mixed-Gender Events in Diving, Synchro\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/swim-russian-duo-claim-first-mixed-duo-synchro-181929017.html","external_links_name":"\"Swim – Russian duo claim first mixed duo synchro gold\""},{"Link":"http://www.fina.org/news/china-claim-overall-gold-fina-synchro-swimming-world-trophy-russia-take-mixed-duet-gold-home","external_links_name":"\"China claim overall gold at FINA synchro swimming world trophy, Russia take the mixed duet gold home\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/aquatics/synchro-renamed-russia-dominates-1.4217720","external_links_name":"\"Synchronized swimming to be called artistic swimming\""},{"Link":"http://www.fina.org/news/pr-7-fina-reveals-best-aquatic-athletes-2015/","external_links_name":"\"FINA reveals best aquatic athletes of 2015\""},{"Link":"http://fina.org/news/pr-94-fina-awards-best-athletes-2017","external_links_name":"\"FINA awards Best Athletes of 2017\""},{"Link":"https://www.fina.org/news/1907888/fina-best-athletes-of-the-year-honoured-after-a-memorable-2019/","external_links_name":"\"\"FINA Best Athletes of the Year\" honoured after a memorable 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.fina.org/news/2420612/aquatics-stars-honoured-at-fina-world-aquatics-gala/","external_links_name":"\"Aquatics stars honoured at FINA World Aquatics Gala\""},{"Link":"http://www2.len.eu/?p=16350/","external_links_name":"\"LEN Awards 2019\""},{"Link":"http://www.len.eu/?p=19023/","external_links_name":"\"LEN Awards 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1021087/-#main-content","external_links_name":"Aleksandr Maltsev"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/a.maltsev_synchro/","external_links_name":"Aleksandr Maltsev"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/aleksandrmaltsev95","external_links_name":"Aleksandr Maltsev"},{"Link":"https://www.tiktok.com/@a.maltsev_synchro/","external_links_name":"Aleksandr Maltsev"},{"Link":"https://www.the-sports.org/t-spf406316.html","external_links_name":"Aleksandr Maltsev"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Medical_Center_(Langhorne)	St. Mary Medical Center (Langhorne)	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°12′06.5″N 74°55′26.8″W / 40.201806°N 74.924111°W / 40.201806; -74.924111Hospital in Pennsylvania, United StatesSt. Mary Medical CenterTrinity HealthGeographyLocation1201 Newtown-Langhorne Rd, Langhorne, Pennsylvania, United StatesOrganizationCare systemNon-profit hospitalServicesEmergency departmentLevel II Trauma CenterBeds371HistoryOpened1860 (original)1973 (current)LinksWebsitewww.stmaryhealthcare.orgListsHospitals in Pennsylvania St. Mary Medical Center, is a non-profit hospital located in Langhorne, Pennsylvania. The hospital has a Level II Trauma Center and employs over 700 physicians and 1,100 volunteers. The hospital focuses on non-invasive treatments, adult and pediatric emergency services, rehabilitation and health and wellness programs. St. Mary Medical Center merged with Catholic Health East in 2013 and is currently a part of Trinity Health. History The original St. Mary Hospital was opened in Philadelphia in 1860 after inspiration from the Sisters of St. Francis. The hospital moved to Bucks County in 1973 opening a new hospital on land previously used as a horse farm. In 1996, St. Mary Hospital was renamed to St. Mary Medical Center and was designated as "an Eastern Region member of Catholic Health Initiatives". In 2012, St. Mary Medical Center expanded its campus by adding a helicopter landing pad for patient transport. St. Mary discouraged nurses from joining unions. In August 2019, nurses "voted to unionize with PASNAP". References ^ Sofield, Tom (2019-08-26). "800 Nurses At St. Mary Medical Center Will Join Union". LevittownNow.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Reyes, Juliana Feliciano (11 December 2019). "Report: Philly's Einstein Medical Center spent $1.1 million on 'union avoidance.' It isn't alone". Inquirer. Retrieved 12 December 2019. ^ Reyes, Juliana Feliciano (26 August 2019). "800 nurses at this Bucks County hospital just voted to unionize". Inquirer. Retrieved 12 December 2019. External links Official website vtePennsylvania trauma centersList of hospitals in PennsylvaniaCombined Adult Level I /Pediatric Level I Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center (Penn State Children's Hospital) Combined Adult Level I /Pediatric Level II Geisinger Medical Center Lehigh Valley Hospital–Cedar Crest Adult Level I Allegheny General Hospital Conemaugh Memorial Medical Center Einstein Healthcare Network Jefferson Einstein Hospital Geisinger Wyoming Valley Medical Center Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital Lancaster General Hospital Penn Presbyterian Medical Center Tower Health - Reading Hospital St. Luke’s University Health Network-Bethlehem Temple Health Temple University Hospital Thomas Jefferson University Hospital UPMC Mercy UPMC Presbyterian WellSpan York Hospital Pediatric Level I Children's Hospital of Philadelphia St. Christopher's Hospital for Children UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Adult Level II Crozer-Chester Medical Center Forbes Hospital Geisinger Community Medical Center Grand View Hospital Jefferson Abington Hospital Jefferson Torresdale Hospital Lankenau Medical Center Lehigh Valley Hospital-Muhlenberg Paoli Hospital Penn State Holy Spirit St. Luke’s University Health Network-Anderson Campus St. Mary Medical Center UPMC Altoona UPMC Hamot UPMC Williamsport Level III Lehigh Valley Hospital–Pocono Level IV Conemaugh Miners Medical Center Fulton County Medical Center Grove City Hospital Geisinger Jersey Shore Hospital Geisinger Lewistown Hospital Geisinger St. Luke's Hospital Guthrie Troy Community Hospital Lehigh Valley Hospital–Hazleton St. Luke’s University Health Network-Lehighton Campus St. Luke’s University Health Network-Miners Campus St. Luke’s University Health Network-Monroe Campus St. Luke’s University Health Network-Upper Bucks Campus Wayne Memorial Hospital 40°12′06.5″N 74°55′26.8″W / 40.201806°N 74.924111°W / 40.201806; -74.924111	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_hospital"},{"link_name":"Langhorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langhorne,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Level II Trauma Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_II_Trauma_Center"},{"link_name":"Trinity Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Health_(Livonia,_Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levi_800N-1"}],"text":"Hospital in Pennsylvania, United StatesSt. Mary Medical Center, is a non-profit hospital located in Langhorne, Pennsylvania. The hospital has a Level II Trauma Center and employs over 700 physicians and 1,100 volunteers.The hospital focuses on non-invasive treatments, adult and pediatric emergency services, rehabilitation and health and wellness programs. St. Mary Medical Center merged with Catholic Health East in 2013 and is currently a part of Trinity Health.[1]","title":"St. Mary Medical Center (Langhorne)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PASNAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Association_of_Staff_Nurses_and_Allied_Professionals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inqu_Repo-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inqu_800n2-3"}],"text":"The original St. Mary Hospital was opened in Philadelphia in 1860 after inspiration from the Sisters of St. Francis. The hospital moved to Bucks County in 1973 opening a new hospital on land previously used as a horse farm.In 1996, St. Mary Hospital was renamed to St. Mary Medical Center and was designated as \"an Eastern Region member of Catholic Health Initiatives\".In 2012, St. Mary Medical Center expanded its campus by adding a helicopter landing pad for patient transport.St. Mary discouraged nurses from joining unions. In August 2019, nurses \"voted to unionize with PASNAP\".[2][3]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Sofield, Tom (2019-08-26). \"800 Nurses At St. Mary Medical Center Will Join Union\". LevittownNow.com. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://levittownnow.com/2019/08/26/800-nurses-at-st-mary-medical-center-will-join-union/","url_text":"\"800 Nurses At St. Mary Medical Center Will Join Union\""}]},{"reference":"Reyes, Juliana Feliciano (11 December 2019). \"Report: Philly's Einstein Medical Center spent $1.1 million on 'union avoidance.' It isn't alone\". Inquirer. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/news/anti-union-busting-employers-report-20191211.html","url_text":"\"Report: Philly's Einstein Medical Center spent $1.1 million on 'union avoidance.' It isn't alone\""}]},{"reference":"Reyes, Juliana Feliciano (26 August 2019). \"800 nurses at this Bucks County hospital just voted to unionize\". Inquirer. Retrieved 12 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/news/st-mary-medical-center-nurses-unionize-pasnap-20190826.html","url_text":"\"800 nurses at this Bucks County hospital just voted to unionize\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Mary_Medical_Center_(Langhorne)&params=40_12_06.5_N_74_55_26.8_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°12′06.5″N 74°55′26.8″W / 40.201806°N 74.924111°W / 40.201806; -74.924111"},{"Link":"https://www.stmaryhealthcare.org/","external_links_name":"www.stmaryhealthcare.org"},{"Link":"http://levittownnow.com/2019/08/26/800-nurses-at-st-mary-medical-center-will-join-union/","external_links_name":"\"800 Nurses At St. Mary Medical Center Will Join Union\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/news/anti-union-busting-employers-report-20191211.html","external_links_name":"\"Report: Philly's Einstein Medical Center spent $1.1 million on 'union avoidance.' It isn't alone\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/news/st-mary-medical-center-nurses-unionize-pasnap-20190826.html","external_links_name":"\"800 nurses at this Bucks County hospital just voted to unionize\""},{"Link":"https://www.stmaryhealthcare.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Mary_Medical_Center_(Langhorne)&params=40_12_06.5_N_74_55_26.8_W_type:landmark_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°12′06.5″N 74°55′26.8″W / 40.201806°N 74.924111°W / 40.201806; -74.924111"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Vogelzang	Chris Vogelzang	["1 References"]	Dutch business executive (born 1962) Chris VogelzangBorn (1962-11-28) 28 November 1962 (age 61)NationalityDutchEducationUniversity of GroningenOccupationBusiness executiveTitleCEO, Danske BankTerm2019-2021Board member ofRijksmuseum Amsterdam and Wolters Kluwer NV Chris Vogelzang (born 28 November 1962) is a Dutch business executive who was the CEO of Danske Bank before his resignation was announced on 19 April 2021. He is a non-executive director of Wolters Kluwer NV since 18 April 2019, and is treasurer of the board of the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam since 1 July 2015. Vogelzang holds a master's degree in Economics from the University of Groningen, the Netherlands. He studied History and Philosophy at Clark University, USA. From 1988 to 2000, Vogelzang held various managerial positions in sales, marketing and oil trading with Shell in Rotterdam, London and Uganda. In 2000, he joined ABN AMRO where he was appointed CEO of retail banking in 2002, and CEO of global private banking in 2007. He was a member of the managing board from 2009 to 2017. From 2017 to 2019, Vogelzang was senior adviser to the Boston Consulting Group and The Blackstone Group, and in June 2019, was appointed CEO of Danske Bank. He was a board member of Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam from 2011 to 2015 and treasurer of the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds from 2014 to 2019. He was named as a suspect in a probe in a violation of money laundering at Dutch lender ABN Amro. Vogelzang said that he did not want to get in the way of Danske Bank development. The chairman of the Danske Bank, Karsten Dybvad said "We are very sorry to see Chris Vogelzang leave Danske Bank. He has been instrumental in the initiation of the ongoing transformartion of Danske Bank and the progress and results it has already created." References ^ "Danske's New CEO Vogelzang Zeroes In on Customer Flight Risk". BloombergQuint. ^ Chopping, Dominic. "Danske Bank CEO resigns amid ABN AMRO probe". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2021-04-19. ^ "Wolters Kluwer Shareholders Adopt All Resolutions". www.nasdaq.com. ^ "Supervisory Board and Board of Directors - Organisation Chart - Organisation". Rijksmuseum. ^ Bökkerink, Ivo; Couwenberg, Pieter (April 2020). De Staatsbank. Amsterdam: Prometheus. ISBN 9789044642223.	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He studied History and Philosophy at Clark University, USA.From 1988 to 2000, Vogelzang held various managerial positions in sales, marketing and oil trading with Shell in Rotterdam, London and Uganda. In 2000, he joined ABN AMRO where he was appointed CEO of retail banking in 2002, and CEO of global private banking in 2007. He was a member of the managing board from 2009 to 2017. [5]From 2017 to 2019, Vogelzang was senior adviser to the Boston Consulting Group and The Blackstone Group, and in June 2019, was appointed CEO of Danske Bank.He was a board member of Foam Fotografiemuseum Amsterdam from 2011 to 2015 and treasurer of the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds from 2014 to 2019.He was named as a suspect in a probe in a violation of money laundering at Dutch lender ABN Amro. Vogelzang said that he did not want to get in the way of Danske Bank development. The chairman of the Danske Bank, Karsten Dybvad said \"We are very sorry to see Chris Vogelzang leave Danske Bank. He has been instrumental in the initiation of the ongoing transformartion of Danske Bank and the progress and results it has already created.\"[citation needed]","title":"Chris Vogelzang"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Danske's New CEO Vogelzang Zeroes In on Customer Flight Risk\". BloombergQuint.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/danske-bank-names-abn-amro-veteran-as-its-new-chief-executive","url_text":"\"Danske's New CEO Vogelzang Zeroes In on Customer Flight Risk\""}]},{"reference":"Chopping, Dominic. \"Danske Bank CEO resigns amid ABN AMRO probe\". MarketWatch. Retrieved 2021-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/danske-bank-ceo-resigns-amid-abn-amro-probe-2021-04-19","url_text":"\"Danske Bank CEO resigns amid ABN AMRO probe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolters Kluwer Shareholders Adopt All Resolutions\". www.nasdaq.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/wolters-kluwer-shareholders-adopt-all-resolutions-2019-04-21","url_text":"\"Wolters Kluwer Shareholders Adopt All Resolutions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Supervisory Board and Board of Directors - Organisation Chart - Organisation\". Rijksmuseum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/organisation/organisation-chart/supervisory-board-and-board-of-directors","url_text":"\"Supervisory Board and Board of Directors - Organisation Chart - Organisation\""}]},{"reference":"Bökkerink, Ivo; Couwenberg, Pieter (April 2020). De Staatsbank. Amsterdam: Prometheus. ISBN 9789044642223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789044642223","url_text":"9789044642223"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/danske-bank-names-abn-amro-veteran-as-its-new-chief-executive","external_links_name":"\"Danske's New CEO Vogelzang Zeroes In on Customer Flight Risk\""},{"Link":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/danske-bank-ceo-resigns-amid-abn-amro-probe-2021-04-19","external_links_name":"\"Danske Bank CEO resigns amid ABN AMRO probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.nasdaq.com/press-release/wolters-kluwer-shareholders-adopt-all-resolutions-2019-04-21","external_links_name":"\"Wolters Kluwer Shareholders Adopt All Resolutions\""},{"Link":"https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/organisation/organisation-chart/supervisory-board-and-board-of-directors","external_links_name":"\"Supervisory Board and Board of Directors - Organisation Chart - Organisation\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempira_department	Lempira Department	["1 Municipalities","2 Notes","3 References"]	Coordinates: 14°35′N 88°35′W / 14.583°N 88.583°W / 14.583; -88.583Department in HondurasLempira Department Departamento de LempiradepartmentLocation of Lempira in HondurasCoordinates: 14°35′N 88°35′W / 14.583°N 88.583°W / 14.583; -88.583Country HondurasMunicipalities28Villages303Founded25 June 1825Capital cityGraciasGovernment • TypeDepartmental • GobernadorWilson Rolando Pineda Díaz (2018-2022) (PNH)Area • Total4,285 km2 (1,654 sq mi)Population (2015) • Total333,125 • Density78/km2 (200/sq mi)GDP (Nominal, 2015 US dollar) • Total$700 million (2023) • Per capita$3,700 (2023)GDP (PPP, 2015 int. dollar) • Total$1.5 billion (2023) • Per capita$1,800 (2023)Time zoneUTC-6 (CDT)Postal code42101, 42201ISO 3166 codeHN-LEHDI (2021)0.544low · 18th of 18Statistics derived from Consult INE online database: Population and Housing Census 2013 Church of San Manuel de Colohete Lempira is one of the 18 departments in Honduras. located in the western part of the country, it is bordered by the departments of Ocotepeque and Copán to the west, Intibucá to the east, and Santa Bárbara to the north. To its south lies the El Salvador–Honduras border. The departmental capital is Gracias. It was named Gracias department until 1943. In colonial times, Gracias was an early important administrative center for the Spaniards. It eventually lost importance to Antigua, in Guatemala. Lempira is a rugged department, and it is relatively isolated from the rest of the country. The highest mountain peak in Honduras, Cerro las Minas, is in Lempira. The department was named after Lempira, a local chieftain of the Lenca people who fought against the Spanish conquistadores in the early 16th century. Opals are mined near the town of Erandique. The department covers a total surface area of 4,290 km2. In 2005, had an estimated population of 277,910. Lempira is one of the poorest departments of the whole country and has the lowest Human Development Index. Municipalities Belén Candelaria Cololaca Erandique Gracias Gualcince Guarita La Campa La Iguala Las Flores La Unión La Virtud Lepaera Mapulaca Piraera San Andrés San Francisco San Juan Guarita San Manuel Colohete San Marcos de Caiquín San Rafael San Sebastián Santa Cruz Talgua Tambla Tomalá Valladolid Virginia Notes ^ Lempira was one of the first 7 departments in which the national territory was divided in the first political division of Honduras in 1825. References ^ "TelluBase—Honduras Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-01-11. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. ^ "Consulta Base de datos INE en línea: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2013" . Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (in Spanish). El Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-13. vteDepartments of Honduras Atlántida Bay Islands Choluteca Colón Comayagua Copán Cortés El Paraíso Francisco Morazán Gracias a Dios Intibucá La Paz Lempira Ocotepeque Olancho Santa Bárbara Valle Yoro Honduras portal This Honduras location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Manuel_Colohete,Lempira_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Church of San Manuel de Colohete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_San_Manuel_de_Colohete&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Ocotepeque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocotepeque_Department"},{"link_name":"Copán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n_Department"},{"link_name":"Intibucá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intibuc%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"Santa Bárbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_B%C3%A1rbara_Department,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"El Salvador–Honduras border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93Honduras_border"},{"link_name":"Gracias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracias"},{"link_name":"Antigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Cerro las Minas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_las_Minas"},{"link_name":"Lempira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempira_(Lenca_ruler)"},{"link_name":"Lenca people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenca_people"},{"link_name":"conquistadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Opals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opal"},{"link_name":"Erandique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erandique"},{"link_name":"Human Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index"}],"text":"Department in HondurasChurch of San Manuel de ColoheteLempira is one of the 18 departments in Honduras. located in the western part of the country, it is bordered by the departments of Ocotepeque and Copán to the west, Intibucá to the east, and Santa Bárbara to the north. To its south lies the El Salvador–Honduras border. The departmental capital is Gracias.It was named Gracias department until 1943. In colonial times, Gracias was an early important administrative center for the Spaniards. It eventually lost importance to Antigua, in Guatemala.Lempira is a rugged department, and it is relatively isolated from the rest of the country. The highest mountain peak in Honduras, Cerro las Minas, is in Lempira. The department was named after Lempira, a local chieftain of the Lenca people who fought against the Spanish conquistadores in the early 16th century. Opals are mined near the town of Erandique.The department covers a total surface area of 4,290 km2. In 2005, had an estimated population of 277,910.Lempira is one of the poorest departments of the whole country and has the lowest Human Development Index.","title":"Lempira Department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Candelaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candelaria,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Cololaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cololaca"},{"link_name":"Erandique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erandique"},{"link_name":"Gracias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracias"},{"link_name":"Gualcince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualcince"},{"link_name":"Guarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarita"},{"link_name":"La Campa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Campa"},{"link_name":"La Iguala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Iguala"},{"link_name":"Las Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Flores,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"La Unión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n,_Lempira"},{"link_name":"La Virtud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Virtud"},{"link_name":"Lepaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepaera"},{"link_name":"Mapulaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapulaca"},{"link_name":"Piraera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraera"},{"link_name":"San Andrés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_Lempira"},{"link_name":"San Juan Guarita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_Guarita"},{"link_name":"San Manuel Colohete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Manuel_Colohete"},{"link_name":"San Marcos de Caiquín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Caiqu%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"San Rafael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Rafael,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n,_Lempira"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Talgua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgua"},{"link_name":"Tambla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambla"},{"link_name":"Tomalá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomal%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid,_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia,_Honduras"}],"text":"Belén\nCandelaria\nCololaca\nErandique\nGracias\nGualcince\nGuarita\nLa Campa\nLa Iguala\nLas Flores\nLa Unión\nLa Virtud\nLepaera\nMapulaca\nPiraera\nSan Andrés\nSan Francisco\nSan Juan Guarita\nSan Manuel Colohete\nSan Marcos de Caiquín\nSan Rafael\nSan Sebastián\nSanta Cruz\nTalgua\nTambla\nTomalá\nValladolid\nVirginia","title":"Municipalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-record_established_date_1-0"}],"text":"^ Lempira was one of the first 7 departments in which the national territory was divided in the first political division of Honduras in 1825.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Church of San Manuel de Colohete","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/San_Manuel_Colohete%2CLempira_1.JPG/220px-San_Manuel_Colohete%2CLempira_1.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"TelluBase—Honduras Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_hnd.pdf","url_text":"\"TelluBase—Honduras Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Consulta Base de datos INE en línea: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2013\" [Consult INE online database: Population and Housing Census 2013]. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) (in Spanish). El Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE). 1 August 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ine.gob.hn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=220","url_text":"\"Consulta Base de datos INE en línea: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2013\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lempira_Department&params=14_35_N_88_35_W_region:HN_type:city(333125)","external_links_name":"14°35′N 88°35′W / 14.583°N 88.583°W / 14.583; -88.583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lempira_Department&params=14_35_N_88_35_W_region:HN_type:city(333125)","external_links_name":"14°35′N 88°35′W / 14.583°N 88.583°W / 14.583; -88.583"},{"Link":"https://tellusant.com/repo/tb/tellubase_factsheet_hnd.pdf","external_links_name":"\"TelluBase—Honduras Fact Sheet (Tellusant Public Service Series)\""},{"Link":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gob.hn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=220","external_links_name":"\"Consulta Base de datos INE en línea: Censo de Población y Vivienda 2013\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lempira_Department&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailsea_Glassworks	Nailsea Glassworks	["1 History","2 Site today","3 References","4 Further reading"]	Coordinates: 51°26′03″N 2°45′14″W / 51.4342°N 2.7540°W / 51.4342; -2.7540English glass manufacturing factory The Glassblower, a sculpture by Vanessa Marston commemorating the Nailsea Glassworks Nailsea Glassworks was a glass manufacturing factory in Nailsea in the English county of Somerset. The remaining structures have been designated as a scheduled monument. The factory making bottle glass and some window glass opened in 1788 and closed in 1873. Little remains of the site, however it was excavated and preserved under sand before a supermarket was built opposite. History Oil on canvas of The Old Glass Works, Nailsea in about 1810 The glassworks was established by John Robert Lucas, in 1788 because of the plentiful supply of coal for the furnaces, from Elms colliery and other local mines of the Nailsea Basin and outlier of the Bristol Coalfield. The choice of site may also have been influenced by plans for the Grand Western Canal which was planned to include a branch to Nailsea. Lucas had previously had interests in a brewery and glassworks in Bristol and another at Stanton Wick. The company initially traded as "Nailsea Crown Glass and Glass Bottle Manufacturers". Lucas originally built two "cones": one for window glass and the other to make bottle glass. Some of the raw materials were sourced locally, including local sand (although this was later shipped in from further away) and lime from Walton in Gordano and Wraxall. Saltcake came from Netham Chemical Works in Bristol while kelp and other seaweeds were brought from Ireland and Wales. These were used in general manufacture and in some experimental work on the production of cylinder glass. John Hartley of Hartley Wood and Co moved to Nailsea in 1812 and began working with Robert Lucas Chance who was the eldest son of William Chance, one of the partners. In the 1820s a new cone was built which survived until 1905, and in the 1840s the"Lily cone" was added for the production of sheet glass. By 1835 the works became the fourth-largest of its kind in the United Kingdom, mostly producing low-grade bottle glass by Glassblowing. The products were sent all over the UK and some exported to the West Indies and the United States. Lucas's initial partners were William Coathupe and Henry Pater, although this company was dissolved in 1844 becoming Coathupe and Co. but then declined. In 1855 over 100 men and boys were employed. They were affected by a strike in the neighbouring collieries which stopped production. In 1870 it was brought by Chance Brothers but problems with coal supply lead to the final closure. In 1871 the works employed 319 people. The works closed down in 1873, but "Nailsea" glass, an example of the "latticino" decorative style, (mostly made by glass workers at the end of their shift in Nailsea and at other glass works) is still sought after by collectors around the world. Site today The mosaic commemorating the Glassworks, on the wall of the Tesco supermarket which now sits on the site. Part of the site of the glass works has been covered by a Tesco supermarket car park, leaving it relatively accessible for future archaeological digs. Archeological exploration was undertaken before the construction of the supermarket. Other parts of the site have been cleared and are being filled with a sand like substance to ensure that the remains of the old glass works are preserved. One surviving building, which housed French kilns and gas-fired furnaces, has been converted into a garage premises. The landscaped green space now sits on the site of the glassworks. The site was designated as a scheduled monument in 2004. Further preservation work was funded by Nailsea Town Council included planting and landscaping, following the removal of contaminated soil. A green space was eventually built on the site and opened on 30 April 2015 by local business owner John Brown. References ^ a b c d e f g h Historic England. "Nailsea Glassworks (1021462)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ Smith, Andrew F. "The Nailsea Glassworks" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ a b "Bottle Green & Coal Black". Nailsea & District Local History Society. Retrieved 25 April 2011. ^ Smith, Andrew F. "The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Review of the Technology Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 3" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ "Hartley Wood and Co Ltd". National Archives. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ a b Sage, Ian. "Nailsea Glass". Nailsea Parish Family History and OPC Page. Retrieved 1 July 2010. ^ Smith, Andrew F. (2004). "The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Study of the History, Archaeology, Technology and the Human Story". Archaeology Data Service (ADS). Retrieved 1 July 2010. ^ "History of Nailsea Glass". The Antiquarian. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ "The Stroike of the Nailsea Colliers". Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury. 2 June 1855. Retrieved 1 January 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive. ^ Smith, Andrew F. "The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset The Human Story (The economic and social impact) Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 4" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ Smith, Andrew F. "The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Summary of the known Archaeological Interventions 1975 - 2004 Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 2" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ a b "Glassworks site, High Street, Nailsea" (PDF). North Somerset Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ Pickstock, H (22 May 2014). "Nailsea 'grotspot' to get revamp". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015. ^ "Nailsea Glass and the Original Factory". Boha Glass. Retrieved 2 January 2015. ^ "Work on clearing Nailsea Glassworks site to start this month". Bristol Post. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ "Nailsea Glassworks – New Project". Blakedown Landscapes Operations. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015. ^ Angear, Vicky (6 May 2015). "Glassworks site officially opened". North Somerset Times. Retrieved 17 January 2017. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nailsea Glassworks. Vincent, J. Keith (1975). Nailsea Glass. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0715368077. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States 51°26′03″N 2°45′14″W / 51.4342°N 2.7540°W / 51.4342; -2.7540	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_craftsman_(geograph_2839284).jpg"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass"},{"link_name":"Nailsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nailsea"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"}],"text":"English glass manufacturing factoryThe Glassblower, a sculpture by Vanessa Marston commemorating the Nailsea GlassworksNailsea Glassworks was a glass manufacturing factory in Nailsea in the English county of Somerset. The remaining structures have been designated as a scheduled monument.[1]The factory making bottle glass and some window glass opened in 1788 and closed in 1873. Little remains of the site, however it was excavated and preserved under sand before a supermarket was built opposite.","title":"Nailsea Glassworks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nailsea_Glassworks_c1810.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elms colliery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elms_colliery"},{"link_name":"Bristol Coalfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Coalfield"},{"link_name":"Grand Western Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Western_Canal"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"Stanton Wick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanton_Wick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smithintro-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ndlhs-3"},{"link_name":"lime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)"},{"link_name":"Walton in Gordano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton_in_Gordano"},{"link_name":"Wraxall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wraxall,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Saltcake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcake"},{"link_name":"kelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp"},{"link_name":"cylinder glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_glass"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hartley Wood and Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_Wood_and_Co"},{"link_name":"Robert Lucas Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Chance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"Glassblowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Chance Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ndlhs-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sage-6"}],"text":"Oil on canvas of The Old Glass Works, Nailsea in about 1810The glassworks was established by John Robert Lucas, in 1788 because of the plentiful supply of coal for the furnaces, from Elms colliery and other local mines of the Nailsea Basin and outlier of the Bristol Coalfield. The choice of site may also have been influenced by plans for the Grand Western Canal which was planned to include a branch to Nailsea. Lucas had previously had interests in a brewery and glassworks in Bristol and another at Stanton Wick. The company initially traded as \"Nailsea Crown Glass and Glass Bottle Manufacturers\".[2] Lucas originally built two \"cones\": one for window glass and the other to make bottle glass.[3]Some of the raw materials were sourced locally, including local sand (although this was later shipped in from further away) and lime from Walton in Gordano and Wraxall. Saltcake came from Netham Chemical Works in Bristol while kelp and other seaweeds were brought from Ireland and Wales. These were used in general manufacture and in some experimental work on the production of cylinder glass.[4]John Hartley of Hartley Wood and Co moved to Nailsea in 1812 and began working with Robert Lucas Chance who was the eldest son of William Chance, one of the partners.[5] In the 1820s a new cone was built which survived until 1905, and in the 1840s the\"Lily cone\" was added for the production of sheet glass.[1]By 1835 the works became the fourth-largest of its kind in the United Kingdom,[1] mostly producing low-grade bottle glass by Glassblowing.[6][7] The products were sent all over the UK and some exported to the West Indies and the United States.[8] Lucas's initial partners were William Coathupe and Henry Pater, although this company was dissolved in 1844 becoming Coathupe and Co. but then declined.[1] In 1855 over 100 men and boys were employed. They were affected by a strike in the neighbouring collieries which stopped production.[9]In 1870 it was brought by Chance Brothers but problems with coal supply lead to the final closure.[1] In 1871 the works employed 319 people.[10] The works closed down in 1873, but \"Nailsea\" glass, an example of the \"latticino\" decorative style, (mostly made by glass workers at the end of their shift in Nailsea and at other glass works) is still sought after by collectors around the world.[3][1][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nailsea_Glassworks_mosaic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"archaeological digs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsc-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nailsea_Glassworks_green_space.jpg"},{"link_name":"scheduled monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsc-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The mosaic commemorating the Glassworks, on the wall of the Tesco supermarket which now sits on the site.Part of the site of the glass works has been covered by a Tesco supermarket car park, leaving it relatively accessible for future archaeological digs. Archeological exploration was undertaken before the construction of the supermarket.[11] Other parts of the site have been cleared and are being filled with a sand like substance to ensure that the remains of the old glass works are preserved.[12][13][14] One surviving building, which housed French kilns and gas-fired furnaces, has been converted into a garage premises.[1]The landscaped green space now sits on the site of the glassworks.The site was designated as a scheduled monument in 2004.[1] Further preservation work was funded by Nailsea Town Council included planting and landscaping, following the removal of contaminated soil.[15][16][12] A green space was eventually built on the site and opened on 30 April 2015 by local business owner John Brown.[17]","title":"Site today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nailsea Glassworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nailsea_Glassworks"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0715368077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715368077"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17664273#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/172813014"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2011019897"},{"link_name":"51°26′03″N 2°45′14″W / 51.4342°N 2.7540°W / 51.4342; -2.7540","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nailsea_Glassworks&params=51.4342_N_2.754_W_type:landmark_region:GB"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nailsea Glassworks.Vincent, J. Keith (1975). Nailsea Glass. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0715368077.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States51°26′03″N 2°45′14″W / 51.4342°N 2.7540°W / 51.4342; -2.7540","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The Glassblower, a sculpture by Vanessa Marston commemorating the Nailsea Glassworks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/The_craftsman_%28geograph_2839284%29.jpg/220px-The_craftsman_%28geograph_2839284%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oil on canvas of The Old Glass Works, Nailsea in about 1810","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nailsea_Glassworks_c1810.jpg/220px-Nailsea_Glassworks_c1810.jpg"},{"image_text":"The mosaic commemorating the Glassworks, on the wall of the Tesco supermarket which now sits on the site.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nailsea_Glassworks_mosaic.jpg/220px-Nailsea_Glassworks_mosaic.jpg"},{"image_text":"The landscaped green space now sits on the site of the glassworks.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nailsea_Glassworks_green_space.jpg/220px-Nailsea_Glassworks_green_space.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Historic England. \"Nailsea Glassworks (1021462)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1021462","url_text":"\"Nailsea Glassworks (1021462)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F. \"The Nailsea Glassworks\" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_2_Glassworks_Introduction_Rev1.pdf","url_text":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bottle Green & Coal Black\". Nailsea & District Local History Society. Retrieved 25 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ndlhs.org.uk/item-coalblack.html","url_text":"\"Bottle Green & Coal Black\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F. \"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Review of the Technology Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 3\" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_5_Glassworks_Technology_Rev2a.pdf","url_text":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Review of the Technology Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hartley Wood and Co Ltd\". National Archives. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/7b8fca6b-a110-43c9-9447-543b4eaad1f8","url_text":"\"Hartley Wood and Co Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"Sage, Ian. \"Nailsea Glass\". Nailsea Parish Family History and OPC Page. Retrieved 1 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/ian.sage/Nailsea/glass.html","url_text":"\"Nailsea Glass\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F. (2004). \"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Study of the History, Archaeology, Technology and the Human Story\". Archaeology Data Service (ADS). Retrieved 1 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/nailsea_avon_2004/index.cfm?CFID=3871270&CFTOKEN=62749229","url_text":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Study of the History, Archaeology, Technology and the Human Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Nailsea Glass\". The Antiquarian. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://theantiquarian.us/Hist.%20Nailsea%20Glass%20.htm","url_text":"\"History of Nailsea Glass\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stroike of the Nailsea Colliers\". Newcastle Guardian and Tyne Mercury. 2 June 1855. Retrieved 1 January 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000366/18550602/010/0003","url_text":"\"The Stroike of the Nailsea Colliers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F. \"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset The Human Story (The economic and social impact) Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 4\" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_6_Glassworks_Human_Story_Rev1.pdf","url_text":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset The Human Story (The economic and social impact) Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 4\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew F. \"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Summary of the known Archaeological Interventions 1975 - 2004 Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 2\" (PDF). Avon Archaeological Unit. Archaeology Data Service. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_4_Glassworks_Archaeology_Rev1a.pdf","url_text":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Summary of the known Archaeological Interventions 1975 - 2004 Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Glassworks site, High Street, Nailsea\" (PDF). North Somerset Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102220537/http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Your_Council/Committees_Meetings_and_Decisions/decision/2014/Documents/2014%20executive%20member%20decisions/March%202014%20executive%20member%20decisions/1314%20CSD109%20-%20Glassworks%20site,%20High%20Street,%20Nailsea%20(pdf).pdf","url_text":"\"Glassworks site, High Street, Nailsea\""},{"url":"http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Your_Council/Committees_Meetings_and_Decisions/decision/2014/Documents/2014%20executive%20member%20decisions/March%202014%20executive%20member%20decisions/1314%20CSD109%20-%20Glassworks%20site,%20High%20Street,%20Nailsea%20(pdf).pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pickstock, H (22 May 2014). \"Nailsea 'grotspot' to get revamp\". Bristol Post. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102211304/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Nailsea-grotspot-revamp/story-21127672-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Nailsea 'grotspot' to get revamp\""},{"url":"http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Nailsea-grotspot-revamp/story-21127672-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nailsea Glass and the Original Factory\". Boha Glass. Retrieved 2 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bohaglass.co.uk/nailsea-glass/","url_text":"\"Nailsea Glass and the Original Factory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Work on clearing Nailsea Glassworks site to start this month\". Bristol Post. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102220531/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Work-clearing-Nailsea-Glassworks-site-start-month/story-22073138-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Work on clearing Nailsea Glassworks site to start this month\""},{"url":"http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Work-clearing-Nailsea-Glassworks-site-start-month/story-22073138-detail/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nailsea Glassworks – New Project\". Blakedown Landscapes Operations. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102225038/http://www.blakedownlandscapes.com/nailsea-glassworks-new-project/","url_text":"\"Nailsea Glassworks – New Project\""},{"url":"http://www.blakedownlandscapes.com/nailsea-glassworks-new-project/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Angear, Vicky (6 May 2015). \"Glassworks site officially opened\". North Somerset Times. Retrieved 17 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northsomersettimes.co.uk/news/glassworks_site_officially_opened_1_4061286","url_text":"\"Glassworks site officially opened\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, J. Keith (1975). Nailsea Glass. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0715368077.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0715368077","url_text":"978-0715368077"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nailsea_Glassworks&params=51.4342_N_2.754_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°26′03″N 2°45′14″W / 51.4342°N 2.7540°W / 51.4342; -2.7540"},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1021462","external_links_name":"\"Nailsea Glassworks (1021462)\""},{"Link":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_2_Glassworks_Introduction_Rev1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks\""},{"Link":"http://www.ndlhs.org.uk/item-coalblack.html","external_links_name":"\"Bottle Green & Coal Black\""},{"Link":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_5_Glassworks_Technology_Rev2a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Review of the Technology Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 3\""},{"Link":"http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/7b8fca6b-a110-43c9-9447-543b4eaad1f8","external_links_name":"\"Hartley Wood and Co Ltd\""},{"Link":"http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/ian.sage/Nailsea/glass.html","external_links_name":"\"Nailsea Glass\""},{"Link":"http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/library/nailsea_avon_2004/index.cfm?CFID=3871270&CFTOKEN=62749229","external_links_name":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Study of the History, Archaeology, Technology and the Human Story\""},{"Link":"http://theantiquarian.us/Hist.%20Nailsea%20Glass%20.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of Nailsea Glass\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000366/18550602/010/0003","external_links_name":"\"The Stroike of the Nailsea Colliers\""},{"Link":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_6_Glassworks_Human_Story_Rev1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset The Human Story (The economic and social impact) Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 4\""},{"Link":"http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-400-1/dissemination/pdf/Nailsea_2004_4_Glassworks_Archaeology_Rev1a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Nailsea Glassworks, Nailsea, North Somerset A Summary of the known Archaeological Interventions 1975 - 2004 Nailsea Glassworks Study 2004 - Part 2\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102220537/http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Your_Council/Committees_Meetings_and_Decisions/decision/2014/Documents/2014%20executive%20member%20decisions/March%202014%20executive%20member%20decisions/1314%20CSD109%20-%20Glassworks%20site,%20High%20Street,%20Nailsea%20(pdf).pdf","external_links_name":"\"Glassworks site, High Street, Nailsea\""},{"Link":"http://www.n-somerset.gov.uk/Your_Council/Committees_Meetings_and_Decisions/decision/2014/Documents/2014%20executive%20member%20decisions/March%202014%20executive%20member%20decisions/1314%20CSD109%20-%20Glassworks%20site,%20High%20Street,%20Nailsea%20(pdf).pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102211304/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Nailsea-grotspot-revamp/story-21127672-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Nailsea 'grotspot' to get revamp\""},{"Link":"http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Nailsea-grotspot-revamp/story-21127672-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bohaglass.co.uk/nailsea-glass/","external_links_name":"\"Nailsea Glass and the Original Factory\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102220531/http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Work-clearing-Nailsea-Glassworks-site-start-month/story-22073138-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Work on clearing Nailsea Glassworks site to start this month\""},{"Link":"http://www.bristolpost.co.uk/Work-clearing-Nailsea-Glassworks-site-start-month/story-22073138-detail/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150102225038/http://www.blakedownlandscapes.com/nailsea-glassworks-new-project/","external_links_name":"\"Nailsea Glassworks – New Project\""},{"Link":"http://www.blakedownlandscapes.com/nailsea-glassworks-new-project/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.northsomersettimes.co.uk/news/glassworks_site_officially_opened_1_4061286","external_links_name":"\"Glassworks site officially opened\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/172813014","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2011019897","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nailsea_Glassworks&params=51.4342_N_2.754_W_type:landmark_region:GB","external_links_name":"51°26′03″N 2°45′14″W / 51.4342°N 2.7540°W / 51.4342; -2.7540"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation	Turkish Underwater Sports Federation	["1 Organization","2 International diving certificate","3 Notable sportspeople","4 References"]	Turkish national governing body for underwater sport and lifesaving Turkish Underwater Sports FederationTürkiye Sualtı Sporları FederasyonuSportUnderwater sportsLifesavingAbbreviation(TSSF)Founded1982AffiliationCMASILSLocationAnkara, TurkeyPresidentAhmet İnkılap ObrukOfficial websitewww.tssf.gov.tr/EN/home Turkish Underwater Sports Federation (Turkish: Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu, TSSF) is the governing body for both underwater sports and lifesaving in Turkey. Founded in 1982 and based in Ankara, the TSSF is a member of both the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) and the International Life Saving Federation (ILS). Its president is Ahmet İnkılap Obruk, who was also elected in 2009 to CMAS' board of directors for a term of four years. Organization Currently, the TSSF oversees following ten activities and sports branches: Life saving Scuba diving Underwater target shooting Finswimming Apnea Underwater photography and videography Underwater hockey Underwater orienteering Underwater rugby Spearfishing The federation operates a number of training centers for diving and life saving across the country. There are decompression chambers in eleven cities of Turkey available for use also by TSSF members. International diving certificate The diving certification of CMAS* SCUBA Diver issued by the federation upon completion of a study course at one of its training centers is internationally recognized. Notable sportspeople Orhan Aytür (born 1965), 2011 World champion in underwater photography Yasemin Dalkılıç (born 1979), World record holder female free-diver Şahika Ercümen (born 1985), World record holder female free-diver Devrim Cenk Ulusoy (born 1973), World record holder free-diver References ^ "Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Ana Statüsü" (in Turkish). Mevzuatı Gelistirme Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Federations - TÜRKIYE SUALTI SPORLARI FEDERASYONU". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 19 June 2013. ^ "ILS Member Organisations". International Life Saving Federation. Retrieved 27 July 2013. ^ "Sualtı sporlarında Türkiye söz sahibi". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ a b c "Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu" (in Turkish). VIP Scuba. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "President". Turkish Underwater Sports Federation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Barbaros'un torunları denize küskün". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu'na yeni aday". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ Yapar, öksel (2013-06-16). "Canımız Allah'a emanet". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ a b "Şahika Ercümen rekor için hazırlanıyor". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ Zamur, Rabia (2007-04-20). "Hint Okyanusu'na dalıp fotoğraf avlayacaklar". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Sualtı tutkunlarına". Sabah (in Turkish). 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Denizyıldızlatı Spor Kulübü Derneği & Doğukan Cankurtarma Merkezi" (in Turkish). Denizyıldızları. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ a b "Deniz dibinden madalya çıkardı". Sabah (in Turkish). 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "TSSF'den Zıpkınla Balık Avı Yarışı". Mersin İstikbal (in Turkish). 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Elemeler Mudanya'daydı". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ Çıplak, Ersan (2010-06-04). "Dalış okulları ve dalmanın püf noktaları". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-06-19. ^ "Recompression Chambers". Turkish Underwater Sports Federation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-06-19. vteSports governing bodies in Turkey (TUR)SummerOlympic sports Aquatics Diving Swimming Syncro Water Polo Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo-Kurash Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby union Sailing Shooting and Hunting Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball/Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling WinterOlympic sports Bobsleigh-Luge Curling Ice hockey Ice skating Skiing Other sports Air sports Auto racing Baseball/softball Bocce-Bowling-Dart Bodybuilding, Fitness and Armwrestling Bridge Chess Cricket Cue sports Dancesport Folk dances Gridiron football Karate Kick Boxing Korfball Motorcycle racing Mountaineering Muay Thai Orienteering Rugby league Scouting and Guiding Traditional sport branches Underwater sports University sports Wushu ParalympicsandDisabled sports Blind sports Deaf sports Disabled sports Sport for Athletes with Intellectual Disability = Not an MYS-sanctioned official governing body Turkish National Olympic Committee Turkish National Paralympic Committee Ministry of Youth and Sports Turkish Council of Fair Play Turkey Anti-Doping Agency Turkey Special Olympics Turkish Disabled Sports Foundation vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"underwater sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_sports"},{"link_name":"lifesaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifesaving"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques"},{"link_name":"International Life Saving Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vip-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Turkish Underwater Sports Federation (Turkish: Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu, TSSF) is the governing body for both underwater sports and lifesaving in Turkey. Founded in 1982 and based in Ankara, the TSSF is a member of both the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) and the International Life Saving Federation (ILS).[1][2][3] Its president is Ahmet İnkılap Obruk, who was also elected in 2009 to CMAS' board of directors for a term of four years.[4][5][6][7][8]","title":"Turkish Underwater Sports Federation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life saving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_saving"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Scuba diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vip-5"},{"link_name":"Underwater target shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting"},{"link_name":"Finswimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finswimming"},{"link_name":"Apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-diving#Overview#Competitive_freediving"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h2-10"},{"link_name":"Underwater photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"videography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_videography"},{"link_name":"Underwater hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1-14"},{"link_name":"Underwater orienteering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_orienteering"},{"link_name":"Underwater rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_rugby"},{"link_name":"Spearfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfishing"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"decompression chambers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_chamber#decompression_chamber"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Currently, the TSSF oversees following ten activities and sports branches:Life saving[9]\nScuba diving[5]\nUnderwater target shooting\nFinswimming\nApnea[10]\nUnderwater photography[11][12] and videography\nUnderwater hockey[13][14]\nUnderwater orienteering\nUnderwater rugby\nSpearfishing[15][16]The federation operates a number of training centers for diving and life saving across the country.[17] There are decompression chambers in eleven cities of Turkey available for use also by TSSF members.[18]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diving certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_certification"},{"link_name":"CMAS* SCUBA Diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMAS_SCUBA_Diver"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vip-5"}],"text":"The diving certification of CMAS SCUBA Diver issued by the federation upon completion of a study course at one of its training centers is internationally recognized.[5]","title":"International diving certificate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orhan Aytür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhan_Ayt%C3%BCr"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s1-14"},{"link_name":"Yasemin Dalkılıç","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7"},{"link_name":"Şahika Ercümen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h2-10"},{"link_name":"Devrim Cenk Ulusoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy"}],"text":"Orhan Aytür (born 1965), 2011 World champion in underwater photography[14]\nYasemin Dalkılıç (born 1979), World record holder female free-diver\nŞahika Ercümen (born 1985), World record holder female free-diver[10]\nDevrim Cenk Ulusoy (born 1973), World record holder free-diver","title":"Notable sportspeople"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Ana Statüsü\" (in Turkish). Mevzuatı Gelistirme Yayın Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.10795&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=T%DCRK%DDYE%20SUALTI%20SPORLARI%20FEDERASYONU%20ANA%20STAT%DCS%DC","url_text":"\"Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Ana Statüsü\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federations - TÜRKIYE SUALTI SPORLARI FEDERASYONU\". Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Retrieved 19 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmas.org/cmas/federations?id=167","url_text":"\"Federations - TÜRKIYE SUALTI SPORLARI FEDERASYONU\""}]},{"reference":"\"ILS Member Organisations\". International Life Saving Federation. Retrieved 27 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ilsf.org/about/addresses","url_text":"\"ILS Member Organisations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sualtı sporlarında Türkiye söz sahibi\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=11621460","url_text":"\"Sualtı sporlarında Türkiye söz sahibi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu\" (in Turkish). VIP Scuba. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vipscuba.com/index.php/makaleler/70-tssf#.UcG5o4ajOuI","url_text":"\"Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu\""}]},{"reference":"\"President\". Turkish Underwater Sports Federation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724094451/http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/content/42/president","url_text":"\"President\""},{"url":"http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/content/42/president","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbaros'un torunları denize küskün\". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/yatdunyasi/21848205.asp","url_text":"\"Barbaros'un torunları denize küskün\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu'na yeni aday\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2012-09-11. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/ShowNew.aspx?id=21440800","url_text":"\"Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu'na yeni aday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"Yapar, öksel (2013-06-16). \"Canımız Allah'a emanet\". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/Akdeniz/2013/06/16/canimiz-allaha-emanet","url_text":"\"Canımız Allah'a emanet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"Şahika Ercümen rekor için hazırlanıyor\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/digersporlar/23350648.asp","url_text":"\"Şahika Ercümen rekor için hazırlanıyor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"Zamur, Rabia (2007-04-20). \"Hint Okyanusu'na dalıp fotoğraf avlayacaklar\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=6365833","url_text":"\"Hint Okyanusu'na dalıp fotoğraf avlayacaklar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Sualtı tutkunlarına\". Sabah (in Turkish). 2011-09-18. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/Pazar/2011/09/18/sualti-tutkunlarina","url_text":"\"Sualtı tutkunlarına\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"Denizyıldızlatı Spor Kulübü Derneği & Doğukan Cankurtarma Merkezi\" (in Turkish). Denizyıldızları. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121223053224/http://www.denizyildizlari.org.tr/klubumuz","url_text":"\"Denizyıldızlatı Spor Kulübü Derneği & Doğukan Cankurtarma Merkezi\""},{"url":"http://www.denizyildizlari.org.tr/klubumuz","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Deniz dibinden madalya çıkardı\". Sabah (in Turkish). 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/kultur_sanat/medya/2011/06/17/deniz-dibinden-madalya-cikardi","url_text":"\"Deniz dibinden madalya çıkardı\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"TSSF'den Zıpkınla Balık Avı Yarışı\". Mersin İstikbal (in Turkish). 2013-05-04. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mersinistikbal.net/spor/17364-tssf%E2%80%99den-zipkinla-balik-avi-yarisi.html#.UcG4QYajOuI","url_text":"\"TSSF'den Zıpkınla Balık Avı Yarışı\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elemeler Mudanya'daydı\". Hürriyet Spor (in Turkish). 2013-04-23. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/digersporlar/23116820.asp","url_text":"\"Elemeler Mudanya'daydı\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"Çıplak, Ersan (2010-06-04). \"Dalış okulları ve dalmanın püf noktaları\". Sabah (in Turkish). Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/ekonomi/dalis_okullari_ve_dalmanin_puf_noktalari/19034","url_text":"\"Dalış okulları ve dalmanın püf noktaları\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)","url_text":"Sabah"}]},{"reference":"\"Recompression Chambers\". Turkish Underwater Sports Federation. Archived from the original on 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2013-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724094518/http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/pressure-chamber","url_text":"\"Recompression Chambers\""},{"url":"http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/pressure-chamber","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/home","external_links_name":"www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/home"},{"Link":"http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=7.5.10795&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=T%DCRK%DDYE%20SUALTI%20SPORLARI%20FEDERASYONU%20ANA%20STAT%DCS%DC","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Ana Statüsü\""},{"Link":"http://www.cmas.org/cmas/federations?id=167","external_links_name":"\"Federations - TÜRKIYE SUALTI SPORLARI FEDERASYONU\""},{"Link":"http://www.ilsf.org/about/addresses","external_links_name":"\"ILS Member Organisations\""},{"Link":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=11621460","external_links_name":"\"Sualtı sporlarında Türkiye söz sahibi\""},{"Link":"http://www.vipscuba.com/index.php/makaleler/70-tssf#.UcG5o4ajOuI","external_links_name":"\"Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724094451/http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/content/42/president","external_links_name":"\"President\""},{"Link":"http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/content/42/president","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/yatdunyasi/21848205.asp","external_links_name":"\"Barbaros'un torunları denize küskün\""},{"Link":"http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/ShowNew.aspx?id=21440800","external_links_name":"\"Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu'na yeni aday\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/Akdeniz/2013/06/16/canimiz-allaha-emanet","external_links_name":"\"Canımız Allah'a emanet\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/digersporlar/23350648.asp","external_links_name":"\"Şahika Ercümen rekor için hazırlanıyor\""},{"Link":"http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=6365833","external_links_name":"\"Hint Okyanusu'na dalıp fotoğraf avlayacaklar\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/Pazar/2011/09/18/sualti-tutkunlarina","external_links_name":"\"Sualtı tutkunlarına\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121223053224/http://www.denizyildizlari.org.tr/klubumuz","external_links_name":"\"Denizyıldızlatı Spor Kulübü Derneği & Doğukan Cankurtarma Merkezi\""},{"Link":"http://www.denizyildizlari.org.tr/klubumuz","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/kultur_sanat/medya/2011/06/17/deniz-dibinden-madalya-cikardi","external_links_name":"\"Deniz dibinden madalya çıkardı\""},{"Link":"http://www.mersinistikbal.net/spor/17364-tssf%E2%80%99den-zipkinla-balik-avi-yarisi.html#.UcG4QYajOuI","external_links_name":"\"TSSF'den Zıpkınla Balık Avı Yarışı\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/spor/digersporlar/23116820.asp","external_links_name":"\"Elemeler Mudanya'daydı\""},{"Link":"http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/ekonomi/dalis_okullari_ve_dalmanin_puf_noktalari/19034","external_links_name":"\"Dalış okulları ve dalmanın püf noktaları\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130724094518/http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/pressure-chamber","external_links_name":"\"Recompression Chambers\""},{"Link":"http://www.tssf.gov.tr/EN/pressure-chamber","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College_(disambiguation)	York College	["1 Canada","2 United Kingdom","3 United States"]	York College may refer to: Canada York University, Toronto, Ontario United Kingdom York College (York), York, England York College for Girls (1908–1997), York, England University of York, York, England United States York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, New York York College (Nebraska), York, Nebraska York College of Pennsylvania, York, Pennsylvania York County Community College, Wells, Maine York Technical College, Rock Hill, South Carolina Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title York College.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"York College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University"}],"text":"York University, Toronto, Ontario","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York College (York)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College_(York)"},{"link_name":"York College for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"}],"text":"York College (York), York, England\nYork College for Girls (1908–1997), York, England\nUniversity of York, York, England","title":"United Kingdom"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York College, City University of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College,_City_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"York College (Nebraska)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College_(Nebraska)"},{"link_name":"York College of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_College_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"York County Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County_Community_College"},{"link_name":"York Technical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Technical_College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/York_College&namespace=0"}],"text":"York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, New York\nYork College (Nebraska), York, Nebraska\nYork College of Pennsylvania, York, Pennsylvania\nYork County Community College, Wells, Maine\nYork Technical College, Rock Hill, South CarolinaTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title York College.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"United States"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/York_College&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Canyon	Texas Canyon	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°00′54″N 110°06′43″W / 32.015°N 110.112°W / 32.015; -110.112Valley in Cochise County, Arizona Rock formations in Texas Canyon Texas Canyon in 2006 Texas Canyon is a valley in Cochise County, Arizona, about 20 miles east of Benson on Interstate 10. Lying between the Little Dragoon Mountains to the north and the Dragoon Mountains to the south and known for its giant granite boulders, the canyon attracts rockhounds and photographers. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The stagecoach route of the Butterfield Overland Mail passed through Texas Canyon from 1858 until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1862, when the stage line suspended operations. The canyon is historically within the range of the Chiricahua Apache, and Cochise made his last stronghold near here in the Dragoon Mountains during the mid-1870s. In the mid to late 1880s, David A. Adams, a Cochise County pioneer, moved to the area from Coleman County, Texas, soon to be followed by other family members. Descendants still live and raise cattle on the old family ranch. The Amerind Foundation, a privately funded archaeological and ethnographic research facility, library, museum and art gallery founded by William Shirley Fulton in the 1930s, is located in Texas Canyon a short distance from exit 318 of Interstate 10. References ^ "Texas Canyon". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2019-12-28. Sara Nelson (2006). "The Curious Tourist's Guide to Arizona Geology: The San Pedro River Valley". Cochise College. Retrieved 2009-12-29. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Texas Canyon. Amerind Foundation Cochise's Stronghold Triangle T Ranch vteTopics of Cochise County, ArizonaNatural features Chiricahua Peak Iron Springs Malpai Borderlands Miller Peak Mount Ballard Mount Glenn Parker Canyon Lake San Bernardino Valley San Pedro River San Pedro Valley San Simon Valley Sulphur Springs Valley Skeleton Canyon Texas Canyon Willcox Playa Mountain ranges Chiricahua Dos Cabezas Dragoon Guadalupe Huachuca Little Dragoon Little Rincon Mule Mustang Pedrogosa Perilla Peloncillo Swisshelm Whetstone Mountains Environment & Protected areas Chiricahua National Monument Coronado National Memorial Kartchner Caverns State Park Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site Leslie Canyon National Wildlife Refuge Naco Mammoth Kill Site San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge San Pedro Riparian Area Southeastern Arizona Bird Observatory National Register of HistoricPlaces listings National Register of Historic Places listings in Cochise County, Arizona Chiricahua National Monument#Historic Designed Landscape Faraway Ranch Historic District Tombstone Courthouse State Historic Park History: Cochise County in the Old West Apaches Battle of Apache Pass Bird Cage Theatre William Brocius Camp Rucker Charleston, Arizona Chiricahua Contention City, Arizona Ike Clanton Cochise Doc Holliday Gunfight at the O.K. Corral Earp Vendetta Ride Virgil Earp Warren Earp Wyatt Earp C. S. Fly Skeleton Canyon Tres Alamos, Arizona Frank Stilwell Texas Jack Vermillion Fred White Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 32°00′54″N 110°06′43″W / 32.015°N 110.112°W / 32.015; -110.112	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_canyon_az.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Texas_canyon_5481.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cochise County, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Little Dragoon Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Dragoon_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Dragoon Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoon_Mountains"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"rockhounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockhound"}],"text":"Valley in Cochise County, ArizonaRock formations in Texas CanyonTexas Canyon in 2006Texas Canyon is a valley in Cochise County, Arizona,[1] about 20 miles east of Benson on Interstate 10. Lying between the Little Dragoon Mountains to the north and the Dragoon Mountains to the south and known for its giant granite boulders, the canyon attracts rockhounds and photographers.","title":"Texas Canyon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Butterfield Overland Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Chiricahua Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahua_Apache"},{"link_name":"Cochise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochise"},{"link_name":"Coleman County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleman_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Amerind Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerind_Foundation"},{"link_name":"archaeological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological"},{"link_name":"ethnographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnographic"},{"link_name":"William Shirley Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shirley_Fulton"}],"text":"The stagecoach route of the Butterfield Overland Mail passed through Texas Canyon from 1858 until the outbreak of the Civil War in 1862, when the stage line suspended operations. The canyon is historically within the range of the Chiricahua Apache, and Cochise made his last stronghold near here in the Dragoon Mountains during the mid-1870s.In the mid to late 1880s, David A. Adams, a Cochise County pioneer, moved to the area from Coleman County, Texas, soon to be followed by other family members. Descendants still live and raise cattle on the old family ranch.The Amerind Foundation, a privately funded archaeological and ethnographic research facility, library, museum and art gallery founded by William Shirley Fulton in the 1930s, is located in Texas Canyon a short distance from exit 318 of Interstate 10.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Rock formations in Texas Canyon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Texas_canyon_az.jpg/170px-Texas_canyon_az.jpg"},{"image_text":"Texas Canyon in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Texas_canyon_5481.jpg/170px-Texas_canyon_5481.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Texas Canyon\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peculiar_(album)	Peculiar (album)	["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 The Slackers' players","2.2 Additional players","3 References"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Peculiar" album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 studio album by The SlackersPeculiarStudio album by The SlackersReleased2006Recordedat Ernesto's Club, Sittard, Version City, New Jersey, Coyote StudiosGenreSkaLength48:42LabelHellcat RecordsProducerVic RuggieroJeff "King Django" BakerThe Slackers chronology Slack in Japan(2005) Peculiar(2006) Big Tunes! Hits & Misses from 1996 to 2006(2007) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Alternative Press4/5Drowned in Sound7/10MSN Music (Consumer Guide)PopMattersPunknews.orgThe Skinny Peculiar is an album by the New York City ska band The Slackers. It was released on Hellcat Records in 2006. Track listing "86 the Mayo" (Ruggiero) – 4:23 "Peculiar" (Ruggiero) – 4:08 "Propaganda" (Ruggiero/Babajian/Geard) – 4:31 "Crazy" (Ruggiero/The Slackers) – 3:31 "Set the Girl Free" (Ruggiero) – 2:38 "In Walked Capo" (Pine) – 3:21 "I'd Rather Die Happy" (Ruggiero) – 2:59 "What Went Wrong" (Pine) – 3:55 "Keep It Simple" (Hillyard/Ruggiero) – 3:05 "International War Criminal" (Ruggiero) – 3:57 "Sauron" (Hillyard) – 3:46 "Rider" (Ruggiero) – 4:02 "I Shall Be Released" (B. Dylan) – 4:20 Personnel The Slackers' players Ara Babajian – drums Marcus Geard – bass, stick guitar, backing vocals Dave Hillyard – saxophone Jay Nugent – guitar Glen Pine – trombone, vocals Vic Ruggiero – organ, piano, guitar, vocals, etc. Additional players Marc Lyn – backing vocals on 3, 5, 6, 12, 13 Alex Desert – backing vocals on 1, 5 Larry McDonald – percussion on 12, 13 Sidney Mills – organ on 13 T.J. Scanlon – guitar on 3, 10, 12, 13 Susan Walls – trumpet on 2, 8 References ^ "Reviews (Page 751)". Alternative Press. 2007-11-08. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2017-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Hocking, Mat (2006-04-17). "Album Review: The Slackers - Peculiar". Drowned In Sound. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 2017-09-09. ^ Christgau, Robert (2008-05-01). "Consumer Guide: May 2008". MSN Music. Retrieved 2017-09-09. ^ Seltenrich, Nate (2006-05-02). "The Slackers: Peculiar". PopMatters. Retrieved 2017-09-09. ^ White, Adam (2006-02-24). "The Slackers - Peculiar". Punknews.org. Retrieved 2017-09-09. ^ Maloney, Ali (2006-03-17). "The Slackers - 'Peculiar'". The Skinny. vteThe Slackers Vic Ruggiero Jay Nugent Dave Hillyard Glen Pine Marcus Geard Ara Babajian Jeremy Mushlin Marc Lyn TJ Scanlon Dave Hahn Luis Zuluaga Allen Teboul Studio albums Better Late Than Never Redlight The Question Wasted Days Close My Eyes An Afternoon in Dub Slackness (with Chris Murray) Peculiar The Boss Harmony Sessions Self Medication The Great Rocksteady Swindle The Radio The Slackers Cassettes and EPs The Slackers International War Criminal Live albums Live at Ernesto's Compilations Before There Were Slackers There Were... Related articles Chris Murray Crazy Baldhead Sound System Hellcat Records Jammyland King Django Leftöver Crack Moon Ska Records Rancid SKAndalous All Stars Stubborn All-Stars The Rocksteady Seven Victor Rice Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"ska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska"},{"link_name":"The Slackers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Slackers"},{"link_name":"Hellcat Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellcat_Records"}],"text":"2006 studio album by The SlackersPeculiar is an album by the New York City ska band The Slackers. It was released on Hellcat Records in 2006.","title":"Peculiar (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruggiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Ruggiero"},{"link_name":"Babajian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Babajian"},{"link_name":"Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Pine"},{"link_name":"Hillyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hillyard"},{"link_name":"B. Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"}],"text":"\"86 the Mayo\" (Ruggiero) – 4:23\n\"Peculiar\" (Ruggiero) – 4:08\n\"Propaganda\" (Ruggiero/Babajian/Geard) – 4:31\n\"Crazy\" (Ruggiero/The Slackers) – 3:31\n\"Set the Girl Free\" (Ruggiero) – 2:38\n\"In Walked Capo\" (Pine) – 3:21\n\"I'd Rather Die Happy\" (Ruggiero) – 2:59\n\"What Went Wrong\" (Pine) – 3:55\n\"Keep It Simple\" (Hillyard/Ruggiero) – 3:05\n\"International War Criminal\" (Ruggiero) – 3:57\n\"Sauron\" (Hillyard) – 3:46\n\"Rider\" (Ruggiero) – 4:02\n\"I Shall Be Released\" (B. Dylan) – 4:20","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ara Babajian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Babajian"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Marcus Geard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcus_Geard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"stick guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_stick"},{"link_name":"Dave Hillyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Hillyard"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"Jay Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Nugent"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Glen Pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Pine"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"Vic Ruggiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Ruggiero"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"}],"sub_title":"The Slackers' players","text":"Ara Babajian – drums\nMarcus Geard – bass, stick guitar, backing vocals\nDave Hillyard – saxophone\nJay Nugent – guitar\nGlen Pine – trombone, vocals\nVic Ruggiero – organ, piano, guitar, vocals, etc.","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marc_Lyn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alex Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Desert"},{"link_name":"Larry McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McDonald_(percussionist)"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Sidney Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Mills"},{"link_name":"T.J. Scanlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T.J._Scanlon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Susan Walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_Walls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"}],"sub_title":"Additional players","text":"Marc Lyn – backing vocals on 3, 5, 6, 12, 13\nAlex Desert – backing vocals on 1, 5\nLarry McDonald – percussion on 12, 13\nSidney Mills – organ on 13\nT.J. Scanlon – guitar on 3, 10, 12, 13\nSusan Walls – trumpet on 2, 8","title":"Personnel"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Reviews (Page 751)\". Alternative Press. 2007-11-08. Archived from the original on 2007-11-08. Retrieved 2017-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071108190740/http://altpress.com/reviews/archive/page_751.htm","url_text":"\"Reviews (Page 751)\""}]},{"reference":"Hocking, Mat (2006-04-17). \"Album Review: The Slackers - Peculiar\". Drowned In Sound. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_stratification	Age stratification	["1 Age structure","2 Age discrimination","2.1 Workplace","2.2 Health outcomes","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]	Hierarchical ranking of people into age groups This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Age stratification" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Age stratification exists because processes in society ensure that people of different ages differ in their access to society's rewards, power, and privileges. —Age Stratification, Sociology: the essentials In sociology, age stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of people into age groups within a society. Age stratification could also be defined as a system of inequalities linked to age. In Western societies, for example, both the old and the young are perceived and treated as relatively incompetent and excluded from much social life. Age stratification based on an ascribed status is a major source inequality, and thus may lead to ageism. Ageism is a social inequality resulting from age stratification. This is a sociological concept that comes with studying aging population. Age stratification within a population can have major implications, affecting things such as workforce trends, social norms, family structures, government policies, and even health outcomes. Age structure Argentina population pyramid 2009Age stratification is not a fixed phenomenon, but rather varies with the passage of time and between cultures and populations. Shifting age structure of a population changes the age stratification. As life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last two centuries, the age strata by which people are characterized has changed. With people living longer lives than ever before in more developed areas of the world, there is now a category of "old-old" people which refers to persons ages 85+. Changes in the age structure of populations affects the way in which they distribute resources, along with a shift in expectations from different age strata. For example, as Japan's population has dramatically aged - with individuals aged 65+ accounting for approximately 25% of the population - the country has found itself with an unfavorable dependency ratio. In an effort to avoid economic downfall, the expectations of young-old and middle-old people have changed. Elderly citizens are encouraged to put off retirement, and the elderly tech market is booming. Age discrimination Age is a major component of entry and exit for many parts of life – school, starting a family, retirement, etc. Shifting social status with age can lead to ageism. Discrimination by a person's age can have profound impacts on the way a society operates – including behavioral expectations, the distribution of resources, and even policies and laws. Workplace In the United States, discrimination on the basis of one's age is prohibited in the workplace by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the act is meant to keep employers unbiased in regards to age when dealing with hiring, promotions, terms, etc. The law also makes it illegal for employees to be harassed due to their age. Emergence of new occupations can lead to a polarization of age cohorts by workforce. As a result, a quick shift of the occupational distribution increases occupational age discrimination. Health outcomes The unequal distribution of resources and social support between age strata can lead to health disparities in the population. In the U.S., evidence indicates older adults face higher risk of experiencing depression and other mental health issues. See also Gerontology References ^ a b Andersen, Margaret L.; Taylor, Howard Francis (2006-02-22). Sociology: the essentials. Cengage Learning. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-495-00683-1. Retrieved 28 January 2011. ^ "age stratification - Dictionary definition of age stratification \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-29. ^ Scott & Marshall (2009). A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191726842. ^ Weeks, John (2014). Population An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. United States. pp. 298–340. ISBN 9781305094505.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Little, William (6 November 2014). "Chapter 13. Aging and the Elderly – Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian Edition". opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ a b Schlesinger & Martin (2016-01-16). "Graying Japan Tries to Embrace the Golden Years". Wall Street Journal. ^ a b Clarke; et al. (June 2011). "The Social Structuring of Mental Health over the Adult Life Course: Advancing Theory in the Sociology of Aging". Social Forces. 89 (4): 1287–1313. doi:10.1093/sf/89.4.1287. JSTOR 41290130. PMC 3210581. PMID 22081728. ^ "Age Discrimination". United States Department of Labor. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2018-03-29. ^ "Age Discrimination". EEOC. Retrieved 2018-04-05. ^ MacLean, Alair (2006). "Age stratification at work: Trends in occupational age segregation in the United States, 1950–2000". Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. 24 (3): 299–310. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2005.08.001. Further reading Clauson, John (1971-08-30). "Age Stratification and the Individual" (PDF). US Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education. Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help) Keel, Robert (2008-09-16). "Age Stratification". US Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education. Retrieved 2008-01-17. Maclean, Alair (2000-10-20). Age Stratification at Work: Continuity and Change in the American Occupational Structure, 1950-1990 (MS thesis). Department of Sociology Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin–Madison. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.26.152. OCLC 50073658. External links www.uic.edu. Age Stratification in the USA. media.pfeiffer.edu.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"hierarchical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy"},{"link_name":"age groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_group"},{"link_name":"society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndersenTaylor2006-1"},{"link_name":"ascribed status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascribed_status"},{"link_name":"ageism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In sociology, age stratification refers to the hierarchical ranking of people into age groups within a society.[1] Age stratification could also be defined as a system of inequalities linked to age. In Western societies, for example, both the old and the young are perceived and treated as relatively incompetent and excluded from much social life. Age stratification based on an ascribed status is a major source inequality, and thus may lead to ageism.[2] Ageism is a social inequality resulting from age stratification. This is a sociological concept that comes with studying aging population.[3] Age stratification within a population can have major implications, affecting things such as workforce trends, social norms, family structures, government policies, and even health outcomes.","title":"Age stratification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argentina_population_pyramid_2009.png"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"age structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid"},{"link_name":"life expectancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_expectancy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"age structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid"},{"link_name":"dependency ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_ratio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Argentina population pyramid 2009Age stratification is not a fixed phenomenon, but rather varies with the passage of time and between cultures and populations.[4] Shifting age structure of a population changes the age stratification. As life expectancy has increased dramatically in the last two centuries, the age strata by which people are characterized has changed. With people living longer lives than ever before in more developed areas of the world, there is now a category of \"old-old\" people which refers to persons ages 85+.[5] Changes in the age structure of populations affects the way in which they distribute resources, along with a shift in expectations from different age strata. For example, as Japan's population has dramatically aged - with individuals aged 65+ accounting for approximately 25% of the population - the country has found itself with an unfavorable dependency ratio.[6] In an effort to avoid economic downfall, the expectations of young-old and middle-old people have changed. Elderly citizens are encouraged to put off retirement, and the elderly tech market is booming.[6]","title":"Age structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"ageism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism"},{"link_name":"Discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination"}],"text":"Age is a major component of entry and exit for many parts of life – school, starting a family, retirement, etc.[7] Shifting social status with age can lead to ageism. Discrimination by a person's age can have profound impacts on the way a society operates – including behavioral expectations, the distribution of resources, and even policies and laws.","title":"Age discrimination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Equal Employment Opportunity Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Workplace","text":"In the United States, discrimination on the basis of one's age is prohibited in the workplace by the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967. Enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the act is meant to keep employers unbiased in regards to age when dealing with hiring, promotions, terms, etc.[8] The law also makes it illegal for employees to be harassed due to their age.[9] Emergence of new occupations can lead to a polarization of age cohorts by workforce. As a result, a quick shift of the occupational distribution increases occupational age discrimination.[10]","title":"Age discrimination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"health disparities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"}],"sub_title":"Health outcomes","text":"The unequal distribution of resources and social support between age strata can lead to health disparities in the population. In the U.S., evidence indicates older adults face higher risk of experiencing depression and other mental health issues.[7]","title":"Age discrimination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clauson, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_A._Clauson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Age Stratification and the Individual\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED054484"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"Keel, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Keel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"\"Age Stratification\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.umsl.edu/~keelr/010/age.html"},{"link_name":"Maclean, Alair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alair_Maclean&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.26.152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.152"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"50073658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/50073658"}],"text":"Clauson, John (1971-08-30). \"Age Stratification and the Individual\" (PDF). US Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education. Retrieved 2008-01-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires \|journal= (help)\nKeel, Robert (2008-09-16). \"Age Stratification\". US Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education. Retrieved 2008-01-17.\nMaclean, Alair (2000-10-20). Age Stratification at Work: Continuity and Change in the American Occupational Structure, 1950-1990 (MS thesis). Department of Sociology Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin–Madison. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.26.152. OCLC 50073658.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Argentina population pyramid 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Argentina_population_pyramid_2009.png/220px-Argentina_population_pyramid_2009.png"}]	[{"title":"Gerontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontology"}]	[{"reference":"Andersen, Margaret L.; Taylor, Howard Francis (2006-02-22). Sociology: the essentials. Cengage Learning. pp. 87–88. ISBN 978-0-495-00683-1. Retrieved 28 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X7s9hvROWjoC&pg=PA87","url_text":"Sociology: the essentials"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-00683-1","url_text":"978-0-495-00683-1"}]},{"reference":"\"age stratification - Dictionary definition of age stratification \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/age-stratification","url_text":"\"age stratification - Dictionary definition of age stratification \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Scott & Marshall (2009). A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191726842.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191726842","url_text":"9780191726842"}]},{"reference":"Weeks, John (2014). Population An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. United States. pp. 298–340. ISBN 9781305094505.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305094505","url_text":"9781305094505"}]},{"reference":"Little, William (6 November 2014). \"Chapter 13. Aging and the Elderly – Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian Edition\". opentextbc.ca. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter13-aging-and-the-elderly/","url_text":"\"Chapter 13. Aging and the Elderly – Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Schlesinger & Martin (2016-01-16). \"Graying Japan Tries to Embrace the Golden Years\". Wall Street Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/graying-japan-tries-to-embrace-the-go","url_text":"\"Graying Japan Tries to Embrace the Golden Years\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke; et al. (June 2011). \"The Social Structuring of Mental Health over the Adult Life Course: Advancing Theory in the Sociology of Aging\". Social Forces. 89 (4): 1287–1313. doi:10.1093/sf/89.4.1287. JSTOR 41290130. PMC 3210581. PMID 22081728.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210581","url_text":"\"The Social Structuring of Mental Health over the Adult Life Course: Advancing Theory in the Sociology of Aging\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fsf%2F89.4.1287","url_text":"10.1093/sf/89.4.1287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41290130","url_text":"41290130"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210581","url_text":"3210581"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22081728","url_text":"22081728"}]},{"reference":"\"Age Discrimination\". United States Department of Labor. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2018-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dol.gov/general/topic/discrimination/agedisc","url_text":"\"Age Discrimination\""}]},{"reference":"\"Age Discrimination\". EEOC. Retrieved 2018-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/age.cfm","url_text":"\"Age Discrimination\""}]},{"reference":"MacLean, Alair (2006). \"Age stratification at work: Trends in occupational age segregation in the United States, 1950–2000\". Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. 24 (3): 299–310. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2005.08.001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rssm.2005.08.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.rssm.2005.08.001"}]},{"reference":"Clauson, John (1971-08-30). \"Age Stratification and the Individual\" (PDF). US Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education. Retrieved 2008-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_A._Clauson&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Clauson, John"},{"url":"http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/contentdelivery/servlet/ERICServlet?accno=ED054484","url_text":"\"Age Stratification and the Individual\""}]},{"reference":"Keel, Robert (2008-09-16). \"Age Stratification\". US Department of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education. Retrieved 2008-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Keel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Keel, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/010/age.html","url_text":"\"Age Stratification\""}]},{"reference":"Maclean, Alair (2000-10-20). Age Stratification at Work: Continuity and Change in the American Occupational Structure, 1950-1990 (MS thesis). Department of Sociology Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin–Madison. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.26.152. OCLC 50073658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alair_Maclean&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Maclean, Alair"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison","url_text":"University of Wisconsin–Madison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.152","url_text":"10.1.1.26.152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50073658","url_text":"50073658"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Age+stratification%22","external_links_name":"\"Age stratification\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Age+stratification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Age+stratification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Age+stratification%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Age+stratification%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Age+stratification%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X7s9hvROWjoC&pg=PA87","external_links_name":"Sociology: the essentials"},{"Link":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/age-stratification","external_links_name":"\"age stratification - Dictionary definition of age stratification \| Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter13-aging-and-the-elderly/","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionium%E2%80%93thorium_dating	Ionium–thorium dating	["1 References"]	Technique for determining the age of marine sediment Ionium-thorium dating is a technique for determining the age of marine sediments based upon the quantities present of nearly stable thorium-232 and more radioactive thorium-230. (230Th was once known as ionium, before it was realised it was the same element as 232Th.) Uranium (in nature, predominantly uranium-238) is soluble in water. However, when it decays into thorium, the latter element is insoluble and so precipitates out to become part of the sediment. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 14.5 billion years, but thorium-230 has a half-life of only 75,200 years, so the ratio is useful for dating sediments up to 400,000 years old. Conversely, this technique can be used to determine the rate of ocean sedimentation over time. The ionium/thorium method of dating assumes that the proportion of thorium-230 to thorium-232 is a constant during the time period that the sediment layer was formed. Likewise, both thorium-230 and thorium-232 are assumed to precipitate out in a constant ratio; no chemical process favors one form over the other. It must also be assumed that the sediment does not contain any pre-existing particles of eroded rock, known as detritus, that already contain thorium isotopes. Finally, there must not be a process that causes the thorium to shift its position within the sediment. If these assumptions are correct, this dating technique can produce accurate results. References ^ a b c Rafferty, John P. (2010), Geochronology, Dating, and Precambrian Time: The Beginning of the World As We Know It, The Geologic History of Earth, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 150, ISBN 978-1615301256. ^ a b c Vértes, Attila (2010), Nagy, Sándor; Klencsár, Zoltán; Lovas, Rezso György; et al. (eds.), Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), Springer, p. 800, ISBN 978-1441907196. This radioactivity–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"marine sediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_sediment"},{"link_name":"thorium-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium-232"},{"link_name":"thorium-230","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium-230"},{"link_name":"element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element"},{"link_name":"Uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"uranium-238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafferty2010-1"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertes2010-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafferty2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertes2010-2"},{"link_name":"detritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rafferty2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vertes2010-2"}],"text":"Ionium-thorium dating is a technique for determining the age of marine sediments based upon the quantities present of nearly stable thorium-232 and more radioactive thorium-230. (230Th was once known as ionium, before it was realised it was the same element as 232Th.)Uranium (in nature, predominantly uranium-238) is soluble in water. However, when it decays into thorium, the latter element is insoluble and so precipitates out to become part of the sediment.[1] Thorium-232 has a half-life of 14.5 billion years, but thorium-230 has a half-life of only 75,200[2] years, so the ratio is useful for dating sediments up to 400,000 years old.[1] Conversely, this technique can be used to determine the rate of ocean sedimentation over time.[2]The ionium/thorium method of dating assumes that the proportion of thorium-230 to thorium-232 is a constant during the time period that the sediment layer was formed. Likewise, both thorium-230 and thorium-232 are assumed to precipitate out in a constant ratio; no chemical process favors one form over the other. It must also be assumed that the sediment does not contain any pre-existing particles of eroded rock, known as detritus, that already contain thorium isotopes. Finally, there must not be a process that causes the thorium to shift its position within the sediment. If these assumptions are correct, this dating technique can produce accurate results.[1][2]","title":"Ionium–thorium dating"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rafferty, John P. (2010), Geochronology, Dating, and Precambrian Time: The Beginning of the World As We Know It, The Geologic History of Earth, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 150, ISBN 978-1615301256.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cHvnMJUw0wAC&pg=PA150","url_text":"Geochronology, Dating, and Precambrian Time: The Beginning of the World As We Know It"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1615301256","url_text":"978-1615301256"}]},{"reference":"Vértes, Attila (2010), Nagy, Sándor; Klencsár, Zoltán; Lovas, Rezso György; et al. (eds.), Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), Springer, p. 800, ISBN 978-1441907196.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQyF6KaUScQC&pg=PA800","url_text":"Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441907196","url_text":"978-1441907196"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cHvnMJUw0wAC&pg=PA150","external_links_name":"Geochronology, Dating, and Precambrian Time: The Beginning of the World As We Know It"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQyF6KaUScQC&pg=PA800","external_links_name":"Handbook of Nuclear Chemistry"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionium%E2%80%93thorium_dating&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Friend	Kevin Friend	["1 Career","1.1 2012 FA Community Shield","1.2 2013 League Cup final","1.3 2019 FA Cup Final","2 Statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	Football referee (born 1971) Kevin Friend Born (1971-07-08) 8 July 1971 (age 52)Bristol, England Kevin Friend (born 8 July 1971) is a former professional football referee based in Leicester. He is a member of the Leicestershire and Rutland County Football Association. His most notable appointments have been to referee the 2012 Community Shield, played at Villa Park, the 2013 League Cup final which was held at Wembley Stadium, and the 2019 FA Cup Final which was also held at Wembley. Career Friend started refereeing at the age of 14 in his home county of Leicestershire. He officiated in the Leicestershire Senior League and Midland Football Alliance before being promoted to the National List of Referees, and later to the Select Group of Referees ahead of the 2009–10 season. His first Premier League fixture was on 20 September 2009: a 2–1 victory for Wolverhampton Wanderers over Fulham; Friend showed two yellow cards during his debut appointment in England's top-flight. Friend issued his first Premier League red card on 15 December 2009 to Sunderland captain Lorik Cana for a second bookable offence in his team's 2–0 defeat to Aston Villa. He refereed the 2009 FA Vase final at Wembley Stadium on 10 May between Whitley Bay and Glossop North End, won 2–0 by the Bay. During a Football League One match in 2010 between Norwich City and Milton Keynes Dons Friend issued 11 yellow cards, including two to Dons player Aaron Wilbraham. Friend showed a red card to Sunderland defender Wes Brown in a 2013 Premier League match against Stoke City, which the FA later rescinded. In 2016, Friend was controversially prevented from officiating a Premier League match between Stoke City and title contenders Tottenham Hotspur, due to him being a supporter of fellow title challengers Leicester City. At the end of the 2021–22 season, Friend retired from officiating, but will continue to work for PGMOL as manager of the Select Group 2 referees. 2012 FA Community Shield On 3 July 2012, it was announced that Friend would referee the 2012 FA Community Shield, played on 12 August at Villa Park. His assistants were Michael McDonough and Richard West, and Anthony Taylor was the fourth official. Chelsea were defeated 3–2 by Manchester City. Branislav Ivanović was sent off for the Blues for a high challenge towards the end of the first half. Ivanović did not serve any subsequent suspension, however, after FA rule changes regarding pre-season fixtures. 2013 League Cup final Friend refereed the 2013 League Cup final at Wembley Stadium on 24 February. The match was contested by League 2's Bradford City and Premier League Swansea City. Swansea won the final 5–0. An incident early in the second-half, when the Premier League side were already 3–0 up, saw Friend adjudge Bradford goalkeeper Matt Duke to have committed a professional foul. The official dismissed Duke and awarded Swansea a penalty kick, which was converted by Jonathan de Guzmán; he also scored again in the 90th minute. The other Swansea goals came courtesy of Nathan Dyer (2) and Michu. 2019 FA Cup Final Friend refereed the 2019 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 18 May 2019. The match was contested between Manchester City and Watford, with Manchester City winning the match 6–0. Statistics Season Games Total per game Total per game 2003–04 27 98 3.63 4 0.15 2004–05 37 107 2.89 7 0.19 2005–06 21 45 2.14 2 0.09 2006–07 34 87 2.56 6 0.18 2007–08 41 100 2.44 11 0.27 2008–09 46 124 2.69 6 0.13 2009–10 34 133 3.91 7 0.21 2010–11 33 116 3.52 7 0.21 2011–12 33 120 3.64 3 0.09 2012–13 34 120 3.53 3 0.09 2013–14 31 98 3.16 1 0.03 2014–15 35 141 4.03 5 0.14 2015–16 31 100 3.23 6 0.06 2016–17 32 127 3.97 2 0.06 2017–18 33 66 2.00 1 0.03 2018–19 39 139 3.56 3 0.08 2019–20 33 89 2.70 8 0.24 2020–21 31 74 2.39 3 0.10 2021–22 28 109 3.89 2 0.07 Statistics are for all competitions as of 18 May 2019. No records are available prior to 2003–04. References ^ "Football: Leicester referee Kevin Friend can't wait to blow whistle on Capital One Cup final". This is Leicestershire. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. ^ Birthdate confirmation at the Football League official website. Retrieved on 26 March 2008. Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "The Times & The Sunday Times". Timesonline.co.uk. 19 August 1919. Retrieved 19 August 2019. ^ "BBC Sport — Stoke v Sunderland: Gus Poyet wants apology after red card". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ Owen Phillips. "BBC Sport — Stoke City 2-0 Sunderland". BBC Sport. Retrieved 30 August 2015. ^ "Kevin Friend: Leicester-based referee taken off Tottenham game". 14 April 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk. ^ Wallace, Sam (21 June 2022). "Exclusive: Premier League facing shortfall of experienced referees as Kevin Friend steps down". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 September 2022. ^ "A Friend in me". The FA.com. 12 August 2012. ^ "Ivanovic spared suspension for Community Shield red". Yahoo! Europsort. 13 August 2012. ^ "Bantams battered by Swans". ESPN. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013. ^ "Bradford 0 – 5 Swansea". BBC Sport. 24 February 2013. ^ "Kevin Friend- Latest Football Betting Odds - Soccer Base". External links Kevin Friend Profile at Refworld.com at Soccerbase.com This biographical article about a sports official is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flprofile-2"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"Leicestershire and Rutland County Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_and_Rutland_County_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"2012 Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"2013 League Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Football_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"2019 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FA_Cup_Final"}],"text":"Kevin Friend (born 8 July 1971)[2] is a former professional football referee based in Leicester. He is a member of the Leicestershire and Rutland County Football Association.His most notable appointments have been to referee the 2012 Community Shield, played at Villa Park, the 2013 League Cup final which was held at Wembley Stadium, and the 2019 FA Cup Final which was also held at Wembley.","title":"Kevin Friend"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicestershire Senior League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicestershire_Senior_League"},{"link_name":"Midland Football Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Football_Alliance"},{"link_name":"2009–10 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fulham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Lorik Cana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorik_Cana"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"FA Vase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Vase"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Whitley Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Bay_F.C."},{"link_name":"Glossop North End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossop_North_End_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Football League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_One"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Dons_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aaron Wilbraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Wilbraham"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Wes Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes_Brown"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2021–22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Friend started refereeing at the age of 14 in his home county of Leicestershire. He officiated in the Leicestershire Senior League and Midland Football Alliance before being promoted to the National List of Referees, and later to the Select Group of Referees ahead of the 2009–10 season. His first Premier League fixture was on 20 September 2009: a 2–1 victory for Wolverhampton Wanderers over Fulham; Friend showed two yellow cards during his debut appointment in England's top-flight.Friend issued his first Premier League red card on 15 December 2009 to Sunderland captain Lorik Cana for a second bookable offence in his team's 2–0 defeat to Aston Villa.He refereed the 2009 FA Vase final at Wembley Stadium on 10 May between Whitley Bay and Glossop North End, won 2–0 by the Bay.During a Football League One match in 2010 between Norwich City and Milton Keynes Dons Friend issued 11 yellow cards, including two to Dons player Aaron Wilbraham.[3]Friend showed a red card to Sunderland defender Wes Brown in a 2013 Premier League match against Stoke City, which the FA later rescinded.[4][5]In 2016, Friend was controversially prevented from officiating a Premier League match between Stoke City and title contenders Tottenham Hotspur, due to him being a supporter of fellow title challengers Leicester City.[6]At the end of the 2021–22 season, Friend retired from officiating, but will continue to work for PGMOL as manager of the Select Group 2 referees.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 FA Community Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FA_Community_Shield"},{"link_name":"Villa Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_Park"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Anthony Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Taylor_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Branislav Ivanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Ivanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"2012 FA Community Shield","text":"On 3 July 2012, it was announced that Friend would referee the 2012 FA Community Shield, played on 12 August at Villa Park.[8] His assistants were Michael McDonough and Richard West, and Anthony Taylor was the fourth official.Chelsea were defeated 3–2 by Manchester City. Branislav Ivanović was sent off for the Blues for a high challenge towards the end of the first half. Ivanović did not serve any subsequent suspension, however, after FA rule changes regarding pre-season fixtures.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 League Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Football_League_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"League 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Two"},{"link_name":"Bradford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Matt Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Duke"},{"link_name":"professional foul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_foul"},{"link_name":"penalty kick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Jonathan de Guzmán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_de_Guzm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Nathan Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Dyer"},{"link_name":"Michu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michu"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"2013 League Cup final","text":"Friend refereed the 2013 League Cup final at Wembley Stadium on 24 February. The match was contested by League 2's Bradford City and Premier League Swansea City.Swansea won the final 5–0.[10]\nAn incident early in the second-half, when the Premier League side were already 3–0 up, saw Friend adjudge Bradford goalkeeper Matt Duke to have committed a professional foul. The official dismissed Duke and awarded Swansea a penalty kick, which was converted by Jonathan de Guzmán; he also scored again in the 90th minute. The other Swansea goals came courtesy of Nathan Dyer (2) and Michu.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Watford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford_F.C."}],"sub_title":"2019 FA Cup Final","text":"Friend refereed the 2019 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium on 18 May 2019. The match was contested between Manchester City and Watford, with Manchester City winning the match 6–0.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Statistics are for all competitions as of 18 May 2019. No records are available prior to 2003–04.[12]","title":"Statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Football: Leicester referee Kevin Friend can't wait to blow whistle on Capital One Cup final\". This is Leicestershire. 22 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224105557/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Football-Leicester-referee-Kevin-Friend-t-wait/story-18220794-detail/story.html#axzz2LYPQvCGZ","url_text":"\"Football: Leicester referee Kevin Friend can't wait to blow whistle on Capital One Cup final\""},{"url":"http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Football-Leicester-referee-Kevin-Friend-t-wait/story-18220794-detail/story.html#axzz2LYPQvCGZ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Times & The Sunday Times\". Timesonline.co.uk. 19 August 1919. 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Retrieved 19 August 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36042805","url_text":"\"Kevin Friend: Leicester-based referee taken off Tottenham game\""}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Sam (21 June 2022). \"Exclusive: Premier League facing shortfall of experienced referees as Kevin Friend steps down\". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2022/06/21/exclusive-premier-league-facing-shortfall-experienced-referees/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Premier League facing shortfall of experienced referees as Kevin Friend steps down\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Friend in me\". The FA.com. 12 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefa.com/Competitions/FACompetitions/TheFACommunityShield/FAMatchCentre/2012/chelsea-manchester-city/previews/villa-park-kevin-friend-referee.aspx","url_text":"\"A Friend in me\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ivanovic spared suspension for Community Shield red\". Yahoo! Europsort. 13 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/ivanovic-spared-suspension-community-shield-red-090956763.html","url_text":"\"Ivanovic spared suspension for Community Shield red\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bantams battered by Swans\". ESPN. 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/359954/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739","url_text":"\"Bantams battered by Swans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bradford 0 – 5 Swansea\". BBC Sport. 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21489673","url_text":"\"Bradford 0 – 5 Swansea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Friend- Latest Football Betting Odds - Soccer Base\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soccerbase.com/referees/referee.sd?referee_id=865","url_text":"\"Kevin Friend- Latest Football Betting Odds - Soccer Base\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130224105557/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Football-Leicester-referee-Kevin-Friend-t-wait/story-18220794-detail/story.html#axzz2LYPQvCGZ","external_links_name":"\"Football: Leicester referee Kevin Friend can't wait to blow whistle on Capital One Cup final\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Football-Leicester-referee-Kevin-Friend-t-wait/story-18220794-detail/story.html#axzz2LYPQvCGZ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/RefereeProfilesDetail/0,,10794~628215,00.html","external_links_name":"Birthdate"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828021214/http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/RefereeProfilesDetail/0,,10794~628215,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/football_league/article7094365.ece","external_links_name":"\"The Times & The Sunday Times\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25072028","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport — Stoke v Sunderland: Gus Poyet wants apology after red card\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/24969017","external_links_name":"\"BBC Sport — Stoke City 2-0 Sunderland\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36042805","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Friend: Leicester-based referee taken off Tottenham game\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2022/06/21/exclusive-premier-league-facing-shortfall-experienced-referees/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Premier League facing shortfall of experienced referees as Kevin Friend steps down\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefa.com/Competitions/FACompetitions/TheFACommunityShield/FAMatchCentre/2012/chelsea-manchester-city/previews/villa-park-kevin-friend-referee.aspx","external_links_name":"\"A Friend in me\""},{"Link":"http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/news/ivanovic-spared-suspension-community-shield-red-090956763.html","external_links_name":"\"Ivanovic spared suspension for Community Shield red\""},{"Link":"http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/359954/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739","external_links_name":"\"Bantams battered by Swans\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/21489673","external_links_name":"\"Bradford 0 – 5 Swansea\""},{"Link":"http://www.soccerbase.com/referees/referee.sd?referee_id=865","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Friend- Latest Football Betting Odds - Soccer Base\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110913233139/http://refworld.com/referee/136/0/kevin-friend","external_links_name":"Kevin Friend Profile"},{"Link":"https://www.soccerbase.com/referees/referee.sd?referee_id=865&season_id=139","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Friend&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Gardiner	Graham Gardiner	["1 Club and state rowing","2 National representative rowing","3 References"]	Australian rower Graham GardinerPersonal informationNicknameGreenthumbsSportSportRowingClubGlebe Rowing ClubDrummoyne Rowing ClubBalmain Rowing Club Medal record Men's rowing Representing Australia World Rowing Championships 1980 Hazewinkel LM4- 1981 Munich LM4- Graham Gardiner is an Australian former lightweight rower. He is a two-time World Champion. Club and state rowing Gardiner's commenced his senior rowing with the Glebe Rowing Club and competed in a men's junior 4+ at the 1979 Australian Rowing Championships. The following year he shifted to the Drummoyne Rowing Club in Sydney and won two national titles - the lightweight M2- with Clyde Hefer and the lightweight M4- with Hefer, Michael Smith and Graeme Wearne. In 1981 in those same two crews Gardiner again raced for those national titles but this time representing the Balmain Rowing Club and both to 2nd place. National representative rowing Gardiner was selected for Australian representative honours in a LM4- for the 1980 World Rowing Championships in Hazewinkel - a lightweight only championship being an Olympic year. With Hefer he'd vied for top national honours throughout 1980 against the Victorian pair of Charles Bartlett and Simon Gillett. New Australian National Coaching Director Reinhold Batschi had introduced a small boat racing selection methodology and the choice of the two competitively matched pairs to comprise the Australian IV was clear. The crew took the gold medal and won Australia's second lightweight World Championship title. The following year in the same crew Gardiner raced at the 1981 World Rowing Championships in Munich and they successfully defended their title. References ^ 1979 Australian Championships at Guerin Foster. ^ 1981 Australian Championships at Guerin Foster ^ "1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster". Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. ^ "Graham Gardiner". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 13 November 2017. ^ "1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster". Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018. vteWorld champions – Lightweight men's coxless fourFISA championships 1974: (Campbell Johnston, Andrew Michelmore, Geoffrey Rees, Colin Smith) 1975: (Francis Pelegri, Michel Picard, André Coupat, André Picard) 1976: (André Picard, Michel Picard, André Coupat, Francis Pelegri) 1977: (André Picard, Michel Picard, André Coupat, Francis Pelegri) 1978: (Michael Raduner, Thomas von Weissenfluh, Pierre Zentner, Pierre Kovacs) 1979: (Ian Wilson, Stuart Wilson, Colin Barratt, Nicholas Howe) 1980: (Graham Gardiner, Charles Bartlett, Clyde Hefer, Simon Gillett) 1981: (Graham Gardiner, Charles Bartlett, Clyde Hefer, Simon Gillett) 1982: (Marco Romano, Daniele Boschin, Paolo MartinelliPasquale Aiese) 1983: (Alberto Molina, Luis María Moreno, José María de Marco Pérez, Juan María Altuna Muñoa) 1984: (Fernando Molina, José María de Marco Pérez, Luis María Moreno, Alberto Molina) Official world championships 1985: (Alwin Otten, Frank Rogall, Thomas Jaekel, Wolfgang Birkner) 1986: (Franco Pantano, Dario Longhin, Nerio Gainotti, Mauro Torta) 1987: (Thomas Palm, Erik Ring, Gerd Meyer, Sebastian Franke) 1988: (Mauro Torta, Dario Longhin, Massimo Lana, Nerio Gainotti) 1989: (Klaus Altena, Stephan Fahrig, Michael Buchheit, Bernhard Stomporowski) 1990: (Klaus Altena, Michael Buchheit, Stephan Fahrig, Bernhard Stomporowski) 1991: (Christopher Bates, Toby Hessian, Tom Kay, Carl Smith) 1992: (Christopher Bates, Toby Hessian, Tom Kay, Carl Smith) 1993: (Thomas Beetham, Matthew Collins, Chris Kerber, Jonathan Moss) 1994: (Eskild Ebbesen, Victor Feddersen, Niels Henriksen, Thomas Poulsen) 1995: (Carlo Gaddi, Leonardo Pettinari, Andrea Re, Ivano Zasio) 1997: (Thomas Ebert, Thomas Poulsen, Eskild Ebbesen, Victor Feddersen) 1998: (Eskild Ebbesen, Thomas Ebert, Victor Feddersen, Thomas Poulsen) 1999: (Eskild Ebbesen, Thomas Ebert, Victor Feddersen, Thomas Poulsen) 2001: (Sebastian Sageder, Bernd Wakolbinger, Wolfgang Sigl, Martin Kobau) 2002: (Thor Kristensen, Thomas Ebert, Stephan Mølvig, Eskild Ebbesen) 2003: (Thor Kristensen, Thomas Ebert, Stephan Mølvig, Eskild Ebbesen) 2005: (Franck Solforosi, Jérémy Pouge, Jean-Christophe Bette, Fabien Tilliet) 2006: (Huang Zhongming, Wu Chongkui, Lin Zhang, Tian Jun) 2007: (Richard Chambers, James Lindsay-Fynn, Paul Mattick, James Clarke) 2009: (Matthias Schömann-Finck, Jost Schömann-Finck, Jochen Kühner, Martin Kühner) 2010: (Richard Chambers, Paul Mattick, Rob Williams, Chris Bartley) 2011: (Anthony Edwards, Samuel Beltz, Ben Cureton, Todd Skipworth) 2013: (Kasper Winther Jørgensen, Jacob Larsen, Jacob Barsøe, Morten Jørgensen) 2014: (Kasper Winther Jørgensen, Jacob Larsen, Jacob Barsøe, Morten Jørgensen) 2015: (Lucas Tramèr, Simon Schürch, Simon Niepmann, Mario Gyr) 2017: (Federico Duchich, Leone Barbaro, Lorenzo Tedesco, Piero Sfiligoi)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lightweight rower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_rowing"}],"text":"Graham Gardiner is an Australian former lightweight rower. He is a two-time World Champion.","title":"Graham Gardiner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glebe Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glebe_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"4+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxed_four"},{"link_name":"Australian Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Drummoyne Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummoyne_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"M2-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxless_pair"},{"link_name":"Clyde Hefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Hefer"},{"link_name":"M4-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxless_four"},{"link_name":"Balmain Rowing Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain_Rowing_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gardiner's commenced his senior rowing with the Glebe Rowing Club and competed in a men's junior 4+ at the 1979 Australian Rowing Championships.[1] The following year he shifted to the Drummoyne Rowing Club in Sydney and won two national titles - the lightweight M2- with Clyde Hefer and the lightweight M4- with Hefer, Michael Smith and Graeme Wearne. In 1981 in those same two crews Gardiner again raced for those national titles but this time representing the Balmain Rowing Club and both to 2nd place.[2]","title":"Club and state rowing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1980 World Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_World_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Hazewinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazewinkel"},{"link_name":"Hefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyde_Hefer"},{"link_name":"Charles Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Bartlett_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Simon Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Gillett_(rower)"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Batschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Batschi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FISA_profile-4"},{"link_name":"1981 World Rowing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_World_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Gardiner was selected for Australian representative honours in a LM4- for the 1980 World Rowing Championships in Hazewinkel - a lightweight only championship being an Olympic year. With Hefer he'd vied for top national honours throughout 1980 against the Victorian pair of Charles Bartlett and Simon Gillett. New Australian National Coaching Director Reinhold Batschi had introduced a small boat racing selection methodology and the choice of the two competitively matched pairs to comprise the Australian IV was clear.[3] The crew took the gold medal and won Australia's second lightweight World Championship title.[4] The following year in the same crew Gardiner raced at the 1981 World Rowing Championships in Munich and they successfully defended their title.[5]","title":"National representative rowing"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster\". Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910140327/http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1980-Hazewinkel.html","url_text":"\"1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster\""},{"url":"http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1980-Hazewinkel.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Graham Gardiner\". International Rowing Federation. Retrieved 13 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/36903/","url_text":"\"Graham Gardiner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rowing_Federation","url_text":"International Rowing Federation"}]},{"reference":"\"1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster\". Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180409202903/http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1981-Munich.html","url_text":"\"1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster\""},{"url":"http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1981-Munich.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/national-championships/1979.html#ml1x","external_links_name":"1979 Australian Championships at Guerin Foster"},{"Link":"http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/national-championships/1981.html#ml1x","external_links_name":"1981 Australian Championships at Guerin Foster"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180910140327/http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1980-Hazewinkel.html","external_links_name":"\"1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster\""},{"Link":"http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1980-Hazewinkel.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.worldrowing.com/athletes/athlete/36903/","external_links_name":"\"Graham Gardiner\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180409202903/http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1981-Munich.html","external_links_name":"\"1980 World Championships at Guerin Foster\""},{"Link":"http://www.rowinghistory-aus.info/world-championships/1981-Munich.html","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_analysis	Post hoc analysis	["1 Common post hoc tests","2 Causes","3 See also","4 References"]	Statistical analyses that were not specified before the data were seen Not to be confused with Post hoc theorizing. In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin post hoc, "after this") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen. They are usually used to uncover specific differences between three or more group means when an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is significant. This typically creates a multiple testing problem because each potential analysis is effectively a statistical test. Multiple testing procedures are sometimes used to compensate, but that is often difficult or impossible to do precisely. Post hoc analysis that is conducted and interpreted without adequate consideration of this problem is sometimes called data dredging by critics because the statistical associations that it finds are often spurious. Post hoc analyses are not inherently bad or good;: 12–13 rather, the main requirement for their ethical use is simply that their results not be mispresented as the original hypothesis.: 12–13 Modern editions of scientific manuals have clarified this point; for example, APA style now specifies that "hypotheses should now be stated in three groupings: preplanned–primary, preplanned–secondary, and exploratory (post hoc). Exploratory hypotheses are allowable, and there should be no pressure to disguise them as if they were preplanned.": 12–13 Common post hoc tests Some common post hoc tests include: Holm-Bonferroni Procedure Newman-Keuls Rodger’s Method Scheffé’s Method Tukey’s Test (see also: Studentized Range Distribution) Causes Sometimes the temptation to engage in post hoc analysis is motivated by a desire to produce positive results or see a project as successful. In the case of pharmaceutical research, there may be significant financial consequences to a failed trial. See also HARKing Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Nemenyi test Outcome switching References ^ "What is the significance and use of post-hoc analysis studies?". www.cwauthors.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ "11.8: Post Hoc Tests". Statistics LibreTexts. 2019-11-12. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ "SAGE Research Methods - The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods". methods.sagepub.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ Zhang, Yiran; Hedo, Rita; Rivera, Anna; Rull, Rudolph; Richardson, Sabrina; Tu, Xin M. (2019-08-01). "Post hoc power analysis: is it an informative and meaningful analysis?". General Psychiatry. 32 (4): e100069. doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100069. ISSN 2517-729X. PMC 6738696. ^ a b c American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1433832178. ^ "Post Hoc Definition and Types of Tests". Statistics How To. Retrieved 2022-12-09. ^ Pamplona, Fabricio (2022-07-28). "Post Hoc Analysis: Process and types of tests". Mind the Graph Blog. Retrieved 2022-12-09.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Post hoc theorizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_theorizing"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"post hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_hoc_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"statistical analyses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"analysis of variance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_variance"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"multiple testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_testing"},{"link_name":"statistical test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing"},{"link_name":"data dredging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_dredging"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APA-Manual-7e-5"},{"link_name":"ethical use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_ethics"},{"link_name":"mispresented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_misconduct"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APA-Manual-7e-5"},{"link_name":"APA style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APA-Manual-7e-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Post hoc theorizing.In a scientific study, post hoc analysis (from Latin post hoc, \"after this\") consists of statistical analyses that were specified after the data were seen.[1][2] They are usually used to uncover specific differences between three or more group means when an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is significant.[3] This typically creates a multiple testing problem because each potential analysis is effectively a statistical test. Multiple testing procedures are sometimes used to compensate, but that is often difficult or impossible to do precisely. Post hoc analysis that is conducted and interpreted without adequate consideration of this problem is sometimes called data dredging by critics because the statistical associations that it finds are often spurious.[4]Post hoc analyses are not inherently bad or good;[5]: 12–13 rather, the main requirement for their ethical use is simply that their results not be mispresented as the original hypothesis.[5]: 12–13 Modern editions of scientific manuals have clarified this point; for example, APA style now specifies that \"hypotheses should now be stated in three groupings: preplanned–primary, preplanned–secondary, and exploratory (post hoc). Exploratory hypotheses are allowable, and there should be no pressure to disguise them as if they were preplanned.\"[5]: 12–13","title":"Post hoc analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Holm-Bonferroni Procedure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holm%E2%80%93Bonferroni_method"},{"link_name":"Newman-Keuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Keuls_method"},{"link_name":"Rodger’s Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger%27s_method"},{"link_name":"Scheffé’s Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheff%C3%A9%27s_method"},{"link_name":"Tukey’s Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukey%27s_range_test"}],"text":"Some common post hoc tests include:[6][7]Holm-Bonferroni Procedure\nNewman-Keuls\nRodger’s Method\nScheffé’s Method\nTukey’s Test (see also: Studentized Range Distribution)","title":"Common post hoc tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sometimes the temptation to engage in post hoc analysis is motivated by a desire to produce positive results or see a project as successful. In the case of pharmaceutical research, there may be significant financial consequences to a failed trial.[citation needed]","title":"Causes"}]	[]	[{"title":"HARKing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HARKing"},{"title":"Testing hypotheses suggested by the data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testing_hypotheses_suggested_by_the_data"},{"title":"Nemenyi test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemenyi_test"},{"title":"Outcome switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcome_switching"}]	[{"reference":"\"What is the significance and use of post-hoc analysis studies?\". www.cwauthors.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cwauthors.com/article/significance-and-use-of-post-hoc-analysis-studies","url_text":"\"What is the significance and use of post-hoc analysis studies?\""}]},{"reference":"\"11.8: Post Hoc Tests\". Statistics LibreTexts. 2019-11-12. 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PMC 6738696.","urls":[{"url":"https://gpsych.bmj.com/content/32/4/e100069","url_text":"\"Post hoc power analysis: is it an informative and meaningful analysis?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgpsych-2019-100069","url_text":"10.1136/gpsych-2019-100069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2517-729X","url_text":"2517-729X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6738696","url_text":"6738696"}]},{"reference":"American Psychological Association (2020). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: the Official Guide to APA Style (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. ISBN 978-1433832178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1433832178","url_text":"978-1433832178"}]},{"reference":"\"Post Hoc Definition and Types of Tests\". Statistics How To. Retrieved 2022-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/statistics-definitions/post-hoc/","url_text":"\"Post Hoc Definition and Types of Tests\""}]},{"reference":"Pamplona, Fabricio (2022-07-28). \"Post Hoc Analysis: Process and types of tests\". Mind the Graph Blog. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_of_Paderne	Castle of Paderne	["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Gallery","4 References"]	Coordinates: 37°09′25″N 8°12′02″W / 37.15694°N 8.20056°W / 37.15694; -8.20056Castle in Albufeira, Algarve, Portugal Castle of PaderneCastelo de PaderneFaro, Algarve, Algarve in PortugalA perspective of the tower gate, showing lateral wall and towerCoordinates37°09′25″N 8°12′02″W / 37.15694°N 8.20056°W / 37.15694; -8.20056TypeCastleSite informationOwnerPortuguese RepublicOperatorDRCALGARVE, Decree 34/2007, 29 March 2007Open tothe publicPublicSite historyBuilt2nd CenturyMaterialsSandstone, Taipa The Castle of Paderne (Portuguese: Castelo de Paderne) is an ancient fortification located in the civil parish of Paderne, municipality of Albufeira, in the Portuguese Algarve. It was constructed in the later 12th century by Berbers, in an area around 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) inland. The edifice is located just 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from the resort town of Albufeira, along a bend in the Quarteira River. It is believed to be one of the original castles that occupy the shield of the Portuguese national flag. History See also: Portugal in the Reconquista and Portuguese conquest of the Algarve Bridge of Paderne (Ponte de Paderne), built in the Middle Ages and restored in 1771. Almohad control of the Iberian Peninsula, Christian counterattacks from the North The ruined Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Castelo Around the middle of the 2nd century, the Roman conquered the Lusitanian castro, which had developed between Neolithic and Cacholithic. The settlement was transformed into a military outpost and, eventually, politico-administrative centre named Paderne or Paderna. Its location on a rocky peninsular bend was of strategic importance, as it controlled the ancient Roman road Via Lusitanorum crossing the Quarteira River on the south. The Roman villa was conquered by the Moors by 713. On this site, the Almohads constructed a fortification. Concerned with advancing Christian armies from the north, the Almohads began an intensive period of military construction and fortification in the Algarve (in Paderne, Faro, Loulé and Silves and many other locations). The depopulation of the Muslim countryside, caused by Christian raids, while avoiding outright conflict, resulted in the construction of these type of fortifications, which were used secure relative safety for their citizens in the interior of the Algarvean Barrocal (mountains). In 1189, Paderne surrendered to King Sancho I after the conquest of Silves, undertaken with help from northern crusaders. In 1191 Muslim forces of the Almohad dynasty under the command of Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya’qub al-Mansur recaptured the castle and surrounding lands. In 1248, D. Paio Peres Correia took the castle for the Crown of Portugal, during the reign of Afonso III. The forces of Peres Correia massacred all Muslim inhabitants within Paderne castle. It was shortly after these events that a chapel was built: likely on the ruins of a mosque. Following a series of restorations, King Denis of Portugal donated the castle to the Master of the Order of Avis, D. Lourenço Anes, as an attempt to make it a viable military and economic centre. But these attempts were tentative and, nonetheless, futile. Owing to its isolation and state of ruin, in 1858, the castle was abandoned and its hermitage (local parish church, dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção) was deactivated. On 10 March 1998, the fort and dependencies were transferred to Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (IPPAR), the Portuguese Institute of Architectural Patrimony. The IPPAR contracted the company Terracarta in order to create a three-dimensional design of the property. Further, the monument and terrains were purchased by the institute for 29.000.000$00 escudos. A public tender was issued on 29 January 2002, under PROAlgarve, for the Recuperation of the Castle of Paderne, under the auspices of the IPPAR. The candidate entity was responsible for the recuperation of the walls, in taipa, the archaeological study and museological assessment of the site, including the old dependencies within the courtyard, the drainage of the monument, and lastly, the consolidation of the ruins of the Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Assunção. Archaeological excavations completed at the time unearthed remnants of dwellings and roadways within the castle compound, as well as the remains of a sophisticated sewage system and vestiges of a water supply network (that included cisterns and water channels). Architecture The tower/gate connected by walkway The rural, isolated castle is located on a high hilltop over a profound valley, covered in Mediterranean vegetation, olive groves, fig and carob trees. Its lies in a zone classified under the Natura 2000 designation, with a pedestrian trail under the Instituto de Conservação da Natureza (Institute for the Conservation of Nature). The castle is a regular trapezoidal plan, almost a hectare in size, surrounded by walls, with a road that links to a tower across a Roman arch bridge. Within the interior are vestiges of a longitudinal chapel, with only the walls remaining. The eastern side, which has the least natural defence has a substantial tower and is built of Taipa (mixture of mud, chalk, lime and aggregate that sets like concrete). This tower, the only one standing within the enclosure, protrudes from the wall and is connected to the main fortification by an upper passageway. From the outside of this tower is still possible to make out the whitewash strips which were applied to the taipa joints in order to give the impression that the tower was built from masonry. Nevertheless, these mud walls are 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) thick and are constructed on a substantial stone plinth which can be seen at the base of the perimeter walls. There are also at intervals, vertical openings to allow for drainage of any accumulative water inside the castle walls. Below the tower are the remains of ramparts, which ran across the eastern perimeter: most of it has collapsed. This battlement, which is lower than the main walls also defended the main access to the castle. The accessway is at a right angle to the main wall, creating an L-shaped entrance designed to make any frontal attack difficult. Not all the stonework in the entrance is original; much of the access was reinforced and restored over time. Within the castle precinct are the remnants of a cistern. Along the south wall are the ruins of the former Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Castelo, which was the parochial church for the nearby village, dating from the 14th century, but abandoned in 1506 (when the new church was constructed in the village). Gallery North wall South wall South wall and plinth Southwest corner The entrance gate References Notes ^ Nobre, Idalina Nunes (2009). Albufeira - from the Middle Ages to the Old Regime. Albufeira City Council. p. 28. ISBN 9789728124366. {{cite book}}: \|work= ignored (help) ^ a b c d e f g h Neto, João (1991), SIPA (ed.), Castelo de Paderne (n.PT050801030001) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 6 July 2015, retrieved 29 May 2012 ^ a b c H. Catarino (1994), p.73–87 ^ a b c d e f g h i IGESPAR, ed. (2011). "Castelo de Paderne" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012. ^ Information taken from the information board on the road up to the castle, November 2007. Sources Almeida, João de (1948), Roteiro dos Monumentos Militares Portugueses (in Portuguese), vol. III, Lisbon, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Oliveira, Xavier de Ataíde (1910), Monografia de Paderna ou Paderne do Concelho de Albufeira (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Catarino, H (1994), "O Castelo de Paderne (Albufeira): Resultados da Primeira Intervenção Arqueológica", Arqueologia Medieval (in Portuguese), vol. 3, Porto, Portugal, pp. 73–87{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) vte Castles in Portugal Castle of Abrantes Castle of Alandroal Castle of Alcácer do Sal Castle of Alcanede Castle of Alcantarilha Castle of Alcobaça Castle of Alcoutim Castle of Alegrete Castle of Alenquer Castle of Alfaiates Castle of Alfândega da Fé Castle of Alfeizerão Castle of Algoso Castle of Aljezur Castle of Aljustrel Castle of Almada Castle of Almourol Castle of Alter do Chão Castle of Alter Pedroso Castle of Alva Castle of Alvito Castle of Alvor Castle of Amieira do Tejo Castle of Arraiolos Castle of Arronches Castle of Atouguia da Baleia Castle of Avis Castle of Avô Castle of Azinhalinho Castle of Balsamão Castle of Barbacena Porto Pim bartizan Castle of Beja Castle of Belmonte Castle of Belver Castle of Bemposta Castle of Borba Castle of Braga Castle of Bragança Castle of Caminha Castle of Campo Maior Castle of Carrazeda de Ansiães Castle of Castelo Bom Castle of Castelo Branco Castelo de Idanha-a-Velha Castelo de Longroiva Castelo de Montel Castelo de Montemor-o-Novo Castelo de Nisa Castelo de Oleiros Castelo de Palmela Castelo de Pirescoxe Castelo de Portuzelo Castelo de Ranhados Castelo de Sesimbra Castelo de Sines Castelo de Torre de Coelheiros Castelo de Torres Vedras Castelo de Veiros Castle of Castelo Melhor Castle of Castelo Mendo Castle of Castelo de Vide Castle of Castelo Rodrigo Castle Fortress of Almeida Castle of Castro Marim Castle of Celorico da Beira Castle of Chaves Castle of Cola Castle of Crato Castle of Curutelo Castle of Degebe Castle of Elvas Castle of Esporão Castle of Estremoz Castle of Evoramonte Castle of Faria Fernandine Walls of Porto Castle of Folgosinho Castle of Freixo de Espada-à-Cinta Castle of Freixo de Numão Castle of Geraldo Castle of Guarda Castle of Guimarães Castle of Idanha-a-Nova Castelo de Juromenha Castle of Lagos Castle of Lamego Castle of Lanhoso Castle of Leiria Castle of Linhares Castle of Loulé Castle of Lousa Castle of Lousã Castle of Marialva Castle of Marvão Castle of Mau Vizinho (Vila Real) Castle of Melgaço Castle of Mertola Castle of Messejana Castle of Miranda do Douro Castle of Mirandela Castle of Mogadouro Castle of Moinhos Castle of Monção Castle of Monforte (Chaves) Castle of Monforte (Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo) Castle of Monsanto Castelo de Monsaraz Montalegre Castle Castle of Montalvão Castle of Montemor-o-Velho Castle of the Moors Castle of Moreira de Rei Castle of Mós Castle of Moura Castle of Mourão Castle of Noudar Castle of Numão Castle of Óbidos Castle of Ouguela Castle of Ourém Castle of Ourique Castle of Outeiro Castle of Paderne Castle of Pena de Aguiar Castle of Penamacor Castle of Penas Róias Castle of Penedono Castle of Penela Castle of Pinhel Castle of Pombal Castle of Portalegre Castle of Portel Castelo de Porto de Mós Castle of Rebordãos Castle of Redondo Castle of Redondos Castle of Ródão Sabugal Castle Castle of Salir Castle of Santa Maria da Feira Castle of Santarém Castle of Santo Estêvão São Jorge Castle Castle of São Ramão Castle of Seda Castle of Senhora da Luz Castle of Sernancelhe Castle of Serpa Castle of Silves Castle of Sortelha Castle of Soure Castle of Tavira Castle of Terena Castelo de Tomar Castelo de Torre de Moncorvo Castle of Torres Novas Tower of Bera Tower of Ferreira de Aves Castle of Trancoso Castle of Valongo Castle of Viana do Alentejo Castle of Vidigueira Castle of Vidigueiras Castle of Vila Flor Castle of Vila Nova de Cerveira Castle of Vila Nova de Foz Côa Castle of Vila Verde dos Francos Castle of Vila Viçosa Castle of Vilar Maior Castle of Vinhais Also See: Castles in Portugal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"fortification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortification"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freguesia"},{"link_name":"Paderne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderne_(Albufeira)"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concelho"},{"link_name":"Albufeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albufeira_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"Berbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Albufeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albufeira"},{"link_name":"Quarteira River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarteira_River"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALB1-1"}],"text":"Castle in Albufeira, Algarve, PortugalThe Castle of Paderne (Portuguese: Castelo de Paderne) is an ancient fortification located in the civil parish of Paderne, municipality of Albufeira, in the Portuguese Algarve. It was constructed in the later 12th century by Berbers, in an area around 7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi) inland.The edifice is located just 8.2 kilometres (5.1 mi) from the resort town of Albufeira, along a bend in the Quarteira River.[1] It is believed to be one of the original castles that occupy the shield of the Portuguese national flag.","title":"Castle of Paderne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal in the Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Portuguese conquest of the Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_the_Algarve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bridge_at_Paderne_26_nov_2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mapa_reconquista_almohades-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Almohad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catarino-3"},{"link_name":"Quarteira River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarteira_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"Almohads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catarino-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"Christian armies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Faro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faro,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Loulé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loul%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Silves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silves_Municipality,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"King Sancho I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"conquest of Silves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Silves_(1189)"},{"link_name":"Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya’qub al-Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_al-Mansur"},{"link_name":"D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_(title)"},{"link_name":"Afonso III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_III_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Denis of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"escudos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escudo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIPA-2"},{"link_name":"sewage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer"},{"link_name":"cisterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistern"}],"text":"See also: Portugal in the Reconquista and Portuguese conquest of the AlgarveBridge of Paderne (Ponte de Paderne), built in the Middle Ages and restored in 1771.Almohad control of the Iberian Peninsula, Christian counterattacks from the NorthThe ruined Chapel of Nossa Senhora do CasteloAround the middle of the 2nd century, the Roman conquered the Lusitanian castro, which had developed between Neolithic and Cacholithic.[2] The settlement was transformed into a military outpost and, eventually, politico-administrative centre named Paderne or Paderna.[3] Its location on a rocky peninsular bend was of strategic importance, as it controlled the ancient Roman road Via Lusitanorum crossing the Quarteira River on the south.The Roman villa was conquered by the Moors by 713.[2] On this site, the Almohads constructed a fortification.[3][4] Concerned with advancing Christian armies from the north, the Almohads began an intensive period of military construction and fortification in the Algarve (in Paderne, Faro, Loulé and Silves and many other locations). The depopulation of the Muslim countryside, caused by Christian raids, while avoiding outright conflict, resulted in the construction of these type of fortifications, which were used secure relative safety for their citizens in the interior of the Algarvean Barrocal (mountains).[4]In 1189, Paderne surrendered to King Sancho I after the conquest of Silves, undertaken with help from northern crusaders. In 1191 Muslim forces of the Almohad dynasty under the command of Caliph Abu Yusuf Ya’qub al-Mansur recaptured the castle and surrounding lands.In 1248, D. Paio Peres Correia took the castle for the Crown of Portugal, during the reign of Afonso III.[2] The forces of Peres Correia massacred all Muslim inhabitants within Paderne castle. It was shortly after these events that a chapel was built: likely on the ruins of a mosque.Following a series of restorations, King Denis of Portugal donated the castle to the Master of the Order of Avis, D. Lourenço Anes, as an attempt to make it a viable military and economic centre.[2][4] But these attempts were tentative and, nonetheless, futile.Owing to its isolation and state of ruin, in 1858, the castle was abandoned and its hermitage (local parish church, dedicated to Nossa Senhora da Assunção) was deactivated.[2][4]On 10 March 1998, the fort and dependencies were transferred to Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (IPPAR), the Portuguese Institute of Architectural Patrimony.[2] The IPPAR contracted the company Terracarta in order to create a three-dimensional design of the property.[2] Further, the monument and terrains were purchased by the institute for 29.000.000$00 escudos.[2]A public tender was issued on 29 January 2002, under PROAlgarve, for the Recuperation of the Castle of Paderne, under the auspices of the IPPAR. The candidate entity was responsible for the recuperation of the walls, in taipa, the archaeological study and museological assessment of the site, including the old dependencies within the courtyard, the drainage of the monument, and lastly, the consolidation of the ruins of the Hermitage of Nossa Senhora da Assunção. Archaeological excavations completed at the time unearthed remnants of dwellings and roadways within the castle compound, as well as the remains of a sophisticated sewage system and vestiges of a water supply network (that included cisterns and water channels).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Castle.JPG"},{"link_name":"Natura 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natura_2000"},{"link_name":"trapezoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"Taipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipa_(Building_Material)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catarino-3"},{"link_name":"plinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plinth"},{"link_name":"ramparts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGESPAR-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The tower/gate connected by walkwayThe rural, isolated castle is located on a high hilltop over a profound valley, covered in Mediterranean vegetation, olive groves, fig and carob trees. Its lies in a zone classified under the Natura 2000 designation, with a pedestrian trail under the Instituto de Conservação da Natureza (Institute for the Conservation of Nature).The castle is a regular trapezoidal plan, almost a hectare in size, surrounded by walls, with a road that links to a tower across a Roman arch bridge.[4] Within the interior are vestiges of a longitudinal chapel, with only the walls remaining.[4]The eastern side, which has the least natural defence has a substantial tower and is built of Taipa (mixture of mud, chalk, lime and aggregate that sets like concrete).[4] This tower, the only one standing within the enclosure, protrudes from the wall and is connected to the main fortification by an upper passageway. From the outside of this tower is still possible to make out the whitewash strips which were applied to the taipa joints in order to give the impression that the tower was built from masonry.[3] Nevertheless, these mud walls are 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) thick and are constructed on a substantial stone plinth which can be seen at the base of the perimeter walls. There are also at intervals, vertical openings to allow for drainage of any accumulative water inside the castle walls.Below the tower are the remains of ramparts, which ran across the eastern perimeter: most of it has collapsed. This battlement, which is lower than the main walls also defended the main access to the castle.[4] The accessway is at a right angle to the main wall, creating an L-shaped entrance designed to make any frontal attack difficult.[4] Not all the stonework in the entrance is original; much of the access was reinforced and restored over time.Within the castle precinct are the remnants of a cistern.Along the south wall are the ruins of the former Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Castelo, which was the parochial church for the nearby village, dating from the 14th century, but abandoned in 1506 (when the new church was constructed in the village).[5]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_(4).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_(5).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_(6).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_(7).jpg"}],"text":"North wall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth wall\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth wall and plinth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouthwest corner\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe entrance gate","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Bridge of Paderne (Ponte de Paderne), built in the Middle Ages and restored in 1771.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Bridge_at_Paderne_26_nov_2007.jpg/235px-The_Bridge_at_Paderne_26_nov_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Almohad control of the Iberian Peninsula, Christian counterattacks from the North","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Mapa_reconquista_almohades-en.svg/235px-Mapa_reconquista_almohades-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The ruined Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Castelo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_%283%29.jpg/235px-Paderne_Moorish_Castle_26_Nov_2007_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tower/gate connected by walkway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Paderne_Castle.JPG/220px-Paderne_Castle.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Nobre, Idalina Nunes (2009). Albufeira - from the Middle Ages to the Old Regime. Albufeira City Council. p. 28. ISBN 9789728124366.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789728124366","url_text":"9789728124366"}]},{"reference":"Neto, João (1991), SIPA (ed.), Castelo de Paderne (n.PT050801030001) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 6 July 2015, retrieved 29 May 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706095135/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2602","url_text":"Castelo de Paderne (n.PT050801030001)"},{"url":"http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2602","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IGESPAR, ed. (2011). \"Castelo de Paderne\" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130416102359/http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74129/","url_text":"\"Castelo de Paderne\""},{"url":"http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74129/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Almeida, João de (1948), Roteiro dos Monumentos Militares Portugueses (in Portuguese), vol. III, Lisbon, Portugal","urls":[]},{"reference":"Oliveira, Xavier de Ataíde (1910), Monografia de Paderna ou Paderne do Concelho de Albufeira (in Portuguese), Porto, Portugal","urls":[]},{"reference":"Catarino, H (1994), \"O Castelo de Paderne (Albufeira): Resultados da Primeira Intervenção Arqueológica\", Arqueologia Medieval (in Portuguese), vol. 3, Porto, Portugal, pp. 73–87","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castle_of_Paderne&params=37_09_25_N_8_12_02_W_","external_links_name":"37°09′25″N 8°12′02″W / 37.15694°N 8.20056°W / 37.15694; -8.20056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castle_of_Paderne&params=37_09_25_N_8_12_02_W_","external_links_name":"37°09′25″N 8°12′02″W / 37.15694°N 8.20056°W / 37.15694; -8.20056"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150706095135/http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2602","external_links_name":"Castelo de Paderne (n.PT050801030001)"},{"Link":"http://www.monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=2602","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130416102359/http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74129/","external_links_name":"\"Castelo de Paderne\""},{"Link":"http://www.igespar.pt/en/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74129/","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_1900	Alfa Romeo 1900	["1 1900 Berlina and Sprint","2 Coachbuilt versions","2.1 1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sport Spider","3 Engines","4 IKA Bergantín","5 Gallery of models","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	Motor vehicle Alfa Romeo 19001950 Alfa Romeo 1900OverviewManufacturerAlfa RomeoProduction1950–1959AssemblyItaly: Portello Plant, MilanBelgium: Nessonvaux, Liege, (S.A. Impéria 1953–1954)DesignerOrazio SattaBody and chassisBody style4-door saloon (Berlina)2-door coupé (Sprint)2-door convertibleLayoutFront-engine, rear-wheel-driveRelatedAlfa Romeo MattaAlfa Romeo Disco VolanteIKA BergantinPowertrainEngine1.9 L tipo 1306 DOHC I42.0 L tipo 1308 DOHC I4Transmission4- and 5-speed manualDimensionsWheelbaseBerlina/Sprint2,630 mm (103.5 in)/2,500 mm (98.4 in)2,500 mm (98.4 in) (1900C)Length4,400 mm (173.2 in)/4,400 mm (173.2 in)Width1,600 mm (63.0 in)/1,630 mm (64.2 in)Height1,490 mm (58.7 in)/1,350 mm (53.1 in)Kerb weight900–1,100 kg (2,000–2,400 lb)ChronologyPredecessorAlfa Romeo 6C 2500SuccessorAlfa Romeo 2000 The Alfa Romeo 1900 is an automobile produced by Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo from 1950 until 1959. Designed by Orazio Satta, it was an important development for Alfa Romeo as the marque's first car built entirely on a production line and first production car without a separate chassis. It was also the first Alfa Romeo offered with left-hand drive. The car was introduced at the 1950 Paris Motor Show. 1900 Berlina and Sprint The 1900 was offered in two-door or four-door models, with a new 1,884 cc (bore 82.55 mm (3.3 in), stroke 88 mm (3.5 in)), 90 hp (66 kW), four-cylinder twin cam engine. It was spacious and simple, yet quick and sporty. The slogan Alfa used when selling it was "The family car that wins races", not-so-subtly alluding to the car's success in the Targa Florio, Stella Alpina, and other competitions. In 1951, the short wheelbase 1900C (c for corto (Italian for short)) version was introduced. It had a wheelbase of 2,500 mm (98.4 in). In the same year, the 1900 TI with a more powerful 100 hp (74 kW) engine was introduced; it had bigger valves, a higher compression ratio, and was equipped with a double carburetor. Two years later, the 1900 Super and 1900 TI Super (also 1900 Super Sprint) with 1975 cc engine were introduced (bore increased to 84.5 mm (3.3 in), stroke unchanged). The TI Super had two double carburetors and 115 hp (85 kW). Transmission was a 4-speed manual on basic versions and 5-speed manual in Super Sprint version, the brakes were drum brakes. The 1900 had independent front suspension (double wishbones, coil springs and hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers) and live rear axle. The first of the 1900 came fitted with 6.00-16 Pirelli Stella Bianca, and then in 1952 moved to the radial 165HR400 Pirelli Cinturato. 1956 1900 Super1954 1900 Super Production at the company's Milan plant continued until 1959: a total of 21,304 were built, including 17,390 of the saloons. The chassis was designed specifically to allow coachbuilders to rebody it, the most notable of which was the Zagato designed, 1900 Super Sprint coupé, with an improved engine and custom body design. The Alfa Romeo 1900M AR51 (or "Matta") is a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle based on the 1900-series. Coachbuilt versions Iginio Alessio, then general manager of Alfa Romeo, was concerned for the viability of the independent Italian Coachbuilding industry–the advent of the unibody chassis design was threatening to put the carrozzerie out of business. Alessio was also a personal friend of Gaetano Ponzoni co-owner of Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera, thus from 1951 to 1958 Alfa Romeo built five different variations of the 1900 unibody chassis specifically for independent coachbuilders. Alfa Romeo gave official contracts to Touring to build the sporty 1900 Sprint Coupé and to Pinin Farina to build an elegant four seat Cabriolet and Coupé. The availability of a suitable chassis led to many other coachbuilders to build versions of the 1900. Carrozzeria Zagato built a small series of coupés with the unofficial designation of 1900 SSZ, designed for racing with an aerodynamic lightweight aluminium body and Zagato's trademark double bubble roof. One-off specials were numerous, from the famous Bertone BAT series of aerodynamic studies, to an infamous sci-fi like Astral spider designed by Carrozzeria Boneschi for Rafael Trujillo the dictator of the Dominican Republic. There was a Barchetta or "Boat Car" made by Ghia-Aigle in Lugano Switzerland designed by Giovanni Michelotti at the request of a wealthy Italian who had two passions: Riva boats and his mistress; the car has no doors or windscreen wipers. The Alfa Romeo BAT concept cars, all based on Alfa Romeo 1900 chassis Entry #74 at the 1954 Rallye Monte Carlo was a Simca Aronde (French license "48 45 BP 75") entered by De Kluguenau and Mathieu. Entry #24 (in the right) is an Alfa Romeo 1900 entered by Georges Houel and Quinlin Julio, finished 10th. Below is a list of coachbuilt Alfa Romeo 1900s. Year Coachbuilder Model Quantity 1951 Touring Sprint 2+2 circa 800 – Pinin Farina 4 seat Coupé 1 1952 Zagato SSZ 39 1957 Zagato SSZ Spyder 2 1953 Touring Corto Gara 11 (incl. 3 Stradale) 1955 Touring "tipo 55" coupé 2 seater. 1 1955 Touring "tipo 55" cabriolet 2 seater. 1 1956 Touring "1966 Series" Super Sprint 2 seater. – 1957 Touring "1966 Series" Cabriolet 2+2 1 1952 Pinin Farina Cabriolet 88 1952 Pinin Farina Coupé 100 1953 Pinin Farina Coupé 1 1952 Pinin Farina TI Coupé 1-2 1953 Boneschi Astral spider 2 1955 Boano Primavera Coupé – 1955 Boano SS Coupé – – Boano Coupé Tipo3 1 1952 Colli Coupé – 1952 Stabilimenti Farina Victoria Cabriolet 48 1952 Boneschi Coupé – 1953 Ghia C coupé – 1953 Ghia SS coupé 1 1954-55 Ghia 1900C Coupé Special 10 1955 Ghia-Aigle Cabriolet (I) 1 1955 Ghia-Aigle Cabriolet (II) 1 1956 Ghia-Aigle Coupé – 1956 Ghia-Aigle Barchetta "Spider Razza" 1 1957 Ghia-Aigle SS Cabriolet – 1957-59 Ghia-Aigle Coupé Lugano – 1958 Ghia-Aigle SS Cabriolet – 1958 Ghia-Aigle SS Coupé – 1953 Bertone BAT 5 1 1954 Bertone BAT 7 1 1955 Bertone BAT 9 1 – Bertone Coupé – 1955 Worblaufen SS Cabriolet – 1953 Vignale "La Fleche" Spider 1 1953 Vignale SS Coupé – 1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sport Spider 1900 Sport Spider at the Museo Alfa Romeo In 1954, Alfa Romeo made two spiders and two coupés using similar chassis as the C52 Disco Volante. In Bertone, Franco Scaglione penned two unique aluminium bodies, a coupé and a spider. The coupé was known as 2000 Sportiva. It weighs 2,000 pounds (907 kg) and has 138 horsepower (103 kW). The acceleration is on par with most contemporary exotics and top speed is around 137 mph (220 km/h). Alfa Romeo 2000 Sportiva Goodwood Engines Model Displacement Power Top speed 1900 1,884 cc 80–90 bhp (60–67 kW) 103 mph (166 km/h)-106 mph (171 km/h) TI 1,884 cc 100 bhp (75 kW) 170 km/h (106 mph) Super 1,975 cc 90 bhp (67 kW) 160 km/h (99 mph) TI Super 1,975 cc 115 bhp (86 kW) 112 mph (180 km/h) IKA Bergantín Between March 1960 and February 1962 Industrias Kaiser Argentina produced a car named IKA Bergantín . The body and suspension was from the 1900 Berlina while the drivetrains came from Willys; a 2.5 L (151 cu in) inline-four was fitted to most examples, while the Continental 3.7 L (226.2 cu in) inline-six equipped the Bergantín Super 6. Maximum power is 77 hp (57 kW) and 115 hp (86 kW), respectively. Nearly 5,000 examples were built, of which only 353 were fitted with the six-cylinder engine which was introduced in May 1961. The Bergantín was available in estándar (standard), de Lujo (de Luxe), Super 6, or taxi trim levels. Gallery of models 1900 C Sprint Touring (1951; first series) 1900 C Super Sprint Touring (1954; second series) 1900C Super Sprint Touring (1956; third series) 1900 SS Ghia (1954) 1900 CSS Zagato 1900 SS Zagato Ghia Speciale 1900 CSS 1900C Berlinetta Touring Superleggera (1952) 1900 L Victoria Cabriolet 1952 Stabilimenti Farina 1900 Sprint Cabriolet Pinin Farina (1953) 1900C SS Cabriolet La Fleche Vignale The later, 1975 cc (tipo 1308) engine in a 1900 C SS References Notes ^ "Les belles Nessonvautoises". motocollection.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2008-10-19. ^ "1955 Alfa Romeo 1900 CSS". Conceptcarz. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. ^ "Alfa Romeo 1900 C Super Sprint 1956". sportscarauction.ch. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-01-20. ^ "1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint". sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2008-11-01. ^ Walz, Jörg (2002), Alfa Romeo Typenhandbuch, Alle Modelle von 1910 bis heute (in German), Heel, ISBN 978-3898801140 ^ Garcia 1983, p. 73. ^ Garcia 1983, p. 118. ^ a b Garcia 1983, p. 85. ^ Garcia 1983, p. 92. ^ "Boat Car". bonhams.com. Retrieved 2012-06-06. ^ "Alfa Romeo Spider 1900 SS Ghia-Aigle 1956". stubs-auto.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2012-06-06. ^ Final results Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo 1954: Final results Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo 1954, accessdate: 22. July 2019 ^ Garcia 1983, p. 74. ^ Garcia 1983, p. 75. ^ a b Garcia 1983, p. 78. ^ a b Adams, Keith. "Double bubble, no trouble". classicandperformancecar.com. Dennis Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "1953 Alfa Romeo 1900 Corto Gara Stradale by Carrozzeria Touring". rmauctions.com. Retrieved 2013-06-12. ^ a b Garcia 1983, p. 80. ^ Garcia 1983, p. 82. ^ Garcia 1983, p. 84. ^ a b Garcia 1983, p. 86. ^ Garcia 1983, p. 88. ^ Melissen, Wouter. "Alfa Romeo 1900 TI Pinin Farina Coupe". ultimatecarpage.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "Alfa Bulletin Board". alfabb.com. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Cabriolet Pinin Farina". imcdb.org. Retrieved 2013-06-18. ^ "1953 Alfa Romeo 1900". conceptcarz.com. Retrieved 2013-06-17. ^ "1954–1955 Alfa Romeo 1900C Ghia Special". supercars.net. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "Carrozzeria Caressed, Factory Fettled - 1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 CSS Ghia Speciale". Retrieved 21 May 2022. ^ a b Montowski, Lutzi. "1955 Relocation from Aigle to Lugano (Tessin, CH), Via Monte Boglia". ghia-aigle.info. Stefan Dierkes. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ a b c d e f g h "Carrosserie Ghia S.A., Aigle & Lugano". oldtimer.400.pl. Archived from the original on 22 January 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2013. ^ "Worblaufen Alfa Romeo 1900 SS Cabriolet 1955". coachbuild.com. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2012-06-07. ^ Tegler, Jan (2010-05-19). "1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sport Spider: Prototype for a supercar". autoweek.com. Crain Communications, Inc. Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. ^ "Alfa Romeo 1900". motorbase.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-26. ^ a b "Alfa Romeo/Models/Alfa Romeo 1900". carsfromitaly.net. Archived from the original on 31 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-08. ^ "1900 TI". geocities.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-25. Retrieved 2007-10-26. ^ "1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Berlina Super". carfolio.com. Retrieved 2007-10-26. ^ "Alfa Club News". blogs.consumeraffairs.com/alfa_news. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-08. Bibliography Döhren, H.-Jürgen (2012). Millenove—Alfa Romeo 1900, 1950–1959. Alfapoint. ISBN 978-3-00-037417-3. Garcia, Gonzalo Alvarez (1983). Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint. Milan, Italy: Edizioni della Libreria dell'Automoble. ASIN B003B5M3SI. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfa Romeo 1900. Alfa Romeo 1900 Register vteAlfa RomeoA marque of StellantisBrandsMarques Active Alfa Romeo Defunct FNM Divisions, joint-ventures and subsidiariesFormer &defunct Fábrica Nacional de Motores (FNM) Alfa Romeo Avio Società Pompe Iniezione Cassani & Affini (SPICA) Società Franco Italiana Motori (Sofim) Alfa Romeo Nissan Autoveicoli S.p.A. Predecessors & old names Società Italiana Automobili Darracq (S.I.A.D.) (predecessor) Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (A.L.F.A.) (old name) Current cars 33 Stradale Giulia Junior Stelvio Tonale Future cars Castello Historic and discontinued models 24 HP 40-60HP 20-30HP G1/G2 RM RL 4C 4C Spider 6C 8C 1900 Matta Giulietta 2000 Giulietta Sprint Speciale Giulia 2600 105/115 Series Coupés GTA Gran Sport Quattroruote Spider (105/115) 1750 Berlina 33 Stradale MiTo Montreal 2000 Berlina Alfasud Alfetta Alfetta GT Sprint Nuova Giulietta Giulietta Alfa 6 Arna 33 75 90 164 SZ RZ 155 GTV Spider (916) 145 146 156 166 147 GT 159 Brera Spider (939) 8C Competizione 8C Spider Concept cars 1000 Abarth 2000 Sportiva 2uettottanta 33.2 4C Concept BAT series Bella Brera Caimano Canguro Carabo Dardo Delfino Disco Volante Disco Volante (2013) Diva Eagle Giulia Sport Gloria Iguana Issima Kamal Monospider Navajo New York Taxi Nuvola Pandion Proteo Scarabeo Scarabeo II Scighera Tipo 103 Visconti TZ3 Vivace Vola Zeta 6 Tonale Concept Buses 40A 80A 85A 110A 140A 150A 430A 500A 800A 900A 902A 950A Mille Trolleybuses 110AF 140AF 800AF 900AF Mille AF Trucks 50 80 85 110 350 430 450 500 800 900 950 Mille A15 A19 A38 F20 Racing cars Grand Prix P1 P2 P3 Tipo A Tipo B (P3) Tipo C (8C-35) Tipo 308 Tipo 312 Tipo 316 Bimotore 12C Tipo 512 158/159 Alfetta TZ/TZ2 GTA Tipo 33 177 179 182 183T 184T 185T SE 048SP 155 V6 TI Vans Romeo A11/F11 A12/F12 AR6 AR8 Motorsport Alfa Romeo in motorsport Alfa Romeo in Formula One (Results) Scuderia Ferrari Alfa Corse Autodelta N.Technology Jolly Club Alfa GTV Cup Technologies Blue&Me Selespeed Multiair Alfa Romeo engines (aircraft engines) platforms Places and facilities Alfa Romeo Museum Alfa Romeo Arese Plant Alfa Romeo Cassino Plant Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant Alfa Romeo Portello Plant Balocco People Nicola Romeo Giuseppe Merosi Vittorio Jano Enzo Ferrari Rudolf Hruska Carlo Chiti Gioacchino Colombo Wifredo Ricart Orazio Satta Puliga Giuseppe Busso Ugo Gobbato Sergio Limone Drivers Formula One drivers Tazio Nuvolari Giuseppe Campari Achille Varzi Luigi Arcangeli Clemente Biondetti Antonio Ascari Ugo Sivocci Jean-Pierre Wimille Guy Moll Gastone Brilli-Peri Baconin Borzacchini Other Alfa Romeo I Alfa Romeo II Alfa Romeo III Alfa Romeo Racing Italiano History of Alfa Romeo Category Commons vte« previous — Alfa Romeo vehicle timeline, 1950s–1970s — next » Ownership IRI Type 1950s 1960s 1970s 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Small family car Dauphine Alfasud Compact executive car Giulietta (750/101) Giulia Giulietta (116) Executive car 1750 Berlina Alfetta 2000 Berlina Alfetta 2000 1900 2000 2600 Alfa 6 Coupé Giulietta Sprint GT Junior Alfasud Sprint Giulia Sprint GT/GT Veloce Alfetta GT and GTV 1900 Sprint 2000 Sprint 2600 Sprint Cabriolet 1900 L Giulia GTC Spider Giulietta Spider Spider 2000 Spider 2600 Spider Roadster Gran Sport Quattroruote Sports car 6C 2500 Montreal 33 Stradale Racing car TZ GTA 158/159 Tipo 33 177/179 Off-road Matta LCV Romeo Romeo 2 Romeo 3 F11/F12/A11/A12 AR8	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"Orazio Satta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio_Satta_Puliga"},{"link_name":"production line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Production_line"},{"link_name":"left-hand drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conceptcarz.com-2"},{"link_name":"Paris Motor Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Motor_Show"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sportscarauction.ch-3"}],"text":"The Alfa Romeo 1900 is an automobile produced by Italian car manufacturer Alfa Romeo from 1950 until 1959. Designed by Orazio Satta, it was an important development for Alfa Romeo as the marque's first car built entirely on a production line and first production car without a separate chassis. It was also the first Alfa Romeo offered with left-hand drive.[2] The car was introduced at the 1950 Paris Motor Show.[3]","title":"Alfa Romeo 1900"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twin cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_cam"},{"link_name":"Targa Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targa_Florio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004-4"},{"link_name":"double wishbones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension"},{"link_name":"coil springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil_spring"},{"link_name":"shock absorbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"live rear axle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_axle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Alfa_Romeo_1900_S_Berlina_IMG_7241.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Festival_automobile_international_2011_-_Vente_aux_ench%C3%A8res_-_Alfa_Romeo_1900_Super_Berline_-_1954_-_005.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"coachbuilders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coachbuilder"},{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo 1900M AR51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Matta"}],"text":"The 1900 was offered in two-door or four-door models, with a new 1,884 cc (bore 82.55 mm (3.3 in), stroke 88 mm (3.5 in)), 90 hp (66 kW), four-cylinder twin cam engine. It was spacious and simple, yet quick and sporty. The slogan Alfa used when selling it was \"The family car that wins races\", not-so-subtly alluding to the car's success in the Targa Florio, Stella Alpina, and other competitions. In 1951, the short wheelbase 1900C (c for corto (Italian for short)) version was introduced. It had a wheelbase of 2,500 mm (98.4 in).[4] In the same year, the 1900 TI with a more powerful 100 hp (74 kW) engine was introduced; it had bigger valves, a higher compression ratio, and was equipped with a double carburetor. Two years later, the 1900 Super and 1900 TI Super (also 1900 Super Sprint) with 1975 cc engine were introduced (bore increased to 84.5 mm (3.3 in), stroke unchanged). The TI Super had two double carburetors and 115 hp (85 kW). Transmission was a 4-speed manual on basic versions and 5-speed manual in Super Sprint version, the brakes were drum brakes. The 1900 had independent front suspension (double wishbones, coil springs and hydraulic telescopic shock absorbers) and live rear axle. The first of the 1900 came fitted with 6.00-16 Pirelli Stella Bianca, and then in 1952 moved to the radial 165HR400 Pirelli Cinturato.1956 1900 Super1954 1900 SuperProduction at the company's Milan plant continued until 1959: a total of 21,304 were built, including 17,390 of the saloons.[5]The chassis was designed specifically to allow coachbuilders to rebody it, the most notable of which was the Zagato designed, 1900 Super Sprint coupé, with an improved engine and custom body design. The Alfa Romeo 1900M AR51 (or \"Matta\") is a four-wheel drive off-road vehicle based on the 1900-series.","title":"1900 Berlina and Sprint"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iginio Alessio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iginio_Alessio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Ponzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Ponzoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carrozzeria Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia198373-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia1983118-7"},{"link_name":"Pinin Farina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinin_Farina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia198385-8"},{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia198385-8"},{"link_name":"Bertone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Bertone"},{"link_name":"BAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_BAT"},{"link_name":"Carrozzeria Boneschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Boneschi"},{"link_name":"Rafael Trujillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia198392-9"},{"link_name":"Ghia-Aigle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghia-Aigle"},{"link_name":"Lugano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugano"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Michelotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Michelotti"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonhams-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghia-Aigle-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BATcars.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alfa Romeo BAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_BAT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rally_Monte_Carlo_passeren_Amsterdam,_Bestanddeelnr_906-2535.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewrc-results.com-12"}],"text":"Iginio Alessio, then general manager of Alfa Romeo, was concerned for the viability of the independent Italian Coachbuilding industry–the advent of the unibody chassis design was threatening to put the carrozzerie out of business. Alessio was also a personal friend of Gaetano Ponzoni co-owner of Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera,[6] thus from 1951 to 1958 Alfa Romeo built five different variations of the 1900 unibody chassis specifically for independent coachbuilders.[7]Alfa Romeo gave official contracts to Touring to build the sporty 1900 Sprint Coupé and to Pinin Farina to build an elegant four seat Cabriolet and Coupé. The availability of a suitable chassis led to many other coachbuilders to build versions of the 1900.[8]Carrozzeria Zagato built a small series of coupés with the unofficial designation of 1900 SSZ, designed for racing with an aerodynamic lightweight aluminium body and Zagato's trademark double bubble roof.[8]One-off specials were numerous, from the famous Bertone BAT series of aerodynamic studies, to an infamous sci-fi like Astral spider designed by Carrozzeria Boneschi for Rafael Trujillo the dictator of the Dominican Republic.[9] There was a Barchetta or \"Boat Car\" made by Ghia-Aigle in Lugano Switzerland designed by Giovanni Michelotti at the request of a wealthy Italian who had two passions: Riva boats and his mistress; the car has no doors or windscreen wipers.[10][11]The Alfa Romeo BAT concept cars, all based on Alfa Romeo 1900 chassisEntry #74 at the 1954 Rallye Monte Carlo was a Simca Aronde (French license \"48 45 BP 75\") entered by De Kluguenau and Mathieu. Entry #24 (in the right) is an Alfa Romeo 1900 entered by Georges Houel and Quinlin Julio, finished 10th.[12]Below is a list of coachbuilt Alfa Romeo 1900s.","title":"Coachbuilt versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arese_Museo_Storico_Alfa_Romeo_1954_1900_Sport_Spider_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museo Alfa Romeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Alfa_Romeo"},{"link_name":"C52 Disco Volante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_Disco_Volante"},{"link_name":"Franco Scaglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Scaglione"},{"link_name":"2000 Sportiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfa_Romeo_2000_Sportiva"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autoweek.com-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_2000_Sportiva_Goodwood.jpg"}],"sub_title":"1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sport Spider","text":"1900 Sport Spider at the Museo Alfa RomeoIn 1954, Alfa Romeo made two spiders and two coupés using similar chassis as the C52 Disco Volante. In Bertone, Franco Scaglione penned two unique aluminium bodies, a coupé and a spider. The coupé was known as 2000 Sportiva. It weighs 2,000 pounds (907 kg) and has 138 horsepower (103 kW). The acceleration is on par with most contemporary exotics[citation needed] and top speed is around 137 mph (220 km/h).[32]Alfa Romeo 2000 Sportiva Goodwood","title":"Coachbuilt versions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Industrias Kaiser Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrias_Kaiser_Argentina"},{"link_name":"IKA Bergantín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IKA_Bergant%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKA_Bergant%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Willys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys"},{"link_name":"Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Motors_Company"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blogs.consumeraffairs.com/alfa_news-37"}],"text":"Between March 1960 and February 1962 Industrias Kaiser Argentina produced a car named IKA Bergantín [es]. The body and suspension was from the 1900 Berlina while the drivetrains came from Willys; a 2.5 L (151 cu in) inline-four was fitted to most examples, while the Continental 3.7 L (226.2 cu in) inline-six equipped the Bergantín Super 6.[37] Maximum power is 77 hp (57 kW) and 115 hp (86 kW), respectively. Nearly 5,000 examples were built, of which only 353 were fitted with the six-cylinder engine which was introduced in May 1961. The Bergantín was available in estándar (standard), de Lujo (de Luxe), Super 6, or taxi trim levels.","title":"IKA Bergantín"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_1900_C_Super_Sprint_Touring_(1954)_Classic-Gala_2021_1X7A0157.jpg"},{"link_name":"Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Alfa_Romeo_1900_C_Super_Sprint_Touring,_front_right_(Greenwich_2023).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_1900_SS_Ghia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_1900_CSS_GTS_6_green_v_TCE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zagato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlfaRomeo1900SSZagato1956.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:55_Alfa_Ghia_modified.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1952_Alfa_Romeo_1900C_Berlinetta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Touring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozzeria_Touring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_Romeo_1900_L_(1952).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfa_romeo_de_collection_au_col_du_petit_saint_bernard_aout_2011_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1955_Alfa_Romeo_1900C_SS_Cabriolet_La_Fleche_Vignale_by_Michelotti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1956_Alfa_Romeo_1900_C_Super_Sprint_engine_(Greenwich_2023).jpg"}],"text":"1900 C Sprint Touring (1951; first series)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900 C Super Sprint Touring (1954; second series)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900C Super Sprint Touring (1956; third series)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900 SS Ghia (1954)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900 CSS Zagato\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900 SS Zagato\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGhia Speciale 1900 CSS\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900C Berlinetta Touring Superleggera (1952)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900 L Victoria Cabriolet 1952 Stabilimenti Farina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900 Sprint Cabriolet Pinin Farina (1953)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1900C SS Cabriolet La Fleche Vignale\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe later, 1975 cc (tipo 1308) engine in a 1900 C SS","title":"Gallery of models"}]	[{"image_text":"The Alfa Romeo BAT concept cars, all based on Alfa Romeo 1900 chassis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/BATcars.jpg/220px-BATcars.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entry #74 at the 1954 Rallye Monte Carlo was a Simca Aronde (French license \"48 45 BP 75\") entered by De Kluguenau and Mathieu. Entry #24 (in the right) is an Alfa Romeo 1900 entered by Georges Houel and Quinlin Julio, finished 10th.[12]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rally_Monte_Carlo_passeren_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-2535.jpg/220px-Rally_Monte_Carlo_passeren_Amsterdam%2C_Bestanddeelnr_906-2535.jpg"},{"image_text":"1900 Sport Spider at the Museo Alfa Romeo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Arese_Museo_Storico_Alfa_Romeo_1954_1900_Sport_Spider_4.jpg/220px-Arese_Museo_Storico_Alfa_Romeo_1954_1900_Sport_Spider_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alfa Romeo 2000 Sportiva Goodwood","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Alfa_Romeo_2000_Sportiva_Goodwood.jpg/220px-Alfa_Romeo_2000_Sportiva_Goodwood.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Les belles Nessonvautoises\". motocollection.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2008-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120601/http://www.motocollection.com/ansp-LBN.htm","url_text":"\"Les belles Nessonvautoises\""},{"url":"http://www.motocollection.com/ansp-LBN.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1955 Alfa Romeo 1900 CSS\". Conceptcarz. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023533/https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z14034/Alfa-Romeo-1900-CSS.aspx","url_text":"\"1955 Alfa Romeo 1900 CSS\""},{"url":"http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z14034/Alfa-Romeo-1900-CSS.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alfa Romeo 1900 C Super Sprint 1956\". sportscarauction.ch. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2008-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003019/http://www.sportscarauction.ch/index.php?content=item&type=car&item=7","url_text":"\"Alfa Romeo 1900 C Super Sprint 1956\""},{"url":"http://www.sportscarauction.ch/index.php?content=item&type=car&item=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint\". sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004. Archived from the original on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2008-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108095728/http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004/June/Alfa%20Romeo/","url_text":"\"1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint\""},{"url":"http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004/June/Alfa%20Romeo/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walz, Jörg (2002), Alfa Romeo Typenhandbuch, Alle Modelle von 1910 bis heute (in German), Heel, ISBN 978-3898801140","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3898801140","url_text":"978-3898801140"}]},{"reference":"\"Boat Car\". bonhams.com. Retrieved 2012-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17043/lot/137/","url_text":"\"Boat Car\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfa Romeo Spider 1900 SS Ghia-Aigle 1956\". stubs-auto.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2012-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507043540/http://stubs-auto.fr/one-off/alfa-romeo-spider-1900-ss-ghia-aigle-1956/","url_text":"\"Alfa Romeo Spider 1900 SS Ghia-Aigle 1956\""},{"url":"http://stubs-auto.fr/one-off/alfa-romeo-spider-1900-ss-ghia-aigle-1956/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Keith. \"Double bubble, no trouble\". classicandperformancecar.com. Dennis Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606052626/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/271285/driven_alfa_romeo_1900ssz.html","url_text":"\"Double bubble, no trouble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Publishing_Limited","url_text":"Dennis Publishing Limited"},{"url":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/271285/driven_alfa_romeo_1900ssz.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1953 Alfa Romeo 1900 Corto Gara Stradale by Carrozzeria Touring\". rmauctions.com. Retrieved 2013-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rmauctions.com/lots/lot.cfm?lot_id=1049718","url_text":"\"1953 Alfa Romeo 1900 Corto Gara Stradale by Carrozzeria Touring\""}]},{"reference":"Melissen, Wouter. \"Alfa Romeo 1900 TI Pinin Farina Coupe\". ultimatecarpage.com. 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ASIN B003B5M3SI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003B5M3SI","url_text":"B003B5M3SI"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714120601/http://www.motocollection.com/ansp-LBN.htm","external_links_name":"\"Les belles Nessonvautoises\""},{"Link":"http://www.motocollection.com/ansp-LBN.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170630023533/https://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z14034/Alfa-Romeo-1900-CSS.aspx","external_links_name":"\"1955 Alfa Romeo 1900 CSS\""},{"Link":"http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z14034/Alfa-Romeo-1900-CSS.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707003019/http://www.sportscarauction.ch/index.php?content=item&type=car&item=7","external_links_name":"\"Alfa Romeo 1900 C Super Sprint 1956\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportscarauction.ch/index.php?content=item&type=car&item=7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090108095728/http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004/June/Alfa%20Romeo/","external_links_name":"\"1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Sprint\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportscarmarket.com/Profiles/2004/June/Alfa%20Romeo/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/17043/lot/137/","external_links_name":"\"Boat Car\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130507043540/http://stubs-auto.fr/one-off/alfa-romeo-spider-1900-ss-ghia-aigle-1956/","external_links_name":"\"Alfa Romeo Spider 1900 SS Ghia-Aigle 1956\""},{"Link":"http://stubs-auto.fr/one-off/alfa-romeo-spider-1900-ss-ghia-aigle-1956/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ewrc-results.com/final/14930-rallye-automobile-de-monte-carlo-1954/","external_links_name":"Final results Rallye Automobile de Monte-Carlo 1954"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606052626/http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/271285/driven_alfa_romeo_1900ssz.html","external_links_name":"\"Double bubble, no trouble\""},{"Link":"http://www.classicandperformancecar.com/features/octane_features/271285/driven_alfa_romeo_1900ssz.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rmauctions.com/lots/lot.cfm?lot_id=1049718","external_links_name":"\"1953 Alfa Romeo 1900 Corto Gara Stradale by Carrozzeria Touring\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultimatecarpage.com/car/3308/Alfa-Romeo-1900-TI-Pinin-Farina-Coupe.html","external_links_name":"\"Alfa Romeo 1900 TI Pinin Farina Coupe\""},{"Link":"http://www.alfabb.com/bb/forums/1900-2000-2600-1950-1968/7326-alfa-romeo-1900-boneschi-convertible.html","external_links_name":"\"Alfa Bulletin Board\""},{"Link":"http://www.imcdb.org/vehicle_475603-Alfa-Romeo-1900-Cabriolet-1954.html","external_links_name":"\"1954 Alfa Romeo 1900 Cabriolet Pinin Farina\""},{"Link":"http://www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z8995/Alfa-Romeo-1900.aspx","external_links_name":"\"1953 Alfa Romeo 1900\""},{"Link":"http://www.supercars.net/cars/2180.html","external_links_name":"\"1954–1955 Alfa Romeo 1900C Ghia Special\""},{"Link":"https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/carrozzeria-caressed-factory-fettled-1954-alfa-romeo-1900-css-ghia-speciale","external_links_name":"\"Carrozzeria Caressed, Factory Fettled - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Neighbourhood_Tour	Blue Neighbourhood Tour	["1 Background","2 Set list","3 Tour dates","4 References","5 External links"]	2016 concert tour by Troye Sivan Blue Neighbourhood TourTour by Troye SivanPromotional poster for tourAssociated albumBlue NeighbourhoodStart date3 February 2016 (2016-02-03)End date24 September 2016 (2016-09-24)Legs5No. of shows 35 in North America 22 in Europe 2 in Asia 10 in Oceania 69 total Troye Sivan concert chronology Troye Sivan Live (2015) Blue Neighbourhood Tour (2016) Suburbia Tour (2016) The Blue Neighbourhood Tour was the second concert tour by Australian recording artist Troye Sivan, in support of his debut studio album Blue Neighbourhood (2015). Background On 23 November 2015, two weeks before the release of Sivan's debut album, Blue Neighbourhood (2015), the tour was announced by Sivan while he was in Paris on his debut tour Troye Sivan Live. Shows in North America were announced, while tour dates in Europe were added two weeks later. In December 2015, it was announced that Allie X, LANY and Shamir would serve as supporting opening acts for select dates on the North American leg of the tour. Set list This set list is representative of the show on 3 February 2016, in Vancouver. It does not represent all dates throughout the tour. "Bite" "for him." "Fools" "Heaven" "Suburbia" "Cool" "Too Good" "Wild" "Love Yourself" "Happy Little Pill" "Ease" "DKLA" "Talk Me Down" "Lost Boy" "Youth" Tour dates List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening acts Attendance Revenue North America 3 February 2016 Vancouver Canada Vogue Theatre Allie X — — 4 February 2016 Seattle United States Showbox SoDo 6 February 2016 Portland Roseland Theater 8 February 2016 Oakland Fox Oakland Theatre 2,800 / 2,800 $73,500 11 February 2016 Los Angeles Belasco Theatre 2,593 / 2,925 $58,343 12 February 2016 16 February 2016 Denver Ogden Theatre LANY — — 19 February 2016 Minneapolis First Avenue 20 February 2016 Milwaukee Rave Nightclub 22 February 2016 Chicago House of Blues 23 February 2016 24 February 2016 Royal Oak Royal Oak Music Theatre 2,000 / 2,000 $50,469 29 February 2016 Boston House of Blues 2,426 / 2,509 $63,676 1 March 2016 New York City Webster Hall — — 2 March 2016 4 March 2016 Philadelphia The Fillmore Philadelphia 7 March 2016 Washington, D.C. 9:30 Club Shamir 2,400 / 2,400 $63,000 8 March 2016 10 March 2016 Atlanta Variety Playhouse — — 12 March 2016 Lake Buena Vista House of Blues 13 March 2016 Miami Beach The Fillmore Miami Beach 16 March 2016 Dallas House of Blues 17 March 2016 Houston Europe 15 April 2016 Dublin Ireland Olympia Theatre Astrid S — — 16 April 2016 Glasgow Scotland Qudos 18 April 2016 Manchester England Manchester Academy 2 19 April 2016 London O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire 21 April 2016 23 April 2016 Birmingham O2 Institute 2 25 April 2016 Antwerp Belgium Trix 26 April 2016 Paris France La Cigale 29 April 2016 Madrid Spain Teatro Barcelo 2 May 2016 Milan Italy Discoteca Alcatraz 3 May 2016 Zürich Switzerland Plaza 5 May 2016 Munich Germany Backstage Werk 1,200 / 1,200 $27,579 7 May 2016 Vienna Austria Ottakringer Brauerei — — 9 May 2016 Cologne Germany Live Music Hall 1,501 / 1,501 $34,231 10 May 2016 Amsterdam Netherlands Paradiso — — 13 May 2016 Hamburg Germany Docks 1,500 / 1,500 $34,217 15 May 2016 Berlin Huxleys Neue Welt 1,600 / 1,600 $36,170 17 May 2016 Copenhagen Denmark Vega Musikkens Hus — — North America 10 June 2016 West Windsor Township United States Mercer County Park Festival Grounds — — — 11 June 2016 Wantagh Nikon at Jones Beach Theater 12 June 2016 Scranton The Pavilion 15 June 2016 Hershey Giant Center 17 June 2016 Rochester Frontier Field 18 June 2016 Mansfield Xfinity Center 19 June 2016 Buffalo Canalside 21 June 2016 Scottsdale Livewire 23 June 2016 Fort Wayne USF Performing Arts Center 24 June 2016 Indianapolis Indiana Farmers Coliseum 25 June 2016 Sterling Heights Freedom Hill Amphitheatre Asia 23 July 2016 Icheon South Korea Jisan Valley Ski Resort — — — 24 July 2016 Yuzawa Japan Naeba Ski Resort Oceania 28 July 2016 Christchurch New Zealand Horncastle Arena Tigertown — — 30 July 2016 Auckland Auckland Town Hall 31 July 2016 3 August 2016 Sydney Australia Hordern Pavilion Nicole MillarTyde Levi 5,382 / 5,382 $182,175 4 August 2016 Canberra UC Refectory — — 6 August 2016 Brisbane Riverstage — — 7 August 2016 Wollongong Great Hall — — 9 August 2016 Melbourne Margaret Court Arena — — 11 August 2016 Adelaide Adelaide Entertainment Centre — — 13 August 2016 Perth HBF Stadium — — Europe 20 August 2016 Chelmsford England Hylands Park — — — 21 August 2016 Staffordshire Weston Park 7 September 2016 Oslo Norway Sentrum Scene Astrid S 9 September 2016 Stockholm Sweden Gröna Lund North America 24 September 2016 Las Vegas United States MGM Resorts Village — — — Total — — Festivals and other miscellaneous performances A Summer Bash B BLI Summer Jam C KRZ Summer Smash D Trendfest E 98 PXY Summer Jam F Kiss Concert G Kiss the Summer Hello H SSIK Show I HOT 107.9 Summer Jam J 99.5 WZPL Birthday Bash K AMP Live L Jisan Valley Rock Festival M Fuji Rock Festival N V Festival O iHeartRadio Music Festival Cancellations and rescheduled shows 26 February 2016 Toronto, Canada Danforth Music Hall Cancelled 27 February 2016 Montreal, Canada Corona Theatre Cancelled References ^ Troye Sivan announces North American 'Blue Neighbourhood' tour ^ a b Benjamin, Jeff (29 December 2015). "TROYE SIVAN SNAGS SHAMIR, ALLIE X & LANY FOR 2016 TOUR". Fuse. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ Ranford, Cassady (4 February 2016). "Concert review: Troye Sivan smashes the first stop of his tour in Vancouver". Vancity Buzz. Buzz Connected Media Inc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016. ^ a b c "Troye Sivan \| Blue Neighbourhood Tour". Troye Sivan Official Website. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ Sources for box office data in North America: "Current Boxscore". Billboard. Vol. 128. New York. 5 March 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016. "Current Boxscore". Billboard. Vol. 128, no. 2. New York. 2 April 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016. ^ "AUS/NZ". Troye Sivan Official Website. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016. ^ Rich, Lisa (8 June 2016). "Backbeat: 94.5 PST's Summer Bash slated for June 10". NJ.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Gamboa, Glenn (8 June 2016). "Melanie Martinez, The Chainsmokers, more to perform at BLI Summer Jam". Newsday. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "Concert Listings: June 8 to 14, 2016". Weekender. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Janci, Jenelle (15 March 2016). "Charlie Puth, Troye Sivan and more coming to Hershey". Lancaster Online. LNP Media Group. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Herbert, Geoff (6 April 2016). "Iggy Azalea, Charlie Puth, Shaggy to perform at Summer Jam concert in Rochester". The Post-Standard. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Smith, Steve (10 June 2016). "The ticket: Pop music". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Ruberto, Toni (31 March 2016). "Kiss the Summer Hello lineup announced". The Buffalo News. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Lindquist, David (6 April 2016). "Iggy Azalea will headline 99.5 WZPL 'Birthday Bash'". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Podell, auren (22 May 2016). "DTE 2016 summer concert series announced; venue gets upgrades". WDIV-TV. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ a b "Slot Machine is thrilled to perform at three massive music festivals this year". BEC-TERO. 3 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ "V Festival 2016 Line-Up: Justin Bieber & Rihanna Headline - Plus HUGE Dance Arena Acts Announced!". Capital. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ Stutz, Colin (7 April 2016). "Panic! at the Disco, Troye Sivan & More Playing iHeartRadio Music Festival's Daytime Village: See the Lineup". Billboard. Retrieved 14 June 2016. ^ a b Saveriano, Marco (25 February 2016). "BREAKING: Troye Sivan Postpones Montreal and Toronto Tour Dates". Confront Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) External links Troye Sivan official website vteTroye Sivan Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Blue Neighbourhood Bloom Something to Give Each Other Extended plays TRXYE Wild In a Dream Singles "Happy Little Pill" "Wild" "Youth" "Talk Me Down" "Heaven" "There for You" "My My My!" "The Good Side" "Strawberries & Cigarettes" "Bloom" "Dance to This" "Animal" "1999" "Revelation" "Somebody to Love" "I'm So Tired..." "Take Yourself Home" "Easy" "You" "Could Cry Just Thinkin About You" "Angel Baby" "You Know What I Need" "Rush" "Got Me Started" "One of Your Girls" "Honey" Featured singles "Papercut" "2099" "Love Me Wrong" Concert tours Troye Sivan Live Blue Neighbourhood Tour The Bloom Tour Something to Give Each Other Tour Sweat (with Charli XCX) vteAllie XDiscographyStudio albums CollXtion II Cape God Girl with No Face Extended plays CollXtion I Super Sunset Singles "Catch" "Love Me Wrong" Tours Blue Neighbourhood Tour Charli Live Tour vteShamirStudio albums Ratchet Hope Revelations Shamir Heterosexuality EPs Northtown Singles "On the Regular" Related articles Blue Neighbourhood Tour	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troye Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Blue Neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Neighbourhood"}],"text":"The Blue Neighbourhood Tour was the second concert tour by Australian recording artist Troye Sivan, in support of his debut studio album Blue Neighbourhood (2015).","title":"Blue Neighbourhood Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue Neighbourhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Neighbourhood"},{"link_name":"Troye Sivan Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan_Live"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Allie X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_X"},{"link_name":"LANY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANY"},{"link_name":"Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opening_Acts-2"}],"text":"On 23 November 2015, two weeks before the release of Sivan's debut album, Blue Neighbourhood (2015), the tour was announced by Sivan while he was in Paris on his debut tour Troye Sivan Live. Shows in North America were announced, while tour dates in Europe were added two weeks later.[1] In December 2015, it was announced that Allie X, LANY and Shamir would serve as supporting opening acts for select dates on the North American leg of the tour.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_(Troye_Sivan_song)"},{"link_name":"Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_(Troye_Sivan_song)"},{"link_name":"Love Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Yourself"},{"link_name":"Happy Little Pill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Little_Pill"},{"link_name":"Talk Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_Me_Down"},{"link_name":"Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_(Troye_Sivan_song)"}],"text":"This set list is representative of the show on 3 February 2016, in Vancouver. It does not represent all dates throughout the tour.[3]\"Bite\"\n\"for him.\"\n\"Fools\"\n\"Heaven\"\n\"Suburbia\"\n\"Cool\"\n\"Too Good\"\n\"Wild\"\n\"Love Yourself\"\n\"Happy Little Pill\"\n\"Ease\"\n\"DKLA\"\n\"Talk Me Down\"\n\"Lost Boy\"\n\"Youth\"","title":"Set list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_SUMA"},{"link_name":"Summer Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPST"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_SUJB"},{"link_name":"BLI Summer Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBLI"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_SMAC"},{"link_name":"KRZ Summer Smash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKRZ"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_TRED"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_PXYE"},{"link_name":"98 PXY Summer Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXY-FM"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_KISF"},{"link_name":"Kiss Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXKS-FM"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_KSHG"},{"link_name":"Kiss the Summer Hello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKSE"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_SIKH"},{"link_name":"SSIK Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZZP"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_JAMI"},{"link_name":"HOT 107.9 Summer Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJFX"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_ZPLJ"},{"link_name":"99.5 WZPL Birthday Bash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZPL"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_AMPK"},{"link_name":"AMP Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDZH"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_JVFL"},{"link_name":"Jisan Valley Rock Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisan_Valley_Rock_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asia-16"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_FRFM"},{"link_name":"Fuji Rock Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_Rock_Festival"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asia-16"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_VFSN"},{"link_name":"V Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Festival"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_IHRO"},{"link_name":"iHeartRadio Music Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartRadio_Music_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Festivals and other miscellaneous performances\nA Summer Bash[7]\nB BLI Summer Jam[8]\nC KRZ Summer Smash[9]\nD Trendfest[10]\nE 98 PXY Summer Jam[11]\nF Kiss Concert[12]\nG Kiss the Summer Hello[13]\nH SSIK Show[citation needed]\nI HOT 107.9 Summer Jam\nJ 99.5 WZPL Birthday Bash[14]\nK AMP Live[15]\nL Jisan Valley Rock Festival[16]\nM Fuji Rock Festival[16]\nN V Festival[17]\nO iHeartRadio Music Festival[18]Cancellations and rescheduled shows","title":"Tour dates"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Benjamin, Jeff (29 December 2015). \"TROYE SIVAN SNAGS SHAMIR, ALLIE X & LANY FOR 2016 TOUR\". Fuse. Retrieved 30 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fuse.tv/2015/12/troye-sivan-american-tour-2016-shamir-allie-x-lany","url_text":"\"TROYE SIVAN SNAGS SHAMIR, ALLIE X & LANY FOR 2016 TOUR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)","url_text":"Fuse"}]},{"reference":"Ranford, Cassady (4 February 2016). \"Concert review: Troye Sivan smashes the first stop of his tour in Vancouver\". Vancity Buzz. Buzz Connected Media Inc. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160812151031/http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2016/02/concert-review-troye-sivan-smashes-first-stop-tour-vancouver/","url_text":"\"Concert review: Troye Sivan smashes the first stop of his tour in Vancouver\""},{"url":"http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2016/02/concert-review-troye-sivan-smashes-first-stop-tour-vancouver/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Troye Sivan \| Blue Neighbourhood Tour\". Troye Sivan Official Website. Archived from the original on 30 December 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151230003915/http://www.troyesivan.com/tour","url_text":"\"Troye Sivan \| Blue Neighbourhood Tour\""},{"url":"http://troyesivan.com/tour","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Vol. 128. New York. 5 March 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6fZ3TyerV?url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"\"Current Boxscore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Current Boxscore\". Billboard. Vol. 128, no. 2. New York. 2 April 2016. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6fWV9lhQx?url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"\"Current Boxscore\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AUS/NZ\". Troye Sivan Official Website. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420113943/http://www.troyesivan.com/tour/nzaus","url_text":"\"AUS/NZ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troye_Sivan","url_text":"Troye Sivan"},{"url":"http://www.troyesivan.com/tour/nzaus","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rich, Lisa (8 June 2016). \"Backbeat: 94.5 PST's Summer Bash slated for June 10\". NJ.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/times-entertainment/index.ssf/2016/06/backbeat_945_psts_summer_bash.html","url_text":"\"Backbeat: 94.5 PST's Summer Bash slated for June 10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ.com","url_text":"NJ.com"}]},{"reference":"Gamboa, Glenn (8 June 2016). \"Melanie Martinez, The Chainsmokers, more to perform at BLI Summer Jam\". Newsday. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/melanie-martinez-the-chainsmokers-more-to-perform-at-bli-summer-jam-1.11892435","url_text":"\"Melanie Martinez, The Chainsmokers, more to perform at BLI Summer Jam\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"\"Concert Listings: June 8 to 14, 2016\". Weekender. 7 June 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://theweekender.com/wk_listings/concertlistings/18130/concert-listings-june-8-to-14-2016","url_text":"\"Concert Listings: June 8 to 14, 2016\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekender_(Northeastern_Pennsylvania_weekly)","url_text":"Weekender"}]},{"reference":"Janci, Jenelle (15 March 2016). \"Charlie Puth, Troye Sivan and more coming to Hershey\". Lancaster Online. LNP Media Group. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lancasteronline.com/features/entertainment/charlie-puth-troye-sivan-and-more-coming-to-hershey/article_80efc046-eabb-11e5-8b4f-87cbeac07094.html","url_text":"\"Charlie Puth, Troye Sivan and more coming to Hershey\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNP_Media_Group","url_text":"LNP Media Group"}]},{"reference":"Herbert, Geoff (6 April 2016). \"Iggy Azalea, Charlie Puth, Shaggy to perform at Summer Jam concert in Rochester\". The Post-Standard. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/04/98pxy_summer_jam_concert_rochester_iggy_azalea.html","url_text":"\"Iggy Azalea, Charlie Puth, Shaggy to perform at Summer Jam concert in Rochester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Standard","url_text":"The Post-Standard"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Steve (10 June 2016). \"The ticket: Pop music\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2016/06/09/the-ticket-pop-music/6IbR9Vb0djrdpyJ3kPktEN/story.html","url_text":"\"The ticket: Pop music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Ruberto, Toni (31 March 2016). \"Kiss the Summer Hello lineup announced\". The Buffalo News. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://buffalo.com/2016/03/31/featured/kiss-summer-hello-lineup-announced/","url_text":"\"Kiss the Summer Hello lineup announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buffalo_News","url_text":"The Buffalo News"}]},{"reference":"Lindquist, David (6 April 2016). \"Iggy Azalea will headline 99.5 WZPL 'Birthday Bash'\". The Indianapolis Star. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/music/2016/04/06/iggy-azalea-puth-posner-troye-sivan-smiley-wzpl-indianapolis-coliseum/82716850/","url_text":"\"Iggy Azalea will headline 99.5 WZPL 'Birthday Bash'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star","url_text":"The Indianapolis Star"}]},{"reference":"Podell, auren (22 May 2016). \"DTE 2016 summer concert series announced; venue gets upgrades\". WDIV-TV. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clickondetroit.com/entertainment/dte-2016-summer-concert-series-announced-venue-gets-upgrades","url_text":"\"DTE 2016 summer concert series announced; venue gets upgrades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDIV-TV","url_text":"WDIV-TV"}]},{"reference":"\"Slot Machine is thrilled to perform at three massive music festivals this year\". BEC-TERO. 3 May 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bectero.com/slotmachine.band/media-detail.php?news_id=3698","url_text":"\"Slot Machine is thrilled to perform at three massive music festivals this year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEC-TERO","url_text":"BEC-TERO"}]},{"reference":"\"V Festival 2016 Line-Up: Justin Bieber & Rihanna Headline - Plus HUGE Dance Arena Acts Announced!\". Capital. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalfm.com/events/v-festival/news/line-up-2016-performers/","url_text":"\"V Festival 2016 Line-Up: Justin Bieber & Rihanna Headline - Plus HUGE Dance Arena Acts Announced!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)","url_text":"Capital"}]},{"reference":"Stutz, Colin (7 April 2016). \"Panic! at the Disco, Troye Sivan & More Playing iHeartRadio Music Festival's Daytime Village: See the Lineup\". Billboard. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/music-festivals/7325481/panic-disco-troye-sivan-iheartradio-music-festival-daytime-village-lineup","url_text":"\"Panic! at the Disco, Troye Sivan & More Playing iHeartRadio Music Festival's Daytime Village: See the Lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Saveriano, Marco (25 February 2016). \"BREAKING: Troye Sivan Postpones Montreal and Toronto Tour Dates\". Confront Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310031112/http://www.confrontmagazine.com/2016/02/breaking-troye-sivan-postpones-montreal-and-toronto-tour-dates/","url_text":"\"BREAKING: Troye Sivan Postpones Montreal and Toronto Tour Dates\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dailydot.com/entertainment/troye-sivan-tour-dates-2016-spring/","external_links_name":"Troye Sivan announces North American 'Blue Neighbourhood' tour"},{"Link":"http://www.fuse.tv/2015/12/troye-sivan-american-tour-2016-shamir-allie-x-lany","external_links_name":"\"TROYE SIVAN SNAGS SHAMIR, ALLIE X & LANY FOR 2016 TOUR\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160812151031/http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2016/02/concert-review-troye-sivan-smashes-first-stop-tour-vancouver/","external_links_name":"\"Concert review: Troye Sivan smashes the first stop of his tour in Vancouver\""},{"Link":"http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2016/02/concert-review-troye-sivan-smashes-first-stop-tour-vancouver/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151230003915/http://www.troyesivan.com/tour","external_links_name":"\"Troye Sivan \| Blue Neighbourhood Tour\""},{"Link":"http://troyesivan.com/tour","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6fZ3TyerV?url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","external_links_name":"\"Current Boxscore\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.webcitation.org/6fWV9lhQx?url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","external_links_name":"\"Current Boxscore\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","external_links_name":"0006-2510"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/current-boxscore","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160420113943/http://www.troyesivan.com/tour/nzaus","external_links_name":"\"AUS/NZ\""},{"Link":"http://www.troyesivan.com/tour/nzaus","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/times-entertainment/index.ssf/2016/06/backbeat_945_psts_summer_bash.html","external_links_name":"\"Backbeat: 94.5 PST's Summer Bash slated for June 10\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/melanie-martinez-the-chainsmokers-more-to-perform-at-bli-summer-jam-1.11892435","external_links_name":"\"Melanie Martinez, The Chainsmokers, more to perform at BLI Summer Jam\""},{"Link":"http://theweekender.com/wk_listings/concertlistings/18130/concert-listings-june-8-to-14-2016","external_links_name":"\"Concert Listings: June 8 to 14, 2016\""},{"Link":"http://lancasteronline.com/features/entertainment/charlie-puth-troye-sivan-and-more-coming-to-hershey/article_80efc046-eabb-11e5-8b4f-87cbeac07094.html","external_links_name":"\"Charlie Puth, Troye Sivan and more coming to Hershey\""},{"Link":"http://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/04/98pxy_summer_jam_concert_rochester_iggy_azalea.html","external_links_name":"\"Iggy Azalea, Charlie Puth, Shaggy to perform at Summer Jam concert in Rochester\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2016/06/09/the-ticket-pop-music/6IbR9Vb0djrdpyJ3kPktEN/story.html","external_links_name":"\"The ticket: Pop music\""},{"Link":"http://buffalo.com/2016/03/31/featured/kiss-summer-hello-lineup-announced/","external_links_name":"\"Kiss the Summer Hello lineup announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/music/2016/04/06/iggy-azalea-puth-posner-troye-sivan-smiley-wzpl-indianapolis-coliseum/82716850/","external_links_name":"\"Iggy Azalea will headline 99.5 WZPL 'Birthday Bash'\""},{"Link":"http://www.clickondetroit.com/entertainment/dte-2016-summer-concert-series-announced-venue-gets-upgrades","external_links_name":"\"DTE 2016 summer concert series announced; venue gets upgrades\""},{"Link":"http://www.bectero.com/slotmachine.band/media-detail.php?news_id=3698","external_links_name":"\"Slot Machine is thrilled to perform at three massive music festivals this year\""},{"Link":"http://www.capitalfm.com/events/v-festival/news/line-up-2016-performers/","external_links_name":"\"V Festival 2016 Line-Up: Justin Bieber & Rihanna Headline - Plus HUGE Dance Arena Acts Announced!\""},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/music-festivals/7325481/panic-disco-troye-sivan-iheartradio-music-festival-daytime-village-lineup","external_links_name":"\"Panic! at the Disco, Troye Sivan & More Playing iHeartRadio Music Festival's Daytime Village: See the Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310031112/http://www.confrontmagazine.com/2016/02/breaking-troye-sivan-postpones-montreal-and-toronto-tour-dates/","external_links_name":"\"BREAKING: Troye Sivan Postpones Montreal and Toronto Tour Dates\""},{"Link":"http://troyesivan.com/","external_links_name":"Troye Sivan official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Pivo%C5%88ka	Michal Pivoňka	["1 Career statistics","1.1 Regular season and playoffs","1.2 International","2 Awards and honors","3 References","4 External links"]	Czech ice hockey player Ice hockey player Michal PivoňkaBorn (1966-01-28) 28 January 1966 (age 58)Kladno, CzechoslovakiaHeight 6 ft 2 in (188 cm)Weight 198 lb (90 kg; 14 st 2 lb)Position CentreShot LeftPlayed for HC Dukla JihlavaWashington CapitalsKlagenfurter ACNational team CzechoslovakiaNHL draft 59th overall, 1984Washington CapitalsPlaying career 1984–2000 Michal Pivoňka (born 28 January 1966) is a Czech former National Hockey League player. He played his entire NHL career with the Washington Capitals. Selected by the Capitals in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft, Pivonka defected to the United States during the summer of 1986. Since Eastern Europe was still under the Iron Curtain, it was still difficult for younger hockey players from the Eastern Bloc to play in the NHL. During his NHL career, Pivonka played in 825 games, scored 181 goals and had 418 assists for a total of 599 points, twice leading the Capitals in scoring; 1991–92 (23G, 57A, 80P) and 1995–96 (16G, 65A, 81P). Pivonka last played in the NHL during the 1998-99 season, before finally retiring from hockey in 2000 after several injury-filled seasons. He has the third most assists in Capitals history with 418, trailing only Nicklas Backstrom and Alexander Ovechkin. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1983–84 Poldi SONP Kladno CZE II 34 15 13 28 19 — — — — — 1984–85 ASD Dukla Jihlava TCH 33 8 11 19 18 — — — — — 1985–86 ASD Dukla Jihlava TCH 42 5 13 18 18 — — — — — 1986–87 Washington Capitals NHL 73 18 25 43 41 7 1 1 2 2 1987–88 Washington Capitals NHL 71 11 23 34 28 14 4 9 13 4 1988–89 Baltimore Skipjacks AHL 31 12 24 36 19 — — — — — 1988–89 Washington Capitals NHL 52 8 19 27 30 6 3 1 4 10 1989–90 Washington Capitals NHL 77 25 39 64 54 11 0 2 2 6 1990–91 Washington Capitals NHL 79 20 50 70 34 11 2 3 5 8 1991–92 Washington Capitals NHL 80 23 57 80 47 7 1 5 6 13 1992–93 Washington Capitals NHL 69 23 51 74 66 6 0 2 2 0 1993–94 Washington Capitals NHL 82 14 36 50 38 7 4 4 8 4 1994–95 EC KAC AUT 7 2 4 6 4 — — — — — 1994–95 Washington Capitals NHL 46 10 23 33 50 7 1 4 5 21 1995–96 Detroit Vipers IHL 7 1 9 10 19 — — — — — 1995–96 Washington Capitals NHL 73 16 65 81 36 6 3 2 5 18 1996–97 Washington Capitals NHL 54 7 16 23 22 — — — — — 1997–98 Washington Capitals NHL 33 3 6 9 20 13 0 3 3 0 1998–99 Washington Capitals NHL 36 5 6 11 12 — — — — — 1999–2000 Kansas City Blades IHL 52 16 34 50 38 — — — — — NHL totals 825 181 418 599 478 95 19 36 55 86 International Year Team Event GP G A Pts PIM 1983 Czechoslovakia EJC 5 4 5 9 14 1984 Czechoslovakia EJC 5 3 4 7 2 1984 Czechoslovakia WJC 7 1 2 3 0 1985 Czechoslovakia WJC 7 9 4 13 14 1985 Czechoslovakia WC 10 0 1 1 0 1986 Czechoslovakia WJC 7 5 5 10 10 1986 Czechoslovakia WC 10 2 1 3 6 1991 Czechoslovakia CC 5 0 3 3 2 Junior totals 31 22 20 42 40 Senior totals 25 2 5 7 8 Awards and honors Directorate Award (Best Forward) and All-Star Selection, 1985 IIHF world junior hockey championships References ^ Collins gem Hockey Facts and Stats 2009-10, p.517, Andrew Podnieks, Harper Collins Publishers Ltd, Toronto, Canada, ISBN 978-1-55468-621-6 External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Eurohockey.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com This biographical article relating to a Czech ice hockey centre is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_people"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Washington Capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Capitals"},{"link_name":"1984 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_NHL_Entry_Draft"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerMichal Pivoňka (born 28 January 1966) is a Czech former National Hockey League player. He played his entire NHL career with the Washington Capitals. Selected by the Capitals in the 1984 NHL Entry Draft, Pivonka defected to the United States during the summer of 1986. Since Eastern Europe was still under the Iron Curtain, it was still difficult for younger hockey players from the Eastern Bloc to play in the NHL.During his NHL career, Pivonka played in 825 games, scored 181 goals and had 418 assists for a total of 599 points, twice leading the Capitals in scoring; 1991–92 (23G, 57A, 80P) and 1995–96 (16G, 65A, 81P). Pivonka last played in the NHL during the 1998-99 season, before finally retiring from hockey in 2000 after several injury-filled seasons. He has the third most assists in Capitals history with 418, trailing only Nicklas Backstrom and Alexander Ovechkin.","title":"Michal Pivoňka"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Directorate Award (Best Forward) and All-Star Selection, 1985 IIHF world junior hockey championships[1]","title":"Awards and honors"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8450408","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=31112&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohockey.com/player/10729-.html","external_links_name":"Eurohockey.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/p/pivonmi01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=4301","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydraftcentral.com/1984/84059.html","external_links_name":"Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michal_Pivo%C5%88ka&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Statement	First Statement	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Canadian literary magazine First Statement was a Canadian literary magazine published in Montreal, Quebec from 1942 to 1945. During its short life the magazine, along with its rival publication Preview with which it often shared contributors, provided one of the few publication avenues for modernist Canadian poetry at a time when Canadian literature tended to be dominated by a more conservative aesthetic. John Sutherland and his sister Betty Sutherland (both half-siblings of the actor Donald Sutherland) established First Statement after a group of John Sutherland's poems was rejected by Preview, edited by Patrick Anderson. What began as a mimeographed publication of a few stapled sheets grew within three years into a larger magazine of tentatively national significance (it had editorial representatives in Vancouver although its core circulation was small—about 75 copies per issue). A year into its history, Canadian poets Louis Dudek and Irving Layton joined the magazines editorial board; both would go on to become major figures in Canadian literature. The so-called First Statement Group aligned itself with the cosmopolitan aesthetic in Canadian poetry, drawing inspiration from such avant-garde American poets as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. This placed the editorial policy of First Statement somewhat in opposition with that of Preview, which tended to favour such British anti-modernists as W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas. Despite these differences, the rivalry between the two magazines was never strong, and A. M. Klein, F. R. Scott, and other important poets published in both periodicals. In 1943, Sutherland published a review of Anderson's poetry in First Statement which suggested homoerotic themes in Anderson's writing, and accusing Anderson of "some sexual experience of a kind not normal"; although Anderson would in fact come out as gay later in life, he was married at the time to Peggy Doernbach, and threatened to sue. Sutherland printed a retraction in the following issue. The incident was little known outside of Montreal at the time, as both magazines had small, primarily local circulations, although it would come to be more extensively analyzed in the 1990s as an important incident in the history of LGBT literature in Canada. In 1945 Sutherland, by now the major figurehead at First Statement, established First Statement Press, which outlived the magazine itself until well into the 1950s. Significant books published by First Statement Press included Other Canadians: An Anthology of New Poetry in Canada, 1940-46, Canada's first anthology to feature modernist poetry exclusively (after F.R Scott and A.J.M. Smith published New Provinces in 1936); Layton's first two monographs, Here and Now (1945) and Now is the Place (1948); Anderson's A Tent for April and Miriam Waddington's Green World (both 1945), along with collections by Raymond Souster and Anne Wilkinson. In 1945 First Statement merged with Preview to become Northern Review, a larger and more widely distributed publication that lasted until its managing editor Sutherland's death from cancer in 1956. Today, all of these publications continue to be recognized as some of the important little magazines in Canadian literary history and as important forerunners of later critical and literary journals in Canada, such as Canadian Literature, the Tamarack Review, and The Fiddlehead. References ^ John Sutherland, "The Writing of Patrick Anderson". First Statement, 1.19 (1943): 3– 6 ^ a b John Barton and Billeh Nickerson, eds. Seminal: The Anthology of Canada's Gay Male Poets. Arsenal Pulp Press, 2007. ISBN 1551522179. ^ John Sutherland, "Retraction". First Statement, 1.20 (1943): cover. Further reading Dudek, Louis, and Michael Gnarowski, eds. The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada. Toronto: Ryerson, 1967. "First Statement". Entry in The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Ed. William Toye. Oxford University Press, 1983. Sutherland, John. Essays, Controversies and Poems. Ed. Miriam Waddington. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (NCL), 1972. Sutherland, John. The Letters of John Sutherland, 1942-1956. Ed. Bruce Whiteman. Toronto: ECW Press, 1992.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_magazine"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"Canadian poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_poetry"},{"link_name":"conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative"},{"link_name":"John Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutherland_(Canadian_writer)"},{"link_name":"Donald Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Patrick Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Anderson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"mimeographed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimeograph"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Louis Dudek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dudek"},{"link_name":"Irving Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Layton"},{"link_name":"Canadian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_literature"},{"link_name":"cosmopolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitanism"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"American poets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_poetry"},{"link_name":"Ezra Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound"},{"link_name":"William Carlos Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"anti-modernists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-modernization"},{"link_name":"W. H. Auden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Auden"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"A. M. Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._M._Klein"},{"link_name":"F. R. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._R._Scott"},{"link_name":"homoerotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoerotic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seminal-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"LGBT literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seminal-2"},{"link_name":"Other Canadians: An Anthology of New Poetry in Canada, 1940-46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Other_Canadians:_An_Anthology_of_New_Poetry_in_Canada,_1940-46&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"New Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Provinces_(poetry_anthology)"},{"link_name":"monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monographs"},{"link_name":"Miriam Waddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Waddington"},{"link_name":"Raymond Souster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Souster"},{"link_name":"Anne Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Wilkinson_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Northern Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Review"},{"link_name":"managing editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managing_editor"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"little magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_magazines"},{"link_name":"Canadian Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Literature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Tamarack Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarack_Review"},{"link_name":"The Fiddlehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fiddlehead"}],"text":"First Statement was a Canadian literary magazine published in Montreal, Quebec from 1942 to 1945. During its short life the magazine, along with its rival publication Preview with which it often shared contributors, provided one of the few publication avenues for modernist Canadian poetry at a time when Canadian literature tended to be dominated by a more conservative aesthetic. John Sutherland and his sister Betty Sutherland (both half-siblings of the actor Donald Sutherland) established First Statement after a group of John Sutherland's poems was rejected by Preview, edited by Patrick Anderson.What began as a mimeographed publication of a few stapled sheets grew within three years into a larger magazine of tentatively national significance (it had editorial representatives in Vancouver although its core circulation was small—about 75 copies per issue). A year into its history, Canadian poets Louis Dudek and Irving Layton joined the magazines editorial board; both would go on to become major figures in Canadian literature. The so-called First Statement Group aligned itself with the cosmopolitan aesthetic in Canadian poetry, drawing inspiration from such avant-garde American poets as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. This placed the editorial policy of First Statement somewhat in opposition with that of Preview, which tended to favour such British anti-modernists as W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas. Despite these differences, the rivalry between the two magazines was never strong, and A. M. Klein, F. R. Scott, and other important poets published in both periodicals.In 1943, Sutherland published a review of Anderson's poetry in First Statement which suggested homoerotic themes in Anderson's writing, and accusing Anderson of \"some sexual experience of a kind not normal\";[1] although Anderson would in fact come out as gay later in life, he was married at the time to Peggy Doernbach, and threatened to sue.[2] Sutherland printed a retraction in the following issue.[3] The incident was little known outside of Montreal at the time, as both magazines had small, primarily local circulations, although it would come to be more extensively analyzed in the 1990s as an important incident in the history of LGBT literature in Canada.[2]In 1945 Sutherland, by now the major figurehead at First Statement, established First Statement Press, which outlived the magazine itself until well into the 1950s. Significant books published by First Statement Press included Other Canadians: An Anthology of New Poetry in Canada, 1940-46, Canada's first anthology to feature modernist poetry exclusively (after F.R Scott and A.J.M. Smith published New Provinces in 1936); Layton's first two monographs, Here and Now (1945) and Now is the Place (1948); Anderson's A Tent for April and Miriam Waddington's Green World (both 1945), along with collections by Raymond Souster and Anne Wilkinson.In 1945 First Statement merged with Preview to become Northern Review, a larger and more widely distributed publication that lasted until its managing editor Sutherland's death from cancer in 1956. Today, all of these publications continue to be recognized as some of the important little magazines in Canadian literary history and as important forerunners of later critical and literary journals in Canada, such as Canadian Literature, the Tamarack Review, and The Fiddlehead.","title":"First Statement"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dudek, Louis, and Michael Gnarowski, eds. The Making of Modern Poetry in Canada. Toronto: Ryerson, 1967.\n\"First Statement\". Entry in The Oxford Companion to Canadian Literature. Ed. William Toye. Oxford University Press, 1983.\nSutherland, John. Essays, Controversies and Poems. Ed. Miriam Waddington. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart (NCL), 1972.\nSutherland, John. The Letters of John Sutherland, 1942-1956. Ed. Bruce Whiteman. Toronto: ECW Press, 1992.","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatment_centre	Independent sector treatment centre	["1 Contracts","2 Debate","3 Providers","4 References","5 Books","6 External links"]	Independent sector treatment centres (ISTCs) are private-sector owned treatment centres contracted within the English National Health Service to treat NHS patients free at the point of use. They are sometimes referred to as 'surgicentres' or 'specialist hospitals'. ISTCs are often co-located with NHS hospitals. They perform common elective (i.e. non-emergency) surgery and diagnostic procedures and tests. Typically they undertake 'bulk' surgery such as hip replacements, cataract operations or MRI scans rather than more complex operations such as neurosurgery. The NHS Plan 2000 originally conceived of opening eight treatment centres by 2005, but by August 2005 at least 25 had been opened, with more being planned. 46 NHS treatment centres opened between 2003 and 2009, treating approximately 300,000 patients a year with high rate of patient satisfaction (>94%). Contracts Wave I ISTCs worked on pre-arranged central government bulk contracts nominally at or below the national tariff on which NHS hospitals can charge commissioning NHS primary care trusts. These contracts included a profit margin. Additional costs associated with the programme, up to a ceiling of 25% over and above the NHS Equivalent Cost, were paid for by central Government. Treatments were paid for in advance by central government whether or not the numbers paid for were taken up and regardless of success rates. The rationale was that the waiting times for patients are cut by separating routine elective surgery and tests from emergency work. Referral rates varied across the country, with some ISTCs performing as much 115% of their contracted volumes but with the average referral rate around 85%. Pressure was put on local GPs to refer patients to the centres, rather than to NHS hospitals, because the primary care trusts had to pay for activity whether or not it was used. According to the NHS Partners Network, which represents private providers working within the health service, GP referral rates were rising in 2009 as patients report positive experiences back to their GPs. In 2009 a British Medical Journal paper concluded that up to £927m of the £1.5bn first wave of ISTC contracts "may have been paid to ISTCs for patients who did not receive treatment". This was based on a Scottish example and does not in fact reflect the experience of the English ISTC program, where referrals have been more in line with the expectations of the original contracts and continue to grow. Debate The Department of Health claims stated that by concentrating on a set type of procedures they are able to streamline the patient care pathway, resulting in an improved patient experience and help the NHS to quickly meet waiting time targets; however, the majority of independent research conducted to date has contradicted these claims. A critique of this development is that more difficult and expensive work is left for NHS hospitals to do, increasing their marginal costs and making them appear less 'efficient'. An article by Angus Wallace in the British Medical Journal (BMJ vol 332 11 March 2006) suggested that treatments may be proportionally less successful in ISTCs due to the employment of inexperienced or less fully trained staff with less backup than the NHS facilities. This could result in the NHS having to fund difficult revision operations (insofar as they can be so revised) and would defeat the object of the exercise. However, a subsequent study conducted by the researchers from London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the Royal College of Surgeons of England confirmed the high quality of care, concluding that "patients undergoing cataract surgery or hip replacements in ISTCs achieved a slightly greater improvement … than those treated in NHS facilities" and "Patients treated in ISTCs were less likely to report post-operative problems than those treated in NHS facilities…"(BMC Health Services Research 2008. 8:78). ISTC contracts typically exclude referrals of older, fatter and sicker patients, so comparisons with results in NHS hospitals who deal with these more difficult patients is difficult. In the 2008 Healthcare Commission 2008 NHS Inpatient Survey, ISTCs scored highly on a number of measures, including overall quality of care. A British Medical Journal study in 2011 concluded: " Patients undergoing surgery in ISTCs were slightly healthier and had less severe conditions than those undergoing surgery in NHS providers. Some outcomes were better in ISTCs, but differences were small compared with the impact ISTCs could have on the provision of elective services.". Their findings supported the idea that separating elective surgical care from emergency services could improve the quality of care. Providers The NHS Plan 2000 originally conceived of opening eight treatment centres by 2005, but by August 2005 at least 25 had been opened, with more being planned. A second Wave of ISTCs was completed in 2009 and those marked the end of the centrally planned centres. It was then for local PCTs to make decisions on how best to work with their local ISTCs after the initial five-year contracts have expired. This list of providers was current in 2006. Some of the centres subsequently changed hands. Capio Healthcare Limited: Bodmin NHS Treatment Centre, Boston NHS Treatment Centre, Clifton Park NHS Treatment Centre (York), Gainsborough NHS Treatment Centre, Cobalt NHS Treatment Centre (North Tyneside), Blakelands NHS Treatment Centre (Milton Keynes), Banbury NHS Treatment Centre, Ashford NHS Treatment Centre (Surrey) Clinicenta Ltd – owned by Carillion: Hemel Hempstead Hospital. Lister Hospital (Stevenage) Interhealth Canada – Cheshire & Merseyside NHS Treatment Centre (Halton), Kidderminster Independent Sector NHS Treatment Centre Mercury Health Ltd a division of Tribal Group, sold to Care UK in January 2007: Mid and South Buckinghamshire NHS Diagnostic Centre, Portsmouth NHS Treatment Centre, Will Adams NHS Treatment Centre (Gillingham), Haywards Heath NHS Treatment Centre Nations Healthcare Ltd: Nations Healthcare Eccleshill NHS Treatment Centre (Bradford), Burton upon Trent NHS Treatment Centre, Nottingham NHS Treatment Centre Netcare Healthcare UK Limited: Netcare ISTC—North Chain (Whitchurch), Netcare ISTC—South Chain, Netcare ISTC Greater Manchester Surgical Centre Trafford General Hospital Partnership Health Group Limited: Bideford NHS Treatment Centre, Partnership Health Group ISTC Boston Pilgrim Hospital, Partnership Health Group ISTC Lincoln, Peninsula NHS Treatment Centre (Plymouth), Barlborough NHS Treatment Centre (Chesterfield), Maidstone ISTC, North East London ISTC (Ilford) Ramsay Health Care UK Spire Healthcare UK Specialist Hospitals Ltd bought by Care UK in February 2013: Shepton Mallet NHS Treatment Centre References ^ "Netcare Briefing" (PDF). Keep Our NHS Public. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014. ^ "GPs urged to refer directly to the independent sector". Health Service Journal. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2014. ^ The Guardian, 2 September 2009, Private prophet ^ Allyson Pollock and Graham Kirkwood (2009), British Medical Journal, Independent sector treatment centres: learning from a Scottish case study, BMJ 2009;338:b1421 ^ Department of Health Patient Pathways http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/DH_4097263 ^ Department of Health Patient Experience of Treatment Centres http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/DH_4001412 ^ HSJ The 18-week target, 26 May 2009 http://www.hsj.co.uk/resource-centre/your-ideas-and-suggestions/the-18-week-target/5001918.article ^ "Fears over NHS-funded private ops". BBC News. 10 March 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2013. ^ John Browne, Liz Jamieson, Jim Lewsey, Jan van der Meulen, Lynn Copley and Nick Black (2008), Case-mix & patients' reports of outcome in Independent Sector Treatment Centres: Comparison with NHS providers. BMC Health Services Research 2008, 8:78 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/8/78 2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Civitas Blog 'Evidence' BMA style 6 August 2009. http://www.civitas.org.uk/wordpress/?p=1407 ^ "Outcomes of elective surgery undertaken in independent sector treatment centres and NHS providers in England: audit of patient outcomes in surgery". British Medical Journal. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2014. ^ HSJ Three more ISTCs get green light 10 April 2008. http://www.hsj.co.uk/three-more-istcs-get-green-light/1096934.article ^ HealthInvestor War of independents 3 June 2009 http://www.healthinvestor.co.uk/(A(ur1fkg7VyQEkAAAANGIwNzI2YjItOWFkYi00OTg2LTliM2MtOTlmNDhjMDc0MjNlSnlX28cGalW7EluCtbLL307oW7Q1)S(o3sp2kzmauj5umutqce5onrc))/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=494&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1 ^ "Appendix A: current registered ISTCs". Health – Fourth Report. House of Commons Health Committee. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2014. ^ "Care UK buys rival provider". Health Service Journal. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2014. ^ "Care UK acquires UK Specialist Hospitals". Health Service Journal. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014. Books Player, Stewart and Leys, Colin (2008), CONFUSE AND CONCEAL: The NHS and Independent Sector Treatment Centres, Merlin Press External links Department of Health Information on Treatment Centers CBI ISTCs and the NHS: Sticking plaster or real reform? Comment on ISTCs by the Royal College of Physicians ISTC marketing sustainability analysis prepared in 2004 by Department of Health Report on ISTCs by UNISON, (August 2005). Report on ISTCs in Medical News Today, (17 February 2006) Kings Fund briefing (1 October 2009) House of Commons Health Committee Report July 2006	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHS Plan 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Plan_2000"}],"text":"The NHS Plan 2000 originally conceived of opening eight treatment centres by 2005, but by August 2005 at least 25 had been opened, with more being planned. 46 NHS treatment centres opened between 2003 and 2009, treating approximately 300,000 patients a year with high rate of patient satisfaction (>94%).","title":"Independent sector treatment centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4127649&chk=YwGemZ"},{"link_name":"primary care trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care_trust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"primary care trusts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care_trust"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NHS Partners Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Partners_Network"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Wave I ISTCs worked on pre-arranged central government bulk contracts nominally at or below the national tariff [1] on which NHS hospitals can charge commissioning NHS primary care trusts. These contracts included a profit margin. Additional costs associated with the programme, up to a ceiling of 25% over and above the NHS Equivalent Cost, were paid for by central Government.[1] Treatments were paid for in advance by central government whether or not the numbers paid for were taken up and regardless of success rates. The rationale was that the waiting times for patients are cut by separating routine elective surgery and tests from emergency work.Referral rates varied across the country, with some ISTCs performing as much 115% of their contracted volumes but with the average referral rate around 85%. Pressure was put on local GPs to refer patients to the centres, rather than to NHS hospitals, because the primary care trusts had to pay for activity whether or not it was used.[2] According to the NHS Partners Network, which represents private providers working within the health service, GP referral rates were rising in 2009 as patients report positive experiences back to their GPs.[3]In 2009 a British Medical Journal paper concluded that up to £927m of the £1.5bn first wave of ISTC contracts \"may have been paid to ISTCs for patients who did not receive treatment\".[4] This was based on a Scottish example and does not in fact reflect the experience of the English ISTC program, where referrals have been more in line with the expectations of the original contracts and continue to grow.","title":"Contracts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Angus Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Wallace"},{"link_name":"British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Medical_Journal"},{"link_name":"BMJ vol 332 11 March 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bmj.com/content/332/7541/614"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Department of Health claims stated that by concentrating on a set type of procedures they are able to streamline the patient care pathway,[5] resulting in an improved patient experience[6] and help the NHS to quickly meet waiting time targets;[7] however, the majority of independent research conducted to date has contradicted these claims.A critique of this development is that more difficult and expensive work is left for NHS hospitals to do, increasing their marginal costs and making them appear less 'efficient'. An article by Angus Wallace in the British Medical Journal (BMJ vol 332 11 March 2006) suggested that treatments may be proportionally less successful in ISTCs due to the employment of inexperienced or less fully trained staff with less backup than the NHS facilities.[8] This could result in the NHS having to fund difficult revision operations (insofar as they can be so revised) and would defeat the object of the exercise. However, a subsequent study conducted by the researchers from London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the Royal College of Surgeons of England confirmed the high quality of care, concluding that \"patients undergoing cataract surgery or hip replacements in ISTCs achieved a slightly greater improvement … than those treated in NHS facilities\" and \"Patients treated in ISTCs were less likely to report post-operative problems than those treated in NHS facilities…\"(BMC Health Services Research 2008. 8:78).[9] ISTC contracts typically exclude referrals of older, fatter and sicker patients, so comparisons with results in NHS hospitals who deal with these more difficult patients is difficult.In the 2008 Healthcare Commission 2008 NHS Inpatient Survey,[10] ISTCs scored highly on a number of measures, including overall quality of care.[11]A British Medical Journal study in 2011 concluded: \" Patients undergoing surgery in ISTCs were slightly healthier and had less severe conditions than those undergoing surgery in NHS providers. Some outcomes were better in ISTCs, but differences were small compared with the impact ISTCs could have on the provision of elective services.\".[12] Their findings supported the idea that separating elective surgical care from emergency services could improve the quality of care.","title":"Debate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NHS Plan 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Plan_2000"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Capio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capio"},{"link_name":"Carillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillion"},{"link_name":"Interhealth Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interhealth_Canada"},{"link_name":"Care UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_UK"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Nations Healthcare Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nations_Healthcare_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Netcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netcare"},{"link_name":"Trafford General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Partnership Health Group Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Partnership_Health_Group_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bideford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideford"},{"link_name":"Ramsay Health Care UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Health_Care_UK"},{"link_name":"Spire Healthcare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spire_Healthcare"},{"link_name":"Care UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Care_UK"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The NHS Plan 2000 originally conceived of opening eight treatment centres by 2005, but by August 2005 at least 25 had been opened, with more being planned. A second Wave of ISTCs was completed in 2009 and those marked the end of the centrally planned centres.[13] It was then for local PCTs to make decisions on how best to work with their local ISTCs after the initial five-year contracts have expired.[14] This list of providers was current in 2006.[15] Some of the centres subsequently changed hands.Capio Healthcare Limited: Bodmin NHS Treatment Centre, Boston NHS Treatment Centre, Clifton Park NHS Treatment Centre (York), Gainsborough NHS Treatment Centre, Cobalt NHS Treatment Centre (North Tyneside), Blakelands NHS Treatment Centre (Milton Keynes), Banbury NHS Treatment Centre, Ashford NHS Treatment Centre (Surrey)\nClinicenta Ltd – owned by Carillion: Hemel Hempstead Hospital. Lister Hospital (Stevenage)\nInterhealth Canada – Cheshire & Merseyside NHS Treatment Centre (Halton), Kidderminster Independent Sector NHS Treatment Centre\nMercury Health Ltd a division of Tribal Group, sold to Care UK in January 2007:[16] Mid and South Buckinghamshire NHS Diagnostic Centre, Portsmouth NHS Treatment Centre, Will Adams NHS Treatment Centre (Gillingham), Haywards Heath NHS Treatment Centre\nNations Healthcare Ltd: Nations Healthcare Eccleshill NHS Treatment Centre (Bradford), Burton upon Trent NHS Treatment Centre, Nottingham NHS Treatment Centre\nNetcare Healthcare UK Limited: Netcare ISTC—North Chain (Whitchurch), Netcare ISTC—South Chain, Netcare ISTC Greater Manchester Surgical Centre Trafford General Hospital\nPartnership Health Group Limited: Bideford NHS Treatment Centre, Partnership Health Group ISTC Boston Pilgrim Hospital, Partnership Health Group ISTC Lincoln, Peninsula NHS Treatment Centre (Plymouth), Barlborough NHS Treatment Centre (Chesterfield), Maidstone ISTC, North East London ISTC (Ilford)\nRamsay Health Care UK\nSpire Healthcare\nUK Specialist Hospitals Ltd bought by Care UK in February 2013:[17] Shepton Mallet NHS Treatment Centre","title":"Providers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leys, Colin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Leys"}],"text":"Player, Stewart and Leys, Colin (2008), CONFUSE AND CONCEAL: The NHS and Independent Sector Treatment Centres, Merlin Press","title":"Books"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Netcare Briefing\" (PDF). Keep Our NHS Public. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140825154149/http://www.keepournhspublic.com/pdf/Netcarebriefing.pdf","url_text":"\"Netcare Briefing\""},{"url":"http://www.keepournhspublic.com/pdf/Netcarebriefing.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"GPs urged to refer directly to the independent sector\". Health Service Journal. 9 August 2007. Retrieved 3 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/gps-urged-to-refer-directly-to-the-independent-sector/57685.article#.Uu_XvLRvJl4","url_text":"\"GPs urged to refer directly to the independent sector\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fears over NHS-funded private ops\". BBC News. 10 March 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4790334.stm","url_text":"\"Fears over NHS-funded private ops\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091125172327/http://www.cqc.org.uk/usingcareservices/healthcare/patientsurveys/hospitalcare/inpatientservices.cfm","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.cqc.org.uk/usingcareservices/healthcare/patientsurveys/hospitalcare/inpatientservices.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Outcomes of elective surgery undertaken in independent sector treatment centres and NHS providers in England: audit of patient outcomes in surgery\". British Medical Journal. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6404","url_text":"\"Outcomes of elective surgery undertaken in independent sector treatment centres and NHS providers in England: audit of patient outcomes in surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Appendix A: current registered ISTCs\". Health – Fourth Report. House of Commons Health Committee. 16 February 2006. Retrieved 2 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmhealth/934/934we23.htm","url_text":"\"Appendix A: current registered ISTCs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Care UK buys rival provider\". Health Service Journal. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/care-uk-buys-rival-provider/56299.article#.UvFtDLRvJl4","url_text":"\"Care UK buys rival provider\""}]},{"reference":"\"Care UK acquires UK Specialist Hospitals\". Health Service Journal. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/care-uk-acquires-uk-specialist-hospitals/5055293.article#.UvFyxbRvJl4","url_text":"\"Care UK acquires UK Specialist Hospitals\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4127649&chk=YwGemZ","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.bmj.com/content/332/7541/614","external_links_name":"BMJ vol 332 11 March 2006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140825154149/http://www.keepournhspublic.com/pdf/Netcarebriefing.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Netcare Briefing\""},{"Link":"http://www.keepournhspublic.com/pdf/Netcarebriefing.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/gps-urged-to-refer-directly-to-the-independent-sector/57685.article#.Uu_XvLRvJl4","external_links_name":"\"GPs urged to refer directly to the independent sector\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2009/sep/02/nhs-partners-network-david-worskett","external_links_name":"Private prophet"},{"Link":"http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/338/apr30_2/b1421","external_links_name":"Independent sector treatment centres: learning from a Scottish case study"},{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/DH_4097263","external_links_name":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/DH_4097263"},{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/DH_4001412","external_links_name":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/DH_4001412"},{"Link":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/resource-centre/your-ideas-and-suggestions/the-18-week-target/5001918.article","external_links_name":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/resource-centre/your-ideas-and-suggestions/the-18-week-target/5001918.article"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4790334.stm","external_links_name":"\"Fears 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surgery\""},{"Link":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/three-more-istcs-get-green-light/1096934.article","external_links_name":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/three-more-istcs-get-green-light/1096934.article"},{"Link":"http://www.healthinvestor.co.uk/(A(ur1fkg7VyQEkAAAANGIwNzI2YjItOWFkYi00OTg2LTliM2MtOTlmNDhjMDc0MjNlSnlX28cGalW7EluCtbLL307oW7Q1)S(o3sp2kzmauj5umutqce5onrc))/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=494&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1","external_links_name":"http://www.healthinvestor.co.uk/(A(ur1fkg7VyQEkAAAANGIwNzI2YjItOWFkYi00OTg2LTliM2MtOTlmNDhjMDc0MjNlSnlX28cGalW7EluCtbLL307oW7Q1)S(o3sp2kzmauj5umutqce5onrc))/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=494&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1"},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmhealth/934/934we23.htm","external_links_name":"\"Appendix A: current registered ISTCs\""},{"Link":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/care-uk-buys-rival-provider/56299.article#.UvFtDLRvJl4","external_links_name":"\"Care UK buys rival provider\""},{"Link":"http://www.hsj.co.uk/news/care-uk-acquires-uk-specialist-hospitals/5055293.article#.UvFyxbRvJl4","external_links_name":"\"Care UK acquires UK Specialist Hospitals\""},{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Healthcare/Primarycare/Treatmentcentres/index.htm","external_links_name":"Department of Health Information on Treatment Centers"},{"Link":"http://publicservices.cbi.org.uk/reports/00179/","external_links_name":"CBI ISTCs and the NHS: Sticking plaster or real reform?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060515115115/http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/college/statements/doc_IndepSector.asp","external_links_name":"Comment on ISTCs"},{"Link":"http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/FreedomOfInformation/EreadingRoom/EreadingRoomArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4102647&chk=u0ksTh","external_links_name":"ISTC marketing sustainability analysis"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060528134913/http://www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/B1992.pdf","external_links_name":"Report on ISTCs"},{"Link":"http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/medicalnews.php?newsid=37935","external_links_name":"Report on ISTCs in Medical News Today"},{"Link":"http://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/briefing-independent-sector-treatment-centres","external_links_name":"Kings Fund briefing"},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmselect/cmhealth/934/93402.htm","external_links_name":"House of Commons Health Committee Report July 2006"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutowiec	Gutowiec	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 53°46′15″N 17°51′18″E / 53.77083°N 17.85500°E / 53.77083; 17.85500Village in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandGutowiecVillageGutowiecCoordinates: 53°46′15″N 17°51′18″E / 53.77083°N 17.85500°E / 53.77083; 17.85500Country PolandVoivodeshipPomeranianCountyChojniceGminaCzerskPopulation371Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Vehicle registrationGCH Gutowiec is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czersk, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) west of Czersk, 22 km (14 mi) east of Chojnice, and 84 km (52 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the Tuchola Forest in the historic region of Pomerania. During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1942, the Germans established a forced labour subcamp of the German military prison in Grudziądz. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. ^ Jan Daniluk, Wykorzystanie siły roboczej jeńców wojennych w XX Okręgu Wojskowym w latach II wojny światowej (zarys problemu), "Łambinowicki rocznik muzealny" Tom 35, Opole, 2012, p. 28 (in Polish) vteGmina CzerskTown and seat Czersk Villages Badzianko Bagna Będźmierowice Bielawy Błoto Brda Budziska Bukowa Góra Cegielnia Czerska Struga Dąbki Duża Klonia Duże Wędoły Gartki Gotelp Gutowiec Jeziórko Kaliska Kameron Kamionka Karolewo Kęsza Klaskawa Kłodnia Klonowice Konewki Konigort Konigórtek Koślinka Kosowa Niwa Koszary Krzyż Kurcze Kurkowo Kwieki Łąg Łąg-Kolonia Lipki Listewka Łubna Łukowo Lutom Lutomski Most Mała Klonia Malachin Małe Wędoły Młynki Modrzejewo Mokre Mosna Nieżurawa Nowa Juńcza Nowe Prusy Nowy Młyn Odry Olszyny Ostrowite Ostrowy Płecno Pod Łąg Pod Łubnę Polana Przyjaźnia Pustki Rówki Rytel Rytel-Zarzecze Sienica Stara Juńcza Stare Prusy Stodółki Struga Suszek Szałamaje Szary Kierz Szyszkowiec Twarożnica Uboga Uroża Ustronie Wądoły-Łąg Wandowo Wędowo Wieck Wojtal Zapędowo Zapora Zawada Złe Mięso Złotowo Żukowo This Chojnice County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɡuˈtɔvjɛt͡s]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Czersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Czersk"},{"link_name":"Chojnice County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chojnice_County"},{"link_name":"Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Czersk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czersk"},{"link_name":"Chojnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chojnice"},{"link_name":"Gdańsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk"},{"link_name":"Tuchola Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuchola_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"},{"link_name":"German occupation of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"forced labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Grudziądz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandGutowiec [ɡuˈtɔvjɛt͡s] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czersk, within Chojnice County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland.[1] It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) west of Czersk, 22 km (14 mi) east of Chojnice, and 84 km (52 mi) south-west of the regional capital Gdańsk. It is located within the Tuchola Forest in the historic region of Pomerania.During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), in 1942, the Germans established a forced labour subcamp of the German military prison in Grudziądz.[2]","title":"Gutowiec"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gutowiec&params=53_46_15_N_17_51_18_E_region:PL_type:city(371)","external_links_name":"53°46′15″N 17°51′18″E / 53.77083°N 17.85500°E / 53.77083; 17.85500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gutowiec&params=53_46_15_N_17_51_18_E_region:PL_type:city(371)","external_links_name":"53°46′15″N 17°51′18″E / 53.77083°N 17.85500°E / 53.77083; 17.85500"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gutowiec&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seram_honeyeater	Seram honeyeater	["1 References"]	Species of bird Seram honeyeater Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae Genus: Lichmera Species: L. monticola Binomial name Lichmera monticola(Stresemann, 1912) The Seram honeyeater (Lichmera monticola) is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae. It is endemic to Indonesia, where it occurs on Seram in the southern Maluku Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Lichmera monticola". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22703969A130243523. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703969A130243523.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. vteSeram Island, IndonesiaSettlements Amahai Ariate Atiahu Bemu Bengoi Bula Geser Hote Japutih Kairatu Kamar Kamarian Kisalaut Kobi Kulur Laha Laala Latuhalu Luhu Loki Masohi Opin Piru Saweli Taniwel Tehoru Tihulale Tum Urung Wahai Wailissa Wari Werinama Geography Ambon Island Boano Island Haruku Island Manipa Island Saparua Island Manusela National Park Eti River Kawa River Masiwang River Sapalewa River Salawai River Tala River Boano Strait El-Paputih Bay Piru Bay Taluti Bay Waru Bay Endemic fauna Graphium stresemanni Rufescent darkeye Seram bandicoot Seram crow Seram friarbird Seram honeyeater Seram masked owl Seram small tree-nymph Seram thrush Seram white-eye Native people and languages Alfur Alune Hainuwele Manusela Nuaulu Nunusaku languages Piru Bay languages Wemale Taxon identifiersLichmera monticola Wikidata: Q1302564 Wikispecies: Lichmera monticola ADW: Lichmera_monticola Avibase: 9810164E2E121ED6 BirdLife: 22703969 BOW: serhon1 CoL: 6Q9R6 eBird: serhon1 EoL: 912291 GBIF: 2487340 iNaturalist: 12536 IRMNG: 11116433 ITIS: 560814 IUCN: 22703969 NCBI: 1930961 Observation.org: 74938 Open Tree of Life: 3598750 Xeno-canto: Lichmera-monticola This article about a honeyeater is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Seram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seram_Island"},{"link_name":"Maluku Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_Islands"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"montane forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"}],"text":"The Seram honeyeater (Lichmera monticola) is a species of bird in the family Meliphagidae.\nIt is endemic to Indonesia, where it occurs on Seram in the southern Maluku Islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.","title":"Seram honeyeater"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Lichmera monticola\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22703969A130243523. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703969A130243523.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22703969/130243523","url_text":"\"Lichmera monticola\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703969A130243523.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703969A130243523.en"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22703969/130243523","external_links_name":"\"Lichmera monticola\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703969A130243523.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22703969A130243523.en"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lichmera_monticola/","external_links_name":"Lichmera_monticola"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=9810164E2E121ED6","external_links_name":"9810164E2E121ED6"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22703969","external_links_name":"22703969"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/serhon1","external_links_name":"serhon1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6Q9R6","external_links_name":"6Q9R6"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/serhon1","external_links_name":"serhon1"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/912291","external_links_name":"912291"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2487340","external_links_name":"2487340"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/12536","external_links_name":"12536"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11116433","external_links_name":"11116433"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=560814","external_links_name":"560814"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22703969","external_links_name":"22703969"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1930961","external_links_name":"1930961"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/74938/","external_links_name":"74938"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3598750","external_links_name":"3598750"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Lichmera-monticola","external_links_name":"Lichmera-monticola"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seram_honeyeater&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyal	HMS Loyal	["1 Other ships","2 See also"]	Two ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Loyal: HMS Loyal (1913) was a Laforey-class destroyer, originally built as HMS Orlando, but renamed before being launched in 1913. She was sold in 1921. HMS Loyal (G15) was an L-class destroyer launched in 1941 and sold in 1948. Other ships A number of ships of the Royal Navy have used 'Loyal' as part of their name, including: HMS Loyal Example, entered service as HMS Example HMS Loyal Exploit, entered service as HMS Exploit HMS Loyal Explorer, entered service as HMS Explorer HMS Loyal Express, entered service as HMS Express HMS Loyal London See also HMS Loyalist HMS Loyalty List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Loyal (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyal_(1913)"},{"link_name":"Laforey-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laforey-class_destroyer_(1913)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"HMS Loyal (G15)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyal_(G15)"},{"link_name":"L-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_and_M-class_destroyer"}],"text":"HMS Loyal (1913) was a Laforey-class destroyer, originally built as HMS Orlando, but renamed before being launched in 1913. She was sold in 1921.\nHMS Loyal (G15) was an L-class destroyer launched in 1941 and sold in 1948.","title":"HMS Loyal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Example","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Example_(P165)"},{"link_name":"HMS Exploit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Exploit_(P167)"},{"link_name":"HMS Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Explorer_(P164)"},{"link_name":"HMS Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Express_(P163)"},{"link_name":"HMS Loyal London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyal_London_(1666)"}],"text":"A number of ships of the Royal Navy have used 'Loyal' as part of their name, including:HMS Loyal Example, entered service as HMS Example\nHMS Loyal Exploit, entered service as HMS Exploit\nHMS Loyal Explorer, entered service as HMS Explorer\nHMS Loyal Express, entered service as HMS Express\nHMS Loyal London","title":"Other ships"}]	[]	[{"title":"HMS Loyalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyalist_(1779)"},{"title":"HMS Loyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Loyalty"},{"title":"list of ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Ships/Guidelines#Index_pages"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Loyal&namespace=0"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/HMS_Loyal&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Psychological_Association	Western Psychological Association	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	American psychology learned society Western Psychological AssociationFormation1921TypeLearned societyLegal status501c3PurposePsychological researchLocationCaliforniaRegion Western United StatesMembership (1962) 1,917PresidentChristina MaslachPresident-electHeidi R. RiggioPast presidentLaura FreburgAffiliationsAmerican Psychological AssociationWebsitewesternpsych.org The Western Psychological Association (abbreviated WPA) is an American learned society dedicated to the study of psychology and other behavioral sciences. It is a regional association focused on the Western United States, and is affiliated with the American Psychological Association. It promotes psychological research through an annual conference, which it has held since its founding, and where psychologists read their research papers to one another. Reports from these conferences were originally published in Psychological Bulletin starting in 1924, and are now published in American Psychologist. History The Western Psychological Association was established in 1921 with fourteen members, and held its first meeting in August of that year. The meeting took place in Berkeley, California, and was held in conjunction with the Pacific division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. At the meeting, members elected Lewis Terman and Edward Tolman as the Association's president and vice president, respectively. The organization's membership increased to 1,917 members by 1962. References ^ "About WPA". WPA Web Site. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2017-09-02. ^ "Regional Psychological Associations". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2017-09-02. ^ a b c Lindsley, Donald B. (1964). "History of the Western Psychological Association". American Psychologist. Retrieved 2017-09-02. ^ Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada. National Academies. 1899. p. 357. ^ a b Carroll, David W. (2017-04-27). Purpose and Cognition. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781107122505. External links Official website This article about an organization in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"behavioral sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Western United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-3"},{"link_name":"Psychological Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"American Psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychologist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridge-5"}],"text":"The Western Psychological Association (abbreviated WPA) is an American learned society dedicated to the study of psychology and other behavioral sciences.[1] It is a regional association focused on the Western United States, and is affiliated with the American Psychological Association.[2] It promotes psychological research through an annual conference, which it has held since its founding, and where psychologists read their research papers to one another.[3] Reports from these conferences were originally published in Psychological Bulletin starting in 1924, and are now published in American Psychologist.[4][5]","title":"Western Psychological Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-3"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Lewis Terman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Terman"},{"link_name":"Edward Tolman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Tolman"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridge-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ap-3"}],"text":"The Western Psychological Association was established in 1921 with fourteen members,[3] and held its first meeting in August of that year. The meeting took place in Berkeley, California, and was held in conjunction with the Pacific division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. At the meeting, members elected Lewis Terman and Edward Tolman as the Association's president and vice president, respectively.[5] The organization's membership increased to 1,917 members by 1962.[3]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"About WPA\". WPA Web Site. 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://westernpsych.org/about-wpa/","url_text":"\"About WPA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regional Psychological Associations\". American Psychological Association. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.apa.org/about/apa/organizations/regionals.aspx","url_text":"\"Regional Psychological Associations\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsley, Donald B. (1964). \"History of the Western Psychological Association\". American Psychologist. Retrieved 2017-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-00035-001","url_text":"\"History of the Western Psychological Association\""}]},{"reference":"Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada. National Academies. 1899. p. 357.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3lIZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357","url_text":"Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, David W. (2017-04-27). Purpose and Cognition. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781107122505.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8oDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Purpose and Cognition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107122505","url_text":"9781107122505"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://westernpsych.org/","external_links_name":"westernpsych.org"},{"Link":"http://westernpsych.org/about-wpa/","external_links_name":"\"About WPA\""},{"Link":"http://www.apa.org/about/apa/organizations/regionals.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Regional Psychological Associations\""},{"Link":"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1965-00035-001","external_links_name":"\"History of the Western Psychological Association\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3lIZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA357","external_links_name":"Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States and Canada"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uM8oDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Purpose and Cognition"},{"Link":"http://westernpsych.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Psychological_Association&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bettison	Norman Bettison	["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Career","3.1 Chief Constable of Merseyside Police","3.2 Chief Executive of Centrex","3.3 Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police","3.4 Media statements","4 Role in Hillsborough disaster","4.1 Match attendance","4.2 South Yorkshire Police review/liaison","4.3 Contribution hearings","4.4 Hillsborough Independent Panel report","5 Resignation","6 Gross misconduct charge","7 Alleged misconduct in Stephen Lawrence enquiry","8 Honours","9 References"]	Former police officer SirNorman BettisonBornNorman George Bettison (1956-01-03) 3 January 1956 (age 68)Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire, EnglandOccupationRetired Police Officer ACPOTitleChief Constable Sir Norman George Bettison, QPM (born 3 January 1956) is a British former police officer and the former Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He resigned in October 2012 amidst controversy about his role in the Hillsborough disaster, in which he was involved in the implementation of a cover-up of police errors. He remained the subject of an Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) investigation, and was charged on the 28 June 2017 with four counts of misconduct in public office. The case was dropped on 21 August 2018. Bettison's own book Hillsborough Untold (2016) contains his version of events. Early life Bettison was born in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 3 January 1956, the son of George Bettison, a steelworker, and Betty Heathcote. He married Patricia Favell in Rotherham in 1976. Bettison said that he attended football matches as a spectator from time to time, following Sheffield Wednesday. He described his experience as a 14-year-old boy watching Sheffield Wednesday vs. Manchester City on 22 April 1970 from the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough stadium: "... the terraces had become so full ... there was no room to move ... I remember, at one time, being squashed against a barrier to such an extent that I was exerting all my energies to prevent injury ... I dreaded any goals or near misses as this was followed by a surge of people which caused me to be squashed painfully against the barrier. After fighting my way through a crowd I found a more comfortable position. I had been in very large football grounds before and since but had never experienced anything quite like the pressure that was created in this crowd at Hillsborough." The experience led him to state in 1989 that "I wonder, now, whether the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough is somehow susceptible to retaining the pressure created in crowd build up". Education Bettison attended South Grove Comprehensive School before leaving at the age of 16 to join South Yorkshire Police as a cadet. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in philosophy and psychology from the University of Oxford, which was later upgraded to a Master of Arts (MA) – an automatic process which requires no further study or examination – and gained a Master of Business Administration (MBA) in business administration and media studies from Sheffield Hallam University. – the former Sheffield Polytechnic. He is also a graduate of the FBI Executive Programme Career Bettison began his police career in 1975 when, at the age of 19, he joined South Yorkshire Police as a Constable. He served through its ranks, acting as a Superintendent in the Traffic Division from October 1989 to January 1991, whilst simultaneously working in the Hillsborough disaster liaison unit; as Superintendent in the Divisional Commander's office from January 1991 to April 1992; and as Chief Superintendent in the Corporate Development unit from April 1992 to May 1993. In May 1993 he was appointed Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, where his portfolios included Management & Information Support, Personnel, and Operations Support. Chief Constable of Merseyside Police He left West Yorkshire in 1998 to become Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, covering the area where most of the Hillsborough victims had lived and still had relatives living. A member of Merseyside Police Authority, Councillor Steve Foulkes, said the appointment had caused outrage among the families of the victims of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, because Bettison had been involved in the investigation, which had been controversial. Bettison offered to meet the families to defuse the controversy. As Chief Constable of Merseyside he was a pioneer of Neighbourhood Policing: a policing style which provides dedicated teams of police officers and community support officers (CSO) who work with the community and partners at a local level Chief Executive of Centrex He retired from the police in January 2005 to become Chief Executive of Centrex, which provided training and development to police forces in the UK and enforcement agencies throughout the world until it was abolished in March 2007. Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police He rejoined the police service in January 2007 as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He attempted to secure a package to receive both a retirement pension from Merseyside and a salary from the new post; he threatened legal action but the claim was settled out of court. Shortly after taking office as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, Sir Norman ordered a review of shifts worked by officers claiming they did not provide the best service to the public as they included four rest days when officers were not at work. A new shift pattern consisting of two distinct patterns referred to as VSA 1 and VSA 2 (variable shift arrangement) was produced and commenced in March 2008. Response officers worked VSA 1 and neighbourhood policing teams worked VSA 2. The VSA 2 still included four rest days for officers. Officers posted to Communications Division were allowed to continue working the more popular previous shift pattern, FSDR (Force Standard Duty Rosta) as Communications Division had been able to successfully argue that VSA was not fit for purpose for their requirements. The VSA 1 proved deeply unpopular with many officers claiming that they were more tired than they had been working the previous shift pattern. A report leaked from the Police Federation to local media suggested that there had been an increase of 16,000 hours of sickness between April and August 2008, a 3.4% increase on the previous year. After pressure by the police federation a further review was taken and VSA 1 was re-designed and commenced in April 2009. Many officers remain unconvinced as to the need to deviate from the FSDR shift pattern which had allowed West Yorkshire Police to achieve 'very significant performance gains' and be regarded as one of the most improved forces. Media statements In October 2008, Bettison was touted as a possible replacement for Sir Ian Blair as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, but ruled himself out of consideration citing the politicisation of the role and the way Blair was removed. He warned of "dangerous consequences" if the independence of chief constables were lost, saying "I am not prepared to set aside my professional judgement and integrity, forged over 36 years, in order to meet short-term political expediency" and warning of "the ambition which seems to be shared by all three major political parties at the moment... to make the police service more accountable to elected representatives. What that means is bringing the police service under greater political control." On 12 April 2010 Bettison wrote an article in The Times saying "I'm not worth £213,000"; his annual cost to the tax payer when pensions and benefits are considered. He criticized the notion, in the National Health Service and other government bureaus, that public sector organisations had to offer wages for senior managers comparable to those for private industry, or that businesspeople should be brought in to conduct strategic reviews of public agencies. Instead, he wrote, "People join, and remain in, the public sector because of a sense of vocation — to make a difference to society or to the quality of people’s lives. The best leaders are those who can secure long-term public value and a vision for their staff. Not some mercenary performance manager peddling a short-term fix." Thus he suggested freezing public sector pay, without exceptions, beginning with the highest wage earners, which he felt in combination with a 50p in the pound increase in taxes for higher earners and the removal of all tax allowances would sustain public services. In an article for the Yorkshire Post, Bettison wrote that over-zealous health and safety officials were making the jobs of his front line officers increasingly more demanding, branding them "the health and safety Taliban". He described feeling that he was "pushing the boundaries" by commending a police officer who jumped into a canal to save a suicidal man, due to the officer's personal risk, and that in another case police and ambulance crews failed to save two shooting victims after being delayed 20 minutes, because it is "genuinely easier, in that kind of environment, to do nothing. We are not trained, equipped, practised or informed sufficiently for this or that particular scenario." He also described the conviction of Metropolitan Police for the death of Jean Charles de Menezes as "A triumph for health and safety, a lucrative new territory for lawyers, a disaster for common sense." Role in Hillsborough disaster Match attendance On 15 April 1989, as an off-duty police Chief Inspector/private citizen Bettison, attended the semi-final FA Cup football match tie between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at the Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield. At 15:06 the Hillsborough disaster unfolded, which resulted in 97 Liverpool fans being fatally crushed (although three of them died at later dates), and remains the deadliest stadium-related disaster in British history and one of the world's worst ever football disasters. Bettison subsequently left his seat and joined in the South Yorkshire Police efforts to control the unfolding disaster. He claims to have attended a number of casualties, and set up a rendezvous centre for relatives at a local boys' club. South Yorkshire Police review/liaison After the disaster and in the period leading up to the Taylor Report, Bettison was seconded to an internal review group within South Yorkshire Police team who were tasked with liaising with regards issues associated with Hillsborough. Later described as a "black propaganda" unit, the media output included a 30 minute film narrated by Bettison that was shown to MP's during a visit by SYP to Westminster, which verbally reiterated the claims of drunk, violent and ticketless fans breaking down the dilapidated turnstiles at the Leppings Lane end. During a prior meeting to brief Michael Shersby MP and show him the film, it was also claimed that the South Yorkshire Police had deliberately left the rescue operation to the fans so that the fans "would not take out their frustration on the police". Bettison has consistently described his role in Hillsborough as 'peripheral', which has been disputed. He has been asked to explain how exactly his role was peripheral, what exactly his role was, who he was answerable to, and what he did for the two-year period. As a result of his role within the unit, the Hillsborough Families Support Group later led protests on Merseyside when Bettison was proposed as the Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, objections which were over ruled by the police authority. Contribution hearings On 12 July 1990, Bettison prepared and submitted a document for the Hillsborough contribution hearings, the civil court case through which the police sought to recover damages from other parties with liability such as the football club and stadium engineers. In this document, Bettison wrote: "The fullest information on the closure of the central tunnel at the 1988 Semi-Final ... it was an informal initiative at junior level not reported to command level" This conclusion was also drawn by the Coroner who directed the inquest jury that the senior officers had not been aware of diversions from the tunnel by police officers in 1988. Internal documents later released by South Yorkshire Police to the Hillsborough Independent Panel included the minutes of a meeting held on 17 April 1989 with senior members of South Yorkshire Police. It is not clear whether Bettison was in attendance. In the meeting, the then Chief Constable is documented to have stated: "You were well aware that there were contingencies to deal with the filled stand. i.e the shutting off of the tunnel." Hillsborough Independent Panel report On 12 September 2012 Bettison's role in the Hillsborough disaster was revealed by the Hillsborough Independent Panel report. Families of the victims demanded Bettison's resignation. In response to the report, Bettison released a statement saying that his role was never to "besmirch" the fans, but said that Liverpool fans' behaviour that day made policing the event "harder than it needed to be." His comments sparked fury, and led to calls for him to resign. The IPCC later criticised Bettison's statement saying that it was "insensitive and inappropriate to make reference to fan behaviour at all, bearing in mind that publication of the report represented a vindication for the fans that their behaviour was not a factor," and that his "unwise" comments "flew in the face of the report's definitive findings". Trevor Hicks, chair of the families support group, said; "Sir Norman Bettison, currently chief constable of West Yorkshire police and a former chief constable of Merseyside, should quit. As a South Yorkshire chief inspector and later superintendent, he was a member of the internal review group or liaison unit on Hillsborough and, as such, the families say he had a key role in presenting the police in the best light and blaming the fans for the disaster. Labour MP Maria Eagle told parliament: the "liaison unit orchestrated what can only be described as a black propaganda campaign." Hicks, who lost his two teenage daughters in the disaster, said: "If he is anything of a man, he will stand down and scurry up a drainpipe somewhere." On 13 September 2012 former Home Secretary Jack Straw said in a radio interview that Bettison was "bound to be considering his position". He added that in his experience Bettison was a fine police officer . Later that same day, Bettison was referred to the West Yorkshire Police Authority, over his role and post-disaster conduct at the Hillsborough disaster. He was quoted as saying "I really welcome the disclosure of all facts that can be known about the Hillsborough tragedy because I have absolutely nothing to hide." On 14 September, Bettison issued an apology for his statement issued on 13 September "for any upset caused by a statement he issued about his role in the Hillsborough tragedy." Bettison said he had not intended to suggest Liverpool fans had hindered police during the disaster, that Liverpool fans were "in no way to blame", and that he was sorry if he had "caused any further upset". On 28 June 2017, he was charged with offences related to alleged lies in the aftermath. The case was dropped on 21 August 2018. Resignation At the start of October 2012 he announced that he was to retire in March 2013, ending 38 years of service to the police. On 23 October 2012, Bettison resigned with immediate effect as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, after Maria Eagle MP on the floor of the House and thus protected by Parliamentary privilege, accused him of boasting about the Hillsborough cover-up operation involving concocting a story that all the Liverpool fans were drunk and that police were afraid that they were going to break down the gates and so decided to open them. Bettison denied the claim, and more general allegations about his conduct, saying "there is nothing I'm ashamed of". Merseyside Police Authority confirmed that he would receive an £83,000 pension, unless convicted of a criminal offence in relation to Hillsborough. Hillsborough families called for the payments to be frozen during the IPCC investigation. Gross misconduct charge Following a Freedom of Information request, the minutes of West Yorkshire Police Authority were released and they revealed that Bettison resigned after learning that "he faced possible dismissal over a last minute discussion with a police authority executive in which he allegedly sought to influence talks about his role in the Hillsborough scandal." This conversation would have justified his sacking if it was proved that he had interfered with the “integrity of the complaints handling process." Bettison is also to be investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission over allegations that he was involved in the theft of a substantial quantity of precious metal on 11 August 1987. Alleged misconduct in Stephen Lawrence enquiry On 3 July 2013 Bettison was referred to the IPCC by West Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Mark Burns-Williamson in relation to alleged misconduct during the Macpherson Inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black South London teenager who had been fatally stabbed in a racist attack 20 years earlier. Three documents were found, about which Burns-Williamson said: "These documents raise significant concerns over the role of Sir Norman Bettison at the time he was Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police in 1998 in commissioning a report to be prepared in the respect of a key witness appearing before the Macpherson Inquiry. This may suggest an attempt to intervene in the course of a public inquiry and influence the manner in which the testimony of a witness, who was due to present evidence before it, was received. I have today referred this to the Independent Police Complaints Commission." Honours Bettison was made an Honorary Fellow of Liverpool John Moores University in 2004. In the 2000 Birthday Honours, he was awarded the Queen's Police Medal, and was knighted in 2006. Liverpool John Moores University came under pressure to rescind Bettison's fellowship, following the publication of the report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel. The University responded that the requests were being treated with the 'utmost seriousness' but that it would be 'prejudicial' to IPCC investigation to make a decision before the outcome of that investigation was known. On 9 April 2013, LJMU announced they were withdrawing the honorary fellowship granted to Bettison. He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University by the University of Huddersfield in 2012. Ribbon Description Notes Knight Bachelor (Kt) 2006 Queen's Police Medal (QPM) 2000 Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal 2002 UK Version of this Medal Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal 2012 UK Version of this Medal Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal Rhodesia Medal 1980 References ^ Sir Norman Bettison: Alleged Attempt to Influence Improperly the Decision-Making Process of West Yorkshire Police Authority Archived 2 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. IPCC Final Report (March 2013) ^ a b "Sir Norman Bettison resigns over Hillsborough inquiry". BBC News. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "The Hillsborough Independent Panel" (PDF). September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012. ^ "Hillsborough Untold". www.bitebackpublishing.com. ^ Phil Turner (19 April 2010). "Top cops disgree over pay freeze call". Rotherham Advertiser. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ General Register Office, 1956 Births; 1952 Marriages ^ General Register Office 1976 Marriages West Riding ^ a b c Officers Report Number R274 Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine. p. 16. hillsborough.independent.gov.uk ^ Norman Bettison", West Yorkshire Police. ^ New West Yorks CC Named \| UK Police News. Police Oracle (13 December 2006). Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ Yorkshire Post Newspaper article – 8 February 1993 (appointment)/1 May 1993 (start date). ^ "Merseyside Police Authority, Application Form: Application for the post of Chief Constable in HIP Annex MPA000000030001.pdf" (PDF). Hillsborough Independent Panel Report. Hillsborough Independent Panel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ "Pressure grows on Merseyside police chief", BBC News, 9 November 1998. ^ Bunyan, Nigel. "Police chief will meet Hillsborough families 'anytime, anywhere'", The Daily Telegraph, 16 November 1998. ^ "Police chief rejects Hillsborough claims", BBC News, 16 November 1998. ^ Heslop, Richard. POLICE LEADERS ACROSS THE WORLD: A conversation with Sir Norman Bettison, Chief Constable West Yorkshire police, UK Archived 26 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. richardheslop.net ^ Centrex Annual Report-2005-2006. ^ "Will Bettison be the new head at Scotland Yard?". Liverpool Echo. 16 November 2007. ^ Sir Norman Bettison Named New West Yorks Chief. Securzine (February 2007). ^ Police chief in legal battle to take pension on top of pay The Times, 21 December 2007 ^ "West Yorkshire Police chief's DVD talk: 'Your shifts must change'". Yorkshire Evening Post. 14 September 2007. ^ "New shifts hit W Yorks police morale". Yorkshire Evening Post. 7 October 2008. ^ "Police Force Assessments West Yorkshire 2004/2005", Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, 2004–2005. ^ "Police Force Assessments West Yorkshire 2005/2006", Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary, 2005–2006. ^ "Police Chief Rules Out Met Role", BBC, 3 October 2008. ^ Bettison, Norman (12 April 2010). "I'm not worth £213,000. This wage bill is mad". Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 27 April 2010. ^ "Our police officers are at the mercy of Britain's health and safety Taliban". Yorkshire Post. ^ "1989: Football fans crushed at Hillsborough". BBC News. 15 April 1989. Retrieved 2 April 2010. ^ Eason, Kevin (13 April 2009). "Hillsborough: the disaster that changed football". The Times. UK. Retrieved 1 October 2009. ^ a b c d Sandra Laville and Peter Walker (13 September 2012). "Norman Bettison 'should consider his position' after Hillsborough report". The Guardian. London. ^ Page 8 \| Home Office Archived 21 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Hillsborough.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ Shennan, Paddy. (30 October 2012) Hillsborough Files Part Two: Professor Phil Scraton on key individuals and events surrounding the disaster – Liverpool Local News – News. Liverpool Echo. Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ Page 10 \| Home Office Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Hillsborough.independent.gov.uk. Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ "Action 18" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2012. ^ Sandra Laville, crime correspondent (12 September 2012). "Hillsborough victims' families call for resignation of senior police officer". The Guardian. London. ^ West Yorkshire police chief to retire after Hillsborough controversy \| UK news. The Guardian. Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ IPCC Document "Decision in response to Hillsborough Referrals Archived 31 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ipcc.gov.uk (October 2012). ^ BBC (13 September 2012). "Sir Norman Bettison 'referred' over Hillsborough conduct". BBC. ^ "Sir Norman Bettison apologises for Hillsborough statement". BBC News. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012. ^ "Ex-Ch Supt David Duckenfield faces Hillsborough manslaughter charge". BBC News. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ "Hillsborough charges against Sir Norman Bettison dropped". BBC News. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018. ^ "BBC News – Hillsborough: Police chief Sir Norman Bettison to retire". BBC Online. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012. ^ Eagle, Maria. "22 Oct 2012 : Column 765". Hansard. UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Dodd, Vikram (24 October 2012). "Hillsborough: Norman Bettison resigns from West Yorkshire police". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Conn, David (24 October 2012). "Hillsborough: police chief 'boasted' of role in smearing fans". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 October 2012. ^ Bradbury, Sean (14 September 2012). "13:30PM UPDATE: Norman Bettison apologises for causing "further upset" by criticising fans' behaviour at Hillsborough". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 15 October 2020. ^ "Bettison due £83k-a-year pension despite Hillsborough probe". BBC News website. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ Sir Norman Bettison resigned after learning he faced possible dismissal over his role in the Hillsborough scandal – Home News – UK. The Independent (8 November 2012). Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ Sir Normans Alleged Conduct Could Have Meant Dismissal \| UK Police News. Police Oracle. Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ Shute, Joe (29 November 2012). "Exclusive: Bettison faces call for probe on 'precious metal theft' – General news". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "Sir Norman Bettison in probe over Stephen Lawrence family claims". BBC News. 3 July 2013. ^ Liverpool Echo, May 2004. ^ "BBC Birthday Honours List 2000". BBC News. 16 June 2000. ^ United Kingdom: "No. 55879". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 19 June 2000. pp. 1–28. ^ "Knights Bachelor" (PDF). The Telegraph. London. ^ Bartlett, David (12 October 2012). "Liverpool John Moores University postpone Norman Bettison fellowship decision until after Hillsborough police probe – Liverpool Local News – News". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ Sir Norman Bettison: LJMU statement. Ljmu.ac.uk. Retrieved on 16 April 2013. ^ "Honorary graduates". Police appointments Preceded bySir James Sharples Chief Constable of Merseyside Police 1998–2004 Succeeded byBernard Hogan-Howe Preceded byColin Cramphorn Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police 2007–2012 Succeeded byDee Collins	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"police officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_police"},{"link_name":"Chief Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Constable"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_resigns-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Independent Police Complaints Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Police_Complaints_Commission"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough Untold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hillsborough_Untold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sir Norman George Bettison, QPM (born 3 January 1956) is a British former police officer and the former Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police. He resigned[1] in October 2012 amidst controversy about his role in the Hillsborough disaster,[2] in which he was involved in the implementation of a cover-up of police errors.[3] He remained the subject of an Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) investigation, and was charged on the 28 June 2017 with four counts of misconduct in public office. The case was dropped on 21 August 2018. Bettison's own book Hillsborough Untold (2016)[4] contains his version of events.","title":"Norman Bettison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotherham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham"},{"link_name":"West Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hillsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hillsborough.independent.gov.uk-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hillsborough.independent.gov.uk-8"}],"text":"Bettison was born in Rotherham, West Riding of Yorkshire, on 3 January 1956, the son of George Bettison, a steelworker,[5] and Betty Heathcote.[6] He married Patricia Favell in Rotherham in 1976.[7]Bettison said that he attended football matches as a spectator from time to time, following Sheffield Wednesday. He described his experience as a 14-year-old boy watching Sheffield Wednesday vs. Manchester City on 22 April 1970 from the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough stadium:\"... the terraces had become so full ... there was no room to move ... I remember, at one time, being squashed against a barrier to such an extent that I was exerting all my energies to prevent injury ... I dreaded any goals or near misses as this was followed by a surge of people which caused me to be squashed painfully against the barrier. After fighting my way through a crowd I found a more comfortable position. I had been in very large football grounds before and since but had never experienced anything quite like the pressure that was created in this crowd at Hillsborough.\"[8]The experience led him to state in 1989 that \"I wonder, now, whether the Leppings Lane terraces at Hillsborough is somehow susceptible to retaining the pressure created in crowd build up\".[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Grove Comprehensive School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Grove_Comprehensive_School"},{"link_name":"South Yorkshire Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Police"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Master of Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bettison attended South Grove Comprehensive School before leaving at the age of 16 to join South Yorkshire Police as a cadet. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in philosophy and psychology from the University of Oxford, which was later upgraded to a Master of Arts (MA) – an automatic process which requires no further study or examination – and gained a Master of Business Administration (MBA) in business administration and media studies from Sheffield Hallam University.[9] – the former Sheffield Polytechnic. He is also a graduate of the FBI Executive Programme[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Bettison began his police career in 1975 when, at the age of 19, he joined South Yorkshire Police as a Constable. He served through its ranks, acting as a Superintendent in the Traffic Division from October 1989 to January 1991, whilst simultaneously working in the Hillsborough disaster liaison unit; as Superintendent in the Divisional Commander's office from January 1991 to April 1992; and as Chief Superintendent in the Corporate Development unit from April 1992 to May 1993. In May 1993 he was appointed Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, where his portfolios included Management & Information Support, Personnel, and Operations Support.[11][12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merseyside Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside_Police"},{"link_name":"Steve Foulkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Foulkes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pressure-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Chief Constable of Merseyside Police","text":"He left West Yorkshire in 1998 to become Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, covering the area where most of the Hillsborough victims had lived and still had relatives living. A member of Merseyside Police Authority, Councillor Steve Foulkes, said the appointment had caused outrage among the families of the victims of the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, because Bettison had been involved in the investigation, which had been controversial.[13] Bettison offered to meet the families to defuse the controversy.[14][15]\nAs Chief Constable of Merseyside he was a pioneer of Neighbourhood Policing: a policing style which provides dedicated teams of police officers and community support officers (CSO) who work with the community and partners at a local level [16]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Centrex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrex_(police_training_agency)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Chief Executive of Centrex","text":"He retired from the police in January 2005 to become Chief Executive of Centrex, which provided training and development to police forces in the UK and enforcement agencies throughout the world until it was abolished in March 2007.[17][18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police","text":"He rejoined the police service in January 2007 as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police.[19] He attempted to secure a package to receive both a retirement pension from Merseyside and a salary from the new post; he threatened legal action but the claim was settled out of court.[20]Shortly after taking office as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, Sir Norman ordered a review of shifts worked by officers claiming they did not provide the best service to the public as they included four rest days when officers were not at work.[21] A new shift pattern consisting of two distinct patterns referred to as VSA 1 and VSA 2 (variable shift arrangement) was produced and commenced in March 2008. Response officers worked VSA 1 and neighbourhood policing teams worked VSA 2. The VSA 2 still included four rest days for officers. Officers posted to Communications Division were allowed to continue working the more popular previous shift pattern, FSDR (Force Standard Duty Rosta) as Communications Division had been able to successfully argue that VSA was not fit for purpose for their requirements. The VSA 1 proved deeply unpopular with many officers claiming that they were more tired than they had been working the previous shift pattern. A report leaked from the Police Federation to local media suggested that there had been an increase of 16,000 hours of sickness between April and August 2008, a 3.4% increase on the previous year.[22] After pressure by the police federation a further review was taken and VSA 1 was re-designed and commenced in April 2009. Many officers remain unconvinced as to the need to deviate from the FSDR shift pattern which had allowed West Yorkshire Police to achieve 'very significant performance gains' and be regarded as one of the most improved forces.[23][24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Blair"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"death of Jean Charles de Menezes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jean_Charles_de_Menezes"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Media statements","text":"In October 2008, Bettison was touted as a possible replacement for Sir Ian Blair as Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, but ruled himself out of consideration citing the politicisation of the role and the way Blair was removed. He warned of \"dangerous consequences\" if the independence of chief constables were lost, saying \"I am not prepared to set aside my professional judgement and integrity, forged over 36 years, in order to meet short-term political expediency\" and warning of \"the ambition which seems to be shared by all three major political parties at the moment... to make the police service more accountable to elected representatives. What that means is bringing the police service under greater political control.\"[25]On 12 April 2010 Bettison wrote an article in The Times saying \"I'm not worth £213,000\"; his annual cost to the tax payer when pensions and benefits are considered. He criticized the notion, in the National Health Service and other government bureaus, that public sector organisations had to offer wages for senior managers comparable to those for private industry, or that businesspeople should be brought in to conduct strategic reviews of public agencies. Instead, he wrote, \"People join, and remain in, the public sector because of a sense of vocation — to make a difference to society or to the quality of people’s lives. The best leaders are those who can secure long-term public value and a vision for their staff. Not some mercenary performance manager peddling a short-term fix.\" Thus he suggested freezing public sector pay, without exceptions, beginning with the highest wage earners, which he felt in combination with a 50p in the pound increase in taxes for higher earners and the removal of all tax allowances would sustain public services.[26]In an article for the Yorkshire Post, Bettison wrote that over-zealous health and safety officials were making the jobs of his front line officers increasingly more demanding, branding them \"the health and safety Taliban\". He described feeling that he was \"pushing the boundaries\" by commending a police officer who jumped into a canal to save a suicidal man, due to the officer's personal risk, and that in another case police and ambulance crews failed to save two shooting victims after being delayed 20 minutes, because it is \"genuinely easier, in that kind of environment, to do nothing. We are not trained, equipped, practised or informed sufficiently for this or that particular scenario.\" He also described the conviction of Metropolitan Police for the death of Jean Charles de Menezes as \"A triumph for health and safety, a lucrative new territory for lawyers, a disaster for common sense.\"[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Role in Hillsborough disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hillsborough Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Hillsborough disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Match attendance","text":"On 15 April 1989, as an off-duty police Chief Inspector/private citizen Bettison, attended the semi-final FA Cup football match tie between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at the Hillsborough Stadium, Sheffield. At 15:06 the Hillsborough disaster unfolded, which resulted in 97 Liverpool fans being fatally crushed (although three of them died at later dates),[28] and remains the deadliest stadium-related disaster in British history and one of the world's worst ever football disasters.[29] Bettison subsequently left his seat and joined in the South Yorkshire Police efforts to control the unfolding disaster. He claims to have attended a number of casualties, and set up a rendezvous centre for relatives at a local boys' club.","title":"Role in Hillsborough disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taylor Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Report"},{"link_name":"black propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_propaganda"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardStraw-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardStraw-30"},{"link_name":"Michael Shersby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Shersby"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardStraw-30"}],"sub_title":"South Yorkshire Police review/liaison","text":"After the disaster and in the period leading up to the Taylor Report, Bettison was seconded to an internal review group within South Yorkshire Police team who were tasked with liaising with regards issues associated with Hillsborough. Later described as a \"black propaganda\" unit,[30] the media output included a 30 minute film narrated by Bettison that was shown to MP's during a visit by SYP to Westminster, which verbally reiterated the claims of drunk, violent and ticketless fans breaking down the dilapidated turnstiles at the Leppings Lane end.[30] During a prior meeting to brief Michael Shersby MP and show him the film, it was also claimed that the South Yorkshire Police had deliberately left the rescue operation to the fans so that the fans \"would not take out their frustration on the police\".[31]Bettison has consistently described his role in Hillsborough as 'peripheral', which has been disputed. He has been asked to explain how exactly his role was peripheral, what exactly his role was, who he was answerable to, and what he did for the two-year period.[32]As a result of his role within the unit, the Hillsborough Families Support Group later led protests on Merseyside when Bettison was proposed as the Chief Constable of Merseyside Police, objections which were over ruled by the police authority.[30]","title":"Role in Hillsborough disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hillsborough.independent.gov.uk-8"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Contribution hearings","text":"On 12 July 1990, Bettison prepared and submitted a document for the Hillsborough contribution hearings, the civil court case through which the police sought to recover damages from other parties with liability such as the football club and stadium engineers. In this document, Bettison wrote:\"The fullest information on the closure of the central tunnel at the 1988 Semi-Final ... it was an informal initiative at junior level not reported to command level\"[8]This conclusion was also drawn by the Coroner who directed the inquest jury that the senior officers had not been aware of diversions from the tunnel by police officers in 1988.[33]Internal documents later released by South Yorkshire Police to the Hillsborough Independent Panel included the minutes of a meeting held on 17 April 1989 with senior members of South Yorkshire Police. It is not clear whether Bettison was in attendance. In the meeting, the then Chief Constable is documented to have stated:\"You were well aware that there were contingencies to deal with the filled stand. i.e the shutting off of the tunnel.\"\n[34]","title":"Role in Hillsborough disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hillsborough Independent Panel report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Independent_Panel"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GuardStraw-30"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Hillsborough Independent Panel report","text":"On 12 September 2012 Bettison's role in the Hillsborough disaster was revealed by the Hillsborough Independent Panel report. Families of the victims demanded Bettison's resignation.[35]In response to the report, Bettison released a statement saying that his role was never to \"besmirch\" the fans, but said that Liverpool fans' behaviour that day made policing the event \"harder than it needed to be.\"[36] His comments sparked fury, and led to calls for him to resign. The IPCC later criticised Bettison's statement saying that it was \"insensitive and inappropriate to make reference to fan behaviour at all, bearing in mind that publication of the report represented a vindication for the fans that their behaviour was not a factor,\" and that his \"unwise\" comments \"flew in the face of the report's definitive findings\".[37]Trevor Hicks, chair of the families support group, said; \"Sir Norman Bettison, currently chief constable of West Yorkshire police and a former chief constable of Merseyside, should quit. As a South Yorkshire chief inspector and later superintendent, he was a member of the internal review group or liaison unit on Hillsborough and, as such, the families say he had a key role in presenting the police in the best light and blaming the fans for the disaster. Labour MP Maria Eagle told parliament: the \"liaison unit orchestrated what can only be described as a black propaganda campaign.\"Hicks, who lost his two teenage daughters in the disaster, said: \"If he is anything of a man, he will stand down and scurry up a drainpipe somewhere.\"On 13 September 2012 former Home Secretary Jack Straw said in a radio interview that Bettison was \"bound to be considering his position\". He added that in his experience Bettison was a fine police officer .[30] Later that same day, Bettison was referred to the West Yorkshire Police Authority, over his role and post-disaster conduct at the Hillsborough disaster. He was quoted as saying \"I really welcome the disclosure of all facts that can be known about the Hillsborough tragedy because I have absolutely nothing to hide.\"[38]On 14 September, Bettison issued an apology for his statement issued on 13 September \"for any upset caused by a statement he issued about his role in the Hillsborough tragedy.\" Bettison said he had not intended to suggest Liverpool fans had hindered police during the disaster, that Liverpool fans were \"in no way to blame\", and that he was sorry if he had \"caused any further upset\".[39]On 28 June 2017, he was charged with offences related to alleged lies in the aftermath.[40] The case was dropped on 21 August 2018.[41]","title":"Role in Hillsborough disaster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Maria Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_privilege"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_resigns-2"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"At the start of October 2012 he announced that he was to retire in March 2013, ending 38 years of service to the police.[42] On 23 October 2012, Bettison resigned with immediate effect as Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police, after Maria Eagle MP on the floor of the House and thus protected by Parliamentary privilege, accused him of boasting about the Hillsborough cover-up operation involving concocting a story that all the Liverpool fans were drunk and that police were afraid that they were going to break down the gates and so decided to open them.[2][43][44][45] Bettison denied the claim, and more general allegations about his conduct, saying \"there is nothing I'm ashamed of\".[46] Merseyside Police Authority confirmed that he would receive an £83,000 pension, unless convicted of a criminal offence in relation to Hillsborough. Hillsborough families called for the payments to be frozen during the IPCC investigation.[47]","title":"Resignation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freedom of Information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_information_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Police Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_Authority"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Following a Freedom of Information request, the minutes of West Yorkshire Police Authority were released and they revealed that Bettison resigned after learning that \"he faced possible dismissal over a last minute discussion with a police authority executive in which he allegedly sought to influence talks about his role in the Hillsborough scandal.\"[48] This conversation would have justified his sacking if it was proved that he had interfered with the “integrity of the complaints handling process.\"[49]Bettison is also to be investigated by the Independent Police Complaints Commission over allegations that he was involved in the theft of a substantial quantity of precious metal on 11 August 1987.[50]","title":"Gross misconduct charge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Police"},{"link_name":"Police and Crime Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_Crime_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Mark Burns-Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Burns-Williamson"},{"link_name":"murder of Stephen Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"South London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_London"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"On 3 July 2013 Bettison was referred to the IPCC by West Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner Mark Burns-Williamson in relation to alleged misconduct during the Macpherson Inquiry into the murder of Stephen Lawrence, a black South London teenager who had been fatally stabbed in a racist attack 20 years earlier. Three documents were found, about which Burns-Williamson said:\"These documents raise significant concerns over the role of Sir Norman Bettison at the time he was Assistant Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police in 1998 in commissioning a report to be prepared in the respect of a key witness appearing before the Macpherson Inquiry. This may suggest an attempt to intervene in the course of a public inquiry and influence the manner in which the testimony of a witness, who was due to present evidence before it, was received. I have today referred this to the Independent Police Complaints Commission.\"[51]","title":"Alleged misconduct in Stephen Lawrence enquiry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"2000 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"Queen's Police Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Police_Medal"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB-54"},{"link_name":"knighted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Bachelor"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Honorary degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"Doctor of the University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_the_University"},{"link_name":"University of Huddersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knight-Bachelor.ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_Golden_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:QEII_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Police_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_ribbon.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhodesia_Medal_Ribbon.svg"}],"text":"Bettison was made an Honorary Fellow of Liverpool John Moores University in 2004.[52] In the 2000 Birthday Honours, he was awarded the Queen's Police Medal,[53][54] and was knighted in 2006.[55]Liverpool John Moores University came under pressure to rescind Bettison's fellowship, following the publication of the report of the Hillsborough Independent Panel. The University responded that the requests were being treated with the 'utmost seriousness' but that it would be 'prejudicial' to IPCC investigation to make a decision before the outcome of that investigation was known.[56] \nOn 9 April 2013, LJMU announced they were withdrawing the honorary fellowship granted to Bettison.[57] He was awarded the Honorary degree of Doctor of the University by the University of Huddersfield in 2012.[58]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sir Norman Bettison resigns over Hillsborough inquiry\". BBC News. 24 October 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20067716","url_text":"\"Sir Norman Bettison resigns over Hillsborough inquiry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Hillsborough Independent Panel\" (PDF). September 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120912230248/http://hillsborough.independent.gov.uk/repository/report/HIP_report.pdf","url_text":"\"The Hillsborough Independent Panel\""},{"url":"http://hillsborough.independent.gov.uk/repository/report/HIP_report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hillsborough Untold\". www.bitebackpublishing.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bitebackpublishing.com/books/hillsborough-untold","url_text":"\"Hillsborough Untold\""}]},{"reference":"Phil Turner (19 April 2010). \"Top cops disgree over pay freeze call\". Rotherham Advertiser. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rotherhamadvertiser.co.uk/news/85709/top-cops-disgree-over-pay-freeze-call.aspx","url_text":"\"Top cops disgree over pay freeze call\""}]},{"reference":"\"Merseyside Police Authority, Application Form: Application for the post of Chief Constable in HIP Annex MPA000000030001.pdf\" (PDF). Hillsborough Independent Panel Report. Hillsborough Independent Panel. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130811032851/http://hillsborough.independent.gov.uk/repository/docs/MPA000000030001.pdf","url_text":"\"Merseyside Police Authority, Application Form: Application for the post of Chief Constable in HIP Annex MPA000000030001.pdf\""},{"url":"http://hillsborough.independent.gov.uk/repository/docs/MPA000000030001.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Will Bettison be the new head at Scotland Yard?\". Liverpool Echo. 16 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/views/liverpool-columnists/rex-makin/2007/11/16/will-bettison-be-the-new-head-at-scotland-yard-100252-20134335/","url_text":"\"Will Bettison be the new head at Scotland Yard?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Echo","url_text":"Liverpool Echo"}]},{"reference":"\"West Yorkshire Police chief's DVD talk: 'Your shifts must change'\". Yorkshire Evening Post. 14 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/West-Yorkshire-Police-chief39s-DVD.3201336.jp","url_text":"\"West Yorkshire Police chief's DVD talk: 'Your shifts must change'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"\"New shifts hit W Yorks police morale\". Yorkshire Evening Post. 7 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/New-shifts-hit-W-Yorks.4564377.jp","url_text":"\"New shifts hit W Yorks police morale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"}]},{"reference":"Bettison, Norman (12 April 2010). \"I'm not worth £213,000. This wage bill is mad\". Times Newspapers Ltd. Retrieved 27 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article7094782.ece","url_text":"\"I'm not worth £213,000. This wage bill is mad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our police officers are at the mercy of Britain's health and safety Taliban\". Yorkshire Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/opinion/Norman-Bettison-Our-police-officers.3450691.jp","url_text":"\"Our police officers are at the mercy of Britain's health and safety Taliban\""}]},{"reference":"\"1989: Football fans crushed at Hillsborough\". BBC News. 15 April 1989. Retrieved 2 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/15/newsid_2491000/2491195.stm","url_text":"\"1989: Football fans crushed at Hillsborough\""}]},{"reference":"Eason, Kevin (13 April 2009). \"Hillsborough: the disaster that changed football\". The Times. UK. Retrieved 1 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article6083159.ece","url_text":"\"Hillsborough: the disaster that changed football\""}]},{"reference":"Sandra Laville and Peter Walker (13 September 2012). \"Norman Bettison 'should consider his position' after Hillsborough report\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/sep/13/norman-bettison-hillsborough-report-straw","url_text":"\"Norman Bettison 'should consider his position' after Hillsborough report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Action 18\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151003100800/http://hillsborough.independent.gov.uk/repository/docs/SYP000096360001.pdf#page=43","url_text":"\"Action 18\""},{"url":"http://hillsborough.independent.gov.uk/repository/docs/SYP000096360001.pdf#page=43","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sandra Laville, crime correspondent (12 September 2012). \"Hillsborough victims' families call for resignation of senior police officer\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/sep/12/hillsborough-victims-families-police-resignation","url_text":"\"Hillsborough victims' families call for resignation of senior police officer\""}]},{"reference":"BBC (13 September 2012). \"Sir Norman Bettison 'referred' over Hillsborough conduct\". BBC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19583260","url_text":"\"Sir Norman Bettison 'referred' over Hillsborough conduct\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Norman Bettison apologises for Hillsborough statement\". BBC News. 14 September 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-19602577","url_text":"\"Sir Norman Bettison apologises for Hillsborough statement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Ch Supt David Duckenfield faces Hillsborough manslaughter charge\". BBC News. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40419819","url_text":"\"Ex-Ch Supt David Duckenfield faces Hillsborough manslaughter charge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hillsborough charges against Sir Norman Bettison dropped\". BBC News. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-45258766","url_text":"\"Hillsborough charges against Sir Norman Bettison dropped\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News – Hillsborough: Police chief Sir Norman Bettison to retire\". BBC Online. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19836760","url_text":"\"BBC News – Hillsborough: Police chief Sir Norman Bettison to retire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Online","url_text":"BBC Online"}]},{"reference":"Eagle, Maria. \"22 Oct 2012 : Column 765\". Hansard. UK Parliament. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121022/debtext/121022-0003.htm#12102226000184","url_text":"\"22 Oct 2012 : Column 765\""}]},{"reference":"Dodd, Vikram (24 October 2012). \"Hillsborough: Norman Bettison resigns from West Yorkshire police\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/24/norman-bettison-resigns-hillsborough-west-yorkshire?google_editors_picks=true","url_text":"\"Hillsborough: Norman Bettison resigns from West Yorkshire police\""}]},{"reference":"Conn, David (24 October 2012). \"Hillsborough: police chief 'boasted' of role in smearing fans\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/23/hillsborough-police-chief-bettison-eagle?INTCMP=SRCH","url_text":"\"Hillsborough: police chief 'boasted' of role in smearing fans\""}]},{"reference":"Bradbury, Sean (14 September 2012). \"13:30PM UPDATE: Norman Bettison apologises for causing \"further upset\" by criticising fans' behaviour at Hillsborough\". Liverpool Echo. 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The London Gazette (1st supplement). 19 June 2000. pp. 1–28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55879/supplement/1","url_text":"\"No. 55879\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights Bachelor\" (PDF). The Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/06/17/nhonours17a.pdf","url_text":"\"Knights Bachelor\""}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, David (12 October 2012). \"Liverpool John Moores University postpone Norman Bettison fellowship decision until after Hillsborough police probe – Liverpool Local News – News\". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2012/10/04/liverpool-john-moores-university-postpone-norman-bettison-fellowship-decision-until-after-hillsborough-police-probe-100252-31967024/","url_text":"\"Liverpool John Moores University postpone Norman Bettison fellowship decision until after Hillsborough police probe – Liverpool Local News – News\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary graduates\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hud.ac.uk/about/honorary-graduates/","url_text":"\"Honorary graduates\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/Documents/investigation_commissioner_reports/Bettison%20Final%20Report%20incl%20Foreword%20Final%20for%20publication%20PDF.pdf","external_links_name":"Sir Norman Bettison: Alleged Attempt to Influence Improperly the Decision-Making Process of West Yorkshire Police 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news"},{"Link":"http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/Documents/investigation_commissioner_reports/IPCC_DECISION_IN_RESPONSE_TO_HILLSBOROUGH_REFERRALS.pdf","external_links_name":"IPCC Document \"Decision in response to Hillsborough Referrals"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121031194655/http://www.ipcc.gov.uk/Documents/investigation_commissioner_reports/IPCC_DECISION_IN_RESPONSE_TO_HILLSBOROUGH_REFERRALS.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19583260","external_links_name":"\"Sir Norman Bettison 'referred' over Hillsborough conduct\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-leeds-19602577","external_links_name":"\"Sir Norman Bettison apologises for Hillsborough statement\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/40419819","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Ch Supt David Duckenfield faces Hillsborough manslaughter charge\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-45258766","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough charges against Sir Norman Bettison dropped\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-19836760","external_links_name":"\"BBC News – Hillsborough: Police chief Sir Norman Bettison to retire\""},{"Link":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201213/cmhansrd/cm121022/debtext/121022-0003.htm#12102226000184","external_links_name":"\"22 Oct 2012 : Column 765\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/24/norman-bettison-resigns-hillsborough-west-yorkshire?google_editors_picks=true","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough: Norman Bettison resigns from West Yorkshire police\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2012/oct/23/hillsborough-police-chief-bettison-eagle?INTCMP=SRCH","external_links_name":"\"Hillsborough: police chief 'boasted' of role in smearing fans\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/1330pm-update-norman-bettison-apologises-3334969","external_links_name":"\"13:30PM UPDATE: Norman Bettison apologises for causing \"further upset\" by criticising fans' behaviour at Hillsborough\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-20079755","external_links_name":"\"Bettison due £83k-a-year pension despite Hillsborough probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/sir-norman-bettison-resigned-after-learning-he-faced-possible-dismissal-over-his-role-in-the-hillsborough-scandal-8294683.html","external_links_name":"Sir Norman Bettison resigned after learning he faced possible dismissal over his role in the Hillsborough scandal – Home News – UK"},{"Link":"http://www.policeoracle.com/news/Staff+Association+News/2012/Nov/08/Sir-Normans-Alleged-Conduct-Could-Have-Meant-Dismissal_57780.html","external_links_name":"Sir Normans Alleged Conduct Could Have Meant Dismissal \| UK Police News"},{"Link":"http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/at-a-glance/main-section/exclusive-bettison-faces-call-for-probe-on-precious-metal-theft-1-5177869","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Bettison faces call for probe on 'precious metal theft' – General news\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-23171119","external_links_name":"\"Sir Norman Bettison in probe over Stephen Lawrence family claims\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/birthday_honours_2000/793875.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC Birthday Honours List 2000\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/55879/supplement/1","external_links_name":"\"No. 55879\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/graphics/2006/06/17/nhonours17a.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Knights Bachelor\""},{"Link":"http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2012/10/04/liverpool-john-moores-university-postpone-norman-bettison-fellowship-decision-until-after-hillsborough-police-probe-100252-31967024/","external_links_name":"\"Liverpool John Moores University postpone Norman Bettison fellowship decision until after Hillsborough police probe – Liverpool Local News – 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeni_Semenenko	Evgeni Semenenko	["1 Personal life","2 Programs","3 Competitive highlights","4 Detailed results","4.1 Senior level","5 References","6 External links"]	Russian figure skater You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (January 2022) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ru\|Семененко, Евгений Станиславович}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Stanislavovich and the family name is Semenenko. Evgeni SemenenkoFull nameEvgeni Stanislavovich SemenenkoNative nameЕвгений Станиславович Семененко (Russian)Other namesEvgeniy/EvgenyBorn (2003-07-26) 26 July 2003 (age 20)Saint Petersburg, RussiaHometownSaint PetersburgHeight1.76 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Figure skating careerCountry RussiaCoachTatiana Mishina Alexei MishinSkating clubOlympic School Zvezdni LedBegan skating2008 Medal record Men's singles Representing Russia World Team Trophy 2021 Osaka Team Evgeni Stanislavovich Semenenko (Russian: Евгений Станиславович Семененко, IPA: ; born 26 July 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2021 Skate Canada bronze medalist and a two-time Russian national champion (2023-24). He placed in the top eight at the 2021 World Championships. He was the best result of Russia at 2022 Winter Olympics, placing 8th all-around. On the junior level, he is the 2021 Russian junior national champion. Personal life Evgeni started skating when he was 5 years old. At the age of 8, Evgeni joined the team of Alexei Mishin and Tatiana Mishina. He graduated from high school with honors in 2021 and has been studying at the medical faculty of First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg ever since. In April 2023 Semenenko was sanctioned by the Ukrainian government due to his support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Programs Season Short program Free skating Exhibition 2023–2024 Le clownby Bruno Pelletierchoreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Romeo and Juliet Talk Show Host by Radiohead O Verona by Craig Armstrong, Nellee Hooper and Marius de Vries Kissing You by Des'ree Escape from Mantuaby Craig Armstrong, Nellee Hooper and Marius de Vrieschoreo. by Benoît Richaud Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune by Claude Debussychoreo. by Ilya Averbukh Piano Concerto No. 2by Sergei Rachmaninoff 2022–2023 Adagio in G minorby Tomaso Albinonichoreo. by Adam Solya Trust Fund Baby Good Boy Gone Bad by Tomorrow X Togetherchoreo. by Ilya Averbukh Les sans-papiers Le pape des fous La fête des fous(from Notre-Dame de Paris)by Riccardo Cocciantechoreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Облака-бродяги (Tramp Clouds) by Dmitry Koldun Trust Fund Baby Good Boy Gone Bad by Tomorrow X Togetherchoreo. by Ilya Averbukh Phantomby WayVchoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva and Evgeni Prisyazhny Frost by Tomorrow X Togetherchoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva Adagio in G minorby Tomaso Albinonichoreo. by Adam Solya 2021–2022 Adagio in G minorby Tomaso Albinonichoreo. by Adam Solya What Is It About Her? (from The Wild Party) by Nadim Naaman choreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Titles Waltz Love Appeared Execution Woland Theme (from The Master and Margarita)by Igor Kornelyuk choreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Frost by Tomorrow X Togetherchoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva Adagio in G minorby Tomaso Albinonichoreo. by Adam Solya Eternally Everlasting Shine by Tomorrow X Togetherchoreo. by Florent Amodio 2020–2021 The City Which Doesn't Exist(from Bandit Petersburg)by Igor Kornelyukchoreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Les sans-papiers Le pape des fous La fête des fous(from Notre-Dame de Paris)by Riccardo Cocciantechoreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Tequilaby The Champschoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva 2019–2020 Tequilaby The Champschoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva Preliatorby Globuschoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva 2018–2019 Grande amoreby II Volochoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva Preliatorby Globuschoreo. by Tatiana Prokofieva 2017–2018 Billie Jean Beat Itby Michael Jacksonchoreo. by Adam Solya Don Juan DeMarcoby Michael Kamenchoreo. by Nikita Mikhailov Competitive highlights GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix International Event 14–15 15–16 16–17 17–18 18–19 19–20 20–21 21–22 22–23 23–24 Olympics 8th Worlds 8th B Europeans 5th GP Rostelecom 6th 6th GP Skate Canada 3rd CS Cup of Austria WD CS Finlandia 5th Ice Star 3rd Tallink Hotels Cup 2nd International: Junior JGP Austria 6th National Russian Champ. 11th 4th 1st 1st Russian Junior 16th 7th 10th 5th 1st Russian Cup Final 2nd J WD 1st J 1st 4th 1st GPR Idel 1st GPR Moscow Stars 2nd GPR Perm Territory 1st GPR Quray 2nd Team events World Team Trophy 1st T5th P Channel One Trophy 2nd T4th P TBD = Assigned; WD = WithdrewLevels: J = JuniorT = Team result; P = Personal result. Medals awarded for team result only. Detailed results ISU personal best scores in the +5/-5 GOE System Segment Type Score Event Total TSS 274.13 2022 Olympics Short program TSS 99.04 2022 European Championships TES 56.33 2022 European Championships PCS 42.71 2022 European Championships Free skating TSS 178.37 2022 Olympics TES 97.00 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy PCS 85.44 2022 European Championships Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only. Senior level ISU Personal Bests highlighted in bold. 2022–23 season Date Event SP FS Total December 20-25, 2022 2023 Russian Championships 2 99.15 1 195.92 1 295.07 2021–22 season Date Event SP FS Total 25–27 March 2022 2022 Channel One Trophy 2 101.55 5 177.02 2T/4P 278.57 February 8–10, 2022 2022 Winter Olympics 7 95.76 9 178.37 8 274.13 January 10–16, 2022 2022 European Championships 3 99.04 9 160.96 5 260.00 December 21–26, 2021 2022 Russian Championships 1 98.03 5 176.25 4 274.28 November 26–28, 2021 2021 Rostelecom Cup 7 81.00 6 165.66 6 246.66 October 29–31, 2021 2021 Skate Canada International 5 87.71 2 168.30 3 256.01 October 7–10, 2021 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy 11 69.63 3 172.60 5 242.23 2020–21 season Date Event SP FS Total April 15–18, 2021 2021 World Team Trophy 7 88.86 5 166.33 1T/5P 255.19 March 22–28, 2021 2021 World Championships 10 86.86 7 171.59 8 258.45 Feb. 26 – Mar. 2, 2021 2021 Russian Cup Final domestic competition 1 94.95 2 170.18 1 265.13 December 23–27, 2020 2021 Russian Championships 11 79.86 12 148.61 11 228.47 November 20–22, 2020 2020 Rostelecom Cup 7 83.42 3 177.36 6 260.78 November 8-12, 2020 2020 Cup of Russia Series, 4th Stage, Kazan domestic competition 1 96.00 2 168.38 1 264.38 Oct. 29 – Nov 1, 2020 2020 Ice star 3 77.42 3 153.26 3 230.68 October 10–13, 2020 2020 Cup of Russia Series, 2nd Stage, Moscow domestic competition 1 85.83 4 163.22 4 249.05 References ^ The 2023 Russian Cup Final was renamed as the 2023 Russian Grand Prix Final. ^ "Seasons Best Scores 2021/2022". www.isuresults.com. Retrieved January 14, 2022. ^ "Seasons Best Scores 2020/2021". www.isuresults.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020. ^ "«Туктамышева поражает всю планету». Лучший русский юниор Семененко о Мишине, Плющенко, Коляде и селфи с Роналдиньо - 18 февраля 2021 - Sport24". sport24.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Евгений Семененко поступил на лечебный факультет Первого Санкт-Петербургского государственного медицинского университета". Sports.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ Сіменко, Надія. "❗️ Зеленський запровадив санкції проти російських діячів спорту". ua.tribuna.com (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ https://www.championat.com/figureskating/news-5037987-averbuh-obyasnil-pochemu-ne-stal-horeografom-pogoriloj-i-semenenko-na-turnire-shou-programm.html ^ "Evgeni SEMENENKO: 2021/2022". International Skating Union. ^ "Evgeni SEMENENKO: 2020/2021". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 3 March 2021. ^ "Evgeni SEMENENKO: 2019/2020". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. ^ "Evgeni SEMENENKO: 2017/2018". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 1 June 2018. ^ a b "Competition Results: Evgeni SEMENENKO". International Skating Union. ^ a b "RUS-Evgeni SEMENENKO". Skating Scores. External links Evgeni Semenenko at the International Skating Union Evgeni Semenenko at Olympics.com Evgeniy Semenenko on Instagram Yevgeny Semenenko at Olympedia vteRussian champions in figure skating – Men's singles 1897–1900: Alexander Panshin 1901–1905: Nikolai Panin 1906: Fyodor Datlin 1907: Nikolai Panin 1908: Fyodor Datlin 1910–1912: Karl Ollo 1913–1914: Ivan Malinin 1993–1996: Alexei Urmanov 1997–1998: Ilia Kulik 1999–2002: Evgeni Plushenko 2003: Alexander Abt 2004–2006: Evgeni Plushenko 2007: Andrei Griazev 2008–2009: Sergei Voronov 2010: Evgeni Plushenko 2011: Konstantin Menshov 2012–2013: Evgeni Plushenko 2014–2016: Maxim Kovtun 2017–2018: Mikhail Kolyada 2019: Maxim Kovtun 2020: Dmitri Aliev 2021: Mikhail Kolyada 2022: Mark Kondratiuk 2023–2024: Evgeni Semenenko	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Slavic naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj sʲɪmʲɪˈnʲenkə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"2021 Skate Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Skate_Canada"},{"link_name":"Russian national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2021 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2021 Russian junior national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_Figure_Skating_Championships#Junior_Championships"}],"text":"In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Stanislavovich and the family name is Semenenko.Evgeni Stanislavovich Semenenko (Russian: Евгений Станиславович Семененко, IPA: [jɪvˈɡʲenʲɪj sʲɪmʲɪˈnʲenkə]; born 26 July 2003) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2021 Skate Canada bronze medalist and a two-time Russian national champion (2023-24). He placed in the top eight at the 2021 World Championships. He was the best result of Russia at 2022 Winter Olympics, placing 8th all-around. On the junior level, he is the 2021 Russian junior national champion.","title":"Evgeni Semenenko"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexei Mishin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Mishin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Pavlov_State_Medical_University_of_St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Evgeni started skating when he was 5 years old. At the age of 8, Evgeni joined the team of Alexei Mishin and Tatiana Mishina.[3] He graduated from high school with honors in 2021 and has been studying at the medical faculty of First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg ever since.[4]In April 2023 Semenenko was sanctioned by the Ukrainian government due to his support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Junior Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Junior_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"GP: Grand Prix; JGP: Junior Grand Prix","title":"Competitive highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISU Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only.","title":"Detailed results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Senior level","text":"ISU Personal Bests highlighted in bold.","title":"Detailed results"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Seasons Best Scores 2021/2022\". www.isuresults.com. Retrieved January 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2021-22/sbtsmto.htm","url_text":"\"Seasons Best Scores 2021/2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seasons Best Scores 2020/2021\". www.isuresults.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2020-21/sbtsmto.htm","url_text":"\"Seasons Best Scores 2020/2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"«Туктамышева поражает всю планету». Лучший русский юниор Семененко о Мишине, Плющенко, Коляде и селфи с Роналдиньо - 18 февраля 2021 - Sport24\". sport24.ru (in Russian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicks_On_Speed	Chicks on Speed	["1 History","2 Philosophy","3 Music","4 Other artistic endeavours","5 Solo activities of the members","6 Current members","7 Discography","7.1 Albums","7.2 EPs and singles","8 References","9 External links"]	German feminist music and fine art ensemble This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Chicks on Speed" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chicks on SpeedChicks on Speed in Berlin on 7 February 2008Background informationOriginMunich, GermanyGenresElectroclashelectropopYears active1997–presentLabelsChicks on Speed RecordsKMembersMelissa LoganAlex Murray-LesliePast membersKiki MoorseFaustine KomplewjskiA.L. SteinerKathi GlasAnat Ben DavidErica LewisKrõõt JuurakWebsitewww.chicksonspeed.com Chicks on Speed is a feminist music and fine art ensemble, formed in Munich in 1997, after members Alex Murray-Leslie and Melissa Logan met at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts. Though Chicks on Speed reached cult status throughout the 2000s and became most well known as catalysts of the musical genre electroclash, the band was founded and performed as a multidisciplinary art group working in performance art, electronic dance music, collage graphics, textile design, and fashion. History The co-founders, Melissa Logan and Alex Murray-Leslie met in 1997 as art students at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, while attending one of the academy's parties. In 1997, Murray-Leslie invited Logan to join an illegal bar she founded, named "Seppi Bar". Logan and Murray-Leslie began working as a group at Seppi Bar to create art exhibitions and host illegal parties. Murray-Leslie founded "Seppi Bar", originally named "Maria Bar", in 1994 with friends Barbara and Karl Fritsch. In 1996, the bar's name was changed to "Seppi Bar". It was a nomadic ArtBar around Munich that lasted 3 years. It was a project based on the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich where Dada artists met and performed. After a seminar by Roberto Ohrt on the Situationist International Logan asked Murray-Leslie to leave the lecture and in the hallway said they should be an art collective, a large radical group but without the boss structure of Guy Debord, they would be a collective with equal leadership, horizontal. Later Logan and Kiki Moorse met through their Japanese boyfriends. Moorse came from fashion, formally an editor at Condé Nast. Moorse was a performer in an early Chicks on Speed video (Für die Bessere Welt/ for the better world, Seppi welt ist besser/ (a member until 2006 now on Toffeetones Records), after which she invited her to join Chicks on Speed. In this period, Murray-Leslie worked with Upstart at the techno nightclub Ultraschall working the door, curating live-art events and interior media art installations. This meeting with Upstart (Label owner of Disko B) would see the medium of music merge with the Chicks' multimedia explorations. Chicks on Speed created a live-art piece named I Wanna Be A DJ...Baby!. They stood behind DJ decks and smashed records while a sound collage tape was playing. For this project they also put together a "box set" with a T-shirt, a cassette, a paper record and a fake interview for their "band". During this time they met Upstart (a.k.a. Peter Wacha) of Disko B record label who joined their freshly started record label, Go Records, which later become Chicks on Speed Records with Jeurgen Söder. Go Records was a suicide label—the release numbers started at 10 and went down to zero; the motto was, perhaps what is wrong with the world is that things are made to grow & get bigger. The 10 releases were primarily limited edition 7" and 10" records that sold out fast. Philosophy In an interview with Undertheradar.co.nz, Melissa Logan, a founding and current member stated, "We are humanists. Feminism is a small and at the same time a great part of this. Besides the obvious deserved rights for females through sexual equality, equality offers white males a way out of the white male oppressor role." Logan states that their political activism is a form of feminism and that their form of feminism does not have to fit into a box. She asserts, "We were confused and aggressive: what do you mean, we’re feminists? We’re just making our work. And then, at the time, I had a really political boyfriend, who said, yes, you guys are really political, if you’re not feminists you can’t do what you want to do. It doesn’t mean that there’s a definition and you have to fit with it – you can make your own definition of it – and then it was oh yeah." Music Alex Murray-Leslie and Melissa Logan, portrayed in a Gaudi building in Barcelona in 2009 A cassette titled Analog Internet was the first piece of music released by Chicks On Speed. The cassette was released in 1997, though it seems widely agreed that the first Chicks on Speed single was a cover of the song "Warm Leatherette", originally by Daniel Miller (as The Normal), released in 7" form. The single was released in 1998 and four further singles ("Smash Metal", "Euro Trash Girl" (originally by Cracker in 1993), "Mind Your Own Business" (originally by Delta 5 in 1979) and "Glamour Girl" over 1998 and 1999) preceded any actual album releases. In March 2000, two Chicks on Speed LPs were released; the first, titled The Un-Releases, is not considered an official album, instead described as a "collage" of various songs in various forms. Chicks on Speed's debut, Chicks On Speed Will Save Us All appeared later in the month and featured all five of the previous singles as well as a new one, "Kaltes Klares Wasser", a cover of a song by the German all-women punk band Malaria!. All six of these singles proved popular and in October 2000, The Re-Releases Of The Un-Releases was issued. Several EPs were issued over the next few years such as chix 52, a collection of B-52's covers and Fashion Rules that heralded the arrival of the 2003 second album 99 Cents released on Chicks on Speed records and licensed to EMI. The album produced three more singles: "We Don't Play Guitars", a collaboration with Canadian artist Peaches, which was a hit around the world; a cover of Tom Tom Club's "Wordy Rappinghood" which saw a number of guest stars including Le Tigre; and "Flame On", a hidden track on the album with Mika Vanio. By this time Chicks on Speed have already been collaborating with Anat Ben-David, an unofficial band member working with them since 2002. In 2004, their third album, Press The Spacebar was released. The album was a collaboration with the Spanish band The No-Heads and Cristian Vogel. No singles were issued from the album, though it included a new version of "Culture Vulture", a song from their previous LP release 99 Cents. In November 2006, Chicks on Speed released the 12" single "Art Rules" produced with Christopher Just, with guests Anat Ben David and Turner prize artist Douglas Gordon; after the release, Chicks on Speed concentrated on live art performances under the same name and toured art institutions the world over, collaborating with A.L. Steiner, Anat Ben David, Kathi Glas and Adi Nachman. Chicks on Speed began researching and developing ObjektInstruments (self-made musical instruments) in 2005 for studio and stage implementation, and held a solo exhibition presenting the instruments in a performative installation at Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre in 2010. 2011–2013 Chicks on Speed were Artist Residents at ZKM, Centre for Art and Media, Karlsruhe producing the new Chicks on Speed album UTOPIA and a series of 6 APP's as musical instruments for interactive stage performances. Chicks on Speed collaborated with Julian Assange, Yoko Ono, Peter Weible and Francesca Thyssen, Anat Ben David, Angie Seah, Oliver Horton and Christopher Just on the album UTOPIA released September 2014. Other artistic endeavours Chicks on Speed's work is not limited to one specific field, but rather encompasses various forms of creative expression, resulting in a unique and diverse body of work. They run a record label, Chicks On Speed Records, together with Peter Wacha, Juergen Söder and Gero Loferer (design), releasing recordings by Le Tigre, Kevin Blechdom, Planningtorock, Gustav, Ana da Silva of The Raincoats, DAT Politics, Susanne Brokesch, Kids on TV, Anat Ben-David, Angie Reed and the Girl Monster compilation series. Chicks on Speed's interest lies in art, something that also characterises their live performances. Major solo art exhibitions include Kunstverein Wolfsburg 2004, Kunstraum Innsbruck 2005, CAC Vilnius 2007, Kunstraum Kreuzberg 2010, Dundee Contemporary Arts 2011, ArtSpace Sydney, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane 2013 and Design Hub RMIT University, Melbourne, 2014. Group exhibitions include "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang", Bilbao Fine Arts Museum 2007 and "Switch On the Power", Vigo, Spain 2006. XMas, Sell-Out, and ChicksTV. Chicks on Speed performed at Australian Pavilion vernisage, 55th Venice Biennale and Museum of Contemporary Art Sydney, 2013, Thyssen Bornemisza Art Contemporary 2012, Turner Prize Retrospective at the Tate in October 2007, and at MoMA in June 2006, as part of a special evening with Douglas Gordon. Their work with Douglas Gordon included a performance at the Centre Georges Pompidou in February 2007, Collection TBA-21 hosted a performance in Vienna in April 2007, and an exhibition at Yvonne Lambert in Paris in September 2007. They have been responsible for the cover art for various other artists, particularly ones signed to their label and Mego Records in Vienna. Chicks on Speed's focus on fashion began in 1997 with their first stage costumes; these developed into a longtime collaboration with Kathi Glas, and more recently with Peggy Noland, Ari Fish and Jeremy Scott. The fashion side of Chicks on Speed has grown into collaborations with independent fashion brands, including textile yardages for Crystal Ball Japan in 2007/2008, DAA (Designers Against Aids) and Hennes and Mauritz "Fashion Against Aids" in 2008. In 2009, Chicks on Speed and Insight launched the project, Insight on Chicks on Speed, with a range of girls' surf wear, and a song and video, titled "Super Surfer Girl". They are currently working on a larger collaboration with another larger brand. Logan and Murray-Leslie published 2 books with Booth-Clibborn Editions, : Chicks on Speed: It's A Project 2005 containing historical pieces of information about the band and their art from their beginning stages onward, including a dress, a DIY pattern to make overalls, designed by Chicks on Speed and Jeremy Scott, a CD of unreleased music and a poster, all together in a tote bag designed by Chicks on Speed. "Chicks on Speed Don't Art, Fashion, Music 2011". Chicks on Speed's series of what they call ObjectInstruments sees the group shy away from filling the stage with conventional band instruments, they invented their own instruments, which at times double as fashionable stage outfits –for example: Super suits, outfits which remotely trigger audio/video, and an haute couture hat which is a self-contained amplification device. The 2010 exhibition "Chicks on Speed Don't, Art, fashion, Music" at Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre was their first major solo exhibition in the UK. Chicks on Speed opened with a live art performance for invited guests, featuring the 'e-shoe' – the world's first wireless high-heeled shoe guitar, made in collaboration with Milan-based shoe designer Max Kibardin and Hangar.org. These shoes were unveiled alongside Chicks on Speed's ever-growing collection of self made ‘objektinstruments’ – A Theremin Tapestry, cigar-box synthesizers, super suits with sewn-in body sensors that trigger audio/video samples and two hats made in collaboration with Christophe Coppins and Hangar.org, based on illuminated drawings of Hildegard von Bingen, a 12th-century Christian mystic who received visions, composed ethereal airs, performed healings and even founded convents. These hats transmit the utterances of their wearers by way of microphones and speakers. The DCA galleries were further transformed into a giant stage and studio set for making music videos, experimenting with no-choreography and ongoing craft projects live, including loom-weaving inspired by Bauhaus design, lectures and workshops, film screenings of their fashion archive and selected video pieces. Chicks on Speed worked with local and international makers to combine traditional craft with cutting-edge technology. In 2013 & 2014, Chicks on Speed toured their major solo interactive multimedia exhibition SCREAM to global cultural institutions: ArtSpace, Sydney, RMIT Design Hub Melbourne, Fremantle Arts Centre, Perth, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane and Institute of Contemporary Art, Singapore. Solo activities of the members Melissa E Logan is represented by Gallerie Gisela Clement, Bonn, Germany. The gallery represented a solo booth of Logans painting at the 51st Art Cologne, April 2017. Simultaneously Logan premiered a one-hour sound piece at Schauspiel Köln titles Cetacea. it was performed on three consecutive evenings and is part one of the five part: The Ursula Series, sound works for the post human planet. Cetacea is composed in two versions, one for humans, the other is made in the sound range audible to whales. The section titled Quartetris, started in 2014, is being created by robots for humans to perform mimicking dystopian theory of machines controlling humans. Her first solo exhibition there was April 15, 2016 University of Craft Action Thought, Flags. The exhibition was expanded as a collaborative exhibitions in GRAD, European Center for Art and Debate, Belgrad September 11, 2016. In 2001, Logan, together with Chicks on Speed producer Thies Mynther and chiptune composer Rob Hubbard, released the single "Mutants, Here I Am" under the band name Plundersonics. Logan composed music for Mathilde ter Heigne and for theatre. Kippenberger written and directed by Angela Richter at Schauspiel Köln. Logan appeared in theatre plays by the director Angela Richter Versaut (with costumes by Kate Lloyd-Hughes and Chicks on Speed; at Kampnagel Theatre, Hamburg, 2001), Alles wird in Flammen stehen (Frank Gehry Tower, Hannover, 2001) and a "propaganda operette" L'Amerique (Hamburg, 2003). L'Amerique's "soundtrack" (with music by Les Robespierres featuring Melissa Logan) has been released on Chicks on Speed Records in 2004. She has worked with the theatre and dance directors Gintersdorfer/Klassen from 2010 on. Die Geselschaft des Bösen, Erleide Meine Inspiration are theatre productions she has acted in. The collaboration includes music, a mix of ivorien Coupè de calè, combined with electroclash. New Black is the resulting album produced in Abidjan Ivory Coast, Berlin, Austria and Hamburg, released on Buback, Hamburg. Alex Murray-Leslie has created numerous site specific multimedia performance projects including: 2008/09 acoustic-art-fashion performance, "A Hanging Garden Party" with Pelican Avenue and Choreographer Krõõt Juurak, Tokyo & Paris Fashion week, 2010/2011 "Prototype Hits" with Anat Ben-david at Kampnagel Theatre, Mannheim National Theatre, Le Struch Media Art Centre Sabadell, Spain, 2012, "These Shoes are Made for Painting" with Max Kibardin and Anat Ben-David, Milan Fashion Week, "Gala's Invitation" with Anat-Ben-david, 2013 "Colour Tuning", Bon Marche Theatre, Sydney and Seam Symposium "Audience Authorship, Curation", Sydney. 2011–2012 Murray-Leslie was invited to the position of Entertainment Manager at Americas Cup sporting event, visioning and curating Live music and Art events in Plymouth, San Diego, Cascais and San Francisco, followed by Alex becoming director at Diane Pernet's "A Shaded View on Fashion Film", CaixaForum Barcelona. She is professor of Soundtrack and Fashion Film at Elisava, Pompeu Fabra University, Instituto Eureopeo de Designo Barcelona and lectures at Interface Cultures, University of Art and Design, Linz. Alex Murray-Leslie is currently undertaking a PhD in Musical Instrument design for multimedia performance, Creativity and Cognition Studios, Department of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia. Murray-Leslie founded and curated the compilation Girl Monster in 2006, featuring sixty two women in cutting-edge music from the late 1970s to present day, released on Chicks on Speed Records. The "Girl Monster" 12" single, featured Scream Club, Client, Chicks on Speed, Vivien Goldman and Kids on TV. Current members Alex Murray-Leslie (Bowral, New South Wales, Australia) Melissa Logan (Upstate New York, United States) Discography Albums The Un-Releases (1999) Chicks On Speed Will Save Us All (2000) The Re-Releases of the Un-Releases (2001) 99 Cents (2003) Press the Spacebar (with the No Heads) (2004) Cutting The Edge (2009) artstravaganza (2014) EPs and singles "Warm Leatherette" (with DJ Hell) (1997) "Euro Trash Girl" (with Mäuse) (1998) "Smash Metal" (with DMX Krew) (1999) "Mind Your Own Business" (with Pulsinger, Gaier/Reents) (1999) "Glamour Girl" (1999) "Kaltes Klares Wasser" (2000) "Split 7" with V/VM" (2000) "Chix 52" (2000) "The Chicks on Speed / Kreidler Sessions" (with Kreidler) (2001) "Fashion Rules" (2002) "We Don't Play Guitars" (2003) "Wordy Rappinghood" (2003) – UK 66 "Flame On" (with Mika Vainio) (2004) "What Was Her Name?" (2004) (Dave Clarke featuring Chicks on Speed) – UK #50 "Art Rules" (2007) "Super Surfer Girl" (2008) "10 Years Thyssen Bornemisza Art Contemporary 21-Art Dump" (2012) UTOPIA (2014) "We Are Data" (remix) Cora Nova (2017) "Vaccinate Me Baby" (2021) References ^ a b c Hecktor, Mirko; von Uslar, Moritz; Smith, Patti; Neumeister, Andreas (1 November 2008). Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now (in German). ISBN 978-3936738476. ^ Hillje, Johannes. "Masses see feminism with Chicks on Speed". Hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ Von Thülen, Sven (6 October 2014). "Nightclubbing: Munich's Ultraschall". Red Bull Music Academy Daily. Retrieved 1 January 2021. ^ "Chicks on Speed - Interviews at Undertheradar". Undertheradarnz.co.nz. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ Gray, Louise. "Chicks On Speed - The Wire". Thewire.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2020. ^ "Plundersonics". Discogs. ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 104. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. Piers Martin, Chicks on Speed in The Face Vol. 3, No 38, March 2000 Steven Wells, International Punky Art Rockers: Chicks on Speed in NME, 8 January 2000 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicks on Speed. "The Official Chicks on Speed Website". Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Munich Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Munich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjunikdisco-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"electroclash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroclash"},{"link_name":"performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"electronic dance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_dance_music"}],"text":"Chicks on Speed is a feminist music and fine art ensemble, formed in Munich in 1997, after members Alex Murray-Leslie and Melissa Logan met at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts.[1][2]Though Chicks on Speed reached cult status throughout the 2000s and became most well known as catalysts of the musical genre electroclash, the band was founded and performed as a multidisciplinary art group working in performance art, electronic dance music, collage graphics, textile design, and fashion.","title":"Chicks on Speed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts, Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Munich"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjunikdisco-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mjunikdisco-1"},{"link_name":"Cabaret Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret_Voltaire_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dada"},{"link_name":"Condé Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast"},{"link_name":"Ultraschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraschall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redbull_musicacademy-3"},{"link_name":"Disko B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disko_B&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The co-founders, Melissa Logan and Alex Murray-Leslie met in 1997 as art students at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, while attending one of the academy's parties.[1]In 1997, Murray-Leslie invited Logan to join an illegal bar she founded, named \"Seppi Bar\". Logan and Murray-Leslie began working as a group at Seppi Bar to create art exhibitions and host illegal parties.[1]Murray-Leslie founded \"Seppi Bar\", originally named \"Maria Bar\", in 1994 with friends Barbara and Karl Fritsch. In 1996, the bar's name was changed to \"Seppi Bar\". It was a nomadic ArtBar around Munich that lasted 3 years. It was a project based on the Cabaret Voltaire in Zürich where Dada artists met and performed.After a seminar by Roberto Ohrt on the Situationist International Logan asked Murray-Leslie to leave the lecture and in the hallway said they should be an art collective, a large radical group but without the boss structure of Guy Debord, they would be a collective with equal leadership, horizontal. Later Logan and Kiki Moorse met through their Japanese boyfriends. Moorse came from fashion, formally an editor at Condé Nast. Moorse was a performer in an early Chicks on Speed video (Für die Bessere Welt/ for the better world, Seppi welt ist besser/ (a member until 2006 now on Toffeetones Records), after which she invited her to join Chicks on Speed. In this period, Murray-Leslie worked with Upstart at the techno nightclub Ultraschall working the door, curating live-art events and interior media art installations.[3] This meeting with Upstart (Label owner of Disko B) would see the medium of music merge with the Chicks' multimedia explorations.Chicks on Speed created a live-art piece named I Wanna Be A DJ...Baby!. They stood behind DJ decks and smashed records while a sound collage tape was playing. For this project they also put together a \"box set\" with a T-shirt, a cassette, a paper record and a fake interview for their \"band\". During this time they met Upstart (a.k.a. Peter Wacha) of Disko B record label who joined their freshly started record label, Go Records, which later become Chicks on Speed Records with Jeurgen Söder. Go Records was a suicide label—the release numbers started at 10 and went down to zero; the motto was, perhaps what is wrong with the world is that things are made to grow & get bigger. The 10 releases were primarily limited edition 7\" and 10\" records that sold out fast.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In an interview with Undertheradar.co.nz, Melissa Logan, a founding and current member stated, \"We are humanists. Feminism is a small and at the same time a great part of this. Besides the obvious deserved rights for females through sexual equality, equality offers white males a way out of the white male oppressor role.\"[4] Logan states that their political activism is a form of feminism and that their form of feminism does not have to fit into a box. She asserts, \"We were confused and aggressive: what do you mean, we’re feminists? We’re just making our work. And then, at the time, I had a really political boyfriend, who said, yes, you guys are really political, if you’re not feminists you can’t do what you want to do. It doesn’t mean that there’s a definition and you have to fit with it – you can make your own definition of it – and then it was oh yeah.\"[5]","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicks_on_Speed_by_foto-di-matti_8696.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warm Leatherette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm_Leatherette"},{"link_name":"Daniel Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(music_producer)"},{"link_name":"The Normal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Normal"},{"link_name":"Delta 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_5"},{"link_name":"Chicks On Speed Will Save Us All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicks_On_Speed_Will_Save_Us_All"},{"link_name":"all-women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_female_band"},{"link_name":"punk band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Malaria!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria!"},{"link_name":"B-52's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_B-52%27s"},{"link_name":"99 Cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Cents_(Chicks_on_Speed_album)"},{"link_name":"We Don't Play Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Don%27t_Play_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Tom Tom Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tom_Club"},{"link_name":"Wordy Rappinghood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordy_Rappinghood#Chicks_on_Speed_version"},{"link_name":"Le Tigre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Tigre"},{"link_name":"Anat Ben-David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anat_Ben-David&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"The No-Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_No-Heads&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Douglas Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Gordon"}],"text":"Alex Murray-Leslie and Melissa Logan, portrayed in a Gaudi building in Barcelona in 2009A cassette titled Analog Internet was the first piece of music released by Chicks On Speed. The cassette was released in 1997, though it seems widely agreed that the first Chicks on Speed single was a cover of the song \"Warm Leatherette\", originally by Daniel Miller (as The Normal), released in 7\" form. The single was released in 1998 and four further singles (\"Smash Metal\", \"Euro Trash Girl\" (originally by Cracker in 1993), \"Mind Your Own Business\" (originally by Delta 5 in 1979) and \"Glamour Girl\" over 1998 and 1999) preceded any actual album releases. In March 2000, two Chicks on Speed LPs were released; the first, titled The Un-Releases, is not considered an official album, instead described as a \"collage\" of various songs in various forms. Chicks on Speed's debut, Chicks On Speed Will Save Us All appeared later in the month and featured all five of the previous singles as well as a new one, \"Kaltes Klares Wasser\", a cover of a song by the German all-women punk band Malaria!. All six of these singles proved popular and in October 2000, The Re-Releases Of The Un-Releases was issued.Several EPs were issued over the next few years such as chix 52, a collection of B-52's covers and Fashion Rules that heralded the arrival of the 2003 second album 99 Cents released on Chicks on Speed records and licensed to EMI. The album produced three more singles: \"We Don't Play Guitars\", a collaboration with Canadian artist Peaches, which was a hit around the world; a cover of Tom Tom Club's \"Wordy Rappinghood\" which saw a number of guest stars including Le Tigre; and \"Flame On\", a hidden track on the album with Mika Vanio. By this time Chicks on Speed have already been collaborating with Anat Ben-David, an unofficial band member working with them since 2002.In 2004, their third album, Press The Spacebar was released. The album was a collaboration with the Spanish band The No-Heads and Cristian Vogel. No singles were issued from the album, though it included a new version of \"Culture Vulture\", a song from their previous LP release 99 Cents.In November 2006, Chicks on Speed released the 12\" single \"Art Rules\" produced with Christopher Just, with guests Anat Ben David and Turner prize artist Douglas Gordon; after the release, Chicks on Speed concentrated on live art performances under the same name and toured art institutions the world over, collaborating with A.L. Steiner, Anat Ben David, Kathi Glas and Adi Nachman.Chicks on Speed began researching and developing ObjektInstruments (self-made musical instruments) in 2005 for studio and stage implementation, and held a solo exhibition presenting the instruments in a performative installation at Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre in 2010.2011–2013 Chicks on Speed were Artist Residents at ZKM, Centre for Art and Media, Karlsruhe producing the new Chicks on Speed album UTOPIA and a series of 6 APP's as musical instruments for interactive stage performances. Chicks on Speed collaborated with Julian Assange, Yoko Ono, Peter Weible and Francesca Thyssen, Anat Ben David, Angie Seah, Oliver Horton and Christopher Just on the album UTOPIA released September 2014.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Tigre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Tigre"},{"link_name":"Kevin Blechdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Blechdom"},{"link_name":"Planningtorock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planningtorock"},{"link_name":"Ana da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"The Raincoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raincoats"},{"link_name":"DAT Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAT_Politics"},{"link_name":"Kids on TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_on_TV"},{"link_name":"Angie Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angie_Reed"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Fine Arts Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Fine_Arts_Museum"},{"link_name":"Vigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigo"},{"link_name":"Turner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tate"},{"link_name":"MoMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"Max Kibardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Kibardin"},{"link_name":"Hildegard von Bingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen"}],"text":"Chicks on Speed's work is not limited to one specific field, but rather encompasses various forms of creative expression, resulting in a unique and diverse body of work. They run a record label, Chicks On Speed Records, together with Peter Wacha, Juergen Söder and Gero Loferer (design), releasing recordings by Le Tigre, Kevin Blechdom, Planningtorock, Gustav, Ana da Silva of The Raincoats, DAT Politics, Susanne Brokesch, Kids on TV, Anat Ben-David, Angie Reed and the Girl Monster compilation series.Chicks on Speed's interest lies in art, something that also characterises their live performances. Major solo art exhibitions include Kunstverein Wolfsburg 2004, Kunstraum Innsbruck 2005, CAC Vilnius 2007, Kunstraum Kreuzberg 2010, Dundee Contemporary Arts 2011, ArtSpace Sydney, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane 2013 and Design Hub RMIT University, Melbourne, 2014. Group exhibitions include \"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\", Bilbao Fine Arts Museum 2007 and \"Switch On the Power\", Vigo, Spain 2006. XMas, Sell-Out, and ChicksTV. Chicks on Speed performed at Australian Pavilion vernisage, 55th Venice Biennale and Museum of Contemporary Art Sydney, 2013, Thyssen Bornemisza Art Contemporary 2012, Turner Prize Retrospective at the Tate in October 2007, and at MoMA in June 2006, as part of a special evening with Douglas Gordon. Their work with Douglas Gordon included a performance at the Centre Georges Pompidou in February 2007, Collection TBA-21 hosted a performance in Vienna in April 2007, and an exhibition at Yvonne Lambert in Paris in September 2007. They have been responsible for the cover art for various other artists, particularly ones signed to their label and Mego Records in Vienna.Chicks on Speed's focus on fashion began in 1997 with their first stage costumes; these developed into a longtime collaboration with Kathi Glas, and more recently with Peggy Noland, Ari Fish and Jeremy Scott. The fashion side of Chicks on Speed has grown into collaborations with independent fashion brands, including textile yardages for Crystal Ball Japan in 2007/2008, DAA (Designers Against Aids) and Hennes and Mauritz \"Fashion Against Aids\" in 2008. In 2009, Chicks on Speed and Insight launched the project, Insight on Chicks on Speed, with a range of girls' surf wear, and a song and video, titled \"Super Surfer Girl\". They are currently working on a larger collaboration with another larger brand.Logan and Murray-Leslie published 2 books with Booth-Clibborn Editions, : Chicks on Speed: It's A Project 2005 containing historical pieces of information about the band and their art from their beginning stages onward, including a dress, a DIY pattern to make overalls, designed by Chicks on Speed and Jeremy Scott, a CD of unreleased music and a poster, all together in a tote bag designed by Chicks on Speed. \"Chicks on Speed Don't Art, Fashion, Music 2011\".Chicks on Speed's series of what they call ObjectInstruments sees the group shy away from filling the stage with conventional band instruments, they invented their own instruments, which at times double as fashionable stage outfits –for example: Super suits, outfits which remotely trigger audio/video, and an haute couture hat which is a self-contained amplification device.The 2010 exhibition \"Chicks on Speed Don't, Art, fashion, Music\" at Dundee Contemporary Arts Centre was their first major solo exhibition in the UK. Chicks on Speed opened with a live art performance for invited guests, featuring the 'e-shoe' – the world's first wireless high-heeled shoe guitar, made in collaboration with Milan-based shoe designer Max Kibardin and Hangar.org. These shoes were unveiled alongside Chicks on Speed's ever-growing collection of self made ‘objektinstruments’ – A Theremin Tapestry, cigar-box synthesizers, super suits with sewn-in body sensors that trigger audio/video samples and two hats made in collaboration with Christophe Coppins and Hangar.org, based on illuminated drawings of Hildegard von Bingen, a 12th-century Christian mystic who received visions, composed ethereal airs, performed healings and even founded convents. These hats transmit the utterances of their wearers by way of microphones and speakers.The DCA galleries were further transformed into a giant stage and studio set for making music videos, experimenting with no-choreography and ongoing craft projects live, including loom-weaving inspired by Bauhaus design, lectures and workshops, film screenings of their fashion archive and selected video pieces. Chicks on Speed worked with local and international makers to combine traditional craft with cutting-edge technology.In 2013 & 2014, Chicks on Speed toured their major solo interactive multimedia exhibition SCREAM to global cultural institutions:\nArtSpace, Sydney, RMIT Design Hub Melbourne, Fremantle Arts Centre, Perth, Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane and Institute of Contemporary Art, Singapore.","title":"Other artistic endeavours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kate Lloyd-Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate_Lloyd-Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Les Robespierres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Robespierres&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client_(band)"},{"link_name":"Vivien Goldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivien_Goldman"}],"text":"Melissa E Logan is represented by Gallerie Gisela Clement, Bonn, Germany. The gallery represented a solo booth of Logans painting at the 51st Art Cologne, April 2017. Simultaneously Logan premiered a one-hour sound piece at Schauspiel Köln titles Cetacea. it was performed on three consecutive evenings and is part one of the five part: The Ursula Series, sound works for the post human planet. Cetacea is composed in two versions, one for humans, the other is made in the sound range audible to whales. The section titled Quartetris, started in 2014, is being created by robots for humans to perform mimicking dystopian theory of machines controlling humans. Her first solo exhibition there was April 15, 2016 University of Craft Action Thought, Flags. The exhibition was expanded as a collaborative exhibitions in GRAD, European Center for Art and Debate, Belgrad September 11, 2016.In 2001, Logan, together with Chicks on Speed producer Thies Mynther and chiptune composer Rob Hubbard, released the single \"Mutants, Here I Am\" under the band name Plundersonics.[6]Logan composed music for Mathilde ter Heigne and for theatre. Kippenberger written and directed by Angela Richter at Schauspiel Köln. Logan appeared in theatre plays by the director Angela Richter Versaut (with costumes by Kate Lloyd-Hughes and Chicks on Speed; at Kampnagel Theatre, Hamburg, 2001), Alles wird in Flammen stehen (Frank Gehry Tower, Hannover, 2001) and a \"propaganda operette\" L'Amerique (Hamburg, 2003). L'Amerique's \"soundtrack\" (with music by Les Robespierres featuring Melissa Logan) has been released on Chicks on Speed Records in 2004. She has worked with the theatre and dance directors Gintersdorfer/Klassen from 2010 on. Die Geselschaft des Bösen, Erleide Meine Inspiration are theatre productions she has acted in. The collaboration includes music, a mix of ivorien Coupè de calè, combined with electroclash. New Black is the resulting album produced in Abidjan Ivory Coast, Berlin, Austria and Hamburg, released on Buback, Hamburg.Alex Murray-Leslie has created numerous site specific multimedia performance projects including: 2008/09 acoustic-art-fashion performance, \"A Hanging Garden Party\" with Pelican Avenue and Choreographer Krõõt Juurak, Tokyo & Paris Fashion week, 2010/2011 \"Prototype Hits\" with Anat Ben-david at Kampnagel Theatre, Mannheim National Theatre, Le Struch Media Art Centre Sabadell, Spain, 2012, \"These Shoes are Made for Painting\" with Max Kibardin and Anat Ben-David, Milan Fashion Week, \"Gala's Invitation\" with Anat-Ben-david, 2013 \"Colour Tuning\", Bon Marche Theatre, Sydney and Seam Symposium \"Audience Authorship, Curation\", Sydney.2011–2012 Murray-Leslie was invited to the position of Entertainment Manager at Americas Cup sporting event, visioning and curating Live music and Art events in Plymouth, San Diego, Cascais and San Francisco, followed by Alex becoming director at Diane Pernet's \"A Shaded View on Fashion Film\", CaixaForum Barcelona. She is professor of Soundtrack and Fashion Film at Elisava, Pompeu Fabra University, Instituto Eureopeo de Designo Barcelona and lectures at Interface Cultures, University of Art and Design, Linz.Alex Murray-Leslie is currently undertaking a PhD in Musical Instrument design for multimedia performance, Creativity and Cognition Studios, Department of Engineering and IT, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.Murray-Leslie founded and curated the compilation Girl Monster in 2006, featuring sixty two women in cutting-edge music from the late 1970s to present day, released on Chicks on Speed Records. The \"Girl Monster\" 12\" single, featured Scream Club, Client, Chicks on Speed, Vivien Goldman and Kids on TV.","title":"Solo activities of the members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bowral, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowral,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Upstate New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_New_York"}],"text":"Alex Murray-Leslie (Bowral, New South Wales, Australia)\nMelissa Logan (Upstate New York, United States)","title":"Current members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicks On Speed Will Save Us All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicks_On_Speed_Will_Save_Us_All"},{"link_name":"99 Cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Cents_(Chicks_on_Speed_album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"The Un-Releases (1999)\nChicks On Speed Will Save Us All (2000)\nThe Re-Releases of the Un-Releases (2001)\n99 Cents (2003)\nPress the Spacebar (with the No Heads) (2004)\nCutting The Edge (2009)\nartstravaganza (2014)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hell"},{"link_name":"Mäuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A4use&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"DMX Krew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMX_Krew"},{"link_name":"We Don't Play Guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Don%27t_Play_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Wordy Rappinghood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordy_Rappinghood#Chicks_on_Speed_version"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-7"},{"link_name":"Dave Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Clarke_(techno_DJ)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-7"}],"sub_title":"EPs and singles","text":"\"Warm Leatherette\" (with DJ Hell) (1997)\n\"Euro Trash Girl\" (with Mäuse) (1998)\n\"Smash Metal\" (with DMX Krew) (1999)\n\"Mind Your Own Business\" (with Pulsinger, Gaier/Reents) (1999)\n\"Glamour Girl\" (1999)\n\"Kaltes Klares Wasser\" (2000)\n\"Split 7\" with V/VM\" (2000)\n\"Chix 52\" (2000)\n\"The Chicks on Speed / Kreidler Sessions\" (with Kreidler) (2001)\n\"Fashion Rules\" (2002)\n\"We Don't Play Guitars\" (2003)\n\"Wordy Rappinghood\" (2003) – UK 66[7]\n\"Flame On\" (with Mika Vainio) (2004)\n\"What Was Her Name?\" (2004) (Dave Clarke featuring Chicks on Speed) – UK #50[7]\n\"Art Rules\" (2007)\n\"Super Surfer Girl\" (2008)\n\"10 Years Thyssen Bornemisza Art Contemporary 21-Art Dump\" (2012)\nUTOPIA (2014)\n\"We Are Data\" (remix) Cora Nova (2017)\n\"Vaccinate Me Baby\" (2021)","title":"Discography"}]	[{"image_text":"Alex Murray-Leslie and Melissa Logan, portrayed in a Gaudi building in Barcelona in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chicks_on_Speed_by_foto-di-matti_8696.jpg/220px-Chicks_on_Speed_by_foto-di-matti_8696.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Hecktor, Mirko; von Uslar, Moritz; Smith, Patti; Neumeister, Andreas (1 November 2008). Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now (in German). ISBN 978-3936738476.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3936738476","url_text":"978-3936738476"}]},{"reference":"Hillje, Johannes. \"Masses see feminism with Chicks on Speed\". Hurriyet.com.tr. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/masses-see-feminism-with-chicks-on-speed-11075385","url_text":"\"Masses see feminism with Chicks on Speed\""}]},{"reference":"Von Thülen, Sven (6 October 2014). \"Nightclubbing: Munich's Ultraschall\". Red Bull Music Academy Daily. Retrieved 1 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2014/10/nightclubbing-ultraschall","url_text":"\"Nightclubbing: Munich's Ultraschall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicks on Speed - Interviews at Undertheradar\". Undertheradarnz.co.nz. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.undertheradar.co.nz/interview/572/Chicks-on-Speed.utr","url_text":"\"Chicks on Speed - Interviews at Undertheradar\""}]},{"reference":"Gray, Louise. \"Chicks On Speed - The Wire\". Thewire.co.uk. Retrieved 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewire.co.uk/in-writing/interviews/chicks-on-speed.2","url_text":"\"Chicks On Speed - The Wire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plundersonics\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/39077-Plundersonics","url_text":"\"Plundersonics\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 104. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Chicks on Speed Website\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Filmore	Tommy Filmore	["1 Career statistics","1.1 Regular season and playoffs","2 External links"]	Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Tommy Filmore Filmore, circa 1939Born (1906-03-14)March 14, 1906Thamesford, Ontario, CanadaDied January 11, 1954(1954-01-11) (aged 47)Clearwater, Florida, U.S.Height 5 ft 11 in (180 cm)Weight 190 lb (86 kg; 13 st 8 lb)Position Right wingShot RightPlayed for Boston Bruins New York Americans Detroit FalconsPlaying career 1927–1941 Thomas Henry Filmore (March 14, 1906 – January 11, 1954) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 116 games in the National Hockey League. Born in Thamesford, Ontario. He played for the Boston Bruins, Detroit Falcons, and New York Americans between 1930 and 1934. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1927 to 1942, was spent in various minor leagues. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1926–27 London 12th Battery OHA Sr — — — — — 13 19 7 26 — 1927–28 London Panthers Can-Pro 40 19 7 26 18 — — — — — 1928–29 London Panthers Can-Pro 15 1 2 3 11 — — — — — 1928–29 Detroit Olympics Can-Pro 25 10 6 16 12 7 2 1 3 9 1929–30 Detroit Olympics IHL 42 18 16 34 34 3 1 0 1 0 1930–31 Detroit Falcons NHL 39 6 2 8 10 — — — — — 1931–32 Detroit Falcons NHL 9 0 0 0 2 — — — — — 1931–32 Detroit Olympics IHL 11 2 1 3 4 — — — — — 1931–32 New York Americans NHL 31 8 6 14 12 — — — — — 1932–33 New York Americans NHL 34 1 4 5 9 — — — — — 1932–33 Boston Bruins NHL 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 1932–33 Boston Cubs Can-Am 10 3 4 7 0 7 0 4 4 4 1933–34 Boston Bruins NHL 3 0 0 0 0 — — — — — 1933–34 Boston Cubs Can-Am 35 16 11 27 10 5 2 1 3 6 1934–35 Quebec Castors Can-Am 15 3 4 7 6 3 1 0 1 10 1935–36 Providence Reds Can-Am 42 10 7 17 6 7 1 5 6 6 1936–37 Springfield Indians IAHL 41 9 19 28 14 5 0 0 0 0 1937–38 Springfield Indians IAHL 37 16 14 30 19 — — — — — 1938–39 Springfield Indians IAHL 28 16 13 29 4 3 0 0 0 0 1939–40 Springfield Indians IAHL 39 16 20 36 6 3 3 1 4 7 1941–42 Fort Worth Rangers AHA 1 0 0 0 0 — — — — — IAHL totals 145 57 66 123 43 11 3 1 4 7 NHL totals 117 15 12 27 33 — — — — — External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database Obituary at LostHockey.com This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey winger born in the 1900s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"National Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Thamesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorra"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"Detroit Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Red_Wings"},{"link_name":"New York Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Americans"}],"text":"Ice hockey playerThomas Henry Filmore (March 14, 1906 – January 11, 1954) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 116 games in the National Hockey League. Born in Thamesford, Ontario. He played for the Boston Bruins, Detroit Falcons, and New York Americans between 1930 and 1934. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1927 to 1942, was spent in various minor leagues.","title":"Tommy Filmore"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/player/8446245","external_links_name":"NHL.com"},{"Link":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/player.php?player=172991&lang=en","external_links_name":"Eliteprospects.com"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/players/f/filmoto01.html","external_links_name":"Hockey-Reference.com"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=16998","external_links_name":"The Internet Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090304192534/http://www.losthockey.com/obit_main.cfm?letter=f","external_links_name":"Obituary at LostHockey.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Filmore&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Rheims	Arnulf (archbishop of Reims)	[]	French archbishop of Reims (died 1021) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Arnulf" archbishop of Reims – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Arnulf at the Council of Reims, 991 Arnulf (also Arnulph or Arnoul) was the illegitimate son of King Lothair of France. He became archbishop of Reims. Arnulf belonged to the Carolingian dynasty, the rule of which in France ended when Arnulf's half-brother, Louis V, died childless. Hugh Capet was elected to succeed him as king. King Hugh made Arnulf archbishop of Reims in March 989, against the will of the previous archbishop, Adalberon, who had wanted to be succeeded by Gerbert of Aurillac. In September, Arnulf supported an attempt to place his uncle Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, on the French throne. Charles briefly held Rheims and Laon. In 990, Arnulf refused to attend a synod at Senlis and he and Charles were imprisoned on 29 March. In June 991 Archbishop Seguin of Sens presided over a Council of Reims in the Basilica of Saint Basle, which deposed Arnulf for alleged high treason, in favour of Gerbert. This deposition was much opposed, however. Pope John XV sent Leo, abbot of Saints Boniface and Alexius at Rome, as legate to preside over a synod at Mouzon on 2 June 995. Gerbert was suspended from the episcopum. A second synod, held on 1 July, declared the whole process of deposition and elevation to be illegal and invalid. Thus, Arnulf was reinstated. Arnulf crowned Hugh Magnus, the son of Hugh Capet's successor, Robert II, as co-king in the Capetian tradition in 1017. At this time, any resistance to the new dynasty had died in him. He held the see until his death in 1021, then the only direct male line descendant of the Carolingian family in the eldest living branch. Catholic Church titles Preceded byAdalberon Archbishop of Reims 988–991 Succeeded byGerbert of Aurillac Preceded byGerbert of Aurillac Archbishop of Reims 996–1021 Succeeded byEbles I of Roucy vtePippinids, Arnulfings and CarolingiansLegend: → ≡ "father of",* ≡ "brother of" Begga, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.Pippinids Carloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted Arnulfings Arnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz Ansegisel → Pepin II, his sons Drogo, sons Arnulf Hugh of Champagne Godfrey Pepin Grimoald I, son Theudoald Charles Martel, sons Carloman Pepin III Grifo Bernard Jerome Remigius Childebrand I, son Nibelung I → Nibelungids EarlyCarolingiansSons of Charles MartelCarloman, son Drogo Pepin III, sonsCharlemagne, sons Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin Louis the Pious Lothair Drogo Hugh Theoderic Carloman, son Pepin Pepin Bernard, sons Wala Adalhard Bernhar CarolingianEmpireSons of CharlemagnePepin, son Bernard → Pepin, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois Louis the Pious,sons Arnulf of Sens Lothair I, sons Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → BosonidsLothair II → HughCharles Pepin I, son Pepin II Louis the German,sons Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child Ratold Zwentibold → Godfrey OttoLouis the Younger → Louis HughCharles the Fat → BernardRatold → Adalbert Charles the Bald,sons Louis the Stammerer → Louis III Carloman II Charles the SimpleCharles the ChildCarlomanLothair the Lame Drogo Pepin Charles WestFranciaWest Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.Charles the Simple, sons Louis IV Arnulf Drogo Rorico Louis IV, sons Lothair IV Charles Louis Charles of Lorraine Henry Lothair IV, sons Louis V Arnulf Charles of Lorraine, sons Otto Louis Charles Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Council_991.jpg"},{"link_name":"Council of Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Reims"},{"link_name":"illegitimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegitimacy"},{"link_name":"Lothair of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothair_of_France"},{"link_name":"archbishop of Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Reims"},{"link_name":"Carolingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Louis V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hugh 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He became archbishop of Reims.Arnulf belonged to the Carolingian dynasty, the rule of which in France ended when Arnulf's half-brother, Louis V, died childless. Hugh Capet was elected to succeed him as king. King Hugh made Arnulf archbishop of Reims in March 989, against the will of the previous archbishop, Adalberon, who had wanted to be succeeded by Gerbert of Aurillac. In September, Arnulf supported an attempt to place his uncle Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, on the French throne. Charles briefly held Rheims and Laon. In 990, Arnulf refused to attend a synod at Senlis and he and Charles were imprisoned on 29 March.In June 991 Archbishop Seguin of Sens presided over a Council of Reims in the Basilica of Saint Basle, which deposed Arnulf for alleged high treason, in favour of Gerbert. This deposition was much opposed, however. Pope John XV sent Leo, abbot of Saints Boniface and Alexius at Rome, as legate to preside over a synod at Mouzon on 2 June 995. Gerbert was suspended from the episcopum. A second synod, held on 1 July, declared the whole process of deposition and elevation to be illegal and invalid. Thus, Arnulf was reinstated.Arnulf crowned Hugh Magnus, the son of Hugh Capet's successor, Robert II, as co-king in the Capetian tradition in 1017. At this time, any resistance to the new dynasty had died in him. He held the see until his death in 1021, then the only direct male line descendant of the Carolingian family in the eldest living branch.vtePippinids, Arnulfings and CarolingiansLegend: → ≡ \"father of\",* ≡ \"brother of\" Begga, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.Pippinids\nCarloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted\nArnulfings\nArnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz\nAnsegisel → Pepin II, his sons\nDrogo, sons\nArnulf\nHugh of Champagne\nGodfrey\nPepin\nGrimoald I, son\nTheudoald\nCharles Martel, sons\nCarloman\nPepin III\nGrifo\nBernard\nJerome\nRemigius\nChildebrand I, son\nNibelung I → Nibelungids\nEarlyCarolingiansSons of Charles MartelCarloman, son\nDrogo\nPepin III, sonsCharlemagne, sons\nPepin the Hunchback\nCharles the Younger\nPepin\nLouis the Pious\nLothair\nDrogo\nHugh\nTheoderic\nCarloman, son\nPepin\n\nPepin\nBernard, sons\nWala\nAdalhard\nBernhar\nCarolingianEmpireSons of CharlemagnePepin, son\nBernard → Pepin, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois\nLouis the Pious,sons\nArnulf of Sens\nLothair I, sons\nLouis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → BosonidsLothair II → HughCharles\nPepin I, son\nPepin II\nLouis the German,sons\nCarloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child\nRatold\nZwentibold → Godfrey\nOttoLouis the Younger → Louis\nHughCharles the Fat → BernardRatold → Adalbert\nCharles the Bald,sons\nLouis the Stammerer → Louis III\nCarloman II\nCharles the SimpleCharles the ChildCarlomanLothair the Lame\nDrogo\nPepin\nCharles\nWestFranciaWest Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.Charles the Simple, sons\nLouis IV\nArnulf\nDrogo\nRorico\nLouis IV, sons\nLothair IV\nCharles\nLouis\nCharles of Lorraine\nHenry\nLothair IV, sons\nLouis V\nArnulf\nCharles of Lorraine, sons\nOtto\nLouis\nCharlesAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Arnulf (archbishop of Reims)"}]	[{"image_text":"Arnulf at the Council of Reims, 991","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Council_991.jpg/220px-Council_991.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Arnulf%22+archbishop+of+Reims","external_links_name":"\"Arnulf\" archbishop of Reims"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Arnulf%22+archbishop+of+Reims+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Arnulf%22+archbishop+of+Reims&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Arnulf%22+archbishop+of+Reims+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Arnulf%22+archbishop+of+Reims","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Arnulf%22+archbishop+of+Reims&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/24956635","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrVm8pRm6qkDy63qt9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/100936938","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100936938.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_slat	Leading-edge slat	["1 Types","2 Operation","3 History","4 Research","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Device increasing the lift of the wing at low speed (take-off and landing) A slat is an aerodynamic surface on the leading edge of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. When retracted, the slat lies flush with the rest of the wing. A slat is deployed by sliding forward, opening a slot between the wing and the slat. Air from below the slat flows through the slot and replaces the boundary layer that has travelled at high speed around the leading edge of the slat, losing a significant amount of its kinetic energy due to skin friction drag. When deployed, slats allow the wings to operate at a higher angle of attack before stalling. With slats deployed an aircraft can fly at slower speeds, allowing it to take off and land in shorter distances. They are used during takeoff and landing and while performing low-speed maneuvers which may take the aircraft close to a stall. Slats are retracted in normal flight to minimize drag. Slats are high-lift devices typically used on aircraft intended to operate within a wide range of speeds. Trailing-edge flap systems running along the trailing edge of the wing are common on all aircraft. The position of the leading-edge slats on an airliner (Airbus A310-300). In this picture, the slats are drooped. Note also the extended trailing-edge flaps. Slats on the leading edge of an Airbus A318 of Air France Automatic slats of a Messerschmitt Bf 109 The wing of a landing Airbus A319-100. The slats at the leading edge and the flaps at the trailing edge are extended. The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch had permanently extended slots on its leading edges (fixed slats). Types Types include: Automatic The spring-loaded slat lies flush with the wing leading edge, held in place by the force of the air acting on them. As the aircraft slows down, the aerodynamic force is reduced and the springs extend the slats. Sometimes referred to as Handley-Page slats. Fixed The slat is permanently extended. This is sometimes used on specialist low-speed aircraft (these are referred to as slots) or when simplicity takes precedence over speed. Powered The slat extension can be controlled by the pilot. This is commonly used on airliners. Operation The chord of the slat is typically only a few percent of the wing chord. The slats may extend over the outer third of the wing, or they may cover the entire leading edge. Many early aerodynamicists, including Ludwig Prandtl, believed that slats work by inducing a high energy stream to the flow of the main airfoil, thus re-energizing its boundary layer and delaying stall. In reality, the slat does not give the air in the slot a high velocity (it actually reduces its velocity) and also it cannot be called high-energy air since all the air outside the actual boundary layers has the same total heat. The actual effects of the slat are: The slat effect The velocities at the leading edge of the downstream element (main airfoil) are reduced due to the circulation of the upstream element (slat) thus reducing the pressure peaks of the downstream element. The circulation effect The circulation of the downstream element increases the circulation of the upstream element thus improving its aerodynamic performance. The dumping effect The discharge velocity at the trailing edge of the slat is increased due to the circulation of the main airfoil thus alleviating separation problems or increasing lift. Off the surface pressure recovery The deceleration of the slat wake occurs in an efficient manner, out of contact with a wall. Fresh boundary layer effect Each new element starts out with a fresh boundary layer at its leading edge. Thin boundary layers can withstand stronger adverse gradients than thick ones. The slat has a counterpart found in the wings of some birds, the alula, a feather or group of feathers which the bird can extend under control of its "thumb". History A319 slats during and after landing Slats were first developed by Gustav Lachmann in 1918. The stall-related crash in August 1917 of a Rumpler C aeroplane prompted Lachmann to develop the idea, and a small wooden model was built in 1917 in Cologne. In Germany in 1918 Lachmann presented a patent for leading-edge slats. However, the German patent office at first rejected it, as the office did not believe the possibility of postponing the stall by dividing the wing. Independently of Lachmann, Handley Page Ltd in Great Britain also developed the slotted wing as a way to postpone the stall by delaying separation of the flow from the upper surface of the wing at high angles of attack, and applied for a patent in 1919; to avoid a patent challenge, they reached an ownership agreement with Lachmann. That year, an Airco DH.9 was fitted with slats and test flown. Later, an Airco DH.9A was modified as a monoplane with a large wing fitted with full-span leading edge slats and trailing-edge ailerons (i.e. what would later be called trailing-edge flaps) that could be deployed in conjunction with the leading-edge slats to test improved low-speed performance. This was later known as the Handley Page H.P.20 Several years later, having subsequently taken employment at the Handley-Page aircraft company, Lachmann was responsible for a number of aircraft designs, including the Handley Page Hampden. Licensing the design became one of the company's major sources of income in the 1920s. The original designs were in the form of a fixed slot near the leading edge of the wing, a design that was used on a number of STOL aircraft. During World War II, German aircraft commonly fitted a more advanced version of the slat that reduced drag by being pushed back flush against the leading edge of the wing by air pressure, popping out when the angle of attack increased to a critical angle. Notable slats of that time belonged to the German Fieseler Fi 156 Storch. These were similar in design to retractable slats, but were fixed and non-retractable. This design feature allowed the aircraft to takeoff into a light wind in less than 45 m (150 ft), and land in 18 m (60 ft). Aircraft designed by the Messerschmitt company employed automatic, spring-loaded leading-edge slats as a general rule, except for the Alexander Lippisch-designed Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet rocket fighter, which instead used fixed slots built integrally with, and just behind, the wing panel's outer leading edges. Post-World War II, slats have also been used on larger aircraft and generally operated by hydraulics or electricity. Research Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, and flaperons into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross-section for stealth. These may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and 6th generation fighter aircraft. One promising approach that could rival slats are flexible wings. In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The adaptive compliant wing is a military and commercial effort. See also Leading-edge droop flap Flap (aeronautics) Flight control surfaces Krueger flap Leading-edge slot References ^ Theory of wing sections, Abbott and Doenhoff, Dover Publications ^ High-Lift Aerodynamics, A.M.O. Smith, Journal of Aircraft, 1975 ^ a b High-Lift Aerodynamics, by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Long Beach, June 1975 Archived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ Gustav Lachmann - National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (November 1921). "Experiments with slotted wings" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2018-10-14. ^ Handley Page, F. (December 22, 1921), "Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings", Flight, vol. XIII, no. 678, p. 844, archived from the original on 2012-11-03 – via Flightglobal Archive ^ F. Handley Page "Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings" Archived 2012-11-03 at the Wayback Machine Flight, December 22nd 1921, photo page 845 of converted D.H.4 for testing of slotted wings ^ Scott, William B. (27 November 2006), "Morphing Wings", Aviation Week & Space Technology, archived from the original on 26 April 2011 ^ "FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace". Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011. ^ Kota, Sridhar; Osborn, Russell; Ervin, Gregory; Maric, Dragan; Flick, Peter; Paul, Donald. "Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test" (PDF). Ann Arbor, MI; Dayton, OH, USA: FlexSys Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leading-edge flaps. vteAircraft components and systemsAirframe structure Aft pressure bulkhead Cabane strut Canopy Crack arrestor Cruciform tail Dope Empennage Fabric covering Fairing Flying wires Former Fuselage Hardpoint Interplane strut Jury strut Leading edge Lift strut Longeron Nacelle Rib Spar Stabilizer Stressed skin Strut T-tail Tailplane Trailing edge Triple tail Twin tail V-tail Vertical stabilizer Wing root Wing tip Wingbox Flight controls Aileron Airbrake Artificial feel Autopilot Canard Centre stick Deceleron Dive brake Dual control Electro-hydraulic actuator Elevator Elevon Flaperon Flight control modes Fly-by-wire Gust lock HOTAS Rudder Rudder pedals Servo tab Side-stick Spoiler Spoileron Stabilator Stick pusher Stick shaker Trim tab Wing warping Yaw damper Yoke Aerodynamic and high-liftdevices Active Aeroelastic Wing Adaptive compliant wing Anti-shock body Blown flap Channel wing Dog-tooth Drag-reducing aerospike Flap Gouge flap Gurney flap Krueger flap Leading-edge cuff Leading-edge droop flap LEX Slats Slot Stall strips Strake Variable-sweep wing Vortex generator Vortilon Wing fence Winglet Avionic and flightinstrument systems ACAS Air data boom Air data computer Aircraft periscope Airspeed indicator Altimeter Annunciator panel Astrodome Attitude indicator Compass Course deviation indicator EFIS EICAS Flight management system Glass cockpit GPS Head-up display Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator INS ISIS Multi-function display Pitot–static system Radar altimeter TCAS Transponder Turn and slip indicator Variometer Yaw string Propulsion controls, devices and fuel systems Autothrottle Drop tank FADEC Fuel tank Gascolator Inlet cone Intake ramp NACA cowling NACA duct Self-sealing fuel tank Splitter plate Throttle Thrust lever Thrust reversal Townend ring War emergency power Wet wing Landing and arresting gear Aircraft tire Arrestor hook Autobrake Conventional landing gear Drogue parachute Landing gear Landing gear extender Oleo strut Tricycle landing gear Tundra tire Escape systems Ejection seat Escape crew capsule Other systems Aircraft lavatory Auxiliary power unit Bleed air system Deicing boot Emergency oxygen system Environmental control system Flight recorder Hydraulic system Ice protection system In-flight entertainment system Landing lights Navigation light Passenger service unit Ram air turbine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aerodynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerodynamic"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing"},{"link_name":"fixed-wing aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft"},{"link_name":"angle of attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_attack"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"high-lift devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-lift_device"},{"link_name":"flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wing.slat.600pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A310-300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A310-300"},{"link_name":"trailing-edge flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing-edge_flaps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Airfrance.a318-100.f-gugj.arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A318"},{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-005-05,_Fl%C3%BCgel_einer_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpg"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Airbus A319-100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A319-100"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"trailing edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailing_edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Argus_As_10_C_%26_Storch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fieseler Fi 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156"},{"link_name":"slots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge_slot"}],"text":"A slat is an aerodynamic surface on the leading edge of the wing of a fixed-wing aircraft. When retracted, the slat lies flush with the rest of the wing. A slat is deployed by sliding forward, opening a slot between the wing and the slat. Air from below the slat flows through the slot and replaces the boundary layer that has travelled at high speed around the leading edge of the slat, losing a significant amount of its kinetic energy due to skin friction drag. When deployed, slats allow the wings to operate at a higher angle of attack before stalling. With slats deployed an aircraft can fly at slower speeds, allowing it to take off and land in shorter distances. They are used during takeoff and landing and while performing low-speed maneuvers which may take the aircraft close to a stall. Slats are retracted in normal flight to minimize drag.Slats are high-lift devices typically used on aircraft intended to operate within a wide range of speeds. Trailing-edge flap systems running along the trailing edge of the wing are common on all aircraft.The position of the leading-edge slats on an airliner (Airbus A310-300). In this picture, the slats are drooped. Note also the extended trailing-edge flaps.Slats on the leading edge of an Airbus A318 of Air FranceAutomatic slats of a Messerschmitt Bf 109The wing of a landing Airbus A319-100. The slats at the leading edge and the flaps at the trailing edge are extended.The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch had permanently extended slots on its leading edges (fixed slats).","title":"Leading-edge slat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-edge_slot"}],"text":"Types include:Automatic\nThe spring-loaded slat lies flush with the wing leading edge, held in place by the force of the air acting on them. As the aircraft slows down, the aerodynamic force is reduced and the springs extend the slats. Sometimes referred to as Handley-Page slats.\nFixed\nThe slat is permanently extended. This is sometimes used on specialist low-speed aircraft (these are referred to as slots) or when simplicity takes precedence over speed.\nPowered\nThe slat extension can be controlled by the pilot. This is commonly used on airliners.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Prandtl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Prandtl"},{"link_name":"airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"boundary layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"total heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1975-3"},{"link_name":"airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulation_(fluid_dynamics)"},{"link_name":"boundary layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_layer"},{"link_name":"leading edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading_edge"},{"link_name":"gradients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith1975-3"},{"link_name":"alula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alula"}],"text":"The chord of the slat is typically only a few percent of the wing chord. The slats may extend over the outer third of the wing, or they may cover the entire leading edge. Many early aerodynamicists, including Ludwig Prandtl, believed that slats work by inducing a high energy stream to the flow of the main airfoil, thus re-energizing its boundary layer and delaying stall.[1] In reality, the slat does not give the air in the slot a high velocity (it actually reduces its velocity) and also it cannot be called high-energy air since all the air outside the actual boundary layers has the same total heat. The actual effects of the slat are:[2][3]The slat effect\nThe velocities at the leading edge of the downstream element (main airfoil) are reduced due to the circulation of the upstream element (slat) thus reducing the pressure peaks of the downstream element.\nThe circulation effect\nThe circulation of the downstream element increases the circulation of the upstream element thus improving its aerodynamic performance.\nThe dumping effect\nThe discharge velocity at the trailing edge of the slat is increased due to the circulation of the main airfoil thus alleviating separation problems or increasing lift.\nOff the surface pressure recovery\nThe deceleration of the slat wake occurs in an efficient manner, out of contact with a wall.\nFresh boundary layer effect\nEach new element starts out with a fresh boundary layer at its leading edge. Thin boundary layers can withstand stronger adverse gradients than thick ones.[3]The slat has a counterpart found in the wings of some birds, the alula, a feather or group of feathers which the bird can extend under control of its \"thumb\".","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voilure_A319.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gustav Lachmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Lachmann"},{"link_name":"Rumpler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpler"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Handley Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page"},{"link_name":"Airco DH.9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airco_DH.9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Airco DH.9A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airco_DH.9A"},{"link_name":"Handley Page H.P.20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_H.P.20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Handley Page Hampden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden"},{"link_name":"STOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STOL"},{"link_name":"drag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_(physics)"},{"link_name":"air pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pressure"},{"link_name":"Fieseler Fi 156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt"},{"link_name":"Alexander Lippisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lippisch"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Me 163B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163B"},{"link_name":"hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"}],"text":"A319 slats during and after landingSlats were first developed by Gustav Lachmann in 1918. The stall-related crash in August 1917 of a Rumpler C aeroplane prompted Lachmann to develop the idea, and a small wooden model was built in 1917 in Cologne. In Germany in 1918 Lachmann presented a patent for leading-edge slats.[4] However, the German patent office at first rejected it, as the office did not believe the possibility of postponing the stall by dividing the wing.Independently of Lachmann, Handley Page Ltd in Great Britain also developed the slotted wing as a way to postpone the stall by delaying separation of the flow from the upper surface of the wing at high angles of attack, and applied for a patent in 1919; to avoid a patent challenge, they reached an ownership agreement with Lachmann. That year, an Airco DH.9 was fitted with slats and test flown.[5] Later, an Airco DH.9A was modified as a monoplane with a large wing fitted with full-span leading edge slats and trailing-edge ailerons (i.e. what would later be called trailing-edge flaps) that could be deployed in conjunction with the leading-edge slats to test improved low-speed performance. This was later known as the Handley Page H.P.20[6] Several years later, having subsequently taken employment at the Handley-Page aircraft company, Lachmann was responsible for a number of aircraft designs, including the Handley Page Hampden.Licensing the design became one of the company's major sources of income in the 1920s. The original designs were in the form of a fixed slot near the leading edge of the wing, a design that was used on a number of STOL aircraft.During World War II, German aircraft commonly fitted a more advanced version of the slat that reduced drag by being pushed back flush against the leading edge of the wing by air pressure, popping out when the angle of attack increased to a critical angle. Notable slats of that time belonged to the German Fieseler Fi 156 Storch. These were similar in design to retractable slats, but were fixed and non-retractable. This design feature allowed the aircraft to takeoff into a light wind in less than 45 m (150 ft), and land in 18 m (60 ft). Aircraft designed by the Messerschmitt company employed automatic, spring-loaded leading-edge slats as a general rule, except for the Alexander Lippisch-designed Messerschmitt Me 163B Komet rocket fighter, which instead used fixed slots built integrally with, and just behind, the wing panel's outer leading edges.Post-World War II, slats have also been used on larger aircraft and generally operated by hydraulics or electricity.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ailerons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"elevons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevon"},{"link_name":"flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"flaperons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaperon"},{"link_name":"inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"},{"link_name":"radar cross-section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_cross-section"},{"link_name":"stealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology"},{"link_name":"unmanned aerial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"fighter aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"adaptive compliant wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Several technology research and development efforts exist to integrate the functions of flight control systems such as ailerons, elevators, elevons, flaps, and flaperons into wings to perform the aerodynamic purpose with the advantages of less: mass, cost, drag, inertia (for faster, stronger control response), complexity (mechanically simpler, fewer moving parts or surfaces, less maintenance), and radar cross-section for stealth. These may be used in many unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and 6th generation fighter aircraft.One promising approach that could rival slats are flexible wings. In flexible wings, much or all of a wing surface can change shape in flight to deflect air flow. The X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing is a NASA effort. The adaptive compliant wing is a military and commercial effort.[7][8][9]","title":"Research"}]	[{"image_text":"The position of the leading-edge slats on an airliner (Airbus A310-300). In this picture, the slats are drooped. Note also the extended trailing-edge flaps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Wing.slat.600pix.jpg/220px-Wing.slat.600pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slats on the leading edge of an Airbus A318 of Air France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Airfrance.a318-100.f-gugj.arp.jpg/220px-Airfrance.a318-100.f-gugj.arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Automatic slats of a Messerschmitt Bf 109","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-005-05%2C_Fl%C3%BCgel_einer_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1980-005-05%2C_Fl%C3%BCgel_einer_Messerschmitt_Me_109.jpg"},{"image_text":"The wing of a landing Airbus A319-100. The slats at the leading edge and the flaps at the trailing edge are extended.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg/220px-Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch had permanently extended slots on its leading edges (fixed slats).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Argus_As_10_C_%26_Storch.jpg/220px-Argus_As_10_C_%26_Storch.jpg"},{"image_text":"A319 slats during and after landing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Voilure_A319.jpg/220px-Voilure_A319.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Leading-edge droop flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap"},{"title":"Flap (aeronautics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)"},{"title":"Flight control surfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces"},{"title":"Krueger flap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krueger_flap"},{"title":"Leading-edge slot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leading-edge_slot"}]	[{"reference":"Gustav Lachmann - National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (November 1921). \"Experiments with slotted wings\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-29. Retrieved 2018-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121129083659/http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1921/naca-tn-71.pdf","url_text":"\"Experiments with slotted wings\""},{"url":"http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1921/naca-tn-71.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Handley Page, F. (December 22, 1921), \"Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings\", Flight, vol. XIII, no. 678, p. 844, archived from the original on 2012-11-03 – via Flightglobal Archive","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200844.html","url_text":"\"Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200844.html","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott, William B. (27 November 2006), \"Morphing Wings\", Aviation Week & Space Technology, archived from the original on 26 April 2011","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/","url_text":"\"Morphing Wings\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110426122028/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace\". Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616074103/http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","url_text":"\"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace\""},{"url":"http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kota, Sridhar; Osborn, Russell; Ervin, Gregory; Maric, Dragan; Flick, Peter; Paul, Donald. \"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test\" (PDF). Ann Arbor, MI; Dayton, OH, USA: FlexSys Inc., Air Force Research Laboratory. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211547/http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","url_text":"\"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test\""},{"url":"http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High-Lift_Aerodynamics.pdf","external_links_name":"High-Lift Aerodynamics, by A. M. O. Smith, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Long Beach, June 1975"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707172637/http://www.arvelgentry.com/amo/High-Lift_Aerodynamics.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121129083659/http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1921/naca-tn-71.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Experiments with slotted wings\""},{"Link":"http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1921/naca-tn-71.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200844.html","external_links_name":"\"Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181345/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200844.html","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200845.html","external_links_name":"\"Developments In Aircraft Design By The Use Of Slotted Wings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121103181419/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1921/1921%20-%200845.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/","external_links_name":"\"Morphing Wings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110426122028/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110616074103/http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","external_links_name":"\"FlexSys Inc.: Aerospace\""},{"Link":"http://www.flxsys.com/aerospace.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322211547/http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing – Design, Fabrication and Flight Test\""},{"Link":"http://www.flxsys.com/pdf/NATO_Conf_Paper-KOTA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Delahunty	Mary Delahunty	["1 Early life","2 Media career","3 Political career","4 Personal life","5 Bibliography","5.1 Non-fiction","5.2 Critical studies and reviews of Delahunty's work","6 References"]	Australian politician Not to be confused with the mayor of Glen Eira. The HonourableMary DelahuntyMember of the Victorian Legislative Assemblyfor NorthcoteIn office15 August 1998 – 24 November 2006Preceded byTony SheehanSucceeded byFiona Richardson Personal detailsBornMary Elizabeth Delahunty (1951-06-07) 7 June 1951 (age 73)Murtoa, Victoria, AustraliaSpouseJock RankinRelationsHugh Delahunty (brother)Alma materLa Trobe UniversityOccupationJournalist Mary Elizabeth Delahunty (born 7 June 1951) is an Australian journalist and politician with the Labor Party. Early life Delahunty was born in the Victorian town of Murtoa and educated at Loreto College in Ballarat. She earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from La Trobe University. Media career Delahunty was a news journalist for the ABC and Network Ten from 1975 to 1996. She appeared in news and current affairs programs such as Four Corners and The 7.30 Report. She received a Gold Walkley award for the story Aiding and Abetting which was shown and produced by Four Corners in 1983. Aiding and Abetting was about the improper use of Australian aid money in the Philippines. In the late 1980s, Delahunty, then the chief newsreader for the ABC in Victoria, was parodied by comedian Jean Kittson on The Big Gig, where Kittson portrayed a snobbish, acid-tongued announcer called Veronica Glenhuntly (whose surname was taken from that of the elite Melbourne suburb). Delahunty was the weeknight presenter of ABC News Victoria from 1986 until 1990. She was replaced by Sue McIntosh. Political career Delahunty was elected to the seat of Northcote in the Victorian Legislative Assembly at a 1998 by-election. Her maiden speech was about the implications of the Fitzgerald report for Victoria, especially in regard to police corruption. Delahunty was Minister for Education from 1999 to 2002, during the term of the first Bracks Government. She was the Minister for the Arts from 1999 to 2006, Minister for Women's Affairs from 2002 to 2006, and Minister for Planning from 2002 to 2005. As Minister for Planning, she was responsible for the media presentation of Melbourne 2030. As Minister for Planning, Delahunty was criticised for the altering of the annual Surveyor-General's Report 2002–03, submitted by the Surveyor-General of Victoria, Keith Clifford Bell. The acting Victorian Ombudsman announced in January 2004 that he would "investigate why the former Surveyor-General's final annual report was substantially altered before being tabled in State Parliament last November" He also announced he would investigate the misuse of the Surveyor-General's electronic signature by the Department of Sustainability and Environment. The Auditor-General confirmed it would keep a watching brief over the investigations. It was also confirmed that the government ignored the advice of the office of the Victorian Government Solicitor "to not interfere with the report". Bell, himself had confirmed that the report had been altered. The complaint to the Ombudsman leading to the investigation had come from the then Opposition planning spokesman Ted Baillieu Efforts to alter or block Bell's reports, 1999-01 and 2000–01, had also occurred under the former Minister Sherryl Garbutt. Garbutt had made claims the reports were inaccurate, but were subsequently tabled without any alteration. The Ombudsman's investigation found substantial sections altered after Bell had finished his term as Surveyor-General. It also found that Bell's signature was assigned to the Annual Report 2002-03 of the Surveyors Board of Victoria, without his knowledge or consent. The government was directed to apologise to Bell. Shadow Planning Minister, Ted Baillieu, in his statement to the Parliament on 9 April 2003 reported on the political interference at multiple levels, including the Planning Minister, in the performance of the responsibilities of the Surveyor-General. Bell was acknowledged as a competent, highly respected public servant and he was held in the highest esteem by both the surveying profession and the business sector. In a further statement to Parliament on 4 May 2005, Baillieu commented on the "doctoring" of Bell's report, which had been done at the Minister's direction. Baillieu further cited the Ombudsman's findings that the altering of the report was inappropriate and there were concerns regarding the adequacy of the investigations. It was claimed that then Planning Minister Delahunty had misled the Parliament. The tabled report bears the hand-written note signed by Bell's successor: "Amended by the direction of the Minister. John E.Tulloch Surveyor General of Victoria 19/4/2005”. Previously, in 2002, the Auditor-General reviewed the functions and responsibilities of the Surveyor-General and agreed with reports submitted by Bell. The Auditor-General identified the interference by Land Victoria in the performance of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities, including the wrongful transfer of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities to business units of Land Victoria outside of the Office of Surveyor-General. He confirmed that such responsibilities cannot be transferred without legislative mandate. The Auditor-General found that the transfer of the functions of the Surveyor-General had seen them delivered unsatisfactorily and did not meet the obligations of the legislation. The Opposition blamed Delahunty and her predecessor Sherryl Garbutt, for extreme political interference in the performance of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities. Such interference included: attempts to block or alter annual reports from Bell; affix his electronic signature without his knowledge or permission; threats and intimidation by the former Executive Director of Land Victoria Elizabeth O'Keeffe; hiring of private investigators to investigate Bell and his office; and efforts to interfere with his review of State electoral boundaries in his capacity as a Electoral Boundaries Commissioner. In January 2005 Bracks dumped Delahunty as Planning Minister. Rob Hulls replaced Delahunty in what the media reported as an "increasingly controversial" ministerial portfolio. Delahunty commented in the media that in late February 2005 "she picked up The Sunday Age to read that members of the ruling Right faction of the ALP wanted her out of her safe seat." In October 2006, Delahunty advised that she would not contest the November 2006 election due to health and family reasons. Personal life Delahunty is the sister of Victorian National Party MP, Hugh Delahunty, who is also a former Victorian Football League player, as is another brother, Michael. Her husband of 22 years, the journalist Jock Rankin, died in 2002. She has two children, Nicholas and Olivia. She was a guest on Life Matters (ABC Radio National, 26 August 2010) on such topics as grief, parenting, civic participation and public life, and her memoir, Public Life, Private Grief. Bibliography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (January 2017) Non-fiction Delahunty, Mary. Gravity : inside the PM's office during her last year and final days. Hardie Grant Books. Critical studies and reviews of Delahunty's work Deane, Joel (September 2014). "'Gendered, pornographic, violent' : the making of a new Labor martyr". Australian Book Review. 364: 20–21. Review of Gravity. Victorian Legislative Assembly Preceded byTony Sheehan Member for Northcote 1998–2006 Succeeded byFiona Richardson Media offices Preceded byGeoff Raymond ABC News Victoria Weeknight presenter 1986–1990 Succeeded bySue McIntosh References ^ "Doubt over Labor vote as new Delahunty gets off couch for preselection". The Age. 7 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023. ^ Who's Who in Australia 2017, ConnectWeb. ^ a b c d "Delahunty, Mary Elizabeth". Profile. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ a b c "Mary Delahunty profile". Australian Women's Archives Project. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "Fitzgerald Report on Corruption". Hansard. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "Ombudsman to probe 'altered' report". 27 January 2004. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ a b "Surveying Bill" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 6. Parliament of Victoria. 24 May 2004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Archived 19 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Ex-official's signature misused: watchdog". 14 March 2005. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019. ^ "Report critical of Delahunty altered". 10 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019. ^ "Surveyor-General: resignation" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 4. Parliament of Victoria. 9 April 2003.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Archived 8 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Public Accounts and Estimates Committee: budget outcomes 2003–04" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 4. Parliament of Victoria. 4 May 2005.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Archived 14 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine ^ Parliament of Victoria, 2002-2003 Annual Report by the Surveyor General of Victoria on the Administration of the Survey Co-Ordination Act 1958 ^ a b "On life, death and treachery". 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019. ^ "A planner who plans to stay public". 30 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "Minister resigns on doctor's orders". 5 October 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019. ^ "Delahunty to quit Victorian Parliament - ABC News". ABC News. 4 October 2006. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2019. ^ a b c Delahunty, Mary (7 September 2010). Public Life, Private Grief: a memoir of political life and loss. Hardie Grant. ISBN 9781740668583. ^ Holmesby, Russell & Main, Jim (2007). The Encyclopedia Of AFL Footballers. BAS Publishing. ISBN 9781920910785. ^ a b "On life, death and treachery". The Age. Fairfax. 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ Life Matters episode on which Delahunty appeared Archived 29 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 26 August 2010; accessed 3 December 2014. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States People Australian Women's Register	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayor of Glen Eira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Glen_Eira"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party_(Victorian_Branch)"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the mayor of Glen Eira[1].Mary Elizabeth Delahunty (born 7 June 1951) is an Australian journalist and politician with the Labor Party.","title":"Mary Delahunty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Murtoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtoa,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Loreto College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto_College,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoswho-2"},{"link_name":"La Trobe University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Trobe_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-re-member-3"}],"text":"Delahunty was born in the Victorian town of Murtoa and educated at Loreto College in Ballarat.[2] She earned a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from La Trobe University.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Network Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Ten"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-re-member-3"},{"link_name":"Four Corners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Corners_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"The 7.30 Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_7.30_Report"},{"link_name":"Gold Walkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Walkley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-4"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Jean Kittson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Kittson"},{"link_name":"The Big Gig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Gig"},{"link_name":"Melbourne suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Huntly"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ABC News Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Sue McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_McIntosh"}],"text":"Delahunty was a news journalist for the ABC and Network Ten from 1975 to 1996.[3] She appeared in news and current affairs programs such as Four Corners and The 7.30 Report. She received a Gold Walkley award for the story Aiding and Abetting which was shown and produced by Four Corners in 1983.[4]Aiding and Abetting was about the improper use of Australian aid money in the Philippines. In the late 1980s, Delahunty, then the chief newsreader for the ABC in Victoria, was parodied by comedian Jean Kittson on The Big Gig, where Kittson portrayed a snobbish, acid-tongued announcer called Veronica Glenhuntly (whose surname was taken from that of the elite Melbourne suburb).[citation needed] Delahunty was the weeknight presenter of ABC News Victoria from 1986 until 1990. She was replaced by Sue McIntosh.","title":"Media career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northcote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Northcote"},{"link_name":"Victorian Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"Fitzgerald report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzgerald_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Minister for Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Bracks Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bracks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-re-member-3"},{"link_name":"Minister for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Creative_Industries"},{"link_name":"Minister for Women's Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Women%27s_Affairs_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Minister for Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Planning_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-re-member-3"},{"link_name":"Minister for Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Planning_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Minister for Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Planning_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Surveyor-General of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveyor-General_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sherryl Garbutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherryl_Garbutt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament.vic.gov.au-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ted Baillieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baillieu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sherryl Garbutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherryl_Garbutt"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth O'Keeffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_O%27Keeffe"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parliament.vic.gov.au-7"},{"link_name":"Bracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracks"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theage.com.au-13"},{"link_name":"Rob Hulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Hulls"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theage.com.au-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Delahunty was elected to the seat of Northcote in the Victorian Legislative Assembly at a 1998 by-election. Her maiden speech was about the implications of the Fitzgerald report for Victoria, especially in regard to police corruption.[5]Delahunty was Minister for Education from 1999 to 2002, during the term of the first Bracks Government.[3] She was the Minister for the Arts from 1999 to 2006, Minister for Women's Affairs from 2002 to 2006, and Minister for Planning from 2002 to 2005.[3] As Minister for Planning, she was responsible for the media presentation of Melbourne 2030.As Minister for Planning, Delahunty was criticised for the altering of the annual Surveyor-General's Report 2002–03, submitted by the Surveyor-General of Victoria, Keith Clifford Bell. The acting Victorian Ombudsman announced in January 2004 that he would \"investigate why the former Surveyor-General's final annual report was substantially altered before being tabled in State Parliament last November\" He also announced he would investigate the misuse of the Surveyor-General's electronic signature by the Department of Sustainability and Environment. The Auditor-General confirmed it would keep a watching brief over the investigations. It was also confirmed that the government ignored the advice of the office of the Victorian Government Solicitor \"to not interfere with the report\". Bell, himself had confirmed that the report had been altered. The complaint to the Ombudsman leading to the investigation had come from the then Opposition planning spokesman Ted Baillieu[6] Efforts to alter or block Bell's reports, 1999-01 and 2000–01, had also occurred under the former Minister Sherryl Garbutt. Garbutt had made claims the reports were inaccurate, but were subsequently tabled without any alteration.[7]The Ombudsman's investigation found substantial sections altered after Bell had finished his term as Surveyor-General. It also found that Bell's signature was assigned to the Annual Report 2002-03 of the Surveyors Board of Victoria, without his knowledge or consent. The government was directed to apologise to Bell.[8][9] Shadow Planning Minister, Ted Baillieu, in his statement to the Parliament on 9 April 2003 reported on the political interference at multiple levels, including the Planning Minister, in the performance of the responsibilities of the Surveyor-General. Bell was acknowledged as a competent, highly respected public servant and he was held in the highest esteem by both the surveying profession and the business sector.[10] In a further statement to Parliament on 4 May 2005, Baillieu commented on the \"doctoring\" of Bell's report, which had been done at the Minister's direction. Baillieu further cited the Ombudsman's findings that the altering of the report was inappropriate and there were concerns regarding the adequacy of the investigations. It was claimed that then Planning Minister Delahunty had misled the Parliament.[11] The tabled report bears the hand-written note signed by Bell's successor: \"Amended by the direction of the Minister. John E.Tulloch Surveyor General of Victoria 19/4/2005”.[12]Previously, in 2002, the Auditor-General reviewed the functions and responsibilities of the Surveyor-General and agreed with reports submitted by Bell. The Auditor-General identified the interference by Land Victoria in the performance of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities, including the wrongful transfer of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities to business units of Land Victoria outside of the Office of Surveyor-General. He confirmed that such responsibilities cannot be transferred without legislative mandate. The Auditor-General found that the transfer of the functions of the Surveyor-General had seen them delivered unsatisfactorily and did not meet the obligations of the legislation. The Opposition blamed Delahunty and her predecessor Sherryl Garbutt, for extreme political interference in the performance of the Surveyor-General's responsibilities. Such interference included: attempts to block or alter annual reports from Bell; affix his electronic signature without his knowledge or permission; threats and intimidation by the former Executive Director of Land Victoria Elizabeth O'Keeffe; hiring of private investigators to investigate Bell and his office; and efforts to interfere with his review of State electoral boundaries in his capacity as a Electoral Boundaries Commissioner.[7]In January 2005 Bracks dumped Delahunty as Planning Minister.[13] Rob Hulls replaced Delahunty in what the media reported as an \"increasingly controversial\" ministerial portfolio.[14] Delahunty commented in the media that in late February 2005 \"she picked up The Sunday Age to read that members of the ruling Right faction of the ALP wanted her out of her safe seat.\"[13] In October 2006, Delahunty advised that she would not contest the November 2006 election due to health and family reasons.[15][16]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia_%E2%80%93_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Hugh Delahunty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Delahunty"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-public-life-private-grief-17"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_(1897%E2%80%931989)"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Delahunty"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-4"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-public-life-private-grief-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-19"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awa-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-age-19"},{"link_name":"Life Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Matters"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-public-life-private-grief-17"}],"text":"Delahunty is the sister of Victorian National Party MP, Hugh Delahunty,[17] who is also a former Victorian Football League player, as is another brother, Michael.[18] Her husband of 22 years, the journalist Jock Rankin, died in 2002.[4][17][19] She has two children,[4] Nicholas and Olivia.[19] She was a guest on Life Matters (ABC Radio National, 26 August 2010)[20] on such topics as grief, parenting, civic participation and public life, and her memoir, Public Life, Private Grief.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delahunty, Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Delahunty, Mary. Gravity : inside the PM's office during her last year and final days. Hardie Grant Books.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deane, Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Deane"},{"link_name":"Australian Book Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Book_Review"}],"sub_title":"Critical studies and reviews of Delahunty's work","text":"Deane, Joel (September 2014). \"'Gendered, pornographic, violent' : the making of a new Labor martyr\". Australian Book Review. 364: 20–21. Review of Gravity.","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Delahunty, Mary. Gravity : inside the PM's office during her last year and final days. Hardie Grant Books.","urls":[{"url_text":"Delahunty, Mary"}]},{"reference":"Deane, Joel (September 2014). \"'Gendered, pornographic, violent' : the making of a new Labor martyr\". Australian Book Review. 364: 20–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Deane","url_text":"Deane, Joel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Book_Review","url_text":"Australian Book Review"}]},{"reference":"\"Doubt over Labor vote as new Delahunty gets off couch for preselection\". The Age. 7 July 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/doubt-over-labor-vote-as-new-delahunty-gets-off-couch-for-preselection-20180707-p4zq56.html","url_text":"\"Doubt over Labor vote as new Delahunty gets off couch for preselection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230419234915/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/doubt-over-labor-vote-as-new-delahunty-gets-off-couch-for-preselection-20180707-p4zq56.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Delahunty, Mary Elizabeth\". Profile. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=86","url_text":"\"Delahunty, Mary Elizabeth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria","url_text":"Parliament of Victoria"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402230533/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=86","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Delahunty profile\". Australian Women's Archives Project. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0123b.htm","url_text":"\"Mary Delahunty profile\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014621/http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE0123b.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fitzgerald Report on Corruption\". Hansard. Parliament of Victoria. Archived from the original on 2 September 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://tex.parliament.vic.gov.au/bin/texhtmlt?form=VicHansard.dumpall&startpage=79&origquery=true+and+%28+data+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29+and+%28+members+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29&query=true+and+%28+data+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29+and+%28+members+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29&db=hansard91&dodraft=0&speech=23263&mem_selected=DELAHUNTY&activity=&title=FITZGERALD+REPORT+ON+CORRUPTION&date1=2&date2=September&date3=1998","url_text":"\"Fitzgerald Report on Corruption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria","url_text":"Parliament of Victoria"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070902043705/http://tex.parliament.vic.gov.au/bin/texhtmlt?form=VicHansard.dumpall&startpage=79&origquery=true+and+%28+data+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29+and+%28+members+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29&query=true+and+%28+data+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29+and+%28+members+contains+%27DELAHUNTY%27+%29&db=hansard91&dodraft=0&speech=23263&mem_selected=DELAHUNTY&activity=&title=FITZGERALD+REPORT+ON+CORRUPTION&date1=2&date2=September&date3=1998","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ombudsman to probe 'altered' report\". 27 January 2004. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/ombudsman-to-probe-altered-report-20040127-gdx6ut.html","url_text":"\"Ombudsman to probe 'altered' report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230416160857/https://www.theage.com.au/national/ombudsman-to-probe-altered-report-20040127-gdx6ut.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Surveying Bill\" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 6. Parliament of Victoria. 24 May 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/downloadhansard/pdf/Assembly/Autumn%202004/Assembly%20Autumn%20Weekly%20Book%206%202004.pdf","url_text":"\"Surveying Bill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-official's signature misused: watchdog\". 14 March 2005. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/ex-officials-signature-misused-watchdog-20050314-gdzs3q.html","url_text":"\"Ex-official's signature misused: watchdog\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000044/https://www.theage.com.au/national/ex-officials-signature-misused-watchdog-20050314-gdzs3q.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Report critical of Delahunty altered\". 10 December 2003. Archived from the original on 30 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/report-critical-of-delahunty-altered-20031210-gdwwn6.html","url_text":"\"Report critical of Delahunty altered\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053056/https://www.theage.com.au/national/report-critical-of-delahunty-altered-20031210-gdwwn6.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Surveyor-General: resignation\" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 4. Parliament of Victoria. 9 April 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/downloadhansard/pdf/Assembly/Autumn%202003/Assembly%20Autumn%20Parlynet%20Weekly%20Book%204%202003.pdf","url_text":"\"Surveyor-General: resignation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Accounts and Estimates Committee: budget outcomes 2003–04\" (PDF). Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Vol. 4. Parliament of Victoria. 4 May 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/downloadhansard/pdf/Assembly/Autumn%202005/Assembly%20Extract%204%20May%202005%20from%20Book%204.pdf","url_text":"\"Public Accounts and Estimates Committee: budget outcomes 2003–04\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"On life, death and treachery\". 19 March 2005. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/on-life-death-and-treachery-20050319-gdztd4.html","url_text":"\"On life, death and treachery\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190805051743/https://www.theage.com.au/national/on-life-death-and-treachery-20050319-gdztd4.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A planner who plans to stay public\". 30 April 2005. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/business/a-planner-who-plans-to-stay-public-20050430-ge02mc.html","url_text":"\"A planner who plans to stay public\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200918173444/https://www.theage.com.au/business/a-planner-who-plans-to-stay-public-20050430-ge02mc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Minister resigns on doctor's orders\". 5 October 2006. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theage.com.au/national/minister-resigns-on-doctors-orders-20061006-ge39sc.html","url_text":"\"Minister resigns on doctor's orders\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190805051744/https://www.theage.com.au/national/minister-resigns-on-doctors-orders-20061006-ge39sc.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Delahunty to quit Victorian Parliament - ABC News\". ABC News. 4 October 2006. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-10-05/delahunty-to-quit-victorian-parliament/1278780","url_text":"\"Delahunty to quit Victorian Parliament - ABC News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161028144706/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2006-10-05/delahunty-to-quit-victorian-parliament/1278780","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Delahunty, Mary (7 September 2010). Public Life, Private Grief: a memoir of political life and loss. Hardie Grant. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Dneprov_(singer)	Anatoly Dneprov (singer)	["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]	Tnqan Hatut was a big singer (1947–2008) For other uses, see Anatoly Dneprov. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Anatoly Dneprov" singer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anatoly DneprovBackground informationBirth nameAnatoly Semyonovich GrossBorn(1947-04-01)April 1, 1947Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet UnionDiedApril 5, 2008(2008-04-05) (aged 61)Belaya Kalitva, Rostov Oblast, RussiaOccupation(s)singerInstrument(s)voice, pianoYears active1967–2008WebsiteOfficial website (in Russian)Musical artist Anatoly Semyonovich Dneprov (Gross) (Russian: Анатолий Семёнович Днепров, Ukrainian: Анатолій Семенович Дніпров, romanized: Anatolii Semenovych Dniprov) (1 April 1947 - 5 April 2008) was a Soviet and Russian singer, musician, composer and lyricist. Biography Anatoly Dneprov was born on April 1, 1947, in the city of Dnipropetrovsk to a Jewish couple. In 1963 he entered the Dnipropetrovsk Industrial Technical Institute and wanted to become a Master of Instrumentations and Measuring devices, but in 1964 he followed his musical destiny and entered the Dnipropetrovsk Musical Academy named after Glinka. From 1967 to 1970, he was in the Soviet army and was one of the head musicians in the Ensemble of Song and Dance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR and Moldova based in Kiev. After the army he was a pianist in the jazz band of the Dnipropetrovsk pipe-rolling factory named after Karl Liebknecht. In 1971 he graduated from the Musical Academy and moved to Moscow where he became one of the most famous Soviet pop composers of the 70s, selling almost 200 million albums with his music that was performed by various Soviet performers. From 1979 to 1987, he lived in New York and became a very popular singer in the Russian community that was living abroad. In 1987 he moved back to Moscow and began touring all over the Soviet Union. He recorded many hits and filmed many videos and documentary films that were shown on Soviet and Russian national Television. He received many awards and prizes in the Soviet Union and afterwards Russia for his achievements as a composer and singer. He is the author of such songs as Armenia (with Tata Simonyan), Helpline, The Jewish Boy, Russia, A Glass of Nostalgia, Ah, How Pity and many others. The lyrics to most of his songs were written by his wife Olga Pavlova, a famous Russian poet and radio host who has written lyrics for a lot of famous Russian artists, she is also the daughter of the famous Russian impresario, concert administrator and director Pavel Leonidovich Leonidov (director to such artists as Joseph Kobzon, Vadim Mulerman, the pop group Samotsvety and others), who died in 1984 in New York City. Leonidov was also a very famous Russian poet who wrote such songs as Zvezdi Na Lugu, A More Spit, Tselyi Mir, Oka, Vetochka Ryabiny and many others. Dneprov also wrote with the poet Mikhail Tanich the most famous Russian love song that is called Radovat (sometimes called Balovat or Vydumat), the song is almost 30 years old but is still performed by famous Russian pop groups and singers to this day. Dneprov died on May 5, 2008, at about 11:45, aged 61. He died in a car (on the Volgograd-Rostov highway, 18 km from the city Belaya Kalitva) going to his own concert in Rostov. He is survived by his wife Olga Pavlova (born 1952), his sons Filip and Pavel, his daughter Elena, granddaughter Anastasia and grandson Christian. References ^ Анатолий Днепров: Между двух берегов ^ Биография Анатолия Днепрова ^ Anatoly Dneprov External links Official website (songs, lyrics and photos) (in Russian) Radovat by Anatoly Dneprov Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anatoly Dneprov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Dneprov_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Anatoly Dneprov.Musical artistAnatoly Semyonovich Dneprov (Gross) (Russian: Анатолий Семёнович Днепров, Ukrainian: Анатолій Семенович Дніпров, romanized: Anatolii Semenovych Dniprov) (1 April 1947 - 5 April 2008) was a Soviet and Russian singer, musician, composer and lyricist.[1]","title":"Anatoly Dneprov (singer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk"},{"link_name":"Glinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian SSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk"},{"link_name":"Karl Liebknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tata Simonyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Simonyan"},{"link_name":"Olga Pavlova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_Pavlova&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"impresario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresario"},{"link_name":"Pavel Leonidovich Leonidov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Leonidovich_Leonidov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kobzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kobzon"},{"link_name":"Vadim Mulerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Mulerman"},{"link_name":"Samotsvety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samotsvety"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Tanich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Tanich"},{"link_name":"Radovat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radovat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Belaya Kalitva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaya_Kalitva"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Anatoly Dneprov was born on April 1, 1947, in the city of Dnipropetrovsk to a Jewish couple. In 1963 he entered the Dnipropetrovsk Industrial Technical Institute and wanted to become a Master of Instrumentations and Measuring devices, but in 1964 he followed his musical destiny and entered the Dnipropetrovsk Musical Academy named after Glinka.From 1967 to 1970, he was in the Soviet army and was one of the head musicians in the Ensemble of Song and Dance of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian SSR and Moldova based in Kiev.After the army he was a pianist in the jazz band of the Dnipropetrovsk pipe-rolling factory named after Karl Liebknecht. In 1971 he graduated from the Musical Academy and moved to Moscow where he became one of the most famous Soviet pop composers of the 70s, selling almost 200 million albums with his music that was performed by various Soviet performers.From 1979 to 1987, he lived in New York and became a very popular singer in the Russian community that was living abroad. In 1987 he moved back to Moscow and began touring all over the Soviet Union. He recorded many hits and filmed many videos and documentary films that were shown on Soviet and Russian national Television.[2]He received many awards and prizes in the Soviet Union and afterwards Russia for his achievements as a composer and singer. He is the author of such songs as Armenia (with Tata Simonyan), Helpline, The Jewish Boy, Russia, A Glass of Nostalgia, Ah, How Pity and many others.The lyrics to most of his songs were written by his wife Olga Pavlova, a famous Russian poet and radio host who has written lyrics for a lot of famous Russian artists, she is also the daughter of the famous Russian impresario, concert administrator and director Pavel Leonidovich Leonidov (director to such artists as Joseph Kobzon, Vadim Mulerman, the pop group Samotsvety and others), who died in 1984 in New York City. Leonidov was also a very famous Russian poet who wrote such songs as Zvezdi Na Lugu, A More Spit, Tselyi Mir, Oka, Vetochka Ryabiny and many others.Dneprov also wrote with the poet Mikhail Tanich the most famous Russian love song that is called Radovat (sometimes called Balovat or Vydumat), the song is almost 30 years old but is still performed by famous Russian pop groups and singers to this day.Dneprov died on May 5, 2008, at about 11:45, aged 61. He died in a car (on the Volgograd-Rostov highway, 18 km from the city Belaya Kalitva) going to his own concert in Rostov.He is survived by his wife Olga Pavlova (born 1952), his sons Filip and Pavel, his daughter Elena, granddaughter Anastasia and grandson Christian.[3]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Anatoly+Dneprov%22+singer","external_links_name":"\"Anatoly Dneprov\" singer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Anatoly+Dneprov%22+singer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Anatoly+Dneprov%22+singer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Anatoly+Dneprov%22+singer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Anatoly+Dneprov%22+singer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Anatoly+Dneprov%22+singer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.dneprov.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://chanson.ru/about/istorii_shansona/anatoliy_dneprov__mezhdu_dvuh_beregov.html","external_links_name":"Анатолий Днепров: Между двух берегов"},{"Link":"http://www.peoples.ru/art/music/chanson/anatolij_dneprov/","external_links_name":"Биография Анатолия Днепрова"},{"Link":"http://lichnosti.net/people_1672.html","external_links_name":"Anatoly Dneprov"},{"Link":"http://www.dneprov.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110723212017/http://www.mpp3.net/mp31/anatoliy_dneprov_-_radovat.mp3","external_links_name":"Radovat by Anatoly Dneprov"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66144648421042392287","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9bdc5cb8-3067-432c-bcf4-e3b8bc673251","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeleazar_Meletinsky	Yeleazar Meletinsky	["1 His analysis of comic doublets","2 Origins of Heroic Epic","3 Notes","4 List of works","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Russian scholar Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinskii (also Meletinsky or Meletinskij; Russian: Елеаза́р Моисе́евич Мелети́нский; 22 October 1918, Kharkiv – 17 December 2005, Moscow) was a Russian scholar famous for his seminal studies of folklore, literature, philology and the history and theory of narrative; he was one of the major figures of Russian academia in those fields. He was Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities at Russian State University for the Humanities for several years until his death. His analysis of comic doublets The traditions of the mythological narration, dealt with the figures of the ancestors-heroes civilizers, and their comic-demoniac doublets. Bakhtin summarized Meletinsky's analysis in his work on Rabelais: This double aspect of the world and of human life existed even at the earliest stages of cultural development, in the folklore of primitive peoples. Coupled with the cults which were serious in tone and organization were other, comic cults which laughed and scoffed at the deity ("ritual laughter"); coupled with serious myths were comic and abusive ones; coupled with heroes were their parodies and doublets. These comic rituals and myths have attracted the attention of folklorists. Meletinsky also cites Frejdenberg's analysis of the comic alter egos of the heroes. In a class-based society, ritual laughter in popular culture creates an anti-clerical world of feasts, playful parody, and carnivals. Hermes is a deified trickster, and Ulysses, the main character of the Odyssey, has a matrilinear discent from Hermes. In the Legendary Troy the mythological element also includes comic moments. Origins of Heroic Epic In his 1963 work "Origins of Heroic Epic: early forms and archaic monuments", Meletinsky studied and compared elements of four ancient civilizations: Karelian-Finnish (pp. 95–155), Caucasian (156-246), Turkic-Mongolian (247-374) and Sumerian-Akkadian (375-422). Here the author examines very ancient myths and their role in the formation of the archaic epic. Among the discussed ones is the Alpamysh, ancient Turkic epic. Meletinskii also makes an interesting analysis of comic doublets (particularly in "Primary sources epic" pp. 55–58, bibliography included). The book also contains a bibliography (pp. 449–459), Primary sources epic (21-94). Notes ^ a b mail from Seth Graham for decease announcement, retrieved on Google cache on June 2, 2007 ^ 1993, Introduzione, p. 28 ^ 1993, Introduzione, p. 26 ^ Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich The Poetics of Myth (Translated by Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky) 2000 Routledge ISBN 0-415-92898-2 p.110 ^ Meletinskii 1993, Introduzione, p. 131 ^ Meletinskii 1993, Introduzione, pp. 132-3 ^ PANORAMA OF RUSSIA p.130 ^ "The Poetics of Myth" pp. 239-242, 257 ^ E der Doktorwürde, E Ziyatdinova Variation. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Nibelungenlied und zum zentralasiatischen Epos Alpamys p.51 (in German) ^ Note found in Hélène Iswolsky's translation of Mikhail Bakhtin Rabelais and His World , Bloomington: Indiana University Press List of works 1963, Proiskhozhdenie geroicheskogo éposa. Rannie formy i arkhaicheskie pamiatniki (meaning "The origins of the heroic epic: early forms and archaic monuments"). Moscow. (462 pages) ISBN 5-02-018476-4 (in Russian) 1964 Primitive heritage in archaic epics, Reports of the International Congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences, Moscou : Nauka. 1976, Poetika Mifa 1977 Mif i istoricheskaia poetika folklora (Mythe et la poétique historique du folklore), Moscou : Nauka. 1986, Vvedenie v istoričeskuû poétiku éposa i romana. Moscow, Nauka.(in Russian) Introduzione alla poetica storica dell'epos e del romanzo (1993) (in Italian) Dostoevskii v Svete Istoricheskoi Poetiki; 1996, MELETINSKY E. M. (1) ; BELMONT N. La poétique historique du folklore narratif (The historic poetry of folklore narratives); journal: Ethnologie française ISSN 0046-2616; 1996, vol. 26, no 4, pp. 573–747 (dissem.), pp. 611–618 (in French) Kak Sdelany “Brat’ia Karamazovy (1996) 1998, E.M. Meletinskii. Izbrannye Stat’i. Vospominaniia 2000, The Poetics of Myth translated by Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky 2001, Zametki o Tvorchestve Dostoevskogo See also Emil Draitser References Mark Lipovetsky (2003) New Russians as a Cultural Myth Russian Review 62 (1), 54–71. Seth Benedict Graham A CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE RUSSO-SOVIET ANEKDOT 2003 Laura Beraha The Fixed Fool: Raising and Resisting Picaresque Mobility in Vladimir Vojnovic's Conkin Novels The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Autumn, 1996), pp. 475–493 External links Brief obituary and photo (in Russian) The Archaic Epic and Its Relationship to Ritual Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_narrative&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"theory of narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_narrative"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SethGraham-1"},{"link_name":"Russian State University for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_State_University_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SethGraham-1"}],"text":"Eleazar Moiseevich Meletinskii (also Meletinsky or Meletinskij; Russian: Елеаза́р Моисе́евич Мелети́нский; 22 October 1918, Kharkiv – 17 December 2005, Moscow) was a Russian scholar famous for his seminal studies of folklore, literature, philology and the history and theory of narrative; he was one of the major figures of Russian academia in those fields.[1]He was Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities at Russian State University for the Humanities for several years until his death.[1]","title":"Yeleazar Meletinsky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bakhtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"primitive peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_modern_humans"},{"link_name":"cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"comic cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comic_cult&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"laughed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laughed"},{"link_name":"scoffed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scoff"},{"link_name":"ritual laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual_laughter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth"},{"link_name":"Frejdenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kuzbass.ru/moshkow/lat/CULTURE/FREJDENBERG/poetika.txt"},{"link_name":"alter egos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_ego"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ritual laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual_laughter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"carnivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meletinsky-4"},{"link_name":"Hermes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes"},{"link_name":"deified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deify"},{"link_name":"trickster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trickster"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odysseus"},{"link_name":"matrilinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilinear"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meletinskii93p131-5"},{"link_name":"Legendary Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy#Legendary_Troy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meletinskii93p133-6"}],"text":"The traditions of the mythological narration, dealt with the figures of the ancestors-heroes civilizers, and their comic-demoniac doublets.[2] Bakhtin summarized Meletinsky's analysis in his work on Rabelais:This double aspect of the world and of human life [the existence of a second world and life outside officialdom] existed even at the earliest stages of cultural development, in the folklore of primitive peoples. Coupled with the cults which were serious in tone and organization were other, comic cults which laughed and scoffed at the deity (\"ritual laughter\"); coupled with serious myths were comic and abusive ones; coupled with heroes were their parodies and doublets. These comic rituals and myths have attracted the attention of folklorists.Meletinsky also cites Frejdenberg's analysis of the comic alter egos of the heroes.[3]In a class-based society, ritual laughter in popular culture creates an anti-clerical world of feasts, playful parody, and carnivals.[4]Hermes is a deified trickster, and Ulysses, the main character of the Odyssey, has a matrilinear discent from Hermes.[5] In the Legendary Troy the mythological element also includes comic moments.[6]","title":"His analysis of comic doublets"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelians"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_people"},{"link_name":"Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Mongolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongols"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alpamysh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpamysh"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic"},{"link_name":"doublets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In his 1963 work \"Origins of Heroic Epic: early forms and archaic monuments\", Meletinsky studied and compared elements of four ancient civilizations: Karelian-Finnish (pp. 95–155), Caucasian (156-246), Turkic-Mongolian (247-374) and Sumerian-Akkadian (375-422).[7] Here the author examines very ancient myths and their role in the formation of the archaic epic.[8] Among the discussed ones is the Alpamysh, ancient Turkic epic.[9]Meletinskii also makes an interesting analysis of comic doublets (particularly in \"Primary sources epic\" pp. 55–58, bibliography included).[10]The book also contains a bibliography (pp. 449–459), Primary sources epic (21-94).","title":"Origins of Heroic Epic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SethGraham_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SethGraham_1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0512c&L=seelangs&P=2462"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meletinsky_4-0"},{"link_name":"The Poetics of Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E5oa-sE8FzYC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-92898-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92898-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meletinskii93p131_5-0"},{"link_name":"Meletinskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meletinskii"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Meletinskii93p133_6-0"},{"link_name":"Meletinskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meletinskii"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"PANORAMA OF RUSSIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.panrus.com/catlg49-1.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Poetics of Myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E5oa-sE8FzYC"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Variation. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Nibelungenlied und zum zentralasiatischen Epos Alpamys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de:90/ulb_bonn/diss_online/phil_fak/2005/ziyatdinova_elmira/0542.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//phoenixandturtle.net/excerptmill/bakhtin2.htm"},{"link_name":"Hélène Iswolsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Iswolsky"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Bakhtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakhtin"}],"text":"^ a b mail from Seth Graham for decease announcement, retrieved on Google cache on June 2, 2007 [1][dead link]\n\n^ 1993, Introduzione, p. 28\n\n^ 1993, Introduzione, p. 26\n\n^ Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich The Poetics of Myth (Translated by Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky) 2000 Routledge ISBN 0-415-92898-2 p.110\n\n^ Meletinskii 1993, Introduzione, p. 131\n\n^ Meletinskii 1993, Introduzione, pp. 132-3\n\n^ PANORAMA OF RUSSIA p.130\n\n^ \"The Poetics of Myth\" pp. 239-242, 257\n\n^ E der Doktorwürde, E Ziyatdinova Variation. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Nibelungenlied und zum zentralasiatischen Epos Alpamys p.51 (in German)\n\n^ Note found in Hélène Iswolsky's translation of Mikhail Bakhtin Rabelais and His World [1941], Bloomington: Indiana University Press","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-02-018476-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-018476-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eastview.com/xq/ASP/sku=A2073670/f_locale=/Meletinskii/Eleazar/Moiseevich/Moskva/Russia/Russian/qx/russian/books/product.asp"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.knigoprovod.ru/?book_id=1888&topic_id=23"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.universitybooks.ru/img.asp?id=39604"},{"link_name":"La poétique historique du folklore narratif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2887030"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0046-2616","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0046-2616"}],"text":"1963, Proiskhozhdenie geroicheskogo éposa. Rannie formy i arkhaicheskie pamiatniki (meaning \"The origins of the heroic epic: early forms and archaic monuments\"). Moscow. (462 pages) ISBN 5-02-018476-4 [2] [3] [4] (in Russian)\n1964 Primitive heritage in archaic epics, Reports of the International Congress of anthropological and ethnological sciences, Moscou : Nauka.\n1976, Poetika Mifa\n1977 Mif i istoricheskaia poetika folklora (Mythe et la poétique historique du folklore), Moscou : Nauka.\n1986, Vvedenie v istoričeskuû poétiku éposa i romana. Moscow, Nauka.(in Russian)\nIntroduzione alla poetica storica dell'epos e del romanzo (1993) (in Italian)\nDostoevskii v Svete Istoricheskoi Poetiki;\n1996, MELETINSKY E. M. (1) ; BELMONT N. La poétique historique du folklore narratif (The historic poetry of folklore narratives); journal: Ethnologie française ISSN 0046-2616; 1996, vol. 26, no 4, pp. 573–747 (dissem.), pp. 611–618 (in French)\nKak Sdelany “Brat’ia Karamazovy (1996)\n1998, E.M. Meletinskii. Izbrannye Stat’i. Vospominaniia\n2000, The Poetics of Myth translated by Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky\n2001, Zametki o Tvorchestve Dostoevskogo","title":"List of works"}]	[]	[{"title":"Emil Draitser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Draitser"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.kuzbass.ru/moshkow/lat/CULTURE/FREJDENBERG/poetika.txt","external_links_name":"Frejdenberg"},{"Link":"http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0512c&L=seelangs&P=2462","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E5oa-sE8FzYC","external_links_name":"The Poetics of Myth"},{"Link":"http://www.panrus.com/catlg49-1.pdf","external_links_name":"PANORAMA OF RUSSIA"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E5oa-sE8FzYC","external_links_name":"The Poetics of Myth"},{"Link":"http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de:90/ulb_bonn/diss_online/phil_fak/2005/ziyatdinova_elmira/0542.pdf","external_links_name":"Variation. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_J._Lundwall	Sam J. Lundwall	["1 Career","2 Bibliography","2.1 Non-fiction","2.2 Fiction","3 References","4 External links"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Sam J. Lundwall" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sam J. Lundwall at Eurocon 2011 in Stockholm. Sam Thore Jerrie Lundwall (born 24 February 1941), published as Sam J. Lundwall, is a Swedish science fiction writer, translator, publisher and singer. He translated a number of science-fiction-related articles and works from Swedish into English. Career Lundwall debuted as a writer in the 1950s for Häpna! During the 1960s he was active as a photographer and freelance writer. He also produced the LP Visor i vår tid. In 1968, he worked as a television producer for Sveriges Radio and made a series about science fiction. In 1969, he published his first book-length work on science fiction, Science Fiction: Från begynnelsen till våra dagar. This landed him a job at Askild & Kärnekull (A&K) as an editor for their science fiction books. He subsequently translated this work into English, where it was published in the US in 1971 as Science Fiction: What It's All About. This work was compared favorably to other studies of science fiction coming out at that time, such as New Maps of Hell, Billion Year Spree, Seekers of Tomorrow, In Search of Wonder, and The Universe Makers. In the summer of 1973, he left A&K and worked with Delta Förlag that he ran together with the literary agent Gunnar Dahl. Until the end of the 1980s Delta published about 200 science fiction books. During the 1990s Lundwall continued publishing science fiction on his own company, Sam J. Lundwall Fakta & Fantasi. Lundwall was also the editor of the science fiction magazine Jules Verne-Magasinet between 1972 and 2009 and has been active in fandom, for instance he organised conventions in Stockholm in 1961, 1963, 1973, 1975, 1977 and 1979. He has been both a board member and chairman (twice) of World SF and north European coordinator for Science Fiction Writers of America. He has also been very productive as a translator. Bibliography Non-fiction Bibliography of Science Fiction and Fantasy, 1964 (updated several times since then) Bibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1830–1961 (1962) Bibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1772–1964 (1964) Science fiction: Från begynnelsen till våra dagar (1969) Science Fiction: What it's All About (English translation of above) (1971) Bibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1741–1973 (1974) Utopia – dystopia (1977) Science Fiction: An Illustrated History (1977) Utopier och framtidsvisioner (1984) Bibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1974–1983 (1985) En bok om science fiction, fantastik, futurism, robotar, monster, vampyrer, utopier, dystopier och annat märkvärdigt och oväntat och osannolikt (1993) Bibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1741–1996 (1997) Fiction Cover of Fängelsestaden (1978) featuring an etching by Giovanni Battista Piranesi Mot tidhavets stränder (1959–1962) Jag är människan (1963–1965) Alice's World (Ace, 1971) No Time for Heroes (Ace, 1971); translated into Swedish in 1972 as Inga hjältar här Bernhard the Conqueror (Daw, 1973); translated into Swedish in 1973 as Uppdrag i universum King Kong Blues (1974); translated into English in 1975 as 2018 A.D. or the King Kong Blues Alice, Alice! (1974) Bernhards magiska sommar (1975) Mörkrets furste, eller Djävulstornets hemlighet (1975) Tio sånger och Alltid Lady Macbeth (1975) Gäst i Frankensteins hus (1976) Mardrömmen (1977) Fängelsestaden (1978) Flicka i fönster vid världens kant (1980) Crash (1982) Tiden och Amélie (1986) Frukost bland ruinerna (1988) Gestalter i sten (1988) Vasja Ambartsurian (1990) Zap! (1992) Staden vid tidens ände eller Sam Spade i kamp mot entropin (1993) References ^ Science Fiction: What It's all About, Sam J. Lundwall. Introduction by Donald A. Wollheim. Ace, 1971, ISBN 0-441-75440-6 ^ "Automata & All That", review of Billion Year Spree (Brian Aldiss), by Gary Goshgarian, 1975, Duke University Press External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sam J. Lundwall. Sam J. Lundwall at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database Sam J. Lundwall at WorldCat Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sam_J_Lundwall-edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eurocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurocon"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"}],"text":"Sam J. Lundwall at Eurocon 2011 in Stockholm.Sam Thore Jerrie Lundwall (born 24 February 1941), published as Sam J. Lundwall, is a Swedish science fiction writer, translator, publisher and singer. He translated a number of science-fiction-related articles and works from Swedish into English.","title":"Sam J. Lundwall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Häpna!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4pna!"},{"link_name":"Sveriges Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveriges_Radio"},{"link_name":"Askild & Kärnekull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Askild_%26_K%C3%A4rnekull&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Maps of Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Amis#Literary_work"},{"link_name":"Billion Year Spree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Aldiss#Works"},{"link_name":"Seekers of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Moskowitz"},{"link_name":"In Search of Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Search_of_Wonder"},{"link_name":"The Universe Makers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Wollheim#Author"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Delta Förlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delta_F%C3%B6rlag&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne-Magasinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jules_Verne-Magasinet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World SF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_SF"},{"link_name":"Science Fiction Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Writers_of_America"}],"text":"Lundwall debuted as a writer in the 1950s for Häpna! During the 1960s he was active as a photographer and freelance writer. He also produced the LP Visor i vår tid. In 1968, he worked as a television producer for Sveriges Radio and made a series about science fiction. In 1969, he published his first book-length work on science fiction, Science Fiction: Från begynnelsen till våra dagar. This landed him a job at Askild & Kärnekull (A&K) as an editor for their science fiction books. He subsequently translated this work into English, where it was published in the US in 1971 as Science Fiction: What It's All About.[1] This work was compared favorably to other studies of science fiction coming out at that time, such as New Maps of Hell, Billion Year Spree, Seekers of Tomorrow, In Search of Wonder, and The Universe Makers.[2] In the summer of 1973, he left A&K and worked with Delta Förlag that he ran together with the literary agent Gunnar Dahl. Until the end of the 1980s Delta published about 200 science fiction books. During the 1990s Lundwall continued publishing science fiction on his own company, Sam J. Lundwall Fakta & Fantasi.Lundwall was also the editor of the science fiction magazine Jules Verne-Magasinet between 1972 and 2009 and has been active in fandom, for instance he organised conventions in Stockholm in 1961, 1963, 1973, 1975, 1977 and 1979. He has been both a board member and chairman (twice) of World SF and north European coordinator for Science Fiction Writers of America. He has also been very productive as a translator.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"Bibliography of Science Fiction and Fantasy, 1964 (updated several times since then)\nBibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1830–1961 (1962)\nBibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1772–1964 (1964)\nScience fiction: Från begynnelsen till våra dagar (1969)\nScience Fiction: What it's All About (English translation of above) (1971)\nBibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1741–1973 (1974)\nUtopia – dystopia (1977)\nScience Fiction: An Illustrated History (1977)\nUtopier och framtidsvisioner (1984)\nBibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1974–1983 (1985)\nEn bok om science fiction, fantastik, futurism, robotar, monster, vampyrer, utopier, dystopier och annat märkvärdigt och oväntat och osannolikt (1993)\nBibliografi över science fiction & fantasy 1741–1996 (1997)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%A4ngelsestaden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Piranesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Piranesi"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"Cover of Fängelsestaden (1978) featuring an etching by Giovanni Battista PiranesiMot tidhavets stränder (1959–1962)\nJag är människan (1963–1965)\nAlice's World (Ace, 1971)\nNo Time for Heroes (Ace, 1971); translated into Swedish in 1972 as Inga hjältar här\nBernhard the Conqueror (Daw, 1973); translated into Swedish in 1973 as Uppdrag i universum\nKing Kong Blues (1974); translated into English in 1975 as 2018 A.D. or the King Kong Blues\nAlice, Alice! (1974)\nBernhards magiska sommar (1975)\nMörkrets furste, eller Djävulstornets hemlighet (1975)\nTio sånger och Alltid Lady Macbeth (1975)\nGäst i Frankensteins hus (1976)\nMardrömmen (1977)\nFängelsestaden (1978)\nFlicka i fönster vid världens kant (1980)\nCrash (1982)\nTiden och Amélie (1986)\nFrukost bland ruinerna (1988)\nGestalter i sten (1988)\nVasja Ambartsurian (1990)\nZap! (1992)\nStaden vid tidens ände eller Sam Spade i kamp mot entropin (1993)","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Sam J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_(music_act)	LCD (music act)	["1 Discography","2 References","3 External links"]	Not to be confused with LCD Soundsystem. LCDOriginUnited KingdomGenresDance-pop, EurodanceYears active1998-2000LabelsVirginMusical artist LCD were a computer generated dance act, active in the late 1990s. Signed to Virgin Records, their only hit single was a Europop version of the Greek song "Zorba's Dance". The music video to the song, made in computerised animation, featured a band of overweight men playing the song. The single was a club hit in the UK, charting twice in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, within 18 months of its original release, and was one of the first of its kind which was enabled to be played on a computer for its music video. The song was a big club hit in Australia due to its large Greek community supporting the song. The CD single proclaimed LCD "The world's first digital supergroup". The man behind the act was David K, a London-based record producer. A second single, "Follow the Leader (Leader)", did not chart in the UK and in 2000, LCD was discontinued. The video for "Follow the Leader (Leader)" shows the act's name LCD stands for "Large Cool Dudes". The video also shows the four leading men were called Zed, Ed, Ned and Ted. Discography List of singles, with selected chart positions Title Year Peak chart positions Certification UK AUS NLD "Zorba's Dance" 1998 20 13 15 ARIA: Platinum "Zorba's Dance" (re-issue) 1999 22 — — "Follow the Leader (Leader)" 2000 — 100 — References ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 309. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ Official Charts Company ^ a b Peaks in Australia: "Zorba's Dance": australian-charts.com - LCD - Zorba's Dance. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 13, 2011. "Zorba's Dance" certification and "Follow the Leader (Leader)": Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 162. ^ dutchcharts.nl - LCD - Zorba's Dance. Retrieved November 7, 2019. External links Discogs.com This UK musical biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCD Soundsystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD_Soundsystem"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/act"},{"link_name":"Virgin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Records"},{"link_name":"hit single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"Europop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europop"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Zorba's Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorba%27s_Dance"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"}],"text":"Not to be confused with LCD Soundsystem.Musical artistLCD were a computer generated dance act, active in the late 1990s. Signed to Virgin Records, their only hit single was a Europop version of the Greek song \"Zorba's Dance\". The music video to the song, made in computerised animation, featured a band of overweight men playing the song.The single was a club hit in the UK, charting twice in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart,[1] within 18 months of its original release,[2] and was one of the first of its kind which was enabled to be played on a computer for its music video. The song was a big club hit in Australia due to its large Greek community supporting the song. The CD single proclaimed LCD \"The world's first digital supergroup\". The man behind the act was David K, a London-based record producer.A second single, \"Follow the Leader (Leader)\", did not chart in the UK and in 2000, LCD was discontinued. The video for \"Follow the Leader (Leader)\" shows the act's name LCD stands for \"Large Cool Dudes\". The video also shows the four leading men were called Zed, Ed, Ned and Ted.","title":"LCD (music act)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 309. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 162.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/%28Welcome%29%20To%20The%20Dance","external_links_name":"Official Charts Company"},{"Link":"http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=LCD&titel=Zorba%27s+Dance&cat=s","external_links_name":"australian-charts.com - LCD - Zorba's Dance"},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=LCD&titel=Zorba%27s+Dance&cat=s","external_links_name":"dutchcharts.nl - LCD - Zorba's Dance"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/LCD-Zorbas-Dance/release/475827","external_links_name":"Discogs.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LCD_(music_act)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_S%C3%A9bastien	Patrick Sébastien	["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","1.2 Singles","2 Filmography","3 Radio and television","4 References"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Patrick Sébastien" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (April 2013) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|fr\|Patrick Sébastien}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Patrick SébastienBornPatrick Boutot (1953-11-14) 14 November 1953 (age 70)Brive-la-Gaillarde, Corrèze, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupationTelevision host Patrick Boutot (born 14 November 1953), better known as Patrick Sébastien, is a French television host, producer and media personality, radio host, singer, writer, producer, director, impressionist entertainer, comedian, TV and film actor, and former president of the French rugby team CA Brive. Discography Albums Year Album Peak positions FRA BEL (Wa) 1998 Viva bodega! 62 – 2001 Magick Sébastien 28 – 2002 Le roi de la fête 22 – 2004 Bar Academy 34 – 2006 Pochette surprise (Patrick Sébastien et le Coll Orchestre) 18 – 2007 Lâchez-nous les tongs 77 – 2008 Ah... si tu pouvais fermer ta gueule... 20 82 2009 Même pas peur 25 71 2011 Faut qu'on slash! 85 66 2013 À l'attaque 15 38 2014 Ça va être ta fête 4 24 2015 Ça va bouger 21 37 2016 Le Sébastien nouveau est arrivé 50 57 2019 Entre nous 148 — 2023 Putain, c'est génial! 48 105 Compilation albums Year Album Peak positions FR BEL (Wa) 2002 Best Of – 39 2011 L'indispensable pour faire la fête - Best Of 141 51 Singles Year Single Peak positions FR BEL (Wa) 1985 "Bonhomme après l'amour?" 22 – 1987 "Pépito" 36 – 1990 "Le gambadou" 3 – 1998 "La fiesta" 7 15(Ultratop) "Viva bodega" 66 – 1999 "Le petit bonhomme en mousse" 20 – 2000 "Tourner les serviettes" 49 13 (Ultratip) 2001 "Joyeux anniversaire" 32 – "C'est chaud" 36 – 2002 "Le kankan" 38 – "Les pitchounets" 73 – "Pourvu que ça dure" 29 15 (Ultratip) 2004 "Collés tout collés" 37 – 2005 "Le grand cabaret" 56 – 2006 "Et la pleine lune" 35 – "Les sardines" (Patrick Sébastien et le Coll Orchestre) 26 – 2007 "La chanson à Élise" 55 – 2008 "Ah... si tu pouvais fermer ta gueule..." 1 – 2009 "On voudrait des sous" 12 – 2013 "C'est bien fait pour ta gueule" 132 – 2014 "Il fait chaud" 144 – Filmography Director 2000: T'aime 2009: La Cellule de Zarkane Actor 1984: Le Pactole as Rousselet 1985: Le téléphone sonne toujours deux fois!! as L'aveugle 1997: Quatre garçons pleins d'avenir as Georges 2000: T'aime as Dr Hugues Michel Radio and television This section needs expansion with: radio and television shows. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) 1984-1987: Carnaval (TF1) 1991-1992: Surprise sur prise - co-presented with Marcel Béliveau (TF1) 1992: Le Grand Bluff (TF1) 1998-2019: Le Plus Grand Cabaret du Monde (France 2) References ^ Rugby365: Sébastien veut reprendre la main (in French) ^ a b c "Patrick Sébastien discography". lescharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 24 April 2013. ^ a b c "Patrick Sébastien discography". ultratop.be/fr. Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 May 2013. ^ "Top Albums (Week 18, 2019)" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved 9 May 2023. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CA Brive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Brive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Patrick Boutot (born 14 November 1953), better known as Patrick Sébastien, is a French television host, producer and media personality, radio host, singer, writer, producer, director, impressionist entertainer, comedian, TV and film actor, and former president of the French rugby team CA Brive.[1]","title":"Patrick Sébastien"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le téléphone sonne toujours deux fois!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phone_sonne_toujours_deux_fois!!"}],"text":"Director2000: T'aime\n2009: La Cellule de ZarkaneActor1984: Le Pactole as Rousselet\n1985: Le téléphone sonne toujours deux fois!! as L'aveugle\n1997: Quatre garçons pleins d'avenir as Georges\n2000: T'aime as Dr Hugues Michel","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1984-1987: Carnaval (TF1)\n1991-1992: Surprise sur prise - co-presented with Marcel Béliveau (TF1)\n1992: Le Grand Bluff (TF1)\n1998-2019: Le Plus Grand Cabaret du Monde (France 2)","title":"Radio and television"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Patrick Sébastien discography\". lescharts.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_van_Rappard	Frederik van Rappard	[]	Dutch politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch. (July 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Dutch article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|nl\|Frederik van Rappard}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. W.L.F.Ch. van Rappard Willem Louis Frederik Christiaan (Frederik) ridder van Rappard (3 May 1798, Arnhem – 9 June 1862, Laren) was a Dutch politician. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Netherlands People Netherlands This article about a Dutch politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willem_Louis_Frederik_Christiaan_van_Rappard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arnhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem"},{"link_name":"Laren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laren,_Gelderland"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164983#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/284284552"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwP993X3h8ktxTT9HBfq"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070680841"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/07939553"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Netherlands_politic_personality_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_van_Rappard&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Netherlands-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Netherlands-politician-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Netherlands-politician-stub"}],"text":"W.L.F.Ch. van RappardWillem Louis Frederik Christiaan (Frederik) ridder van Rappard (3 May 1798, Arnhem – 9 June 1862, Laren) was a Dutch politician.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNetherlands\nPeople\nNetherlandsThis article about a Dutch politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Frederik van Rappard"}]	[{"image_text":"W.L.F.Ch. van Rappard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Willem_Louis_Frederik_Christiaan_van_Rappard.jpg/220px-Willem_Louis_Frederik_Christiaan_van_Rappard.jpg"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrederik_van_Rappard&sl=nl&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/284284552","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwP993X3h8ktxTT9HBfq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070680841","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/07939553","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederik_van_Rappard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Contenson	Henri de Contenson	["1 Books","2 References"]	French archaeologist (1926–2019) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Henri de Contenson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Henri de Contenson Henri de Contenson (4 March 1926 – 8 September 2019) was a French archaeologist and a researcher at the CNRS, The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research), a research organization funded by France's Ministry of Research. He was born in Paris in March 1926. A student of André Parrot, Raymond Lantier and André Leroi-Gourhan, he was Assistant Director of archaeological digs in the Middle East from 1951 to 1976. The results of his work are documented in numerous publications. He died in September 2019 at the age of 93. Books 1966 - La Basilique Chrétienne d'Aksha (The Christian Basilica of Aksha), Aksha I, Paris, 1966 (with appendices by J. de Heinzelin and P. Leman). 1992 - Préhistoire de Ras Shamra (Prehistory of Ras Shamra), I. Text, II. Figures and plates, Ras Shamra-Ougarit VIII, ERC, Paris, 1992 (in collaboration with Jacques Blot, Liliane Courtois, Monique Dupeyron & Arlette Leroi-Gourhan). 1995 - Aswad et Ghoraifé, sites néolithiques en Damascène (Syrie) aux IXe et VIIIe millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne, B.A.H. CXXXVII, Beyrouth, 1995 (in collaboration with Patricia Anderson, Marie-Claire Cauvin, Jacques Clère, Pierre Ducos, Monique Dupeyron, Claudine Maréchal & Danielle Stordeur). 2000 - Ramad, site néolithique en Damascène (Syrie) aux VIIIe et VIIe millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne, B.A.H. 157, Beyrouth, 2000 (in collaboration with Marie-Claire Cauvin, Liliane Courtois, Pierre Ducos, Monique Dupeyron, Willem van Zeist). 2001 - (in collaboration with Pierre de Longuemar) Mémorial 1939–1945, EHRET, Paris, 2001. 2004 - 50 ans de tessons. Propos sur l'Archéologie palestinienne, Paris, 2004. 2005 - Antiquités éthiopiennes. D'Axoum à Haoulti, Bibliothèque Peiresc 16, Saint-Mandé, 2007 - (in collaboration with Pierre de Longuemar) Mémorial 1939–1962, Paris, 2007. References History portalFrance portal ^ Kafafi, Zeidan A. (2006). "Henri De Contenson's archaeological fieldwork in the eastern part of the Jordan valley: a re-evaluation". Syria. 83: 69–82. JSTOR 40649381. ^ Comte Henri de CONTENSON Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henri_de_contenson.jpg"},{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRS"},{"link_name":"André Parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Parrot"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lantier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lantier"},{"link_name":"André Leroi-Gourhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leroi-Gourhan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Henri de ContensonHenri de Contenson (4 March 1926 – 8 September 2019) was a French archaeologist and a researcher at the CNRS, The Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research), a research organization funded by France's Ministry of Research.He was born in Paris in March 1926. A student of André Parrot, Raymond Lantier and André Leroi-Gourhan, he was Assistant Director of archaeological digs in the Middle East from 1951 to 1976.[1] The results of his work are documented in numerous publications. He died in September 2019 at the age of 93.[2]","title":"Henri de Contenson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksha,_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Ras Shamra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Shamra"},{"link_name":"Aswad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswad"},{"link_name":"Ghoraifé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghoraif%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ramad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Ramad"}],"text":"1966 - La Basilique Chrétienne d'Aksha (The Christian Basilica of Aksha), Aksha I, Paris, 1966 (with appendices by J. de Heinzelin and P. Leman).\n1992 - Préhistoire de Ras Shamra (Prehistory of Ras Shamra), I. Text, II. Figures and plates, Ras Shamra-Ougarit VIII, ERC, Paris, 1992 (in collaboration with Jacques Blot, Liliane Courtois, Monique Dupeyron & Arlette Leroi-Gourhan).\n1995 - Aswad et Ghoraifé, sites néolithiques en Damascène (Syrie) aux IXe et VIIIe millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne, B.A.H. CXXXVII, Beyrouth, 1995 (in collaboration with Patricia Anderson, Marie-Claire Cauvin, Jacques Clère, Pierre Ducos, Monique Dupeyron, Claudine Maréchal & Danielle Stordeur).\n2000 - Ramad, site néolithique en Damascène (Syrie) aux VIIIe et VIIe millénaires avant l'ère chrétienne, B.A.H. 157, Beyrouth, 2000 (in collaboration with Marie-Claire Cauvin, Liliane Courtois, Pierre Ducos, Monique Dupeyron, Willem van Zeist).\n2001 - (in collaboration with Pierre de Longuemar) Mémorial 1939–1945, EHRET, Paris, 2001.\n2004 - 50 ans de tessons. Propos sur l'Archéologie palestinienne, Paris, 2004.\n2005 - Antiquités éthiopiennes. D'Axoum à Haoulti, Bibliothèque Peiresc 16, Saint-Mandé,\n2007 - (in collaboration with Pierre de Longuemar) Mémorial 1939–1962, Paris, 2007.","title":"Books"}]	[{"image_text":"Henri de Contenson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Henri_de_contenson.jpg/250px-Henri_de_contenson.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Kafafi, Zeidan A. (2006). \"Henri De Contenson's archaeological fieldwork in the eastern part of the Jordan valley: a re-evaluation\". Syria. 83: 69–82. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattukurangu	Kattukurangu	["1 Cast","2 Soundtrack","3 References","4 External links"]	1969 film by P. Bhaskaran This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) KattukuranguDirected byP. BhaskaranWritten byK. SurendranProduced byK. Ravindran NairStarringSathyanSharadaJayabharathiKaviyoor PonnammaCinematographyE. N. BalakrishnanEdited byK. NarayananK. SankunniMusic byG. DevarajanProductioncompanyGeneral PicturesRelease date 6 February 1969 (1969-02-06) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Kattukurangu (transl. Forest monkey) is a 1969 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by P. Bhaskaran and written by K. Surendran. The film stars Sathyan, Sharada, Jayabharathi and Kaviyoor Ponnamma. It was released on 6 February 1969. Cast Sathyan as Prabhakaran Sharada as Minikutty Jayabharathi as Ambili Kaviyoor Ponnamma as Thulasi Adoor Bhasi Jose Prakash as Das Kottayam Santha Pappukutty Bhagavathar Pattom Sadan P. J. Antony as Vasavan Baby Rajani Baby Rani K. P. Ummer as Chakrapani Khadeeja Meena as Kamalam N. Govindankutty Vanchiyoor Radha Soundtrack All lyrics are written by P. Bhaskaran except where noted; all music is composed by G. DevarajanTrack listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Ariyunnilla Bhavaan" P. Susheela 2."Kaarthikaraathriyile" P. Susheela 3."Kallukulangare" Adoor Bhasi 4."Maarodanachu Njaan" P. Susheela 5."Naada Brahmathin Saagaram" K. J. Yesudas 6."Pankajadalanayane" Kamalam 7."Shyaamalam Graamaranga" Adoor Bhasi 8."Utharamadhuraapuri"Kumaran AsanAdoor Bhasi 9."Vidhyaarthini Njaan" P. Susheela References ^ "Kaattukurangu 1969". The Hindu. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2022. ^ "കാട്ടുകുരങ്ങ് (1969)". malayalasangeetham.info (in Malayalam). Retrieved 15 December 2022. External links Kattukurangu at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"P. Bhaskaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Bhaskaran"},{"link_name":"Sathyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sharada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharada_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jayabharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabharathi"},{"link_name":"Kaviyoor Ponnamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviyoor_Ponnamma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kattukurangu (transl. Forest monkey) is a 1969 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed by P. Bhaskaran and written by K. Surendran. The film stars Sathyan, Sharada, Jayabharathi and Kaviyoor Ponnamma. It was released on 6 February 1969.[1]","title":"Kattukurangu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sathyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Sharada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharada_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Jayabharathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayabharathi"},{"link_name":"Kaviyoor Ponnamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaviyoor_Ponnamma"},{"link_name":"Adoor Bhasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoor_Bhasi"},{"link_name":"Jose Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Prakash"},{"link_name":"Kottayam Santha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kottayam_Santha"},{"link_name":"Pappukutty Bhagavathar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappukutty_Bhagavathar"},{"link_name":"Pattom Sadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattom_Sadan"},{"link_name":"P. J. Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._Antony"},{"link_name":"K. P. Ummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._P._Ummer"},{"link_name":"Khadeeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadeeja_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Meena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meena_(Malayalam_actress)"},{"link_name":"N. Govindankutty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Govindankutty"},{"link_name":"Vanchiyoor Radha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanchiyoor_Radha"}],"text":"Sathyan as Prabhakaran\nSharada as Minikutty\nJayabharathi as Ambili\nKaviyoor Ponnamma as Thulasi\nAdoor Bhasi\nJose Prakash as Das\nKottayam Santha\nPappukutty Bhagavathar\nPattom Sadan\nP. J. Antony as Vasavan\nBaby Rajani\nBaby Rani\nK. P. Ummer as Chakrapani\nKhadeeja\nMeena as Kamalam\nN. Govindankutty\nVanchiyoor Radha","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"P. Bhaskaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Bhaskaran"},{"link_name":"G. Devarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Devarajan"},{"link_name":"P. Susheela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Susheela"},{"link_name":"Adoor Bhasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoor_Bhasi"},{"link_name":"K. J. Yesudas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._J._Yesudas"},{"link_name":"Kumaran Asan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaran_Asan"}],"text":"[2]All lyrics are written by P. Bhaskaran except where noted; all music is composed by G. DevarajanTrack listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Ariyunnilla Bhavaan\" P. Susheela 2.\"Kaarthikaraathriyile\" P. Susheela 3.\"Kallukulangare\" Adoor Bhasi 4.\"Maarodanachu Njaan\" P. Susheela 5.\"Naada Brahmathin Saagaram\" K. J. Yesudas 6.\"Pankajadalanayane\" Kamalam 7.\"Shyaamalam Graamaranga\" Adoor Bhasi 8.\"Utharamadhuraapuri\"Kumaran AsanAdoor Bhasi 9.\"Vidhyaarthini Njaan\" P. Susheela","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Kaattukurangu 1969\". The Hindu. 20 October 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kaattukurangu-1969/article5251377.ece","url_text":"\"Kaattukurangu 1969\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"}]},{"reference":"\"കാട്ടുകുരങ്ങ് (1969)\". malayalasangeetham.info (in Malayalam). Retrieved 15 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1083","url_text":"\"കാട്ടുകുരങ്ങ് (1969)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kattukurangu&action=edit","external_links_name":"add one"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kaattukurangu-1969/article5251377.ece","external_links_name":"\"Kaattukurangu 1969\""},{"Link":"https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1083","external_links_name":"\"കാട്ടുകുരങ്ങ് (1969)\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0155803/","external_links_name":"Kattukurangu"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Republic_of_Sardinia	Independence Republic of Sardinia	["1 History","1.1 Early years","1.2 Electoral successes","1.3 Internal splits","1.4 Alliances","2 Leadership","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Political party in Sardinia Independence Republic of Sardinia Indipendèntzia Repùbrica de SardignaPresidentGavino SaleFounded2002HeadquartersSassari, Sardinia, ItalyNewspaperRepubrica de SardignaIdeologyRegionalismSardinian nationalismLeft-wing nationalismSocial democracySeparatismPolitical positionLeft-wingNational affiliationThe Other Europe (2014)Regional affiliationEst Ora(with ProgReS and Torra)Websitewww.irsonline.netPolitics of SardiniaPolitical partiesElections Independence Republic of Sardinia (Sardinian: Indipendèntzia Repùbrica de Sardigna, iRS) is a regionalist, Sardinian nationalist, left-wing nationalist, social-democratic and non-violent separatist political party in Sardinia. The party, whose long-time leader has been Gavino Sale, supports the establishment of a "Republic of Sardinia" and its independence from Italy. History Early years The party emerged in 2001–2002 by the merger of Su Cuncordu, a separatist platform animated by three Sardinian intellectuals living in Rome (Franciscu Sedda, Frantziscu Sanna and Franciscu Pala), and a splinter group from Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia (SNI) led by Gavino Sale. The latter and his followers had left SNI because of its alliance with the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az), which did not support independentism fully at the time and was engaged in alliances with Italian parties. Electoral successes As soon as in 2004 (when Sale won 1.9% of the vote in the regional election) iRS absorbed virtually all the voters of SNI, thanks to the charismatic leadership of Sale, a more coherent and intransigent secessionist platform and a more centrist political position. In the 2006 general election iRS won 1.1% of the vote in Sardinia, while it chose to boycott the 2008 general election in order not to be partner in crime with the Italian political system. At the 2009 regional election Gavino Sale won 3.1% of the vote (4.2% in the Province of Oristano and 3.3% in the Province of Sassari, where the party had its early strongholds) as candidate for President of the Region, while the party stopped at 2.1%, short of the 3% threshold needed to enter the Regional Council. At the 2010 provincial elections iRS candidates for president gained more than 2% of the vote in all the provinces and the party obtained its best result ever. Notably, Sale won 6.5% in Sassari (party list: 5.8%), Sebastian Madau 5.9% (5.8%) in Oristano and Salvatore Bussa 4.4% (4.2%) in Nuoro. Internal splits In January 2010, during a party congress, Ornella Demuru was elected secretary of the party, replacing Gavino Sale, who was elected president, and representing a power shift within the party from the old guard and younger activists. Notwithstanding the good results of the party at the 2010 provincial elections, the relation between Sale and Demuru was tense from the beginning. In October Demuru threatened her resignation and reclaimed more internal democracy within the party. Sale, for his part, replied that he rejected an intellectual-chic party as that imagined by Demuru and her supporters, who included the three founding members Franciscu Sedda, Frantziscu Sanna and Franciscu Pala, plus younger intellectuals such as Michela Murgia. During a grassroots' meeting on 12 December, Sale accused Demuru and the young guard of conspiring against him and, after this accusation, he was expelled from the party by the executive composed by Demuru's loyalists. By the end of December Sale was sure to have won the power struggle and suspended the members of the executive who had expelled him. A few days later, on 2 January 2010, the group of Demuru and Sedda finally decided to leave the party and launch a "Republican Constituent Assembly" (Sa Costituente Repubricana). In February the new party took the name of Project Republic of Sardinia (ProgReS). Moreover, on 10 February, Claudia Zuncheddu left the Red Moors, party of which she was president, and joined iRS. Zuncheddu was a regional councillor, thus the party was represented in the Council for the first time. In May 2011 Zuncheddu ran for Mayor of Cagliari and gained a mere 2.4% of the vote, but better than Demuru, who stopped at 0.4%. Zunchedda would later form her own party, Free Sardinia. Alliances In the 2014 regional election the party chose to join forces with the Italian centre-left for the first time (whose candidate, Francesco Pigliaru, was elected President), instead of forming a coalition with other independentist parties. Consequently, iRS lost much of his electoral support and won a mere 0.8% of the vote (compared to the ProgReS-led coalition's 10.8%), but, thanks to the alliance, Sale was elected to the Regional Council. It was the first time that the iRs was able to elect a regional councillor on its own, but it lasted just a year: in July 2015 the Council of State invalidated the election of four councillors, including Sale. In the 2019 regional election the party formed a joint list with the Red Moors and SNI named "Self-determination" and obtained 1.9% of the vote. In 2021 the party entered in a federative pact named Est Ora (It's Time) with ProgReS and a brand new group named Torra (Again). In the 2024 regional election formed a joint list with ProgReS and obtained 1.6% of the vote and no seats in the Regional Council. Leadership President: Gavino Sale (2010–present) Secretary: Gavino Sale (2002–2010), Ornella Demuru (2010–2011) See also Sardinian nationalism References ^ "Europee, i seguaci sardi di Tsipras". La Nuova Sardegna. March 3, 2014. ^ "Risultati per circoscrizione-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna". Regione.sardegna.it. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Elezioni Provinciali del 28 - 29 marzo 2010 - Risultati elettorali - Ministero dell'Interno" . provinciali.interno.it. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2021-05-01. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ Silvia Sanna. "Gavino Sale: «No all Irs intellettual-chic» - la Nuova Sardegna dal 1999.it » Ricerca". Ricerca.gelocal.it. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ a b "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ Michela Murgia. "La deriva di Gavino Sale - la Nuova Sardegna dal 1999.it » Ricerca". Ricerca.gelocal.it. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Nasce la fase Costituente voluta dagli indipendentisti democratici repubblicani » ProgReS - Progetu Repùblica". progeturepublica.net. 4 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03. ^ "Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali". elezionistorico.interno.gov.it. ^ "Sardigna Libera: lettera agli amici" . claudiazuncheddu.net. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2013-05-19. Retrieved 2021-05-01. ^ "L'anima rosa dell'indipendentismo sardo Zuncheddu: "L'Isola vuole essere libera" - Politica - L'Unione Sarda" . unionesarda.it. 18 May 2012. Archived from the original on 2016-08-04. ^ "Sardegna - Elezioni Regionali del 16 febbraio 2014". la Repubblica.it. ^ "XV Legislatura - on. Gavino Sale" . consregsardegna.it. Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2021-05-01. ^ "Fuori Irs, La Base, Idv e Zona Franca: il consiglio di Stato rivoluziona l'Assemblea regionale". La Nuova Sardegna. July 21, 2015. ^ https://www.consregsardegna.it/Presentato-il-Nuovo-Progetto-Autodeterminazione ^ https://www.unionesarda.it/politica/nasce-est-ora-luogo-politico-di-dialogo-creato-da-irs-progres-e-coordinamento-torra-o9hw6yud ^ https://www.helis.blog/reportage-sulla-presentazione-del-processo-di-dialogo-est-ora-tra-irs-progres-e-torra/ ^ https://www.helis.blog/irs-progres-e-torra-aprono-la-fase-costituente-del-processo-di-dialogo ^ http://www.irsonline.net/2021/05/irs-progres-e-torra-inaugurano-un-processo-di-dialogo-superando-divisioni-e-distanze External links Official website	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_language"},{"link_name":"regionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)"},{"link_name":"Sardinian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"left-wing nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism"},{"link_name":"social-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy"},{"link_name":"non-violent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence"},{"link_name":"separatist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatism"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Gavino Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavino_Sale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Independence Republic of Sardinia (Sardinian: Indipendèntzia Repùbrica de Sardigna, iRS) is a regionalist, Sardinian nationalist, left-wing nationalist, social-democratic and non-violent separatist political party in Sardinia. The party, whose long-time leader has been Gavino Sale, supports the establishment of a \"Republic of Sardinia\" and its independence from Italy.","title":"Independence Republic of Sardinia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Franciscu Sedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciscu_Sedda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frantziscu Sanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frantziscu_Sanna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franciscu Pala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciscu_Pala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardigna_Natzione_Indipendentzia"},{"link_name":"Gavino Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavino_Sale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sardinian Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_Action_Party"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"The party emerged in 2001–2002 by the merger of Su Cuncordu, a separatist platform animated by three Sardinian intellectuals living in Rome (Franciscu Sedda, Frantziscu Sanna and Franciscu Pala), and a splinter group from Sardigna Natzione Indipendentzia (SNI) led by Gavino Sale. The latter and his followers had left SNI because of its alliance with the Sardinian Action Party (PSd'Az), which did not support independentism fully at the time and was engaged in alliances with Italian parties.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Sardinian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"centrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrism"},{"link_name":"2006 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election_in_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"2008 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election_in_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"2009 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sardinian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"Province of Oristano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Oristano"},{"link_name":"Province of Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Sassari"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"President of the Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"2010 provincial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Sardinian_provincial_elections"},{"link_name":"Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Sassari"},{"link_name":"Oristano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Oristano"},{"link_name":"Nuoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Nuoro"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Electoral successes","text":"As soon as in 2004 (when Sale won 1.9% of the vote in the regional election) iRS absorbed virtually all the voters of SNI, thanks to the charismatic leadership of Sale, a more coherent and intransigent secessionist platform and a more centrist political position. In the 2006 general election iRS won 1.1% of the vote in Sardinia, while it chose to boycott the 2008 general election in order not to be partner in crime with the Italian political system.At the 2009 regional election Gavino Sale won 3.1% of the vote (4.2% in the Province of Oristano and 3.3% in the Province of Sassari,[2] where the party had its early strongholds) as candidate for President of the Region, while the party stopped at 2.1%, short of the 3% threshold needed to enter the Regional Council.At the 2010 provincial elections iRS candidates for president gained more than 2% of the vote in all the provinces and the party obtained its best result ever. Notably, Sale won 6.5% in Sassari (party list: 5.8%), Sebastian Madau 5.9% (5.8%) in Oristano and Salvatore Bussa 4.4% (4.2%) in Nuoro.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ornella Demuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ornella_Demuru&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"intellectual-chic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical-chic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Franciscu Sedda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciscu_Sedda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frantziscu Sanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frantziscu_Sanna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franciscu Pala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franciscu_Pala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michela Murgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Murgia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unionesarda1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unionesarda1-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Project Republic of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Republic_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Claudia Zuncheddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Zuncheddu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Red Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Moors"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cagliari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cagliari"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Free Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Internal splits","text":"In January 2010, during a party congress, Ornella Demuru was elected secretary of the party, replacing Gavino Sale, who was elected president, and representing a power shift within the party from the old guard and younger activists.[4] Notwithstanding the good results of the party at the 2010 provincial elections, the relation between Sale and Demuru was tense from the beginning. In October Demuru threatened her resignation and reclaimed more internal democracy within the party.[5] Sale, for his part, replied that he rejected an intellectual-chic party[6] as that imagined by Demuru and her supporters, who included the three founding members Franciscu Sedda, Frantziscu Sanna and Franciscu Pala, plus younger intellectuals such as Michela Murgia.[7][8][9] During a grassroots' meeting on 12 December, Sale accused Demuru and the young guard of conspiring against him and, after this accusation, he was expelled from the party by the executive composed by Demuru's loyalists.[10]By the end of December Sale was sure to have won the power struggle and suspended the members of the executive who had expelled him.[7] A few days later, on 2 January 2010, the group of Demuru and Sedda finally decided to leave the party and launch a \"Republican Constituent Assembly\" (Sa Costituente Repubricana).[11][12] In February the new party took the name of Project Republic of Sardinia (ProgReS).[13] Moreover, on 10 February, Claudia Zuncheddu left the Red Moors, party of which she was president, and joined iRS. Zuncheddu was a regional councillor, thus the party was represented in the Council for the first time.[14][15] In May 2011 Zuncheddu ran for Mayor of Cagliari and gained a mere 2.4% of the vote, but better than Demuru, who stopped at 0.4%.[16] Zunchedda would later form her own party, Free Sardinia.[17][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Sardinian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"Francesco Pigliaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Pigliaru"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Council of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_State_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2019 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sardinian_regional_election"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2024 regional election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Sardinian_regional_election"}],"sub_title":"Alliances","text":"In the 2014 regional election the party chose to join forces with the Italian centre-left for the first time (whose candidate, Francesco Pigliaru, was elected President), instead of forming a coalition with other independentist parties. Consequently, iRS lost much of his electoral support and won a mere 0.8% of the vote (compared to the ProgReS-led coalition's 10.8%), but, thanks to the alliance, Sale was elected to the Regional Council.[19][20] It was the first time that the iRs was able to elect a regional councillor on its own, but it lasted just a year: in July 2015 the Council of State invalidated the election of four councillors, including Sale.[21]In the 2019 regional election the party formed a joint list with the Red Moors and SNI named \"Self-determination\"[22] and obtained 1.9% of the vote.In 2021 the party entered in a federative pact named Est Ora (It's Time) with ProgReS and a brand new group named Torra (Again).[23][24][25][26]In the 2024 regional election formed a joint list with ProgReS and obtained 1.6% of the vote and no seats in the Regional Council.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavino Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavino_Sale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gavino Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gavino_Sale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ornella Demuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ornella_Demuru&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"President: Gavino Sale (2010–present)\nSecretary: Gavino Sale (2002–2010), Ornella Demuru (2010–2011)","title":"Leadership"}]	[]	[{"title":"Sardinian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism"}]	[{"reference":"\"Europee, i seguaci sardi di Tsipras\". La Nuova Sardegna. March 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/regione/2014/03/02/news/europee-i-seguaci-sardi-di-tsipras-1.8773291","url_text":"\"Europee, i seguaci sardi di Tsipras\""}]},{"reference":"\"Risultati per circoscrizione-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna\". Regione.sardegna.it. Retrieved 2013-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regione.sardegna.it/argomenti/attivita_istituzionali/elezioni2009/risultaticiscoscrizione.html","url_text":"\"Risultati per circoscrizione-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elezioni Provinciali del 28 - 29 marzo 2010 - Risultati elettorali - Ministero dell'Interno\" [Provincial Elections of 28 - 29 March 2010 - Electoral results]. provinciali.interno.it. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2021-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401072627/http://provinciali.interno.it/provinciali/P000.htm","url_text":"\"Elezioni Provinciali del 28 - 29 marzo 2010 - Risultati elettorali - Ministero dell'Interno\""},{"url":"http://provinciali.interno.it/provinciali/P000.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. Retrieved 2013-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20100120&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2419523","url_text":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\". Edicola.unionesarda.it. 2001-08-17. 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Retrieved 2021-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106120225/http://www.consregsardegna.it/XVLegislatura/Consiglieri/Sale_Gavino.asp","url_text":"\"XV Legislatura - on. Gavino Sale\""},{"url":"http://www.consregsardegna.it/XVLegislatura/Consiglieri/Sale_Gavino.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuori Irs, La Base, Idv e Zona Franca: il consiglio di Stato rivoluziona l'Assemblea regionale\". La Nuova Sardegna. July 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/regione/2015/07/21/news/il-consiglio-di-stato-rivoluziona-l-assemblea-regionale-1.11812294","url_text":"\"Fuori Irs, La Base, Idv e Zona Franca: il consiglio di Stato rivoluziona l'Assemblea regionale\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.irsonline.net/","external_links_name":"www.irsonline.net"},{"Link":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/regione/2014/03/02/news/europee-i-seguaci-sardi-di-tsipras-1.8773291","external_links_name":"\"Europee, i seguaci sardi di Tsipras\""},{"Link":"http://www.regione.sardegna.it/argomenti/attivita_istituzionali/elezioni2009/risultaticiscoscrizione.html","external_links_name":"\"Risultati per circoscrizione-Regione Autonoma della Sardegna\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100401072627/http://provinciali.interno.it/provinciali/P000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Elezioni Provinciali del 28 - 29 marzo 2010 - Risultati elettorali - Ministero dell'Interno\""},{"Link":"http://provinciali.interno.it/provinciali/P000.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20100120&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2419523","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20101027&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2514571","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2010/12/05/SL3PO_SL302.html","external_links_name":"\"Gavino Sale: «No all Irs intellettual-chic» - la Nuova Sardegna dal 1999.it » Ricerca\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20101231&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2536759","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20101213&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2531571","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/2010/12/07/SL3PO_SL303.html","external_links_name":"\"La deriva di Gavino Sale - la Nuova Sardegna dal 1999.it » Ricerca\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20101212&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2531337","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20110103&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2537274","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://www.progeturepublica.net/comunicati/costituente/","external_links_name":"\"Nasce la fase Costituente voluta dagli indipendentisti democratici repubblicani » ProgReS - Progetu Repùblica\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120724113835/http://www.progeturepublica.net/comunicati/costituente/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20110214&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2551363","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20110210&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2550091","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://edicola.unionesarda.it/Articolo.aspx?Data=20110211&Categ=0&Voce=1&IdArticolo=2550446","external_links_name":"\"Sfoglia il giornale gratuitamente - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=G&dtel=15/05/2011&tpa=I&tpe=C&lev0=0&levsut0=0&lev1=20&levsut1=1&lev2=17&levsut2=2&lev3=90&levsut3=3&ne1=20&ne2=17&ne3=170090&es0=S&es1=S&es2=S&es3=N&ms=S","external_links_name":"\"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130519050133/http://www.claudiazuncheddu.net/575-sardigna-libera-lettera-agli-amici","external_links_name":"\"Sardigna Libera: lettera agli amici\""},{"Link":"http://www.claudiazuncheddu.net/575-sardigna-libera-lettera-agli-amici","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804062713/http://www.unionesarda.it/articolo/politica/2012/05/18/l_anima_rosa_dell_indipendentismo_sardo_zuncheddu_l_isola_vuole_e-1-273546.html","external_links_name":"\"L'anima rosa dell'indipendentismo sardo Zuncheddu: \"L'Isola vuole essere libera\" - Politica - L'Unione Sarda\""},{"Link":"http://www.unionesarda.it/articoli/articolo/273546","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.repubblica.it/static/speciale/2014/elezioni/regionali/sardegna.html","external_links_name":"\"Sardegna - Elezioni Regionali del 16 febbraio 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106120225/http://www.consregsardegna.it/XVLegislatura/Consiglieri/Sale_Gavino.asp","external_links_name":"\"XV Legislatura - on. Gavino Sale\""},{"Link":"http://www.consregsardegna.it/XVLegislatura/Consiglieri/Sale_Gavino.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lanuovasardegna.it/regione/2015/07/21/news/il-consiglio-di-stato-rivoluziona-l-assemblea-regionale-1.11812294","external_links_name":"\"Fuori Irs, La Base, Idv e Zona Franca: il consiglio di Stato rivoluziona l'Assemblea regionale\""},{"Link":"https://www.consregsardegna.it/Presentato-il-Nuovo-Progetto-Autodeterminazione","external_links_name":"https://www.consregsardegna.it/Presentato-il-Nuovo-Progetto-Autodeterminazione"},{"Link":"https://www.unionesarda.it/politica/nasce-est-ora-luogo-politico-di-dialogo-creato-da-irs-progres-e-coordinamento-torra-o9hw6yud","external_links_name":"https://www.unionesarda.it/politica/nasce-est-ora-luogo-politico-di-dialogo-creato-da-irs-progres-e-coordinamento-torra-o9hw6yud"},{"Link":"https://www.helis.blog/reportage-sulla-presentazione-del-processo-di-dialogo-est-ora-tra-irs-progres-e-torra/","external_links_name":"https://www.helis.blog/reportage-sulla-presentazione-del-processo-di-dialogo-est-ora-tra-irs-progres-e-torra/"},{"Link":"https://www.helis.blog/irs-progres-e-torra-aprono-la-fase-costituente-del-processo-di-dialogo","external_links_name":"https://www.helis.blog/irs-progres-e-torra-aprono-la-fase-costituente-del-processo-di-dialogo"},{"Link":"http://www.irsonline.net/2021/05/irs-progres-e-torra-inaugurano-un-processo-di-dialogo-superando-divisioni-e-distanze","external_links_name":"http://www.irsonline.net/2021/05/irs-progres-e-torra-inaugurano-un-processo-di-dialogo-superando-divisioni-e-distanze"},{"Link":"http://www.irsonline.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapito_(film)	Trapito (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Trapito" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1975 Argentine filmTrapitoDirected byManuel García FerréWritten byManuel García FerréProduced byJulio Korn (associate producer)StarringPelusa SueroEnrique ConlazoMarcelo ChimentoSusana SistoNorma EstebanMario GianCinematographyOsvaldo DomínguezEdited bySilvestre MurúaMusic byNéstor D'AlessandroProductioncompanyProducciones García FerréRelease date 17 July 1975 (1975-07-17) Running time68 minutesCountryArgentinaLanguageSpanish Trapito is a 1975 Argentine comedy-drama adventure animated film directed by Manuel García Ferré. Plot During a stormy night, the sparrow Salapin is about to drown in a mud pool due to exhaustion. Next to the mud pool hangs Trapito, a scarecrow, on his frame. Trapito is a living scarecrow. He picks up Salapin and puts him in his inside pocket where it is dry and warm. The next morning, Trapito admits he is lonely and confused. Salapin takes him to see the Patriarch of the Birds (a wise old owl), who deduces that Trapito lacks imagination since he has been standing in a field all his life. The Patriarch advises him and Salapin to see the world. They meet Larguirucho, a friendly but clumsy farmer mouse with many animals, mainly his pigs (a mother and her son). They go into town where Larguirucho sells his cheeses and treats them to a meal, but a crow named Ataúlfo steals his money. The innkeeper gives Larguirucho a week to pay for the meal or he will butcher the mother pig. Larguirucho can't find a job until he is hired as an assistant carpenter. A pirate orders a peg leg for his Captain Mala Pata, a black-bearded ruffian. After the peg leg is made, the carpenter wraps it up and hands it to Larguirucho for delivery. However, they make a quick stop at the butcher where Larguirucho accidentally mixes up the wrapped peg leg with a few similarly shaped packaged hams. Larguirucho delivers one of the hams to Mala Pata by mistake. Mala Pata then orders his sailors, including Ataúlfo, who results to be his first mate, to shanghai Larguirucho and use Trapito as their figurehead. Mala Pata sails for a tropical island where a map shows that valuable crystal tears are to be found. A mutiny for the tears, is accidentally foiled by Larguirucho, Salapin, and the little pig. Mala Pata makes Larguirucho first mate and frees Trapito. At the island, Larguirucho and Trapito are ordered to dive and search the sea bottom for the crystal tears. They learn the tears are being wept by a mermaid, Espumita. She and all the fishes were happy until they were attacked by the Cruel Octopus, a pirate giant octopus, and his pirate crew of crabs and swordfishes. Espumita's boyfriend, the Sea Horse, becomes the good sea creatures’ general, and they are defeating the Cruel Octopus until the Sea Horse is captured. Larguirucho and Trapito rescue him, scare away the Cruel Octopus and are rewarded by one of Espumita's crystal tears. They return to the pirate ship, where Mala Pata and Ataúlfo dive into the sea after more tears but are chased away by the Cruel Octopus. Larguirucho, now the captain, sails back to town where he uses the crystal tear to pay the innkeeper. Larguirucho and his pigs return to the farm, while Salapin meets a female sparrow, and falls in love with her, and they fly off, abandoning Trapito. The lonely scarecrow returns to his field, but Salapin and his mate return the next year with their chicks, and Trapito and the chicks become playmates. In some countries, mainly Argentina and Spain, the movie was accompanied by with an introduction of Petete, a puppet penguin similar to Topo Gigio, and one of the director's most famous characters, telling to the audience about the creation of the scarecrow. Cast Pelusa Suero Enrique Conlazo Marcelo Chimento Susana Sisto Norma Esteban Mario Gian External links Petete y Trapito at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"animated film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_film"},{"link_name":"Manuel García Ferré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_Ferr%C3%A9"}],"text":"1975 Argentine filmTrapito is a 1975 Argentine comedy-drama adventure animated film directed by Manuel García Ferré.","title":"Trapito (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_sparrow"},{"link_name":"scarecrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"puppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppetry"},{"link_name":"penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"Topo Gigio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topo_Gigio"}],"text":"During a stormy night, the sparrow Salapin is about to drown in a mud pool due to exhaustion. Next to the mud pool hangs Trapito, a scarecrow, on his frame. Trapito is a living scarecrow. He picks up Salapin and puts him in his inside pocket where it is dry and warm. \nThe next morning, Trapito admits he is lonely and confused. Salapin takes him to see the Patriarch of the Birds (a wise old owl), who deduces that Trapito lacks imagination since he has been standing in a field all his life. The Patriarch advises him and Salapin to see the world.They meet Larguirucho, a friendly but clumsy farmer mouse with many animals, mainly his pigs (a mother and her son). They go into town where Larguirucho sells his cheeses and treats them to a meal, but a crow named Ataúlfo steals his money. The innkeeper gives Larguirucho a week to pay for the meal or he will butcher the mother pig. Larguirucho can't find a job until he is hired as an assistant carpenter. A pirate orders a peg leg for his Captain Mala Pata, a black-bearded ruffian. After the peg leg is made, the carpenter wraps it up and hands it to Larguirucho for delivery. However, they make a quick stop at the butcher where Larguirucho accidentally mixes up the wrapped peg leg with a few similarly shaped packaged hams. Larguirucho delivers one of the hams to Mala Pata by mistake. Mala Pata then orders his sailors, including Ataúlfo, who results to be his first mate, to shanghai Larguirucho and use Trapito as their figurehead. Mala Pata sails for a tropical island where a map shows that valuable crystal tears are to be found. A mutiny for the tears, is accidentally foiled by Larguirucho, Salapin, and the little pig. Mala Pata makes Larguirucho first mate and frees Trapito.At the island, Larguirucho and Trapito are ordered to dive and search the sea bottom for the crystal tears. They learn the tears are being wept by a mermaid, Espumita. She and all the fishes were happy until they were attacked by the Cruel Octopus, a pirate giant octopus, and his pirate crew of crabs and swordfishes. Espumita's boyfriend, the Sea Horse, becomes the good sea creatures’ general, and they are defeating the Cruel Octopus until the Sea Horse is captured. Larguirucho and Trapito rescue him, scare away the Cruel Octopus and are rewarded by one of Espumita's crystal tears. They return to the pirate ship, where Mala Pata and Ataúlfo dive into the sea after more tears but are chased away by the Cruel Octopus. Larguirucho, now the captain, sails back to town where he uses the crystal tear to pay the innkeeper. Larguirucho and his pigs return to the farm, while Salapin meets a female sparrow, and falls in love with her, and they fly off, abandoning Trapito. The lonely scarecrow returns to his field, but Salapin and his mate return the next year with their chicks, and Trapito and the chicks become playmates.In some countries, mainly Argentina and Spain, the movie was accompanied by with an introduction of Petete, a puppet penguin similar to Topo Gigio, and one of the director's most famous characters, telling to the audience about the creation of the scarecrow.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pelusa Suero\nEnrique Conlazo\nMarcelo Chimento\nSusana Sisto\nNorma Esteban\nMario Gian","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trapito%22+film","external_links_name":"\"Trapito\" film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trapito%22+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trapito%22+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trapito%22+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trapito%22+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trapito%22+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trapito_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0073814/","external_links_name":"Petete y Trapito"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beraeidae	Beraeidae	["1 References"]	Family of insects Beraeidae Beraea dira Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Trichoptera Superfamily: Sericostomatoidea Family: Beraeidae Beraeidae is a family of caddisflies belonging to the order Trichoptera. Genera: Beraea Stephens, 1833 Beraeamyia Mosely, 1930 Beraeodes Eaton, 1867 Beraeodina Mosely, 1931 Bereodes Eaton, 1867 Ernodes Wallengren, 1891 Nippoberaea Botosaneanu, Nozaki & Kagaya, 1995 Notoernodes Andersen & Kjaerandsen, 1997 Thya Curtis, 1834 References ^ a b "Beraeidae". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021. Taxon identifiersBeraeidae Wikidata: Q1921478 Wikispecies: Beraeidae ADW: Beraeidae BOLD: 1702 CoL: 76F EoL: 1109 Fauna Europaea: 12269 Fauna Europaea (new): 9522fb1a-fb1a-4359-add2-c7089cf7daa5 GBIF: 7958 iNaturalist: 173415 IRMNG: 104615 ITIS: 116489 NBN: NBNSYS0000159496 NCBI: 177794 Open Tree of Life: 1047464 Paleobiology Database: 135395	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caddisflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddisflies"},{"link_name":"Trichoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichoptera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"Beraea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beraea"},{"link_name":"Beraeamyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beraeamyia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beraeodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beraeodes"},{"link_name":"Beraeodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beraeodina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bereodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bereodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ernodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ernodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nippoberaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nippoberaea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Notoernodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notoernodes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thya&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Beraeidae is a family of caddisflies belonging to the order Trichoptera.[1]Genera:[1]Beraea Stephens, 1833\nBeraeamyia Mosely, 1930\nBeraeodes Eaton, 1867\nBeraeodina Mosely, 1931\nBereodes Eaton, 1867\nErnodes Wallengren, 1891\nNippoberaea Botosaneanu, Nozaki & Kagaya, 1995\nNotoernodes Andersen & Kjaerandsen, 1997\nThya Curtis, 1834","title":"Beraeidae"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Beraeidae\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 13 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7958","url_text":"\"Beraeidae\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7958","external_links_name":"\"Beraeidae\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Beraeidae/","external_links_name":"Beraeidae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=1702","external_links_name":"1702"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/76F","external_links_name":"76F"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1109","external_links_name":"1109"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12269","external_links_name":"12269"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/9522fb1a-fb1a-4359-add2-c7089cf7daa5","external_links_name":"9522fb1a-fb1a-4359-add2-c7089cf7daa5"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7958","external_links_name":"7958"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/173415","external_links_name":"173415"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104615","external_links_name":"104615"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=116489","external_links_name":"116489"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000159496","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000159496"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=177794","external_links_name":"177794"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1047464","external_links_name":"1047464"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=135395","external_links_name":"135395"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakmaster_Cylinder	Breakmaster Cylinder	["1 Development and early career","2 Podcasting work","3 Albums and collaborators","4 Persona","5 Output","5.1 Albums","5.2 Singles with Dislotec","5.3 Podcast and radio themes","5.4 Contributions to other media","6 References","7 External links"]	American musician Breakmaster CylinderBackground informationBirth nameunknownAlso known asBmCBornUnited StatesGenresSoundtracksOccupation(s)ComposerInstrument(s)Piano, synthesizersYears active2006–presentWebsitewww.breakmastercylinder.com Musical artist Breakmaster Cylinder, also known as The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder or by the initials BmC, is a musical composer and producer who has provided title themes and background music for a number of radio shows and podcasts, principally with Gimlet Media's Reply All. Known for their pseudonymity, Breakmaster Cylinder does not make public appearances and has employed stand-ins for interviews, photographs, and other media appearances. Development and early career Breakmaster Cylinder grew up playing music, starting out on the piano, and learned to perform compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach, among others. They first began working with music sampling using ping-pong recording techniques between two cassette tape decks. Cylinder later acquired a keyboard with loop-recording capabilities and eventually began making DIY albums of trance music for friends. Cylinder spent more than a decade composing and producing music before finding a wider audience. In their early days as a composer, Cylinder worked as a food delivery driver and often wrote music while parked on the side of the road. They produced many of their early works using a Novation Launchpad mini drum machine and Fruityloops software before switching to the Cubase digital audio workstation. Breakmaster Cylinder self-released their first album, Spasmodic Symmetry, in 2006 and then the 2009 Logic Pro-driven Method Man-Monty Python mashup Dolomite! before being picked up by the label Breakbit Music. Breakbit helped issue several of Cylinder's early albums, including Say Hello to Klaus (2010) and See You Around (2011). In 2013 Cylinder started to get some press with the release of Big Schnitzel, an audio mash-up sampling food references made by the Notorious B.I.G. Aside from Bach as a recurring theme in their music and image, Breakmaster Cylinder has also cited Art Tatum, The Beatles, Nine Inch Nails, and Squarepusher as influences on their work. Podcasting work "Stumpbox" Theme used for the Reply All podcast's "Super Tech Support" segment. Problems playing this file? See media help. Cylinder's career took off after scoring the theme for TL;DR, an internet-themed segment hosted by Alex Goldman and PJ Vogt for the WNYC Studios public radio program On the Media. Goldman enlisted Cylinder as the show's composer after seeing a music video that they had made for their remix of The Chordettes' song "Mr. Sandman" set to a montage of film clips from horror cinema. Goldman and Vogt then brought Cylinder along to Gimlet Media when they started the podcast Reply All, for which Cylinder also composed the beginning and closing themes. In an interview for Hrishikesh Hirway’s podcast Song Exploder, Cylinder revealed that they derived Reply All's opening theme's chord structure from Bach's "Prelude in C Major" mixed with acoustically recorded drums, a MIDI-derived bass line, and the sounds of rolling jars, spinning coins, and a hammer shattering a small glass. By episode 16 of Reply All, Cylinder had contributed some 25 audio pieces to the show's music library for use as themes for various recurring segments, as well as music beds to convey moods in the show's journalistic pieces. These themes would grow to number in the hundreds by the time Reply All ran its final episode in June 2022. Cylinder also created satirical cut-ups from pieces of Reply All episodes that were run post-show as incentive for continued listenership though the podcast's end credits and final ad block. For one season of Reply All, this idea was expanded into a serialized audio story that appeared at the end of each episode. The space opera-esque serial featured Cylinder and a canine companion, known as "Dog", visiting alien planets while lost in outer space without any guidance from the internet. In 2020 Cylinder released the series as the album, BMC and Dog In Space: The Complete Series, via multiple online platforms. Reply All's success led to Cylinder taking jobs creating themes for more than 60 other podcasts in the next three years, as well as music for film, advertisements, and video games. In 2015, Cylinder collaborated—via Twitter and Dropbox—with the Switched on Pop podcast to reconstruct then-current compositions by Justin Bieber. In 2018 Cylinder collaborated with fellow pseudonymous media artist Zardulu to produce the track "Ablanathanalba" following Reply All's exposé on Zardulu's viral Pizza Rat phenomenon. After an open-source theme for a Changelog podcast appeared in a Disney commercial, The Changelog’s founders commissioned Breakmaster Cylinder to compose and produce the theme music for all of their podcasts as a means of ensuring that their theme music would be unique while also unifying the sound of all of the podcasts across the network. in 2023 Cylinder compiled and released their themes for Changelog’s podcasts into a pair of albums catalogued as Volume 0 and Volume 1. Breakmaster Cylinder licenses all of their music through their own publishing company, Person B (stylized as Person♭) Productions. Since 2015 Cylinder has compiled their podcasting themes into several albums, each titled Songs for Broadcast followed by a volume number. In December 2022 Cylinder announced that the ninth volume would be the last because "it caps a trilogy of trilogies". Cylinder released a tenth volume to Bandcamp in January 2024. Albums and collaborators "Paint Your Grandma's Portrait" Sound clip of Breakmaster Cylinder's work with rapper and frequent collaborator Dislotec. Problems playing this file? See media help. Many of Breakmaster Cylinder's albums are thematic, and include mixtapes, collections of ringtones, and music made for podcasts. The 2014 album Pineapple Princess was partially derived from hearing Alanis Morissette’s music being played in supermarket produce sections. The 2017 album Pickled Beets Part III features a year's worth of weekly submissions to the Stones Throw Records beat-writing competition, Stones Throw Beat Battle. One of these submissions, "Drumcorpscore" was designed to be a backing track for Britney Spears’ song "Toxic". "Drumcorpscore" and many other of the weekly submission tracks were later repurposed, with samples removed, for use in scoring Reply All. Also in 2017, Cylinder remixed a version of the traditional folk song "Down by the Bay" as sung by popular children's music artist Raffi. Breakmaster Cylinder explained, "That song says it isn't safe to go home because Mom will say some crazy shit to you, which is a weird message for a children's song, but is actually how many adults I know feel about ." Cylinder released this, along with two other political songs on the Singable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged EP and included a note encouraging fans to donate to Planned Parenthood, an organization for which Cylinder had previously fundraised with their music. Cylinder has also been known to use their craft to mess with public radio culture as heard in their parodic remixes of radio themes such as that of Morning Edition. A reviewer described Cylinder’s mash-up "The NPR Drop" as "a wonderfully bizarre amalgamation of dubstep, Lakshmi Singh, and the All Things Considered horns." Breakmaster Cylinder is a proponent of the indie music site Bandcamp through which they make all of their music available to stream or download. They collaborated with rapper Dislotec on a series of singles released from 2015–2019. Also in 2019, Cylinder collaborated with Australian comedian Bec Hill on her live show I'll Be Bec, which was filmed for online video streaming just before the coronavirus pandemic. Persona Since Cylinder's earliest contributions to TL;DR, radio hosts have credited the composer as "The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder" and claimed to never have met nor spoken with them, nor to have any knowledge of who Cylinder actually is. Cylinder has perpetuated this mystique of pseudonymity in interviews stating, "I guess the anonymity is interesting", and, "My face (if I have a face) doesn't matter". In the final episode of Reply All, Cylinder revealed that they are a Taurus and have lived in three different sections of the United States. During his time at Gimlet Media, Reply All host Alex Goldman asserted that he and his staff did not know Cylinder's secret identity. "I found him, or they—we don't really know—on the internet," Goldman said in an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald. "I contacted him and he agreed to work with us, so long as he could remain anonymous." Jerod Santo and Adam Stacoviak from podcasting network The Changelog exclusively use Breakmaster Cylinder's music to score all of their shows, yet claim to not know if Cylinder is a "guy girl—we're not sure if it's one person many people." For an interview with The Secret Room podcast, Cylinder fielded questions through a mix of flying saucer-style mashups of pop songs and an old Speak & Spell on the fritz. In an audio story about Breakmaster Cylinder's compositional and recording techniques, Song Exploder producer Hrishikesh Hirway states, "I interviewed Breakmaster Cylinder, but out of respect for his or her privacy and mystery, I had an actor replace Breakmaster Cylinder's voice...or did I?" It has been speculated on Reddit that the name "Breakmaster Cylinder" is a portmanteau of "breakmaster"—a musician who works with breakbeats—and "master cylinder"—an automotive component that regulates the brakes of a car, truck, or motorcycle. When asked about their gender, Cylinder has referred to themself using the singular they pronoun. In photographs, Cylinder appears as a head shrouded in a black motorcycle helmet painted with white bug-eyes that are actually a pair of full stop marks that form the base of two exclamation points. Their head is shown on a variety of different bodies and gender expressions, and occasionally on a manipulated portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach. Despite their allure of secrecy, Cylinder has gained repute for responding to fan letters and being easily accessible via the internet. Output Albums Spasmodic Symmetry (2006) Dolomite! (EP, 2009) Remix One (2009) Say Hello to Klaus (2010) Musique Pour Les Pubs De Nourriture Pour Chiens (2011) See You Around (EP, 2011) BMC: Remixed (2011) Tokyo (EP, 2012) Blithering Heights (Mixtape, 2012) The BMC Fine Ringtones Collection (2013) Remix Two: Short Attention Span Theater (2013) Big Schnitzel (EP, 2013) Pineapple Princess (EP, 2014) Pickled Beets: Part I (2015) Songs For Broadcast: part I (2015) The BMC Fine Ringtones Collection: 2nd Issue (2015) Pickled Beets: Part II (2015) Songs For Broadcast: part II (2016) BMC: Live From Gimlet's Executive Washroom (2016) Songs For Broadcast: part III (2016) I Wanna Hear The Music (EP, 2017) Pickled Beets: Part III (2017) BMC ONE: Video Collection 2007–2017 (2017) Songs For Broadcast: part IV (2018) Singable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged (EP, 2017) Songs For Broadcast: part V (2018) Blithering Heights 2 (Mixtape, 2018) Songs For Broadcast: part VI (2018) Remix Three (2018) Mono Planet EP (2019) Songs For Broadcast: part VII (2020) BMC and Dog In Space: The Complete Series (2020) Breakmast of Champions (2020) Dead Legends (OST 2021) Songs For Broadcast: part VIII (2022) Songs For Broadcast: part IX (2022) Mr. Stockdale (OST, 2023) The Moon & All That (2023) Changelog Beats Volumes : Theme Songs (2023) Changelog Beats Volumes : Next Level (2023) BMC's Voicemail: Fall 2018 (2023) Polter Pals OST (Split Hare Games, 2023) Songs For Broadcast X (2024) Singles with Dislotec "Solfeggio" (2015) "Superflypapertrailblazer" (2016) "Warning Signs" (2018) "Tiny Marshmallows" (2018) "Pitbull" (2018) "Westwood" (2018) "I Don't Wanna Talk To My Neighbors" (2019) "Zombies" b/w “Eject / Reject” (2019) "Dollar Of Damage" (2019) Podcast and radio themes Absolutely Crushed AFK (Changelog) All Consuming The Axe Files {Cnn Audio) Battle Born Tech (KNVC FM) Be Less Typical Ben Franklin's World: A Podcast About Early American History (Omohundro Institute) {Blank}+{Blank}=Fun (Gimlet Media) Bleeped Blogtacular Business Casual (Morning Brew) Business/Disrupted The Changelog (Changelog Media) Completely Optional Knowledge Crazy Genius (The Atlantic) Creatures Darknet Diaries Decoder (Vox Media) Dedicate It Discomfort Zone The Drunk Projectionist The Europe Desk The Ezra Zaid Project Fabulous Flying Merkins (Indaba) Feminist Furies Fictional Footloose & Fancy Free For The Record Founder's Talk (Changelog) Gameplay Gender Reveal Get More Smarter` Girl's Girls (Curvy Girl Media) Glow Girl (Curvy Girl Media) Go Time (Changelog) The Greatest Gift Hello Monday! (LinkedIn) Hit Enter: Stories from the Inbox The Hungry Fan Imagined Life (Wondery) Indie Romp Into It (Vox Media) Jobs Club JS Party (Changelog) Know It All <~> (Less Than, Approximately, Greater Than) Meat and Three (Heritage Radio Network) Meet Your Maker Met Nerds om Tafel Methods Moonshot (Lawson Media) Outside/In Nothing Is Boring NZZ am Sonntag (NZZ) Ohrensessel Otakon The Payoff (Mic) Personal Best (CBC Radio) The Pitch (Gimlet Media) Play It Back PodSAM Practical AI (Changelog) Preserve This Podcast RehabCast Reply All (Gimlet Media) Request for Commits (Changelog) Reset (Vox Media) Sandwich Podcast (Sandwich) Sanity Podcast Say Something Worth Stealing The Secret Room Ship It (Changelog) Sidedoor (Smithsonian Institution) Signl.fm The Soak Soapboxers Special Relationship (The Economist) Sorry, What? Spotlight (Changelog) STEM Diversity Podcast Stories of Our Times (The Times) Switched On Pop Talking Points There Will Be Spoilers Think Again (Big Think) The Third Web The Ticket Time Well Spent TL;DR (WNYC Studios) Today Explained (Vox Media) True North Undefined UnMonumental We The Ppl Welcome to Macintosh With Good Reason (Virginia Humanities) Yarn Stories Yes Was Yesterday's Technology Tomorrow YM Answers You Can't Do That 88% Parentheticals (Gimlet Media) 100% Related? (Gimlet Media) Contributions to other media Computer Show (scored "computer music" for 1980s TV spoof) Life's Wonders (RV series composer) MetaLetters DAO (Metaversal) Our Story - The Indigenous Led Fight to Protect Greater Chaco (contributed original music to 2022 documentary film) Pakistani Reactions (theme for video series) Slash Quest (Green Pillow/Noodlecake Games) References ^ a b c d e f g Howard, Tim; Bennin, Phia (23 June 2022). "Goodbye All". Reply All. No. 189. Gimlet Media. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f Millions, Kid (11 July 2017). "Kid Millions Talks With Breakmaster Cylinder About Their Brain-Breaking Beats". Bandcamp Daily. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c d e Lusk, Ashley (30 May 2018). "20 Questions with the Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder". Bello Collective. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c d "Breakmaster Cylinder". Romeo. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "Behind the Beats: STBB#386 – Breakmaster Cylinder". Beatmakology. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder Opens Up: An Interview". Exolymph. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ Lockett, Dee (2 May 2014). "This Hilarious Mashup Features Biggie's Many Food References". Slate. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b Hamm, Ben; Lark, Susie (March 13, 2016). "The Lost BmC Interview". The Secret Room. Retrieved 5 November 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h Goldberg, Kevin (11 April 2018). "Breakmaster Cylinder: A Conversation with Podcasting's Most Prolific (And Mysterious) Artist". Discover the Best Podcasts \| Discover Pods. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c Hirway, Hrishikesh (26 November 2018). "Bonus Episode: Reply All". Song Exploder. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b Sloan, Harding; Harding, Charlie (7 October 2015). "21. Justin Bieber's Existential Suite". Switched on Pop. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c Luling, Todd Van (1 June 2018). "Zardulu And Breakmaster Cylinder Debut A New Song Collaboration". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Quincy, Larson (November 21, 2019). "Quincy Interviews Open Source Legends The Changelog for their 10". school.geekwall.in. Free Code Camp. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Cylinder, Breakmaster. "Person B Production, License Custom Music for Broadcast". person-b. Retrieved 3 July 2022. ^ Cylinder, Breakmaster (9 December 2022). Twitter https://twitter.com/BrkmstrCylinder/status/1601288592025743360?cxt=HHwWgMCj6bHf9bgsAAAA. Retrieved 10 December 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty \|title= (help) ^ Cylinder, Breakmaster (November 17, 2017). "Singable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged EP". Bandcamp. Retrieved 4 July 2022. Track 3 originally released on Big Sleep Records for a Planned Parenthood fundraiser album. Please consider a donation to Planned Parenthood. ^ Quah, Nicholas (February 12, 2019). "In Liverpool, a football podcast has grown into a real media company — based mostly on listener payment, not advertising". Nieman Lab. Retrieved 15 September 2019. For the first time in a very long time, NPR is updating the Morning Edition theme to appeal to "new listeners," i.e. the youths. Shouts to that one time NPR asked its audience to remix its theme in 2016. Personally, I stan for the Breakmaster Cylinder take. ^ Rameswaram, Sean (December 5, 2014). "Thanks, Internet: Five Things You Had to See Online This Week". The Takeaway. WNYC. Retrieved 14 July 2022. ^ a b Fellin, Conor (5 January 2017). "Beet Reporter: An Interview with Breakmaster Cylinder". rail gaze. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ Santo, Jarod; Stacoviak, Adam (December 8, 2021). "Changelog Transcripts". The Changelog. No. 473. Changelog Media. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ Dali, Ben (August 9, 2019). "Bec Hill: I'll Be Bec: 5 star review by Ben Dali". broadwaybaby.com. Retrieved 15 September 2019. ^ Elliott, Tim (26 April 2016). "Two stars of the podcasting world head Down Under to download". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ Bischoff, Matthew. "Episodes". absolutelycrushed.com. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Lifehouse". All Consuming. Retrieved 2021-01-26. ^ Axelrod, David (August 25, 2022). "The Axe Files presents Morning Brew's Imposters - The Axe Files with David Axelrod - Podcast on CNN Audio". CNN. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ "KNVC - Battle Born Tech Radio Show". battleborntech.org. Retrieved 2020-08-13. ^ Hennessey, Patrick.; Hennessey, Courtney (October 2015). "Advanced Social Strategies – Kinny Landrum Part 2" (PDF). Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ a b "Notice of Intention to Obtain a Compulsory License for Making and Distributing Phonorecords[201.18(d)(1) U.S. Copyright Office Section 115 Electronic - Notice of Intention to Obtain a Compulsory License for Making and Distributing Phonorecords[201.18(d)(1)". cdn.loc.gov. U.S. Copyright Office. December 11, 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Breakmaster Cylinder". Podchaser. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Pinnamaneni, Sruthi. "{Blank} + {Blank} = Fun: A Society and Culture podcast featuring Kalila Holt". Gimlet Media. Retrieved 15 September 2019. ^ a b c d e Cylinder, Breakmaster (24 January 2020). "Behind the Music: Breakmaster Cylinder". Pocket Casts Blog. Pocket Casts. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Molesworth, Kat. "Season Four Trailer & Catch Up". Blogtacular. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Hebert-Maccaro, Karen (January 20, 2022). "The workplace is changing: Leaders have to adapt". Morning Brew. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ "When Commercial Office Space Hits the Wall". business.disrupted. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "The Changelog Podcast". changelog.com. Retrieved 2020-06-02. ^ "Completely Optional Knowledge". www.greenpeace.org. Greenpeace. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Thompson, Derek (1 May 2018). "Introducing Crazy/Genius". The Atlantic. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ a b c d e f g Parness, Adam. "Notice of Intention to Obtain a Compulsory License for Making or Distributing Phonorecords" (XLSX Spreadsheet). Spotify USA Inc. Retrieved 5 July 2022. ^ Corbitt, Fil (August 30, 2017). "Repeater". Van Sounds. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ "Darknet Diaries Podcast". darknetdiaries.com. Retrieved 2019-04-17. ^ Patel, Nilay (13 September 2022). "Everyone knows what YouTube is — few know how it really works". The Verge. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ Curran, Bill (November 22, 2017). "THE NOD's Brittany Luse, Eric Eddings To Host Podcast Pitch Night. Plus, Our Five Selected Podcast Pitches! \| Made in NY Media Center By IFP". NY Media Center. Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ "The Drunk Projectionist". Podchaser. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Great Power Competition and the EU". The Europe Desk. Washington: Georgetown University: The BMW Center for German and European Studies. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Zaid, Ezra (February 23, 2021). "EZ on the Money". The Ezra Zaid Project. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g "Breakmaster Cylinder-Podcasts". ivy.fm. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Smith, Tim. "Welcome to 'For The Record'". PRX. Public Radio Exchange. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Parkinson, James; Lawson, Kristofor (17 September 2020). "About Gameplay". Gameplay. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Close, Paris (April 12, 2019). "Best LGBTQ Podcasts For Millennials". I Heart Radio. Retrieved 15 September 2019. ^ Bane, Jason; Silverii, Ian (April 8, 2021). "All-Stars and A-Holes - The Get More Smarter Podcast". iHeart. iHeartRadio. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Cylinder, Breakmaster. "Person B Productions". SoundCloud. Person B Productions. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Gibbons, Brittany; Soleau, Meredith (November 2, 2017). "1st Anniversary Show". Glow Girl Podcast. No. 51. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ "Hello Monday". shortyawards.com. The Stormy Award. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ a b c Goldman, Annika (2018). "Notice of Intention to Obtain a Compulsory License for Making and Distributing Phonorecords[201.18(d)(1) U.S. Copyright Office Section 115 Electronic - Notice of Intention to Obtain a Compulsory License for Making and Distributing Phonorecords[201.18(d)(1)" (XLSX Spreadsheet). Spotify USA Inc. Retrieved 6 July 2022. ^ "Vox Media's New Sam Sanders-Hosted Podcast Makes Its Debut". Insideradio.com. Inside Radio. July 28, 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ Caity Moseman Wadler (2020-06-19). "A World Changed by the Pandemic". Stitcher (Podcast). Heritage Radio Network. Retrieved 2021-06-13. ^ "Met Nerds Om Tafel Podcast". metnerdsomtafel.nl. Retrieved 2020-03-09. ^ "Moonshot". moonshot.audio. Retrieved 2020-05-10. ^ "NZZ: 9 Zürcher Podcasts". www.owltail.com. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ Schroeder, Carina; Schroeder, Sandro. "Ohrensessel". Ohrensessel (in German). Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ Quah, Nicholas (September 17, 2019). "Vox's new podcast goes where news podcasts haven't gone before: Sundays". Nieman Lab. Retrieved 26 December 2019. ^ "What is Sidedoor?". ^ "Soapboxers". pnc.st. Retrieved 2021-10-20. ^ "The Economist Radio". radio.economist.com. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ Gots, Jason (19 February 2016). "Think Again Podcast ep. 34 – A TINY, COSMIC THREAT (feat. Comedian Paul F. Tompkins)". Big Think. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ Cylinder, Breakmaster. "Breakmaster Cylinder is creating extra music". Patreon. Retrieved 30 June 2022. ^ Bramhill, Mark (October 2, 2017). "Pandora's Box". Welcome to Macintosh. Retrieved 11 February 2019. ^ "What? / You Can't Do That: A Hockey Podcast". You Can't Do That. ^ Koenig, Sarah (April 2, 2019). "88% Parentheticals". podbay.fm. Gimlet Media. Music (in case you're wondering about the music) is by the Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder. ^ Rams, Ramon. "100% Related? Creators". Podchaser. ^ Oster, Erik (February 21, 2017). "Giant Spoon, Sandwich Video Promote HP PageWide and Mock the 80s". adweek.it. AdWeek. Agency Spy. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Life's Wonders - Cast". OTOMOTIF. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ "Metaversal Launches MetaLetters DAO to Support and Empower Emerging Creators". www.prnewswire.com. Cision. February 2, 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ Ramsey, Michael; Tso, Danial. "About". Our Story: The Indigenous Led Fight to Protect Greater Chaco. Spoken Image. Retrieved 29 June 2022. ^ Shabbir, Farrukh (6 December 2020). "Blog". Pakistani Reactions. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Shabbir, Farrukh. "Pakistani Reactions". Pakistani Reacts. Retrieved 28 June 2022. ^ Migliorino, Giuseppe (2 October 2020). "Slash Quest approda su Apple Arcade". iPhone Italia (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2022. External links Breakmaster Cylinder on Bandcamp Breakmaster Cylinder on Discogs Breakmaster Cylinder on Free Music Archive Breakmaster Cylinder at IMDb Breakmaster Cylinder on Instagram Breakmaster Cylinder on Patreon Breakmaster Cylinder on Podchaser Breakmaster Cylinder on SoundCloud Breakmaster Cylinder on YouTube Forever BMC, Breakmaster Cylinder’s fashion line] Person B Productions, Breakmaster Cylinder's licensing company Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composer"},{"link_name":"background music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_music"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"Gimlet Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimlet_Media"},{"link_name":"Reply All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_All_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"pseudonymity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymity"},{"link_name":"stand-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand-in"}],"text":"Musical artistBreakmaster Cylinder, also known as The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder or by the initials BmC, is a musical composer and producer who has provided title themes and background music for a number of radio shows and podcasts, principally with Gimlet Media's Reply All. Known for their pseudonymity, Breakmaster Cylinder does not make public appearances and has employed stand-ins for interviews, photographs, and other media appearances.","title":"Breakmaster Cylinder"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millions,_2017-2"},{"link_name":"music sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(music)"},{"link_name":"ping-pong recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping-pong_recording"},{"link_name":"cassette tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassette_tape"},{"link_name":"loop-recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(music)"},{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY"},{"link_name":"trance music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance_music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusk,_2018-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romeo,_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"Novation Launchpad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novation_Launchpad"},{"link_name":"drum machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"Fruityloops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruityloops"},{"link_name":"Cubase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beatmakology,_2014-5"},{"link_name":"Logic Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Pro"},{"link_name":"Method Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_Man"},{"link_name":"Monty Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exolymph,_2016-6"},{"link_name":"mash-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(music)"},{"link_name":"the Notorious B.I.G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Notorious_B.I.G."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lockett,_2014-7"},{"link_name":"Art Tatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Tatum"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Nine Inch Nails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails"},{"link_name":"Squarepusher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squarepusher"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamm_and_Lark,_2016-8"}],"text":"Breakmaster Cylinder grew up playing music, starting out on the piano, and learned to perform compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach, among others.[1][2] They first began working with music sampling using ping-pong recording techniques between two cassette tape decks. Cylinder later acquired a keyboard with loop-recording capabilities and eventually began making DIY albums of trance music for friends.[3] Cylinder spent more than a decade composing and producing music before finding a wider audience.[4]In their early days as a composer, Cylinder worked as a food delivery driver and often wrote music while parked on the side of the road.[1] They produced many of their early works using a Novation Launchpad mini drum machine and Fruityloops software before switching to the Cubase digital audio workstation.[5]Breakmaster Cylinder self-released their first album, Spasmodic Symmetry, in 2006 and then the 2009 Logic Pro-driven Method Man-Monty Python mashup Dolomite! before being picked up by the label Breakbit Music. Breakbit helped issue several of Cylinder's early albums, including Say Hello to Klaus (2010) and See You Around (2011).[6] In 2013 Cylinder started to get some press with the release of Big Schnitzel, an audio mash-up sampling food references made by the Notorious B.I.G.[7] Aside from Bach as a recurring theme in their music and image, Breakmaster Cylinder has also cited Art Tatum, The Beatles, Nine Inch Nails, and Squarepusher as influences on their work.[8]","title":"Development and early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Stumpbox\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breakmaster_Cylinder_-_67_-_Stumpbox.ogg"},{"link_name":"Reply All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_All_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"scoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"WNYC Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC_Studios"},{"link_name":"On the Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Media"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"The Chordettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chordettes"},{"link_name":"Mr. Sandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Sandman"},{"link_name":"horror cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_cinema"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"Gimlet Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimlet_Media"},{"link_name":"Reply All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_All_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Hrishikesh Hirway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrishikesh_Hirway"},{"link_name":"Song Exploder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Exploder"},{"link_name":"Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach"},{"link_name":"Prelude in C Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelude_and_Fugue_in_C_major,_BWV_846"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirway,_2018-10"},{"link_name":"music beds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"cut-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-up_technique"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"serialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusk,_2018-3"},{"link_name":"space opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusk,_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"Dropbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropbox_(service)"},{"link_name":"Switched on Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switched_on_Pop"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloan_and_Harding,_2015-11"},{"link_name":"pseudonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonym"},{"link_name":"Zardulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zardulu"},{"link_name":"Pizza Rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza_Rat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luling,_2018-12"},{"link_name":"Changelog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changelog"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_Site-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BmC_Tweet_from_Dec_9,_2022-15"}],"text":"\"Stumpbox\"\n\nTheme used for the Reply All podcast's \"Super Tech Support\" segment.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Cylinder's career took off after scoring the theme for TL;DR, an internet-themed segment hosted by Alex Goldman and PJ Vogt for the WNYC Studios public radio program On the Media. Goldman enlisted Cylinder as the show's composer after seeing a music video that they had made for their remix of The Chordettes' song \"Mr. Sandman\" set to a montage of film clips from horror cinema.[9] Goldman and Vogt then brought Cylinder along to Gimlet Media when they started the podcast Reply All, for which Cylinder also composed the beginning and closing themes. In an interview for Hrishikesh Hirway’s podcast Song Exploder, Cylinder revealed that they derived Reply All's opening theme's chord structure from Bach's \"Prelude in C Major\" mixed with acoustically recorded drums, a MIDI-derived bass line, and the sounds of rolling jars, spinning coins, and a hammer shattering a small glass.[10] By episode 16 of Reply All, Cylinder had contributed some 25 audio pieces to the show's music library for use as themes for various recurring segments, as well as music beds to convey moods in the show's journalistic pieces. These themes would grow to number in the hundreds by the time Reply All ran its final episode in June 2022.[1]Cylinder also created satirical cut-ups from pieces of Reply All episodes that were run post-show as incentive for continued listenership though the podcast's end credits and final ad block.[1] For one season of Reply All, this idea was expanded into a serialized audio story that appeared at the end of each episode.[3] The space opera-esque serial featured Cylinder and a canine companion, known as \"Dog\", visiting alien planets while lost in outer space without any guidance from the internet. In 2020 Cylinder released the series as the album, BMC and Dog In Space: The Complete Series, via multiple online platforms.[9]Reply All's success led to Cylinder taking jobs creating themes for more than 60 other podcasts in the next three years, as well as music for film, advertisements, and video games.[3] In 2015, Cylinder collaborated—via Twitter and Dropbox—with the Switched on Pop podcast to reconstruct then-current compositions by Justin Bieber.[11] In 2018 Cylinder collaborated with fellow pseudonymous media artist Zardulu to produce the track \"Ablanathanalba\" following Reply All's exposé on Zardulu's viral Pizza Rat phenomenon.[12] After an open-source theme for a Changelog podcast appeared in a Disney commercial, The Changelog’s founders commissioned Breakmaster Cylinder to compose and produce the theme music for all of their podcasts as a means of ensuring that their theme music would be unique while also unifying the sound of all of the podcasts across the network.[13] in 2023 Cylinder compiled and released their themes for Changelog’s podcasts into a pair of albums catalogued as Volume 0 and Volume 1.Breakmaster Cylinder licenses all of their music through their own publishing company, Person B (stylized as Person♭) Productions.[14] Since 2015 Cylinder has compiled their podcasting themes into several albums, each titled Songs for Broadcast followed by a volume number. In December 2022 Cylinder announced that the ninth volume would be the last because \"it caps a trilogy of trilogies\".[15] Cylinder released a tenth volume to Bandcamp in January 2024.","title":"Podcasting work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Paint Your Grandma's Portrait\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Breakmaster_Cylinder_feat_Dislotec_-_01_-_Paint_Your_Grandmas_Portrait.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"mixtapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtape"},{"link_name":"ringtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringtone"},{"link_name":"Alanis Morissette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanis_Morissette"},{"link_name":"Stones Throw Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stones_Throw_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millions,_2017-2"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"Toxic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_(song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"folk song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"Down by the Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_by_the_Bay"},{"link_name":"children's music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_music"},{"link_name":"Raffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raffi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusk,_2018-3"},{"link_name":"political songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest_music"},{"link_name":"Planned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Increasingly_Enraged,_2017-16"},{"link_name":"mess with","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_jamming"},{"link_name":"public radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"parodic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"Morning Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Edition"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quah,_2019-17"},{"link_name":"dubstep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubstep"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi_Singh"},{"link_name":"All Things Considered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rameswaram,_2014-18"},{"link_name":"indie music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_music"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellin,_2017-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Changelog_473-20"},{"link_name":"Bec Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bec_Hill"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dali,_2019-21"}],"text":"\"Paint Your Grandma's Portrait\"\n\nSound clip of Breakmaster Cylinder's work with rapper and frequent collaborator Dislotec.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Many of Breakmaster Cylinder's albums are thematic, and include mixtapes, collections of ringtones, and music made for podcasts. The 2014 album Pineapple Princess was partially derived from hearing Alanis Morissette’s music being played in supermarket produce sections. The 2017 album Pickled Beets Part III features a year's worth of weekly submissions to the Stones Throw Records beat-writing competition, Stones Throw Beat Battle.[2] One of these submissions, \"Drumcorpscore\" was designed to be a backing track for Britney Spears’ song \"Toxic\". \"Drumcorpscore\" and many other of the weekly submission tracks were later repurposed, with samples removed, for use in scoring Reply All.[1] Also in 2017, Cylinder remixed a version of the traditional folk song \"Down by the Bay\" as sung by popular children's music artist Raffi. Breakmaster Cylinder explained, \"That song says it isn't safe to go home because Mom will say some crazy shit to you, which is a weird message for a children's song, but is actually how many adults I know feel about [going home for the holidays].\"[3] Cylinder released this, along with two other political songs on the Singable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged EP and included a note encouraging fans to donate to Planned Parenthood, an organization for which Cylinder had previously fundraised with their music.[16]Cylinder has also been known to use their craft to mess with public radio culture as heard in their parodic remixes of radio themes such as that of Morning Edition.[17] A reviewer described Cylinder’s mash-up \"The NPR Drop\" as \"a wonderfully bizarre amalgamation of dubstep, Lakshmi Singh, and the All Things Considered horns.\"[18]Breakmaster Cylinder is a proponent of the indie music site Bandcamp through which they make all of their music available to stream or download.[1] They collaborated with rapper Dislotec on a series of singles released from 2015–2019.[19][20] Also in 2019, Cylinder collaborated with Australian comedian Bec Hill on her live show I'll Be Bec, which was filmed for online video streaming just before the coronavirus pandemic.[21]","title":"Albums and collaborators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirway,_2018-10"},{"link_name":"pseudonymity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonymity"},{"link_name":"anonymity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lusk,_2018-3"},{"link_name":"Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard_and_Bennin,_2022-1"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elliott,_2016-22"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"flying saucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flying_Saucer_(song)"},{"link_name":"Speak & Spell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speak_%26_Spell_(toy)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamm_and_Lark,_2016-8"},{"link_name":"Song Exploder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Exploder"},{"link_name":"Hrishikesh Hirway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrishikesh_Hirway"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirway,_2018-10"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"breakbeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakbeat"},{"link_name":"master cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_cylinder"},{"link_name":"brakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brake"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"singular they","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_they"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romeo,_2017-4"},{"link_name":"full stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_stop"},{"link_name":"exclamation points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclamation_point"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millions,_2017-2"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millions,_2017-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romeo,_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millions,_2017-2"}],"text":"Since Cylinder's earliest contributions to TL;DR, radio hosts have credited the composer as \"The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder\" and claimed to never have met nor spoken with them, nor to have any knowledge of who Cylinder actually is.[10] Cylinder has perpetuated this mystique of pseudonymity in interviews stating, \"I guess the anonymity is interesting\", and, \"My face (if I have a face) doesn't matter\".[3] In the final episode of Reply All, Cylinder revealed that they are a Taurus and have lived in three different sections of the United States.[1]During his time at Gimlet Media, Reply All host Alex Goldman asserted that he and his staff did not know Cylinder's secret identity. \"I found him, or they—we don't really know—on the internet,\" Goldman said in an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald. \"I contacted him and he agreed to work with us, so long as he could remain anonymous.\"[22] Jerod Santo and Adam Stacoviak from podcasting network The Changelog exclusively use Breakmaster Cylinder's music to score all of their shows, yet claim to not know if Cylinder is a \"guy [or] girl—we're not sure if it's one person [or] many people.\"[13] For an interview with The Secret Room podcast, Cylinder fielded questions through a mix of flying saucer-style mashups of pop songs and an old Speak & Spell on the fritz.[8] In an audio story about Breakmaster Cylinder's compositional and recording techniques, Song Exploder producer Hrishikesh Hirway states, \"I interviewed Breakmaster Cylinder, but out of respect for his or her privacy and mystery, I had an actor replace Breakmaster Cylinder's voice...or did I?\"[10]It has been speculated on Reddit that the name \"Breakmaster Cylinder\" is a portmanteau of \"breakmaster\"—a musician who works with breakbeats—and \"master cylinder\"—an automotive component that regulates the brakes of a car, truck, or motorcycle.[9] When asked about their gender, Cylinder has referred to themself using the singular they pronoun.[4] In photographs, Cylinder appears as a head shrouded in a black motorcycle helmet painted with white bug-eyes that are actually a pair of full stop marks that form the base of two exclamation points.[2] Their head is shown on a variety of different bodies and gender expressions, and occasionally on a manipulated portrait of Johann Sebastian Bach.[2][4] Despite their allure of secrecy, Cylinder has gained repute for responding to fan letters and being easily accessible via the internet.[2]","title":"Persona"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Output"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakmaster_Cylinder&action=edit&section=7"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Spasmodic Symmetry (2006)\nDolomite! (EP, 2009)\nRemix One (2009)\nSay Hello to Klaus (2010)\nMusique Pour Les Pubs De Nourriture Pour Chiens (2011)\nSee You Around (EP, 2011)\nBMC: Remixed (2011)\nTokyo (EP, 2012)\nBlithering Heights (Mixtape, 2012)\nThe BMC Fine Ringtones Collection (2013)\nRemix Two: Short Attention Span Theater (2013)\nBig Schnitzel (EP, 2013)\nPineapple Princess (EP, 2014)\nPickled Beets: Part I (2015)\nSongs For Broadcast: part I (2015)\nThe BMC Fine Ringtones Collection: 2nd Issue (2015)\nPickled Beets: Part II (2015)\nSongs For Broadcast: part II (2016)\nBMC: Live From Gimlet's Executive Washroom (2016)\nSongs For Broadcast: part III (2016)\nI Wanna Hear The Music (EP, 2017)\nPickled Beets: Part III (2017)\nBMC ONE: Video Collection 2007–2017 (2017)\nSongs For Broadcast: part IV (2018)\nSingable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged (EP, 2017)\nSongs For Broadcast: part V (2018)\nBlithering Heights 2 (Mixtape, 2018)\nSongs For Broadcast: part VI (2018)\nRemix Three (2018)\nMono Planet EP (2019)\nSongs For Broadcast: part VII (2020)\nBMC and Dog In Space: The Complete Series (2020)\nBreakmast of Champions (2020)\nDead Legends (OST 2021)\nSongs For Broadcast: part VIII (2022)\nSongs For Broadcast: part IX (2022)\nMr. Stockdale (OST, 2023)\nThe Moon & All That (2023)\nChangelog Beats Volumes [0]: Theme Songs (2023)\nChangelog Beats Volumes [1]: Next Level (2023)\n BMC's Voicemail: Fall 2018 (2023)\nPolter Pals OST (Split Hare Games, 2023)\nSongs For Broadcast X (2024)\nSingles with Dislotec[edit]\n\"Solfeggio\" (2015)\n\"Superflypapertrailblazer\" (2016)\n\"Warning Signs\" (2018)\n\"Tiny Marshmallows\" (2018)\n\"Pitbull\" (2018)\n\"Westwood\" (2018)\n\"I Don't Wanna Talk To My Neighbors\" (2019)\n\"Zombies\" b/w “Eject / Reject” (2019)\n\"Dollar Of Damage\" (2019)","title":"Output"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bischoff,_2022-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Cnn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnn"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Axelrod,_2022-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hennessey_and_Hennessey,_2015-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCO,_2016-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"Gimlet Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimlet_Media"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pinnamaneni,_2019-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cylinder:_Pocket_Casts,_2020-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Molesworth,_2021-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hebert-Maccaro,_2022-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biz/Dis-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenpeace:_COK-36"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thompson,_2018-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parness,_2018-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corbitt,_2017-39"},{"link_name":"Darknet 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Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagined_Life"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside_Radio,_July_2022-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annika_Goldman,_2018-54"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"Heritage Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parness,_2018-38"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivy.FM-46"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Romeo,_2017-4"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZZ-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schroeder_&_Schroeder-60"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Annika_Goldman,_2018-54"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luling,_2018-12"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parness,_2018-38"},{"link_name":"The Pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pitch_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivy.FM-46"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millions,_2017-2"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"Reply All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reply_All_(podcast)"},{"link_name":"Gimlet Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimlet_Media"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quah,_Sep_2019-61"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellin,_2017-19"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivy.FM-46"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cylinder:_Pocket_Casts,_2020-31"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cylinder:_Pocket_Casts,_2020-31"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist_Radio-64"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivy.FM-46"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larson,_2019-13"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivy.FM-46"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloan_and_Harding,_2015-11"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gots,_2016-65"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BmC_Patreon-66"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cylinder:_Pocket_Casts,_2020-31"},{"link_name":"TL;DR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_The_Media"},{"link_name":"WNYC Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNYC_Studios"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"Vox Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vox_Media"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luling,_2018-12"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parness,_2018-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Person_B_SoundCloud-51"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCO,_2016-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goldberg,_2018-9"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bramhill,_2017-67"},{"link_name":"Virginia Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Humanities"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cylinder:_Pocket_Casts,_2020-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parness,_2018-38"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Podchaser:_BmC_Credits-29"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parness,_2018-38"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-You_Can't_Do_That-68"},{"link_name":"Gimlet Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimlet_Media"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koenig,_2019-69"},{"link_name":"Gimlet Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimlet_Media"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100%_Related?-70"}],"sub_title":"Podcast and radio themes","text":"Absolutely Crushed[23]\nAFK (Changelog)[13]\nAll Consuming[24]\nThe Axe Files {Cnn Audio)[25]\nBattle Born Tech (KNVC FM)[26]\nBe Less Typical[27][28]\nBen Franklin's World: A Podcast About Early American History (Omohundro Institute)[29]\n{Blank}+{Blank}=Fun (Gimlet Media)[30]\nBleeped[31]\nBlogtacular[29][32]\nBusiness Casual (Morning Brew)[33]\nBusiness/Disrupted[34]\nThe Changelog (Changelog Media)[35]\nCompletely Optional Knowledge[36]\nCrazy Genius (The Atlantic)[37][38]\nCreatures[39]\nDarknet Diaries[40][38]\nDecoder (Vox Media)[41]\nDedicate It[42]\nDiscomfort Zone[29]\nThe Drunk Projectionist[43][29]\nThe Europe Desk[44]\nThe Ezra Zaid Project[45]\nFabulous Flying Merkins (Indaba)[29]\nFeminist Furies[29]\nFictional[46]\nFootloose & Fancy Free[29]\nFor The Record[47]\nFounder's Talk (Changelog)[13]\nGameplay[48]\nGender Reveal [49]\nGet More Smarter`[50]\nGirl's Girls (Curvy Girl Media)[46][51]\nGlow Girl (Curvy Girl Media)[52]\nGo Time (Changelog)[13]\nThe Greatest Gift[51]\nHello Monday! (LinkedIn)[53]\nHit Enter: Stories from the Inbox[29][51]\nThe Hungry Fan[54]\nImagined Life (Wondery)[29]\nIndie Romp[29][51]\nInto It (Vox Media)[55]\nJobs Club[54]\nJS Party (Changelog)[13]\nKnow It All[29]\n<~> (Less Than, Approximately, Greater Than)[29]\nMeat and Three (Heritage Radio Network)[56][38]\nMeet Your Maker[46][51]\nMet Nerds om Tafel[57]\nMethods[29][51]\nMoonshot (Lawson Media)[58]\nOutside/In [4]\nNothing Is Boring[29]\nNZZ am Sonntag (NZZ)[59]\nOhrensessel[60]\nOtakon[54]\nThe Payoff (Mic)[29]\nPersonal Best (CBC Radio)[12][38]\nThe Pitch (Gimlet Media)[9]\nPlay It Back[29][51]\nPodSAM[46]\nPractical AI (Changelog)[13]\nPreserve This Podcast[29]\nRehabCast[2][51]\nReply All (Gimlet Media)[9]\nRequest for Commits (Changelog)[13]\nReset (Vox Media)[61]\nSandwich Podcast (Sandwich)[19]\nSanity Podcast[29]\nSay Something Worth Stealing[9]\nThe Secret Room[46][31][51]\nShip It (Changelog)[13]\nSidedoor (Smithsonian Institution)[62]\nSignl.fm[51]\nThe Soak[31]\nSoapboxers[63]\nSpecial Relationship (The Economist)[64]\nSorry, What?[46]\nSpotlight (Changelog)[13]\nSTEM Diversity Podcast[29]\nStories of Our Times (The Times)[46]\nSwitched On Pop[11]\nTalking Points[29]\nThere Will Be Spoilers[29][51]\nThink Again (Big Think)[65]\nThe Third Web[29]\nThe Ticket[66]\nTime Well Spent[31]\nTL;DR (WNYC Studios)[9]\nToday Explained (Vox Media)[12][38]\nTrue North[29][51]\nUndefined[51]\nUnMonumental[28]\nWe The Ppl[9]\nWelcome to Macintosh[67]\nWith Good Reason (Virginia Humanities)[29]\nYarn Stories[29]\nYes Was[31][38]\nYesterday's Technology Tomorrow[29]\nYM Answers[38]\nYou Can't Do That[68]\n88% Parentheticals (Gimlet Media)[69]\n100% Related? (Gimlet Media)[70]","title":"Output"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oster,_2017-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Life's_Wonders-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cision,_Feb_2022-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramsey_and_Tso,_2022-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shabbir,_2022-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shabbir_2022%C2%BD-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Migliorino,_2020-77"}],"sub_title":"Contributions to other media","text":"Computer Show (scored \"computer music\" for 1980s TV spoof)[71]\nLife's Wonders (RV series composer)[72]\nMetaLetters DAO (Metaversal)[73]\nOur Story - The Indigenous Led Fight to Protect Greater Chaco (contributed original music to 2022 documentary film)[74]\nPakistani Reactions (theme for video series)[75][76]\nSlash Quest (Green Pillow/Noodlecake Games)[77]","title":"Output"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Howard, Tim; Bennin, Phia (23 June 2022). \"Goodbye All\". Reply All. No. 189. Gimlet Media. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/xjhz6na/189-goodbye-all","url_text":"\"Goodbye All\""}]},{"reference":"Millions, Kid (11 July 2017). \"Kid Millions Talks With Breakmaster Cylinder About Their Brain-Breaking Beats\". Bandcamp Daily. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/07/11/kid-millions-breakmaster-cylinder-interview/","url_text":"\"Kid Millions Talks With Breakmaster Cylinder About Their Brain-Breaking Beats\""}]},{"reference":"Lusk, Ashley (30 May 2018). \"20 Questions with the Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder\". Bello Collective. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bellocollective.com/20-questions-with-the-mysterious-breakmaster-cylinder-7e0609a714d5","url_text":"\"20 Questions with the Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breakmaster Cylinder\". Romeo. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.planetromeo.com/en/blog/breakmaster-cylinder/","url_text":"\"Breakmaster Cylinder\""}]},{"reference":"\"Behind the Beats: STBB#386 – Breakmaster Cylinder\". Beatmakology. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beatmakology.eu/uncategorized/behind-the-beats-stbb386-breakmaster-cylinder/","url_text":"\"Behind the Beats: STBB#386 – Breakmaster Cylinder\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder Opens Up: An Interview\". Exolymph. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exolymph.news/2016/07/31/mysterious-breakmaster-cylinder-interview/","url_text":"\"The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder Opens Up: An Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Lockett, Dee (2 May 2014). \"This Hilarious Mashup Features Biggie's Many Food References\". Slate. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/05/02/biggie_food_references_breakmaster_cylinder_s_hilarious_big_schnitzel_mash.html","url_text":"\"This Hilarious Mashup Features Biggie's Many Food References\""}]},{"reference":"Hamm, Ben; Lark, Susie (March 13, 2016). \"The Lost BmC Interview\". The Secret Room. Retrieved 5 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/breakmaster-cylinder/breakmaster-cylinder-interviewed-on-the-secret-room-31316","url_text":"\"The Lost BmC Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Kevin (11 April 2018). \"Breakmaster Cylinder: A Conversation with Podcasting's Most Prolific (And Mysterious) Artist\". Discover the Best Podcasts \| Discover Pods. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://discoverpods.com/breakmaster-cylinder-podcast-music-reply-all/","url_text":"\"Breakmaster Cylinder: A Conversation with Podcasting's Most Prolific (And Mysterious) Artist\""}]},{"reference":"Hirway, Hrishikesh (26 November 2018). \"Bonus Episode: Reply All\". Song Exploder. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://songexploder.net/reply-all","url_text":"\"Bonus Episode: Reply All\""}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Harding; Harding, Charlie (7 October 2015). \"21. Justin Bieber's Existential Suite\". Switched on Pop. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.switchedonpop.com/21-justin-biebers-existential-suite/","url_text":"\"21. Justin Bieber's Existential Suite\""}]},{"reference":"Luling, Todd Van (1 June 2018). \"Zardulu And Breakmaster Cylinder Debut A New Song Collaboration\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/zardulu-breakmaster-cylinder_us_5b101527e4b0870ebd094ae4","url_text":"\"Zardulu And Breakmaster Cylinder Debut A New Song Collaboration\""}]},{"reference":"Quincy, Larson (November 21, 2019). \"Quincy Interviews Open Source Legends The Changelog for their 10\". school.geekwall.in. Free Code Camp. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://school.geekwall.in/p/5GQz3JGZ","url_text":"\"Quincy Interviews Open Source Legends The Changelog for their 10\""}]},{"reference":"Cylinder, Breakmaster. \"Person B Production, License Custom Music for Broadcast\". person-b. Retrieved 3 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.personbproductions.com/","url_text":"\"Person B Production, License Custom Music for Broadcast\""}]},{"reference":"Cylinder, Breakmaster (9 December 2022). Twitter https://twitter.com/BrkmstrCylinder/status/1601288592025743360?cxt=HHwWgMCj6bHf9bgsAAAA. Retrieved 10 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BrkmstrCylinder/status/1601288592025743360?cxt=HHwWgMCj6bHf9bgsAAAA","url_text":"https://twitter.com/BrkmstrCylinder/status/1601288592025743360?cxt=HHwWgMCj6bHf9bgsAAAA"}]},{"reference":"Cylinder, Breakmaster (November 17, 2017). \"Singable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged EP\". Bandcamp. Retrieved 4 July 2022. Track 3 originally released on Big Sleep Records for a Planned Parenthood fundraiser album. Please consider a donation to Planned Parenthood.","urls":[{"url":"https://breakmastercylinder.bandcamp.com/album/singable-songs-for-the-increasingly-enraged-ep","url_text":"\"Singable Songs For The Increasingly Enraged EP\""}]},{"reference":"Quah, Nicholas (February 12, 2019). \"In Liverpool, a football podcast has grown into a real media company — based mostly on listener payment, not advertising\". Nieman Lab. Retrieved 15 September 2019. For the first time in a very long time, NPR is updating the Morning Edition theme to appeal to \"new listeners,\" i.e. the youths. Shouts to that one time NPR asked its audience to remix its theme in 2016. Personally, I stan [sic] for the Breakmaster Cylinder take.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niemanlab.org/2019/02/in-liverpool-a-football-podcast-has-grown-into-a-real-media-company-based-mostly-on-listener-payment-not-advertising/","url_text":"\"In Liverpool, a football podcast has grown into a real media company — based mostly on listener payment, not advertising\""}]},{"reference":"Rameswaram, Sean (December 5, 2014). \"Thanks, Internet: Five Things You Had to See Online This Week\". The Takeaway. WNYC. Retrieved 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/takeaway/segments/thanks-internet-five-things-you-had-see-online-week-5","url_text":"\"Thanks, Internet: Five Things You Had to See Online This Week\""}]},{"reference":"Fellin, Conor (5 January 2017). \"Beet Reporter: An Interview with Breakmaster Cylinder\". rail gaze. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railgaze.com/2017/01/beet-reporter-an-interview-with-breakmaster-cylinder/","url_text":"\"Beet Reporter: An Interview with Breakmaster Cylinder\""}]},{"reference":"Santo, Jarod; Stacoviak, Adam (December 8, 2021). \"Changelog Transcripts\". The Changelog. No. 473. Changelog Media. Retrieved 30 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/thechangelog/transcripts/blob/master/podcast/the-changelog-473.md","url_text":"\"Changelog Transcripts\""}]},{"reference":"Dali, Ben (August 9, 2019). \"Bec Hill: I'll Be Bec: 5 star review by Ben Dali\". broadwaybaby.com. 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Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iphoneitalia.com/744843/slash-quest-apple-arcade","url_text":"\"Slash Quest approda su Apple Arcade\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.breakmastercylinder.com/","external_links_name":"www.breakmastercylinder.com"},{"Link":"https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/xjhz6na/189-goodbye-all","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye All\""},{"Link":"https://daily.bandcamp.com/2017/07/11/kid-millions-breakmaster-cylinder-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Kid Millions Talks With Breakmaster Cylinder About Their Brain-Breaking Beats\""},{"Link":"https://bellocollective.com/20-questions-with-the-mysterious-breakmaster-cylinder-7e0609a714d5","external_links_name":"\"20 Questions with the Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder\""},{"Link":"https://www.planetromeo.com/en/blog/breakmaster-cylinder/","external_links_name":"\"Breakmaster Cylinder\""},{"Link":"http://www.beatmakology.eu/uncategorized/behind-the-beats-stbb386-breakmaster-cylinder/","external_links_name":"\"Behind the Beats: STBB#386 – Breakmaster Cylinder\""},{"Link":"https://www.exolymph.news/2016/07/31/mysterious-breakmaster-cylinder-interview/","external_links_name":"\"The Mysterious Breakmaster Cylinder Opens Up: An Interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/05/02/biggie_food_references_breakmaster_cylinder_s_hilarious_big_schnitzel_mash.html","external_links_name":"\"This Hilarious Mashup Features Biggie's Many Food References\""},{"Link":"https://soundcloud.com/breakmaster-cylinder/breakmaster-cylinder-interviewed-on-the-secret-room-31316","external_links_name":"\"The Lost BmC Interview\""},{"Link":"https://discoverpods.com/breakmaster-cylinder-podcast-music-reply-all/","external_links_name":"\"Breakmaster Cylinder: A Conversation with Podcasting's Most Prolific (And Mysterious) Artist\""},{"Link":"http://songexploder.net/reply-all","external_links_name":"\"Bonus Episode: Reply All\""},{"Link":"http://www.switchedonpop.com/21-justin-biebers-existential-suite/","external_links_name":"\"21. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Avenue_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)	75th Avenue station	["1 History","1.1 Construction and opening","1.2 Platform extensions","2 Station layout","2.1 Exits","2.2 Track layout","3 Ridership","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°43′07″N 73°50′16″W / 40.71864°N 73.837738°W / 40.71864; -73.837738 New York City Subway station in Queens New York City Subway station in Queens, New York 75 Avenue New York City Subway station (rapid transit)View of northbound platformStation statisticsAddress75th Avenue & Queens BoulevardForest Hills, NYBoroughQueensLocaleForest HillsCoordinates40°43′07″N 73°50′16″W / 40.71864°N 73.837738°W / 40.71864; -73.837738DivisionB (IND)LineIND Queens Boulevard LineServices E (nights after 9:00 p.m., weekends, and limited a.m. rush hour trips) F (all times) <F> (two rush hour trains, peak direction)Transit MTA Bus: Q60, QM11, QM18StructureUndergroundPlatforms2 side platformsTracks4Other informationOpenedDecember 31, 1936; 87 years ago (1936-12-31)Opposite-directiontransferNoFormer/other names75th Avenue–Puritan AvenueTraffic2023683,707 12.9% Rank352 out of 423Services Preceding station New York City Subway Following station Forest Hills–71st AvenueE F <F> toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Local Kew Gardens–Union TurnpikeE F <F> toward Jamaica–179th Street Location Show map of New York City SubwayShow map of New York CityShow map of New York Track layout Legend Upper level to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike to Forest Hills–71st Avenue Lower level to Jamaica Yard Lower level relay tracksto Forest Hills–71st Avenue Street map Station service legend Symbol Description Stops all times Stops late nights and weekends Stops rush hours in the peak direction only (limited service) The 75th Avenue station (originally 75th Avenue–Puritan Avenue station) is a local station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 75th Avenue and Queens Boulevard in Forest Hills, Queens, it is served by the F train at all times, the E train at all times except weekday rush hours and middays, and the <F> train during rush hours in the reverse peak direction. The station opened on December 31, 1936 as a station along the Independent Subway System's Queens Boulevard Line. The opening of the station brought significant growth to the adjacent community of Forest Hills, transforming it from a quiet residential community to an active population center. History Construction and opening For further details about the construction of this segment of the IND Queens Boulevard Line, see IND Queens Boulevard Line § Opening and expansion. Entrance to the 75th Avenue station on the north side of Queens Boulevard The Queens Boulevard Line was one of the first built by the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), and was planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, with a stop at 75th Avenue. The line was first proposed in 1925. Construction of the line was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate on October 4, 1928. As planned, 75th Avenue was to be a local stop; it would be one of 22 total stops on the line between Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and 178th Street in Queens. The line was constructed using the cut-and-cover tunneling method, and to allow pedestrians to cross, temporary bridges were built over the trenches. Early planning documents called for a station at "Queens Boulevard–Puritan Avenue"; Puritan Avenue was the name for 75th Road in Forest Hills Gardens. For the first few years of operation the station was referred to as Puritan Avenue. The design called for a small mezzanine but 75th Avenue was built with a full one as it was cheaper than filling in the excavation. The first section of the line opened on August 19, 1933 from the connection to the Eighth Avenue Line at 50th Street to Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights. Later that year, a $23 million loan was approved to finance the remainder of the line, along with other IND lines. The remainder of the line was built by the Public Works Administration. In 1934 and 1935, construction of the extension to Jamaica was suspended for 15 months and was halted by strikes. Construction was further delayed due to a strike in 1935, instigated by electricians opposing wages paid by the General Railway Signal Company. In August 1936, tracks were installed all the way to 178th Street, and the stations to Union Turnpike were completed. On December 31, 1936, the IND Queens Boulevard Line was extended by eight stops, and 3.5 miles (5.6 km), from its previous terminus at Roosevelt Avenue to Union Turnpike. The construction of the extension to Kew Gardens brought significant growth to Queens, specifically in Forest Hills and Kew Gardens. With the subway providing a quick and cheap commute, Forest Hills became a more desirable place to live, and as a result new apartment buildings were built in advance of the line's opening to accommodate the expected influx of residents.: 74 : 71 Forest Hills was transformed from a quiet residential community of one-family houses to an active population center. Between July and October 1938, the entrance to the southeastern corner of 75th Road and Queens Boulevard opened. This entrance opened due to increased ridership from six new apartment buildings in the area. The owners of these six new apartment buildings, Cord Meyer Development Company, local homeowners, and civic associations placed pressure on the New York City Board of Transportation to open the entrance in July 1938. On December 15, 1940, F trains began running via the newly opened IND Sixth Avenue Line and along the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks; they skipped the 75th Avenue station. Platform extensions In 1953, the platforms at six Queens Boulevard Line stations, including 75th Avenue, were lengthened to allow eleven-car trains. The New York City Board of Transportation had announced plans in November 1949 to spend $325,000 extending platforms at several IND stations, including 75th Avenue, to accommodate 11-car trains; the bid for the project went out in 1951. The lengthened trains began running during rush hour on September 8, 1953. Eleven-car trains would only operate on weekdays.: 37–38 The extra car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000 (equivalent to $4.56 million in 2023). The operation of eleven-car trains ended in 1958 because of operational difficulties. The signal blocks, especially in Manhattan, were too short to accommodate the longer trains, and the motormen had a very small margin of error to properly platform the train. It was found that operating ten-car trains allowed for two additional trains per hour to be scheduled. Station layout Ground Street level Exit/entrance Mezzanine Fare control, station agent, MetroCard machines Platform level Side platform Southbound local ← toward World Trade Center evenings/nights/weekends (Forest Hills–71st Avenue)← toward Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (Forest Hills–71st Avenue) Southbound express ← does not stop here weekdays Northbound express → does not stop here weekdays → Northbound local → toward Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer evenings/nights/weekends (Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike) →→ toward Jamaica–179th Street (two p.m. rush hour trips) (Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike) →→ toward Jamaica–179th Street (Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike) → Side platform Lower tracks Yard track ← No passenger service Storage track ← storage track Storage track → storage track Yard track → No passenger service → Mosaic name tablet This local station has four tracks and two side platforms. The F train stops here at all times, while the E train stops here during evenings, late nights, and weekends. The E train uses the two center tracks to bypass this station weekdays (Manhattan-bound from approximately 6:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m., Jamaica-bound from 7:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.). The station is between Forest Hills–71st Avenue to the west and Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike to the east. Both platforms have a light Fern green trim line with a black border and "75TH AVE" tile captions in white lettering on a black background beneath them. There are mosaic name tablets reading "75TH AVE." in white sans-serif font on a black background with a light Fern green border, and beneath them are directional tile signs in white lettering on a black background pointing to the exits. The tile band is part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND. The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, a different tile color is used at Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike, the next express station to the east. The green tiles used at the 75th Avenue station was also used at the next station to the west, Forest Hills–71st Avenue, which is an express station. Tile caption Emerald green I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering. The trackside columns have old white "75TH AVE" signs on them in black lettering. The former name of Puritan Avenue was still reflected on platform signage into the 1990s. The I-beam piers on the platforms are located every 15 feet (4.6 m) and support girders above the platforms. The roof girders are also connected to columns in the walls adjoining each platform.: 3 The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The outer walls of this trough are composed of columns, spaced approximately every 5 feet (1.5 m) with concrete infill between them. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the tunnel wall and the platform wall, which is made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. The columns between the tracks are also spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), with no infill.: 3 Exits The station has a full-length mezzanine above the platforms and tracks. All of the mezzanine is still completely open, with the exception of a tiny closed fenced-off section at the station's eastern end that is accessed from a single closed staircase on the Manhattan-bound platform. However, it is set up in a way that does not allow a free transfer between directions, as the fare control is located in the middle of the mezzanine. The token booth and turnstile banks for either direction are at the center. HEET turnstiles are at either ends near the station's entrances and exits, both of which have two street stairs. The entrance at the west (railroad south) end leads to the northwest corner and southwest corners of Queens Boulevard and 75th Avenue, while the one on the east (railroad north) end leads to southeast corner of Queens Boulevard and 75th Road. Chain-link fences separate the sections of the mezzanine within fare control and the section out of fare control. The section of the mezzanine within fare control used to span across the entire space, but a fare-free underpass under Queens Boulevard now divides the northbound and southbound parts of the mezzanine, and there is no way to make a free transfer between the two platforms anymore. Track layout There are a pair of diamond crossovers near the western end of this station, located between the local and express tracks in each direction. F trains use these at all times, switching from express to local for the remainder of their route east (railroad north) to its terminal at Jamaica–179th Street station. E trains only use them on weekdays during the evening and on weekends during the day. The stretch of local track between 71st Avenue and 75th Avenue is only used in revenue service during late nights, when E and F trains both run local. There are also four tracks underneath this station, which are not visible from the platforms. An emergency exit located in the middle of the Jamaica-bound platform leads to this lower level. The two outer tracks lead to Jamaica Yard while the two center tracks are used for reversing local trains from Forest Hills–71st Avenue and end at bumper blocks just below Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike station under the mainline tracks. The two center tracks used for reversing local trains can be seen from Jamaica-bound express trains. At the west end of the station, there are two punch boxes, one on the local and express tracks.: 50 Ridership In the 1970s, when the New York City Subway was at an all-time low, following the general trend of a decrease in ridership, the number of passengers using the 75th Avenue station decreased by 300,000 passengers. In 2019, the station had 1,059,027 boardings, making it the 351st most used station in the 423-station system. This amounted to an average of 3,549 passengers per weekday. Notes ^ The subway cars on the IND were built to be 60 feet (18.3 m) long. These cars typically operated in 10-car trains, with an entire train length being 600 feet (182.9 m). When platforms at stations such as 75th Avenue were lengthened to accommodate 11-car trains, the platforms had to be extended an additional car length, or 60 feet, making the platform at least 660 feet (201.2 m) long.: 185 References ^ "Glossary". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b c "Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024. ^ See: Duffus, R.L. (September 22, 1929). "Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 19, 2015. Board of Transportation of the City of New York Engineering Department, Proposed Additional Rapid Transit Lines And Proposed Vehicular Tunnel, dated August 23, 1929 ^ "Queens Lauded as Best Boro By Chamber Chief". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 23, 1929. p. 40. Retrieved October 4, 2015. ^ "New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000" (PDF). The New York Times. March 21, 1925. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2020. ^ "$17,146,500 Voted For New Subways; Estimate Board Appropriates More Than $9,000,000 for Lines in Brooklyn. $6,490,000 For The Bronx Smaller Items for Incidental Work --Approves the Proposed Queens Boulevard Route". The New York Times. October 5, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 4, 2016. ^ "22 Stations On New Subway Into Queens: Five Are Designated Express Stops on Transit Route, Which Ends at Jamaica". New York Herald Tribune. July 23, 1933. p. H2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114650593. ^ Hirshon, Nicholas; Romano, Foreword by Ray (January 1, 2013). Forest Hills. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-9785-0. ^ "104 Station Sites For City's Subways Chosen By Board" (PDF). The New York Times. June 2, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2015. ^ Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa (April 16, 2015). "Streets With 2 Names Cause 'Chronic' 911 Problems, Official Says". DNAinfo.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015. ^ "New Subway To Add 2 Needed Services; Opening of 6th Ave. Line to Provide Uptown Local Route and More Queens Expresses". The New York Times. December 2, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 8, 2016. ^ a b Marks, Seymour (January 20, 1959). "Phantom Subway: Ideal Spot to Park" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. p. 3. Retrieved August 12, 2016. ^ "Two Subway Links Opened In Queens" (PDF). The New York Times. August 19, 1933. p. 13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 11, 2016. ^ "Unfinished Sections of Subway Lines To Be Completed" (PDF). The New York Sun. December 13, 1933. p. 47. Retrieved July 30, 2016. ^ "Trains Testing Jamaica Link Of City Subway". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 10, 1937. p. 3. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ "Test Trains Running In Queens Subway; Switch and Signal Equipment of New Independent Line Is Being Checked". The New York Times. December 20, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ a b Neufeld, Ernest (August 23, 1936). "Men Toil Under Earth to Build Subway" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. p. 2 (Section 2). Retrieved August 12, 2016. ^ See: "500 More Quit Subway Work On Boulevard: General Strike Order Issued Today; 72 Walk Out in Jamaica" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. April 2, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2016. "Aldermen Probe Strike on Subway" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. April 3, 1935. p. 4. Retrieved July 30, 2016. ^ "New Retail Area In Queens Borough; Sees Roosevelt Avenue Subway Station as Great Shopping Centre. Advantages Pointed Out Accessibility to Many Home Communities Assures Potential Market". The New York Times. July 9, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ "Notice to Passengers: Extension of Service Beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning of Thursday, December 31, 1936". New York City Board of Transportation. 1936. Retrieved April 26, 2016 – via Flickr. ^ "PWA Party Views New Subway Link: Queens Section to Be Opened Tomorrow Is Inspected by Tuttle and Others" (PDF). The New York Times. December 30, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 27, 2015. ^ "City Subway Opens Queens Link Today; Extension Brings Kew Gardens Within 36 Minutes of 42d St. on Frequent Trains". The New York Times. December 31, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ "Opening Moved Up For New Subway; Traffic to Be Started on the Extension of City's Line to Kew Gardens on Thursday. Eight Stations Are Added La Guardia and Official Party Will Inspect New Queens Branch on Wednesday". The New York Times. December 26, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ "Subway Link Aids Realty Activity". The New York Times. March 7, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ Hirshon, Nicholas (2013). Forest Hills. Arcadia Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7385-9785-0. ^ Copquin, Claudia Gryvatz (2007). The Neighborhoods of Queens. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11299-3. ^ "Demand Is Noted For Queens Homes". The New York Times. July 18, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ Myers, Steven Lee (June 14, 1992). "Life Beyond the Subway Is Subject to Its Own Disruptions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ "Many Rentals Attributed to New Features". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 23, 1938. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. ^ "Transit Board Asked to Extend Subway Station". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. July 24, 1938. Archived from the original on February 28, 2022. ^ See: Linder, Bernard (December 2008). "Sixth Avenue Subway Service Changes". New York Division Bulletin. 51 (12). Electric Railroaders' Association: 2–4. Retrieved August 6, 2016. "New 6th Ave. Tube Will Be Boon to Queens Residents". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 8, 1940. p. 10. Retrieved October 4, 2015. ^ Sansone, Gene (October 25, 2004). New York Subways: An Illustrated History of New York City's Transit Cars. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801879227. ^ a b Ingalls, Leonard (August 28, 1953). "2 Subway Lines to Add Cars, Another to Speed Up Service" (PDF). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ^ Bennett, Charles G. (November 20, 1949). "Transit Platforms on Lines in Queens to Be Lengthened; $3,850,000 Program Outlined for Next Year to Care for Borough's Rapid Growth". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 23, 2023. ^ "37 Platforms On Subways To Be Lengthened: All Stations of B. M. T. and I.R.T.in Queens Included in $5,000,000 Program". New York Herald Tribune. November 20, 1949. p. 32. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1325174459. ^ Proceedings of the New York City Board of Transportation. New York City Board of Transportation. 1951. pp. 53, 145, 255. ^ Report. New York City Transit Authority. 1953. ^ "16-Point Plan Can Give Boro Relief Now". Long Island Star–Journal. August 10, 1962. Retrieved April 24, 2018. ^ a b Dougherty, Peter (2002). "NYC Track Map Book Page 50 Queens F" (PDF). nyctrackmapbook.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2003. Retrieved July 3, 2016. ^ "F Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ a b "E Subway Timetable, Effective December 4, 2022". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023. ^ "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2021. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). The 75th Ave tiled text a tile width below the lime green trim with a black border (image). ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). A name tablet with a mosaic arrow for the exit to 75th Ave (image). ^ "Tile Colors a Guide in the New Subway; Decoration Scheme Changes at Each Express Stop to Tell Riders Where They Are". The New York Times. August 22, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2022. ^ Carlson, Jen (February 18, 2016). "Map: These Color Tiles In The Subway System Used To Mean Something". Gothamist. Retrieved May 10, 2023. ^ Gleason, Will (February 18, 2016). "The hidden meaning behind the New York subway's colored tiles". Time Out New York. Retrieved May 10, 2023. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). Looking down an empty Manhattan-bound platform at 75th Ave (image). ^ NYCSubwaySystem (June 26, 2012). NYC Subway: 75 Avenue, F Train. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2016. (Note: The platform sign showing in the video has the name as "75 Av-Puritan Av" which can be seen at the 0:09 mark, and an entrance sign showing this name can be seen at the 2:18 mark) ^ a b "New York MPS Elmhurst Avenue Subway Station (IND)". Records of the National Park Service, 1785 - 2006, Series: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records, 2013 - 2017, Box: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: New York, ID: 05000672. National Archives. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). "A view of a closed staircase up to the mezzanine at 75th Ave". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (January 3, 2012). "The closed off extreme eastern end of the mezzanine". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ a b Cox, Jeremiah (January 2, 2013). "Approaching the token booth on the middle mezzanine". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). "A view of the turnstiles in the center of the station from the Manhattan-bound side of the mezzanine, nowhere near an exit to the street". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (January 3, 2012). "Two high turnstiles to the 75 Road exit". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). "A view of the High Entrance/Exit gates to the 75 Avenue exit, this means passengers don't have to walk the equivalent of 1/2 way down a platform length to find turnstiles to enter the system". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). "A mosaic sign outside of fare control for 75th Ave/N Side Queens Blvd". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (January 3, 2012). "Mosaic for 75th Ave. and the S. Side Queens Blvd". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 15, 2016. ^ "75th Avenue Neighborhood Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). "Another view down the Manhattan-bound side of the mezzanine at 75th Avenue, the cheep-looking chain link fence painted white that separates it from the area outside of fare control is visible". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ Cox, Jeremiah (January 3, 2012). "The Jamaica-bound platform is exit only near the exits". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 11, 2016. ^ a b Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 1056711733. ^ "Review of F Line Operations, Ridership, and Infrastructure" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 7, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2016. ^ a b Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. OCLC 1056711733. ^ Linsky, Alan. "A Picture History of Kew Gardens, NY – Queens Boulevard Rapid Transit". Kew Gardens Civic Association Incorporated. Retrieved April 26, 2016. ^ Burks, Edward C. (April 20, 1975). "Ridership on Queens Subways Down". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 75th Avenue (IND Queens Boulevard Line). Track map of the area, from nycsubway.org 75th Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View 75th Road entrance from Google Maps Street View Platforms from Google Maps Street View vteStations of the New York City Subway, by service Eighth Avenue Local Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer Sutphin Boulevard–Archer Avenue–JFK Airport Jamaica–Van Wyck Briarwood* Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike 75th Avenue* Forest Hills–71st Avenue 67th Avenue* 63rd Drive–Rego Park* Woodhaven Boulevard* Grand Avenue–Newtown* Elmhurst Avenue* Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue 65th Street* Northern Boulevard* 46th Street* Steinway Street* 36th Street* Queens Plaza Court Square–23rd Street Lexington Avenue–53rd Street Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Seventh Avenue 50th Street 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal 34th Street–Penn Station 23rd Street 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Spring Street Canal Street World Trade Center Queens Blvd Express/ Sixth Avenue Local Jamaica–179th Street 169th Street Parsons Boulevard Sutphin Boulevard Briarwood Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike 75th Avenue Forest Hills–71st Avenue Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue 21st Street–Queensbridge Roosevelt Island Lexington Avenue–63rd Street 57th Street 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue 34th Street–Herald Square 23rd Street 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Broadway–Lafayette Street/Bleecker Street Second Avenue Delancey Street East Broadway York Street Jay Street–MetroTech Bergen Street Carroll Street Smith–Ninth Streets Fourth Avenue Seventh Avenue 15th Street–Prospect Park Fort Hamilton Parkway Church Avenue Ditmas Avenue 18th Avenue Avenue I Bay Parkway Avenue N Avenue P Kings Highway Avenue U Avenue X Neptune Avenue West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue Queens Blvd Express/ Sixth Avenue Local (Rush Hour Express) Jamaica–179th Street 169th Street Parsons Boulevard Sutphin Boulevard Briarwood Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike 75th Avenue Forest Hills–71st Avenue Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue 21st Street–Queensbridge Roosevelt Island Lexington Avenue–63rd Street 57th Street 47th–50th Streets–Rockefeller Center 42nd Street–Bryant Park 34th Street–Herald Square 23rd Street 14th Street West Fourth Street–Washington Square Broadway–Lafayette Street Second Avenue Delancey Street East Broadway York Street Jay Street–MetroTech Seventh Avenue Church Avenue Ditmas Avenue 18th Avenue Avenue I Bay Parkway Avenue N Avenue P Kings Highway Avenue U Avenue X Neptune Avenue West Eighth Street–New York Aquarium Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Note: Service variations, station closures, and reroutes are not reflected here.Stations with asterisks have no regular peak, reverse peak, or midday service on that route. See linked articles for more information. vteStations of the New York City Subway, by line (physical trackage)Queens Blvd. Line 50th Street Seventh Avenue Fifth Avenue/53rd Street Lexington Avenue–53rd Street Court Square–23rd Street Queens Plaza 36th Street Steinway Street 46th Street Northern Boulevard 65th Street Jackson Heights–Roosevelt Avenue Elmhurst Avenue Grand Avenue–Newtown Woodhaven Boulevard 63rd Drive–Rego Park 67th Avenue 71st Avenue 75th Avenue Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike Briarwood Sutphin Boulevard Parsons Boulevard 169th Street Jamaica–179th Street See also Lists by borough (The Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens) Accessible Closed Terminals Transfer Commons category Stations and line segments in italics are closed, demolished, or planned (temporary closures are marked with asterisks). Track connections to other lines' terminals are displayed in brackets. Struck through passenger track connections are closed or unused in regular service.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"IND Queens Boulevard Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line"},{"link_name":"New York City Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway"},{"link_name":"Queens Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"<F>","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fd_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"Independent Subway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Subway_System"}],"text":"New York City Subway station in QueensNew York City Subway station in Queens, New YorkThe 75th Avenue station (originally 75th Avenue–Puritan Avenue station) is a local station on the IND Queens Boulevard Line of the New York City Subway. Located at the intersection of 75th Avenue and Queens Boulevard in Forest Hills, Queens, it is served by the F train at all times, the E train at all times except weekday rush hours and middays, and the <F> train during rush hours in the reverse peak direction.The station opened on December 31, 1936 as a station along the Independent Subway System's Queens Boulevard Line. The opening of the station brought significant growth to the adjacent community of Forest Hills, transforming it from a quiet residential community to an active population center.","title":"75th Avenue station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IND Queens Boulevard Line § Opening and expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line#Opening_and_expansion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:75_Avenue_vc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queens Boulevard Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line"},{"link_name":"Independent Subway System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Subway_System"},{"link_name":"IND Eighth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Eighth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-OurGreatSubway-IND2ndSystem-19292-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BklynEagle-QnsBestBoro-19292-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-HylanSubway-CulverCrstwnQBL-19252-5"},{"link_name":"New York City Board of Estimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Seventh Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_Avenue_station_(IND_lines)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1114650593-7"},{"link_name":"cut-and-cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut-and-cover"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:04-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-IND104Stations-1930-9"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIStar-QBL-Phantom2-Jan1959-12"},{"link_name":"50th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Street_station_(IND_lines)"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Avenue/74th_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"Jackson Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Public Works Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works_Administration"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-QBLToil-Aug19362-17"},{"link_name":"General Railway Signal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Railway_Signal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIDaily-QBLToil-Aug19362-17"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_Avenue/74th_Street_(New_York_City_Subway)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimes-RoosevelttoUTpkeOpen-10362-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opening-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"New York City Board of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F_(New_York_City_Subway_service)"},{"link_name":"IND Sixth Avenue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IND_Sixth_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYERA-IND6Av-Dec2008-31"}],"sub_title":"Construction and opening","text":"For further details about the construction of this segment of the IND Queens Boulevard Line, see IND Queens Boulevard Line § Opening and expansion.Entrance to the 75th Avenue station on the north side of Queens BoulevardThe Queens Boulevard Line was one of the first built by the city-owned Independent Subway System (IND), and was planned to stretch between the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan and 178th Street and Hillside Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, with a stop at 75th Avenue.[3][4] The line was first proposed in 1925.[5] Construction of the line was approved by the New York City Board of Estimate on October 4, 1928.[6] As planned, 75th Avenue was to be a local stop; it would be one of 22 total stops on the line between Seventh Avenue in Manhattan and 178th Street in Queens.[7] The line was constructed using the cut-and-cover tunneling method, and to allow pedestrians to cross, temporary bridges were built over the trenches.[8]Early planning documents called for a station at \"Queens Boulevard–Puritan Avenue\";[9] Puritan Avenue was the name for 75th Road in Forest Hills Gardens.[10] For the first few years of operation the station was referred to as Puritan Avenue.[11] The design called for a small mezzanine but 75th Avenue was built with a full one as it was cheaper than filling in the excavation.[12]The first section of the line opened on August 19, 1933 from the connection to the Eighth Avenue Line at 50th Street to Roosevelt Avenue in Jackson Heights.[13] Later that year, a $23 million loan was approved to finance the remainder of the line, along with other IND lines.[14] The remainder of the line was built by the Public Works Administration.[15][16] In 1934 and 1935, construction of the extension to Jamaica was suspended for 15 months and was halted by strikes.[17] Construction was further delayed due to a strike in 1935, instigated by electricians opposing wages paid by the General Railway Signal Company.[18] In August 1936, tracks were installed all the way to 178th Street, and the stations to Union Turnpike were completed.[17] On December 31, 1936, the IND Queens Boulevard Line was extended by eight stops, and 3.5 miles (5.6 km), from its previous terminus at Roosevelt Avenue to Union Turnpike.[19][20][21][22][23]The construction of the extension to Kew Gardens brought significant growth to Queens, specifically in Forest Hills and Kew Gardens.[24] With the subway providing a quick and cheap commute, Forest Hills became a more desirable place to live, and as a result new apartment buildings were built in advance of the line's opening to accommodate the expected influx of residents.[25]: 74 [26]: 71 Forest Hills was transformed from a quiet residential community of one-family houses to an active population center.[27][28]Between July and October 1938, the entrance to the southeastern corner of 75th Road and Queens Boulevard opened. This entrance opened due to increased ridership from six new apartment buildings in the area.[29] The owners of these six new apartment buildings, Cord Meyer Development Company, local homeowners, and civic associations placed pressure on the New York City Board of Transportation to open the entrance in July 1938.[30] On December 15, 1940, F trains began running via the newly opened IND Sixth Avenue Line and along the Queens Boulevard Line's express tracks; they skipped the 75th Avenue station.[31]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lengthened-34"},{"link_name":"New York City Board of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1949-11-20-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p1325174459-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lengthened-34"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Platform extensions","text":"In 1953, the platforms at six Queens Boulevard Line stations, including 75th Avenue, were lengthened to allow eleven-car trains.[a][33] The New York City Board of Transportation had announced plans in November 1949 to spend $325,000 extending platforms at several IND stations, including 75th Avenue, to accommodate 11-car trains;[34][35] the bid for the project went out in 1951.[36] The lengthened trains began running during rush hour on September 8, 1953. Eleven-car trains would only operate on weekdays.[37]: 37–38 The extra car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000 (equivalent to $4.56 million in 2023).[33] The operation of eleven-car trains ended in 1958 because of operational difficulties. The signal blocks, especially in Manhattan, were too short to accommodate the longer trains, and the motormen had a very small margin of error to properly platform the train. It was found that operating ten-car trains allowed for two additional trains per hour to be scheduled.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IND_Queens_Boulevard_75th_Avenue_Mosaic.jpg"},{"link_name":"side platforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ttf2-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tte-42"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica,_Queens"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tte-42"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills–71st Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills%E2%80%9371st_Avenue_station"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens%E2%80%93Union_Turnpike_station"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-submap-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"sans-serif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sans-serif"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-45"},{"link_name":"tile system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway_tiles"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-1932-08-22-46"},{"link_name":"Lower Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens%E2%80%93Union_Turnpike_station"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills–71st Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills%E2%80%9371st_Avenue_station"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carlson_2016-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gleason_2016-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IND_75th_Avenue_Tile_Caption.jpg"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"girders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girder"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-focus-51"}],"text":"Mosaic name tabletThis local station has four tracks and two side platforms.[39] The F train stops here at all times, while the E train stops here during evenings, late nights, and weekends.[40][41] The E train uses the two center tracks to bypass this station weekdays (Manhattan-bound from approximately 6:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m., Jamaica-bound from 7:30 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.).[41] The station is between Forest Hills–71st Avenue to the west and Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike to the east.[42]Both platforms have a light Fern green trim line with a black border and \"75TH AVE\" tile captions in white lettering on a black background beneath them.[43] There are mosaic name tablets reading \"75TH AVE.\" in white sans-serif font on a black background with a light Fern green border, and beneath them are directional tile signs in white lettering on a black background pointing to the exits.[44] The tile band is part of a color-coded tile system used throughout the IND.[45] The tile colors were designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going away from Lower Manhattan. As such, a different tile color is used at Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike, the next express station to the east. The green tiles used at the 75th Avenue station was also used at the next station to the west, Forest Hills–71st Avenue, which is an express station.[46][47]Tile captionEmerald green I-beam columns run along both platforms at regular intervals, alternating ones having the standard black station name plate with white lettering. The trackside columns have old white \"75TH AVE\" signs on them in black lettering.[48] The former name of Puritan Avenue was still reflected on platform signage into the 1990s.[49] The I-beam piers on the platforms are located every 15 feet (4.6 m) and support girders above the platforms. The roof girders are also connected to columns in the walls adjoining each platform.[50]: 3The tunnel is covered by a U-shaped trough that contains utility pipes and wires. The outer walls of this trough are composed of columns, spaced approximately every 5 feet (1.5 m) with concrete infill between them. There is a 1-inch (25 mm) gap between the tunnel wall and the platform wall, which is made of 4-inch (100 mm)-thick brick covered over by a tiled finish. The columns between the tracks are also spaced every 5 feet (1.5 m), with no infill.[50]: 3","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mezzanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzanine_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LIStar-QBL-Phantom2-Jan1959-12"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eastern_Mezzanine-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-54"},{"link_name":"turnstile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnstile"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"HEET turnstiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEET_turnstile"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"railroad south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_directions"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Queens Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Exits","text":"The station has a full-length mezzanine above the platforms and tracks.[12] All of the mezzanine is still completely open, with the exception of a tiny closed fenced-off section at the station's eastern end that is accessed from a single closed staircase on the Manhattan-bound platform.[51][52] However, it is set up in a way that does not allow a free transfer between directions, as the fare control is located in the middle of the mezzanine.[53] The token booth and turnstile banks for either direction are at the center.[53][54] HEET turnstiles are at either ends near the station's entrances and exits, both of which have two street stairs.[55][56] The entrance at the west (railroad south) end leads to the northwest corner[57] and southwest corners of Queens Boulevard and 75th Avenue,[58] while the one on the east (railroad north) end leads to southeast corner of Queens Boulevard and 75th Road.[59] Chain-link fences separate the sections of the mezzanine within fare control and the section out of fare control.[60] The section of the mezzanine within fare control used to span across the entire space, but a fare-free underpass under Queens Boulevard now divides the northbound and southbound parts of the mezzanine, and there is no way to make a free transfer between the two platforms anymore.[61]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diamond crossovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_crossover"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-63"},{"link_name":"Jamaica–179th Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93179th_Street_station"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MTA-FLineReview-2009-64"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-40"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Yard"},{"link_name":"Forest Hills–71st Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Hills%E2%80%9371st_Avenue_(IND_Queens_Boulevard_Line)"},{"link_name":"bumper blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumper_block"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tracks-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Track layout","text":"There are a pair of diamond crossovers near the western end of this station, located between the local and express tracks in each direction.[62] F trains use these at all times, switching from express to local for the remainder of their route east (railroad north) to its terminal at Jamaica–179th Street station. E trains only use them on weekdays during the evening and on weekends during the day.[63] The stretch of local track between 71st Avenue and 75th Avenue is only used in revenue service during late nights, when E and F trains both run local.[39][64]There are also four tracks underneath this station, which are not visible from the platforms. An emergency exit located in the middle of the Jamaica-bound platform leads to this lower level. The two outer tracks lead to Jamaica Yard while the two center tracks are used for reversing local trains from Forest Hills–71st Avenue and end at bumper blocks just below Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike station under the mainline tracks. The two center tracks used for reversing local trains can be seen from Jamaica-bound express trains. At the west end of the station, there are two punch boxes, one on the local and express tracks.[62][64]: 50 [65]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-riderref-2"}],"text":"In the 1970s, when the New York City Subway was at an all-time low, following the general trend of a decrease in ridership, the number of passengers using the 75th Avenue station decreased by 300,000 passengers.[66] In 2019, the station had 1,059,027 boardings, making it the 351st most used station in the 423-station system. This amounted to an average of 3,549 passengers per weekday.[2]","title":"Ridership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"^ The subway cars on the IND were built to be 60 feet (18.3 m) long. These cars typically operated in 10-car trains, with an entire train length being 600 feet (182.9 m). When platforms at stations such as 75th Avenue were lengthened to accommodate 11-car trains, the platforms had to be extended an additional car length, or 60 feet, making the platform at least 660 feet (201.2 m) long.[32]: 185","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Entrance to the 75th Avenue station on the north side of Queens Boulevard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/75_Avenue_vc.jpg/170px-75_Avenue_vc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic name tablet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/IND_Queens_Boulevard_75th_Avenue_Mosaic.jpg/220px-IND_Queens_Boulevard_75th_Avenue_Mosaic.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tile caption","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/IND_75th_Avenue_Tile_Caption.jpg/220px-IND_75th_Avenue_Tile_Caption.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Glossary\". Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS) (PDF). Vol. 1. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. March 4, 2003. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132855/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS)"},{"url":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2023. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","url_text":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"Duffus, R.L. (September 22, 1929). \"Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1929/09/22/archives/our-great-subway-network-spreads-wider-new-plans-of-board-of.html","url_text":"\"Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider; New Plans of Board of Transportation Involve the Building of More Than One Hundred Miles of Additional Rapid Transit Routes for New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Queens Lauded as Best Boro By Chamber Chief\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 23, 1929. p. 40. Retrieved October 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/58266784/?terms=%22178th%22%2Bsubway%2Bqueens","url_text":"\"Queens Lauded as Best Boro By Chamber Chief\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000\" (PDF). The New York Times. March 21, 1925. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1925/03/21/101651400.pdf","url_text":"\"New Subway Routes in Hylan Program to Cost $186,046,000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"$17,146,500 Voted For New Subways; Estimate Board Appropriates More Than $9,000,000 for Lines in Brooklyn. $6,490,000 For The Bronx Smaller Items for Incidental Work --Approves the Proposed Queens Boulevard Route\". The New York Times. October 5, 1928. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/10/05/archives/17146500-voted-for-new-subways-estimate-board-appropriates-more.html","url_text":"\"$17,146,500 Voted For New Subways; Estimate Board Appropriates More Than $9,000,000 for Lines in Brooklyn. $6,490,000 For The Bronx Smaller Items for Incidental Work --Approves the Proposed Queens Boulevard Route\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"22 Stations On New Subway Into Queens: Five Are Designated Express Stops on Transit Route, Which Ends at Jamaica\". New York Herald Tribune. July 23, 1933. p. H2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114650593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646","url_text":"1941-0646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1114650593","url_text":"1114650593"}]},{"reference":"Hirshon, Nicholas; Romano, Foreword by Ray (January 1, 2013). Forest Hills. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-9785-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yfz7w8mogvEC","url_text":"Forest Hills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-9785-0","url_text":"978-0-7385-9785-0"}]},{"reference":"\"104 Station Sites For City's Subways Chosen By Board\" (PDF). The New York Times. June 2, 1930. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/06/02/96140317.pdf","url_text":"\"104 Station Sites For City's Subways Chosen By Board\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kern-Jedrychowska, Ewa (April 16, 2015). \"Streets With 2 Names Cause 'Chronic' 911 Problems, Official Says\". DNAinfo.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151219102913/http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150416/forest-hills/streets-with-2-names-cause-chronic-911-problems-official-says","url_text":"\"Streets With 2 Names Cause 'Chronic' 911 Problems, Official Says\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAinfo.com","url_text":"DNAinfo.com"},{"url":"http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150416/forest-hills/streets-with-2-names-cause-chronic-911-problems-official-says","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Subway To Add 2 Needed Services; Opening of 6th Ave. Line to Provide Uptown Local Route and More Queens Expresses\". The New York Times. December 2, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 8, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1939/12/02/archives/new-subway-to-add-2-needed-services-opening-of-6th-ave-line-to.html","url_text":"\"New Subway To Add 2 Needed Services; Opening of 6th Ave. Line to Provide Uptown Local Route and More Queens Expresses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Seymour (January 20, 1959). \"Phantom Subway: Ideal Spot to Park\" (PDF). Long Island Star-Journal. Fultonhistory.com. p. 3. Retrieved August 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201959/Long%20Island%20City%20NY%20Star%20Journal%201959%20-%200631.pdf#pdfjs.action=download","url_text":"\"Phantom Subway: Ideal Spot to Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fultonhistory.com","url_text":"Fultonhistory.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Two Subway Links Opened In Queens\" (PDF). The New York Times. August 19, 1933. p. 13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/08/19/105798178.pdf","url_text":"\"Two Subway Links Opened In Queens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Unfinished Sections of Subway Lines To Be Completed\" (PDF). The New York Sun. December 13, 1933. p. 47. Retrieved July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/New%20York%20NY%20Sun/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201933/New%20York%20NY%20Sun%201933%20a%20-%201882.pdf","url_text":"\"Unfinished Sections of Subway Lines To Be Completed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)","url_text":"The New York Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Trains Testing Jamaica Link Of City Subway\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 10, 1937. p. 3. Retrieved April 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/52667032/?terms=Queens+Boulevard+subway","url_text":"\"Trains Testing Jamaica Link Of City Subway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Test Trains Running In Queens Subway; Switch and Signal Equipment of New Independent Line Is Being Checked\". The New York Times. December 20, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/12/20/archives/test-trains-running-in-queens-subway-switch-and-signal-equipment-of.html","url_text":"\"Test Trains Running In Queens Subway; Switch and Signal Equipment of New Independent Line Is Being Checked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Neufeld, Ernest (August 23, 1936). \"Men Toil Under Earth to Build Subway\" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. p. 2 (Section 2). Retrieved August 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201936/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201936%20-%204852.pdf","url_text":"\"Men Toil Under Earth to Build Subway\""}]},{"reference":"\"500 More Quit Subway Work On Boulevard: General Strike Order Issued Today; 72 Walk Out in Jamaica\" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. April 2, 1935. p. 2. Retrieved July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201935/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201935%20-%201456.pdf","url_text":"\"500 More Quit Subway Work On Boulevard: General Strike Order Issued Today; 72 Walk Out in Jamaica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aldermen Probe Strike on Subway\" (PDF). Long Island Daily Press. April 3, 1935. p. 4. Retrieved July 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201935/Jamaica%20NY%20Long%20Island%20Daily%20Press%201935%20-%201456.pdf","url_text":"\"Aldermen Probe Strike on Subway\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Retail Area In Queens Borough; Sees Roosevelt Avenue Subway Station as Great Shopping Centre. Advantages Pointed Out Accessibility to Many Home Communities Assures Potential Market\". The New York Times. July 9, 1933. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/09/archives/new-retail-area-in-queens-borough-sees-roosevelt-avenue-subway.html","url_text":"\"New Retail Area In Queens Borough; Sees Roosevelt Avenue Subway Station as Great Shopping Centre. Advantages Pointed Out Accessibility to Many Home Communities Assures Potential Market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Notice to Passengers: Extension of Service Beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning of Thursday, December 31, 1936\". New York City Board of Transportation. 1936. Retrieved April 26, 2016 – via Flickr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/127872292@N06/46403006885/in/album-72157652636620504/","url_text":"\"Notice to Passengers: Extension of Service Beginning at 7 o'clock in the morning of Thursday, December 31, 1936\""}]},{"reference":"\"PWA Party Views New Subway Link: Queens Section to Be Opened Tomorrow Is Inspected by Tuttle and Others\" (PDF). The New York Times. December 30, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1936/12/30/88096632.pdf","url_text":"\"PWA Party Views New Subway Link: Queens Section to Be Opened Tomorrow Is Inspected by Tuttle and Others\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"City Subway Opens Queens Link Today; Extension Brings Kew Gardens Within 36 Minutes of 42d St. on Frequent Trains\". The New York Times. December 31, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1936/12/31/archives/city-subway-opens-queens-link-today-extension-brings-kew-gardens.html","url_text":"\"City Subway Opens Queens Link Today; Extension Brings Kew Gardens Within 36 Minutes of 42d St. on Frequent Trains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening Moved Up For New Subway; Traffic to Be Started on the Extension of City's Line to Kew Gardens on Thursday. Eight Stations Are Added La Guardia and Official Party Will Inspect New Queens Branch on Wednesday\". The New York Times. December 26, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. 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ISBN 978-0-300-11299-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b5UiKlrlAwEC","url_text":"The Neighborhoods of Queens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11299-3","url_text":"978-0-300-11299-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Demand Is Noted For Queens Homes\". The New York Times. July 18, 1937. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1937/07/18/archives/demand-is-noted-for-queens-homes-sales-in-many-areas-exceed-summer.html","url_text":"\"Demand Is Noted For Queens Homes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Myers, Steven Lee (June 14, 1992). \"Life Beyond the Subway Is Subject to Its Own Disruptions\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 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Archived from the original on February 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40291522/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/","url_text":"\"Transit Board Asked to Extend Subway Station\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220228152050/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40291522/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Linder, Bernard (December 2008). \"Sixth Avenue Subway Service Changes\". New York Division Bulletin. 51 (12). Electric Railroaders' Association: 2–4. Retrieved August 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2008-12-bulletin/1","url_text":"\"Sixth Avenue Subway Service Changes\""}]},{"reference":"\"New 6th Ave. Tube Will Be Boon to Queens Residents\". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 8, 1940. p. 10. 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ProQuest 1325174459.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646","url_text":"1941-0646"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1325174459","url_text":"1325174459"}]},{"reference":"Proceedings of the New York City Board of Transportation. New York City Board of Transportation. 1951. pp. 53, 145, 255.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y3McAQAAMAAJ&q=%2275th+Avenue%22","url_text":"Proceedings of the New York City Board of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Report. New York City Transit Authority. 1953.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XZDVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+lengthening%22","url_text":"Report"}]},{"reference":"\"16-Point Plan Can Give Boro Relief Now\". Long Island Star–Journal. August 10, 1962. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on April 6, 2003. Retrieved July 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030406091146/http://www.nyctrackbook.com/Images/Updates/50.pdf","url_text":"\"NYC Track Map Book Page 50 Queens F\""},{"url":"http://www.nyctrackbook.com/Images/Updates/50.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"F Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved August 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/document/10366","url_text":"\"F Subway Timetable, Effective August 28, 2023\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"Metropolitan Transportation Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"E Subway Timetable, Effective December 4, 2022\". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 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The 75th Ave tiled text a tile width below the lime green trim with a black border (image).","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/ind/75f/75f5.jpg","url_text":"The 75th Ave tiled text a tile width below the lime green trim with a black border"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). A name tablet with a mosaic arrow for the exit to 75th Ave (image).","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/ind/75f/75f18.jpg","url_text":"A name tablet with a mosaic arrow for the exit to 75th Ave"}]},{"reference":"\"Tile Colors a Guide in the New Subway; Decoration Scheme Changes at Each Express Stop to Tell Riders Where They Are\". The New York Times. August 22, 1932. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 1, 2022. 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Retrieved December 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/ind/75f/75f11.jpg","url_text":"\"A view of the turnstiles in the center of the station from the Manhattan-bound side of the mezzanine, nowhere near an exit to the street\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (January 3, 2012). \"Two high turnstiles to the 75 Road exit\". subwaynut.com. Retrieved December 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://subwaynut.com/ind/75f/75f37.jpg","url_text":"\"Two high turnstiles to the 75 Road exit\""}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). \"A view of the High Entrance/Exit gates to the 75 Avenue exit, this means passengers don't have to walk the equivalent of 1/2 way down a platform length to find turnstiles to enter the system\". subwaynut.com. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on July 4, 2018. Retrieved July 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://new.mta.info/sites/default/files/2018-04/75%20Av%20%28E%29%28F%29%20web.pdf","url_text":"\"75th Avenue Neighborhood Map\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180704002958/https://new.mta.info/sites/default/files/2018-04/75%20Av%20(E)(F)%20web.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Jeremiah (June 2, 2008). \"Another view down the Manhattan-bound side of the mezzanine at 75th Avenue, the cheep-looking chain link fence painted white that separates it from the area outside of fare control is visible\". subwaynut.com. 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OCLC 1056711733.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nyctrackbook.com/","url_text":"Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1056711733","url_text":"1056711733"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of F Line Operations, Ridership, and Infrastructure\" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 7, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mta.info/sites/default/files/archive/pdfs/flinereport.pdf","url_text":"\"Review of F Line Operations, Ridership, and Infrastructure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151225200244/http://www.mta.info/sites/default/files/archive/pdfs/flinereport.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dougherty, Peter (2020). Tracks of the New York City Subway 2020 (16th ed.). Dougherty. 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Retrieved July 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/ridership-on-queens-subways-down-queens-subways-lost-riders-in.html","url_text":"\"Ridership on Queens Subways Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=75th_Avenue_station&params=40.71864_N_73.837738_W_type:railwaystation_region:US","external_links_name":"40°43′07″N 73°50′16″W / 40.71864°N 73.837738°W / 40.71864; -73.837738"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=75th_Avenue_station&params=40.71864_N_73.837738_W_type:railwaystation_region:US","external_links_name":"40°43′07″N 73°50′16″W / 40.71864°N 73.837738°W / 40.71864; -73.837738"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210226132855/http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","external_links_name":"Second Avenue Subway Supplemental Draft Environmental Impact Statement (SDEIS)"},{"Link":"http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://new.mta.info/document/137106","external_links_name":"\"Annual Subway Ridership (2018–2023)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1929/09/22/archives/our-great-subway-network-spreads-wider-new-plans-of-board-of.html","external_links_name":"\"Our Great Subway Network Spreads Wider; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team	Atlantis ROV Team	["1 References"]	High-school underwater robotics team from Whidbey Island, Washington, United States Atlantis ROV Team is a high-school underwater robotics team from Whidbey Island, Washington, United States competing in the MATE International ROV Competition. They are the 2013 Pacific Northwest Champions and are ranked 11th internationally. Atlantis ROV Team was founded in September 2010 by a homeschool parent and consisted of five middle-school team members. They went on to place 4th overall in the 2011 MATE Pacific Northwest Regional Challenge. In May 2012, the team competed again in the MATE Pacific Northwest Regional Challenge and placed 8th overall. They also won the Best Poster award. Due to the success of Atlantis ROV Team's poster, their Communications Director (and designer of the winning poster) was recruited by a Hawaiian high-school underwater robotics team and competed at Internationals in the summer of 2012. Her poster placed 2nd at tie-break. In May 2013, Atlantis ROV Team won the MATE Pacific Northwest Regional Challenge, becoming the 2nd Whidbey Island underwater robotics team ever to do so. In early June 2013, they hosted two Signature Events for the Seattle Science Festival, which allowed youth and adults to gain hands-on practical experience building ROVs and to learn more about the principles and science behind such technology. At the 12th annual MATE International ROV Competition, Atlantis ROV Team competed against teams from Scotland, Macau, Singapore, Canada, the United States, Egypt, and Hong Kong. They placed 11th overall under the school sponsorship of Columbia Virtual Academy, 7th in the Technical Paper division, and 3rd in the Poster division. In November 2013, they were issued an honorary proclamation by the Island County Commissioners to acknowledge and congratulate them due to their achievements. References ^ "12th Annual MATE International Ranger Class Final Scores" (PDF). Marine Advanced Technology Education Website. Marine Advanced Technology Education. Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ "South Whidbey ROV team takes fourth at regionals". South Whidbey Record. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Underwater on a Mission with ROVbotnica". Cole-Parmer Blog. Cole-Parmer. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest". South Whidbey Record. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest". Whidbey Record. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "South Whidbey robotics team member heads to Florida". Whidbey Record. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Whidbey underwater robotics team advances". Everett Herald. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Domo arigato, Mr. Underwater Roboto". Whidbey New-Times. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Intro to Underwater Robotics: Build & Fly a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Event". King5 News. King5 News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Intro to Underwater Robotics Event". The Charlotte Observer. June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Introduction to Underwater Robotics Event". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "The Seattle Science Festival's Official Twitter". Twitter. Twitter. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Final Ranger Scores of the 2013 MATE International ROV Competition" (PDF). marinetech.org. MATE Center. Retrieved 16 November 2013. ^ "Whidbey Island robotics team places eleventh internationally". Whidbey News-Times. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013. vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whidbey Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whidbey_Island"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"ROV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"homeschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschool"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Atlantis ROV Team is a high-school underwater robotics team from Whidbey Island, Washington, United States competing in the MATE International ROV Competition. They are the 2013 Pacific Northwest Champions and are ranked 11th internationally.[1]Atlantis ROV Team was founded in September 2010 by a homeschool parent and consisted of five middle-school team members. They went on to place 4th overall in the 2011 MATE Pacific Northwest Regional Challenge.[2]In May 2012, the team competed again in the MATE Pacific Northwest Regional Challenge[3] and placed 8th overall.[4] They also won the Best Poster award.[5] Due to the success of Atlantis ROV Team's poster, their Communications Director (and designer of the winning poster) was recruited by a Hawaiian high-school underwater robotics team and competed at Internationals in the summer of 2012.[6] Her poster placed 2nd at tie-break.In May 2013, Atlantis ROV Team won the MATE Pacific Northwest Regional Challenge,[7][8] becoming the 2nd Whidbey Island underwater robotics team ever to do so. In early June 2013, they hosted two Signature Events for the Seattle Science Festival,[9][10][11][12] which allowed youth and adults to gain hands-on practical experience building ROVs and to learn more about the principles and science behind such technology.At the 12th annual MATE International ROV Competition, Atlantis ROV Team competed against teams from Scotland, Macau, Singapore, Canada, the United States, Egypt, and Hong Kong. They placed 11th overall under the school sponsorship of Columbia Virtual Academy, 7th in the Technical Paper division, and 3rd in the Poster division.[13]In November 2013, they were issued an honorary proclamation by the Island County Commissioners[14] to acknowledge and congratulate them due to their achievements.","title":"Atlantis ROV Team"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"12th Annual MATE International Ranger Class Final Scores\" (PDF). Marine Advanced Technology Education Website. Marine Advanced Technology Education. Retrieved 17 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinetech.org/files/marine/files/ROV%20Competition/Missions%20and%20Specs/Scoring/2013_international_RANGER_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"12th Annual MATE International Ranger Class Final Scores\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Whidbey ROV team takes fourth at regionals\". South Whidbey Record. 24 May 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/community/122540544.html","url_text":"\"South Whidbey ROV team takes fourth at regionals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Underwater on a Mission with ROVbotnica\". Cole-Parmer Blog. Cole-Parmer. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.coleparmer.com/2013/01/24/underwater-on-a-mission-with-rovbotnica/","url_text":"\"Underwater on a Mission with ROVbotnica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest\". South Whidbey Record. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/152100755.html","url_text":"\"Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest\". Whidbey Record. 18 May 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/152100755.html","url_text":"\"Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Whidbey robotics team member heads to Florida\". Whidbey Record. 13 June 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/community/158936965.html","url_text":"\"South Whidbey robotics team member heads to Florida\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whidbey underwater robotics team advances\". Everett Herald. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20130521/NEWS01/705219926","url_text":"\"Whidbey underwater robotics team advances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Domo arigato, Mr. Underwater Roboto\". Whidbey New-Times. 12 June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/211257771.html","url_text":"\"Domo arigato, Mr. Underwater Roboto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Intro to Underwater Robotics: Build & Fly a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Event\". King5 News. King5 News. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233023/http://events.king5.com/Intro_to_Underwater_Robotics_Build_Fly_a_Remotely_Operated_Vehicle_ROV_/272501835.html","url_text":"\"Intro to Underwater Robotics: Build & Fly a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Event\""},{"url":"http://events.king5.com/Intro_to_Underwater_Robotics_Build_Fly_a_Remotely_Operated_Vehicle_ROV_/272501835.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intro to Underwater Robotics Event\". The Charlotte Observer. June 2013. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301220533/http://events.charlotteobserver.com/freeland_wa/events/show/319381923-intro-to-underwater-robotics-build-fly-a-remotely-operated-vehicle-rov","url_text":"\"Intro to Underwater Robotics Event\""},{"url":"http://events.charlotteobserver.com/freeland_wa/events/show/319381923-intro-to-underwater-robotics-build-fly-a-remotely-operated-vehicle-rov","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction to Underwater Robotics Event\". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. June 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://events.seattlepi.com/freeland_wa/events/show/319381923-intro-to-underwater-robotics-build-fly-a-remotely-operated-vehicle-rov","url_text":"\"Introduction to Underwater Robotics Event\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Seattle Science Festival's Official Twitter\". Twitter. Twitter. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Seattle_SciFest/status/334021093344030722","url_text":"\"The Seattle Science Festival's Official Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final Ranger Scores of the 2013 MATE International ROV Competition\" (PDF). marinetech.org. MATE Center. Retrieved 16 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marinetech.org/files/marine/files/ROV%20Competition/Missions%20and%20Specs/Scoring/2013_international_RANGER_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Final Ranger Scores of the 2013 MATE International ROV Competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whidbey Island robotics team places eleventh internationally\". Whidbey News-Times. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/232693041.html","url_text":"\"Whidbey Island robotics team places eleventh internationally\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.marinetech.org/files/marine/files/ROV%20Competition/Missions%20and%20Specs/Scoring/2013_international_RANGER_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"12th Annual MATE International Ranger Class Final Scores\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/community/122540544.html","external_links_name":"\"South Whidbey ROV team takes fourth at regionals\""},{"Link":"http://blog.coleparmer.com/2013/01/24/underwater-on-a-mission-with-rovbotnica/","external_links_name":"\"Underwater on a Mission with ROVbotnica\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/152100755.html","external_links_name":"\"Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/news/152100755.html","external_links_name":"\"Atlantis Rising: Blown fuse bursts South End robotics team's chances at international contest\""},{"Link":"http://www.southwhidbeyrecord.com/community/158936965.html","external_links_name":"\"South Whidbey robotics team member heads to Florida\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldnet.com/article/20130521/NEWS01/705219926","external_links_name":"\"Whidbey underwater robotics team advances\""},{"Link":"http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/211257771.html","external_links_name":"\"Domo arigato, Mr. Underwater Roboto\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301233023/http://events.king5.com/Intro_to_Underwater_Robotics_Build_Fly_a_Remotely_Operated_Vehicle_ROV_/272501835.html","external_links_name":"\"Intro to Underwater Robotics: Build & Fly a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Event\""},{"Link":"http://events.king5.com/Intro_to_Underwater_Robotics_Build_Fly_a_Remotely_Operated_Vehicle_ROV_/272501835.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301220533/http://events.charlotteobserver.com/freeland_wa/events/show/319381923-intro-to-underwater-robotics-build-fly-a-remotely-operated-vehicle-rov","external_links_name":"\"Intro to Underwater Robotics Event\""},{"Link":"http://events.charlotteobserver.com/freeland_wa/events/show/319381923-intro-to-underwater-robotics-build-fly-a-remotely-operated-vehicle-rov","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://events.seattlepi.com/freeland_wa/events/show/319381923-intro-to-underwater-robotics-build-fly-a-remotely-operated-vehicle-rov","external_links_name":"\"Introduction to Underwater Robotics Event\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Seattle_SciFest/status/334021093344030722","external_links_name":"\"The Seattle Science Festival's Official Twitter\""},{"Link":"http://www.marinetech.org/files/marine/files/ROV%20Competition/Missions%20and%20Specs/Scoring/2013_international_RANGER_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Final Ranger Scores of the 2013 MATE International ROV Competition\""},{"Link":"http://www.whidbeynewstimes.com/news/232693041.html","external_links_name":"\"Whidbey Island robotics team places eleventh internationally\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcolea_del_Rio	Alcolea del Río	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 37°37′N 5°40′W / 37.617°N 5.667°W / 37.617; -5.667Spanish municipality Place in Andalusia, SpainAlcolea del RíoOld mill of Arina Ärabe, Alcolea del Río FlagSealCountrySpainAutonomous communityAndalusiaProvinceSevilleGovernment • MayorJosé Raimundo López (Ind.)Area • Total50.17 km2 (19.37 sq mi)Elevation32 m (105 ft)Population (2024) • Total3,307 • Density66/km2 (170/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Websitewww.alcoleadelrio.es Alcolea del Río is a municipality in Seville, Spain. In 2023, it had a population of 3,307. It has an area of 50.17 square kilometers (19.37 sq mi) and population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometer (170/sq mi). It is situated at an altitude of 32 meters (105 ft) and is 53 kilometers (33 mi) from Seville. References ^ Dominguez, Francisco. "«Estamos aquí para trabajar por el pueblo, que avance y se desarrolle»". El Correo (in European Spanish). Retrieved 26 April 2024. ^ a b "Entidades Locales". ssweb.seap.minhap.es. Retrieved 26 April 2024. ^ a b "Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute)". www.ine.es. Retrieved 26 April 2024. vteMunicipalities in the province of SevilleAljarafe Albaida del Aljarafe Aznalcázar Benacazón Bollullos de la Mitación Carrión de los Céspedes Castilleja del Campo Gelves Huévar del Aljarafe Olivares Pilas Sanlúcar la Mayor San Juan de Aznalfarache Umbrete Villamanrique de la Condesa Villanueva del Ariscal Bajo Guadalquivir Las Cabezas de San Juan El Coronil El Cuervo de Sevilla Lebrija Los Molares Los Palacios y Villafranca El Palmar de Troya Utrera Campiña de Carmona Carmona El Viso del Alcor La Campana Mairena del Alcor Campiña de Morón y Marchena Arahal Coripe Marchena Montellano Morón de la Frontera Paradas La Puebla de Cazalla Écija Cañada Rosal Écija Fuentes de Andalucía La Luisiana Metropolitana Alcalá de Guadaíra Almensilla Bormujos Camas Castilleja de Guzmán Castilleja de la Cuesta Coria del Río Dos Hermanas Espartinas Gelves Gines Isla Mayor La Puebla del Río Mairena del Aljarafe Palomares del Río Salteras San Juan de Aznalfarache Santiponce Sevilla Tomares Valencina de la Concepción Sierra Norte Alanís Almadén de la Plata Aznalcóllar Castilblanco de los Arroyos El Castillo de las Guardas Cazalla de la Sierra Constantina El Garrobo Gerena Guadalcanal Guillena El Madroño Las Navas de la Concepción El Pedroso La Puebla de los Infantes El Real de la Jara El Ronquillo San Nicolás del Puerto Sierra Sur Aguadulce Algámitas Badolatosa Casariche Estepa Gilena Herrera Lantejuela Lora de Estepa Los Corrales Marinaleda Martín de la Jara Osuna Pedrera Pruna La Roda de Andalucía El Rubio El Saucejo Villanueva de San Juan Vega del Guadalquivir Alcalá del Río Alcolea del Río La Algaba Brenes Burguillos Cantillana Lora del Río Peñaflor La Rinconada Tocina Villanueva del Río y Minas Villaverde del Río 37°37′N 5°40′W / 37.617°N 5.667°W / 37.617; -5.667 Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Germany United States This article about a location in Andalusia, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pop-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-area-2"}],"text":"Spanish municipalityPlace in Andalusia, SpainAlcolea del Río is a municipality in Seville, Spain. In 2023, it had a population of 3,307.[3] It has an area of 50.17 square kilometers (19.37 sq mi)[2] and population density of 66 inhabitants per square kilometer (170/sq mi). It is situated at an altitude of 32 meters (105 ft) and is 53 kilometers (33 mi) from Seville.","title":"Alcolea del Río"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Dominguez, Francisco. \"«Estamos aquí para trabajar por el pueblo, que avance y se desarrolle»\". El Correo (in European Spanish). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect-fire	Indirect fire	["1 Description","2 History","3 Related issues","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References"]	Weapons firing without line of sight on target This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Indirect fire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Indirect fire trajectories for rockets, howitzers, field guns and mortars Indirect fire is aiming and firing a projectile without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target, as in the case of direct fire. Aiming is performed by calculating azimuth and inclination, and may include correcting aim by observing the fall of shot and calculating new angles. Description Indirect fire is most commonly used by field artillery and mortars (although field artillery was originally and until after World War I a direct fire weapon, hence the bullet-shields fitted to the carriages of guns such as the famous M1897 75 mm). It is also used with missiles, howitzers, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, naval guns against shore targets, sometimes with machine guns, and has been used with tank and anti-tank guns and by anti-aircraft guns against surface targets. There are two dimensions in aiming a weapon: In the horizontal plane (azimuth); and In the vertical plane (elevation), which is governed by the distance (range) to the target and the energy of the propelling charge. The projectile trajectory is affected by atmospheric conditions, the velocity of the projectile, the difference in altitude between the firer and the target, and other factors. Direct fire sights may include mechanisms to compensate for some of these. Handguns and rifles, machine guns, anti-tank guns, tank main guns, many types of unguided rockets, and guns mounted in aircraft are examples of weapons primarily designed for direct fire. NATO defines indirect fire as "Fire delivered at a target which cannot be seen by the aimer." The implication is that azimuth and/or elevation 'aiming' is done using instrumental methods. Hence indirect fire means applying 'firing data' to azimuth and elevation sights and laying these sights. Indirect fire can be used when the target is visible from the firing position. However, it is mostly used when the target is at longer range and invisible to the firer due to the terrain. Longer range uses a higher trajectory, and in theory maximum range is achieved with an elevation angle of 45 degrees. Calling and adjusting indirect artillery fire on a target unseen to the soldiers manning the guns, a modern United States example It is reasonable to assume that original purpose of indirect fire was to enable fire from a 'covered position', one where gunners can not be seen and engaged by their enemies (that and as the range of artillery lengthened, it was impossible to see the target past all the intervening terrain). The concealment aspect remains important, but from World War I equally important was the capability to concentrate the fire of many artillery batteries at the same target or set of targets. This became increasingly important as the range of artillery increased, allowing each battery to have an ever-greater area of influence, but required command and control arrangements to enable concentration of fire. The physical laws of ballistics means that guns firing larger and heavier projectile can send them farther than smaller-calibre guns firing lighter shells. By the end of the 20th century, the typical maximum range for the most common guns was about 24 to 30 km, up from about 8 km in World War I. During World War I, covered positions moved farther back and indirect fire evolved to allow any point within range to be attacked, firepower mobility, without moving the firers. If the target cannot be seen from the gun position, there has to be a means of identifying targets and correcting aim according to fall of shot. The position of some targets may be identified by a headquarters from various sources of information (spotters): observers on the ground, in aircraft, or in observation balloons. The development of electrical communication immensely simplified reporting, and enabled many widely dispersed firers to concentrate their fire on one target. The trajectory of the projectile could not be altered once fired, until the introduction of smart munitions. History Indirect arrow fire by archers was commonly used by ancient armies. It was used during both battles and sieges. For several centuries Coehorn mortars were fired indirectly because their fixed elevation meant range was determined by the amount of propelling powder. It is also reasonable conjecture that if these mortars were used from inside fortifications their targets may have been invisible to them and therefore met the definition of indirect fire. It could also be argued that Niccolò Tartaglia's invention of the gunner's quadrant (see clinometer) in the 16th century introduced indirect fire guns because it enabled gunlaying by instrument instead of line of sight. This instrument was basically a carpenter's set square with a graduated arc and plumb-bob placed in the muzzle to measure an elevation. There are suggestions, based on an account in Livre de Canonerie published in 1561 and reproduced in Revue d'Artillerie of March 1908, that indirect fire was used by the Burgundians in the 16th century. The Russians seem to have used something similar at Paltzig in 1759 where they fired over trees, and their instructions of the time indicate this was a normal practice. These methods probably involved an aiming point positioned in line with the target. The earliest example of indirect fire adjusted by an observer seems to be during the defence of Hougoumont in the Battle of Waterloo where a battery of the Royal Horse Artillery fired an indirect Shrapnel barrage against advancing French troops using corrections given by the commander of an adjacent battery with a direct line of sight. Modern indirect fire dates from the late 19th century. In 1882 a Russian, Lt Col K. G. Guk, published Field Artillery Fire from Covered Positions that described a better method of indirect laying (instead of aiming points in line with the target). In essence, this was the geometry of using angles to aiming points that could be in any direction relative to the target. The problem was the lack of an azimuth instrument to enable it; clinometers for elevation already existed. The Germans solved this problem by inventing the lining-plane in about 1890. This was a gun-mounted rotatable open sight, mounted in alignment with the bore, and able to measure large angles from it. Similar designs, usually able to measure angles in a full circle, were widely adopted over the following decade. By the early 1900s the open sight was sometimes replaced by a telescope and the term goniometer had replaced "lining-plane" in English. The first incontrovertible, documented use of indirect fire in war using Guk's methods, albeit without lining-plane sights, was on 26 October 1899 by British gunners during the Second Boer War. Although both sides demonstrated early on in the conflict that they could use the technique effectively, in many subsequent battles, British commanders nonetheless ordered artillery to be "less timid" and to move forward to address troops' concerns about their guns abandoning them. The British used improvised gun arcs with howitzers; the sighting arrangements used by the Boers with their German and French guns is unclear. The early goniometric devices suffered from the problem that the layer (gun aimer) had to move around to look through the sight. This was very unsatisfactory if the aiming point was not to the front, particularly on larger guns. The solution was a periscopic panoramic sight, with the eyepiece to the rear and the rotatable top of the sight above the height of the layer's head. The German Goertz 1906 design was selected by both the British and the Russians. The British adopted the name "Dial Sight" for this instrument; the US used "Panoramic Telescope"; the Russia used "Goertz panorama". Elevations were measured by a clinometer, a device using a spirit level to measure a vertical angle from the horizontal plane. These could be separate instruments placed on a surface parallel to the axis of the bore or physically integrated into some form of sight mount. Some guns had clinometers graduated in distances instead of angles. Clinometers had several other names including "gunner's level", "range scale", "elevation drum" and "gunner’s quadrant" and several different configurations. Those graduated in ranges were specific to a type of gun. These arrangements lasted for most of the 20th century until robust, reliable and cost-effectively accurate gyroscopes provided a means of pointing gun or launcher in any required azimuth and elevation, thereby enabling indirect fire without using external aiming points. These devices use gyros in all three axes to determine current elevation, azimuth and trunnion tilt. Related issues A United States Marine lance corporal plots the direction and elevation of a mortar before firing. Before a gun or launcher can be aimed, it must be oriented towards a known azimuth, or at least towards a target area. Initially, the angle between the aiming point and target area is deduced, or estimated, and set on the azimuth sight. Each gun is then laid on the aiming point, with this angle in order to keep them aimed roughly parallel to each other. However, for artillery another instrument, called either a director (United Kingdom) or aiming circle (United States), became widespread and eventually the primary method of orienting guns in most if not all armies. After being oriented and pointed in the required direction a gun recorded angles to one or more aiming points. Such early directors were the progenitors of the later general class of directors. Indirect fire needs a command and control arrangement to allot guns to targets and direct their fire. The latter may involve ground or air observers or technical devices and systems. Observers report where shots fall so that aim may be corrected. In the First World War an important task for aircraft — both heavier-than-air or balloons — was artillery spotting. In naval use several ships may be shooting at the same target, making identifying the fall of shot from a particular ship difficult; different-coloured dyes for each ship were often used to help with spotting. Fire may be "adjusted" or "predicted". Adjusting (originally "ranging") means some form of observation is used to correct the fall of shot onto the target; this may be required for several possible reasons: geospatial relationship between gun and target is not accurately known; good quality data for prevailing conditions is unavailable; or the target is moving or expected to move. Predicted fire, originally called "map shooting", was introduced in World War I. It means that firing data is calculated to include corrections for the current prevailing conditions. It requires the target location to be precisely known relative to the gun location. Adjusted and predicted fire are not mutually exclusive, the former may use predicted data and the latter may need adjusting in some circumstances. There are two approaches to the azimuth that orients the guns of a battery for indirect fire. Originally "zero", meaning 6400 mils, 360 degrees or their equivalent, was set at whatever the direction the oriented gun was pointed. Firing data was a deflection or switch from this zero. The other method was to set the sight at the actual grid bearing in which the gun was oriented, and firing data was the actual bearing to the target. The latter reduces sources of mistakes and made it easier to check that the guns were correctly laid. By the late 1950s, most armies had adopted the bearing method, the notable exception being the United States. See also Cannon-launched guided projectile – Precision-guided artillery munition Gun laying – Process of aiming an artillery piece or turret Prism paralleloscope Footnotes ^ AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions ^ John Matsumura (2000). Lightning Over Water: Sharpening America's Light Forces for Rapid-Reaction Missions. Rand Corporation. p. 196. ISBN 0-8330-2845-6. ^ Michael Goodspeed (2002). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War: America, Britain, Israel and the Future. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 0-275-97378-6. ^ Jeff Kinard (2007). Artillery: An Illustrated History of its Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-85109-556-8. ^ Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-313-33348-4. ^ Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline, Brigadier O. F. G. Hogg, 1970, C. Hurst and Company ^ a b The History of the Royal Artillery from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Vol II, 1899–1914, Major General Sir John Headlam, 1934 ^ "Red God of War" Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces, Chris Bellamy, 1986 ^ Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions. Perret, Brian. Cassell 2000. ISBN 978-0-304-35456-6: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action. ^ a b Frank W. Sweet (2000). The Evolution of Indirect Fire. Backintyme. pp. 28–33. ISBN 0-939479-20-6. ^ DiGiulian, Tony (2 March 2021). "Definitions and Information about Naval Guns - Ammunition Definitions - Splash Colors". NavWeaps. References Chris Bellamy (1986). Red God of War" Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces. Brassey's. ISBN 0-08-031200-4.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATP_3-21.90_Figure_5.1_Example_of_range_coverage_from_defilade.png"},{"link_name":"firing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting"},{"link_name":"line of sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_sight"},{"link_name":"direct fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_fire"},{"link_name":"azimuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth"},{"link_name":"inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclination"},{"link_name":"observing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_observer"}],"text":"Indirect fire trajectories for rockets, howitzers, field guns and mortarsIndirect fire is aiming and firing a projectile without relying on a direct line of sight between the gun and its target, as in the case of direct fire. Aiming is performed by calculating azimuth and inclination, and may include correcting aim by observing the fall of shot and calculating new angles.","title":"Indirect fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_artillery"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"M1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_75_mod%C3%A8le_1897"},{"link_name":"missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile"},{"link_name":"howitzers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howitzer"},{"link_name":"rocket artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_artillery"},{"link_name":"multiple rocket launchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_rocket_launcher"},{"link_name":"cruise missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_guns"},{"link_name":"tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_gun"},{"link_name":"anti-tank guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_gun"},{"link_name":"trajectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory"},{"link_name":"Handguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handguns"},{"link_name":"rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"unguided rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_air_support"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:785px_Arty_Call_for_Fire_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"ballistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics"},{"link_name":"observers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_observer"},{"link_name":"observation balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_balloon"},{"link_name":"electrical communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"smart munitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_munition"}],"text":"Indirect fire is most commonly used by field artillery and mortars (although field artillery was originally and until after World War I a direct fire weapon, hence the bullet-shields fitted to the carriages of guns such as the famous M1897 75 mm). It is also used with missiles, howitzers, rocket artillery, multiple rocket launchers, cruise missiles, ballistic missiles, naval guns against shore targets, sometimes with machine guns, and has been used with tank and anti-tank guns and by anti-aircraft guns against surface targets.There are two dimensions in aiming a weapon:In the horizontal plane (azimuth); and\nIn the vertical plane (elevation), which is governed by the distance (range) to the target and the energy of the propelling charge.The projectile trajectory is affected by atmospheric conditions, the velocity of the projectile, the difference in altitude between the firer and the target, and other factors. Direct fire sights may include mechanisms to compensate for some of these. Handguns and rifles, machine guns, anti-tank guns, tank main guns, many types of unguided rockets, and guns mounted in aircraft are examples of weapons primarily designed for direct fire.NATO defines indirect fire as \"Fire delivered at a target which cannot be seen by the aimer.\"[1] The implication is that azimuth and/or elevation 'aiming' is done using instrumental methods. Hence indirect fire means applying 'firing data' to azimuth and elevation sights and laying these sights. Indirect fire can be used when the target is visible from the firing position. However, it is mostly used when the target is at longer range and invisible to the firer due to the terrain. Longer range uses a higher trajectory, and in theory maximum range is achieved with an elevation angle of 45 degrees.[2][3][4]Calling and adjusting indirect artillery fire on a target unseen to the soldiers manning the guns, a modern United States exampleIt is reasonable to assume that original purpose of indirect fire was to enable fire from a 'covered position', one where gunners can not be seen and engaged by their enemies (that and as the range of artillery lengthened, it was impossible to see the target past all the intervening terrain). The concealment aspect remains important, but from World War I equally important was the capability to concentrate the fire of many artillery batteries at the same target or set of targets. This became increasingly important as the range of artillery increased, allowing each battery to have an ever-greater area of influence, but required command and control arrangements to enable concentration of fire. The physical laws of ballistics means that guns firing larger and heavier projectile can send them farther than smaller-calibre guns firing lighter shells. By the end of the 20th century, the typical maximum range for the most common guns was about 24 to 30 km, up from about 8 km in World War I.During World War I, covered positions moved farther back and indirect fire evolved to allow any point within range to be attacked, firepower mobility, without moving the firers. If the target cannot be seen from the gun position, there has to be a means of identifying targets and correcting aim according to fall of shot. The position of some targets may be identified by a headquarters from various sources of information (spotters): observers on the ground, in aircraft, or in observation balloons. The development of electrical communication immensely simplified reporting, and enabled many widely dispersed firers to concentrate their fire on one target.The trajectory of the projectile could not be altered once fired, until the introduction of smart munitions.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Coehorn mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coehorn_mortar"},{"link_name":"original research?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Tartaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia"},{"link_name":"clinometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclinometer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"set square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_square"},{"link_name":"plumb-bob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb-bob"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"Burgundians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgundians"},{"link_name":"Paltzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kay"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"aiming point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiming_point"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hougoumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hougoumont"},{"link_name":"Battle of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"Royal Horse Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery"},{"link_name":"Shrapnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"clinometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinometer"},{"link_name":"telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope"},{"link_name":"goniometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goniometer"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evolution-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Evolution-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"},{"link_name":"Goertz panorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"clinometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inclinometer"},{"link_name":"spirit level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_level"},{"link_name":"gyroscopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscope"}],"text":"Indirect arrow fire by archers was commonly used by ancient armies. It was used during both battles and sieges.[5]For several centuries Coehorn mortars were fired indirectly because their fixed elevation meant range was determined by the amount of propelling powder. It is also reasonable conjecture that if these mortars were used from inside fortifications their targets may have been invisible to them and therefore met the definition of indirect fire.[original research?]It could also be argued[according to whom?] that Niccolò Tartaglia's invention of the gunner's quadrant (see clinometer) in the 16th century introduced indirect fire guns because it enabled gunlaying by instrument instead of line of sight.[6] This instrument was basically a carpenter's set square with a graduated arc and plumb-bob placed in the muzzle to measure an elevation. There are suggestions,[7] based on an account in Livre de Canonerie published in 1561 and reproduced in Revue d'Artillerie of March 1908, that indirect fire was used by the Burgundians in the 16th century. The Russians seem to have used something similar at Paltzig in 1759 where they fired over trees, and their instructions of the time indicate this was a normal practice.[8] These methods probably involved an aiming point positioned in line with the target.[citation needed] The earliest example of indirect fire adjusted by an observer seems to be during the defence of Hougoumont in the Battle of Waterloo where a battery of the Royal Horse Artillery fired an indirect Shrapnel barrage against advancing French troops using corrections given by the commander of an adjacent battery with a direct line of sight.[9]Modern indirect fire dates from the late 19th century. In 1882 a Russian, Lt Col K. G. Guk, published Field Artillery Fire from Covered Positions that described a better method of indirect laying (instead of aiming points in line with the target). In essence, this was the geometry of using angles to aiming points that could be in any direction relative to the target. The problem was the lack of an azimuth instrument to enable it; clinometers for elevation already existed. The Germans solved this problem by inventing the lining-plane in about 1890. This was a gun-mounted rotatable open sight, mounted in alignment with the bore, and able to measure large angles from it. Similar designs, usually able to measure angles in a full circle, were widely adopted over the following decade. By the early 1900s the open sight was sometimes replaced by a telescope and the term goniometer had replaced \"lining-plane\" in English.The first incontrovertible, documented use of indirect fire in war using Guk's methods, albeit without lining-plane sights, was on 26 October 1899 by British gunners during the Second Boer War.[10] Although both sides demonstrated early on in the conflict that they could use the technique effectively, in many subsequent battles, British commanders nonetheless ordered artillery to be \"less timid\" and to move forward to address troops' concerns about their guns abandoning them.[10] The British used improvised gun arcs with howitzers;[7] the sighting arrangements used by the Boers with their German and French guns is unclear.The early goniometric devices suffered from the problem that the layer (gun aimer) had to move around to look through the sight. This was very unsatisfactory if the aiming point was not to the front, particularly on larger guns. The solution was a periscopic panoramic sight, with the eyepiece to the rear and the rotatable top of the sight above the height of the layer's head. The German Goertz 1906 design was selected by both the British and the Russians. The British adopted the name \"Dial Sight\" for this instrument; the US used \"Panoramic Telescope\"; the Russia used \"Goertz panorama\".Elevations were measured by a clinometer, a device using a spirit level to measure a vertical angle from the horizontal plane. These could be separate instruments placed on a surface parallel to the axis of the bore or physically integrated into some form of sight mount. Some guns had clinometers graduated in distances instead of angles. Clinometers had several other names including \"gunner's level\", \"range scale\", \"elevation drum\" and \"gunner’s quadrant\" and several different configurations. Those graduated in ranges were specific to a type of gun.These arrangements lasted for most of the 20th century until robust, reliable and cost-effectively accurate gyroscopes provided a means of pointing gun or launcher in any required azimuth and elevation, thereby enabling indirect fire without using external aiming points. These devices use gyros in all three axes to determine current elevation, azimuth and trunnion tilt.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USMC-081021-M-0007C-008.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USMC"},{"link_name":"lance corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_corporal"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"azimuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth"},{"link_name":"azimuth sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Azimuth_sight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery"},{"link_name":"aiming circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aiming_circle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_(military)"},{"link_name":"artillery spotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_spotting"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Predicted fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicted_fire"}],"text":"A United States Marine lance corporal plots the direction and elevation of a mortar before firing.Before a gun or launcher can be aimed, it must be oriented towards a known azimuth, or at least towards a target area. Initially, the angle between the aiming point and target area is deduced, or estimated, and set on the azimuth sight. Each gun is then laid on the aiming point, with this angle in order to keep them aimed roughly parallel to each other. However, for artillery another instrument, called either a director (United Kingdom) or aiming circle (United States), became widespread and eventually the primary method of orienting guns in most if not all armies. After being oriented and pointed in the required direction a gun recorded angles to one or more aiming points. Such early directors were the progenitors of the later general class of directors.Indirect fire needs a command and control arrangement to allot guns to targets and direct their fire. The latter may involve ground or air observers or technical devices and systems. Observers report where shots fall so that aim may be corrected. In the First World War an important task for aircraft — both heavier-than-air or balloons — was artillery spotting. In naval use several ships may be shooting at the same target, making identifying the fall of shot from a particular ship difficult; different-coloured dyes for each ship were often used to help with spotting.[11]Fire may be \"adjusted\" or \"predicted\". Adjusting (originally \"ranging\") means some form of observation is used to correct the fall of shot onto the target; this may be required for several possible reasons:geospatial relationship between gun and target is not accurately known;\ngood quality data for prevailing conditions is unavailable; or\nthe target is moving or expected to move.Predicted fire, originally called \"map shooting\", was introduced in World War I. It means that firing data is calculated to include corrections for the current prevailing conditions. It requires the target location to be precisely known relative to the gun location.Adjusted and predicted fire are not mutually exclusive, the former may use predicted data and the latter may need adjusting in some circumstances.There are two approaches to the azimuth that orients the guns of a battery for indirect fire. Originally \"zero\", meaning 6400 mils, 360 degrees or their equivalent, was set at whatever the direction the oriented gun was pointed. Firing data was a deflection or switch from this zero.The other method was to set the sight at the actual grid bearing in which the gun was oriented, and firing data was the actual bearing to the target. The latter reduces sources of mistakes and made it easier to check that the guns were correctly laid. By the late 1950s, most armies had adopted the bearing method, the notable exception being the United States.","title":"Related issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Lightning Over Water: Sharpening America's Light Forces for Rapid-Reaction Missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=EuXwNgfI5SwC&pg=PA196"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8330-2845-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-2845-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War: America, Britain, Israel and the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I5-I-AaTNYMC&pg=PA24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-275-97378-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97378-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Artillery: An Illustrated History of its Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=AoIsUnTgQHQC&pg=PA242"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-85109-556-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-556-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Gabriel, Richard A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Gabriel"},{"link_name":"The Ancient World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&q=The+Ancient+World+Richard+A.+Gabriel+indirect+fire&pg=PA74"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-33348-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33348-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-304-35456-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35456-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Evolution_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Evolution_10-1"},{"link_name":"The Evolution of Indirect Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5dmYQPNfGFsC&pg=PA30"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-939479-20-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939479-20-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Definitions and Information about Naval Guns - Ammunition Definitions - Splash Colors\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.navweaps.com/Weapons/Gun_Data_p2.php"}],"text":"^ AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions\n\n^ John Matsumura (2000). Lightning Over Water: Sharpening America's Light Forces for Rapid-Reaction Missions. Rand Corporation. p. 196. ISBN 0-8330-2845-6.\n\n^ Michael Goodspeed (2002). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War: America, Britain, Israel and the Future. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 0-275-97378-6.\n\n^ Jeff Kinard (2007). Artillery: An Illustrated History of its Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-85109-556-8.\n\n^ Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-313-33348-4.\n\n^ Artillery: Its Origin, Heyday and Decline, Brigadier O. F. G. Hogg, 1970, C. Hurst and Company\n\n^ a b The History of the Royal Artillery from the Indian Mutiny to the Great War, Vol II, 1899–1914, Major General Sir John Headlam, 1934\n\n^ \"Red God of War\" Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces, Chris Bellamy, 1986\n\n^ Against All Odds!: Dramatic Last Stand Actions. Perret, Brian. Cassell 2000. ISBN 978-0-304-35456-6: discussed during the account of the Hougoumont action.\n\n^ a b Frank W. Sweet (2000). The Evolution of Indirect Fire. Backintyme. pp. 28–33. ISBN 0-939479-20-6.\n\n^ DiGiulian, Tony (2 March 2021). \"Definitions and Information about Naval Guns - Ammunition Definitions - Splash Colors\". NavWeaps.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Indirect fire trajectories for rockets, howitzers, field guns and mortars","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/ATP_3-21.90_Figure_5.1_Example_of_range_coverage_from_defilade.png/300px-ATP_3-21.90_Figure_5.1_Example_of_range_coverage_from_defilade.png"},{"image_text":"Calling and adjusting indirect artillery fire on a target unseen to the soldiers manning the guns, a modern United States example","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/785px_Arty_Call_for_Fire_1.jpg/400px-785px_Arty_Call_for_Fire_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"A United States Marine lance corporal plots the direction and elevation of a mortar before firing.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/USMC-081021-M-0007C-008.jpg/220px-USMC-081021-M-0007C-008.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Cannon-launched guided projectile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon-launched_guided_projectile"},{"title":"Gun laying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_laying"},{"title":"Prism paralleloscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prism_paralleloscope"}]	[{"reference":"John Matsumura (2000). Lightning Over Water: Sharpening America's Light Forces for Rapid-Reaction Missions. Rand Corporation. p. 196. ISBN 0-8330-2845-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EuXwNgfI5SwC&pg=PA196","url_text":"Lightning Over Water: Sharpening America's Light Forces for Rapid-Reaction Missions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-2845-6","url_text":"0-8330-2845-6"}]},{"reference":"Michael Goodspeed (2002). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War: America, Britain, Israel and the Future. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. ISBN 0-275-97378-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I5-I-AaTNYMC&pg=PA24","url_text":"When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War: America, Britain, Israel and the Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97378-6","url_text":"0-275-97378-6"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Kinard (2007). Artillery: An Illustrated History of its Impact. ABC-CLIO. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-85109-556-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AoIsUnTgQHQC&pg=PA242","url_text":"Artillery: An Illustrated History of its Impact"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-556-8","url_text":"978-1-85109-556-8"}]},{"reference":"Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). The Ancient World. Greenwood Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-313-33348-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_A._Gabriel","url_text":"Gabriel, Richard A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HscIwvtkq2UC&q=The+Ancient+World+Richard+A.+Gabriel+indirect+fire&pg=PA74","url_text":"The Ancient World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Press","url_text":"Greenwood Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33348-4","url_text":"978-0-313-33348-4"}]},{"reference":"Frank W. Sweet (2000). The Evolution of Indirect Fire. Backintyme. pp. 28–33. ISBN 0-939479-20-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5dmYQPNfGFsC&pg=PA30","url_text":"The Evolution of Indirect Fire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939479-20-6","url_text":"0-939479-20-6"}]},{"reference":"DiGiulian, Tony (2 March 2021). \"Definitions and Information about Naval Guns - Ammunition Definitions - Splash Colors\". NavWeaps.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/Gun_Data_p2.php","url_text":"\"Definitions and Information about Naval Guns - Ammunition Definitions - Splash Colors\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Bellamy (1986). Red God of War\" Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces. Brassey's. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Somalia	Administrative divisions of Somalia	["1 Regions and districts","2 Historical divisions","2.1 Pre-independence","2.2 Somalia","3 See also","4 References"]	Overview of the administrative regions of Somalia Regions of SomaliaGobollada Soomaaliya (Somali)مناطق الصومال (Arabic)CategoryFederal statesLocationFederal Republic of SomaliaCreated1860Number18 regionsPopulations362,921 (Middle Juba) — 1,650,227 (Banaadir)(2014 estimates)SubdivisionsDistrict Politics of Somalia Constitution Provisional Constitution Executive President (List) Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Prime Minister Hamza Abdi Barre Council of Ministers Legislature Speaker Aden Madobe Members of the Federal Parliament Judiciary Judiciary Elections Recent elections Presidential: 20172022 Parliamentary: 20162021–2022 Referendum: 1979 (latest) Administrative divisions States and regions Galmudug Hirshabelle Jubaland Puntland South West Somalia Claimed territory Somaliland Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Abshir Omar Huruse Diplomatic missions of / in Somalia Somali nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Other Political parties Human rights Somalia portal Other countries vte Somalia is officially divided into 18 administrative regions (gobollo, singular gobol). These are in turn subdivided into seventy-two districts (plural degmooyin; singular degmo) On a de facto basis, northern Somalia is now divided up among the autonomous region of Puntland In central Somalia, Galmudug is another regional entity that emerged south of Puntland. For these civil war divisions, see States and regions of Somalia. Regions and districts Region Population(2014 estimate) Location Districts Banaadir Region 1,650,227 Central Abdiaziz DistrictBondhere DistrictDaynile DistrictDharkenley DistrictHamar Jajab DistrictHamar Weyne DistrictHodan DistrictHawle Wadag DistrictHuriwa DistrictKaran DistrictShibis DistrictShangani DistrictWaberi DistrictWadajir DistrictWardhigley DistrictYaqshid District Kaxda District Galguduud Region 569,434 Central Abudwaq DistrictAdado DistrictDhusa Mareb DistrictEl Buur DistrictGalhareeri DistrictEl Dher DistrictGalad District Hiiraan Region 520,685 Central Beledweyne DistrictBuloburde DistrictMoqokori DistrictHalgan DistrictBuq Aqable DistrictJalalaqsi DistrictMataban DistrictMahas District Shabeellaha Dhexe Region 516,036 Central Adale DistrictAdan Yabal DistrictBalad DistrictJowhar DistrictMahaday DistrictRunirgod DistrictWarsheikh District Shabeellaha Hoose Region 1,202,219 Central Afgooye DistrictBarawa DistrictKurtunwarey DistrictMerca DistrictQoriyoley DistrictSablale DistrictWanlaweyn District Bari Region 719,512 North Eastern Waiye District Bayla DistrictDhudhub DistrictBosaso DistrictAlula DistrictIskushuban DistrictQandala DistrictUfayn DistrictQardho DistrictRako District Mudug Region 717,863 Southern Galkayo DistrictGaldogob DistrictHarardhere DistrictHobyo DistrictJariban DistrictBurtinle District Nugaal Region 845,430 North Eastern Garowe DistrictEyl DistrictDangorayo District Godobjiran District Bakool Region 367,226 Southern El Barde DistrictHudur DistrictTiyeglow DistrictWajid District Buurdhuxunle District Rabdhure District Bay Region 792,182 Southern Baidoa DistrictBurhakaba DistrictDinsoor DistrictQasahdhere DistrictBardaale District Gedo Region 508,405 Southern Bardhere DistrictBeled Hawo DistrictEl Wak DistrictDolow DistrictGarbaharey DistrictLuuq DistrictBurdhubo District Jubbada Dhexe Region 362,921 Southern Bu'ale DistrictJilib DistrictSakow District Jubbada Hoose Region 489,307 Southern Afmadow District Badhadhe DistrictJamame DistrictKismayo District Sool Region 49,307 Northern Laascaanood District Hudun DistrictTaleex District Sanaag Region 96,307 Northern Erigavo District Badhan DistrictDhahar District Historical divisions Pre-independence In 1931, Italian Somaliland consisted of seven commissariats. Alto Giuba Alto Uebi-Scebeli Basso Giuba Basso Uebi-Scebeli Migiurtinia Mogadiscio Mudugh Following the 1935–36 Second Italo-Abyssinian War, Italian Somaliland became part of Italian East Africa with Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Eritrea. Italian Somaliland was one of six governorates of the new colony, the Somalia Governorate, and incorporated Somali-inhabited parts of the former Abyssinia. The governorate was subdivided into 10 commissariats, which were themselves divided into residencies. Alto Giuba (English: Upper Juba) (capital: Baidoa) Alto Scebeli (Upper Shabele) (Bulo Burti) Basso Scebeli (Lower Shabele) (Merca) Migiurtinia (Migiurtinia) (Dante) Mogadiscio (Mogadishu) (Mogadiscio) Mudugh (Mudug) (Rocca Littorio) Ogaden (Ogaden) (Uarder) Uebi Gestro (Gestro River) (Callafo) Basso Giuba (Lower Juba) (Chisimaio) Nogal (Nugaal) (Eil) Following World War II, the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somalia consisted of six Regions. Alto Giuba Basso Giuba Benadir Hiiraan Migiurtinia Mudugh The British Somaliland protectorate also consisted of two Regions. Burao Hargeisa Somalia The 8 provinces of Somalia in 1967 Upon independence in 1960, the Somali Republic maintained the 12 districts of the former Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland that merged to form the new country. In 1964, a new Northeastern (Burao) Province was established by merging Burao, Erigavo, and Las Anod and a Northwestern (Hargeisa) Province was formed from Berbera, Borama, and Hargeisa districts. In 1968, the capital of Basso Giuba was moved from Kismayo to Jamame. The 8 provinces at this time were: Province Area(km2) Capital Benadir 45,004 Mogadishu Burao 128,000 Burao Hargeisa 48,000 Hargeisa Hiran 25,647 Beled Weyne Lower Juba 49,917 Jamame Bosaso 90,744 Bosaso (Bender Cassim) Mudug 118,737 Galkayo Upper Juba 131,492 Baidoa In 1982, Somalia reorganized from eight provinces into 16 regions. In June 1984, Awdal was split from Woqooyi Galbeed and Sool was split from Nugaal to form the current 18 regions. See also Somalia portal States and regions of Somalia List of regions of Somalia by Human Development Index ISO 3166-2:SO References ^ a b "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009-05-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2009-05-31. ^ "UNFPA Population Estimation Survey 2014" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2017-08-03. ^ a b c d e f g h "Regions of Somalia" Archived 2016-10-23 at the Wayback Machine. Statoids. Retrieved 20 February 2011. vteSomalia articlesHistoryChronology Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland British Somaliland Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) By topic Maritime Military Postal Geography Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law (Xeer) Military Political history Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Society Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Demographics Diaspora Education Health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Category Portal vte Administrative divisions of SomaliaAwdal Region Dilla District Baki District Borama District Lughaya District Zeila District Bakool Region Hudur District Rabdhure District Tiyeglow District Wajid District Yed District El Barde District Banaadir Region Abdiaziz District Bondhere District Daynile District Dharkenley District Hamar Jajab District Hamar Weyne District Hodan District Hawle Wadag District Huriwa District Karan District Shibis District Shangani District Waberi District Wadajir District Warta Nabada District Yaqshid District Bari Region Bayla District Bosaso District Alula District Iskushuban District Qandala District Qardho District Bargal District Bareeda District Balidhidhin District Armo District Bay Region Baidoa District Burhakaba District Dinsor District Qasahdhere District Galguduud Region Abudwak District Adado District El Buur District El Dher District Dusmareb District Guriel District Gedo Region Bardhere District Beled Hawo District Burdhubo District El Wak District Dolow District Garbaharey District Luuq District Hiran Region Beledweyne District Buloburde District Buq Aqable District Jalalaqsi District Mataban District Middle Juba Region Bu'ale District Jilib District Sakow District Lower Juba Region Afmadow District Badhadhe District Jamame District Kismayo District Mudug Region Galkayo District Galdogob District Harardhere District Hobyo District Jariban District Nugal Region Burtinle District Dangorayo District Eyl District Garowe District Sanaag Region Badhan District El Afweyn District Erigavo District Dhahar District Hingalol District Middle Shabelle Region Adan Yabal District Balad District Adale District Jowhar District Warsheikh District Mahaday Weyn District Lower Shabelle Region Afgooye District Barawa District Kurtunwarey District Merca District Qoriyoley District Sablale District Wanlaweyn District Sool Region Aynaba District Las Anod District Taleh District Hudun District Togdheer Region Burao District Buhoodle District Odweyne District Sheikh District Maroodi Jeex Region Berbera District Hargeisa District Gabiley District Salahlay District vteArticles on first-level administrative divisions of African countries Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Table of administrative country subdivisions by country vteArticles on second-level administrative divisions of African countries Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Democratic Republic of the Congo territory city Republic of the Congo Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe List of administrative divisions by country	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009factbook-1"},{"link_name":"Puntland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland"},{"link_name":"Galmudug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galmudug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2009factbook-1"},{"link_name":"civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"States and regions of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia"}],"text":"Somalia is officially divided into 18 administrative regions (gobollo, singular gobol).[1] These are in turn subdivided into seventy-two districts (plural degmooyin; singular degmo)On a de facto basis, northern Somalia is now divided up among the autonomous region of Puntland In central Somalia, Galmudug is another regional entity that emerged south of Puntland.[1] For these civil war 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Italian Somaliland was one of six governorates of the new colony, the Somalia Governorate, and incorporated Somali-inhabited parts of the former Abyssinia. The governorate was subdivided into 10 commissariats, which were themselves divided into residencies.Alto Giuba (English: Upper Juba) (capital: Baidoa)\nAlto Scebeli (Upper Shabele) (Bulo Burti)\nBasso Scebeli (Lower Shabele) (Merca)\nMigiurtinia (Migiurtinia) (Dante)\nMogadiscio (Mogadishu) (Mogadiscio)\nMudugh (Mudug) (Rocca Littorio)\nOgaden (Ogaden) (Uarder)\nUebi Gestro (Gestro River) (Callafo)\nBasso Giuba (Lower Juba) (Chisimaio)\nNogal (Nugaal) (Eil)Following World War II, the Italian-administered Trust Territory of Somalia consisted of six Regions.[3]Alto Giuba\nBasso Giuba\nBenadir\nHiiraan\nMigiurtinia\nMudughThe British Somaliland protectorate also consisted of two Regions.[3]Burao\nHargeisa","title":"Historical divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_8_Provinces_of_Somalia_(1967).png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-3"},{"link_name":"Jamame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamame"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statoids-3"}],"sub_title":"Somalia","text":"The 8 provinces of Somalia in 1967Upon independence in 1960, the Somali Republic maintained the 12 districts of the former Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland that merged to form the new country.[3] In 1964, a new Northeastern (Burao) Province was established by merging Burao, Erigavo, and Las Anod and a Northwestern (Hargeisa) Province was formed from Berbera, Borama, and Hargeisa districts.[3] In 1968, the capital of Basso Giuba was moved from Kismayo to Jamame. The 8 provinces at this time were:[3]In 1982, Somalia reorganized from eight provinces into 16 regions.[3] In June 1984, Awdal was split from Woqooyi Galbeed and Sool was split from Nugaal to form the current 18 regions.[3]","title":"Historical divisions"}]	[{"image_text":"The 8 provinces of Somalia in 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/The_8_Provinces_of_Somalia_%281967%29.png/220px-The_8_Provinces_of_Somalia_%281967%29.png"}]	[{"title":"Somalia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Somalia"},{"title":"States and regions of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia"},{"title":"List of regions of Somalia by Human Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Somalia_by_Human_Development_Index"},{"title":"ISO 3166-2:SO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SO"}]	[{"reference":"\"Somalia\". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009-05-14. Archived from the original on 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2009-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/","url_text":"\"Somalia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Factbook","url_text":"World Factbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency","url_text":"Central Intelligence Agency"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701070127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UNFPA Population Estimation Survey 2014\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-13. Retrieved 2017-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf","url_text":"\"UNFPA Population Estimation Survey 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713071635/https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/","external_links_name":"\"Somalia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140701070127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"\"UNFPA Population Estimation Survey 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210713071635/https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/uso.html","external_links_name":"\"Regions of Somalia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023204530/http://www.statoids.com/uso.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Morris	Open Morris	["1 References","2 External links"]	Morris dancing association, UK This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Open Morris is one of the three umbrella groups for morris dance sides in the United Kingdom. It was formed primarily by members of Fenstanton Morris (an early mixed sex dance side operating near Huntingdon) and other dancers located in East Anglia in the 1979 as a response to the male-only policy of the Morris Ring and the female-only policy of the Women's Morris Federation - although, by 1980, the Morris Federation had already dropped their female-only policy in favour of one that allowed both joint sides, where morris sides had male and female members who would dance in all male or all female sets, and mixed sets, where men and women would dance together. Open Morris was a response to this as the small number of mixed sides in the 1980s wished to form their own umbrella organisation. Today Open Morris has a large number of member sides and interacts happily with the other umbrella groups as a member of the Joint Morris Organisation. Members of this grouping have always made a point of promoting morris dance as a living tradition. They are traditionally non-traditional. References ^ "About Open Morris – Open Morris Testing Site". External links Open Morris website Open Morris page for Fenstanton Morris	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"morris dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_dance"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Morris Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Ring"},{"link_name":"Morris Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Federation"},{"link_name":"Joint Morris Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Morris_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Open Morris is one of the three umbrella groups for morris dance sides in the United Kingdom. It was formed primarily by members of Fenstanton Morris (an early mixed sex dance side operating near Huntingdon) and other dancers located in East Anglia in the 1979 as a response to the male-only policy of the Morris Ring and the female-only policy of the Women's Morris Federation - although, by 1980, the Morris Federation had already dropped their female-only policy in favour of one that allowed both joint sides, where morris sides had male and female members who would dance in all male or all female sets, and mixed sets, where men and women would dance together. Open Morris was a response to this as the small number of mixed sides in the 1980s wished to form their own umbrella organisation.Today Open Morris has a large number of member sides and interacts happily with the other umbrella groups as a member of the Joint Morris Organisation. Members of this grouping have always made a point of promoting morris dance as a living tradition. They are traditionally non-traditional.[1]","title":"Open Morris"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"About Open Morris – Open Morris Testing Site\".","urls":[{"url":"https://open-morris.org/about/","url_text":"\"About Open Morris – Open Morris Testing Site\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Open_Morris&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://open-morris.org/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Open Morris – Open Morris Testing Site\""},{"Link":"https://open-morris.org/","external_links_name":"Open Morris website"},{"Link":"https://open-morris.org/member-side-details/?pdb=34","external_links_name":"Open Morris page for Fenstanton Morris"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Polovtsov	Peter Polovtsov	["1 References"]	Russian general (1874–1964) Peter Polovtsov Peter Alexandrovich Polovtsov, (Russian: Пётр Александрович Половцов; 11 July 1874, Tsarskoye Selo – 9 April 1964 Monte Carlo) was a Russian Tsarist General. Peter was the son of Alexander Polovtsov. Peter escaped from Russia in February 1918 with the aid of the British agents Ranald MacDonell and Edward Noel. He was provided with the passport of Reverend Jesse Yonan, an American missionary, and travelled in disguise from Tbilisi to Baku on the Transcaucasus Railway. They travelled on a train escorted by 10,000 armed troops of the Bolshevik Red Army. Noel's involvement in this came to light when he was held captive by the Jangalis in March 1918, and was used to pressurise MacDonell, then in Baku, to desist from trying to topple the Baku Commune. References ^ "Русская армия в Великой войне: Картотека проекта. Половцов Петр Александрович". www.grwar.ru. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022. ^ Fitzpatrick, David. "Edward William Charles Noel – political officer and spy". blogs.bl.uk. British Library. Retrieved 1 July 2021. ^ On Secret Service East of Constantinople by Peter Hopkirk, John Murray, 1994 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Sweden Netherlands	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petr_Polovtsov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoye Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_people"},{"link_name":"Tsarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Polovtsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Polovtsov"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ranald MacDonell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranald_MacDonell"},{"link_name":"Edward Noel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Noel_(spy)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-2"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Transcaucasus Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcaucasus_Railway"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"Jangalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Movement_of_Gilan"},{"link_name":"Baku Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku_Commune"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Peter PolovtsovPeter Alexandrovich Polovtsov, (Russian: Пётр Александрович Половцов; 11 July [O.S. 30 May] 1874, Tsarskoye Selo – 9 April 1964 Monte Carlo) was a Russian Tsarist General.[1]Peter was the son of Alexander Polovtsov.Peter escaped from Russia in February 1918 with the aid of the British agents Ranald MacDonell and Edward Noel.[2] He was provided with the passport of Reverend Jesse Yonan, an American missionary, and travelled in disguise from Tbilisi to Baku on the Transcaucasus Railway. They travelled on a train escorted by 10,000 armed troops of the Bolshevik Red Army. Noel's involvement in this came to light when he was held captive by the Jangalis in March 1918, and was used to pressurise MacDonell, then in Baku, to desist from trying to topple the Baku Commune.[3]","title":"Peter Polovtsov"}]	[{"image_text":"Peter Polovtsov","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Petr_Polovtsov.jpg/220px-Petr_Polovtsov.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Русская армия в Великой войне: Картотека проекта. Половцов Петр Александрович\". www.grwar.ru. Retrieved Sep 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grwar.ru/persons/person/517","url_text":"\"Русская армия в Великой войне: Картотека проекта. Половцов Петр Александрович\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzpatrick, David. \"Edward William Charles Noel – political officer and spy\". blogs.bl.uk. British Library. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Indian_escudo	Portuguese Indian escudo	["1 History","2 Coins","3 Banknotes","4 References","5 External links"]	Currency manufactured by Portuguese colonial empire used in Portuguese occupied india Portuguese Indian escudoEscudo da Índia Portuguesa1 Escudo (1959)DenominationsSubunit 1⁄100centavoBanknotes30, 60, 100, 300, 600, 1000 escudosCoins10, 30, 60 centavos, 1, 3, 6 escudosDemographicsUser(s) Portuguese IndiaIssuanceIssuing authorityBanco Nacional UltramarinoValuationPegged withPortuguese escudoThis infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. The escudo was the currency of Portuguese India between 1958 and 1961. It was subdivided into 100 centavos and was equal in value to the Portuguese escudo. After Goa was invaded by the Republic of India in 1961, the escudo was replaced by the Indian rupee. History The escudo replaced the rupia at the rate of 1 rupia = 6 escudos. This was due to the respective values of the Indian rupee (to which the rupia was pegged) and the Portuguese escudo, with one rupee equalling one shilling six pence (18 pence) sterling and one escudo equaling three pence. Coins Coins were introduced in 1958 in denominations of 10, 30 and 60 centavos, 1, 3 and 6 escudos. The 10 and 30 centavos were struck in bronze, the others in cupro-nickel. Except for the 10 centavos, which was minted in 1961, none of these coins were produced after 1959. All of them are common. Banknotes In 1959, notes were introduced by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in denominations of 30, 60, 100, 300, 600 and 1000 escudos. Image Value Main colour Description Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse 30 escudos Red Afonso de Albuquerque Afonso de Albuquerque and ships 60 escudos Violet 100 escudos Blue 300 escudos Red 600 escudos Green 1000 escudos Brown-green References Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501. Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9. External links Money portalNumismatics portal System Portuguese Indian escudo - Banknotes Indo-Portuguese Issues vteCurrencies named escudo or similarCirculating Cape Verdean escudo Maltese scudo Defunct Angolan escudo Bolivian scudo Chilean escudo French écu Italian scudo Lombardy-Venetia scudo Milanese scudo Mozambican escudo Papal States scudo Portuguese escudo Portuguese Guinean escudo Portuguese Indian escudo Portuguese Timorese escudo São Tomé and Príncipe escudo Spanish escudo vteHistoric currencies of IndiaOverview History of the rupee Coinage of India Coinage of Asia Ancient and medieval Punch-marked coins Arched-hill symbol Post-Mauryan coinage (Gandhara) Narwar coinage Kushan coinage Indo-Sasanian coinage Indo-Greek coinage Pallava coinage Pandya coinage Vijayanagara coinage Setu coins Near modern British Indian coinage Dutch Indian coinage Hyderabadi rupee Travancore rupee Kutch kori (Banknotes of Kutch) Danish Indian rupee French Indian rupee Portuguese Indian rupia Portuguese Indian escudo Banknote of Ambliara Indian postal orders in Egypt Modern Indian rupee (Gulf rupee) Pakistani rupee Sri Lankan rupee Nepalese rupee Bhutanese ngultrum Maldivian rufiyaa Denomination Paisa Indian pie Taka Anna Mohur Ashrafi Cash Dam Cowrie Dinar Larin Tola Masha Pagoda Karshapana Shivrai Madras fanam Travancore fanam See also: Economy of India Economy of Pakistan vte State of GoaHistory History of Goa Bhojas of Goa Kadambas of Goa Goa Inquisition Portuguese conquest Portuguese rule Liberation movement Indian annexation 1967 status referendum Government Chief Ministers Legislative Assembly State seal Political parties Goa Police Fire and Emergency Services Goa civil code Geography Dudhsagar Falls Sonsogor Western Ghats Rivers Districts North Goa South Goa Talukas Bardez Bicholim Canacona Dharbandora Mormugao Pernem Ponda Quepem Salcete Sanguem Sattari Tiswadi Cities Panjim Margao Vasco da Gama Mapusa Ponda Old Goa Heritage sites Churches and Convents of Goa Basilica of Bom Jesus Church and Convent of St. Francis of Assisi Church of Our Lady of the Rosary Church of St. Augustine Se Cathedral St. Cajetan Church Old Goa Fontainhas Mahadev Temple Mangueshi Temple Shanta Durga Temple Wildlife sanctuaries Mollem Netravali Mahadayi Cotigao Bondla Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary Flora and fauna Education Goa University Colleges Schools Science Goans in science National Institute of Oceanography National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research Culture Comunidades Cuisine Goans Konkani people Konkani cinema Konkani language Literature Media Music Shigmo Zatra Goans in sports Tiatr SportsTeams Goa football team Goa cricket team Churchill Brothers S.C. Dempo S.C. Salgaocar F.C. Sesa Football Academy Sporting Clube de Goa Vasco S.C. FC Goa Stadia Fatorda Stadium Tilak Maidan Stadium Dr. Rajendra Prasad Stadium Competitions Goa Football League Transport Dabolim Airport Manohar Airport Kadamba Transport Corporation Konkan Railway Mormugao Port Trust Category Wikiproject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India"},{"link_name":"centavos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centavo"},{"link_name":"Portuguese escudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_escudo"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa"},{"link_name":"invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Goa"},{"link_name":"Republic of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian rupee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"}],"text":"The escudo was the currency of Portuguese India between 1958 and 1961. 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This was due to the respective values of the Indian rupee (to which the rupia was pegged) and the Portuguese escudo, with one rupee equalling one shilling six pence (18 pence) sterling and one escudo equaling three pence.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Coins were introduced in 1958 in denominations of 10, 30 and 60 centavos, 1, 3 and 6 escudos. The 10 and 30 centavos were struck in bronze, the others in cupro-nickel. Except for the 10 centavos, which was minted in 1961, none of these coins were produced after 1959. All of them are common.","title":"Coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banco Nacional Ultramarino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_Nacional_Ultramarino"}],"text":"In 1959, notes were introduced by the Banco Nacional Ultramarino in denominations of 30, 60, 100, 300, 600 and 1000 escudos.","title":"Banknotes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501","url_text":"0873411501"}]},{"reference":"Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloy_Olaya	Eloy Olaya	["1 Club career","2 International career","2.1 International goals","3 Honours","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Olaya and the second or maternal family name is Prendes. EloyPersonal informationFull name Eloy José Olaya PrendesDate of birth (1964-07-10) 10 July 1964 (age 59)Place of birth Gijón, SpainHeight 1.67 m (5 ft 6 in)Position(s) ForwardYouth career Colegio Inmaculada Sporting GijónSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)1979–1988 Sporting Gijón 191 (37)1981–1983 Sporting Gijón B 56 (13)1988–1995 Valencia 203 (37)1995–1996 Sporting Gijón 36 (3)1996–1998 Badajoz 28 (4)Total 514 (94)International career1980 Spain U16 2 (0)1981–1982 Spain U18 13 (5)1983–1986 Spain U21 10 (4)1985–1990 Spain 15 (4) Club domestic league appearances and goals Eloy José Olaya Prendes (born 10 July 1964), known simply as Eloy, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a forward. Club career Eloy was born in Gijón, Asturias. During his career, he played for Sporting de Gijón (being part of a strong 80's team that achieved two fourth places in La Liga, in 1985 and 1987, with the player scoring 11 goals from 43 appearances in the latter season), Valencia CF (with roughly the same individual records, helping the Che to a runner-up spot in the 1989–90 campaign) and CD Badajoz (retiring after an unassuming Segunda División spell). On 28 November 1979, aged only 15, he made his professional debut, appearing for the side in a Copa del Rey match against CD Turón as the Royal Spanish Football Federation did not allow clubs to field players from the reserves, which were able to also compete in the tournament in that period. After retiring in 1998 at the age of 34, with top-tier totals of 430 games and 77 goals, Eloy served as director of football for his main club Sporting, from 2001 to 2006. International career Eloy earned 15 caps and scored four goals for the Spain national team in five years. He was a participant in the 1986 FIFA World Cup where he netted against Algeria in a 3–0 win, also missing in a penalty shootout quarter-final loss to Belgium, and UEFA Euro 1988 (no appearances). Eloy's debut came on 20 November 1985 in a 0–0 friendly with Austria, played in Zaragoza. International goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1. 22 January 1986 Insular, Las Palmas, Spain Soviet Union 2–0 2–0 Friendly 2. 12 June 1986 Tecnológico, Monterrey, Mexico Algeria 0–3 0–3 1986 FIFA World Cup 3. 1 April 1987 Prater, Vienna, Austria Austria 0–1 2–3 Euro 1988 qualifying 4. 1 April 1987 Prater, Vienna, Austria Austria 1–2 2–3 Euro 1988 qualifying Honours Valencia Copa del Rey runner-up: 1994–95 Spain U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1986 See also List of La Liga players (400+ appearances) List of Sporting de Gijón players (+100 appearances) List of Valencia CF players (+100 appearances) References ^ a b Casado, Edu (15 February 2011). "Qué fue de… Eloy Olaya" . 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ a b Batalla, Pablo (28 December 2022). "Eloy Olaya: «Vi hace poco el penalti del 86 con los chavales del Sporting, y les dije: mirad, no se acaba el mundo»" (in Spanish). Jot Down. Retrieved 28 July 2023. ^ "Eloy jugó en la Copa con 15 años" . La Nueva España (in Spanish). 9 October 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2010. ^ "Eloy" (in Spanish). El Sitio de Mis Cromos. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023. ^ Rosety, Manuel (10 November 2011). "El Sporting se plantea recuperar a Eloy Olaya" . El Comercio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016. ^ Pascual, Alfredo (21 May 2016). "Del utillero falangista al positivo de Calderé: nuestro Mundial 86 en diez episodios" . El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ "3–0: A lomos de Calderé, España cruzó el desierto buscando el "grupo de la muerte"" . ABC (in Spanish). 13 June 1986. Retrieved 28 September 2017. ^ Astruells, Andrés (23 June 1986). "1–1: Buenas noches, España" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2014. ^ G. Calatayud, Antonio (21 November 1985). "0–0: Nos congelamos todos" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 April 2016. ^ "Eloy Olaya". European Football. Retrieved 2 April 2017. ^ Carbajosa, Carlos E. (28 June 1995). "Supertítulo" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2015. ^ Perearnau, Francesc (30 October 1986). "¡¡¡Campeones!!!" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2014. External links Eloy Olaya at BDFutbol CiberChe biography and stats (in Spanish) Eloy Olaya at National-Football-Teams.com Eloy Olaya – FIFA competition record (archived) Spain squads vteSpain squad – 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Zubizarreta 2 Tomás 3 Camacho (c) 4 Maceda 5 Víctor 6 Gordillo 7 Señor 8 Goikoetxea 9 Butragueño 10 Carrasco 11 Julio Alberto 12 Setién 13 Urruti 14 Gallego 15 Chendo 16 Rincón 17 Francisco 18 Calderé 19 Salinas 20 Eloy 21 Míchel 22 Ablanedo Coach: Muñoz vteSpain squad – UEFA Euro 1988 1 Zubizarreta 2 Tomás 3 Camacho (c) 4 Andrinúa 5 Víctor 6 Calderé 7 Salinas 8 Sanchís 9 Butragueño 10 Eloy 11 Gordillo 12 Diego 13 Buyo 14 Gallego 15 Eusebio 16 Bakero 17 Begiristain 18 Soler 19 Martín Vázquez 20 Míchel Coach: Muñoz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Olaya and the second or maternal family name is Prendes.Eloy José Olaya Prendes (born 10 July 1964), known simply as Eloy, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a forward.","title":"Eloy Olaya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"Sporting de Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"latter season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Valencia CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_CF"},{"link_name":"1989–90 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"CD Badajoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Badajoz"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20M-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JD-2"},{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"CD Turón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Tur%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Royal Spanish Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"director of football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_football"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Eloy was born in Gijón, Asturias. During his career, he played for Sporting de Gijón (being part of a strong 80's team that achieved two fourth places in La Liga, in 1985 and 1987, with the player scoring 11 goals from 43 appearances in the latter season), Valencia CF (with roughly the same individual records, helping the Che to a runner-up spot in the 1989–90 campaign) and CD Badajoz (retiring after an unassuming Segunda División spell).[1][2] On 28 November 1979, aged only 15, he made his professional debut, appearing for the side in a Copa del Rey match against CD Turón as the Royal Spanish Football Federation did not allow clubs to field players from the reserves, which were able to also compete in the tournament in that period.[3]After retiring in 1998 at the age of 34, with top-tier totals of 430 games and 77 goals,[4] Eloy served as director of football for his main club Sporting, from 2001 to 2006.[5]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Spain national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20M-1"},{"link_name":"1986 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1988"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JD-2"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Eloy earned 15 caps and scored four goals for the Spain national team in five years.[1] He was a participant in the 1986 FIFA World Cup[6] where he netted against Algeria in a 3–0 win,[7] also missing in a penalty shootout quarter-final loss to Belgium,[8] and UEFA Euro 1988 (no appearances).[2]Eloy's debut came on 20 November 1985 in a 0–0 friendly with Austria, played in Zaragoza.[9]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International goals","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"ValenciaCopa del Rey runner-up: 1994–95[11]Spain U21UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1986[12]","title":"Honours"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of La Liga players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_La_Liga_players"},{"title":"List of Sporting de Gijón players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n_players"},{"title":"List of Valencia CF players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Valencia_CF_players"}]	[{"reference":"Casado, Edu (15 February 2011). \"Qué fue de… Eloy Olaya\" [What happened to… Eloy Olaya]. 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.20minutos.es/quefuede/2011/02/15/que-fue-de-eloy-olaya/","url_text":"\"Qué fue de… Eloy Olaya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_minutos","url_text":"20 minutos"}]},{"reference":"Batalla, Pablo (28 December 2022). \"Eloy Olaya: «Vi hace poco el penalti del 86 con los chavales del Sporting, y les dije: mirad, no se acaba el mundo»\" [Eloy Olaya: \"I recently saw that 86 penalty with Sporting's kids, and I told them: see, it's not the end of the world\"] (in Spanish). Jot Down. Retrieved 28 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.jotdown.es/2022/12/28/eloy-olaya-vi-hace-poco-el-penalti-del-86-con-los-chavales-del-sporting-y-les-dije-mirad-no-se-acaba-el-mundo/","url_text":"\"Eloy Olaya: «Vi hace poco el penalti del 86 con los chavales del Sporting, y les dije: mirad, no se acaba el mundo»\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eloy jugó en la Copa con 15 años\" [Eloy played in Cup at the age of 15]. La Nueva España (in Spanish). 9 October 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lne.es/deportes/2009/10/09/deportes-eloy-jugo-copa/818792.html","url_text":"\"Eloy jugó en la Copa con 15 años\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nueva_Espa%C3%B1a","url_text":"La Nueva España"}]},{"reference":"\"Eloy\" (in Spanish). El Sitio de Mis Cromos. 10 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://elsitiodemiscromos.com/eloy-jose-olaya-prendes","url_text":"\"Eloy\""}]},{"reference":"Rosety, Manuel (10 November 2011). \"El Sporting se plantea recuperar a Eloy Olaya\" [Sporting thinking about bringing Eloy Olaya back]. El Comercio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509141643/http://sporting.elcomercio.es/noticias/2011-11-10/sporting-plantea-recuperar-eloy-20111110.html","url_text":"\"El Sporting se plantea recuperar a Eloy Olaya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Comercio_(Spain)","url_text":"El Comercio"},{"url":"http://sporting.elcomercio.es/noticias/2011-11-10/sporting-plantea-recuperar-eloy-20111110.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pascual, Alfredo (21 May 2016). \"Del utillero falangista al positivo de Calderé: nuestro Mundial 86 en diez episodios\" [From the falangista kit man to Calderé's positive: our 86 World Cup in ten episodes]. El Confidencial (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/mundial/2016-05-21/espana-mundial-86-butragueno-mexico_1203991/","url_text":"\"Del utillero falangista al positivo de Calderé: nuestro Mundial 86 en diez episodios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Confidencial","url_text":"El Confidencial"}]},{"reference":"\"3–0: A lomos de Calderé, España cruzó el desierto buscando el \"grupo de la muerte\"\" [3–0: On the back of Calderé, Spain crossed the desert in search of the \"group of death\"]. ABC (in Spanish). 13 June 1986. Retrieved 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1986/06/13/064.html","url_text":"\"3–0: A lomos de Calderé, España cruzó el desierto buscando el \"grupo de la muerte\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)","url_text":"ABC"}]},{"reference":"Astruells, Andrés (23 June 1986). \"1–1: Buenas noches, España\" [1–1: Good night, Spain]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1986/06/23/pagina-3/1458043/pdf.html","url_text":"\"1–1: Buenas noches, España\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Deportivo","url_text":"Mundo Deportivo"}]},{"reference":"G. Calatayud, Antonio (21 November 1985). \"0–0: Nos congelamos todos\" [0–0: We all froze] (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1985/11/21/MD19851121-003.pdf","url_text":"\"0–0: Nos congelamos todos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eloy Olaya\". European Football. Retrieved 2 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=5420","url_text":"\"Eloy Olaya\""}]},{"reference":"Carbajosa, Carlos E. (28 June 1995). \"Supertítulo\" [Supertitle]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1995/06/28/pagina-9/1323756/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Supertítulo\""}]},{"reference":"Perearnau, Francesc (30 October 1986). \"¡¡¡Campeones!!!\" [Champions!!!]. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1986/10/30/pagina-3/1144661/pdf.html","url_text":"\"¡¡¡Campeones!!!\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://blogs.20minutos.es/quefuede/2011/02/15/que-fue-de-eloy-olaya/","external_links_name":"\"Qué fue de… Eloy Olaya\""},{"Link":"https://sport.jotdown.es/2022/12/28/eloy-olaya-vi-hace-poco-el-penalti-del-86-con-los-chavales-del-sporting-y-les-dije-mirad-no-se-acaba-el-mundo/","external_links_name":"\"Eloy Olaya: «Vi hace poco el penalti del 86 con los chavales del Sporting, y les dije: mirad, no se acaba el mundo»\""},{"Link":"http://www.lne.es/deportes/2009/10/09/deportes-eloy-jugo-copa/818792.html","external_links_name":"\"Eloy jugó en la Copa con 15 años\""},{"Link":"https://elsitiodemiscromos.com/eloy-jose-olaya-prendes","external_links_name":"\"Eloy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160509141643/http://sporting.elcomercio.es/noticias/2011-11-10/sporting-plantea-recuperar-eloy-20111110.html","external_links_name":"\"El Sporting se plantea recuperar a Eloy Olaya\""},{"Link":"http://sporting.elcomercio.es/noticias/2011-11-10/sporting-plantea-recuperar-eloy-20111110.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/mundial/2016-05-21/espana-mundial-86-butragueno-mexico_1203991/","external_links_name":"\"Del utillero falangista al positivo de Calderé: nuestro Mundial 86 en diez episodios\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1986/06/13/064.html","external_links_name":"\"3–0: A lomos de Calderé, España cruzó el desierto buscando el \"grupo de la muerte\"\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1986/06/23/pagina-3/1458043/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"1–1: Buenas noches, España\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1985/11/21/MD19851121-003.pdf","external_links_name":"\"0–0: Nos congelamos todos\""},{"Link":"https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=5420","external_links_name":"\"Eloy Olaya\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1995/06/28/pagina-9/1323756/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"Supertítulo\""},{"Link":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1986/10/30/pagina-3/1144661/pdf.html","external_links_name":"\"¡¡¡Campeones!!!\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j658.html","external_links_name":"Eloy Olaya"},{"Link":"http://www.ciberche.net/histoche/jugador?player=133","external_links_name":"CiberChe biography and stats"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/18349.html","external_links_name":"Eloy Olaya"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150905/http://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/players-coaches/people=63581/index.html","external_links_name":"Eloy Olaya"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_West_Virginia_Infantry_Regiment	10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment	["1 Service","2 Casualties","3 References","4 See also"]	This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) 10th West Virginia Infantry RegimentActiveMarch 12, 1862 – August 9, 1865DisbandedAugust 9, 1865Country United StatesAllegianceUnionBranchInfantrySizeRegimentEngagementsAmerican Civil War Battle of Opequon Battle of Cedar Creek Siege of Petersburg CommandersBrigadier GeneralThomas M. HarrisColonelMorgan A. DarnalMilitary unit The 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Service The 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Pickens, Canaan, Glenville, Clarkesville, Sutton, Philippi, and Piedmont in western Virginia between March 12 and May 18, 1862. The regiment was mustered out on August 9, 1865. Casualties The 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered 2 Officers and 93 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 1 officer and 107 enlisted men dead from disease for a total of 207 fatalities. References American Civil War portal The Civil War Archive See also West Virginia Units in the Civil War West Virginia in the Civil War	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_regiment"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Military unitThe 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.","title":"10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Glenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenville,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippi,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"western Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"}],"text":"The 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized at Camp Pickens, Canaan, Glenville, Clarkesville, Sutton, Philippi, and Piedmont in western Virginia between March 12 and May 18, 1862. The regiment was mustered out on August 9, 1865.","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unwvinf2.htm#10thinf"}],"text":"The 10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment suffered 2 Officers and 93 enlisted men killed in battle or died from wounds, and 1 officer and 107 enlisted men dead from disease \nfor a total of 207 fatalities.[1]","title":"Casualties"}]	[]	[{"title":"West Virginia Units in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Units_in_the_Civil_War"},{"title":"West Virginia in the Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_Civil_War"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_West_Virginia_Infantry_Regiment&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%2210th+West+Virginia+Infantry+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"\"10th West Virginia Infantry Regiment\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%2210th+West+Virginia+Infantry+Regiment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%2210th+West+Virginia+Infantry+Regiment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%2210th+West+Virginia+Infantry+Regiment%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%2210th+West+Virginia+Infantry+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%2210th+West+Virginia+Infantry+Regiment%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unwvinf2.htm#10thinf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionwv.htm","external_links_name":"The Civil War Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Veronica	Saint Veronica	["1 Background","2 Official patronage","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Christian saint For the Italian saint, see Veronica Giuliani. For the Billy Talent song, see Saint Veronika. For the Syrian saint, see Febronia of Syria. For other uses of saintly "Berenice", see Berenice (disambiguation). For other uses of saintly "Veronica", see Veronica (disambiguation). SaintVeronicaSaint Veronica, by Hans Memling, c. 1470.Born1st century ADCaesarea Philippi or Jerusalem, JudeaVenerated inRoman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican CommunionCanonizedPre-CongregationFeastJuly 12AttributesCloth that bears the image of Christ's facePatronageimages; laundry workers, pictures, photos, photographers, Santa Veronica, San Pablo City, Laguna Saint Veronica, also known as Berenike, was a widow from Jerusalem who lived in the 1st century AD, according to extra-biblical Christian sacred tradition. A celebrated saint in many pious Christian countries, the 17th-century Acta Sanctorum published by the Bollandists listed her feast under July 12, but the German Jesuit scholar Joseph Braun cited her commemoration in Festi Marianni on 13 January. Saint Veronica and the Holy Women, Grégoire Guérard, c.1530 According to Church tradition, Veronica was moved with sympathy seeing Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary and gave him her veil so that he could wipe his forehead. Jesus accepted the offer, and when he returned the veil the image of his face was miraculously captured on it. The resulting relic became known as the Veil of Veronica. The story of Veronica is celebrated in the sixth Station of the Cross in Anglican, Catholic, and Western Orthodox churches. Background Cloth of Saint Veronica, Bernardino Zaganelli, c. 1500, oil on panel, Philadelphia Museum of Art Albrecht Dürer's 1513 Veronica There is no reference to the story of Veronica and her veil in the canonical gospels. The closest is the miracle of the unnamed woman who was healed by touching the hem of Jesus’s garment. The apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus gives her name as Berenikē or Beronike (Koinē Greek: Βερενίκη). The name Veronica is a Latinisation of this ancient Macedonian name. The story was later elaborated in the 11th century by adding that Christ gave her a portrait of himself on a cloth, with which she later cured the Emperor Tiberius. The linking of this with the bearing of the cross in the Passion occurs only around 1380 in the internationally popular book Meditations on the Life of Christ.Statue of Veronica by Francesco Mochi in a niche of the pier supporting the main dome of St. Peter's Basilica.At some point a relic became associated with the story. Pedro Tafur, a Spanish knight visiting Rome in 1436, describes the following in the Church of St. Peter in his 1454 travel account: On the right hand is a pillar as high as a small tower, and in it is the holy Veronica. When it is to be exhibited an opening is made in the roof of the church and a wooden chest or cradle is let down, in which are two clerics, and when they have descended, the chest or cradle is drawn up, and they, with the greatest reverence, take out the Veronica and show it to the people, who make concourse there upon the appointed day. It happens often that the worshipers are in danger of their lives, so many are they and so great is the press. However, he does not say specifically that he witnessed for himself this exhibition of the relic. Some academic sources suggest a different origin for the legend of St. Veronica: that the cloth bearing an image of Jesus's face was known in Latin as the vera icon ("true image"), and that this name for the relic was misinterpreted as the name of a saint. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 writes: The belief in the existence of authentic images of Christ is connected with the old legend of King Abgar of Edessa and the apocryphal writing known as the Mors Pilati ("the Death of Pilate"). To distinguish at Rome the oldest and best known of these images it was called the vera icon (true image), which in the common tongue soon became "Veronica". It is thus designated in several medieval texts mentioned by the Bollandists (e.g. an old Missal of Augsburg has a Mass "De S. Veronica seu Vultus Domini" – "Saint Veronica, or the Face of the Lord"), and Matthew of Westminster speaks of the imprint of the image of the Savior which is called Veronica: "Effigies Domenici vultus quae Veronica nuncupatur" – "effigy of the face of the Lord which is called a Veronica". By degrees, popular imagination mistook this word for the name of a person and attached thereto several legends which vary according to the country. The reference to Abgar is related to a similar legend in the Eastern Church, the Image of Edessa or Mandylion. The Encyclopædia Britannica says this about the legend: Eusebius in his Historia Ecclesiastica (vii 18) tells how at Caesarea Philippi lived the woman whom Christ healed of an issue of blood (Matthew 9:20–22). Legend was not long in providing the woman of the Gospel with a name. In the West she was identified with Martha of Bethany; in the East she was called Berenike, or Beronike, the name appearing in as early a work as the "Acta Pilati", the most ancient form of which goes back to the fourth century. The fanciful derivation of the name Veronica from the words Vera Icon (eikon) "true image" dates back to the "Otia Imperialia" (iii 25) of Gervase of Tilbury (fl. 1211), who says: "Est ergo Veronica pictura Domini vera" (translated: "The Veronica is, therefore, a true picture of the Lord.") Gouache painting of Saint Veronica Veronica was mentioned in the reported visions of Jesus by Marie of St Peter, a Carmelite nun who lived in Tours, France, and started the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus. In 1844, Sister Marie reported that in a vision, she saw Veronica wiping away the spit and mud from the face of Jesus with her veil on the way to Calvary. She said that sacrilegious and blasphemous acts today are adding to the spit and mud that Veronica wiped away that day. According to Marie of St Peter, in her visions, Jesus told her that he desired devotion to His Holy Face in reparation for sacrilege and blasphemy. Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ are thus compared to Veronica wiping the face of Jesus. The Devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus was eventually approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1885. Veronica is commemorated on 12 July. Official patronage Saint Veronica is the patron of the French mulquiniers whose representations they celebrated semi-annually (summer and winter) as in many pious Christian countries. She is also the patron saint of photographers, and laundry workers. Gallery Saint Veronica with the Veil, Mattia Preti Saint Veronica by Bernardo Strozzi Christ with the Cross on his back, encountering Veronica, Antonio Arias Fernández Saint Veronica by Ángel María Cortellini Hernández Veronica showing the Holy Face to the Virgin and Saint John, 1864, by Juan Antonio Vera Calvo Road to Calvary with Veronica's Veil, Giovanni Cariani Saint Veronica, 1902 by Rupert Bunny Kempten Crucifixion, 1475 by unknown artist Veronica and the Carrying of Christ, Gaspar de Crayer See also Acheiropoieta Women at the crucifixion Jesus healing the bleeding woman List of names for the biblical nameless Relics associated with Jesus Scapular of the Holy Face Veronica's Veil Matthew 9 Mark 5 References ^ Catholic Online ^ "Saint Veronica". Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2008. ^ "St. Veronica - Saints & Angels". ^ a b "Stations of the Cross". Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015. This tradition began most prominently with St. Francis of Assisi (1182–1226) and spread to other churches in the medieval period. It is also observed by a growing number of Anglicans, Methodists, and Lutherans. It is most commonly done during Lent, especially on Good Friday. ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). "Veronica". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-08-24. ^ "St. Veronica", Notes and Queries, 6, London: 252, July–December 1852 ^ "Archaeological Intelligence". Archaeological Journal. 7 (1): 413–415. 1850. doi:10.1080/00665983.1850.10850808. ISSN 0066-5983. ^ Butler, Alban (2000). Lives of the Saints. A&C Black. p. 84. ISBN 0-86012-256-5. ^ Vatican Website Sixth Station ^ Prothero, Stephen (2009). Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know—And Doesn't. HarperOne. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-06-185621-1. ^ Luke 8:43–48 ^ Wilson, Ian (1991). Holy Faces, Secret Places. Garden City: Doubleday. pp. 125. ISBN 978-0-385-26105-0. ^ Letts, Malcolm (1926). Pero Tafur: Travels and Adventures 1435-1439. George Routledge & Sons, Ltd. ^ Dégert, Antoine (1912). "St. Veronica" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ Delehaye, Hippolyte (1911). "Veronica, St" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1037–1038. ^ Cruz, Joan Carroll (2003). Saintly Men of Modern Times. OCDS. ISBN 1-931709-77-7. ^ Scallan, Dorothy; Scallan, Emeric B. (1994). The Life & Revelations of Sr. Mary of St. Peter. Tan Books. ISBN 0-89555-389-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Veronica. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF 2 WorldCat National Catalonia Germany Israel United States Poland	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Veronica Giuliani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Giuliani"},{"link_name":"Billy Talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Talent"},{"link_name":"Saint Veronika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Veronika"},{"link_name":"Febronia of Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febronia_of_Syria"},{"link_name":"Berenice (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Veronica (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"AD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AD"},{"link_name":"sacred tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_tradition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-4"},{"link_name":"Christian countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country"},{"link_name":"Acta Sanctorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum"},{"link_name":"Bollandists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollandist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harper2001-5"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0_Ste_V%C3%A9ronique_et_les_saintes_Femmes_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_%C3%A0_Cluny_-_Mac%27s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Holy Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Marys"},{"link_name":"Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Carrying_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"image of his face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Veil of Veronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N&Q-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AI-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler2000p=84-8"},{"link_name":"Station of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Western Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trinity-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prothero2009p=284-10"}],"text":"For the Italian saint, see Veronica Giuliani. For the Billy Talent song, see Saint Veronika. For the Syrian saint, see Febronia of Syria. For other uses of saintly \"Berenice\", see Berenice (disambiguation). For other uses of saintly \"Veronica\", see Veronica (disambiguation).Saint Veronica, also known as Berenike,[3] was a widow from Jerusalem who lived in the 1st century AD, according to extra-biblical Christian sacred tradition.[4] A celebrated saint in many pious Christian countries, the 17th-century Acta Sanctorum published by the Bollandists listed her feast under July 12,[5] but the German Jesuit scholar Joseph Braun cited her commemoration in Festi Marianni on 13 January.Saint Veronica and the Holy Women, Grégoire Guérard, c.1530According to Church tradition, Veronica was moved with sympathy seeing Jesus carrying the cross to Calvary and gave him her veil so that he could wipe his forehead. Jesus accepted the offer, and when he returned the veil the image of his face was miraculously captured on it. The resulting relic became known as the Veil of Veronica.[6][7][8]The story of Veronica is celebrated in the sixth Station of the Cross in Anglican, Catholic, and Western Orthodox churches.[4][9][10]","title":"Saint Veronica"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloth_of_St._Veronica,_Bernardino_Zaganelli,_c._1500,_oil_on_panel,_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernardino Zaganelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino_Zaganelli"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGAD_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_%E2%80%93_The_Sudarium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Dürer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer"},{"link_name":"canonical gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_gospels"},{"link_name":"the miracle of the unnamed woman who was healed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"apocryphal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha"},{"link_name":"Gospel of Nicodemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus"},{"link_name":"Koinē Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"ancient Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Meditations on the Life of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditations_on_the_Life_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilson1991p=175-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_veronica.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francesco Mochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Mochi"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Pedro Tafur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Tafur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Letts1926-13"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%A9gert1913-14"},{"link_name":"Abgar of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abgar_V"},{"link_name":"Mors Pilati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_Pilati"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3863244#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Pilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontius_Pilate"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Bollandists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollandist"},{"link_name":"Matthew of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Eastern Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Image of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_of_Edessa"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Historia Ecclesiastica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)"},{"link_name":"Caesarea Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Philippi"},{"link_name":"woman whom Christ healed of an issue of blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman"},{"link_name":"Matthew 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#Chapter_9"},{"link_name":"Martha of Bethany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha"},{"link_name":"Acta Pilati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acta_Pilati"},{"link_name":"Gervase of Tilbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gervase_of_Tilbury"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Veronica._Gouache_painting._Wellcome_V0033128.jpg"},{"link_name":"visions of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Marie of St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_of_St_Peter"},{"link_name":"Carmelite nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours"},{"link_name":"devotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_devotions"},{"link_name":"Holy Face of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"reparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparation_(legal)"},{"link_name":"sacrilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrilege"},{"link_name":"blasphemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasphemy"},{"link_name":"Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Reparation_to_Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cruz2003p=-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScallanScallan1994p=-17"},{"link_name":"Holy Face of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Face_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"}],"text":"Cloth of Saint Veronica, Bernardino Zaganelli, c. 1500, oil on panel, Philadelphia Museum of ArtAlbrecht Dürer's 1513 VeronicaThere is no reference to the story of Veronica and her veil in the canonical gospels. The closest is the miracle of the unnamed woman who was healed by touching the hem of Jesus’s garment.[11] The apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus gives her name as Berenikē or Beronike (Koinē Greek: Βερενίκη). The name Veronica is a Latinisation of this ancient Macedonian name. The story was later elaborated in the 11th century by adding that Christ gave her a portrait of himself on a cloth, with which she later cured the Emperor Tiberius. The linking of this with the bearing of the cross in the Passion occurs only around 1380 in the internationally popular book Meditations on the Life of Christ.[12]Statue of Veronica by Francesco Mochi in a niche of the pier supporting the main dome of St. Peter's Basilica.At some point a relic became associated with the story. Pedro Tafur, a Spanish knight visiting Rome in 1436, describes the following in the Church of St. Peter in his 1454 travel account:[13]On the right hand is a pillar as high as a small tower, and in it is the holy Veronica. When it is to be exhibited an opening is made in the roof of the church and a wooden chest or cradle is let down, in which are two clerics, and when they have descended, the chest or cradle is drawn up, and they, with the greatest reverence, take out the Veronica and show it to the people, who make concourse there upon the appointed day. It happens often that the worshipers are in danger of their lives, so many are they and so great is the press.However, he does not say specifically that he witnessed for himself this exhibition of the relic.Some academic sources suggest a different origin for the legend of St. Veronica: that the cloth bearing an image of Jesus's face was known in Latin as the vera icon (\"true image\"), and that this name for the relic was misinterpreted as the name of a saint. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 writes:[14]The belief in the existence of authentic images of Christ is connected with the old legend of King Abgar of Edessa and the apocryphal writing known as the Mors Pilati [Wikidata] (\"the Death of Pilate\"). To distinguish at Rome the oldest and best known of these images it was called the vera icon (true image), which in the common tongue soon became \"Veronica\".\nIt is thus designated in several medieval texts mentioned by the Bollandists (e.g. an old Missal of Augsburg has a Mass \"De S. Veronica seu Vultus Domini\" – \"Saint Veronica, or the Face of the Lord\"), and Matthew of Westminster speaks of the imprint of the image of the Savior which is called Veronica: \"Effigies Domenici vultus quae Veronica nuncupatur\" – \"effigy of the face of the Lord which is called a Veronica\". By degrees, popular imagination mistook this word for the name of a person and attached thereto several legends which vary according to the country. [translations in italics added]The reference to Abgar is related to a similar legend in the Eastern Church, the Image of Edessa or Mandylion.The Encyclopædia Britannica says this about the legend:[15]Eusebius in his Historia Ecclesiastica (vii 18) tells how at Caesarea Philippi lived the woman whom Christ healed of an issue of blood (Matthew 9:20–22). Legend was not long in providing the woman of the Gospel with a name. In the West she was identified with Martha of Bethany; in the East she was called Berenike, or Beronike, the name appearing in as early a work as the \"Acta Pilati\", the most ancient form of which goes back to the fourth century. The fanciful derivation of the name Veronica from the words Vera Icon (eikon) \"true image\" dates back to the \"Otia Imperialia\" (iii 25) of Gervase of Tilbury (fl. 1211), who says: \"Est ergo Veronica pictura Domini vera\" (translated: \"The Veronica is, therefore, a true picture of the Lord.\")Gouache painting of Saint VeronicaVeronica was mentioned in the reported visions of Jesus by Marie of St Peter, a Carmelite nun who lived in Tours, France, and started the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus. In 1844, Sister Marie reported that in a vision, she saw Veronica wiping away the spit and mud from the face of Jesus with her veil on the way to Calvary. She said that sacrilegious and blasphemous acts today are adding to the spit and mud that Veronica wiped away that day. According to Marie of St Peter, in her visions, Jesus told her that he desired devotion to His Holy Face in reparation for sacrilege and blasphemy. Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ are thus compared to Veronica wiping the face of Jesus.[16][17]The Devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus was eventually approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1885. Veronica is commemorated on 12 July.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mulquiniers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulquinerie"},{"link_name":"summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer"},{"link_name":"winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter"},{"link_name":"Christian countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_by_country"}],"text":"Saint Veronica is the patron of the French mulquiniers whose representations they celebrated semi-annually (summer and winter) as in many pious Christian countries. She is also the patron saint of photographers, and laundry workers.","title":"Official patronage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mattia_Preti_-_Santa_Veronica_con_il_velo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mattia Preti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattia_Preti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Ver%C3%B3nica_(Strozzi).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bernardo Strozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Strozzi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cristo_con_la_Cruz_a_cuestas,_encuentra_a_la_Ver%C3%B3nica_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg"},{"link_name":"Antonio Arias Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Arias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Ver%C3%B3nica,_%C3%81ngel_Mar%C3%ADa_Cortellini_Hern%C3%A1ndez.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ángel María Cortellini Hernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Mar%C3%ADa_Cortellini"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Ver%C3%B3nica_mostrando_la_Santa_Faz_a_la_Virgen_y_San_Juan_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giovanni_Cariani_-_Road_to_Calvary_with_Veronica%27s_Veil_-_WGA04215.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Cariani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Cariani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Veronica_by_Rupert_Bunny_(c,_1902).jpg"},{"link_name":"Rupert Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Bunny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kemptener_Kreuzigung.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaspar_de_Crayer_(1582-1669)_Veronica_en_de_kruisdraging_van_Christus_-_Sint-Janskerk_(Mechelen)_13-09-2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gaspar de Crayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspar_de_Crayer"}],"text":"Saint Veronica with the Veil, Mattia Preti\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Veronica by Bernardo Strozzi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChrist with the Cross on his back, encountering Veronica, Antonio Arias Fernández\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Veronica by Ángel María Cortellini HernándezVeronica showing the Holy Face to the Virgin and Saint John, 1864, by Juan Antonio Vera Calvo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoad to Calvary with Veronica's Veil, Giovanni Cariani\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSaint Veronica, 1902 by Rupert Bunny\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKempten Crucifixion, 1475 by unknown artist\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVeronica and the Carrying of Christ, Gaspar de Crayer","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Saint Veronica and the Holy Women, Grégoire Guérard, c.1530","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/0_Ste_V%C3%A9ronique_et_les_saintes_Femmes_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_%C3%A0_Cluny_-_Mac%27s.JPG/260px-0_Ste_V%C3%A9ronique_et_les_saintes_Femmes_-_H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_%C3%A0_Cluny_-_Mac%27s.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cloth of Saint Veronica, Bernardino Zaganelli, c. 1500, oil on panel, Philadelphia Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Cloth_of_St._Veronica%2C_Bernardino_Zaganelli%2C_c._1500%2C_oil_on_panel%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art.jpg"},{"image_text":"Albrecht Dürer's 1513 Veronica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/AGAD_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_%E2%80%93_The_Sudarium.jpg/220px-AGAD_Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_%E2%80%93_The_Sudarium.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Veronica by Francesco Mochi in a niche of the pier supporting the main dome of St. Peter's Basilica.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Saint_veronica.jpg/170px-Saint_veronica.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gouache painting of Saint Veronica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Saint_Veronica._Gouache_painting._Wellcome_V0033128.jpg/220px-Saint_Veronica._Gouache_painting._Wellcome_V0033128.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Acheiropoieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheiropoieta"},{"title":"Women at the crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion"},{"title":"Jesus healing the bleeding woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman"},{"title":"List of names for the biblical nameless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless"},{"title":"Relics associated with Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus"},{"title":"Scapular of the Holy Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapular_of_the_Holy_Face"},{"title":"Veronica's Veil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_Veronica"},{"title":"Matthew 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#Chapter_9"},{"title":"Mark 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#Chapter_5"}]	[{"reference":"\"Saint Veronica\". Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512064350/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintv02.htm","url_text":"\"Saint Veronica\""},{"url":"http://saints.sqpn.com/saintv02.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Veronica - Saints & Angels\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1953","url_text":"\"St. Veronica - Saints & Angels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stations of the Cross\". Trinity UMC. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015. This tradition began most prominently with St. Francis of Assisi (1182–1226) and spread to other churches in the medieval period. It is also observed by a growing number of Anglicans, Methodists, and Lutherans. It is most commonly done during Lent, especially on Good Friday.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150417235143/http://www.trinityevansville.org/stations-of-the-cross/","url_text":"\"Stations of the Cross\""},{"url":"http://www.trinityevansville.org/stations-of-the-cross/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harper, Douglas (November 2001). \"Veronica\". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Veronica","url_text":"\"Veronica\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Veronica\", Notes and Queries, 6, London: 252, July–December 1852","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/notesqueriesmedi06lond#page/252/mode/1up","url_text":"\"St. Veronica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archaeological Intelligence\". Archaeological Journal. 7 (1): 413–415. 1850. doi:10.1080/00665983.1850.10850808. ISSN 0066-5983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1850.10850808","url_text":"10.1080/00665983.1850.10850808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-5983","url_text":"0066-5983"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Alban (2000). Lives of the Saints. A&C Black. p. 84. ISBN 0-86012-256-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86012-256-5","url_text":"0-86012-256-5"}]},{"reference":"Prothero, Stephen (2009). Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know—And Doesn't. HarperOne. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-06-185621-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G46CxhgQw8UC","url_text":"Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know—And Doesn't"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185621-1","url_text":"978-0-06-185621-1"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Ian (1991). Holy Faces, Secret Places. Garden City: Doubleday. pp. 125. ISBN 978-0-385-26105-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385261050/page/125","url_text":"Holy Faces, Secret Places"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385261050/page/125","url_text":"125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-26105-0","url_text":"978-0-385-26105-0"}]},{"reference":"Letts, Malcolm (1926). Pero Tafur: Travels and Adventures 1435-1439. George Routledge & Sons, Ltd.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Routledge_%26_Sons,_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"George Routledge & Sons, Ltd."}]},{"reference":"Dégert, Antoine (1912). \"St. Veronica\" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Veronica","url_text":"\"St. Veronica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Delehaye, Hippolyte (1911). \"Veronica, St\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 1037–1038.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Delehaye","url_text":"Delehaye, Hippolyte"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Veronica,_St","url_text":"\"Veronica, St\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Joan Carroll (2003). Saintly Men of Modern Times. OCDS. ISBN 1-931709-77-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites","url_text":"OCDS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931709-77-7","url_text":"1-931709-77-7"}]},{"reference":"Scallan, Dorothy; Scallan, Emeric B. (1994). The Life & Revelations of Sr. Mary of St. Peter. Tan Books. ISBN 0-89555-389-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89555-389-9","url_text":"0-89555-389-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1953","external_links_name":"Catholic Online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512064350/http://saints.sqpn.com/saintv02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Saint Veronica\""},{"Link":"http://saints.sqpn.com/saintv02.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=1953","external_links_name":"\"St. Veronica - Saints & Angels\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150417235143/http://www.trinityevansville.org/stations-of-the-cross/","external_links_name":"\"Stations of the Cross\""},{"Link":"http://www.trinityevansville.org/stations-of-the-cross/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Veronica","external_links_name":"\"Veronica\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/notesqueriesmedi06lond#page/252/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"St. Veronica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1850.10850808","external_links_name":"10.1080/00665983.1850.10850808"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-5983","external_links_name":"0066-5983"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2005/via_crucis/en/station_06.html","external_links_name":"Sixth Station"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=G46CxhgQw8UC","external_links_name":"Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know—And Doesn't"},{"Link":"https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%208:43%E2%80%9348&version=nrsv","external_links_name":"Luke 8:43–48"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385261050/page/125","external_links_name":"Holy Faces, Secret Places"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385261050/page/125","external_links_name":"125"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Veronica","external_links_name":"\"St. Veronica\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Veronica,_St","external_links_name":"\"Veronica, St\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1855858/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/50640044","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/772154258028224152752","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjKvcpymGdqYwtpFWQDwYd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614457406706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118843214","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007308870105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84222311","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810656775405606","external_links_name":"Poland"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercospora_solani-tuberosi	Cercospora solani-tuberosi	["1 References"]	Species of fungus Cercospora solani-tuberosi Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Dothideomycetes Order: Capnodiales Family: Mycosphaerellaceae Genus: Cercospora Species: C. solani-tuberosi Binomial name Cercospora solani-tuberosiThirum. (1953) Cercospora solani-tuberosi is a fungal plant pathogen. References Taxon identifiersCercospora solani-tuberosi Wikidata: Q5064022 CoL: 69LZX EoL: 6615244 Fungorum: 294573 GBIF: 5507111 MycoBank: 294573 Open Tree of Life: 3722561 This Capnodiales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This fungal plant disease article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"}],"text":"Cercospora solani-tuberosi is a fungal plant pathogen.","title":"Cercospora solani-tuberosi"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/69LZX","external_links_name":"69LZX"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/6615244","external_links_name":"6615244"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=294573","external_links_name":"294573"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5507111","external_links_name":"5507111"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/294573","external_links_name":"294573"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3722561","external_links_name":"3722561"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercospora_solani-tuberosi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercospora_solani-tuberosi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Maille	Alphonse Maille	["1 References"]	French botanist Alphonse Maille (1813, Rouen – 30 September 1865, Paris) was a French botanist. In Paris, he studied botany under Adrien-Henri de Jussieu and worked on exsiccatae with Timothée Puel. In 1854 he was a founding member of the Société botanique de France. During his career he assembled an important herbarium of approximately 1000 packages that contained about 60,000 species. After his death, botanist Jean-Louis Kralik published a catalog of Maille's collections as "Catalogue Des Reliquiae Mailleanae" (1869). In 1842 the grass genus Maillea (synonym Phleum, family Poaceae) was named in his honor by Filippo Parlatore. The standard author abbreviation Maille is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. References ^ a b Google Books Catalogue des Reliquiae Mailleanae by Jean Louis Kralik, J. Billon ^ Prosopo Sociétés savantes de France ^ JSTOR Global Plants Biography of Kralik, Jean-Louis (1813-1892). ^ BHL Taxonomic literature : a selective guide to botanical publications ^ GRIN Taxonomy for Plants Archived 2012-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Maillea, Parl. ^ International Plant Names Index. Maille. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Academics International Plant Names Index	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rouen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouen"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"Adrien-Henri de Jussieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien-Henri_de_Jussieu"},{"link_name":"Timothée Puel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Puel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KR-1"},{"link_name":"Société botanique de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_botanique_de_France"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbarium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KR-1"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Kralik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Kralik"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Phleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phleum"},{"link_name":"Poaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae"},{"link_name":"Filippo Parlatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Parlatore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Alphonse Maille (1813, Rouen – 30 September 1865, Paris) was a French botanist.In Paris, he studied botany under Adrien-Henri de Jussieu and worked on exsiccatae with Timothée Puel.[1] In 1854 he was a founding member of the Société botanique de France.[2]During his career he assembled an important herbarium of approximately 1000 packages that contained about 60,000 species.[1] After his death, botanist Jean-Louis Kralik published a catalog of Maille's collections as \"Catalogue Des Reliquiae Mailleanae\" (1869).[3]In 1842 the grass genus Maillea (synonym Phleum, family Poaceae) was named in his honor by Filippo Parlatore.[4][5]The standard author abbreviation Maille is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[6]","title":"Alphonse Maille"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Maille.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Maille","url_text":"Maille"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TFYXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55","external_links_name":"Google Books"},{"Link":"http://cths.fr/an/prosopo.php?id=103037","external_links_name":"Prosopo"},{"Link":"http://plants.jstor.org/person/bm000004561?history=true&","external_links_name":"JSTOR Global Plants"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33355343#page/272/mode/1up","external_links_name":"BHL"},{"Link":"http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?15280","external_links_name":"GRIN Taxonomy for Plants"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120924213945/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?15280","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Maille","external_links_name":"Maille"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/119158792834139040007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1208840568","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Maille","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Piece_Grand_Collection	One Piece Grand Collection	["1 References"]	2012 mobile video game This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "One Piece Grand Collection" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Video gameOne Piece Grand CollectionDeveloper(s)Namco Bandai GamesPublisher(s)Namco Bandai GamesPlatform(s)Android, iOSGenre(s)Social-networkOne Piece Grand Collection is a social-network game by Namco Bandai. It has 1 million users. Namco Bandai started work on the game with the goal of 10 Billion Yen in annual sales. Gameplay revolves around collecting figurines and forming battle groups to defeat bosses. References ^ Joseph Luster (2012-01-20). ""One Piece" Social Game Stretches to 1 Million Users in Record Time". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 2012-01-20. ^ Spencer (2012-01-17). "One Piece Social Game Is All About Figure Collection". siliconera. Retrieved 2013-12-03. vteOne Piece by Eiichiro OdaMediaManga Volumes Chapters 1–186 187–388 389–594 595–806 807–1015 1016–current Monsters AnimeEpisodes First list Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Second list 9 10 11 12 13 14 Third list 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Films One Piece Dead End no Bōken The Cursed Holy Sword Baron Omatsuri and the Secret Island The Desert Princess and the Pirates: Adventures in Alabasta Strong World Z Gold Stampede Red Other Music of One Piece "Share the World / We Are!" Television specials Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special!! Monsters: 103 Mercies Dragon Damnation Video games Become The Pirate King! Grand Battle! (2001) Set Sail Pirate Crew! Grand Battle! 2 Grand Battle! (2005) One Piece Pirates' Carnival Grand Adventure Unlimited Adventure Unlimited Cruise Grand Collection Pirate Warriors 1 2 3 4 Romance Dawn Unlimited World Red Treasure Cruise Burning Blood Bounty Rush World Seeker Odyssey Related Jump Super Stars Jump Ultimate Stars Battle Stadium D.O.N J-Stars Victory VS Jump Force Other Live-action series soundtrack Tokyo One Piece Tower Super Kabuki II: One Piece Characters Monkey D. Luffy Roronoa Zoro Nami Usopp Sanji Tony Tony Chopper Nico Robin Category This anime game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namco Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namco_Bandai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Video gameOne Piece Grand Collection is a social-network game by Namco Bandai. It has 1 million users.[1]Namco Bandai started work on the game with the goal of 10 Billion Yen in annual sales.\nGameplay revolves around collecting figurines and forming battle groups to defeat bosses.[2]","title":"One Piece Grand Collection"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Joseph Luster (2012-01-20). \"\"One Piece\" Social Game Stretches to 1 Million Users in Record Time\". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 2012-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2012/01/20-1/one-piece-social-game-stretches-to-1-million-users-in-record-time","url_text":"\"\"One Piece\" Social Game Stretches to 1 Million Users in Record Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"}]},{"reference":"Spencer (2012-01-17). \"One Piece Social Game Is All About Figure Collection\". siliconera. Retrieved 2013-12-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siliconera.com/2012/01/17/one-piece-social-game-is-all-about-figure-collection/","url_text":"\"One Piece Social Game Is All About Figure Collection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconera","url_text":"siliconera"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22One+Piece+Grand+Collection%22","external_links_name":"\"One Piece Grand Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22One+Piece+Grand+Collection%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22One+Piece+Grand+Collection%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22One+Piece+Grand+Collection%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22One+Piece+Grand+Collection%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22One+Piece+Grand+Collection%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2012/01/20-1/one-piece-social-game-stretches-to-1-million-users-in-record-time","external_links_name":"\"\"One Piece\" Social Game Stretches to 1 Million Users in Record Time\""},{"Link":"http://www.siliconera.com/2012/01/17/one-piece-social-game-is-all-about-figure-collection/","external_links_name":"\"One Piece Social Game Is All About Figure Collection\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Piece_Grand_Collection&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_peduncularis	Veronica peduncularis	["1 References"]	Species of flowering plant in the family Plantaginaceae Veronica peduncularis Veronica peduncularis 'Georgia Blue' at Kew Gardens Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Plantaginaceae Genus: Veronica Species: V. peduncularis Binomial name Veronica peduncularisM.Bieb. Synonyms List Veronica benthamii K.Koch ex Boiss. Veronica drymeja Schur Veronica nemorum Pall. ex Link Veronica nigricans K.Koch Veronica pedunculata M.Bieb. Veronica phoenicantha K.Koch Veronica secundiflora K.Koch Veronica umbrosa M.Bieb. Veronica peduncularis, the creeping speedwell, is a flowering plant in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. Listed under its synonym Veronica umbrosa, its cultivar 'Georgia Blue' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is a semi-evergreen perennial with alternate, simple leaves on creeping stems. The flowers are blue, and borne in spring. Though hardy, it requires a sheltered spot in full sun with good drainage. It is a suitable subject for a gravel garden or alpine garden. References ^ "Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2020. ^ a b "Veronica umbrosa 'Georgia Blue' speedwell 'Georgia Blue'". The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 March 2021. Synonyms; Veronica peduncularis 'Georgia Blue', Veronica peduncularis 'Oxford Blue' Taxon identifiersVeronica peduncularis Wikidata: Q2072643 Wikispecies: Veronica peduncularis CoL: 5B76V EoL: 5668932 EUNIS: 184241 GBIF: 3728040 GRIN: 432740 iNaturalist: 738838 IPNI: 812454-1 MoBotPF: 287129 NCBI: 189992 Observation.org: 138030 Open Tree of Life: 903157 Plant List: kew-2463255 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:812454-1 Tropicos: 29205797 WFO: wfo-0000426073 Veronica umbrosa Wikidata: Q4108058 Wikispecies: Veronica umbrosa EUNIS: 182734 GBIF: 3724609 GRIN: 432888 iNaturalist: 859269 IPNI: 812791-1 NCBI: 189995 Open Tree of Life: 1065767 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:812791-1 Tropicos: 29205851 WFO: wfo-0000425085 This Plantaginaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plantaginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaginaceae"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-2"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)"},{"link_name":"gravel garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gravel_garden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"alpine garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_garden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-2"}],"text":"Veronica peduncularis, the creeping speedwell, is a flowering plant in the plantain family, Plantaginaceae. Listed under its synonym Veronica umbrosa, its cultivar 'Georgia Blue' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[2]It is a semi-evergreen perennial with alternate, simple leaves on creeping stems. The flowers are blue, and borne in spring. Though hardy, it requires a sheltered spot in full sun with good drainage. It is a suitable subject for a gravel garden or alpine garden.[2]","title":"Veronica peduncularis"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb\". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:812454-1#synonyms","url_text":"\"Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb\""}]},{"reference":"\"Veronica umbrosa 'Georgia Blue' speedwell 'Georgia Blue'\". The Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 16 March 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyebando	Kyebando	["1 Location","2 Overview","3 Points of interest","4 Other points of interest","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 00°21′22″N 32°34′48″E / 0.35611°N 32.58000°E / 0.35611; 32.58000Place in Central Uganda, UgandaKyebandoKyebandoMap of Kampala showing the location of Kyebando.Coordinates: 00°21′22″N 32°34′48″E / 0.35611°N 32.58000°E / 0.35611; 32.58000Country UgandaRegionCentral UgandaDistrictKampala Capital City AuthorityDivisionKawempe DivisionElevation1,240 m (4,070 ft)Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Kyebando is a neighborhood within Kampala, the capital and largest city in Uganda. Location Kyebando is bordered by Kawempe to the northwest, Kikaaya to the northeast, Bukoto to the east, Mulago to the south, Bwaise to the southwest and Kaleerwe to the west. This location lies approximately 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi), by road, northeast of Kampala's central business district. The coordinates of Kyebando are:0°21'22.0"N, 32°34'48.0"E (Latitude:0.356111; Longitude:32.580000). Overview Kyebando is located on a hill that raises to 1,240 metres (4,070 ft) above sea-level. The base of the hill is a ring road, Kyebando Ring Road that makes a near-complete circle through the neighborhood. The hill and surrounding area is dotted with school, interspersed with low income residential houses. During the 2000s, numerous educational institutions have sprung up in the neighborhood. The rapid urbanization brings with it, strained public services and increased crime levels. Points of interest Kings Junior School Kyebando - Primary school and orphanage in Kyebando Kampala Model Primary School - A mixed, non-residential elementary school St.Stephen Day & Boarding Primary School - A private, mixed, day and residential elementary school St. Paul Primary School - An a mixed, day, elementary school, affiliated with St. Paul's Church Kyebando, a Church of Uganda institution. City View College - A private, mixed, non-residential secondary school City Side College Makerere - Another private secondary college Kampala Hill Academy Millennium College School St.Thomas Aquinas, Kyebando - A place of worship, affiliated with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala St. Paul's Church of Uganda, Kyebando - A place of worship, affiliated with the Church of Uganda Kyebando Baptist Church - A place of worship affiliated with the Baptist Church Busanza Infants & Primary School - on late Paulo Semakula Road. Other points of interest Feel Home Restaurant Brimax Pub Shinners Pub Centenary Car Park The offices of Action to Support Orphans & Disadvantaged, an NGO. See also Kampala District Northern Bypass Kampala Kawempe Division Central Uganda References ^ "Map Showing Kampala And Kyebando With Distance Indicator". Globefeed.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014. ^ "Location of Kyebando At Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 18 June 2014. ^ Okuda, Ivan (30 January 2013). "Know Your Hood: Kyebando Catching Up With Development". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 June 2014. External links Kyebando, Home of Kampala’s Beggars vteKampala DistrictCapital: KampalaDivisions Kampala Central Division Kawempe Division Lubaga Division Makindye Division Nakawa Division Neighborhoods Banda Bugoloobi Bukoto Busega Butabika Bwaise Ggaba Kabalagala Kamwookya Kansanga Kaleerwe Kanyanya Kasubi Katwe Kawaala Kawempe Kibuli Kibuye Kigoowa Kikaaya Kisaasi Kiwaatule Kulambiro Kololo Kyambogo Kyebando Lubaga Lungujja Luzira Makerere Makindye Mbuya Mengo Mpererwe Mulago Munyonyo Muyenga Naakulabye Naguru Najjanankumbi Nakasero Nakawa Nakawa–Naguru Estates Namirembe Namungoona Namuwongo Nateete Ndeeba Nsambya Ntinda Old Kampala Port Bell WandegeyaBanking Bank of Uganda Uganda Deposit Protection Fund ABC Bank (Uganda) Absa Bank Uganda Limited Bank of Africa Uganda Limited Bank of Baroda Uganda Limited Bank of India (Uganda) DFCU Group Cairo Bank Uganda Centenary Bank Citibank DFCU Bank Diamond Trust Bank Ecobank Equity Bank Exim Bank (Uganda) Finance Trust Bank Guaranty Trust Bank Housing Finance Bank I&M Bank Uganda KCB Bank Uganda Limited NCBA Bank Uganda Opportunity Bank Uganda Limited PostBank Uganda Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited Standard Chartered Uganda Tropical Bank United Bank for Africa East African Development Bank Uganda Development Bank Pride Microfinance Limited EFC Uganda Limited FINCA Uganda Limited UGAFODE Microfinance Limited Exodus Sacco Mercantile Credit Bank Letshego Microfinance Uganda Top Finance Bank Uganda Yako Microfinance Limited Industry Aya Group Cipla Quality Chemical Industries Limited FI Holdings–House of Dawda Group Mukwano Group Kiira Motors Corporation Sarrai Group Media Daily Monitor New Vision New Vision Group The Independent (Uganda) The Observer (Uganda) Information technology Airtel Uganda K2 Telecom MTN Uganda Uganda Communications Commission Uganda Telecommunications Corporation Limited Vodafone Uganda Economy Dott Services National Housing and Construction Company Tirupati Development Uganda Limited Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda National Food and Drug Authority National Planning Authority National Identification and Registration Authority National Social Security Fund National Water and Sewerage Corporation Uganda Securities Exchange Uganda Investment Authority Ruparelia Group Kyagalanyi Coffee Limited Brookside Dairy Limited Jesa Farm Dairy Limited Uganda Retirement Benefits Regulatory Authority Uganda Land Commission Capital Markets Authority of Uganda Uganda Coffee Development Authority ROKO Construction Company Uganda Business Facilitation Centre Transport Uganda Air Cargo Uganda Airlines Kampala Airport Uganda National Roads Authority Entebbe–Kampala Expressway Kampala–Jinja Expressway Kampala–Jinja Highway Kampala–Entebbe Road Kampala–Gayaza Road Kampala–Bombo Expressway Kampala–Busunju Expressway Kampala–Mpigi Expressway Kampala–Masaka Road Kampala–Mityana Road Kampala–Hoima Road Kampala Northern Bypass Highway Kampala Southern Bypass Highway Kampala Outer Beltway Tondeka Metro Bus Service Energy Umeme Electricity Regulatory Authority Uganda National Oil Company Uganda Refinery Holding Company Uganda National Pipeline Company Petroleum Authority of Uganda Uganda Electricity Generation Company Limited Uganda Electricity Transmission Company Limited Uganda Energy Credit Capitalisation Company Notablelandmarks Afrexim Bank House, Kampala Bulange Christ the King Catholic Church Uganda Parliament Buildings Kampala Capital City Authority Complex DFCU House Kampala Protea Hotel Kampala Hilton Garden Inn Kampala Hilton Hotel Kampala Serena Hotel Kampala Sheraton Hotel Imperial Hotels Group Imperial Royale Hotel Grand Imperial Hotel Janani Luwum Church House Kampala Kingdom Hotel Kampala Speke Hotel Mapeera House Movement House Munyonyo Commonwealth Resort Thobani Centre Speke Resort and Conference Center East African Development Bank Building Bank of Uganda Building Complex Mengo Palace Kabaka's Place Banda Namirembe Cathedral Rubaga Cathedral Makerere University Main Campus National Water and Sewerage Corporation Headquarters Building Kampala Tower Hotel Africana Kibuli Mosque Old Kampala Mosque Uganda Inspectorate of Government Towers Uganda Ministry of Education Complex Uganda Museum Uganda National Cultural Centre Uganda National Records Centre and Archives Kasubi Tombs DFCU House Pension Towers JLOS House Project Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala Education Aga Khan University, Kampala Cavendish University Uganda Clarke International University Habib Medical School Institute of Petroleum Studies Kampala International Health Sciences University International University of East Africa ISBAT University Kampala International School Kampala University Kibuli Secondary School Kitante Hill Secondary School Kololo Senior Secondary School Kyambogo University Law Development Centre Makerere College School Makerere University Makerere University Business School Mengo Senior School Nabisunsa Girls' Secondary School Nakawa Vocational Training Institute Nexus International University Rubaga Community School Stafford University Uganda St. Augustine International University St. Lawrence University Uganda Christian University School of Medicine Team University Uganda Industrial Research Institute Uganda Management Institute Uganda Martyrs University School of Medicine Uganda National Entrepreneurship Development Institute Uganda Technology and Management University Victoria University Uganda Uganda National Council for Higher Education Health Aga Khan University Hospital, Kampala Butabika Hospital Case Medical Centre International Hospital Kampala Kadic Hospital Kampala Hospital Kampala Medical Chambers Hospital Kawempe General Hospital Kibuli Hospital Kiruddu General Hospital Lubaga Hospital Makerere University Hospital Mbuya Military Hospital Mengo Hospital Mulago Hospital Mulago Women's Referral Hospital Murchison Bay Hospital Upper Mulago Regional Referral Hospital Nakasero Hospital Naguru General Hospital Nsambya Hospital Paragon Hospital Uganda Cancer Institute Uganda Heart Institute Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council Women's Hospital International and Fertility Centre Galilee Community General Jewish Hospital of Uganda International Medical Group Uganda Joint Medical Store Legal A.F. Mpanga Advocates ENSafrica Kampala Associated Advocates Kasirye Byaruhanga and Company Advocates Kateera & Kagumire Advocates Katende Ssempebwa & Company Advocates Kigozi Ssempala Mukasa Obonyo Advocates Ligomarc Advocates Sebalu & Lule Advocates Environment National Environment Management Authority of Uganda Notable people Apolo Nsibambi Nasser Sebaggala David Serwadda Fred Ruhindi John Ssebaana Kizito Bulaimu Muwanga Kibirige Erias Lukwago Ian Clarke Jennifer Musisi Josephine Nambooze Maria Kiwanuka Laurence Sematimba Joseph Kizito Justinian Tamusuza Robert Ssejjemba Eugene Sseppuya Phillip Ssozi Sudhir Ruparelia Wasswa Serwanga Yusef Sozi Margaret Zziwa Beti Kamya-Turwomwe Moses Matovu Mohammed Hamid Hasmukh Dawda 00°21′22″N 32°34′48″E / 0.35611°N 32.58000°E / 0.35611; 32.58000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_city"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"}],"text":"Place in Central Uganda, UgandaKyebando is a neighborhood within Kampala, the capital and largest city in Uganda.","title":"Kyebando"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kawempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawempe"},{"link_name":"Kikaaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikaaya"},{"link_name":"Bukoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukoto"},{"link_name":"Mulago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulago"},{"link_name":"Bwaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwaise"},{"link_name":"Kaleerwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaleerwe"},{"link_name":"central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kyebando is bordered by Kawempe to the northwest, Kikaaya to the northeast, Bukoto to the east, Mulago to the south, Bwaise to the southwest and Kaleerwe to the west. This location lies approximately 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi), by road, northeast of Kampala's central business district.[1] The coordinates of Kyebando are:0°21'22.0\"N, 32°34'48.0\"E (Latitude:0.356111; Longitude:32.580000).[2]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kyebando is located on a hill that raises to 1,240 metres (4,070 ft) above sea-level. The base of the hill is a ring road, Kyebando Ring Road that makes a near-complete circle through the neighborhood. The hill and surrounding area is dotted with school, interspersed with low income residential houses. During the 2000s, numerous educational institutions have sprung up in the neighborhood. The rapid urbanization brings with it, strained public services and increased crime levels.[3]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kampala"},{"link_name":"Church of Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Baptist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Church"}],"text":"Kings Junior School Kyebando - Primary school and orphanage in Kyebando\nKampala Model Primary School - A mixed, non-residential elementary school\nSt.Stephen Day & Boarding Primary School - A private, mixed, day and residential elementary school\nSt. Paul Primary School - An a mixed, day, elementary school, affiliated with St. Paul's Church Kyebando, a Church of Uganda institution.\nCity View College - A private, mixed, non-residential secondary school\nCity Side College Makerere - Another private secondary college\nKampala Hill Academy\nMillennium College School\nSt.Thomas Aquinas, Kyebando - A place of worship, affiliated with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala\nSt. Paul's Church of Uganda, Kyebando - A place of worship, affiliated with the Church of Uganda\nKyebando Baptist Church - A place of worship affiliated with the Baptist Church\nBusanza Infants & Primary School - on late Paulo Semakula Road.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"}],"text":"Feel Home Restaurant\nBrimax Pub\nShinners Pub\nCentenary Car Park\nThe offices of Action to Support Orphans & Disadvantaged, an NGO.","title":"Other points of interest"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kampala_District_in_Uganda.svg/200px-Kampala_District_in_Uganda.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Kampala District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala_District"},{"title":"Northern Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala_Northern_Bypass_Highway"},{"title":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"title":"Kawempe Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawempe_Division"},{"title":"Central Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Uganda"}]	[{"reference":"\"Map Showing Kampala And Kyebando With Distance Indicator\". Globefeed.com. Retrieved 18 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&toplace=Kyebando%20(Western%20Province)&fromlat=0.3155556&tolat=0.35&fromlng=32.5655556&tolng=32.5833333","url_text":"\"Map Showing Kampala And Kyebando With Distance Indicator\""}]},{"reference":"\"Location of Kyebando At Google Maps\". Google Maps. Retrieved 18 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B021'22.0%22N+32%C2%B034'48.0%22E/@0.3586124,32.5751046,14z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0","url_text":"\"Location of Kyebando At Google Maps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Okuda, Ivan (30 January 2013). \"Know Your Hood: Kyebando Catching Up With Development\". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 18 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/HomesandProperty/Know-your-hood--Kyebando-catching-up-with-development/-/689858/1678946/-/7rse1v/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Know Your Hood: Kyebando Catching Up With Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Monitor","url_text":"Daily Monitor"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kyebando&params=00_21_22_N_32_34_48_E_","external_links_name":"00°21′22″N 32°34′48″E / 0.35611°N 32.58000°E / 0.35611; 32.58000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kyebando&params=00_21_22_N_32_34_48_E_region:UG_type:city","external_links_name":"00°21′22″N 32°34′48″E / 0.35611°N 32.58000°E / 0.35611; 32.58000"},{"Link":"http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Uganda_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Kampala%20()&toplace=Kyebando%20(Western%20Province)&fromlat=0.3155556&tolat=0.35&fromlng=32.5655556&tolng=32.5833333","external_links_name":"\"Map Showing Kampala And Kyebando With Distance Indicator\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B021'22.0%22N+32%C2%B034'48.0%22E/@0.3586124,32.5751046,14z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0","external_links_name":"\"Location of Kyebando At Google Maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.monitor.co.ug/Magazines/HomesandProperty/Know-your-hood--Kyebando-catching-up-with-development/-/689858/1678946/-/7rse1v/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Know Your Hood: Kyebando Catching Up With Development\""},{"Link":"http://observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14015:kyebando-home-of-kampalas-beggars&catid=57:feature","external_links_name":"Kyebando, Home of Kampala’s Beggars"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kyebando&params=00_21_22_N_32_34_48_E_","external_links_name":"00°21′22″N 32°34′48″E / 0.35611°N 32.58000°E / 0.35611; 32.58000"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(Real_Estate_album)	Atlas (Real Estate album)	["1 Background","2 Artwork","3 Reception","4 Track listing","5 Personnel","6 Charts","7 References"]	2014 studio album by Real EstateAtlasStudio album by Real EstateReleasedMarch 4, 2014RecordedJune–November, 2013Studio The Loft, Chicago Magic Shop, New York City GenreIndie rockjangle popdream popLength38:18LabelDominoProducerTom SchickReal Estate chronology Days(2011) Atlas(2014) In Mind(2017) Singles from Atlas "Talking Backwards"Released: January 14, 2014 "Crime"Released: February 20, 2014 "Had to Hear"Released: August 25, 2014 Atlas is the third studio album by the American indie rock band Real Estate, released on March 4, 2014, on Domino Records. It was their first album recorded with the drummer Jackson Pollis and keyboard player Matt Kallman, and the last with the lead guitarist and founding member Matt Mondanile. Background After touring for the album Days was finished, in late 2012 Real Estate took a break. While guitarist Mondanile and bass guitarist Alex Bleeker worked on their respective solo projects, lead singer and guitarist Martin Courtney married and was busy writing songs, which was something that he had started while touring. The band then spent winter and spring working on songs, taking up a total of eight to nine months on songwriting before recording commenced. In mid-2012 and throughout 2013, the band featured new material in their shows. A friend of Real Estate suggested the album be produced by Jim O'Rourke, an idea which intrigued the band since they were fans of his work on Wilco's seminal album Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, and felt that his production style would fit with the "clean record" that they wanted to make. As the band was certain that working together would be unlikely given O'Rourke's enigmatic nature, their label proposed working with Tom Schick instead. Schick had co-produced Wilco's most recent album, The Whole Love, and was also the house engineer at The Loft, Wilco's studio in Chicago, Illinois. Since Wilco would be on tour, they gave Real Estate permission to record at the studio and use their gear, the first time for any band without Wilco's presence. After mostly recording Days as a three-piece of Courtney, Mondanile and Bleeker, the addition of drummer Jackson Pollis – who had played with Real Estate since 2011 – enabled them to record basic tracks live as opposed to overdubbing tracks one by one. Before recording started, the band decided to add more sophisticated keyboard parts to be played by someone more proficient. Jonah Maurer, who joined Real Estate along with Pollis for the Days tour and performed several of the new songs live during his time in the band, had moved on to join Titus Andronicus. As a result, they recruited Matt Kallman, formerly of Girls, and had him write his own parts with a little direction. At one point, Wilco leader Jeff Tweedy visited the studio to witness the band recording several takes of a song that received glowing enthusiasm from him, but ultimately did not make the album. The album was recorded over the summer and fall of 2013 at The Loft in Chicago and the Magic Shop in New York City. The album was also mixed at the Magic Shop. The album was subsequently mastered by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound in New York City with the bonus tracks being mastered by Joe Lambert at Joe Lambert Mastering. Artwork The artwork for the album comes from a mural painted by the Polish artist Stefan Knapp for the former department store chain Alexander's in Paramus, New Jersey. The mural has since been disassembled following the close of Alexander's and the Bergen Museum of Art & Science's purchase of the mural. While various suggestions to the non-profit organization concerning its potential location have amassed, the mural was only recently put on display in Paterson, New Jersey, at the Art Factory in June 2015. The mural has yet to find a replacement location. The Valley Hospital in Paramus will display sections of this mural in future. Reception Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.4/10Metacritic78/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubC+The GuardianMojoNME8/10The ObserverPitchfork8.8/10QRolling StoneSpin7/10 Atlas received widespread acclaim from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 33 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". The album was recognized as one of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far by Pitchfork in August 2014. The album debuted at number 34 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. Track listing All tracks are written by Martin Courtney, except where notedAtlas track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Had to Hear" 4:512."Past Lives" 4:333."Talking Backwards" 3:084."April's Song"Matthew Mondanile3:325."The Bend" 5:126."Crime"Martin CourtneyMondanile3:167."Primitive" 4:158."How Might I Live"Alex Bleeker2:289."Horizon" 3:1110."Navigator" 3:36Total length:38:18 Deluxe LP editionNo.TitleLength11."The Chancellor"3:4712."Recreation"3:44Total length:45:49 Personnel Martin Courtney – vocals, guitar Matt Mondanile – acoustic and electric guitars Alex Bleeker – bass guitar, vocals on "How Might I Live" Jackson Pollis – drums and percussion Matt Kallman – keyboards Julian Lynch – clarinet Technical Tom Schick – engineering, mixing and production Mark Greenberg – assistant engineering Alex Nappi – assistant mixing Kabir Hermon – assistant mixing Greg Calbi – mastering Design Rob Carmichael – graphic design Irmgard Carpenter – photography Shawn Brackbill – photography Charles Poekel – photography Charts Chart performance for Atlas Chart (2014) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 66 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 73 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 172 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 67 Irish Albums (IRMA) 36 Scottish Albums (OCC) 60 UK Albums (OCC) 43 UK Independent Albums (OCC) 7 US Billboard 200 34 US Independent Albums (Billboard) 6 References ^ "Real Estate: Atlas". dominorecordco.us. Domino. Retrieved December 11, 2015. ^ Kyle McGovern, "Real Estate Confirm ‘Atlas’ Album With ‘Talking Backwards’ Single", Spin, January 14, 2014. ^ a b c Hannah, Andrew (March 7, 2014). "Martin Courtney of Real Estate: "We wanted to make a really clean record"". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ BrooklynVegan Staff (July 30, 2013). "Real Estate played Maxwell's with guest Glenn Mercer of the Feelies (setlist, video)". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ Senter, Amelia (September 21, 2014). "Real Estate Maps Out Its Sound". My Spilt Milk. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ Thiessen, Brock (May 20, 2015). "An Essential Guide to Jim O'Rourke". Exclaim. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ McKinnel, Ryan (March 11, 2014). "Real Estate: Exploring The Space". Filter. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ Glickman, David (October 14, 2014). "Q-and-A with Real Estate bassist Alex Bleeker". The Daily Texan. Retrieved April 20, 2017. ^ Unterberger, Andrew (August 20, 2015). "Punk Begins at 30: A Titus Andronicus Story in Five Acts". Spin. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ Hyden, Steven (January 16, 2014). "Q&A: Real Estate's Martin Courtney on His Band's New Album and Being Stuck on the '70s". Retrieved April 29, 2017. ^ Muller, Marissa G. (March 5, 2014). "How Real Estate Blew Jeff Tweedy's Mind". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 30, 2017. ^ "Real Estate – Atlas (2014, Green, Vinyl)". Discogs. ^ "Atlas by Real Estate reviews". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved December 19, 2019. ^ a b "Reviews for Atlas by Real Estate". Metacritic. Retrieved March 4, 2014. ^ Thomas, Fred. "Atlas – Real Estate". AllMusic. Retrieved November 17, 2019. ^ Brusie, David (March 4, 2014). "On Atlas, Real Estate lacks direction". The A.V. Club. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Gibsone, Harriet (February 27, 2014). "Real Estate: Atlas review – The Truman Show, New Jersey-style". The Guardian. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ "Real Estate: Atlas". Mojo (245): 92. April 2014. ^ Horton, Matthew (February 28, 2014). "Real Estate – 'Atlas'". NME. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Mardles, Paul (March 2, 2014). "Atlas review – sun-kissed indie-rock with depth from Real Estate". The Observer. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Greene, Jayson (March 3, 2014). "Real Estate: Atlas". Pitchfork. Retrieved March 4, 2014. ^ "Real Estate: Atlas". Q (333): 117. April 2014. ^ Hermes, Will (March 4, 2014). "Atlas". Rolling Stone. Retrieved May 17, 2016. ^ Weiss, Dan (February 28, 2014). "Real Estate Get a Little Less Chill and a Little More Proactive on the Surprisingly Bracing 'Atlas'". Spin. Retrieved March 10, 2014. ^ "The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far (2010–2014)". Pitchfork. August 19, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2015. ^ "Billboard" Billboard Chart March 8, 2014. ^ "ARIA Report: Issue 1228" (PDF). The ARIA Report. Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Ultratop.be – Real Estate – Atlas" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Ultratop.be – Real Estate – Atlas" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Real Estate – Atlas" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Real Estate". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Real Estate Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2023. ^ "Real Estate Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2023. vteReal Estate Martin Courtney Alex Bleeker Julian Lynch Matt Kallman Sammi Niss Matt Mondanile Etienne Pierre Duguay Jonah Maurer Jackson Pollis Studio albums Real Estate Days Atlas In Mind The Main Thing Daniel EPs Reality Songs "Talking Backwards" Related articles Ducktails Many Moons Woodsist Domino Recording Company Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"Real Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Estate_(band)"},{"link_name":"Domino Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Matt Mondanile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mondanile"}],"text":"Atlas is the third studio album by the American indie rock band Real Estate, released on March 4, 2014, on Domino Records.[2] It was their first album recorded with the drummer Jackson Pollis and keyboard player Matt Kallman, and the last with the lead guitarist and founding member Matt Mondanile.","title":"Atlas (Real Estate album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_(album)"},{"link_name":"Alex Bleeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bleeker"},{"link_name":"Martin Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Courtney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannah-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Rourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Rourke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wilco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilco"},{"link_name":"Yankee Hotel Foxtrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Hotel_Foxtrot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannah-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Whole Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whole_Love"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Titus Andronicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Andronicus_(band)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannah-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jeff Tweedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Tweedy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Magic Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Shop_(recording_studio)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Greg Calbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Calbi"},{"link_name":"Sterling Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Sound"}],"text":"After touring for the album Days was finished, in late 2012 Real Estate took a break. While guitarist Mondanile and bass guitarist Alex Bleeker worked on their respective solo projects, lead singer and guitarist Martin Courtney married and was busy writing songs, which was something that he had started while touring. The band then spent winter and spring working on songs, taking up a total of eight to nine months on songwriting before recording commenced.[3] In mid-2012 and throughout 2013, the band featured new material in their shows.[4]A friend of Real Estate suggested the album be produced by Jim O'Rourke,[5] an idea which intrigued the band since they were fans of his work on Wilco's seminal album Yankee Hotel Foxtrot, and felt that his production style would fit with the \"clean record\" that they wanted to make.[3] As the band was certain that working together would be unlikely given O'Rourke's enigmatic nature,[6] their label proposed working with Tom Schick instead. Schick had co-produced Wilco's most recent album, The Whole Love, and was also the house engineer at The Loft, Wilco's studio in Chicago, Illinois. Since Wilco would be on tour, they gave Real Estate permission to record at the studio and use their gear, the first time for any band without Wilco's presence.[7]After mostly recording Days as a three-piece of Courtney, Mondanile and Bleeker, the addition of drummer Jackson Pollis – who had played with Real Estate since 2011 – enabled them to record basic tracks live as opposed to overdubbing tracks one by one.[8] Before recording started, the band decided to add more sophisticated keyboard parts to be played by someone more proficient. Jonah Maurer, who joined Real Estate along with Pollis for the Days tour and performed several of the new songs live during his time in the band, had moved on to join Titus Andronicus.[9] As a result, they recruited Matt Kallman, formerly of Girls, and had him write his own parts with a little direction.[3][10] At one point, Wilco leader Jeff Tweedy visited the studio to witness the band recording several takes of a song that received glowing enthusiasm from him, but ultimately did not make the album.[11]The album was recorded over the summer and fall of 2013 at The Loft in Chicago and the Magic Shop in New York City.[12] The album was also mixed at the Magic Shop. The album was subsequently mastered by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound in New York City with the bonus tracks being mastered by Joe Lambert at Joe Lambert Mastering.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s#The_mural"},{"link_name":"Stefan Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Knapp"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Alexander's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%27s"},{"link_name":"Paramus, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramus,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen Museum of Art & Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_Museum_of_Art_%26_Science"},{"link_name":"Paterson, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"}],"text":"The artwork for the album comes from a mural painted by the Polish artist Stefan Knapp for the former department store chain Alexander's in Paramus, New Jersey.The mural has since been disassembled following the close of Alexander's and the Bergen Museum of Art & Science's purchase of the mural. While various suggestions to the non-profit organization concerning its potential location have amassed, the mural was only recently put on display in Paterson, New Jersey, at the Art Factory in June 2015. The mural has yet to find a replacement location.\nThe Valley Hospital in Paramus will display sections of this mural in future.","title":"Artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_mean"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc-14"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Atlas received widespread acclaim from contemporary music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 78, based on 33 reviews, which indicates \"generally favorable reviews\".[14] The album was recognized as one of The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far by Pitchfork in August 2014.[25]The album debuted at number 34 on the Billboard Top 200 chart.[26]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Talking Backwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Backwards_(song)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Mondanile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mondanile"},{"link_name":"Martin Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Alex Bleeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bleeker"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Martin Courtney, except where notedAtlas track listingNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Had to Hear\" 4:512.\"Past Lives\" 4:333.\"Talking Backwards\" 3:084.\"April's Song\"Matthew Mondanile3:325.\"The Bend\" 5:126.\"Crime\"Martin CourtneyMondanile3:167.\"Primitive\" 4:158.\"How Might I Live\"Alex Bleeker2:289.\"Horizon\" 3:1110.\"Navigator\" 3:36Total length:38:18Deluxe LP editionNo.TitleLength11.\"The Chancellor\"3:4712.\"Recreation\"3:44Total length:45:49","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Matt Mondanile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mondanile"},{"link_name":"Alex Bleeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bleeker"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"}],"text":"Martin Courtney – vocals, guitar\nMatt Mondanile – acoustic and electric guitars\nAlex Bleeker – bass guitar, vocals on \"How Might I Live\"\nJackson Pollis – drums and percussion\nMatt Kallman – keyboards\nJulian Lynch – clarinetTechnicalTom Schick – engineering, mixing and production\nMark Greenberg – assistant engineering\nAlex Nappi – assistant mixing\nKabir Hermon – assistant mixing\nGreg Calbi – masteringDesignRob Carmichael – graphic design\nIrmgard Carpenter – photography\nShawn Brackbill – photography\nCharles Poekel – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Real Estate: Atlas\". dominorecordco.us. Domino. Retrieved December 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dominorecordco.us/usa/albums/13-01-14/atlas/","url_text":"\"Real Estate: Atlas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_Recording_Company","url_text":"Domino"}]},{"reference":"Hannah, Andrew (March 7, 2014). \"Martin Courtney of Real Estate: \"We wanted to make a really clean record\"\". The Line of Best Fit. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/martin-courtney-of-real-estate-we-wanted-to-make-a-really-clean-record-147331","url_text":"\"Martin Courtney of Real Estate: \"We wanted to make a really clean record\"\""}]},{"reference":"BrooklynVegan Staff (July 30, 2013). \"Real Estate played Maxwell's with guest Glenn Mercer of the Feelies (setlist, video)\". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/real-estate-pla-9/","url_text":"\"Real Estate played Maxwell's with guest Glenn Mercer of the Feelies (setlist, video)\""}]},{"reference":"Senter, Amelia (September 21, 2014). \"Real Estate Maps Out Its Sound\". My Spilt Milk. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://myspiltmilk.com/real-estate-maps-out-its-sound","url_text":"\"Real Estate Maps Out Its Sound\""}]},{"reference":"Thiessen, Brock (May 20, 2015). \"An Essential Guide to Jim O'Rourke\". Exclaim. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/essential_guide_to_jim_orourke","url_text":"\"An Essential Guide to Jim O'Rourke\""}]},{"reference":"McKinnel, Ryan (March 11, 2014). \"Real Estate: Exploring The Space\". Filter. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://filtermagazine.com/index.php/exclusives/entry/real_estate_exploring_the_space","url_text":"\"Real Estate: Exploring The Space\""}]},{"reference":"Glickman, David (October 14, 2014). \"Q-and-A with Real Estate bassist Alex Bleeker\". The Daily Texan. Retrieved April 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2014/10/14/q-and-a-with-real-estate-bassist-alex-bleeker","url_text":"\"Q-and-A with Real Estate bassist Alex Bleeker\""}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Andrew (August 20, 2015). \"Punk Begins at 30: A Titus Andronicus Story in Five Acts\". Spin. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/featured/titus-andronicus-patrick-stickles-the-most-lamentable-tragedy-new-album-interview/","url_text":"\"Punk Begins at 30: A Titus Andronicus Story in Five Acts\""}]},{"reference":"Hyden, Steven (January 16, 2014). \"Q&A: Real Estate's Martin Courtney on His Band's New Album and Being Stuck on the '70s\". Retrieved April 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/qa-real-estates-martin-courtney-on-his-bands-new-album-and-being-stuck-on-the-70s/","url_text":"\"Q&A: Real Estate's Martin Courtney on His Band's New Album and Being Stuck on the '70s\""}]},{"reference":"Muller, Marissa G. (March 5, 2014). \"How Real Estate Blew Jeff Tweedy's Mind\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/how-real-estate-blew-jeff-tweedys-mind-20140305","url_text":"\"How Real Estate Blew Jeff Tweedy's Mind\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real Estate – Atlas (2014, Green, Vinyl)\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Real-Estate-Atlas/release/5448164","url_text":"\"Real Estate – Atlas (2014, Green, Vinyl)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"\"Atlas by Real Estate reviews\". AnyDecentMusic?. Retrieved December 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/6168/Real-Estate-Atlas.aspx","url_text":"\"Atlas by Real Estate reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnyDecentMusic%3F","url_text":"AnyDecentMusic?"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews for Atlas by Real Estate\". Metacritic. Retrieved March 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/atlas/real-estate","url_text":"\"Reviews for Atlas by Real Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Fred. \"Atlas – Real Estate\". AllMusic. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/atlas-mw0002615472","url_text":"\"Atlas – Real Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Brusie, David (March 4, 2014). \"On Atlas, Real Estate lacks direction\". The A.V. Club. 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Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601213139/http://www.nme.com/reviews/real-estate/15110","url_text":"\"Real Estate – 'Atlas'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/real-estate/15110","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mardles, Paul (March 2, 2014). \"Atlas review – sun-kissed indie-rock with depth from Real Estate\". The Observer. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/mar/02/atlas-review-real-estate-sun-kissed","url_text":"\"Atlas review – sun-kissed indie-rock with depth from Real Estate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer","url_text":"The Observer"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Jayson (March 3, 2014). \"Real Estate: Atlas\". Pitchfork. 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Retrieved March 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/reviews/real-estate-atlas/","url_text":"\"Real Estate Get a Little Less Chill and a Little More Proactive on the Surprisingly Bracing 'Atlas'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far (2010–2014)\". Pitchfork. August 19, 2014. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224801/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/9465-the-top-100-albums-of-2010-2014/","url_text":"\"The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far (2010–2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/9465-the-top-100-albums-of-2010-2014/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Report: Issue 1228\" (PDF). The ARIA Report. Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 19, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140318210151/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20140319-0000/Issue1254.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Report: Issue 1228\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.aria.com.au/issue1254.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.dominorecordco.us/usa/albums/13-01-14/atlas/","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate: Atlas\""},{"Link":"https://www.spin.com/2014/01/real-estate-atlas-album-talking-backwards-single/","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate Confirm ‘Atlas’ Album With ‘Talking Backwards’ Single\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/features/interviews/martin-courtney-of-real-estate-we-wanted-to-make-a-really-clean-record-147331","external_links_name":"\"Martin Courtney of Real Estate: \"We wanted to make a really clean record\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.brooklynvegan.com/real-estate-pla-9/","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate played Maxwell's with guest Glenn Mercer of the Feelies (setlist, video)\""},{"Link":"http://myspiltmilk.com/real-estate-maps-out-its-sound","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate Maps Out Its Sound\""},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/essential_guide_to_jim_orourke","external_links_name":"\"An Essential Guide to Jim O'Rourke\""},{"Link":"http://filtermagazine.com/index.php/exclusives/entry/real_estate_exploring_the_space","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate: Exploring The Space\""},{"Link":"http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2014/10/14/q-and-a-with-real-estate-bassist-alex-bleeker","external_links_name":"\"Q-and-A with Real Estate bassist Alex Bleeker\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/featured/titus-andronicus-patrick-stickles-the-most-lamentable-tragedy-new-album-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Punk Begins at 30: A Titus Andronicus Story in Five Acts\""},{"Link":"http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/qa-real-estates-martin-courtney-on-his-bands-new-album-and-being-stuck-on-the-70s/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A: Real Estate's Martin Courtney on His Band's New Album and Being Stuck on the '70s\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/how-real-estate-blew-jeff-tweedys-mind-20140305","external_links_name":"\"How Real Estate Blew Jeff Tweedy's Mind\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Real-Estate-Atlas/release/5448164","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate – Atlas (2014, Green, Vinyl)\""},{"Link":"http://www.anydecentmusic.com/review/6168/Real-Estate-Atlas.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Atlas by Real Estate reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/atlas/real-estate","external_links_name":"\"Reviews for Atlas by Real Estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/atlas-mw0002615472","external_links_name":"\"Atlas – Real 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Atlas\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/atlas-20140304","external_links_name":"\"Atlas\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/reviews/real-estate-atlas/","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate Get a Little Less Chill and a Little More Proactive on the Surprisingly Bracing 'Atlas'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304224801/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/9465-the-top-100-albums-of-2010-2014/","external_links_name":"\"The 100 Best Albums of the Decade So Far (2010–2014)\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/9465-the-top-100-albums-of-2010-2014/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/2014-03-08/billboard-200","external_links_name":"\"Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20140318210151/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20140319-0000/Issue1254.pdf","external_links_name":"\"ARIA Report: Issue 1228\""},{"Link":"http://www.aria.com.au/issue1254.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Real+Estate&titel=Atlas&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Real Estate – Atlas\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Real+Estate&titel=Atlas&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Real Estate – Atlas\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Real+Estate&titel=Atlas&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Real Estate – Atlas\""},{"Link":"http://www.irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Real+Estate","external_links_name":"\"Irish-charts.com – Discography Real Estate\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20140309/40/","external_links_name":"\"Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20140309/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/independent-albums-chart/20140309/131/","external_links_name":"\"Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Real-Estate/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Real-Estate/chart-history/IND","external_links_name":"\"Real Estate Chart History (Independent Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/5a2e6e14-5e99-4711-828d-1bf2e6f558ac","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDAI	ISO 10303-22	["1 Major software vendors for SDAI and similar STEP-APIs","2 Open-source implementations of SDAI","3 See also","4 References"]	ISO standard ISO 10303-22 is a part of the implementation methods of STEP with the official title Standard data access interface or simply SDAI. SDAI defines an abstract Application Programming Interface (API) to work on application data according to a given data models defined in EXPRESS. SDAI itself is defined independent of a particular programming language. Language bindings exist for Part 23 - C++ language binding of the standard data access interface Part 24 - C binding of the standard data access interface Part 27 - Java binding to the standard data access interface with Internet/Intranet extensions The development of language bindings for FORTRAN and the interface definition language (IDL) of CORBA were canceled. The original intent of SDAI and its bindings to programming languages was to achieve portability of software applications from one implementation to another. This was soon abandoned because there were only a few commercial implementations and they differed significantly in their detailed APIs. Today the term SDAI is sometimes used for many types of APIs supporting STEP, even if they only partially follow the strict functionality as defined in ISO 10303-22 and its implementation methods, or not at all. Part 35 of STEP (Abstract test methods for SDAI implementations) provides a formal way how to prove the conformance of an implementation with SDAI. The main components of SDAI are: SDAI dictionary schema, a meta level EXPRESS schema to describe EXPRESS schemas Managing objects SDAI session to control the whole SDAI environment for a single user/thread including optional transaction control SDAI repository the physical (typically) container to store SDAI models and Schema instances, e.g. a database SDAI model a subdivision of an SDAI repository, containing entity instance according to a particular EXPRESS schema Schema instance a logical grouping of one or several SDAI models, making up a valid population according to a particular EXPRESS schema Operations to deal with the managing objects to create, delete and modify application data (entity instance, attribute values, aggregates and their members) to validate application data according to all the constraints and rules specified in EXPRESS Major software vendors for SDAI and similar STEP-APIs Eurostep EPM Technology LKSoftWare GmbH / JSDAI Open Design Alliance STEP SDK Open Design Alliance STEP SDK PDTec AG: The Ecco Toolkit provides implementation of ISO 10303-11, -14, -21, -28. STEP Tools, Inc Open-source implementations of SDAI The NIST STEP Class Library is a public domain implementation of ISO 10303-21(ASCII data exchange files), -22(SDAI), -23 (C++ SDAI binding) using ISO 10303-11:1994. The development of the NIST STEP Class Library has been stopped in the late 1990s. STEPcode (formerly STEP Class Library) has been improved by the BRL-CAD developers on github under the BSD license. STEPcode also has an experimental Python binding. JSDAI is a complete implementation of ISO 10303-22(SDAI) and ISO 10303-27(Java SDAI binding) under the Open Source license AGPL. See also List of STEP (ISO 10303) parts JSDAI vteISO standards by standard numberList of ISO standards – ISO romanizations – IEC standards1–9999 1 2 3 4 6 7 9 16 17 31 -0 -1 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 68-1 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 261 262 302 306 361 500 518 519 639 -1 -2 -3 -5 -6 646 657 668 690 704 732 764 838 843 860 898 965 999 1000 1004 1007 1073-1 1073-2 1155 1413 1538 1629 1745 1989 2014 2015 2022 2033 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2533 2709 2711 2720 2788 2848 2852 2921 3029 3103 3166 -1 -2 -3 3297 3307 3601 3602 3864 3901 3950 3977 4031 4157 4165 4217 4909 5218 5426 5427 5428 5725 5775 5776 5800 5807 5964 6166 6344 6346 6373 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 6943 7001 7002 7010 7027 7064 7098 7185 7200 7498 -1 7637 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 7942 8000 8093 8178 8217 8373 8501-1 8571 8583 8601 8613 8632 8651 8652 8691 8805/8806 8807 8820-5 8859 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -8-I -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 8879 9000/9001 9036 9075 9126 9141 9227 9241 9293 9314 9362 9407 9496 9506 9529 9564 9592/9593 9594 9660 9797-1 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000–19999 10006 10007 10116 10118-3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10279 10303 -11 -21 -22 -28 -238 10383 10585 10589 10628 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11172 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11889 11898 11940 (-2) 11941 11941 (TR) 11992 12006 12052 12182 12207 12234-2 12620 13211 -1 -2 13216 13250 13399 13406-2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 13816 13818 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 -2 -3 -6 -10 -11 -12 -14 -17 -20 14617 14644 14649 14651 14698 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 -3 -9 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 -2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 15938 16023 16262 16355-1 16485 16612-2 16750 16949 (TS) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17506 17799 18004 18014 18181 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 -1 -2 19114 19115 19125 19136 19407 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600 19752 19757 19770 19775-1 19794-5 19831 20000–29999 20000 20022 20121 20400 20802 20830 21000 21001 21047 21122 21500 21827 22000 22275 22300 22301 22395 22537 23000 23003 23008 23009 23090-3 23092 23094-1 23094-2 23270 23271 23360 23941 24517 24613 24617 24707 24728 25178 25964 26000 26262 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001 27002 27005 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199-2 29500 30000+ 30170 31000 32000 37001 38500 39075 40500 42010 45001 50001 55000 56000 80000 Category References ^ Thompson, Kristy (2010-10-28). "STEP Class Library (SCL)". Nist. Retrieved 2016-09-22.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"STEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10303"},{"link_name":"Application Programming Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface"},{"link_name":"EXPRESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10303-11"},{"link_name":"Language bindings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_binding"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"FORTRAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN"},{"link_name":"interface definition language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_definition_language"},{"link_name":"CORBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CORBA"}],"text":"ISO 10303-22 is a part of the implementation methods of STEP with the official title Standard data access interface or simply SDAI.SDAI defines an abstract Application Programming Interface (API) to work on application data according to a given data models defined in EXPRESS. SDAI itself is defined independent of a particular programming language. Language bindings exist forPart 23 - C++ language binding of the standard data access interface\nPart 24 - C binding of the standard data access interface\nPart 27 - Java binding to the standard data access interface with Internet/Intranet extensions\nThe development of language bindings for FORTRAN and the interface definition language (IDL) of CORBA were canceled.The original intent of SDAI and its bindings to programming languages was to achieve portability of software applications from one implementation to another. This was soon abandoned because there were only a few commercial implementations and they differed significantly in their detailed APIs. Today the term SDAI is sometimes used for many types of APIs supporting STEP, even if they only partially follow the strict functionality as defined in ISO 10303-22 and its implementation methods, or not at all. Part 35 of STEP (Abstract test methods for SDAI implementations) provides a formal way how to prove the conformance of an implementation with SDAI.The main components of SDAI are:SDAI dictionary schema, a meta level EXPRESS schema to describe EXPRESS schemas\nManaging objects\nSDAI session to control the whole SDAI environment for a single user/thread including optional transaction control\nSDAI repository the physical (typically) container to store SDAI models and Schema instances, e.g. a database\nSDAI model a subdivision of an SDAI repository, containing entity instance according to a particular EXPRESS schema\nSchema instance a logical grouping of one or several SDAI models, making up a valid population according to a particular EXPRESS schema\nOperations\nto deal with the managing objects\nto create, delete and modify application data (entity instance, attribute values, aggregates and their members)\nto validate application data according to all the constraints and rules specified in EXPRESS","title":"ISO 10303-22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurostep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eurostep.com/"},{"link_name":"EPM Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jotneit.no/"},{"link_name":"LKSoftWare GmbH / JSDAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.JSDAI.net"},{"link_name":"Open Design Alliance STEP SDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.opendesign.com/products/step"},{"link_name":"PDTec AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pdtec.de"},{"link_name":"STEP Tools, Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.steptools.com"}],"text":"Eurostep\nEPM Technology\nLKSoftWare GmbH / JSDAI\nOpen Design Alliance STEP SDK Open Design Alliance STEP SDK\nPDTec AG: The Ecco Toolkit provides implementation of ISO 10303-11, -14, -21, -28.\nSTEP Tools, Inc","title":"Major software vendors for SDAI and similar STEP-APIs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NIST STEP Class Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nist.gov/el/msid/scl.cfm"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"ISO 10303-21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_10303-21"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"BRL-CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-CAD"},{"link_name":"on github","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//github.com/stepcode/stepcode"},{"link_name":"BSD license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_license"},{"link_name":"JSDAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jsdai.net/"},{"link_name":"AGPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License"}],"text":"The NIST STEP Class Library is a public domain implementation of ISO 10303-21(ASCII data exchange files), -22(SDAI), -23 (C++ SDAI binding) using ISO 10303-11:1994. The development of the NIST STEP Class Library has been stopped in the late 1990s.[1] STEPcode (formerly STEP Class Library) has been improved by the BRL-CAD developers on github under the BSD license. STEPcode also has an experimental Python binding.JSDAI is a complete implementation of ISO 10303-22(SDAI) and ISO 10303-27(Java SDAI binding) under the Open Source license AGPL.","title":"Open-source implementations of SDAI"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of STEP (ISO 10303) parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_STEP_(ISO_10303)_parts"},{"title":"JSDAI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jsdai.net"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ISO_standards"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards"},{"title":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"title":"ISO standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards"},{"title":"ISO romanizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations"},{"title":"IEC standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards"},{"title":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_1"},{"title":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2"},{"title":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renard_series"},{"title":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4"},{"title":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed"},{"title":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe"},{"title":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9"},{"title":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)"},{"title":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renard_series"},{"title":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31"},{"title":"-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-0"},{"title":"-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-1"},{"title":"-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-3"},{"title":"-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-4"},{"title":"-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-5"},{"title":"-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-6"},{"title":"-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-7"},{"title":"-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-8"},{"title":"-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-9"},{"title":"-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-10"},{"title":"-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-11"},{"title":"-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-12"},{"title":"-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_31-13"},{"title":"68-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread"},{"title":"128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_128"},{"title":"216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_216"},{"title":"217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_217"},{"title":"226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour"},{"title":"228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe"},{"title":"233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_233"},{"title":"259","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_259"},{"title":"261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread"},{"title":"262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread"},{"title":"302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappa_number"},{"title":"306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicat_softening_point"},{"title":"361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol"},{"title":"500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_take-off"},{"title":"518","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_shoe"},{"title":"519","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prontor-Compur"},{"title":"639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639"},{"title":"-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-1"},{"title":"-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-2"},{"title":"-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3"},{"title":"-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-5"},{"title":"-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-6"},{"title":"646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_646"},{"title":"657","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_657"},{"title":"668","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_668"},{"title":"690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_690"},{"title":"704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_704"},{"title":"732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_732"},{"title":"764","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch"},{"title":"838","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_punch"},{"title":"843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_843"},{"title":"860","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_860"},{"title":"898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_898"},{"title":"965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_965"},{"title":"999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_999"},{"title":"1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_1000"},{"title":"1004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition"},{"title":"1007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/135_film"},{"title":"1073-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCR-A"},{"title":"1073-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCR-B"},{"title":"1155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check"},{"title":"1413","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard"},{"title":"1538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALGOL_60"},{"title":"1629","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_1629"},{"title":"1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_1745"},{"title":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL"},{"title":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2014"},{"title":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2015"},{"title":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022"},{"title":"2033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2033"},{"title":"2047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_2047"},{"title":"2108","url":"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Kristy (2010-10-28). \"STEP Class Library (SCL)\". Nist. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Price-Francis	Amy Price-Francis	["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]	British-Canadian actress (born 1975) Amy Price-FrancisBornAmy Elizabeth Price-Francis (1975-09-16) 16 September 1975 (age 48)England, UKOccupationActressYears active1998–present Amy Elizabeth Price-Francis (born 16 September 1975) is a British-Canadian actress. She starred as Detective Jessica King on the Showcase drama, King. Life and career Price-Francis was born in England and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She is a graduate of the National Theatre School of Canada. Amy is known for starring in several Canadian series, including Tracker and Rumours. She also starred in the A&E show, The Cleaner. Furthermore, she has guest starred in several shows. One of her well-known guest-starring roles is that of minor antagonist Cara Bowden on the TV series 24. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2001 Invitation Amy 2003 Alien Tracker Mel Porter Video 2005 Cake Sasha 2013 Breakout Maria 2014 The Purge: Anarchy Mrs. Grass 2015 Girl on the Edge Anne Green 2017 Fifty Shades Darker Elizabeth "Liz" Morgan 2018 Fifty Shades Freed Elizabeth "Liz" Morgan 2018 I Still See You Mrs. Calder Television Year Title Role Notes 1998 The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo Kristen Chaklai Episode: "The Jinxed Campaign Mystery" 1998-1999 Little Men Amy Lawrence 18 episodes 2000 Twice in a Lifetime Young Edwina Lewis Episode: "Old Flames" 2000 Soul Food Heather Bryant Episode: "Man Trouble" 2001 The Associates Episode: "Killing the Rat" 2001-2002 Tracker Mel Porter 22 episodes 2003 The Pentagon Papers Jan Butler TV movie 2003 Mutant X Janet Nicholls Episode: "Final Judgment" 2003 Missing Layla Weller Episode: "Deliverance from Evil" 2003 Train 48 Nicole Svendsen TV series 2004 Snakes & Ladders Shannon Jennings 6 episodes 2004 Sue Thomas: F.B.Eye Ann Leland Episode: "The Kiss" 2004 Suburban Madness Joan TV movie 2005 Kevin Hill Michael Tobias Episode: "A River in Egypt" 2005 Tilt Angela Episode: "Gentleman Jim" 2005 Our Fathers Donna Morrissey TV movie 2005 Show Me Yours Araminta Episode: "Plus ca change" 2006 Corner Gas Connie Episode: "Friend of a Friend" 2006 Earthstorm Dr. Lana Gale TV movie 2006 Shades of Black: The Conrad Black Story Shirley Black TV movie 2006-2007 Rumours Sarah Barnaby 20 episodes 2007 The Wedding Bells Cheryl Episode: "Fools in Love" 2007 Medium Pamela Franklin Episode: "Everything Comes to a Head" 2007 The Dead Zone Megan Wilcox Episode: "Re-Entry" 2007 Californication Meredith 4 episodes 2007 Shark Amanda Sellers Episode: "Eye of the Beholder" 2007 K-Ville Heidi Lawrence Episode: "Critical Mass" 2008 K-Ville Heidi Lawrence Episode: "Game Night" 2008 Big Shots Victoria Hill Episode: "Who's the Boss?" 2008-2009 The Cleaner Melissa Banks 26 episodes 2009 24 Cara Bowden 6 episodes 2009 Nip/Tuck Vivien Episode: "Enigma" 2010 The Mentalist Alicia Seberg Episode: "Code Red" 2010 Life Unexpected Kelly Campbell Recurring role 2011 The Chicago Code Dina Wysocki 4 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds Andi Swan Episode: "Supply and Demand" 2011 Grey's Anatomy Susannah Wilson Episode: "She's Gone"Episode: "Free Falling" 2011-2012 King Jessica King Main role 2014 Republic of Doyle Victoria Hickey Episode: "The Pint" (Season 6, Episode 6) 2016 NCIS: New Orleans Kayla Anderson Episode: "Radio Silence" (Season 2, Episode 17) Awards Year Award Category Work nominated Result 2012 ACTRA Award Outstanding Performance – Female King Won References ^ "ANDPOP \| Toronto Actress Stars in A&E Show the Cleaner". Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2009. ^ "National Theatre School - All our Alumni". Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2009. External links Amy Price-Francis at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"},{"link_name":"Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showcase_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(2011_TV_series)"}],"text":"Amy Elizabeth Price-Francis (born 16 September 1975) is a British-Canadian actress. She starred as Detective Jessica King on the Showcase drama, King.","title":"Amy Price-Francis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Toronto, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"National Theatre School of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_School_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Tracker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracker_(Canadian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Rumours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumours_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"A&E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Network"},{"link_name":"The Cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleaner_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Price-Francis was born in England and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. She is a graduate of the National Theatre School of Canada.[1][2]Amy is known for starring in several Canadian series, including Tracker and Rumours. She also starred in the A&E show, The Cleaner. Furthermore, she has guest starred in several shows. One of her well-known guest-starring roles is that of minor antagonist Cara Bowden on the TV series 24.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"ANDPOP \| Toronto Actress Stars in A&E Show the Cleaner\". Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202156/http://www.andpop.com/2008/07/28/toronto-actress-stars-in-ae-show-the-cleaner/","url_text":"\"ANDPOP \| Toronto Actress Stars in A&E Show the Cleaner\""},{"url":"http://www.andpop.com/2008/07/28/toronto-actress-stars-in-ae-show-the-cleaner/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Theatre School - All our Alumni\". Archived from the original on 5 November 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091105062119/http://www.ent-nts.ca/en/alumni/all/acting/1990.aspx","url_text":"\"National Theatre School - All our Alumni\""},{"url":"http://ent-nts.ca/en/alumni/all/acting/1990.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023202156/http://www.andpop.com/2008/07/28/toronto-actress-stars-in-ae-show-the-cleaner/","external_links_name":"\"ANDPOP \| Toronto Actress Stars in A&E Show the Cleaner\""},{"Link":"http://www.andpop.com/2008/07/28/toronto-actress-stars-in-ae-show-the-cleaner/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091105062119/http://www.ent-nts.ca/en/alumni/all/acting/1990.aspx","external_links_name":"\"National Theatre School - All our Alumni\""},{"Link":"http://ent-nts.ca/en/alumni/all/acting/1990.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0697201/","external_links_name":"Amy Price-Francis"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/170338461","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRbV4GVt94vwy8jYfwmd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011063963","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_South_Sudan-Sudan_border_conflict	Heglig Crisis	["1 Background","2 Events","2.1 March: South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig","2.2 Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig","2.3 Mid-April: Sudanese counter offensive","2.4 Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig","2.5 Negotiations","3 Weapons","4 Humanitarian situation","5 Responses","5.1 Domestic response in Sudan","5.2 Domestic response in South Sudan","5.3 International reactions","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]	War fought between Sudan and South Sudan Heglig CrisisDate26 March – 26 September 2012(6 months)LocationAlong the entire Sudan–South Sudan border, although the main fighting took place at HegligResult Sudanese victory Agreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 SeptemberTerritorialchanges South Sudanese withdrawal from HegligBelligerents South Sudan JEM SPLM-N SudanCommanders and leaders Salva Kiir(President of South Sudan) James Gatduel Gatluak(Commander of the 4th Division) Omar al-Bashir(President of Sudan) Ahmed Haroun(Governor of South Kordofan)Strength SPLA and Mathiang Anyoor:unknown (at Heglig)Overall:140,000 soldiers110 tanks69 artillery pieces10 helicopters SAF:2,000 (at Heglig)Overall:109,300 soldiers17,500 paramilitaries390 tanks115 light tanks490 armoured personnel carriers778 artillery pieces63 combat airplanes29 helicoptersCasualties and losses 31 killed (South Sudanese claim)1,200 killed (Sudanese claim)106 woundedSeveral captured 256 killed (South Sudanese claim)100 wounded50 captured (Sudanese claim)1 MiG-29 shot down 29 civilians killed The casualty numbers are based on the warring parties claims and have not been independently verified.vteHeglig Crisis First Battle of Heglig Second Battle of Heglig Agok Skirmish Air campaign vteConflicts in Sudanand South Sudan First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process The Heglig Crisis was a brief war fought between the countries of Sudan and South Sudan in 2012 over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's Unity and Sudan's South Kordofan states. South Sudan invaded and briefly occupied the small border town of Heglig before being pushed back by the Sudanese army. Small-scale clashes continued until an agreement on borders and natural resources was signed on 26 September, resolving most aspects of the conflict. Background Prior to independence from Sudan two civil wars were fought in the region from 1955 to 1972 and from 1983 to 2005, in which 2.5 million people were killed and more than 5 million externally displaced. South Sudan peacefully gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 with Sudan's long-term president Omar al-Bashir promising to "work with our southern brothers and help them set up their state". Despite this relations between the two states have been marked by conflict over the disputed oil-rich Abyei region. In January 2012, South Sudan shut down all of its oil fields over a disagreement with oil transit fees imposed by Sudan. In May 2011, it was reported that Sudan had seized control of Abyei, with a force of approximately 5,000 soldiers after three days of clashes with South Sudanese forces. The precipitating factor was an ambush by South Sudanese forces on May 19 which killed 22 northern soldiers. The northern advance included shelling, aerial bombardment and numerous tanks. Following the advance South Sudan withdrew its forces from Abyei and declared the movement of Sudanese forces into Abyei to be an "act of war". The United Nations sent an envoy to Khartoum to intervene. A deal on militarization was reached on 20 June 2011. The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, consisting of Ethiopian troops were deployed under a UNSC resolution from 27 June 2011. In early December 2011, Jau, a town in Unity state in South Sudan, was occupied by Sudanese forces. In early March 2012, the Sudanese Air Force bombed parts of Pariang county. Both countries accused each other of supporting rebels on their soil as part of the ongoing internal conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan. Events March: South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig See also: First Battle of Heglig On 26 March, the Republic of Sudan claimed that South Sudan attacked the Heglig oilfield, located in the Sudanese state of South Kordofan, while South Sudan claimed that their forces had carried out an operation within the borders of South Sudan. The South Sudanese attack was supported by the Sudanese rebel group JEM, which attacked from South Sudanese state of Unity. The following day, the Sudanese Air Force launched a bombing raid on the Unity oilfield in Unity, located to the north of the state capital, Bentiu. The Sudanese Army later attacked the disputed areas of Jau, Pan Akuach, and Teshwin, but were repelled by the South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA). South Sudanese artillery positions 20 kilometres north of Bentiu, which had been involved in the shelling of Heglig, were bombarded by artillery from the northern side of the border. Sudan's Information Minister, Abdallah Ali Masar, confirmed that South Sudanese had penetrated 10 km into Sudanese territory, but also claimed that Sudanese forces had repelled them and driven them back, and had taken several prisoners. South Sudan's forces withdrew from the disputed area on 28 March. On 31 March, Sudanese warplanes bombed the Southern forces positions on the border, although officials from the north said it was artillery, not aircraft involved in the attack. Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig South Sudan claimed to have shot down a Sudanese MiG-29 warplane on 4 April over Unity during an air raid in which Sudanese planes bombed an oil pipeline in South Sudan. The Sudanese government denied any aerial bombings had taken place and called the accusations "fabrications" by South Sudan. The SPLA claimed that Teshwin in South Sudan had been attacked by Sudanese forces on 9 April with battle going on into the next day The town of Abiemnhom in Unity was reportedly attacked by two brigades from the Sudanese army, which South Sudan claimed was an attempt to seize its oil fields. At least four civilians were injured in the clashes, although there were no immediate reports of military casualties on either side. The South's government said that northern forces had breached the border accompanied by militias, but had been repelled. A Sudanese military spokesman later admitted that the Sudanese army had been defeated during a battle at Heglig and was forced to retreat northwards. There were some reports that the fighting had broken out after Sudanese forces attempted to retake a border post lost to Southern forces two weeks previous. On 10 April Colonel Khalid Sawarmi, spokesman for the Sudanese army, claimed that South Sudanese forces had taken control of the Heglig oil fields and the town of Heglig itself, marking the start of the Second Battle of Heglig. In this second capture of Heglig the SPLA was again supported by the JEM. The Sudanese government said on 11 April that heavy fighting continued along the disputed border areas and the Sudanese army was reported to be trying to retake Heglig with Sudan announcing that they would use all legitimate means to retake the oil fields. South Sudan said that they were holding defensive positions in Heglig, awaiting a Sudanese counterattack. Second Vice President of Sudan, al-Haj Adam Youssef, stated that Sudan was now in a state declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold. The next day, on 12 April, the Sudanese Air Force bombed Bentiu, in an attempt to destroy a strategic bridge using an Antonov An-26 transport plane converted into an improvised bomber, killing one South Sudanese soldier. The parliaments of both countries called for a mobilisation of their respective armed forces. Sudan also began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry of Sudan. Following the capture of Heglig, the Government of Sudan announced that their forces withdrawn to Khersana where they were reportedly preparing to retake Heglig. On the same day the Sudanese Revolutionary Front rebel group attacked Khersana and Kalik It was at some point in April that Salva Kiir, President of South Sudan and his advisors organized an all-volunteer militia –Mathiang Anyoor– to aid the SPLA in fighting the Sudanese during this conflict. The militia later transformed into a private army and became infamous for committing numerous atrocities during the subsequent South Sudanese Civil War. Mid-April: Sudanese counter offensive Main article: Battle for Meiram South Sudanese forces began reinforcing their positions in Heglig on 13 April, whilst Sudan continued to mobilise its own forces. According to the South Sudanese government, the frontlines had remained static during the day. Sudanese forces claimed to be advancing on Heglig and that the situation would be dealt with "within hours." A spokesman of the Sudanese government said that its army was on the outskirts of Heglig, while South Sudan's government said that it would defend themselves if attacked. The Sudanese government spokesman also added that South Sudan failed to control "all of South Kordofan state." South Sudan's vice president Reik Machar said a Sudanese attempt to retake Heglig by force was halted 30 km north of the town. South Sudan claimed to have destroyed two tanks during the clashes. The Sudanese air force, operating two Sukhoi Su-25 jets, reportedly bombed Jau and Panakuach, as well as Heglig once again, killing five civilians. On 14 April, South Sudanese forces continued to advance northwards, and repelled a Sudanese counterattack on Khersana. Southern troops moved to close all three roads to Heglig on 14 April. It was also reported that most facilities in Heglig had been damaged during the fighting. Two MiG-29s from the Sudanese Air Force attempted to destroy a bridge in Bentiu but missed their target and ended up killing four civilians and a soldier and wounding five others. The attack was widely believed to be an attempt to damage South Sudanese supply lines. Sudanese army units were reported to have reached a few kilometres from Heglig and that they were fighting with South Sudanese forces. Sudan's military spokesman Al-Sawarmi Khalid revealed that their immediate objective was to "destroy the South's war machine", rather than enter Heglig itself. South Sudan disputed the north's version of events as propaganda, claiming that northern forces were still 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Heglig. On 15 April, the Sudan People's Liberation Army spokesman Philip Aguer claimed that after overnight clashes in Kelet South Sudan held on to its positions and destroyed two Sudanese tanks. Sudan shelled the western part of South Sudan's Upper Nile state during 15 April, in an apparent attempt to open up a new front. Sudanese troops crossed the border into South Sudan's Upper Nile state and briefly occupied the small town of Kuek, before being expelled by South Sudan's army. On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that "South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies". The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government. Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Sudanese government, ruled out peace talks with the South, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force. On 18 April, a new front opened up in the conflict, 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Heglig, resulting in seven South Sudanese soldiers and 15 Sudanese soldiers being killed. The clash was reportedly sparked when a South Sudanese soldier was shot dead when collecting water near the road between Aweil and Meiram. Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig On April 20 Salva Kiir ordered his forces to withdraw from Heglig. On the day the Sudanese army entered Heglig with al-Bashir holding a victory rally in Khartoum. On the 22 April, more fighting broke out along the whole border as Sudanese soldiers backed by tanks and artillery launched three waves of attacks 10 kilometres (6 mi) into South Sudan. At least one South Sudanese soldier was killed and two wounded in the attack. Sudan bombed the town of Rubkona on 23 April, damaging several market stalls, in an attempt to destroy a bridge between Rubkona and neighbouring Bentiu. At least three people were killed in the raid. The following day, Kiir stated on a visit to China that Sudan had "declared war" on South Sudan. Negotiations Sudan and South Sudan restarted negotiations in June 2012 under mediation by the African Union's envoy Thabo Mbeki. On 27 September, Omar al-Bashir and Salva Kiir signed eight agreements in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a 10 km (6 mi) demilitarised zone along their border. The agreements allows for the return of 350,000 barrels of South Sudanese oil to the world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding on the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic-cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remained unsolved and future talks were scheduled to resolve them. Vice President Riek Machar outlined what agreements were signed, but lamented the lack of a resolution on Abyei. United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon commended the two leaders on reaching an agreement. Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn also praised the outcome and hoped it would build momentum. In mid-March 2013, both countries began to withdraw their forces from the border area in a bid to creating a demilitarised buffer zone and resume South Sudanese oil production for export through Sudan. In early April South Sudanese oil started to flow through pipelines in Sudan again. On 10 June Kiir accused al-Bashir of mobilising for war after al-Bashir threatened to cut oil transit through his country with Kiir stating that he would not go to war over the oil transit issue. In October 2013, al-Bashir visited Juba to discuss the measures with Kiir. He was warmly welcomed and said that progress had been made. Kiir said that he was looking to mend relations with Sudan. Weapons This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Sudanese Army is equipped with predominantly Chinese and Soviet-made weapons while Sudan People's Liberation Army weapons vary, having few vehicles and mostly small arms. The following table should not be considered exhaustive. Type Sudanese Armed Forces Sudan People's Liberation Army Tanks T-55, Type 62, T-72 T-55, T-72 APCs/IFVs BMP-1, BMP-2, Alvis Saladin, technicals technicals Artillery 2A18, BM-21 BM-21 Aircraft Su-24, Su-25, MiG-29, Nanchang A-5, Antonov An-26, Northrop F-5 none Helicopters Bell 212, Mi-8, Mi-24 Mi-17 Small Arms, Light Weapons Type 56, AK-47, Heckler & Koch G3, PKM, DShK, ZU-23, RPG-2, RPG-7 AK-47, Heckler & Koch G3, PKM, DShK, ZU-23, RPG-2, RPG-7 Humanitarian situation This section needs expansion with: further details. You can help by adding to it. (September 2012) The conflict had, by 14 April, forced over 100,000 people to flee their homes. Responses Domestic response in Sudan The President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, suspended a planned visit to South Sudan after the conflict broke out. Sudanese national radio announced that the President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, would suspend his planned visit to the South Sudanese capital, Juba, as a result of the conflict. A summit between the leaders of the two countries had been planned to be held in Juba some time in April 2012, following up from the meeting of the political, military, and security committee of the African Union on 30 March in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A meeting between South Sudan and Sudan on the subject of the disputed region of Abyei scheduled to have been held on 22 March had previously been postponed by Sudan. On 11 April, Second Vice President of Sudan, Al-Haj Adam stated that Sudan was now in a state of war and declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold. On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that "South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies" The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government. Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Government of Sudan, ruled out peace talks with the south, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force. Sudan began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry. During Friday prayers on 13 April in Sudan, some sermons in Khartoum condemed the South Sudanese capture of Heglig, while television broadcasts included jihadi and patriotic songs. Following South Sudan's withdrawal from Heglig, President Omar al-Bashir declared that there would be no negotiations with the "poisonous insects" in reference to the South Sudanese. Later on, Bashir argued that the South Sudanese only understand the "language of guns and ammunition." Sudan's UN ambassador, Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman, argued that Sudan had the right to act in self-defense because "We have been targeted by... the South", adding that "Let me make it clear: We will not cross the international border and attack the South... inside their territories". Domestic response in South Sudan The President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, suggested that Sudan was responsible for initiating the conflict, and that further clashes could lead to war: "This morning air force came and bombed areas in Unity state. After this intensive bombardment our forces were attacked by and militia." It is a war that has been imposed on us again, but it is who are looking for it." The spokesman for the South Sudanese military suggested that the conflict was "the biggest confrontation since independence". Parliamentary Speaker James Wani Igga called on people to prepare for war: "Khartoum might be meaning a real war ... if you don't defend yourself, you will be finished, so you should go and mobilise the people on ground to be ready" Parliament later decided to raise military spending and bolster the army by cutting salaries of all deputies by 10% for three months. Fuel supplies began to run out in some filling stations in Juba around 15 April as huge queues of motorists tried to fill up as panic buying set in. International reactions United Nations On 27 March, a spokesman for Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, called for the two countries to end the conflict and "use to the fullest extent existing political and security mechanisms to peacefully address their differences". On 23 April 2012, Ban Ki-moon condemned Sudan's bombing of border areas in South Sudan, demanding Khartoum cease all hostilities "as a matter of urgency". Arab League On 15 April 2012, the Arab Parliament called on South Sudan for restraint and to withdraw from the town of Heglig. A statement signed by Arab Parliament head Salem Deqbasi said that the Arab Parliament's bureau called on South Sudan to "heed the voice of reason" and immediately pull its forces out of the areas it had occupied inside Sudanese territory, including Heglig. On 26 April, the Arab League escalated its rhetoric, condemning South Sudan's "aggression" and saying Heglig belongs to Sudan. The Arab League went further to say it supported Sudan's "right to defend itself", and condemned South Sudan's alleged support of rebels in Sudan. African Union On 25 April 2012, the African Union condemned Sudan's bombing of parts of South Sudan, and called on both sides to cease all hostilities. The Peace and Security Council also put forth a 7-point roadmap in which the two sides would be given two weeks to restart negotiations. The AU urged both sides to refrain from "inflammatory statements and propaganda that could fuel the conflict". Iran On 15 April 2012, according to IRIB World Service, an Iran Broadcasting channel, Iranian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast said that Iran fully monitors the developments in the region, and calls on South Sudan to immediately and unconditionally pull back its forces and return to its territory behind the designated borders. In March an Iranian surveillance drone crashed in Sudan after being fired upon by South Sudanese-backed rebels. Israel Israel allegedly airlifted military hardware to the South Sudanese armed forces "on a daily basis" during the conflict. Kenya On 27 March 2012, the President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki, suggested that Kenya could mediate between the two countries, stating "Kenya is keen on good and stable relations between the two countries". United Kingdom On 6 May 2012, Africa Minister Henry Bellingham supported the African Union-led initiative, calling for both sides to restart negotiations and comply with the ceasefire. United States On 11 April 2012, the US State Department condemned South Sudan's seizure of Heglig and in statement said "We condemn South Sudan's military involvement in the attack on and seizure of Heglig, an act which goes beyond self-defense and has increased tensions between Sudan and South Sudan to dangerous levels." Later on, however, the US took a different tone, condemning Khartoum's bombardment of South Sudanese territory and "military incursion into South Sudan". To South Sudan, the US release recognized the "right of South Sudan to self-defense", but urged "restraint in its reaction to Sudan’s attack in Unity State". The US welcomed the South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig and called for all South Sudanese troops to be withdrawn from areas across the 1 January 1956 border. In his message to the Sudanese and South Sudanese people, President Obama reiterated that "All those who are fighting must recognize that there is no military solution." Vietnam On 22 September 2012, Vietnamese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Luong Thanh Nghi calls for "concerned parties to abide by the international law and signed agreements, to restrain themselves and keep tensions from escalating while working on resolving disagreements by peaceful negotiations," Yemen On 21 April 2012, Yemen condemned South Sudan's occupation of Heglig, called for both parties to give diplomatic efforts a chance, and argued both sides should "establish ties enhancing the mutual confidence and building on the bonds of common history and human relations between the two countries." See also Air campaign of the Heglig Crisis South Sudan–Sudan relations Second Sudanese Civil War References ^ a b c d McCutchen, Andrew (October 2014). "The Sudan Revolutionary Front: Its Formation and Development" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020. ^ "Sudanese forces 'liberate Heglig town' - al Jazeera English". 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"Sudan intensifies bombing of disputed town". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 4 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "Sudan and the South 'open new front' in border clash". BBC News. 18 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ "S. Sudan says to withdraw from Heglig within three days". Reuters. 20 April 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2024. ^ "South Sudan 'to withdraw troops' from Heglig oil field". BBC News. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ "Sudan launches attack into South Sudan's borders". The Daily Telegraph. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ Hereward Holland (23 April 2012). "Sudan bombs South Sudan border area, kills three: witnesses". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ "South Sudan's Salva Kiir says Sudan has declared war". BBC News. 24 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ "Sudan, South Sudan start first security talks since border clash". Reuters. 4 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2021. ^ "Sudan and South Sudan sign landmark deal – Africa". Al Jazeera English. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012. ^ Bariyo, Nicholas (27 September 2012). "Sudans Sign Deals to Resume Oil Exports". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2012. ^ "UN General Assembly General Debate of the 67th Session – South Sudan (The Republic of)". United Nations. 27 September 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ "UN General Assembly General Debate of the 67th Session". United Nations. 28 September 2012. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ "Sudan rivals pull out of border zone". Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013. ^ "South Sudan restarts oil production". Archived from the original on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013. ^ "S Sudan 'will not go to war' over oil dispute". Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013. ^ "Bashir meets South Sudan leader over Abyei". Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013. ^ "Bombs hit disputed Sudanese oil town, official says". 570 News. Associated Press. 14 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ "AFP: Sudan denounces South, suspends summit, after border clashes". 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2016. ^ "South Sudan blames Khartoum for postponing Abyei meeting". Sudan Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. ^ Rodney Muhumuza (16 April 2012). "Sudan intensifies bombing of disputed town". Modesto Bee. Associated Press. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ "Heglig crisis dominates Friday's prayer sermons in Sudan". Sudan Tribune. 13 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 22 April 2012. ^ a b c d "Arab League condemns South Sudan's 'aggression' against Heglig, says oil-rich area is Sudan's". Associated Press. Newser.Com. 26 May 2012. ^ a b c "Ban Ki-moon condemns Sudanese air raid on South Sudan". BBC News. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ "Sudan parliament brands South an enemy". The Daily Star. 17 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012. ^ "Petrol stations run dry in Juba as Sudan oil row bites". Reuters. 15 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ Timberlake, Ian (2012). UN calls for calm in Sudan after clashes Archived 6 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine – Yahoo! News. Published 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. ^ "Arab Parliament urges South Sudan to withdraw from key border town". Petra. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012. ^ "Iran concerned over attack on Sudan". Petra Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, News. Archived from the original on 22 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012. ^ "A playground for proxies". The Economist. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2012. ^ Israel Hayom: Israeli 'elements' reported to be arming South Sudan army Archived 13 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 6 April 2012. Retrieved 12 May 2014. ^ Kenya to Mediate for Normal Relations between Sudan, South Sudan Archived 3 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Sudan Vision. Published 27 March 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012. ^ "On the Attack on South Sudan by Sudan". US government release. 23 April 2012. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2017. ^ "Scarborough Shoal dispute 'of concern'". VietNam News. Archived from the original on 19 June 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2012. ^ "Yemen condemns South Sudan occupation of Heglig". SabaNet. 21 April 2012. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2012. Further reading Daase, Cindy (2011). "International Arbitration: A New Mechanism to Settle Intra-State Territorial Disputes between States and Secessionist Movements? The Divorce of Sudan and South Sudan and the Abyei Question". Osgoode CLPE Research Paper No. 28/2011. SSRN 1933228. Okumu, Wafula (2010). "Resources and border disputes in Eastern Africa". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 4 (2): 279–297. doi:10.1080/17531055.2010.487338. S2CID 144358416. Pantuliano, Sara (2010). "Oil, land and conflict: the decline of Misseriyya pastoralism in Sudan". Review of African Political Economy. 37 (123): 7–23. doi:10.1080/03056241003637847. hdl:10.1080/03056241003637847. S2CID 154178929. vtePost–Cold War conflicts in AfricaNorth AfricaEgypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–present) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan Crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) West AfricaNigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others 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insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East AfricaEthiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromia–Somali clashes Tigray War War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei conflict (2022–2023) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue 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revolutions	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Sudan_Sudan_Locator-cropped.png"},{"link_name":"Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aljazeera.com-3"},{"link_name":"Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"SPLM-N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Movement-North"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir"},{"link_name":"President of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"James Gatduel Gatluak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gatduel_Gatluak"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"President of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sudan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Haroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Haroun"},{"link_name":"SPLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Mathiang Anyoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathiang_Anyoor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust.org-6"},{"link_name":"SAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1000_killed-9"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trust.org-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1000_killed-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-8"},{"link_name":"MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"Agok Skirmish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agok_Skirmish"},{"link_name":"Air campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_campaign_of_the_Heglig_Crisis"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sudan_internal_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"First Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Torit mutiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torit_mutiny"},{"link_name":"1958 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"1964 Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)#October_1964_Revolution"},{"link_name":"1969 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1985 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"1989 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Thunderbolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1997)"},{"link_name":"War of the Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Peters"},{"link_name":"Disarmament of the Lou Nuer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament_of_the_Lou_Nuer"},{"link_name":"Battle of Malakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malakal"},{"link_name":"War in Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Omdurman and Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_attack_on_Omdurman_and_Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Sudanese nomadic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile"},{"link_name":"George Athor's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Athor%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"South Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution"},{"link_name":"2019 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"2021 coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Sudan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Sudanese civil war (2023–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Sudanese peace process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)"},{"link_name":"South Kordofan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kordofan"},{"link_name":"Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heglig"}],"text":"Heglig CrisisDate26 March – 26 September 2012(6 months)LocationAlong the entire Sudan–South Sudan border, although the main fighting took place at HegligResult\nSudanese victory[2]\n\nAgreement on borders and natural resources signed on 26 September[3]Territorialchanges\nSouth Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig[4]Belligerents\n South Sudan JEM[1] SPLM-N[1]\n SudanCommanders and leaders\n Salva Kiir(President of South Sudan) James Gatduel Gatluak(Commander of the 4th Division)[5]\n Omar al-Bashir(President of Sudan) Ahmed Haroun(Governor of South Kordofan)Strength\nSPLA and Mathiang Anyoor:unknown (at Heglig)Overall:[6]140,000 soldiers110 tanks69 artillery pieces10 helicopters\nSAF:[7]2,000 (at Heglig)[8][9]Overall:[6]109,300 soldiers17,500 paramilitaries390 tanks115 light tanks490 armoured personnel carriers778 artillery pieces63 combat airplanes29 helicoptersCasualties and losses\n31 killed (South Sudanese claim)[10]1,200 killed (Sudanese claim)[9]106 wounded[11][12]Several captured[13]\n256 killed (South Sudanese claim)[14]100 wounded[15]50 captured (Sudanese claim)[8]1 MiG-29 shot down[16]\n29 civilians killed[17]\nThe casualty numbers are based on the warring parties claims and have not been independently verified.vteHeglig Crisis\nFirst Battle of Heglig\nSecond Battle of Heglig\nAgok Skirmish\nAir campaign\n\nvteConflicts in Sudanand South Sudan\nFirst Sudanese Civil War\nTorit mutiny\n1958 coup\n1964 Revolution\n1969 coup\nSecond Sudanese Civil War\n1985 coup\n1989 coup\nThunderbolt\nWar of the Peters\nDisarmament of the Lou Nuer\nBattle of Malakal\nWar in Darfur\nOmdurman and Khartoum\nSudanese nomadic conflicts\nSudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile\nGeorge Athor's rebellion\nHeglig Crisis\nSouth Sudanese Civil War\nSudanese Revolution\n2019 coup\n2021 coup\nSudanese civil war (2023–present)\nSudanese peace processThe Heglig Crisis[18] was a brief war fought between the countries of Sudan and South Sudan in 2012 over oil-rich regions between South Sudan's Unity and Sudan's South Kordofan states. South Sudan invaded and briefly occupied the small border town of Heglig before being pushed back by the Sudanese army. Small-scale clashes continued until an agreement on borders and natural resources was signed on 26 September, resolving most aspects of the conflict.","title":"Heglig Crisis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1955 to 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1983 to 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-19"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"relations between the two states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations"},{"link_name":"Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-19"},{"link_name":"Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actofwar-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actofwar-22"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-actofwar-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Security_Force_for_Abyei"},{"link_name":"a UNSC resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1990"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brink-27"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Pariang county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyikang_County"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israel_National_News-28"},{"link_name":"ongoing internal conflicts in Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan_internal_conflict_(2011%E2%80%93)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brink-27"}],"text":"Prior to independence from Sudan two civil wars were fought in the region from 1955 to 1972 and from 1983 to 2005, in which 2.5 million people were killed and more than 5 million externally displaced.[19] South Sudan peacefully gained independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 with Sudan's long-term president Omar al-Bashir promising to \"work with our southern brothers and help them set up their state\".[20] Despite this relations between the two states have been marked by conflict over the disputed oil-rich Abyei region.[21] In January 2012, South Sudan shut down all of its oil fields over a disagreement with oil transit fees imposed by Sudan.[19]In May 2011, it was reported that Sudan had seized control of Abyei, with a force of approximately 5,000 soldiers after three days of clashes with South Sudanese forces.[22] The precipitating factor was an ambush by South Sudanese forces on May 19 which killed 22 northern soldiers. The northern advance included shelling, aerial bombardment and numerous tanks.[23] Following the advance South Sudan withdrew its forces from Abyei[24] and declared the movement of Sudanese forces into Abyei to be an \"act of war\".[22] The United Nations sent an envoy to Khartoum to intervene.[22] A deal on militarization was reached on 20 June 2011.[25] The United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei, consisting of Ethiopian troops were deployed under a UNSC resolution from 27 June 2011.[26] In early December 2011, Jau, a town in Unity state in South Sudan, was occupied by Sudanese forces.[27] In early March 2012, the Sudanese Air Force bombed parts of Pariang county.[28]Both countries accused each other of supporting rebels on their soil as part of the ongoing internal conflicts in Sudan and South Sudan.[27]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Unity oilfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_oilfield"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(state)"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Army"},{"link_name":"Jau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jau,_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Pan Akuach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Akuach,_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teshwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teshwin,_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sudan People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_AFBRE82U0FR20120331-36"}],"sub_title":"March: South Sudanese repulsed from Heglig","text":"See also: First Battle of HegligOn 26 March, the Republic of Sudan claimed that South Sudan attacked the Heglig oilfield, located in the Sudanese state of South Kordofan, while South Sudan claimed that their forces had carried out an operation within the borders of South Sudan.[29] The South Sudanese attack was supported by the Sudanese rebel group JEM, which attacked from South Sudanese state of Unity.[1] The following day, the Sudanese Air Force launched a bombing raid on the Unity oilfield in Unity, located to the north of the state capital, Bentiu.[30] The Sudanese Army later attacked the disputed areas of Jau, Pan Akuach, and Teshwin, but were repelled by the South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).[31]South Sudanese artillery positions 20 kilometres north of Bentiu, which had been involved in the shelling of Heglig, were bombarded by artillery from the northern side of the border.[32] Sudan's Information Minister, Abdallah Ali Masar, confirmed that South Sudanese had penetrated 10 km into Sudanese territory, but also claimed that Sudanese forces had repelled them and driven them back, and had taken several prisoners.[33]South Sudan's forces withdrew from the disputed area on 28 March.[34][35]On 31 March, Sudanese warplanes bombed the Southern forces positions on the border, although officials from the north said it was artillery, not aircraft involved in the attack.[36]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MiG-29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Al-jazeera_on_Mig-29-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Heglig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Heglig"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"},{"link_name":"JEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_and_Equality_Movement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"Vice President of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"al-Haj Adam Youssef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haj_Adam_Youssef"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudanvisiondaily1-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibtimescivil-46"},{"link_name":"Bentiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentiu"},{"link_name":"Antonov An-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonov_An-26"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph:_Bentiu-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheTimesofIndia:_Bentiu-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-52"},{"link_name":"Sudanese Revolutionary Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Revolutionary_Front"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir_Mayardit"},{"link_name":"Mathiang Anyoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathiang_Anyoor"},{"link_name":"private army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_army"},{"link_name":"South Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Early April: South Sudanese capture of Heglig","text":"South Sudan claimed to have shot down a Sudanese MiG-29 warplane on 4 April over Unity[37] during an air raid in which Sudanese planes bombed an oil pipeline in South Sudan. The Sudanese government denied any aerial bombings had taken place and called the accusations \"fabrications\" by South Sudan.[38]The SPLA claimed that Teshwin in South Sudan had been attacked by Sudanese forces on 9 April with battle going on into the next day[39] The town of Abiemnhom in Unity was reportedly attacked by two brigades from the Sudanese army, which South Sudan claimed was an attempt to seize its oil fields. At least four civilians were injured in the clashes, although there were no immediate reports of military casualties on either side.[40] The South's government said that northern forces had breached the border accompanied by militias, but had been repelled.[41] A Sudanese military spokesman later admitted that the Sudanese army had been defeated during a battle at Heglig and was forced to retreat northwards. There were some reports that the fighting had broken out after Sudanese forces attempted to retake a border post lost to Southern forces two weeks previous. On 10 April Colonel Khalid Sawarmi, spokesman for the Sudanese army, claimed that South Sudanese forces had taken control of the Heglig oil fields and the town of Heglig itself, marking the start of the Second Battle of Heglig.[42] In this second capture of Heglig the SPLA was again supported by the JEM.[1]The Sudanese government said on 11 April that heavy fighting continued along the disputed border areas and the Sudanese army was reported to be trying to retake Heglig with Sudan announcing that they would use all legitimate means to retake the oil fields.[43][44] South Sudan said that they were holding defensive positions in Heglig, awaiting a Sudanese counterattack.[44] Second Vice President of Sudan, al-Haj Adam Youssef, stated that Sudan was now in a state declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold.[45][46] The next day, on 12 April, the Sudanese Air Force bombed Bentiu, in an attempt to destroy a strategic bridge using an Antonov An-26 transport plane converted into an improvised bomber, killing one South Sudanese soldier.[47][48]The parliaments of both countries called for a mobilisation of their respective armed forces.[49] Sudan also began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry of Sudan.[50] Following the capture of Heglig, the Government of Sudan announced that their forces withdrawn to Khersana where they were reportedly preparing to retake Heglig.[51][52] On the same day the Sudanese Revolutionary Front rebel group attacked Khersana and Kalik[53]It was at some point in April that Salva Kiir, President of South Sudan and his advisors organized an all-volunteer militia –Mathiang Anyoor– to aid the SPLA in fighting the Sudanese during this conflict. The militia later transformed into a private army and became infamous for committing numerous atrocities during the subsequent South Sudanese Civil War.[54]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Reik Machar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_Machar"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Sukhoi Su-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kansascity-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-62"},{"link_name":"MiG-29s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MiG-29"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters2-61"},{"link_name":"Kelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bridge-65"},{"link_name":"Upper Nile state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated5-66"},{"link_name":"Upper Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Nile_(state)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated7-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"sub_title":"Mid-April: Sudanese counter offensive","text":"South Sudanese forces began reinforcing their positions in Heglig on 13 April, whilst Sudan continued to mobilise its own forces. According to the South Sudanese government, the frontlines had remained static during the day.[55] Sudanese forces claimed to be advancing on Heglig and that the situation would be dealt with \"within hours.\"[56] A spokesman of the Sudanese government said that its army was on the outskirts of Heglig, while South Sudan's government said that it would defend themselves if attacked. The Sudanese government spokesman also added that South Sudan failed to control \"all of South Kordofan state.\"[57]South Sudan's vice president Reik Machar said a Sudanese attempt to retake Heglig by force was halted 30 km north of the town.[58] South Sudan claimed to have destroyed two tanks during the clashes. The Sudanese air force, operating two Sukhoi Su-25 jets,[59] reportedly bombed Jau and Panakuach, as well as Heglig once again,[60] killing five civilians.[61] On 14 April, South Sudanese forces continued to advance northwards, and repelled a Sudanese counterattack on Khersana. Southern troops moved to close all three roads to Heglig on 14 April. It was also reported that most facilities in Heglig had been damaged during the fighting.[62] Two MiG-29s from the Sudanese Air Force attempted to destroy a bridge in Bentiu but missed their target and ended up killing four civilians and a soldier and wounding five others. The attack was widely believed to be an attempt to damage South Sudanese supply lines.[63][64]Sudanese army units were reported to have reached a few kilometres from Heglig and that they were fighting with South Sudanese forces. Sudan's military spokesman Al-Sawarmi Khalid revealed that their immediate objective was to \"destroy the South's war machine\", rather than enter Heglig itself. South Sudan disputed the north's version of events as propaganda, claiming that northern forces were still 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Heglig.[61] On 15 April, the Sudan People's Liberation Army spokesman Philip Aguer claimed that after overnight clashes in Kelet South Sudan held on to its positions and destroyed two Sudanese tanks.[65]Sudan shelled the western part of South Sudan's Upper Nile state during 15 April, in an apparent attempt to open up a new front.[66] Sudanese troops crossed the border into South Sudan's Upper Nile state and briefly occupied the small town of Kuek, before being expelled by South Sudan's army.[67]On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that \"South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies\".[68] The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government.[69] Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Sudanese government, ruled out peace talks with the South, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force.[70]On 18 April, a new front opened up in the conflict, 160 kilometres (99 mi) west of Heglig, resulting in seven South Sudanese soldiers and 15 Sudanese soldiers being killed. The clash was reportedly sparked when a South Sudanese soldier was shot dead when collecting water near the road between Aweil and Meiram.[71]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters234-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"sub_title":"Late April: Sudan regains control over Heglig","text":"On April 20 Salva Kiir ordered his forces to withdraw from Heglig.[72] On the day the Sudanese army entered Heglig with al-Bashir holding a victory rally in Khartoum.[73] On the 22 April, more fighting broke out along the whole border as Sudanese soldiers backed by tanks and artillery launched three waves of attacks 10 kilometres (6 mi) into South Sudan. At least one South Sudanese soldier was killed and two wounded in the attack.[74] Sudan bombed the town of Rubkona on 23 April, damaging several market stalls, in an attempt to destroy a bridge between Rubkona and neighbouring Bentiu. At least three people were killed in the raid.[75] The following day, Kiir stated on a visit to China that Sudan had \"declared war\" on South Sudan.[76]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"Thabo Mbeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-78"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resume_WSJ-79"},{"link_name":"Riek Machar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_Machar"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-80"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hailemariam Desalegn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-84"},{"link_name":"mend relations with Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan-Sudan_relations"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-85"}],"sub_title":"Negotiations","text":"Sudan and South Sudan restarted negotiations in June 2012 under mediation by the African Union's envoy Thabo Mbeki.[77][78]On 27 September, Omar al-Bashir and Salva Kiir signed eight agreements in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which led the way to resume important oil exports and create a 10 km (6 mi) demilitarised zone along their border. The agreements allows for the return of 350,000 barrels of South Sudanese oil to the world market. In addition, the agreements include an understanding on the parameters to follow in regards to demarcating their border, an economic-cooperation agreement and a deal to protect each other's citizens. Certain issues remained unsolved and future talks were scheduled to resolve them.[79] Vice President Riek Machar outlined what agreements were signed, but lamented the lack of a resolution on Abyei.[80]United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon commended the two leaders on reaching an agreement.[citation needed] Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn also praised the outcome and hoped it would build momentum.[81]In mid-March 2013, both countries began to withdraw their forces from the border area in a bid to creating a demilitarised buffer zone and resume South Sudanese oil production for export through Sudan.[82] In early April South Sudanese oil started to flow through pipelines in Sudan again.[83] On 10 June Kiir accused al-Bashir of mobilising for war after al-Bashir threatened to cut oil transit through his country with Kiir stating that he would not go to war over the oil transit issue.[84]In October 2013, al-Bashir visited Juba to discuss the measures with Kiir. He was warmly welcomed and said that progress had been made. Kiir said that he was looking to mend relations with Sudan.[85]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sudanese Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Sudan People's Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_People%27s_Liberation_Army"}],"text":"The Sudanese Army is equipped with predominantly Chinese and Soviet-made weapons while Sudan People's Liberation Army weapons vary, having few vehicles and mostly small arms. The following table should not be considered exhaustive.","title":"Weapons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"text":"The conflict had, by 14 April, forced over 100,000 people to flee their homes.[86]","title":"Humanitarian situation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omar_al-Bashir,_12th_AU_Summit,_090202-N-0506A-137.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"President of Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Omar al-Bashir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir"},{"link_name":"Juba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juba"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudanvisiondaily1-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ibtimescivil-46"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated6-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated7-69"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-modbee1-89"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-50"},{"link_name":"Friday prayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_prayers"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sudantribune1-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BombingCondemned-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BombingCondemned-92"}],"sub_title":"Domestic response in Sudan","text":"The President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, suspended a planned visit to South Sudan after the conflict broke out.Sudanese national radio announced that the President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, would suspend his planned visit to the South Sudanese capital, Juba, as a result of the conflict.[87] A summit between the leaders of the two countries had been planned to be held in Juba some time in April 2012, following up from the meeting of the political, military, and security committee of the African Union on 30 March in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A meeting between South Sudan and Sudan on the subject of the disputed region of Abyei scheduled to have been held on 22 March had previously been postponed by Sudan.[88] On 11 April, Second Vice President of Sudan, Al-Haj Adam stated that Sudan was now in a state of war and declared that all negotiations between the two states were on hold.[45][46]On 16 April, Sudan's parliament met and voted unanimously to declare that \"South Sudan is an enemy of all Sudanese state agencies\"[68] The parliamentary speaker called for Sudan to mobilise all its resources to fight South Sudan and topple their government.[69] Rabie Abdelaty, a spokesman for the Government of Sudan, ruled out peace talks with the south, saying it would hurt national pride if Sudan did not take back Heglig by force.[89] Sudan began a general mobilisation of its armed forces as South Sudanese forces penetrated as far as 70 kilometres into Sudanese territory, according to Rahmatullah Mohamed Osman, Under Secretary for the Foreign Ministry.[50] During Friday prayers on 13 April in Sudan, some sermons in Khartoum condemed the South Sudanese capture of Heglig, while television broadcasts included jihadi and patriotic songs.[90]Following South Sudan's withdrawal from Heglig, President Omar al-Bashir declared that there would be no negotiations with the \"poisonous insects\" in reference to the South Sudanese.[91] Later on, Bashir argued that the South Sudanese only understand the \"language of guns and ammunition.\"[92] Sudan's UN ambassador, Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman, argued that Sudan had the right to act in self-defense because \"We have been targeted by... the South\", adding that \"Let me make it clear: We will not cross the international border and attack the South... inside their territories\".[92]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Salva Kiir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salva_Kiir"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-19"},{"link_name":"James Wani Igga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wani_Igga"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-49"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Domestic response in South Sudan","text":"The President of South Sudan, Salva Kiir, suggested that Sudan was responsible for initiating the conflict, and that further clashes could lead to war: \"This morning [the Sudanese] air force came and bombed areas in Unity state. After this intensive bombardment our forces were attacked by [the Sudanese military] and militia.\" It is a war that has been imposed on us again, but it is [the Sudanese] who are looking for it.\" The spokesman for the South Sudanese military suggested that the conflict was \"the biggest confrontation since independence\".[19]Parliamentary Speaker James Wani Igga called on people to prepare for war: \"Khartoum might be meaning a real war ... if you don't defend yourself, you will be finished, so you should go and mobilise the people on [the] ground to be ready\"[49] Parliament later decided to raise military spending and bolster the army by cutting salaries of all deputies by 10% for three months.[93]Fuel supplies began to run out in some filling stations in Juba around 15 April as huge queues of motorists tried to fill up as panic buying set in.[94]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BombingCondemned-92"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Arab Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Inter-parliamentary_Union"},{"link_name":"Salem Deqbasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_Deqbasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"African Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"IRIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Ramin Mehmanparast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"drone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"President of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Mwai Kibaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwai_Kibaki"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AL&AU26May-91"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boston1-52"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"International reactions","text":"United NationsOn 27 March, a spokesman for Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, called for the two countries to end the conflict and \"use to the fullest extent existing political and security mechanisms to peacefully address their differences\".[95] On 23 April 2012, Ban Ki-moon condemned Sudan's bombing of border areas in South Sudan, demanding Khartoum cease all hostilities \"as a matter of urgency\".[92]Arab LeagueOn 15 April 2012, the Arab Parliament called on South Sudan for restraint and to withdraw from the town of Heglig. A statement signed by Arab Parliament head Salem Deqbasi said that the Arab Parliament's bureau called on South Sudan to \"heed the voice of reason\" and immediately pull its forces out of the areas it had occupied inside Sudanese territory, including Heglig.[96] On 26 April, the Arab League escalated its rhetoric, condemning South Sudan's \"aggression\" and saying Heglig belongs to Sudan. The Arab League went further to say it supported Sudan's \"right to defend itself\", and condemned South Sudan's alleged support of rebels in Sudan.[91]African UnionOn 25 April 2012, the African Union condemned Sudan's bombing of parts of South Sudan, and called on both sides to cease all hostilities. The Peace and Security Council also put forth a 7-point roadmap in which the two sides would be given two weeks to restart negotiations. The AU urged both sides to refrain from \"inflammatory statements and propaganda that could fuel the conflict\".[91]IranOn 15 April 2012, according to IRIB World Service, an Iran Broadcasting channel, Iranian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Ramin Mehmanparast said that Iran fully monitors the developments in the region, and calls on South Sudan to immediately and unconditionally pull back its forces and return to its territory behind the designated borders.[97] In March an Iranian surveillance drone crashed in Sudan after being fired upon by South Sudanese-backed rebels.[98]IsraelIsrael allegedly airlifted military hardware to the South Sudanese armed forces \"on a daily basis\" during the conflict.[99]KenyaOn 27 March 2012, the President of Kenya, Mwai Kibaki, suggested that Kenya could mediate between the two countries, stating \"Kenya is keen on good and stable relations between the two countries\".[100]United KingdomOn 6 May 2012, Africa Minister Henry Bellingham supported the African Union-led initiative, calling for both sides to restart negotiations and comply with the ceasefire.[91]United StatesOn 11 April 2012, the US State Department condemned South Sudan's seizure of Heglig and in statement said \"We condemn South Sudan's military involvement in the attack on and seizure of Heglig, an act which goes beyond self-defense and has increased tensions between Sudan and South Sudan to dangerous levels.\"[52] Later on, however, the US took a different tone, condemning Khartoum's bombardment of South Sudanese territory and \"military incursion into South Sudan\". To South Sudan, the US release recognized the \"right of South Sudan to self-defense\", but urged \"restraint in its reaction to Sudan’s attack in Unity State\". The US welcomed the South Sudanese withdrawal from Heglig and called for all South Sudanese troops to be withdrawn from areas across the 1 January 1956 border. In his message to the Sudanese and South Sudanese people, President Obama reiterated that \"All those who are fighting must recognize that there is no military solution.\"[101]VietnamOn 22 September 2012, Vietnamese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Luong Thanh Nghi calls for \"concerned parties to abide by the international law and signed agreements, to restrain themselves and keep tensions from escalating while working on resolving disagreements by peaceful negotiations,\"[102]YemenOn 21 April 2012, Yemen condemned South Sudan's occupation of Heglig, called for both parties to give diplomatic efforts a chance, and argued both sides should \"establish ties enhancing the mutual confidence and building on the bonds of common history and human relations between the two countries.\"[103]","title":"Responses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SSRN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1933228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1933228"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/17531055.2010.487338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F17531055.2010.487338"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144358416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144358416"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03056241003637847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F03056241003637847"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/03056241003637847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/10.1080%2F03056241003637847"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154178929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154178929"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_African_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"conflicts in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"2011 revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution"},{"link_name":"Sinai insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Post-coup unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"Terrorism in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2008 Kufra conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict"},{"link_name":"Libyan Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"2011 civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)"},{"link_name":"2011–2014 factional violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"2014–2020 civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict"},{"link_name":"War, 1975–1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara_War"},{"link_name":"Clashes, 2020–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Algerian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Tunisian revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_revolution"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Communal conflicts in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Herder–farmer conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Religious violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Niger Delta conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta"},{"link_name":"2016 conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"1990–1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)"},{"link_name":"2007–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)"},{"link_name":"Mali War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War"},{"link_name":"Ndogboyosoi War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1989–1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1999–2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2002–2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2010–2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Guinea clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes"},{"link_name":"Casamance conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamance_conflict"},{"link_name":"2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"ECOWAS military intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Western Togoland Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"Angolan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Cabinda War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinda_War"},{"link_name":"First Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"Allied Democratic Forces insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Second Congo War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War"},{"link_name":"Ituri conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict"},{"link_name":"Kivu conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivu_conflict"},{"link_name":"Dongo conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongo_conflict"},{"link_name":"Ituri conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ituri_conflict"},{"link_name":"March 23 Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_23_Movement"},{"link_name":"2012–2013 rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_rebellion"},{"link_name":"2022–2023 offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"Batwa–Luba clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes"},{"link_name":"Kamwina Nsapu rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion"},{"link_name":"1993–1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)"},{"link_name":"1997–1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)"},{"link_name":"Pool Department conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department"},{"link_name":"Pool War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_War"},{"link_name":"Bush War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War"},{"link_name":"Civil War (2012–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Djotodia period, 2013–2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)"},{"link_name":"Civil War (2005–2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Northern Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad"},{"link_name":"2021 offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive"},{"link_name":"Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Lord's Resistance Army insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Boko Haram insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"Oromo conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromo_conflict"},{"link_name":"OLA insurgency, 2018–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLA_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Ogaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden"},{"link_name":"Second Afar insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Eritrean–Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Afar–Somali clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes"},{"link_name":"Benishangul-Gumuz conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict"},{"link_name":"Oromia–Somali clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes"},{"link_name":"Tigray War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_War"},{"link_name":"War in Amhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Amhara"},{"link_name":"Puntland–Somaliland dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute"},{"link_name":"Somali Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)"},{"link_name":"2009–present phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"AMISOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Piracy off the coast of Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Ethnic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Somali–Kenyan conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict"},{"link_name":"Likoni massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres"},{"link_name":"Kenyan crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis"},{"link_name":"2012–2013 Tana River District clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes"},{"link_name":"Baragoi clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baragoi_clashes"},{"link_name":"Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Nomadic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts"},{"link_name":"Ethnic violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Abyei conflict (2022–2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"War in Darfur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Darfur"},{"link_name":"Nomadic conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts"},{"link_name":"South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile"},{"link_name":"Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Blue Nile clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)"},{"link_name":"Sudanese civil war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Lord's Resistance Army insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Allied Democratic Forces insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency"},{"link_name":"Kasese clashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasese_clashes"},{"link_name":"Rwandan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_genocide"},{"link_name":"Djiboutian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Hanish Islands conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict"},{"link_name":"Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict"},{"link_name":"1993–2005 Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"2015–2018 unrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)"},{"link_name":"Southern Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mozambican Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)"},{"link_name":"Insurgency in Cabo Delgado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado"},{"link_name":"Bophuthatswana crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis"},{"link_name":"Caprivi conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_conflict"},{"link_name":"SADC intervention in Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"2014 Lesotho political crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis"},{"link_name":"War on terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_terror"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Arab Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Winter"},{"link_name":"Colour revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_revolution"}],"text":"Daase, Cindy (2011). \"International Arbitration: A New Mechanism to Settle Intra-State Territorial Disputes between States and Secessionist Movements? The Divorce of Sudan and South Sudan and the Abyei Question\". Osgoode CLPE Research Paper No. 28/2011. SSRN 1933228.\nOkumu, Wafula (2010). \"Resources and border disputes in Eastern Africa\". Journal of Eastern African Studies. 4 (2): 279–297. doi:10.1080/17531055.2010.487338. S2CID 144358416.\nPantuliano, Sara (2010). \"Oil, land and conflict: the decline of Misseriyya pastoralism in Sudan\". Review of African Political Economy. 37 (123): 7–23. doi:10.1080/03056241003637847. hdl:10.1080/03056241003637847. S2CID 154178929.vtePost–Cold War conflicts in AfricaNorth AfricaEgypt\nEgyptian Crisis (2011–2014)\n2011 revolution\nSinai insurgency (2011–present)\nPost-coup unrest (2013–2014)\nTerrorism in Egypt (2013–present)\nLibya\n2008 Kufra conflict\nLibyan Crisis\n2011 civil war\n2011–2014 factional violence\n2014–2020 civil war\nWestern Sahara\nWestern Sahara conflict (1970–present)\nWar, 1975–1991\nClashes, 2020–present\nOthers\nAlgerian Civil War (1991–2002)\nInsurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)\nTunisian revolution (2010–2011)\nWest AfricaNigeria\nCommunal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present)\nHerder–farmer conflicts\nReligious violence\nBoko Haram insurgency (2009–present)\nNiger Delta conflict (2003–present)\n2016 conflict\nInsurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present)\nMali\nTuareg rebellions\n1990–1995\n2007–2009\n2012\nMali War (2012–present)\nSierra Leone\nNdogboyosoi War\nSierra Leone Civil War\nLiberia\nLiberian Civil Wars\n1989–1996\n1999–2003\nCôte d'Ivoire\nIvorian Civil Wars\n2002–2007\n2010–2011\nOthers\nGuinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999)\nGuinea clashes (2013)\nCasamance conflict (1982–present)\n2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis\nECOWAS military intervention\nWestern Togoland Rebellion (2020–present)\nCentral AfricaAngola\nAngolan Civil War (1975–2002)\nCabinda War (1975–present)\nDR Congo\nFirst Congo War (1996–1997)\nAllied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)\nSecond Congo War (1998–2003)\nIturi conflict (1999–2007)\nKivu conflict (2004–present)\nDongo conflict (2009)\nIturi conflict (2009–present)\nMarch 23 Movement conflict\n2012–2013 rebellion\n2022–2023 offensive\nBatwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)\nKamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)\nRepublicof the Congo\nCivil wars\n1993–1994\n1997–1999\nPool Department conflict (2002–2003)\nPool War (2016–2017)\nCentral AfricanRepublic\nBush War (2004–2007)\nCivil War (2012–present)\nDjotodia period, 2013–2014\nChad\nCivil War (2005–2010)\nInsurgency in Northern Chad (2016–present)\n2021 offensive\nOthers\nAnglophone Crisis (Cameroon)\nLord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)\nBoko Haram insurgency (2009–present)\nEast AfricaEthiopia\nOromo conflict\nOLA insurgency, 2018–present\nInsurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018)\nSecond Afar insurgency (1995–2018)\nEritrean–Ethiopian War (1998–2000)\nEritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018)\nEthiopian civil conflict (2018–present)\nAfar–Somali clashes\nBenishangul-Gumuz conflict\nOromia–Somali clashes\nTigray War\nWar in Amhara\nSomalia\nPuntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present)\nSomali Civil War\n2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention\n2009–present phase\nAMISOM\nPiracy off the coast of Somalia\nKenya\nEthnic conflicts\nSomali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present)\nLikoni massacres (1997)\nKenyan crisis (2007–2008)\n2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013)\nBaragoi clashes (2012)\nSouth Sudan\nHeglig Crisis (2012)\nNomadic conflicts\nEthnic violence\nCivil War (2013–2020)\nAbyei conflict (2022–2023)\nSudan\nSecond Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005)\nWar in Darfur (2003–2020)\nNomadic conflicts (2009–present)\nSouth Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020)\nHeglig Crisis (2012)\nBlue Nile clashes (2022–2023)\nSudanese civil war (2023–present)\nUganda\nLord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present)\nAllied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)\nKasese clashes (2016)\nOthers\nRwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994)\nDjiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)\nHanish Islands conflict\nDjiboutian–Eritrean border conflict\nBurundian conflicts\n1993–2005 Civil War\n2015–2018 unrest\nSouthern AfricaMozambique\nMozambican Civil War (1977–1992)\nRENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)\nInsurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present)\nOthers\nBophuthatswana crisis (1994)\nCaprivi conflict (1994–1999)\nLesothan conflicts\nSADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999)\n2014 Lesotho political crisis\nRelated topics\nWar on terror\nArab Spring\nArab Winter\nColour revolutions","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"The President of Sudan, Omar al-Bashir, suspended a planned visit to South Sudan after the conflict broke out.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Omar_al-Bashir%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-137.jpg/220px-Omar_al-Bashir%2C_12th_AU_Summit%2C_090202-N-0506A-137.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Air campaign of the Heglig Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_campaign_of_the_Heglig_Crisis"},{"title":"South Sudan–Sudan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93Sudan_relations"},{"title":"Second Sudanese Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"McCutchen, Andrew (October 2014). \"The Sudan Revolutionary Front: Its Formation and Development\" (PDF). p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160610103523/http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP33-SRF.pdf","url_text":"\"The Sudan Revolutionary Front: Its Formation and Development\""},{"url":"http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP33-SRF.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudanese forces 'liberate Heglig town' - al Jazeera English\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/04/2012420121142587117.html","url_text":"\"Sudanese forces 'liberate Heglig town' - al Jazeera English\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084223/http://www.aljazeera.com/video/africa/2012/04/2012420121142587117.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sudan-South Sudan peace accords hailed\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. 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Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-southsudan-bombing-idUSBRE82Q15R20120327","url_text":"\"South Sudan oil field bombed, Sudan says hopes to avert war\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120418150000/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/27/us-sudan-southsudan-bombing-idUSBRE82Q15R20120327","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nearly 100 Sudanese soldiers hurt in recent clashes with South Sudan\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. 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Voice of America. 27 March 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.voanews.com/a/south-sudan-sudan-clash-along-tense-disputed-border-144342325/180655.html","url_text":"\"US Condemns Latest Sudan Border Clashes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America","url_text":"Voice of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120402025424/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/east/South-Sudan-Sudan-Clash-Along-Tense-Disputed-Border-144342325.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Benari, Elad (27 March 2012). \"Sudan, South Sudan's Armies in Direct Clashes\". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Valeria_Palacios	Valeria Palacios	["1 International career","2 References","3 External links"]	Ecuadorian footballer (born 1991) Valeria PalaciosPersonal informationFull name Ana Valeria Palacios MendozaDate of birth (1991-02-16) 16 February 1991 (age 33)Place of birth Portoviejo, EcuadorHeight 1.56 m (5 ft 1+1⁄2 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team RocafuerteSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2006 Cristo Rey 2006 Manabi selection 5 (5)2007–2010 Cristo Rey 2009 → Deportivo Quito (loan) 2010–2013 Pichincha selection 6 (8)2011 → LDU Quito (loan) 2013 Guayas selection 2013– Rocafuerte International career‡2008 Ecuador U17 2007– Ecuador 31 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15:56, 22 June 2015 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 15:56, 17 June 2015 (UTC) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Palacios and the second or maternal family name is Mendoza. Ana Valeria Palacios Mendoza (born 16 February 1991), known as Valeria Palacios, is an Ecuadorian international footballer. She played for Ecuador at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. International career Palacios represented Ecuador at the 2008 South American U-17 Women's Championship. References ^ a b c d "List of Players - 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Football Association. Retrieved 22 June 2015. ^ "Profile". Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 June 2015. ^ "¡São José de América!" (PDF). Conmebol. p. 47. Retrieved 25 November 2019. ^ "Profile". FIFA.com. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015. ^ "Tricolores listas para su debut en el sudamericano sub 17". La Hora (in Spanish). 10 January 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2019. External links Valeria Palacios – FIFA competition record (archived) Profile (in Spanish) at FEF Valeria Palacios at Soccerway Ecuador squads vteEcuador squad – 2010 South American Women's Football Championship 1 Tobar 2 Rodríguez 3 Moreira 4 Aguilar 5 Olvera 6 E. Vásquez 7 Ferrín 8 Sánchez 9 Ortiz 10 Freire 11 Quinteros 12 Berruz 13 A. Vásquez 14 Mora 15 Espinosa 16 Herrera 17 Solís 18 Palacios Coach: Cerón vteEcuador squad – 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup 1 Berruz 2 Ortiz 3 Aguilar 4 Zambrano 5 Olvera 6 Ponce 7 Rodríguez 8 Vásquez 9 Lattanzio 10 Torres 11 Quinteros 12 Tobar 13 Riera 14 Caicedo 15 Palacios 16 Moreira (c) 17 Salvador 18 Barré 19 Real 20 Pesántes 21 Velarde 22 Vera 23 Jácome Coach: Arauz vteEcuador squad – 2018 Copa América Femenina 1 Berruz 2 Fajardo 3 Angulo 4 Cuadra 5 Olvera 6 Ponce 7 Rodríguez 8 Vásquez 9 Lattanzio 10 Palacios 11 Riera 12 Vera 13 Caicedo 14 Ferrín 15 Torres 16 Moreira (c) 17 Mayorga 18 Gracia 19 Real 20 Pesantes 21 Charcopa 22 Tobar Coach: Villón This biographical article related to a football midfielder from Ecuador is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to women's association football in Ecuador is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Ecuadorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorians"},{"link_name":"2015 FIFA Women's World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIFA_2015-1"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Palacios and the second or maternal family name is Mendoza.Ana Valeria Palacios Mendoza (born 16 February 1991), known as Valeria Palacios, is an Ecuadorian international footballer. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Adigar	Maha Adigar	["1 History","2 Functions","2.1 Tenure","2.2 Wealth","3 List of Maha Adigars","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography"]	Great Officer in the Amātya Mandalaya, Sinhalese Kingdom, Sri Lanka This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Mahâ Adigâr of Kingdom of KandyMaha Adigar Ehelepola Nilame (1811-1814)StyleMahâ NilameMember ofAmātya MandalayaReports toThe MonarchSeatKandyAppointerThe Monarch Monarchical Sri LankaPart of a series on the politics andgovernment of the Sinhala KingdomRoyal CourtMonarchKingQueen consortRandolisSub king / Heir apparentYuvarajaConcubinageYakadadoliAmātya Mandalaya(Council of State)1st Prime MinisterPallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê2nd Prime MinisterUdagampahê Mahâ NilamêChief SecretaryMahâ MohottâlaProvincial GovernorsMahâ DissâvasRoyal Household OfficersDugganna NilamêsSons of ChiefsBandârasvte The Mahâ Adigâr (Sinhala: මහා අධිකාරම්) (also known as Adikārama, Adikār) was a Great Officer in the Amātya Mandalaya, or Sinhalese Council of State, in the Sinhalese Kingdoms of monarchical Sri Lanka. The office was second in power and dignity to the King. Like many of the existing high offices at the time it had combined legislative and judicial powers and functioned primarily equivalent to that of a prime minister and chief justice, but also had duties in the governance of a province. During the Kandyan period there were two Adigars, who were styled Mahâ Nilames (Grand Officers), the Pallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê and the Udagampahê Mahâ Nilamê, the former taking precedence over the latter. History The constitution and laws derived by the earlier kings of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Dambadeniya guided the later kings of Kotte and Kandy in accordance with the Lex non scripta of the country. In most instances it is believed that these customary laws, dating from remote antiquity, to have been originated from the ancient written laws of which no records have remained. No regular records remain owing, in all probability, to the wanton destruction of literary records and libraries during the several invasions from the continent of India. One most devastating example committed by the Cholas at the beginning of the thirteenth century where the island suffered irreparable losses both from a literary and political point of view, due to the furious destruction of the invaders. In the Sinhalese Kingdom the Monarch was the absolute ruler, however the monarch was assisted in the exercise of the functions of government by the Amātya Mandalaya which was headed by the Mahâ Adigârs, a position equivalent to that of a prime minister. By the Kandyan period there existed two Adigars who were styled Mahâ Nilames (Grand Officers), the Pallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê and the Udagampahê Mahâ Nilamê, the former taking precedence over the latter, though remaining equal in power. These names were derived from the districts under the Rājākariya, where services due from the inhabitants of these areas having been given to the two Adigârs. Following the expansion of British rule into the provinces of the former Kandyan Kingdom, since 1815 the British retained the office of Adigar appointing Kandyans loyal to the British Crown. Although the office remained a powerful one till the late 19th century, it soon became an honorary post and title. The last to hold the title was Sir Tikiri Bandara Panabokke, who was appointed to the honorary post of First Adigar in 1940. After his death in 1963 no appointments were made. Functions The Mahâ Adigâr was second in power and dignity to the monarch, and there was usually two in number who possessed equal powers. Like many of the other high offices in the country the Mahâ Adigâr had combined legislative and judicial powers. They acted as judges to the Wahal Habe (the King's Court) and also had the command of the guards called Katupulle, and would act as chief of the military and on field commanders during military campaigns. Though the office was very powerful, his emoluments and influence was less than that of a Mahâ Dissâva, a provincial governor, so the government of a province was added to his office of Adigâr. Being Prime Minister also, the Adigâr would reside in the city which was the seat of government, however according to Kandyan law his wife and children would be taken as hostage for his good conduct, during his absence, whenever he visited the provinces over which he was Dissava. The Adigâr signed all land grants made by the King and appointed junior officers. Tenure There was no time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed. Wealth With his appointment into office the Adigar would have to pay the king, his appointee, five hundred "Silver Coins", and a similar sum every new year (dakum). However he would in turn receive large sums of money through junior officers he has appointed receiving around 10 silver coins per year from them. The Adigar further received a portion of fines collected, income from ferries operated, and from liberated prisoners. List of Maha Adigars Maha Adigar Pilimatalavuva Pallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê Pilimatalavuva Arava Tikiribandara (1765–1773) Pilimatalavuva Vijesundara Mudiyanse (1778–1789) Pilimatalavuva (1790–1811) Ehelepola Nilame (1811–1814) - Instrumental in the demise of the Kingdom of Kandy Molligoda (1814–?) - Singularity to the Kandyan Convention, Dissawa of the Satkorale Udagampahê Mahâ Nilamê Pilimatalavuva Arava Tikiribandara (1738–1762) Pilimatalavuva Vijesundara Mudiyanse (1773–1778) Pilimatalavuva (1787–1790) Pilimatalavuva Vijesumdara Rajakaruna Navaratna Attanayake Bandaranayaka Mudiyanse Ralahamy (1805–14, 1815–18) Ehelepola Nilame (?–1811) - Instrumental in the demise of the Kingdom of Kandy Molligoda (1811–1814) - Singularity to the Kandyan Convention, Dissawa of the Satkorale Ratwatte Nilame (1825–1827) - Dissawa of Matale and signatory of the Kandyan Convention Angammana Maha Adigar- 1734-1739, 1766-1777, 1782-1790. Succeeded Pilimatalava. Galagoda Maha Adigar - 1760-1777. Member of the Galagoda family, father of Galagoda, Dissawa of Nuwarakalawiya. Dodanvala - 1782-1790 Erewawala - 1783 Hulangamuwa Maha Adigar 1723-1732 Titular S. N. W. Hulugalle Adigar (1906–1915) - member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon J. H. Meedeniya Adigar - member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon Sir Tikiri Bandara Panabokke Adigar - member of the Legislative Council, first Minister of Health in the State Council and second representative of the Government of Ceylon to India Sir Cuda Ratwatte Adigar - first elected Mayor of Kandy and member of the State Council of Ceylon Meegasthenna Maha Adigar J. C. Ratwatte Adigar - member of the State Council Lawrence Nugawela Adigar - Rate Mahatmaya of Katugampola Hatpattu in Kurunegala District, was honored with the rank of Disawa and was awarded the rank of Second Adigar on his retirement from Government Service See also Radala Sri Lankan titles References Citations ^ Yule & Burnell 1886, p. 7. ^ Knox 1989, p. 155. ^ Ekanâyaka 1876, p. 297. ^ Ekanâyaka 1876, p. 298. ^ a b Ekanâyaka 1876, p. 299. ^ a b c d e Jayatunge n.d. ^ a b c d e f g Pilimatalavuva - Family #3146 n.d. ^ a b Pilimatalavuva 1993. ^ "Family # 3114 Ehelepola". ^ De Silva 2014, p. 297. ^ "Family # 3114 Ehelepola". ^ The Island 2011. ^ "Family # 3158 Nugawela". Bibliography Ekanâyaka, A. de Silva (1876). "On the Form of Government under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 8 (2): 297–304. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00016713. JSTOR 25207732. De Silva, K. M. (2014). A history of Sri Lanka ( ed.). Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. ISBN 978-955-8095-92-8. Knox, Robert (1989). Paulusz, J. H. O. (ed.). An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon (Second ed.). Colombo: Tisara Press. Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur (1886). Hobson-Jobson. London: Murray. Jayatunge, Deepthi Anura (n.d.). "Galagoda Adikaram - Chief Minister of King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe". LankaLibrary. Retrieved 3 March 2019. "A vignette of British Justice in Colonial Ceylon". www.island.lk. The Island. 9 July 2011. Pilimatalavuva, Ananda (1 March 1993). "Pilimatalavuvas In The Last Days Of The Kandyan kingdom". Lankan Library. Retrieved 3 March 2019. "Pilimatalavuva - Family #3146". www.worldgenweb.org. n.d. Retrieved 3 March 2019. vteSinhalese monarchySinhala KingdomTimeline Dipavamsa Mahavamsa Culavamsa Rajavaliya Periods Pre Anuradhapura & Anuradhapura period Tambapanni Anuradhapura Polonnaruwa period Chola occupation Polonnaruwa Transitional period Dambadeniya Gampola Kotte Sitawaka Kandyan period Kandy Dynasties Vijaya Lambakanna I Moriya Lambakanna II Vijayabahu Kalinga Siri Sanga Bo Kandyan Nayaks Monarchs By reign Family tree Interregnums 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Sinhalese female monarchs Sinhalese Queens Usurpers Royal Residences Tambapaṇṇī Upatissagāma Vijithapura Anuradhapura Sigiriya Rohana Polonnaruwa Dambadeniya Yapahuwa Kurunegala Gampola Dedigama Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Rayigama Sitawaka Kandy Related dynasties Kalinga Vanga Shakya Vedda Pandyan Mauryan Madurai Nayak Other Sinhapura Sinhabahu Titles Crown Jewels Royal Standards Pretenders Relic of the tooth of the Buddha Vijayabā Kollaya vte← Kandyan period topics →1597 – 1815 Outline Bibliography Timeline Years Transitional period Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815)History Founding Wars of Kotte Succession Kandyan Treaty of 1638 Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675) An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766) Treaty of Batticaloa Invasion of Ceylon Kandyan Wars Great Rebellion of 1817–1818 Kandyan Convention GovernmentMonarchs House of Siri Sanga Bo House of Dinajara Nayaks of Kandy Amātya Mandalaya Maha Adigar Maha Mohottala Maha Dissava Dugganna Nilame Bandāra Other Rate Mahatmaya Badde Lekams Diyawadana Nilame Basnayaka Nilame Capital city SocietyCulture Kandyan law Kandyan castes Esala Perahera Esala Mangallaya Relic of the tooth of the Buddha Dance Literature in Pali, in Sinhalese Frescoes Ivories Jewelry People Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero Ehelepola Nilame Gajaman Nona Gongalegoda Banda Sir John D'Oyly, 1st Baronet, of Kandy Joseph Vaz Keppetipola Disawe Puran Appu Wariyapola Sri Sumangala Landmarks Temple of the Tooth Royal Palace Natha Devale The Kandy House Malwathu Maha Viharaya Asgiri Maha Viharaya Udawattakele Forest Reserve Wales Park Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya Kandy Lake Bogoda Wooden Bridge Walauwa The Portuguese in Sri Lanka (1597–1658)History Sinhalese–Portuguese War Convention of Malvana Dutch–Portuguese War Mannar martyrs Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom 1615 Colombo earthquake Administration Portuguese captains Portuguese captain-majors Portuguese governors Economy Maral Tombo Cinnamon Indian Ocean slave trade SocietyCulture Architecture Portuguese buildings Music Baila music Related peoples Kaffirs Mestiços Portuguese Languages Sri Lankan Portuguese creole Sinhala words of Portuguese origin Religion Catholicism Other Lascarins Joseph Vaz The Dutch in Sri Lanka (1658– 1796)History Dutch–Portuguese War Kandyan Treaty of 1638 Kandyan–Dutch war (1670–1675) Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766) Treaty of Batticaloa Administration Dutch governors Economy Stuiver Ceylonese rixdollar Coffee Indian Ocean slave trade SocietyCulture Architecture Dutch buildings Place names Dutch Music Kokis Lamprais Related peoples Burgher people Dutch Malays Languages Sri Lankan Creole Malay Sinhala words of Dutch origin Religion Protestantism Christian Reformed Church in Sri Lanka Lanka Reformed Church Category Portal WikiProject	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sinhala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYuleBurnell18867-1"},{"link_name":"Amātya Mandalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"chief justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_justice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox1989155-2"},{"link_name":"Kandyan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_period"}],"text":"The Mahâ Adigâr (Sinhala: මහා අධිකාරම්) (also known as Adikārama, Adikār)[1] was a Great Officer in the Amātya Mandalaya, or Sinhalese Council of State, in the Sinhalese Kingdoms of monarchical Sri Lanka. The office was second in power and dignity to the King. Like many of the existing high offices at the time it had combined legislative and judicial powers and functioned primarily equivalent to that of a prime minister and chief justice, but also had duties in the governance of a province.[2] During the Kandyan period there were two Adigars, who were styled Mahâ Nilames (Grand Officers), the Pallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê and the Udagampahê Mahâ Nilamê, the former taking precedence over the latter.","title":"Maha Adigar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anuradhapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Polonnaruwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa"},{"link_name":"Dambadeniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya"},{"link_name":"Kotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte"},{"link_name":"Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"Lex non scripta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lex_non_scripta"},{"link_name":"Cholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkan%C3%A2yaka1876297-3"},{"link_name":"Sinhalese Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Amātya Mandalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkan%C3%A2yaka1876298-4"},{"link_name":"Kandyan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_period"},{"link_name":"Rājākariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81j%C4%81kariya"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkan%C3%A2yaka1876299-5"},{"link_name":"Sir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir"},{"link_name":"Tikiri Bandara Panabokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikiri_Bandara_Panabokke"}],"text":"The constitution and laws derived by the earlier kings of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa and Dambadeniya guided the later kings of Kotte and Kandy in accordance with the Lex non scripta of the country. In most instances it is believed that these customary laws, dating from remote antiquity, to have been originated from the ancient written laws of which no records have remained. No regular records remain owing, in all probability, to the wanton destruction of literary records and libraries during the several invasions from the continent of India. One most devastating example committed by the Cholas at the beginning of the thirteenth century where the island suffered irreparable losses both from a literary and political point of view, due to the furious destruction of the invaders.[3]In the Sinhalese Kingdom the Monarch was the absolute ruler, however the monarch was assisted in the exercise of the functions of government by the Amātya Mandalaya which was headed by the Mahâ Adigârs, a position equivalent to that of a prime minister.[4] By the Kandyan period there existed two Adigars who were styled Mahâ Nilames (Grand Officers), the Pallegampahê Mahâ Nilamê and the Udagampahê Mahâ Nilamê, the former taking precedence over the latter, though remaining equal in power. These names were derived from the districts under the Rājākariya, where services due from the inhabitants of these areas having been given to the two Adigârs.[5]Following the expansion of British rule into the provinces of the former Kandyan Kingdom, since 1815 the British retained the office of Adigar appointing Kandyans loyal to the British Crown. Although the office remained a powerful one till the late 19th century, it soon became an honorary post and title. The last to hold the title was Sir Tikiri Bandara Panabokke, who was appointed to the honorary post of First Adigar in 1940. After his death in 1963 no appointments were made.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wahal Habe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wahal_Habe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katupulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katupulle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatungen.d.-6"},{"link_name":"emoluments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoluments"},{"link_name":"Mahâ Dissâva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Dissava"},{"link_name":"Kandyan law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_law"},{"link_name":"hostage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEkan%C3%A2yaka1876299-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatungen.d.-6"}],"text":"The Mahâ Adigâr was second in power and dignity to the monarch, and there was usually two in number who possessed equal powers. Like many of the other high offices in the country the Mahâ Adigâr had combined legislative and judicial powers. They acted as judges to the Wahal Habe (the King's Court) and also had the command of the guards called Katupulle, and would act as chief of the military and on field commanders during military campaigns.[6]Though the office was very powerful, his emoluments and influence was less than that of a Mahâ Dissâva, a provincial governor, so the government of a province was added to his office of Adigâr. Being Prime Minister also, the Adigâr would reside in the city which was the seat of government, however according to Kandyan law his wife and children would be taken as hostage for his good conduct, during his absence, whenever he visited the provinces over which he was Dissava.[5]The Adigâr signed all land grants made by the King and appointed junior officers.[6]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tenure","text":"There was no time limit for the office holder as he held the post at the pleasure of the King, which meant throughout his life, if not incurred the displeasure of the King. It was not hereditary, although members of the same family have been appointed.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatungen.d.-6"}],"sub_title":"Wealth","text":"With his appointment into office the Adigar would have to pay the king, his appointee, five hundred \"Silver Coins\", and a similar sum every new year (dakum). However he would in turn receive large sums of money through junior officers he has appointed receiving around 10 silver coins per year from them. The Adigar further received a portion of fines collected, income from ferries operated, and from liberated prisoners.[6]","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilimatalava.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"Pilimatalavuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilimatalavuva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva1993-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"Ehelepola Nilame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehelepola_Nilame"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Molligoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molligoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kandyan Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Convention"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva2014297-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"Pilimatalavuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilimatalavuva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva1993-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPilimatalavuva_-_Family_#3146n.d.-7"},{"link_name":"Ehelepola Nilame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehelepola_Nilame"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Molligoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Molligoda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kandyan Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandyan_Convention"},{"link_name":"Ratwatte Nilame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratwatte_Nilame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatungen.d.-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJayatungen.d.-6"},{"link_name":"S. N. W. Hulugalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._N._W._Hulugalle"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council of Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Island2011-12"},{"link_name":"J. H. Meedeniya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._Meedeniya"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council of Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Tikiri Bandara Panabokke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikiri_Bandara_Panabokke_II"},{"link_name":"Cuda Ratwatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuda_Ratwatte"},{"link_name":"State Council of Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Council_of_Ceylon"},{"link_name":"J. C. Ratwatte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Ratwatte_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Maha Adigar PilimatalavuvaPallegampahê Mahâ NilamêPilimatalavuva Arava Tikiribandara (1765–1773)[7]\nPilimatalavuva Vijesundara Mudiyanse (1778–1789)[7]\nPilimatalavuva (1790–1811)[8][7]\nEhelepola Nilame (1811–1814) - Instrumental in the demise of the Kingdom of Kandy[9]\nMolligoda (1814–?) - Singularity to the Kandyan Convention, Dissawa of the Satkorale[10]Udagampahê Mahâ NilamêPilimatalavuva Arava Tikiribandara (1738–1762)[7]\nPilimatalavuva Vijesundara Mudiyanse (1773–1778)[7]\nPilimatalavuva (1787–1790)[8][7]\nPilimatalavuva Vijesumdara Rajakaruna Navaratna Attanayake Bandaranayaka Mudiyanse Ralahamy (1805–14, 1815–18)[7]\nEhelepola Nilame (?–1811) - Instrumental in the demise of the Kingdom of Kandy[11]\nMolligoda (1811–1814) - Singularity to the Kandyan Convention, Dissawa of the Satkorale\nRatwatte Nilame (1825–1827) - Dissawa of Matale and signatory of the Kandyan ConventionAngammana Maha Adigar- 1734-1739, 1766-1777, 1782-1790. Succeeded Pilimatalava.[6]\nGalagoda Maha Adigar - 1760-1777. Member of the Galagoda family, father of Galagoda, Dissawa of Nuwarakalawiya.[6]\nDodanvala - 1782-1790\nErewawala - 1783\nHulangamuwa Maha Adigar 1723-1732TitularS. N. W. Hulugalle Adigar (1906–1915) - member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon[12]\nJ. H. Meedeniya Adigar - member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon\nSir Tikiri Bandara Panabokke Adigar - member of the Legislative Council, first Minister of Health in the State Council and second representative of the Government of Ceylon to India\nSir Cuda Ratwatte Adigar - first elected Mayor of Kandy and member of the State Council of Ceylon\nMeegasthenna Maha Adigar\nJ. C. Ratwatte Adigar - member of the State Council\nLawrence Nugawela Adigar - Rate Mahatmaya of Katugampola Hatpattu in Kurunegala District, was honored with the rank of Disawa and was awarded the rank of Second Adigar on his retirement from Government Service[13]","title":"List of Maha Adigars"}]	[{"image_text":"Maha Adigar Pilimatalavuva","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Pilimatalava.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Radala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radala"},{"title":"Sri Lankan titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_titles"}]	[{"reference":"\"Family # 3114 Ehelepola\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3114.html","url_text":"\"Family # 3114 Ehelepola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family # 3114 Ehelepola\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3114.html","url_text":"\"Family # 3114 Ehelepola\""}]},{"reference":"\"Family # 3158 Nugawela\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3158.html","url_text":"\"Family # 3158 Nugawela\""}]},{"reference":"Ekanâyaka, A. de Silva (1876). \"On the Form of Government under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon\". The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 8 (2): 297–304. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00016713. JSTOR 25207732.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1635658","url_text":"\"On the Form of Government under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00016713","url_text":"10.1017/S0035869X00016713"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207732","url_text":"25207732"}]},{"reference":"De Silva, K. M. (2014). A history of Sri Lanka ([Revised.] ed.). Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. ISBN 978-955-8095-92-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-8095-92-8","url_text":"978-955-8095-92-8"}]},{"reference":"Knox, Robert (1989). Paulusz, J. H. O. (ed.). An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon (Second ed.). Colombo: Tisara Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Yule, Henry; Burnell, Arthur (1886). Hobson-Jobson. London: Murray.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft#page/n7/mode/2up","url_text":"Hobson-Jobson"}]},{"reference":"Jayatunge, Deepthi Anura (n.d.). \"Galagoda Adikaram - Chief Minister of King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe\". LankaLibrary. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/galaboda%20adikaram.htm","url_text":"\"Galagoda Adikaram - Chief Minister of King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe\""}]},{"reference":"\"A vignette of British Justice in Colonial Ceylon\". www.island.lk. 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Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3146.html","url_text":"\"Pilimatalavuva - Family #3146\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3114.html","external_links_name":"\"Family # 3114 Ehelepola\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3114.html","external_links_name":"\"Family # 3114 Ehelepola\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3158.html","external_links_name":"\"Family # 3158 Nugawela\""},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/1635658","external_links_name":"\"On the Form of Government under the Native Sovereigns of Ceylon\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00016713","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0035869X00016713"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25207732","external_links_name":"25207732"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft#page/n7/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Hobson-Jobson"},{"Link":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/galaboda%20adikaram.htm","external_links_name":"\"Galagoda Adikaram - Chief Minister of King Keerthi Sri Rajasinghe\""},{"Link":"http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=29788","external_links_name":"\"A vignette of British Justice in Colonial Ceylon\""},{"Link":"http://www.lankalibrary.com/cul/pilima.htm","external_links_name":"\"Pilimatalavuvas In The Last Days Of The Kandyan kingdom\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3146.html","external_links_name":"\"Pilimatalavuva - Family #3146\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Awad_bin_Laden	Muhammad bin Ladin	["1 Life","2 Religion","3 Wives and children","4 Death","5 Legacy","6 Descendants","7 References","8 Further reading"]	Saudi business magnate (1908–1967) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Muhammad bin Ladin" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Muhammad bin Ladinمُحَمَّد بْنُ لَادِنBorn1908Hadhramaut, Qu'aiti Sultanate (modern-day Yemen)Died3 September 1967(1967-09-03) (aged 58–59)Usran, 'Asir Province, Saudi ArabiaCitizenshipSaudi ArabiaKnown forFounder of Saudi Binladin GroupSpouse22 wivesChildren52, including Osama, Salem, Bakr, Tarek and Yeslam Muhammad bin Ladin (Arabic: مُحَمَّد بْنُ لَادِن, romanized: Muḥammad bin Lādin; c. 1908 – 3 September 1967) was a Yemeni-born Saudi billionaire business magnate working primarily in the construction industry. He founded what is today the Saudi Binladin Group and became the wealthiest non-royal Saudi, establishing the wealth and prestige of the bin Ladin family. Life Muhammad bin Ladin was born on the Hadramawt coast of south Yemen to Awad, a Kindite Hadrami tribesman from al-Rubat, a village in Wadi Doan. His year of birth is often given as 1908, although this is an approximation at best, as no central government had solidified control over the area at the time and no birth registry existed. Muhammad's paternal grandfather was Abud, the son of Ali, one of four brothers (the others being Ahmad, Mansur, and Zayd) from whom the four Banu Laden clans trace their ancestry. Poor and uneducated, his family emigrated to Tihamah before World War I. According to Eric Margolis, he initially worked as a porter in Jeddah, like many other impoverished Yemenite emigrants of that time. However, Salon.com reports that his first job was as a bricklayer with Aramco. In 1931, he started his own construction business and after coming to the attention of Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, the first monarch of Saudi Arabia, he eventually achieved such success that his family became known as "the wealthiest non-royal family in the kingdom." Muhammad bin Ladin strategically built strong ties with the Saudi royal family by actively participating in King Abdel Aziz's public meetings. Recognizing the aging king's mobility challenges, Muhammad took the initiative to construct a ramp at the palace in Jeddah, allowing the monarch to easily move between the floors in his car. Muhammad's remarkable financial success was ascribed to a shrewd business sense, fealty to Saudi Arabia's rulers, reliability, and a willingness to offer the lowest bid on construction contracts. By undercutting local construction firms, he had become a multi-millionaire by the 1940s. He cultivated a sizable workforce involved in projects across Saudi Arabia. In 1948, Muhammad scored a major breakthrough by securing a commission to build a palace for the future King Saud. In the early 1950s, when a British company withdrew from a contract to construct a crucial road from Jeddah to Medina, Muhammad stepped in to fill the void, solidifying his role as a key player in Saudi Arabia's construction landscape. As the "royal builder," Muhammad bin Ladin maintained close relationships with the royal family, particularly Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia. In 1964, Prince Faisal deposed his half-brother, King Saud, and began rebuilding the kingdom after the wasteful excesses of the Saud era. King Faisal accepted Muhammad bin Ladin's offer of financial assistance to support the national economy and as a reward, King Faisal issued a royal decree awarding all future construction projects to Muhammad bin Ladin's construction company. As a result, bin Laden's company eventually amassed assets in excess of US$5 billion. He made his initial fortune from exclusive rights to all mosque and other religious building construction in Saudi Arabia and several other Arab countries. Until 1967, Muhammad bin Ladin held exclusive responsibility for restorations at the Jami Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem. Despite his royal associations and great wealth, Muhammad bin Ladin lived a relatively simple and devout life, demanding that his children observe a strict religious and moral code. In his later years, the bin Laden corporate network diversified its activities beyond construction, largely in foreign investment and oil. Religion He was reportedly raised as a Wahhabi Muslim, noted for his religious devotion and boasted that he could fly by private helicopter to pray at Mecca, Medina and al-Aqsa (in Jerusalem) in the same day. Wives and children He fathered a total of 52 children by 11 wives. He had three wives who mostly remained the same but the fourth wife was said to change frequently. His widely-known son is the founder of al-Qaeda, Usama bin Ladin (Arabic: أسا‌مة بن لا‌د‌ن), although the two seldom saw each other and only once had a one-on-one meeting together. Usama's mother, Hamida al-Attas, (Arabic: حميدة العطاس) was born and raised in Syria before marrying Muhammad bin Ladin and moving to Saudi Arabia. She was non-traditional, known more for wearing Chanel trouser suits rather than the veiled, conservative attire typical of Saudi women. She was neither Wahhabi nor Saudi, and her foreign origin diminished her status within the conservative Saudi family where she became known as "the slave wife". She was his last bride, for he died, unexpectedly, in a plane crash in 1967. According to Carmen bin Ladin, Muhammad was planning to wed a 23rd wife the night he died, and was heading there when his plane crashed. Death On 3 September 1967, Muhammad bin Ladin was killed when his airplane, a Beechcraft G18S, crashed during landing in Usran, 'Asir Province, in southwest Saudi Arabia. Following the crash, Muhammad's body was carefully retrieved and prepared for burial. At dawn the next day, a somber procession conveyed his body from the palace to a family plot in a nearby cemetery. The news of his passing brought profound sadness, as Muhammad was highly esteemed both within the bin Ladin family and amongst the people of Jeddah. The funeral procession drew an immense crowd, with nearly ten thousand people lining the route to the cemetery. King Faisal, deeply affected by the loss, was a close friend of Muhammad. After the funeral, King Faisal met with the bin Ladin family and informed the children that he was placing them under royal protection. He assured them that they would receive their fair share of the inheritance when they reached the age of 21. With the loss of Muhammad as their unifying figure, Muhammad's many wives, ex-wives, and children began to disperse to different parts of the kingdom, although they still maintained their family connection with the Saudi Binladin Group. Muhammad's eldest son, Salem bin Ladin, took over the family business and eventually expanded it into an international company. Legacy Following Muhammad bin Ladin's death, his eldest sons, principally Salem bin Laden, renamed the organization, "Binladen Brothers for Contracting and Industry" and continued to expand their late father's company until it employed more than 40,000 people. Salem bin Laden died in the United States in 1988 when his ultralight aircraft collided with power lines. Many members of the bin Ladin family have moved away from Saudi Arabia and settled in Europe and the US. In May 1990, the company was renamed the Saudi Binladin Group under the leadership of Bakr bin Laden. The Saudi Binladin Group as it is now known, is involved in construction, engineering, manufacturing, and telecommunications. Construction projects include airports, housing complexes, tunnels, and bridges. The group is also involved in city planning and real estate development. The Saudi Binladin Group is Egypt's largest private foreign company and negotiated with the Lebanese government to rebuild part of central Beirut under a US $50 million contract. In 2009, the bin Ladin family was listed as the 5th wealthiest Saudi family by Forbes magazine, with a reported net worth of $7 billion. Muhammad bin Ladin is portrayed by Tim Seyfi in the 2019 OCS/Netflix miniseries The Spy. Descendants Muhammad bin Ladin's sons: Salem bin Ladin (1946–1988) married Caroline Carey Ali bin Ladin Thabet bin Ladin (d. 2009) Mahrous bin Ladin Hassan bin Ladin Bakr bin Laden Khalid bin Ladin Yeslam bin Ladin (born 1950) married Carmen Dufour (born 1954) Wafah Dufour (born 1978) Najia Dufour (born 1979) Noor Dufour (born 1987) Ghalib bin Ladin Yahya bin Ladin Abd al-Aziz bin Ladin Isa bin Ladin Tarek bin Ladin Ahmed bin Ladin Ibrahim bin Ladin Shafiq bin Ladin Osama bin Ladin (1957–2011) married Najwa Ghanem (born 1960) Khalil bin Ladin Saleh bin Ladin Haydar bin Ladin Saad bin Ladin Abdullah bin Ladin Yasser bin Ladin Muhammad bin Ladin (born 1967) References ^ Coll, Steve (5 March 2009). The Bin Ladens: Oil, Money, Terrorism and the Secret Saudi World. Penguin Books Limited. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-14-191778-8. ^ Margolis, Eric S. (2002). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136743825. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ a b c d e Burke, Jason (November 1, 2001). "The making of Osama bin Laden". salon.com. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ a b Bergen, Peter L. (2 August 2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0. ^ Woolf, Alex (1 January 2004). Osama Bin Laden. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-8225-5003-7. ^ "Osama Bin Laden: PROFILE". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2021. ^ Atkins, Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 49. ISBN 9780313324857. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ Bergen, Peter L. (2 August 2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0. ^ Goldman, Jan (2014). The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond. Abc-Clio. p. 61. ISBN 9781610695114. Retrieved 17 August 2021. ^ Bin Laden, Carmen (2005), Inside the Kingdom: My Life in Saudi Arabia, Hachette Book Group, pp. 65–66, ISBN 0-446-61694-X ^ The Bin Ladens – Steve Coll (Penguin, 2008), pp. 118–120. ^ Woolf, Alex (1 January 2004). Osama Bin Laden. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-8225-5003-7. ^ a b Burke, Jason (August 2015). "Rags to riches story of the bin Laden family is woven with tragedy". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-10-06. ^ "Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden". www.historycommons.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15. Retrieved 2015-10-06. ^ "The Five Richest Saudis". WSJ Blogs - The Wealth Report. 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2015-10-06. ^ "Sacha Baron Cohen triumphs as Eli Cohen in Netflix's The Spy". Jerusalem Post. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2023. Further reading Coll, Steve (31 March 2009). The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143114819. vteOsama bin LadenBackground Childhood, education, and personal life Militant activity Beliefs and ideology Search Khartoum compound Abbottabad compound Death reactions code name controversy conspiracy theories Family Muhammad bin Ladin (father) Hamida al-Attas (mother) Najwa Ghanhem (first wife) Abdallah bin Laden (son) Hamza bin Laden (son) Saad bin Laden (son) Omar bin Laden (son) Work al-Qaeda Wadi al Aqiq Messages to the World Fatawā Videos and audio recordings 2004 video 19 January 2006 tape 6 September 2007 video 11 September 2007 video 20 September 2007 tape Letter to the American People In media In popular culture Growing Up bin Laden Holy War, Inc. The Looming Tower No Easy Day Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden? Zero Dark Thirty Interviews Related Soviet–Afghan War Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden Bodyguards Issue Station Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory Timeline September 11 attacks Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden Gary Brooks Faulkner	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"construction industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_industry"},{"link_name":"Saudi Binladin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Binladin_Group"},{"link_name":"bin Ladin family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family"}],"text":"Muhammad bin Ladin (Arabic: مُحَمَّد بْنُ لَادِن, romanized: Muḥammad bin Lādin; c. 1908 – 3 September 1967) was a Yemeni-born Saudi billionaire business magnate working primarily in the construction industry. He founded what is today the Saudi Binladin Group and became the wealthiest non-royal Saudi, establishing the wealth and prestige of the bin Ladin family.","title":"Muhammad bin Ladin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadramawt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhramaut"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Kindite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinda_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Hadrami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadhrami_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Banu Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family"},{"link_name":"Tihamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihamah"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Eric Margolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Margolis_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aramco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saud-3"},{"link_name":"Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Abdel Aziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster-4"},{"link_name":"fealty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fealty"},{"link_name":"King Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saud-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon_and_Schuster-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Prince Faisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"King Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Jami Al-Aqsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qibli_Mosque"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"}],"text":"Muhammad bin Ladin was born on the Hadramawt coast of south Yemen to Awad, a Kindite Hadrami tribesman from al-Rubat, a village in Wadi Doan. His year of birth is often given as 1908, although this is an approximation at best, as no central government had solidified control over the area at the time and no birth registry existed.[1] Muhammad's paternal grandfather was Abud, the son of Ali, one of four brothers (the others being Ahmad, Mansur, and Zayd) from whom the four Banu Laden clans trace their ancestry.Poor and uneducated, his family emigrated to Tihamah before World War I. According to Eric Margolis, he initially worked as a porter in Jeddah, like many other impoverished Yemenite emigrants of that time.[2] However, Salon.com reports that his first job was as a bricklayer with Aramco.[3] In 1931, he started his own construction business and after coming to the attention of Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, the first monarch of Saudi Arabia, he eventually achieved such success that his family became known as \"the wealthiest non-royal family in the kingdom.\"Muhammad bin Ladin strategically built strong ties with the Saudi royal family by actively participating in King Abdel Aziz's public meetings. Recognizing the aging king's mobility challenges, Muhammad took the initiative to construct a ramp at the palace in Jeddah, allowing the monarch to easily move between the floors in his car.[4]Muhammad's remarkable financial success was ascribed to a shrewd business sense, fealty to Saudi Arabia's rulers, reliability, and a willingness to offer the lowest bid on construction contracts. By undercutting local construction firms, he had become a multi-millionaire by the 1940s. He cultivated a sizable workforce involved in projects across Saudi Arabia. In 1948, Muhammad scored a major breakthrough by securing a commission to build a palace for the future King Saud. In the early 1950s, when a British company withdrew from a contract to construct a crucial road from Jeddah to Medina, Muhammad stepped in to fill the void, solidifying his role as a key player in Saudi Arabia's construction landscape.[3][4][5]As the \"royal builder,\" Muhammad bin Ladin maintained close relationships with the royal family, particularly Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia. In 1964, Prince Faisal deposed his half-brother, King Saud, and began rebuilding the kingdom after the wasteful excesses of the Saud era. King Faisal accepted Muhammad bin Ladin's offer of financial assistance to support the national economy and as a reward, King Faisal issued a royal decree awarding all future construction projects to Muhammad bin Ladin's construction company. As a result, bin Laden's company eventually amassed assets in excess of US$5 billion.\nHe made his initial fortune from exclusive rights to all mosque and other religious building construction in Saudi Arabia and several other Arab countries. Until 1967, Muhammad bin Ladin held exclusive responsibility for restorations at the Jami Al-Aqsa in Jerusalem.Despite his royal associations and great wealth, Muhammad bin Ladin lived a relatively simple and devout life, demanding that his children observe a strict religious and moral code. In his later years, the bin Laden corporate network diversified its activities beyond construction, largely in foreign investment and oil.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wahhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi"},{"link_name":"Mecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecca"},{"link_name":"Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina"},{"link_name":"al-Aqsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saud-3"}],"text":"He was reportedly raised as a Wahhabi Muslim, noted for his religious devotion and boasted that he could fly by private helicopter to pray at Mecca, Medina and al-Aqsa (in Jerusalem) in the same day.[3]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saud-3"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Usama bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usama_bin_Ladin"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Hamida al-Attas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Chanel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-saud-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carmen bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_bin_Ladin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBLpp65-66-10"}],"text":"He fathered a total of 52 children[6] by 11 wives.[7] He had three wives who mostly remained the same but the fourth wife was said to change frequently.[3]His widely-known son is the founder of al-Qaeda, Usama bin Ladin (Arabic: أسا‌مة بن لا‌د‌ن), although the two seldom saw each other and only once had a one-on-one meeting together.[8] Usama's mother, Hamida al-Attas, (Arabic: حميدة العطاس) was born and raised in Syria before marrying Muhammad bin Ladin and moving to Saudi Arabia. She was non-traditional, known more for wearing Chanel trouser suits rather than the veiled, conservative attire typical of Saudi women. She was neither Wahhabi nor Saudi, and her foreign origin diminished her status within the conservative Saudi family where she became known as \"the slave wife\". She was his last bride, for he died, unexpectedly, in a plane crash in 1967.[3][9] According to Carmen bin Ladin, Muhammad was planning to wed a 23rd wife the night he died, and was heading there when his plane crashed.[10]","title":"Wives and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beechcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft"},{"link_name":"G18S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jeddah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeddah"},{"link_name":"Faisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Saudi Binladin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Binladin_Group"},{"link_name":"Salem bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On 3 September 1967, Muhammad bin Ladin was killed when his airplane, a Beechcraft G18S, crashed during landing in Usran, 'Asir Province, in southwest Saudi Arabia.[11] Following the crash, Muhammad's body was carefully retrieved and prepared for burial.At dawn the next day, a somber procession conveyed his body from the palace to a family plot in a nearby cemetery. The news of his passing brought profound sadness, as Muhammad was highly esteemed both within the bin Ladin family and amongst the people of Jeddah. The funeral procession drew an immense crowd, with nearly ten thousand people lining the route to the cemetery. King Faisal, deeply affected by the loss, was a close friend of Muhammad. After the funeral, King Faisal met with the bin Ladin family and informed the children that he was placing them under royal protection. He assured them that they would receive their fair share of the inheritance when they reached the age of 21. With the loss of Muhammad as their unifying figure, Muhammad's many wives, ex-wives, and children began to disperse to different parts of the kingdom, although they still maintained their family connection with the Saudi Binladin Group. Muhammad's eldest son, Salem bin Ladin, took over the family business and eventually expanded it into an international company.[12]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salem bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Bakr bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakr_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Saudi Binladin Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Binladin_Group"},{"link_name":"Forbes magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Tim Seyfi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Seyfi"},{"link_name":"OCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCS_(television)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"The Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spy_(TV_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Following Muhammad bin Ladin's death, his eldest sons, principally Salem bin Laden, renamed the organization, \"Binladen Brothers for Contracting and Industry\" and continued to expand their late father's company until it employed more than 40,000 people. Salem bin Laden died in the United States in 1988 when his ultralight aircraft collided with power lines.[13] Many members of the bin Ladin family have moved away from Saudi Arabia and settled in Europe and the US.[13]In May 1990, the company was renamed the Saudi Binladin Group under the leadership of Bakr bin Laden.[14] The Saudi Binladin Group as it is now known, is involved in construction, engineering, manufacturing, and telecommunications. Construction projects include airports, housing complexes, tunnels, and bridges. The group is also involved in city planning and real estate development. The Saudi Binladin Group is Egypt's largest private foreign company and negotiated with the Lebanese government to rebuild part of central Beirut under a US $50 million contract.In 2009, the bin Ladin family was listed as the 5th wealthiest Saudi family by Forbes magazine, with a reported net worth of $7 billion.[15]Muhammad bin Ladin is portrayed by Tim Seyfi in the 2019 OCS/Netflix miniseries The Spy.[16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Ladin's sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family"},{"link_name":"Salem bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Bakr bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakr_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Yeslam bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeslam_bin_Ladin"},{"link_name":"Carmen Dufour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Dufour"},{"link_name":"Tarek bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Shafiq bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiq_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Ladin"},{"link_name":"Najwa Ghanem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najwa_Ghanem"}],"text":"Muhammad bin Ladin's sons:Salem bin Ladin (1946–1988) married Caroline Carey\nAli bin Ladin\nThabet bin Ladin (d. 2009)\nMahrous bin Ladin\nHassan bin Ladin\nBakr bin Laden\nKhalid bin Ladin\nYeslam bin Ladin (born 1950) married Carmen Dufour (born 1954)\nWafah Dufour (born 1978)\nNajia Dufour (born 1979)\nNoor Dufour (born 1987)\nGhalib bin Ladin\nYahya bin Ladin\nAbd al-Aziz bin Ladin\nIsa bin Ladin\nTarek bin Ladin\nAhmed bin Ladin\nIbrahim bin Ladin\nShafiq bin Ladin\nOsama bin Ladin (1957–2011) married Najwa Ghanem (born 1960)\nKhalil bin Ladin\nSaleh bin Ladin\nHaydar bin Ladin\nSaad bin Ladin\nAbdullah bin Ladin\nYasser bin Ladin\nMuhammad bin Ladin (born 1967)","title":"Descendants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coll, Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0143114819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143114819"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Childhood, education, and personal life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_life_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Militant activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militant_activity_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Beliefs and ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beliefs_and_ideology_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_for_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Khartoum compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_house_in_Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_compound_in_Abbottabad"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"reactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactions_to_the_killing_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"code name controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_name_Geronimo_controversy"},{"link_name":"conspiracy theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_family"},{"link_name":"Muhammad bin Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hamida al-Attas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida_al-Attas"},{"link_name":"Najwa Ghanhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najwa_Ghanhem"},{"link_name":"Abdallah bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Hamza bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamza_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Saad bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Omar bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"al-Qaeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda"},{"link_name":"Wadi al Aqiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_al_Aqiq"},{"link_name":"Messages to the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messages_to_the_World"},{"link_name":"Fatawā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fataw%C4%81_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Videos and audio recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videos_and_audio_recordings_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"2004 video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Osama_bin_Laden_video"},{"link_name":"19 January 2006 tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_January_2006_Osama_bin_Laden_tape"},{"link_name":"6 September 2007 video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_6,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video"},{"link_name":"11 September 2007 video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video"},{"link_name":"20 September 2007 tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_20,_2007,_Osama_bin_Laden_video"},{"link_name":"Letter to the American People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_to_the_American_People"},{"link_name":"In popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_in_popular_culture"},{"link_name":"Growing Up bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Up_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Holy War, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_War,_Inc."},{"link_name":"The Looming Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Looming_Tower"},{"link_name":"No Easy Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Easy_Day"},{"link_name":"Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Osama_bin_Laden%3F"},{"link_name":"Zero Dark Thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty"},{"link_name":"Interviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interviews_of_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Soviet–Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"},{"link_name":"Allegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_a_support_system_in_Pakistan_for_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Bodyguards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden%27s_bodyguards"},{"link_name":"Issue Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bin_Laden_Issue_Station"},{"link_name":"Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_allegations"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden"},{"link_name":"Gary Brooks Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Brooks_Faulkner"}],"text":"Coll, Steve (31 March 2009). The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143114819.vteOsama bin LadenBackground\nChildhood, education, and personal life\nMilitant activity\nBeliefs and ideology\nSearch\nKhartoum compound\nAbbottabad compound\nDeath\nreactions\ncode name controversy\nconspiracy theories\nFamily\nMuhammad bin Ladin (father)\nHamida al-Attas (mother)\nNajwa Ghanhem (first wife)\nAbdallah bin Laden (son)\nHamza bin Laden (son)\nSaad bin Laden (son)\nOmar bin Laden (son)\nWork\nal-Qaeda\nWadi al Aqiq\nMessages to the World\nFatawā\nVideos and audio recordings\n2004 video\n19 January 2006 tape\n6 September 2007 video\n11 September 2007 video\n20 September 2007 tape\nLetter to the American People\nIn media\nIn popular culture\nGrowing Up bin Laden\nHoly War, Inc.\nThe Looming Tower\nNo Easy Day\nWhere in the World Is Osama bin Laden?\nZero Dark Thirty\nInterviews\nRelated\nSoviet–Afghan War\nAllegations of a support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden\nBodyguards\nIssue Station\nSaddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory\nTimeline\nSeptember 11 attacks\nAllegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden\nGary Brooks Faulkner","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Coll, Steve (5 March 2009). The Bin Ladens: Oil, Money, Terrorism and the Secret Saudi World. Penguin Books Limited. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-14-191778-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCS3aIepU0sC","url_text":"The Bin Ladens: Oil, Money, Terrorism and the Secret Saudi World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191778-8","url_text":"978-0-14-191778-8"}]},{"reference":"Margolis, Eric S. (2002). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136743825. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jHwSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22mohammed+bin+laden%22+jeddah&pg=PT98","url_text":"War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136743825","url_text":"9781136743825"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Jason (November 1, 2001). \"The making of Osama bin Laden\". salon.com. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2001/11/01/osama_profile/","url_text":"\"The making of Osama bin Laden\""}]},{"reference":"Bergen, Peter L. (2 August 2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7053-0","url_text":"978-1-9821-7053-0"}]},{"reference":"Woolf, Alex (1 January 2004). Osama Bin Laden. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 14–16. ISBN 978-0-8225-5003-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ItdH79_rSMC","url_text":"Osama Bin Laden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-5003-7","url_text":"978-0-8225-5003-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Osama Bin Laden: PROFILE\". CNN. Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/binladen/timeline.html","url_text":"\"Osama Bin Laden: PROFILE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Atkins, Stephen (2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 49. ISBN 9780313324857. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&dq=mohammed+bin+laden+11+wives&pg=PA49","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313324857","url_text":"9780313324857"}]},{"reference":"Bergen, Peter L. (2 August 2022). The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-9821-7053-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7053-0","url_text":"978-1-9821-7053-0"}]},{"reference":"Goldman, Jan (2014). The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond. Abc-Clio. p. 61. ISBN 9781610695114. Retrieved 17 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bjeaBAAAQBAJ&dq=mohammed+bin+laden+plane+crash+1967&pg=PA61","url_text":"The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610695114","url_text":"9781610695114"}]},{"reference":"Bin Laden, Carmen (2005), Inside the Kingdom: My Life in Saudi Arabia, Hachette Book Group, pp. 65–66, ISBN 0-446-61694-X","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xPn-MbYyId8C","url_text":"Inside the Kingdom: My Life in Saudi Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-61694-X","url_text":"0-446-61694-X"}]},{"reference":"Woolf, Alex (1 January 2004). Osama Bin Laden. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-0-8225-5003-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ItdH79_rSMC","url_text":"Osama Bin Laden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-5003-7","url_text":"978-0-8225-5003-7"}]},{"reference":"Burke, Jason (August 2015). \"Rags to riches story of the bin Laden family is woven with tragedy\". the Guardian. Retrieved 2015-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/01/rags-to-riches-story-of-the-bin-laden-family-is-woven-with-tragedy","url_text":"\"Rags to riches story of the bin Laden family is woven with tragedy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden\". www.historycommons.org. Archived from the original on 2017-04-15. Retrieved 2015-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060651/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=mohammed_bin_awad_bin_laden_1","url_text":"\"Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden\""},{"url":"http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=mohammed_bin_awad_bin_laden_1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Five Richest Saudis\". WSJ Blogs - The Wealth Report. 2009-08-31. Retrieved 2015-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2009/08/31/the-five-richest-saudis/","url_text":"\"The Five Richest Saudis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sacha Baron Cohen triumphs as Eli Cohen in Netflix's The Spy\". Jerusalem Post. 2 September 2019. Retrieved 12 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/international/sacha-baron-cohen-triumphs-as-eli-cohen-in-netflixs-the-spy-600322","url_text":"\"Sacha Baron Cohen triumphs as Eli Cohen in Netflix's The Spy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Post","url_text":"Jerusalem Post"}]},{"reference":"Coll, Steve (31 March 2009). The Bin Ladens: An Arabian Family in the American Century. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0143114819.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Coll","url_text":"Coll, Steve"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143114819","url_text":"978-0143114819"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Muhammad+bin+Ladin%22","external_links_name":"\"Muhammad bin Ladin\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Muhammad+bin+Ladin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Muhammad+bin+Ladin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Muhammad+bin+Ladin%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Muhammad+bin+Ladin%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Muhammad+bin+Ladin%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCS3aIepU0sC","external_links_name":"The Bin Ladens: Oil, Money, Terrorism and the Secret Saudi World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jHwSEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22mohammed+bin+laden%22+jeddah&pg=PT98","external_links_name":"War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet"},{"Link":"https://www.salon.com/2001/11/01/osama_profile/","external_links_name":"\"The making of Osama bin Laden\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ItdH79_rSMC","external_links_name":"Osama Bin Laden"},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/CNN/Programs/people/shows/binladen/timeline.html","external_links_name":"\"Osama Bin Laden: PROFILE\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&dq=mohammed+bin+laden+11+wives&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=anp5EAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rise and Fall of Osama Bin Laden"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bjeaBAAAQBAJ&dq=mohammed+bin+laden+plane+crash+1967&pg=PA61","external_links_name":"The War on Terror Encyclopedia: From the Rise of Al-Qaeda to 9/11 and Beyond"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xPn-MbYyId8C","external_links_name":"Inside the Kingdom: My Life in Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_ItdH79_rSMC","external_links_name":"Osama Bin Laden"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/01/rags-to-riches-story-of-the-bin-laden-family-is-woven-with-tragedy","external_links_name":"\"Rags to riches story of the bin Laden family is woven with tragedy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060651/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=mohammed_bin_awad_bin_laden_1","external_links_name":"\"Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden\""},{"Link":"http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=mohammed_bin_awad_bin_laden_1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/wealth/2009/08/31/the-five-richest-saudis/","external_links_name":"\"The Five Richest Saudis\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/international/sacha-baron-cohen-triumphs-as-eli-cohen-in-netflixs-the-spy-600322","external_links_name":"\"Sacha Baron Cohen triumphs as Eli Cohen in Netflix's The Spy\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Bay	Norwegian Bay	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 77°29′59″N 90°29′59″W / 77.49972°N 90.49972°W / 77.49972; -90.49972 (Norwegian Bay)Bay in Nunavut, Canada For the former whaling station in Australia known as Norwegian Bay, see Point Cloates. Norwegian BayNorwegian Bay and some of its islands.Norwegian BayLocationArctic OceanCoordinates77°29′59″N 90°29′59″W / 77.49972°N 90.49972°W / 77.49972; -90.49972 (Norwegian Bay)Basin countriesCanadaMax. length161 km (100 mi)Max. width145 km (90 mi)SettlementsUninhabited Norwegian Bay (French: Baie Norvégienne) is an Arctic Ocean waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. Amund Ringnes Island is to the northwest (separated by the Hendriksen Strait from Cornwall Island), and Axel Heiberg Island is to the north. (Both Amund Ringnes Island and Axel Heiberg Island are part of the Sverdrup Islands.) Ellesmere Island is to the east, and Devon Island is to the south. Six islands lie within Norwegian Bay. They are, from largest to smallest: Cornwall Island (the largest and westernmost) Graham Island Buckingham Table Exmouth Ekins References ^ "Norwegian Bay". The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000. Archived from the original on 2004-07-02. Retrieved 2008-06-04. Norwegian Bay at Atlas of Canada vteBays of NunavutKitikmeot Region Albert Edward Austin Brentford Campbell Chester Committee Denmark Foggy Fredrikshald Gernon Grays Hadley Homan Labyrinth Lord Mayor McLoughlin Ogden Pelly Terror Wellington Wilmot and Crampton Wynniatt Kivalliq Region Committee East Gods Mercy Hudson Mistake Native Nevill Pistol South Wager Wilson Qikiqtaaluk Region Allman Aston Augusta Bay Baffin Baillarge Baring Bartlett Batty Bere Bernier Birmingham Boatswain Bowman Brae Buchanan Cameron Copes Cory Creswell Croker Cumberland Sound Dampier De la Beche Dobbin Dorchester Duke of York Dyke Acland Eden Eetookashoo Eldridge Elwin Eqe Evans Finnie Flagler Four Rivers Foxe Basin Frobisher Garnet Gibson Graham Moore Half Moon Hall Basin Harkin Hecla and Griper Herschel Hudson Irene James Kane Kew Lady Franklin M'Clure Macormick Maxwell May Inlet Nabukjuak Napier Norwegian Okse Ommanney Paquet Peary Piling Pioneer Prince Alfred Princess Marie Purcell Radstock Reid Resolute Rosse Rutherford Sabine Sawyer Scoresby Shamrock Sherard Skene Stuart Tasiujaq (Foxe Basin) Triton Ungava Weatherall Woodward This Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Point Cloates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Cloates"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Qikiqtaaluk Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qikiqtaaluk_Region"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Amund Ringnes Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amund_Ringnes_Island"},{"link_name":"Hendriksen Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendriksen_Strait"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Island_(Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"Axel Heiberg Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island"},{"link_name":"Sverdrup Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island"},{"link_name":"Devon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Island"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Island_(Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"Graham Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Island_(Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"Buckingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Island"},{"link_name":"Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Island"},{"link_name":"Exmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exmouth_Island"},{"link_name":"Ekins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekins_Island"}],"text":"Bay in Nunavut, CanadaFor the former whaling station in Australia known as Norwegian Bay, see Point Cloates.Norwegian Bay (French: Baie Norvégienne) is an Arctic Ocean waterway in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. Amund Ringnes Island is to the northwest (separated by the Hendriksen Strait from Cornwall Island), and Axel Heiberg Island is to the north. (Both Amund Ringnes Island and Axel Heiberg Island are part of the Sverdrup Islands.) Ellesmere Island is to the east, and Devon Island is to the south.Six islands lie within Norwegian Bay. They are, from largest to smallest:Cornwall Island (the largest and westernmost)\nGraham Island\nBuckingham\nTable\nExmouth\nEkins","title":"Norwegian Bay"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Norwegian Bay\". The Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000. Archived from the original on 2004-07-02. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrice_Landreau	Fabrice Landreau	["1 Playing career","1.1 Club","1.2 International","2 Coaching career","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]	French rugby union player Rugby playerFabrice LandreauDate of birth (1968-08-01) 1 August 1968 (age 55)Place of birthAngoulême, FranceHeight1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Weight100 kg (220 lb)Rugby union careerPosition(s) HookerSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)-1992 SC Angoulême ()1992-1997 FC Grenoble ()1997-1998 Neath RFC ()1998-1998 Bristol Rugby ()1998-1999 Racing ()1999-2003 Stade Français ()International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2000-2001 France 4 (0)Coaching careerYears Team2004-2009 Stade Français (Forwards)2009-2016 FC Grenoble (Head Coach)2017-2018 RC Toulon (Forwards) Fabrice Landreau (born August 1, 1968 in Angoulême), is a French rugby union player. Playing career Club Fabrice Landreau began playing Rugby at SC Angoulême, and then move to FC Grenoble. After several injuries, he moved to Neath RFC, and one year later Bristol Rugby. He then played for Stade Français which he won the Top 14 in 2000. International He earned his first cap for the France national team on November 4, 2000, against Australia. Coaching career After ending his playing career, he joined Fabien Galthié for Coaching Forwards. Honours French rugby champion, 2012 with FC Grenoble (Head Coach) French rugby champion, 2007 with Stade Français (Forwards) French rugby champion, 2000 with Stade Français French rugby runners-up, 1993 with FC Grenoble References ^ "Pro D2. Auch. La chasse aux mammouths est ouverte". www.ladepeche.fr. October 18, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2019. ^ "Castres et " la magie du rugby "". www.republicain-lorrain.fr. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013. ^ "Rugby. Une finale du championnat en juillet ? C'est arrivé en 2000 avec Stade Français-Colomiers". actu.fr. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2021. External links Fabrice Landreau International Statistics This rugby union biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"}],"text":"Rugby playerFabrice Landreau (born August 1, 1968 in Angoulême), is a French rugby union player.","title":"Fabrice Landreau"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Grenoble"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Neath RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_RFC"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rugby"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Top 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_French_Rugby_Union_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Fabrice Landreau began playing Rugby at SC Angoulême, and then move to FC Grenoble.[1][2] After several injuries, he moved to Neath RFC, and one year later Bristol Rugby. He then played for Stade Français which he won the Top 14 in 2000.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"He earned his first cap for the France national team on November 4, 2000, against Australia.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fabien Galthié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Galthi%C3%A9"}],"text":"After ending his playing career, he joined Fabien Galthié for Coaching Forwards.","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French rugby champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Pro_D2"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Rugby_Pro_D2_season"},{"link_name":"FC Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Grenoble"},{"link_name":"French rugby champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Top_14_season"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"French rugby champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_French_Rugby_Union_Championship"},{"link_name":"Stade Français","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"French rugby runners-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_14"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_French_Rugby_Union_Championship"},{"link_name":"FC Grenoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Grenoble"}],"text":"French rugby champion, 2012 with FC Grenoble (Head Coach)\nFrench rugby champion, 2007 with Stade Français (Forwards)\nFrench rugby champion, 2000 with Stade Français[3]\nFrench rugby runners-up, 1993 with FC Grenoble","title":"Honours"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pro D2. 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C'est arrivé en 2000 avec Stade Français-Colomiers\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2008/10/18/482683-pro-d2-auch-la-chasse-aux-mammouths-est-ouverte.html","external_links_name":"\"Pro D2. Auch. La chasse aux mammouths est ouverte\""},{"Link":"http://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/sports/2013/06/03/castres-et-la-magie-du-rugby","external_links_name":"\"Castres et \" la magie du rugby \"\""},{"Link":"https://actu.fr/sports/rugby/top-14/rugby-une-finale-championnat-juillet-cest-arrive-2000-stade-francais-colomiers_32610876.html","external_links_name":"\"Rugby. Une finale du championnat en juillet ? C'est arrivé en 2000 avec Stade Français-Colomiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/11384.html","external_links_name":"Fabrice Landreau International Statistics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fabrice_Landreau&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_agency	Funding	["1 Economics","2 Purpose of Funding","2.1 Research funding","2.2 Launch a business","2.3 Uses on investment","3 Methods of Funding","3.1 Government Grants","3.2 Crowdfunding","3.3 Raise from investors","3.4 Self-Organized Funding Allocation","4 Securing loans","5 Withdrawal of funding","6 See also","7 References"]	Act of providing resources Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. While this is usually in the form of money, it can also take the form of effort or time from an organization or company. Generally, this word is used when a firm uses its internal reserves to satisfy its necessity for cash, while the term financing is used when the firm acquires capital from external sources. Sources of funding include credit, venture capital, donations, grants, savings, subsidies, and taxes. Funding methods such as donations, subsidies, and grants that have no direct requirement for return of investment are described as "soft funding" or "crowdfunding". Funding that facilitates the exchange of equity ownership in a company for capital investment via an online funding portal per the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (alternately, the "JOBS Act of 2012") (U.S.) is known as equity crowdfunding. Funds can be allocated for either short-term or long-term purposes. Economics The flow of funds from lender to borrower Types of financing/funding In economics funds are injected into the market as capital by lenders and taken as loans by borrowers. There are two ways in which the capital can end up at the borrower. The lender can lend the capital to a financial intermediary against interest. These financial intermediaries then reinvest the money against a higher rate. The use of financial intermediaries to finance operations is called indirect finance. A lender can also go to the financial markets to directly lend to a borrower. This method is called direct finance. Purpose of Funding Research funding Research funding is funding used for research-related purposes. It is most often used to describe funding in the fields of technology or social science. The allocation of funds are usually granted based on a per project, department, or institute basis stemming from scope of the research or project. Research funding can be split into commercial and non-commercial allocations. Research and development departments of a corporation normally provide commercial research funding. Whereas, non-commercial research funding is obtained from charities, research councils, or government agencies. Organizations that require such funding normally have to go through competitive selections. Only those that have the most potential would be chosen. Funding is vital in ensuring the sustainability of certain projects. Launch a business Entrepreneurs with a business concept would want to accumulate all the necessary resources including capital to venture into a market. Funding is part of the process, as some businesses would require large start-up sums that individuals would not have. These start-up funds are essential to kick-start a business idea, without it, entrepreneurs would not have the ability to carry out their concepts in the business world. Uses on investment Fund management companies gather pools of money from many investors and use them to purchase securities. These funds are managed by professional investment managers, which may generate higher returns with reduced risks by asset diversification. The size of these funds could be as little as a few millions or as much as multi billions. The purpose of these funding activities is mainly aiming to pursue individual or organization profits. Methods of Funding Government Grants Main article: Grant (money) Government could allocate funds itself or through government agencies to projects that benefit the public through a selection process to students or researchers and even organizations. At least two external peer-reviewers and an internal research award committee review each application. The research awards committee would meet some time to discuss shortlisted applications. A further shortlist and ranking is made. Projects are funded and applicants are informed. Econometric evidence shows public grants for firms can create additionality in jobs, sales, value added, innovation and capital. For example, this was shown to be the case for large R&D grants, as well as smaller public grants for the tourism firms or small and medium sized firms in general. Crowdfunding Main article: Crowdfunding Crowdfunding exists in mainly two types, reward-based crowdfunding and equity-based crowdfunding. In the former, small firms could pre-sell a product or service to start a business whereas in the latter, backers buy a certain amount of shares of a firm in exchange of money. As for reward-based crowdfunding, project creators would set a funding target and deadline. Anyone who is interested can pledge on the projects. Projects must reach its targeted amount in order for it to be carried out. Once the projects ended with enough funds, projects creators would have to make sure that they fulfill their promises by the intended timeline and delivery their products or services. Raise from investors To raise capital, you require funds from investors who are interested in the investments. You have to present those investors with high-return projects. By displaying high-level potentials of the projects, investors would be more attracted to put their money into those projects. After a certain amount of time, usually in a year's time, rewards of the investment will be shared with investors. This makes investors happy and they may continue to invest further. If returns do not meet the intended level, this could reduce the willingness of investors to invest their money into the funds. Hence, the amounts of financial incentives are highly weighted determinants to ensure the funding remains at a desirable level. Venture Capital (VC) is a subdivision of Private Equity wherein external investors fund small-scale startups that have high growth potential in the long run. Investors receive a portion of the company’s equity in return for the money invested by them. The amount of money that a Venture capital firm can raise is predominantly built on the Principal-agent relationship between the Limited Partners and the Venture Capital Firm. Self-Organized Funding Allocation Main article: Self-Organized Funding Allocation Self-organized funding allocation (SOFA) is a method of distributing funding for scientific research. In this system, each researcher is allocated an equal amount of funding, and is required to anonymously allocate a fraction of their funds to the research of others. Proponents of SOFA argue that it would result in similar distribution of funding as the present grant system, but with less overhead. In 2016, a test pilot of SOFA began in the Netherlands. Securing loans A company or an individual may secure a loan to get access to capital. Often borrowers must use a secured loan where assets are pledged as collateral. If the borrower defaults, ownership of the collateral reverts to the lender. Both tangible and intangible assets can be used to secure loans. The use of IP as collateral in IP-backed finance transactions is the subject of a report series at the World Intellectual Property Organization. Withdrawal of funding This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2018) Withdrawal of funding, or defunding, occurs when funding previously given to an organisation ceases, especially in relation to Governmental funding. Defunding could be as a result of a disagreement or failure to meet set objectives. An example that explains the withdrawal of funding in this case is that of President Trump's decision to stop funding the World Health Organization (WHO) over alleged Coronavirus mismanagement. See also Look up funding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Foundation (non-profit) Investment Investment fund Crowdfunding Peer-to-peer lending Research funding Seed money Micro finance Mutual fund Trust Fund Equity fund Intangible asset finance References ^ Kaschny, Martin (2018). Innovation and Transformation. Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-319-78524-0. ^ Mishkin, Frederic (2012). The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets (Global, Tenth ed.). Pearson Education Limited. p. 68. ISBN 978-0273765738. ^ Imperial College London(2014) Types of research funding Available at: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/researchsupport/funderinformation/typesofresearchfunding (Accessed:15 October 2014) ^ "Set up a business". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2023-08-24. ^ "Mutual Funds \| Investor.gov". www.investor.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-24. ^ Stroke Association(2009) Research funding process Available at: http://www.stroke.org.uk/research/research-funding-process (Accessed: 21 October 2014) ^ Howell, Sabrina T. (2017). "Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants". American Economic Review. 107 (4): 1136–1164. doi:10.1257/aer.20150808. ^ Srhoj, Stjepan; Vitezić, Vanja; Walde, Janette (2021). "Do small public grants boost tourism firms' performance?". Tourism Economics. 28 (6): 1435–1452. doi:10.1177/1354816621994436. ^ Dvouletý, Ondřej; Srhoj, Stjepan; Pantea, Smaranda (2020). "Public SME grants and firm performance in European Union: A systematic review of empirical evidence". Small Business Economics. 57: 243–263. doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00306-x. ^ Clifford, C.(2014) Crowdfunding Generates More Than $60,000 an Hour (Infographic) Available at: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/234051 (Accessed: 22 October 2014) ^ Kickstarter, Inc.(2010) "Seven things to know about Kickstarter" Available at: https://www.kickstarter.com/hello?ref=footer (Accessed: 23 October 2014) ^ Raise Capital(2011) "Business talk - How to raise capital for a hedge fund" Available at: http://www.raise-capital.com/raise-capital-for-hedge-fund.php (Accessed: 24 October 2014) ^ Raza, M. Tanzeem; Natarajan, P. (January 2023). "Factors Driving Venture Capital Investments in India". Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies. 9 (1): 62–79. doi:10.1177/23939575221139944. ISSN 2393-9575. S2CID 256504532. ^ Bollen, Johan (8 August 2018). "Who would you share your funding with?". Nature. 560 (7717): 143. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..143B. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3. PMID 30089925. ^ Coelho, Andre. "NETHERLANDS: A radical new way do fund science \| BIEN". Retrieved 2 June 2019. ^ Security interests in intellectual property. Toshiyuki Kono. Singapore. 2017. ISBN 978-981-10-5415-0. OCLC 1001337977.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Launch of new WIPO report series on unlocking IP-Backed Finance at Singapore's IP Week, 26 August 2021 – Sharing the Singapore Country Report". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2021-12-24. ^ "The definition of defund". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 7 October 2018. ^ Cohen, Joshua. "Trump's Decision To Defund WHO For Coronavirus Response: Throwing The Baby Out With The Bathwater". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-07-08. Authority control databases: National Germany United States Czech Republic	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resources"},{"link_name":"money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(finance)"},{"link_name":"venture capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital"},{"link_name":"donations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation"},{"link_name":"grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"savings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings"},{"link_name":"subsidies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidy"},{"link_name":"taxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"return of investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_investment"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpstart_Our_Business_Startups_Act"},{"link_name":"equity crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"allocated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_allocation"}],"text":"Funding is the act of providing resources to finance a need, program, or project. 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Funding that facilitates the exchange of equity ownership in a company for capital investment via an online funding portal per the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (alternately, the \"JOBS Act of 2012\") (U.S.) is known as equity crowdfunding.Funds can be allocated for either short-term or long-term purposes.","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flow_of_Funds.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grafik_220.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"financial intermediary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_intermediary"},{"link_name":"indirect finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_finance"},{"link_name":"financial markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_market"},{"link_name":"direct finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_finance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The flow of funds from lender to borrowerTypes of financing/funding[1]In economics funds are injected into the market as capital by lenders and taken as loans by borrowers. 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This makes investors happy and they may continue to invest further.[12] If returns do not meet the intended level, this could reduce the willingness of investors to invest their money into the funds. Hence, the amounts of financial incentives are highly weighted determinants to ensure the funding remains at a desirable level. Venture Capital (VC) is a subdivision of Private Equity wherein external investors fund small-scale startups that have high growth potential in the long run. Investors receive a portion of the company’s equity in return for the money invested by them. The amount of money that a Venture capital firm can raise is predominantly built on the Principal-agent relationship between the Limited Partners and the Venture Capital Firm.[13]","title":"Methods of Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_of_science"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Self-Organized Funding Allocation","text":"Self-organized funding allocation (SOFA) is a method of distributing funding for scientific research. In this system, each researcher is allocated an equal amount of funding, and is required to anonymously allocate a fraction of their funds to the research of others. Proponents of SOFA argue that it would result in similar distribution of funding as the present grant system, but with less overhead.[14] In 2016, a test pilot of SOFA began in the Netherlands.[15]","title":"Methods of Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan"},{"link_name":"secured loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secured_loan"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_(finance)"},{"link_name":"intangible assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A company or an individual may secure a loan to get access to capital. Often borrowers must use a secured loan where assets are pledged as collateral. If the borrower defaults, ownership of the collateral reverts to the lender. Both tangible and intangible assets can be used to secure loans.[16] The use of IP as collateral in IP-backed finance transactions is the subject of a report series at the World Intellectual Property Organization.[17]","title":"Securing loans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"objectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objective"},{"link_name":"President Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Trump"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Withdrawal of funding, or defunding, occurs when funding previously given to an organisation ceases, especially in relation to Governmental funding.[18]\nDefunding could be as a result of a disagreement or failure to meet set objectives. An example that explains the withdrawal of funding in this case is that of President Trump's decision to stop funding the World Health Organization (WHO) over alleged Coronavirus mismanagement.[19]","title":"Withdrawal of funding"}]	[{"image_text":"The flow of funds from lender to borrower","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flow_of_Funds.svg/200px-Flow_of_Funds.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Types of financing/funding[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Grafik_220.jpg/201px-Grafik_220.jpg"}]	[{"title":"funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/funding"},{"title":"Foundation (non-profit)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(non-profit)"},{"title":"Investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment"},{"title":"Investment fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment_fund"},{"title":"Crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"title":"Peer-to-peer lending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer_lending"},{"title":"Research funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_funding"},{"title":"Seed money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_money"},{"title":"Micro finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_finance"},{"title":"Mutual fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund"},{"title":"Trust Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_law"},{"title":"Equity fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_fund"},{"title":"Intangible asset finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset_finance"}]	[{"reference":"Kaschny, Martin (2018). Innovation and Transformation. Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-319-78524-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-78524-0","url_text":"978-3-319-78524-0"}]},{"reference":"Mishkin, Frederic (2012). The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets (Global, Tenth ed.). Pearson Education Limited. p. 68. ISBN 978-0273765738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Mishkin","url_text":"Mishkin, Frederic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0273765738","url_text":"978-0273765738"}]},{"reference":"\"Set up a business\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2023-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/set-up-business","url_text":"\"Set up a business\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mutual Funds \| Investor.gov\". www.investor.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/glossary/mutual-funds","url_text":"\"Mutual Funds \| Investor.gov\""}]},{"reference":"Howell, Sabrina T. (2017). \"Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants\". American Economic Review. 107 (4): 1136–1164. doi:10.1257/aer.20150808.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150808","url_text":"\"Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150808","url_text":"10.1257/aer.20150808"}]},{"reference":"Srhoj, Stjepan; Vitezić, Vanja; Walde, Janette (2021). \"Do small public grants boost tourism firms' performance?\". Tourism Economics. 28 (6): 1435–1452. doi:10.1177/1354816621994436.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354816621994436","url_text":"\"Do small public grants boost tourism firms' performance?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354816621994436","url_text":"10.1177/1354816621994436"}]},{"reference":"Dvouletý, Ondřej; Srhoj, Stjepan; Pantea, Smaranda (2020). \"Public SME grants and firm performance in European Union: A systematic review of empirical evidence\". Small Business Economics. 57: 243–263. doi:10.1007/s11187-019-00306-x.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-019-00306-x","url_text":"\"Public SME grants and firm performance in European Union: A systematic review of empirical evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-019-00306-x","url_text":"10.1007/s11187-019-00306-x"}]},{"reference":"Raza, M. Tanzeem; Natarajan, P. (January 2023). \"Factors Driving Venture Capital Investments in India\". Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies. 9 (1): 62–79. doi:10.1177/23939575221139944. ISSN 2393-9575. S2CID 256504532.","urls":[{"url":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23939575221139944","url_text":"\"Factors Driving Venture Capital Investments in India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23939575221139944","url_text":"10.1177/23939575221139944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2393-9575","url_text":"2393-9575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256504532","url_text":"256504532"}]},{"reference":"Bollen, Johan (8 August 2018). \"Who would you share your funding with?\". Nature. 560 (7717): 143. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..143B. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3. PMID 30089925.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05887-3","url_text":"\"Who would you share your funding with?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.560..143B","url_text":"2018Natur.560..143B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05887-3","url_text":"10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30089925","url_text":"30089925"}]},{"reference":"Coelho, Andre. \"NETHERLANDS: A radical new way do fund science \| BIEN\". Retrieved 2 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://basicincome.org/news/2017/05/netherlands-radical-new-way-fund-science/","url_text":"\"NETHERLANDS: A radical new way do fund science \| BIEN\""}]},{"reference":"Security interests in intellectual property. Toshiyuki Kono. Singapore. 2017. ISBN 978-981-10-5415-0. OCLC 1001337977.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-5415-0","url_text":"978-981-10-5415-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1001337977","url_text":"1001337977"}]},{"reference":"\"Launch of new WIPO report series on unlocking IP-Backed Finance at Singapore's IP Week, 26 August 2021 – Sharing the Singapore Country Report\". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 2021-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wipo.int/sme/en/news/2021/news_0006.html","url_text":"\"Launch of new WIPO report series on unlocking IP-Backed Finance at Singapore's IP Week, 26 August 2021 – Sharing the Singapore Country Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"The definition of defund\". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 7 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/defund","url_text":"\"The definition of defund\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Joshua. \"Trump's Decision To Defund WHO For Coronavirus Response: Throwing The Baby Out With The Bathwater\". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-07-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuacohen/2020/04/15/trumps-decision-to-defund-who-throwing-the-baby-out-with-the-bathwater/","url_text":"\"Trump's Decision To Defund WHO For Coronavirus Response: Throwing The Baby Out With The Bathwater\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Funding&action=edit&section=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/researchsupport/funderinformation/typesofresearchfunding","external_links_name":"http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/researchsupport/funderinformation/typesofresearchfunding"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/set-up-business","external_links_name":"\"Set up a business\""},{"Link":"https://www.investor.gov/introduction-investing/investing-basics/glossary/mutual-funds","external_links_name":"\"Mutual Funds \| Investor.gov\""},{"Link":"http://www.stroke.org.uk/research/research-funding-process","external_links_name":"http://www.stroke.org.uk/research/research-funding-process"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150808","external_links_name":"\"Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.20150808","external_links_name":"10.1257/aer.20150808"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354816621994436","external_links_name":"\"Do small public grants boost tourism firms' performance?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1354816621994436","external_links_name":"10.1177/1354816621994436"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-019-00306-x","external_links_name":"\"Public SME grants and firm performance in European Union: A systematic review of empirical evidence\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11187-019-00306-x","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11187-019-00306-x"},{"Link":"http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/234051","external_links_name":"http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/234051"},{"Link":"https://www.kickstarter.com/hello?ref=footer","external_links_name":"https://www.kickstarter.com/hello?ref=footer"},{"Link":"http://www.raise-capital.com/raise-capital-for-hedge-fund.php","external_links_name":"http://www.raise-capital.com/raise-capital-for-hedge-fund.php"},{"Link":"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23939575221139944","external_links_name":"\"Factors Driving Venture Capital Investments in India\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23939575221139944","external_links_name":"10.1177/23939575221139944"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2393-9575","external_links_name":"2393-9575"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256504532","external_links_name":"256504532"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05887-3","external_links_name":"\"Who would you share your funding with?\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.560..143B","external_links_name":"2018Natur.560..143B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-05887-3","external_links_name":"10.1038/d41586-018-05887-3"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30089925","external_links_name":"30089925"},{"Link":"https://basicincome.org/news/2017/05/netherlands-radical-new-way-fund-science/","external_links_name":"\"NETHERLANDS: A radical new way do fund science \| BIEN\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1001337977","external_links_name":"1001337977"},{"Link":"https://www.wipo.int/sme/en/news/2021/news_0006.html","external_links_name":"\"Launch of new WIPO report series on unlocking IP-Backed Finance at Singapore's IP Week, 26 August 2021 – Sharing the Singapore Country Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/defund","external_links_name":"\"The definition of defund\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/joshuacohen/2020/04/15/trumps-decision-to-defund-who-throwing-the-baby-out-with-the-bathwater/","external_links_name":"\"Trump's Decision To Defund WHO For Coronavirus Response: Throwing The Baby Out With The Bathwater\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4017182-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002007885","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137577&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHAMP1	CHAMP1	["1 References","2 External links","3 Further reading"]	Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens CHAMP1IdentifiersAliasesCHAMP1, C13orf8, CAMP, CHAMP, ZNF828, MRD40, chromosome alignment maintaining phosphoprotein 1External IDsOMIM: 616327; MGI: 1196398; HomoloGene: 18780; GeneCards: CHAMP1; OMA:CHAMP1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 13 (human)Band13q34Start114,314,482 bpEnd114,337,626 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 8 (mouse)Band8 A1.1\|8 6.4 cMStart13,919,641 bpEnd13,931,639 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inmucosa of ileumsecondary oocyteganglionic eminenceepithelium of colontibialis anterior musclecardiac muscle tissue of right atriumthymusskin of thighmyocardium of left ventriclestromal cell of endometriumTop expressed inhandzygoteoocytesecondary oocyteprimary oocyteotolith organutriclemaxillary prominenceepiblastprimitive streakMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function protein binding metal ion binding nucleic acid binding Cellular component cytoplasm chromosome spindle chromosome, centromeric region cytoskeleton condensed chromosome nucleus kinetochore nucleoplasm Flemming body Biological process sister chromatid biorientation protein localization to microtubule attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore protein localization to kinetochore Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez283489101994EnsemblENSG00000198824ENSMUSG00000047710UniProtQ96JM3Q8K327RefSeq (mRNA)NM_032436NM_001164144NM_001164145NM_181854NM_001363455RefSeq (protein)NP_001157616NP_001157617NP_115812NP_862902NP_001350384Location (UCSC)Chr 13: 114.31 – 114.34 MbChr 8: 13.92 – 13.93 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse Chromosome alignment-maintaining phosphoprotein 1 (CHAMP1) also known as zinc finger protein 828 (ZNF828) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHAMP1 gene. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198824 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000047710 – Ensembl, May 2017 ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. ^ "Entrez Gene: C13orf8 chromosome 13 open reading frame 8". External links CHAMP1 UK - Charity for those affected by CHAMP1 disorders. CHAMP1 Research Foundation - Non-Profit raising funds for research into CHAMP1 and CHAMP1 disorders. Human CAMP genome location and CAMP gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. Human CHAMP1 genome location and CHAMP1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser. Further reading Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (November 2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). "A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292. Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (August 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935. Nagase T, Nakayama M, Nakajima D, Kikuno R, Ohara O (April 2001). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 8 (2): 85–95. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.2.85. PMID 11347906. This article on a gene on human chromosome 13 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"Chromosome alignment-maintaining phosphoprotein 1 (CHAMP1) also known as zinc finger protein 828 (ZNF828) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHAMP1 gene.[5]","title":"CHAMP1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17081983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nbt1240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1240"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16964243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16964243"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14294292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14294292"},{"link_name":"\"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2004PNAS..10112130B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112130B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.0404720101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404720101"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"514446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15302935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302935"},{"link_name":"\"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.2.85"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/dnares/8.2.85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.2.85"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11347906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11347906"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_13"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CHAMP1&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-13-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-13-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-13-stub"}],"text":"Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (November 2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983.\nBeausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). \"A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization\". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.\nBeausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (August 2004). \"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.\nNagase T, Nakayama M, Nakajima D, Kikuno R, Ohara O (April 2001). \"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro\". DNA Research. 8 (2): 85–95. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.2.85. PMID 11347906.This article on a gene on human chromosome 13 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=283489","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". 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PMID 17081983.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983","url_text":"17081983"}]},{"reference":"Beausoleil SA, Villén J, Gerber SA, Rush J, Gygi SP (October 2006). \"A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization\". Nature Biotechnology. 24 (10): 1285–92. doi:10.1038/nbt1240. PMID 16964243. S2CID 14294292.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnbt1240","url_text":"10.1038/nbt1240"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16964243","url_text":"16964243"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14294292","url_text":"14294292"}]},{"reference":"Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (August 2004). \"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446","url_text":"\"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112130B","url_text":"2004PNAS..10112130B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404720101","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.0404720101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446","url_text":"514446"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302935","url_text":"15302935"}]},{"reference":"Nagase T, Nakayama M, Nakajima D, Kikuno R, Ohara O (April 2001). \"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro\". DNA Research. 8 (2): 85–95. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.2.85. PMID 11347906.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fdnares%2F8.2.85","url_text":"\"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tree_of_Crows	The Tree of Crows	["1 See also","2 Notes","3 References"]	Painting by Caspar David Friedrich The Tree of CrowsGerman: KrähenbaumArtistCaspar David FriedrichYearc. 1822MediumOil on canvasDimensions59.0 cm × 73.0 cm (23.23 in × 28.74 in)LocationMusée du Louvre, Paris The Tree of Crows (also known as Raven Tree) is an oil painting of 1822 by the German Romantic artist Caspar David Friedrich. Acquired by the Musée du Louvre in 1975 (the institution's first acquisition of a work by the artist, followed by Seaside by Moonlight in 2000), it has been called one of Friedrich's "most compelling paintings." The painting depicts a twisted oak tree, bare but for a few dead leaves, seen against an evening sky. An inscription on the back of the canvas refers to the hill at the painting's center as a Hünengrab, or dolmen, a prehistoric burial ground. In the distance can be seen the ocean, and Cape Arkona's chalk cliffs, a favorite subject of Friedrich's. Two crows are perched on the oak, while a flock (also known, more correctly, as a "murder") descends toward it. In the darkened foreground are a hacked trunk and the upright stump of another oak. The oak is based on a drawing dated 3 May 1809, to which Friedrich added branches at the left and elongated others so as to stretch its forms across the picture plane; the tree in the painting has the overall shape of a rhombus, its web of contorted branches taking on a dramatic presence. Contrasted with the serene layers of chromatic clouds, the tree's forms have been likened to "many flailing arms." The foreground may be seen as representing death, with the distant sky offering consoling beauty and the promise of redemption afterlife. A single dominant oak was also the subject of two later vertical compositions painted by Friedrich. In those paintings, the trees appear to stand in resignation, whereas that of The Tree of Crows seems animated by desperation. See also List of works by Caspar David Friedrich Notes ^ Börsch-Supan, 1990, 144 ^ a b Börsch-Supan, 113 ^ a b Pomarède, 446 ^ Börsch-Supan, 113–114 ^ a b c Börsch-Supan, 114 References Börsch-Supan, Helmut et al. Baltic Light: Early Open-Air Painting in Denmark and North Germany, Yale University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-300-08166-9 Börsch-Supan, Helmut. Caspar David Friedrich, Prestel, 1990. Grave, Johannes (2017) . Caspar David Friedrich (2nd ed.). London/New York: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-8357-6 (p. 178). Pomarède, Vincent . The Louvre: All the Paintings, Black Dog & Leventhal, 2011. ISBN 1579128866 Media related to The Tree of Crows (Friedrich) at Wikimedia Commons vteCaspar David FriedrichList of worksPaintings Cairn in Snow (1807) Cross in the Mountains (1808) The Monk by the Sea (1808–1810) The Abbey in the Oakwood (1809–10) Mountain Landscape with Rainbow (1809–10) Morning on the Riesengebirge (1810–11) The Tombs of the Old Heroes (1812) Neubrandenburg (c. 1816) Two Men by the Sea (1817) The Gazebo (1818) Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (1818) Chalk Cliffs on Rügen (1818) Seaside by Moonlight (1818) The Port of Greifswald (1818–1820) Two Men Contemplating the Moon; Man and Woman Contemplating the Moon (1820s) Evening (1821) River Bank in Fog (1821) The Lonely Tree (1822) Moonrise by the Sea (1822) The Tree of Crows (1822) Woman at a Window (1822) Hutten's Grave (1823) The Sea of Ice (1823–24) The Watzmann (1824–25) Cabin in the Snow (1827) Ships in Harbour, Evening (1828) The Temple of Juno in Agrigento (1828–1830) The Great Enclosure (1831) Ruins of Eldena Abbey in the Riesengebirge (1830–1834) Neubrandenburg Burning (1830–1835) Sunset (1830–1835) The Stages of Life (1835) Prints The Woman with the Spider's Web (1803) Woman with a Raven at an Abyss (c. 1803) Boy Sleeping on a Grave (c. 1803) Related Caspar David Friedrich in his Studio (1811/1819 paintings) Boundaries of Time: Caspar David Friedrich (1986 film) Zauber der Stille (2023 biography) Authority control databases Joconde	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oil painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painting"},{"link_name":"German Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Romantic"},{"link_name":"Caspar David Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich"},{"link_name":"Musée du Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre"},{"link_name":"Seaside by Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_by_Moonlight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"dolmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-3"},{"link_name":"Cape Arkona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Arkona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B1-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B1-5"}],"text":"The Tree of Crows (also known as Raven Tree) is an oil painting of 1822 by the German Romantic artist Caspar David Friedrich. Acquired by the Musée du Louvre in 1975 (the institution's first acquisition of a work by the artist, followed by Seaside by Moonlight in 2000), it has been called one of Friedrich's \"most compelling paintings.\"[1] The painting depicts a twisted oak tree, bare but for a few dead leaves, seen against an evening sky. An inscription on the back of the canvas refers to the hill at the painting's center as a Hünengrab, or dolmen, a prehistoric burial ground.[2][3] In the distance can be seen the ocean, and Cape Arkona's chalk cliffs, a favorite subject of Friedrich's.[2] Two crows are perched on the oak, while a flock (also known, more correctly, as a \"murder\") descends toward it. In the darkened foreground are a hacked trunk and the upright stump of another oak.The oak is based on a drawing dated 3 May 1809, to which Friedrich added branches at the left and elongated others so as to stretch its forms across the picture plane; the tree in the painting has the overall shape of a rhombus, its web of contorted branches taking on a dramatic presence.[4] Contrasted with the serene layers of chromatic clouds, the tree's forms have been likened to \"many flailing arms.\"[5] The foreground may be seen as representing death, with the distant sky offering consoling beauty and the promise of redemption afterlife.[3][5]A single dominant oak was also the subject of two later vertical compositions painted by Friedrich. In those paintings, the trees appear to stand in resignation, whereas that of The Tree of Crows seems animated by desperation.[5]","title":"The Tree of Crows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-P_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-P_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B1_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B1_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-B1_5-2"}],"text":"^ Börsch-Supan, 1990, 144\n\n^ a b Börsch-Supan, 113\n\n^ a b Pomarède, 446\n\n^ Börsch-Supan, 113–114\n\n^ a b c Börsch-Supan, 114","title":"Notes"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of works by Caspar David Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_works_by_Caspar_David_Friedrich"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dQ5xHQtqxtIC&dq=friedrich+raven+tree+louvre&pg=PA33-IA260","external_links_name":"Pomarède, Vincent . The Louvre: All the Paintings, Black Dog & Leventhal, 2011."},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/joconde/000PE020422","external_links_name":"Joconde"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_(style)	Grace (style)	["1 Ecclesiastical usage","1.1 Christianity","1.2 Other religions","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Address of dukes or archbishops This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Grace" style – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) His Grace and Her Grace are English styles of address used with high rank personages, and was the style used to address English monarchs until Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547), and for addressing Scottish monarchs until the Act of Union of 1707, which united the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. In Great Britain and Ireland, Your Grace (and His Grace or Her Grace) are styles of address used for archbishops, dukes, and duchesses; e.g. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk and His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. The correct style is "Your Grace" in spoken and written address; as a stylistic descriptor for British dukes the style of address is an abbreviation of the full, formal style: "The Most High, Noble and Potent Prince His Grace". However, a royal duke, such as Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, is addressed as Your Royal Highness. Ecclesiastical usage Christianity The style "His Grace" and "Your Grace" is used in England and some other English-speaking countries to address Roman Catholic archbishops whose seats have come from an English diocesan background, which is not common in other countries (e.g. in France, the Philippines, and the United States Catholic bishops are addressed using the style "Excellency"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is used for bishops and abbots. The style is also used for an archbishop and some bishops in the Anglican tradition. In Ireland, the style "His/Your Grace" (Irish: A ghrása) is traditionally used for all Catholic bishops, not just archbishops. In the United Methodist Church in the United States, bishops are addressed "Your Grace" (spoken style), and "His/Her Grace" (reference style). The Church of God in Christ addresses its Presiding Bishop as "His Holy Grace" and "Your Holy Grace". The title solely for Roman Catholic Cardinals in reference style is "His Eminence" and the spoken style is "Your Eminence". In the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Bishops (also known as Thirumenis) have the title of "His Grace" "Your Grace" is also an alternative style for the Archbishops of Canterbury and York in the Church of England and the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. Other religions In Islam, several Sufi orders (such as the Qadrianis and Hawariyun) may refer to their spiritual Grand Masters with the honorific "(Most) Gracious ..." or "His Grace" in reference style while the spoken style is "(Most) Gracious". International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON–Hare Krishna) devotees prefix the name of their founder, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, with "His Divine Grace". See also Style of the monarchs of Scotland By the Grace of God Forms of address in the United Kingdom References ^ A.F. Pollard (5 January 2007). HENRY VIII. Chehab Pubber. p. 244. GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU. ^ "Bishop Cullinan ordained as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore". Diocese of Waterford & Lismore. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016. ^ "Statement by Father Alphonsus Cullinan on his appointment as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore". Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference. External links Listen to this article (2 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 25 October 2009 (2009-10-25), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) vteImperial, royal, and noble stylesForms of address for popes, royalty, and nobilityAfrica Nəgusä Nägäst Nkosi Pharaoh Western Holiness Imperial and Royal Majesty (HI&RM) Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty Imperial Majesty (HIM) Apostolic Majesty (HAM) Catholic Monarchs Catholic Majesty (HCM) Most Christian Majesty (HMCM) Most Faithful Majesty (HFM) Orthodox Majesty (HOM) Britannic Majesty (HBM) Most Excellent Majesty Most Gracious Majesty Royal Majesty (HRM) Majesty (HM) Grace (HG) Royal Highness (HRH) Monseigneur (Msgr) Most Eminent Highness (HMEH) Exalted Highness (HEH) Highness (HH) Serene Highness (HSH) Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) Excellency (HE) Most Excellent Most Illustrious Hochgeboren Hochwohlgeboren Wohlgeboren Much Honoured (The Much Hon.) Milord (Millourt) AntiquityAncient Rome Pater Patriae Augustus Sebastos Dominus Georgia Mepe Middle Ages Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH) Imperial Highness (HIH) Royal Highness (HRH) Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH) Highness (HH) Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH) Serene Highness (HSH) Serenity (HS) Illustrious Highness (HIll.H) Grace (HG) Excellency (HE) Specific culture Don Senhor Asian Baghatur Duli Yang Maha Mulia Great king Khan Khagan King of Kings Maharaja Mikado Shah Shogun Son of Heaven Islamic Amir al-Mu'minin Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Hadrat Sharif Sultanic Highness Countries France Georgia Netherlands Portugal Serbia Sweden United Kingdom Canada Scotland See also By the Grace of God Divine right of kings Defender of the Faith (Fidei defensor) Defender of the Holy Sepulchre Great Catholic Monarch List of current sovereign monarchs List of current constituent monarchs Sacred king Translatio imperii Victory title Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"styles of address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)"},{"link_name":"English monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pollard2007-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Act of Union of 1707","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Union_(1707)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"archbishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"British dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Your Royal Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Royal_Highness"}],"text":"Address of dukes or archbishopsHis Grace and Her Grace are English styles of address used with high rank personages, and was the style used to address English monarchs until Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547),[1] and for addressing Scottish monarchs until the Act of Union of 1707, which united the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England.In Great Britain and Ireland, Your Grace (and His Grace or Her Grace) are styles of address used for archbishops, dukes, and duchesses; e.g. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk and His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury. The correct style is \"Your Grace\" in spoken and written address; as a stylistic descriptor for British dukes the style of address is an abbreviation of the full, formal style: \"The Most High, Noble and Potent Prince His Grace\".However, a royal duke, such as Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, is addressed as Your Royal Highness.","title":"Grace (style)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ecclesiastical usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archbishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Excellency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excellency"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"abbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Church of God in Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ"},{"link_name":"Presiding Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiding_Bishop"},{"link_name":"His Eminence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Eminence"},{"link_name":"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Archbishops of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_York"},{"link_name":"Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_to_the_General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland"}],"sub_title":"Christianity","text":"The style \"His Grace\" and \"Your Grace\" is used in England and some other English-speaking countries to address Roman Catholic archbishops whose seats have come from an English diocesan background, which is not common in other countries (e.g. in France, the Philippines, and the United States Catholic bishops are addressed using the style \"Excellency\"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is used for bishops and abbots. The style is also used for an archbishop and some bishops in the Anglican tradition. In Ireland, the style \"His/Your Grace\" (Irish: A ghrása) is traditionally used for all Catholic bishops, not just archbishops.[2][3] In the United Methodist Church in the United States, bishops are addressed \"Your Grace\" (spoken style), and \"His/Her Grace\" (reference style). [citation needed] The Church of God in Christ addresses its Presiding Bishop as \"His Holy Grace\" and \"Your Holy Grace\". The title solely for Roman Catholic Cardinals in reference style is \"His Eminence\" and the spoken style is \"Your Eminence\". In the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Bishops (also known as Thirumenis) have the title of \"His Grace\"\"Your Grace\" is also an alternative style for the Archbishops of Canterbury and York in the Church of England and the Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland.","title":"Ecclesiastical usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism"},{"link_name":"International Society for Krishna Consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"Hare Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness"},{"link_name":"A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada"}],"sub_title":"Other religions","text":"In Islam, several Sufi orders (such as the Qadrianis and Hawariyun) may refer to their spiritual Grand Masters with the honorific \"(Most) Gracious ...\" or \"His Grace\" in reference style while the spoken style is \"(Most) Gracious\".International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON–Hare Krishna) devotees prefix the name of their founder, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, with \"His Divine Grace\".","title":"Ecclesiastical usage"}]	[{}]	[{"title":"Style of the monarchs of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_monarchs_of_Scotland"},{"title":"By the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"title":"Forms of address in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"A.F. Pollard (5 January 2007). HENRY VIII. Chehab Pubber. p. 244. GGKEY:HQGF65AUEWU.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x9JnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244","url_text":"HENRY VIII"}]},{"reference":"\"Bishop Cullinan ordained as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore\". Diocese of Waterford & Lismore. 17 April 2015. Archived from the original on 22 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012856/http://www.waterfordlismore.ie/2015/04/pope-francis-appoints-father-alphonsus-cullinan-as-bishop-of-waterford-lismore/","url_text":"\"Bishop Cullinan ordained as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore\""},{"url":"http://www.waterfordlismore.ie/2015/04/pope-francis-appoints-father-alphonsus-cullinan-as-bishop-of-waterford-lismore/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Statement by Father Alphonsus Cullinan on his appointment as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore\". Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.catholicbishops.ie/2015/02/02/statement-father-alphonsus-cullinan-appointment-bishop-waterford-lismore/","url_text":"\"Statement by Father Alphonsus Cullinan on his appointment as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grace%22+style","external_links_name":"\"Grace\" style"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grace%22+style+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grace%22+style&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grace%22+style+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grace%22+style","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grace%22+style&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x9JnBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT244","external_links_name":"HENRY VIII"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012856/http://www.waterfordlismore.ie/2015/04/pope-francis-appoints-father-alphonsus-cullinan-as-bishop-of-waterford-lismore/","external_links_name":"\"Bishop Cullinan ordained as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore\""},{"Link":"http://www.waterfordlismore.ie/2015/04/pope-francis-appoints-father-alphonsus-cullinan-as-bishop-of-waterford-lismore/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.catholicbishops.ie/2015/02/02/statement-father-alphonsus-cullinan-appointment-bishop-waterford-lismore/","external_links_name":"\"Statement by Father Alphonsus Cullinan on his appointment as Bishop of Waterford & Lismore\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee	Queen's Diamond Jubilee	[]	Queen's Diamond Jubilee may refer to: Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897 Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012 Index of articles associated with the same name This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee&namespace=0"}],"text":"Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1897\nDiamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012Index of articles associated with the same name\nThis article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Queen's Diamond Jubilee"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Queen%27s_Diamond_Jubilee&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raritan_Valley_Community_College	Raritan Valley Community College	["1 Accreditation","2 Library","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°36′24″N 74°41′40″W / 40.60663°N 74.694319°W / 40.60663; -74.694319Public community college in North Branch, New Jersey "RVCC" redirects here. For the college in western New Hampshire, see River Valley Community College. Raritan Valley Community CollegeTypePublic community collegeEstablished1965Academic affiliationsSpace-grantPresidentDr. Michael McDonoughLocationBranchburg, New Jersey, United StatesCampusSuburbanNewspaperwww.rvccrecord.comColors Green and goldNicknameGolden LionsMascotGolden LionWebsitewww.raritanval.edu View of conference center Entrance to main courtyard and student center. A cylindrical hallway is the entrance to the planetarium. Raritan Valley Community College (RVCC) is a public community college in North Branch, New Jersey. RVCC offers Associate degree programs leading to an Associate of Arts (A.A.), Associate of Science (A.S.), Associate of Fine Art (A.F.A), or an Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.), as well as certificate programs and continuing education courses. The college was founded in late 1965 as Somerset County College and opened to its first class of students in the fall of 1968. It was given its present name in 1987, when it became the county college for Hunterdon County as well as its home of Somerset County. It was the first community college in New Jersey to be sponsored by two different counties. Raritan Valley's University Center offers degree completion programs from a number of schools and university partners including Rutgers University. Accreditation Raritan Valley Community College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Programs offered by the college are accredited by the New Jersey Board of Nursing, the National League of Nursing, the Commission on Opticianry Accreditation and by the American Bar Association. Library The library at Raritan Valley Community College officially opened in March, 1985, along with the College Performing Arts Center. In 1993, the 25th anniversary of the college, the library was named in honor of founding trustee Evelyn S. Field. The Evelyn S. Field Library is the center for research and information at Raritan Valley Community College. The library faculty develops the collection in collaboration with classroom faculty to support the educational program. The Evelyn S. Field Library provides borrowing privileges and discretionary access to information and resource sharing for Somerset and Hunterdon county residents. References New Jersey portal ^ Noonan, Sheila (June 8, 2020). "The Great Unknowns that NJ Community Colleges Must Confront: Revenue and Enrollments". NJ PBS. Retrieved April 5, 2021. ^ Stolzer, Donna (March 31, 2021). "No Increase in Tuition at RVCC for Fall Semester". TAPinto. Retrieved April 5, 2021. ^ Siegel, Alan A. (1999). Somerset County in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Publishing pg. 99. ISBN 978-0-7385-0078-2. ^ Deak, Mike (December 7, 2015). "Somerset County mourns pioneer Evelyn Field". Courier News. Retrieved April 5, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raritan Valley Community College. Official website 40°36′24″N 74°41′40″W / 40.60663°N 74.694319°W / 40.60663; -74.694319 vteColleges and universities in New JerseyPublic research universities Montclair State University New Jersey Institute of Technology Rowan University Kean University Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick Newark Camden Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences State colleges and universities The College of New Jersey New Jersey City Ramapo Stockton Thomas Edison State William Paterson Independent four-year colleges Bloomfield Caldwell Centenary Drew Fairleigh Dickinson Felician Georgian Court Monmouth Pillar Princeton Rider Saint Elizabeth University Saint Peter's Seton Hall Stevens Institute of Technology Community colleges Atlantic Cape Bergen Brookdale Camden Essex Hudson Mercer Middlesex Morris Ocean Passaic Raritan Valley Rowan College at Burlington County Rowan College of South Jersey Salem Sussex Union Warren Religious collegesvteReligious colleges and schools in New JerseyProtestant theological seminaries Drew Theological Seminary New Brunswick Theological Seminary Princeton Theological Seminary Rabbinical schools Bais Medrash Toras Chesed Beth Medrash Govoha Mesivta Keser Torah Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Rabbinical College of America Talmudical Academy of Central New Jersey Yeshivas Be'er Yitzchok Yeshiva Gedola Zichron Leyma Yeshiva Toras Chaim Yeshiva Yesodei Hatorah Independent religious colleges Assumption College for Sisters Pillar College Defunct colleges and universities Junior College of Bergen County Upsala College vteEducation in Somerset County, New JerseySchooldistrictsK-8 Bedminster Township Branchburg Township Green Brook Township South Bound Brook Warren Township Watchung K-12 Bernards Township Bound Brook Bridgewater-Raritan Regional Franklin Township Hillsborough Township Manville Montgomery Township North Plainfield Somerset Hills Regional Somerville 9-12 Somerset County Vocational Watchung Hills Regional None Millstone (to Hillsborough Township) Rocky Hill (to Montgomery Township) Publichigh schools Bernards Bound Brook Bridgewater-Raritan Central Jersey College Prep Charter School Franklin Hillsborough Manville Montgomery North Plainfield Ridge Somerset County VoTech Somerville Watchung Hills Private Gill St. Bernard's Immaculata Mount St. Mary Pingry School Purnell School Rutgers Prep Tertiary Raritan Valley Community College School districts by county: Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union WarrenHigh schools by county Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren vteEducation in Hunterdon County, New JerseySchooldistrictsK-6 Lebanon Borough K-8 Alexandria Township Bethlehem Township Bloomsbury Califon Clinton Town-Glen Gardner Clinton Township Delaware Township East Amwell Township Flemington-Raritan Regional Franklin Township Frenchtown Hampton High Bridge Holland Township Kingswood Township Lebanon Township Milford Readington Township Tewksbury Township Union Township K-12 South Hunterdon Regional 9-12 Delaware Valley Regional Hunterdon Central Regional Hunterdon County Vocational North Hunterdon-Voorhees Regional Publichigh schools Delaware Valley Regional Hunterdon Central Regional Hunterdon County Polytech Career Academy North Hunterdon South Hunterdon Regional Voorhees HS Tertiary Raritan Valley Community College School districts by county: Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union WarrenHigh schools: by county Atlantic Bergen Burlington Camden Cape May Cumberland Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Union Warren vteGarden State Athletic Conference (GSAC) Atlantic Cape Bergen Brookdale Bucks County Camden County Cumberland County Delaware Tech Essex County Harcum Lackawanna Manor Mercer County Middlesex Morris Ocean County Passaic County Raritan Valley Rowan College at Burlington County Rowan College at Gloucester County Salem Sussex County Thaddeus Stevens Tech Union County Williamson Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River Valley Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Valley_Community_College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raritan_Valley_Community_College_campus_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raritan_Valley_Community_College_buildings.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Raritan_Valley_Community_College_Tunnel_to_planetarium.jpg"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_college"},{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"North Branch, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Branch,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Associate degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree"},{"link_name":"Hunterdon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterdon_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Somerset County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Siegel-3"},{"link_name":"Rutgers University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University"}],"text":"Public community college in North Branch, New Jersey\"RVCC\" redirects here. For the college in western New Hampshire, see River Valley Community College.View of conference centerEntrance to main courtyard and student center.A cylindrical hallway is the entrance to the planetarium.Raritan Valley Community College (RVCC) is a public community college in North Branch, New Jersey. RVCC offers Associate degree programs leading to an Associate of Arts (A.A.), Associate of Science (A.S.), Associate of Fine Art (A.F.A), or an Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.), as well as certificate programs and continuing education courses.The college was founded in late 1965 as Somerset County College and opened to its first class of students in the fall of 1968. It was given its present name in 1987, when it became the county college for Hunterdon County as well as its home of Somerset County.[3] It was the first community college in New Jersey to be sponsored by two different counties. Raritan Valley's University Center offers degree completion programs from a number of schools and university partners including Rutgers University.","title":"Raritan Valley Community College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_States_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"}],"text":"Raritan Valley Community College is accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools. Programs offered by the college are accredited by the New Jersey Board of Nursing, the National League of Nursing, the Commission on Opticianry Accreditation and by the American Bar Association.","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Field-4"}],"text":"The library at Raritan Valley Community College officially opened in March, 1985, along with the College Performing Arts Center. In 1993, the 25th anniversary of the college, the library was named in honor of founding trustee Evelyn S. Field.[4]The Evelyn S. Field Library is the center for research and information at Raritan Valley Community College. The library faculty develops the collection in collaboration with classroom faculty to support the educational program.The Evelyn S. Field Library provides borrowing privileges and discretionary access to information and resource sharing for Somerset and Hunterdon county residents.","title":"Library"}]	[{"image_text":"View of conference center","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Raritan_Valley_Community_College_campus_view.jpg/220px-Raritan_Valley_Community_College_campus_view.jpg"},{"image_text":"Entrance to main courtyard and student center.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Raritan_Valley_Community_College_buildings.jpg/220px-Raritan_Valley_Community_College_buildings.jpg"},{"image_text":"A cylindrical hallway is the entrance to the planetarium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Raritan_Valley_Community_College_Tunnel_to_planetarium.jpg/220px-Raritan_Valley_Community_College_Tunnel_to_planetarium.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Noonan, Sheila (June 8, 2020). \"The Great Unknowns that NJ Community Colleges Must Confront: Revenue and Enrollments\". NJ PBS. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njspotlight.com/2020/06/the-great-unknowns-that-nj-community-colleges-must-confront-revenue-and-enrollments/","url_text":"\"The Great Unknowns that NJ Community Colleges Must Confront: Revenue and Enrollments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_PBS","url_text":"NJ PBS"}]},{"reference":"Stolzer, Donna (March 31, 2021). \"No Increase in Tuition at RVCC for Fall Semester\". TAPinto. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/somerville/sections/education/articles/no-increase-in-tuition-at-rvcc-for-fall-semester","url_text":"\"No Increase in Tuition at RVCC for Fall Semester\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAPinto","url_text":"TAPinto"}]},{"reference":"Siegel, Alan A. (1999). Somerset County in Vintage Postcards. Arcadia Publishing pg. 99. ISBN 978-0-7385-0078-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing","url_text":"Arcadia Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0078-2","url_text":"978-0-7385-0078-2"}]},{"reference":"Deak, Mike (December 7, 2015). \"Somerset County mourns pioneer Evelyn Field\". Courier News. Retrieved April 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/somerset-county/2015/12/07/somerset-county-mourns-pioneer-evelyn-field/76926094/","url_text":"\"Somerset County mourns pioneer Evelyn Field\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courier_News","url_text":"Courier News"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raritan_Valley_Community_College&params=40.60663_N_74.694319_W_region:US_type:edu","external_links_name":"40°36′24″N 74°41′40″W / 40.60663°N 74.694319°W / 40.60663; -74.694319"},{"Link":"http://www.rvccrecord.com/","external_links_name":"www.rvccrecord.com"},{"Link":"http://www.raritanval.edu/","external_links_name":"www.raritanval.edu"},{"Link":"https://www.njspotlight.com/2020/06/the-great-unknowns-that-nj-community-colleges-must-confront-revenue-and-enrollments/","external_links_name":"\"The Great Unknowns that NJ Community Colleges Must Confront: Revenue and Enrollments\""},{"Link":"https://www.tapinto.net/towns/somerville/sections/education/articles/no-increase-in-tuition-at-rvcc-for-fall-semester","external_links_name":"\"No Increase in Tuition at RVCC for Fall Semester\""},{"Link":"https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/somerset-county/2015/12/07/somerset-county-mourns-pioneer-evelyn-field/76926094/","external_links_name":"\"Somerset County mourns pioneer Evelyn Field\""},{"Link":"http://www.raritanval.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Raritan_Valley_Community_College&params=40.60663_N_74.694319_W_region:US_type:edu","external_links_name":"40°36′24″N 74°41′40″W / 40.60663°N 74.694319°W / 40.60663; -74.694319"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000040530867X","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.264_Winchester_Magnum	.264 Winchester Magnum	["1 Design & specifications","2 Performance","3 Reception","4 Background","5 See also","6 References"]	American rifle cartridge This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: ".264 Winchester Magnum" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) .264 Winchester Magnum.264 Winchester MagnumTypeRiflePlace of originUnited StatesProduction historyDesignerWinchesterDesigned1959ManufacturerWinchesterSpecificationsCase typeRimless, bottleneckBullet diameter.264 in (6.7 mm)Neck diameter.299 in (7.6 mm)Shoulder diameter.491 in (12.5 mm)Base diameter.515 in (13.1 mm)Rim diameter.532 in (13.5 mm)Case length2.5 in (64 mm)Overall length3.34 in (85 mm)Case capacity82 gr H2O (5.3 cm3)Rifling twist1:9 in (230 mm)Primer typeLarge rifleMaximum pressure64,000 psi (440 MPa)Ballistic performance Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 100 gr (6 g) Nosler Ballistic Tip 3,510 ft/s (1,070 m/s) 2,735 ft⋅lbf (3,708 J) 125 gr (8 g) Nosler Partition 3,180 ft/s (970 m/s) 2,806 ft⋅lbf (3,804 J) 140 gr (9 g) BTSP 3,200 ft/s (980 m/s) 3,183 ft⋅lbf (4,316 J) Test barrel length: 26 in (660 mm)Source(s): Terminal Ballistics Research The .264 Winchester Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge. Except for the .244 H&H Magnum and .257 Weatherby Magnum, it is the smallest caliber factory cartridge derived from the 2.85 in (72 mm) Holland & Holland belted magnum case. It was introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the .338 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Winchester Magnum as one of a family of short-cased 2.5 in (64 mm) belted magnum cartridges developed by Winchester based on the .375 Holland & Holland parent case. It was officially introduced to the public by Winchester in 1959. After many years of dwindling use it began enjoying a mild resurgence in popularity in the mid-2000s among long range rifle enthusiasts and reloaders due to the high ballistic coefficient of the heavier 6.5mm bullets and increasing popularity of cartridges such as 6.5mm Creedmoor, .260 Remington, 6.5 Grendel, benchrest and wildcat cartridges in 6.5mm. Design & specifications Winchester had been manufacturing the shortened Holland & Holland cases under a contract for Weatherby for use in their .257 Weatherby Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum and 7mm Weatherby Magnum cartridges. The Weatherby cases had been based on Winchester's .30 Super cartridge. This new series of shortened Holland & Holland cases was based on the .375 Holland & Holland case. The advantages of the shortened case were twofold: the cartridge could function through the standard length rifle action as used by the popular .30-06 Springfield and .270 Winchester. It was also close to the efficiency limitations of powders available at the time given the case capacity of the cartridge. The longer, full length .375 H&H case would not have resulted in a great performance improvement due to the powders available at that time. It was similar to the reasoning behind the shortened cases used by Weatherby as DuPont's IMR 4350 was the slowest burning powder available then. The .264 Winchester Magnum is a cartridge which was standardized by SAAMI, which published recommended specifications for the cartridge. SAAMI recommends a six groove barrel with a rate of twist of one revolution in 9 in (230 mm), a bore diameter of .256 in (6.5 mm) and a groove diameter of .264 in (6.7 mm) with each groove having a width of 0.090 in (2.3 mm). The recommended maximum pressure for the cartridge (piezo) is 64,000 psi (4,400 bar). Performance The .264 Winchester Magnum gained a reputation as a very flat shooting cartridge. When introduced, it was first chambered in the Winchester Model 70 Westerner rifle, which was intended for longer range shooting more common in the Western United States. At present Remington, Winchester, HSM, and DoubleTap Ammunition produce ammunition for this cartridge. Manufacturers offer a 140 gr (9.1 g) bullet at 3,030 ft/s (920 m/s). This ammunition has a maximum point blank range of 300 yd (270 m) when sighted in at 250 yd (230 m). Some ammunition offers premium 140 gr (9.1 g) Nosler Partition and 125 gr (8.1 g) Accubond bullets driven at 3,100 ft/s (940 m/s) and 3,250 ft/s (990 m/s) through a 24-inch (610 mm) barrel. While readily available factory ammunition for the cartridge is for the most part fairly basic, handloaders can gain a step up in performance with bullets with better ballistic coefficients and weights to extend the performance of the cartridge. For this reason, this cartridge is better suited for shooters who are willing to make their own ammunition rather than those who purchase over the counter ammunition. Reception The .264 Winchester Magnum main competition comes from the various 7mm cartridges such as the 7mm Remington Magnum, 7mm Weatherby Magnum, the .270 Winchester Short Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum, 6.5mm Remington Magnum and the .257 Weatherby Magnum cartridges in North America and the cartridges such as the 6.5×68mm in Europe. Due to the over crowded nature of the market in which the cartridge competes, popularity has been on the wane. In particular, the 7mm Remington Magnum release in 1962 led to the cartridge's poor reception by the shooting public. The 7mm Remington Magnum shoots almost as flat as the .264 Winchester Magnum but launches a larger diameter, heavier bullet generating more energy than the .264 Winchester Magnum. Furthermore, the 7mm Remington Magnum benefits from a vast range of compatible bullets due in large part to the popularity of the 7mm caliber while the .264 was something of an oddity and a rather new caliber in North America. Ballistically it is almost identical to the 6.5×68mm (also known incorrectly as the 6.5×68 RWS, 6.5×68 Schüler or the 6.5×68 Express Vom Hofe) and the 6.5×63 Messner Magnum. The .264 Winchester Magnum is an excellent, potentially accurate, very flat-shooting cartridge capable of taking any game in the lower 48 US states, and one of the most powerful of all .264 in (6.7 mm) cartridges. When loaded with 140 gr (9.1 g) bullets at a muzzle velocity of 3,100 ft/s (940 m/s) it is an adequate round for deer out to beyond 500 yards (460 m) provided that the hunter is capable of such longer shots. Background The .264 Win. Mag., like many magnum rounds, can wear out barrel throats more rapidly than lower pressure and lower velocity non-magnum cartridges, especially when fired rapidly, which heats up the steel and hastens throat erosion. Throat erosion is greater in higher chamber pressure overbore cartridges. This was particularly true in the 1950s to early 1960s, with the chrome moly steels almost universally used for barrels then. But recent advances with stainless steel barrels, especially with cryogenic treatment, have extended barrel life considerably with the .264 Win. Mag. and many other cartridges. While very few production line riflemakers currently offer the .264 Win. Mag. as a factory chambering, the caliber remains popular with some enthusiasts using custom built rifles and handloading their own ammunition, as an internet search shows. As of 2018 and 2019, Winchester is once again producing its M70 bolt-action rifle in .264 Winchester Magnum. The introduction of Remington's 7 mm Magnum in 1962 almost immediately eclipsed the .264 Win. Mag., even though the 264 Win. Mag. uses an identical brass cartridge case (the neck diameter of either cartridge case can easily be modified to accept the others' bullets by the handloader), it never fully recovered from the competition of the slightly larger-bore cartridge. The fact that the 7 mm Rem. Mag. thoroughly eclipsed its popularity has been attributed to many causes, the premature "burning out" of barrels as compared to the Remington cartridge often cited. More likely is the fact that hunters had more confidence in the game-getting ability of heavier 7 mm (.284") 150 to 175 grain spitzer-shaped projectiles on big game, as compared to 140 grains being the upper end of pointed .264 bullets. Conversely, Winchester marketed the .264 as a long range, combination varmint and deer round, although suited for harvesting elk or moose. Unfortunately, the recoil it generates, plus the expense of the sheer quantity of ammo that may be used to shoot pests at long range (compared to pure varmint cartridges like the .222 Remington and the .220 Swift, or the smaller varmint / deer rounds, like the .243 Winchester) inhibited its popularity further. The result was more sportsmen opting for the bigger Remington 7 mm round because it was seen as more effective on a wider variety of big game; rather than a compromise round that could be used for varmints, worked well on whitetail and mule deer, but was borderline for the largest North American big game when the need arose. In Europe, two of the .264 Win. Mag.'s champions were George Swenson of John Wilkes gunmakers, London, and David Lloyd of Northampton, England. Lloyd built a number of his deluxe Lloyd rifles in .264 Win Mag, mainly for sportsmen seeking a cartridge that would give high velocity performance with bullets heavier than the 100 grains fired by the .244 H&H Magnum. See also List of rifle cartridges 6 mm caliber 7 mm caliber References ^ Terminal Ballistics Research ^ Edward A. Matunas; Ed Matunas (2003). Do-It-Yourself Gun Repair. Woods N Water Inc. ISBN 0-9722804-2-1. ^ 2002, Lyman's Reloading Handbook, 48th Edition ^ .264 Winchester Magnum info and loading data Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine from Accurate Powder The Westerner: .264 Winchester Magnum by Chuck Hawks The .264 Winchester Magnum by Chuck Hawks Gunners' Den vteWinchester firearms and cartridgesRiflesLever-action Henry rifle Model 1866 Model 1873 Model 1876 Model 1886 Model 1892 Model 1894 Model 1895 Model 53 Model 55 Model 64 Model 65 Model 71 Model 88 Model 150 Model 250 Model 255 Model 9422 Bolt-action Model 1878 Hotchkiss Model 1895 Lee Navy Model 1900 Model 1902 Model 1904 Model 43 Model 47 Model 51 Imperial Model 52 Model 54 Model 56 Model 57 Model 58 Model 59 Model 60 Model 60A Model 67 Model 68 Model 69 Model 70 Model 72 Model 75 Model 121 Model 131 Model 141 Model 320 Model 325 Model 670 Model 770 Pump-action Model 1890 Model 1906 Model 61 Model 62 Model 62A Model 270 Semi-automatic Model 1903 Model 1905 Model 1907 Model 1910 Model 30 Model 63 Model 74 Model 77 Model 100 Model 190 Model 290 Model 490 Full-automatic Olin/Winchester FAL Model 1917 WAR Falling-block action Model 1885 ShotgunsPump-action Model 1893 Model 1897 Model 1912 Model 25 Model 42 Model 1200 Model 1300 Lever-action Model 1887 Model 1901 Model 9410 Single-shot Model 20 Model 36 Model 37 Model 37A Model 41 Double-barrel Model 21 Model 24 Model 96 Model 101 Semi-automatic Model 1911 SL Model 40 Model 50 Model 59 Model 1400 Model 1500 SX-1 Cartridges .17 Winchester Super Magnum .22 Magnum (WMR) .218 Bee .219 Zipper .22 Hornet .220 Swift .223 Winchester Super Short Magnum .225 Winchester .243 Winchester .243 Winchester Super Short Magnum .25-20 Winchester .256 Winchester Magnum .25-35 Winchester .25 Winchester Super Short Magnum .264 Winchester Magnum .270 Winchester .270 Winchester Short Magnum 6.8 Western 7mm Winchester Short Magnum .284 Winchester .30-30 Winchester .307 Winchester .308 Winchester .300 Winchester Short Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .32 Winchester Special .32-20 Winchester .325 Winchester Short Magnum .33 Winchester .338 Winchester Magnum .345 Winchester Self-Loading .348 Winchester .35 Winchester .35 Winchester Self-Loading .350 Legend .351 Winchester Self-Loading .356 Winchester .358 Winchester .375 Winchester .38-40 Winchester .38-55 Winchester .38-56 WCF .38-72 Winchester .40-60 Winchester .40-72 Winchester .400 Legend .401 Winchester Self-Loading .405 Winchester .44 Henry .44-40 Winchester .45-60 Winchester .45-75 Winchester .458 Winchester Magnum .50-110 Winchester	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cartridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)"},{"link_name":".244 H&H Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.244_H%26H_Magnum"},{"link_name":".257 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.257_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":".338 Winchester Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.338_Winchester_Magnum"},{"link_name":".458 Winchester Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.458_Winchester_Magnum"},{"link_name":"belted magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_magnum"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Repeating_Arms_Company"},{"link_name":".375 Holland & Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.375_Holland_%26_Holland"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Repeating_Arms"},{"link_name":"6.5mm Creedmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5mm_Creedmoor"},{"link_name":".260 Remington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.260_Remington"},{"link_name":"6.5 Grendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5_Grendel"},{"link_name":"wildcat cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge"}],"text":"The .264 Winchester Magnum is a belted, bottlenecked rifle cartridge. Except for the .244 H&H Magnum and .257 Weatherby Magnum, it is the smallest caliber factory cartridge derived from the 2.85 in (72 mm) Holland & Holland belted magnum case. It was introduced in the late 1950s and early 1960s with the .338 Winchester Magnum and the .458 Winchester Magnum as one of a family of short-cased 2.5 in (64 mm) belted magnum cartridges developed by Winchester based on the .375 Holland & Holland parent case. It was officially introduced to the public by Winchester in 1959. After many years of dwindling use it began enjoying a mild resurgence in popularity in the mid-2000s among long range rifle enthusiasts and reloaders due to the high ballistic coefficient of the heavier 6.5mm bullets and increasing popularity of cartridges such as 6.5mm Creedmoor, .260 Remington, 6.5 Grendel, benchrest and wildcat cartridges in 6.5mm.","title":".264 Winchester Magnum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weatherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weatherby"},{"link_name":".257 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.257_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":".270 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.270_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":"7mm Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7mm_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":".30 Super","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.300_H%26H_Magnum"},{"link_name":".375 Holland & Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.375_Holland_%26_Holland"},{"link_name":".30-06 Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.30-06_Springfield"},{"link_name":".270 Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.270_Winchester"},{"link_name":"SAAMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Arms_and_Ammunition_Manufacturers%27_Institute"}],"text":"Winchester had been manufacturing the shortened Holland & Holland cases under a contract for Weatherby for use in their .257 Weatherby Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum and 7mm Weatherby Magnum cartridges. The Weatherby cases had been based on Winchester's .30 Super cartridge. This new series of shortened Holland & Holland cases was based on the .375 Holland & Holland case. The advantages of the shortened case were twofold: the cartridge could function through the standard length rifle action as used by the popular .30-06 Springfield and .270 Winchester. It was also close to the efficiency limitations of powders available at the time given the case capacity of the cartridge. The longer, full length .375 H&H case would not have resulted in a great performance improvement due to the powders available at that time. It was similar to the reasoning behind the shortened cases used by Weatherby as DuPont's IMR 4350 was the slowest burning powder available then.The .264 Winchester Magnum is a cartridge which was standardized by SAAMI, which published recommended specifications for the cartridge. SAAMI recommends a six groove barrel with a rate of twist of one revolution in 9 in (230 mm), a bore diameter of .256 in (6.5 mm) and a groove diameter of .264 in (6.7 mm) with each groove having a width of 0.090 in (2.3 mm). The recommended maximum pressure for the cartridge (piezo) is 64,000 psi (4,400 bar).","title":"Design & specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maximum point blank range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-blank_range"}],"text":"The .264 Winchester Magnum gained a reputation as a very flat shooting cartridge. When introduced, it was first chambered in the Winchester Model 70 Westerner rifle, which was intended for longer range shooting more common in the Western United States.At present Remington, Winchester, HSM, and DoubleTap Ammunition produce ammunition for this cartridge. Manufacturers offer a 140 gr (9.1 g) bullet at 3,030 ft/s (920 m/s). This ammunition has a maximum point blank range of 300 yd (270 m) when sighted in at 250 yd (230 m). Some ammunition offers premium 140 gr (9.1 g) Nosler Partition and 125 gr (8.1 g) Accubond bullets driven at 3,100 ft/s (940 m/s) and 3,250 ft/s (990 m/s) through a 24-inch (610 mm) barrel.While readily available factory ammunition for the cartridge is for the most part fairly basic, handloaders can gain a step up in performance with bullets with better ballistic coefficients and weights to extend the performance of the cartridge. For this reason, this cartridge is better suited for shooters who are willing to make their own ammunition rather than those who purchase over the counter ammunition.","title":"Performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7mm Remington Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7mm_Remington_Magnum"},{"link_name":"7mm Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7mm_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":".270 Winchester Short Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.270_Winchester_Short_Magnum"},{"link_name":".270 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.270_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":"6.5mm Remington Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5mm_Remington_Magnum"},{"link_name":".257 Weatherby Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.257_Weatherby_Magnum"},{"link_name":"6.5×68mm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6.5%C3%9768mm"},{"link_name":"6.5×63 Messner Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9.3%C3%9764mm_Brenneke#The_9.3%C3%9764mm_Brenneke_as_parent_case"},{"link_name":"gr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_(unit)"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"}],"text":"The .264 Winchester Magnum main competition comes from the various 7mm cartridges such as the 7mm Remington Magnum, 7mm Weatherby Magnum, the .270 Winchester Short Magnum, .270 Weatherby Magnum, 6.5mm Remington Magnum and the .257 Weatherby Magnum cartridges in North America and the cartridges such as the 6.5×68mm in Europe. Due to the over crowded nature of the market in which the cartridge competes, popularity has been on the wane. In particular, the 7mm Remington Magnum release in 1962 led to the cartridge's poor reception by the shooting public. The 7mm Remington Magnum shoots almost as flat as the .264 Winchester Magnum but launches a larger diameter, heavier bullet generating more energy than the .264 Winchester Magnum. Furthermore, the 7mm Remington Magnum benefits from a vast range of compatible bullets due in large part to the popularity of the 7mm caliber while the .264 was something of an oddity and a rather new caliber in North America.Ballistically it is almost identical to the 6.5×68mm (also known incorrectly as the 6.5×68 RWS, 6.5×68 Schüler or the 6.5×68 Express Vom Hofe) and the 6.5×63 Messner Magnum.The .264 Winchester Magnum is an excellent, potentially accurate, very flat-shooting cartridge capable of taking any game in the lower 48 US states, and one of the most powerful of all .264 in (6.7 mm) cartridges. When loaded with 140 gr (9.1 g) bullets at a muzzle velocity of 3,100 ft/s (940 m/s) it is an adequate round for deer out to beyond 500 yards (460 m) provided that the hunter is capable of such longer shots.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chamber pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_pressure"},{"link_name":"overbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"chrome moly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_moly"},{"link_name":"cryogenic treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Remington's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Arms_Company"},{"link_name":"7 mm Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_mm_Remington_Magnum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lyman-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-accurate-4"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_(riflemaker_and_sportsman)"},{"link_name":"Lloyd rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_rifle"},{"link_name":".244 H&H Magnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.244_H%26H_Magnum"}],"text":"The .264 Win. Mag., like many magnum rounds, can wear out barrel throats more rapidly than lower pressure and lower velocity non-magnum cartridges, especially when fired rapidly, which heats up the steel and hastens throat erosion. Throat erosion is greater in higher chamber pressure overbore cartridges.[2] This was particularly true in the 1950s to early 1960s, with the chrome moly steels almost universally used for barrels then. But recent advances with stainless steel barrels, especially with cryogenic treatment, have extended barrel life considerably with the .264 Win. Mag. and many other cartridges.[citation needed]While very few production line riflemakers currently offer the .264 Win. Mag. as a factory chambering, the caliber remains popular with some enthusiasts using custom built rifles and handloading their own ammunition, as an internet search shows.[citation needed] As of 2018 and 2019, Winchester is once again producing its M70 bolt-action rifle in .264 Winchester Magnum.The introduction of Remington's 7 mm Magnum in 1962 almost immediately eclipsed the .264 Win. Mag., even though the 264 Win. Mag. uses an identical brass cartridge case (the neck diameter of either cartridge case can easily be modified to accept the others' bullets by the handloader), it never fully recovered from the competition of the slightly larger-bore cartridge.[3][4]The fact that the 7 mm Rem. Mag. thoroughly eclipsed its popularity has been attributed to many causes, the premature \"burning out\" of barrels as compared to the Remington cartridge often cited. More likely is the fact that hunters had more confidence in the game-getting ability of heavier 7 mm (.284\") 150 to 175 grain spitzer-shaped projectiles on big game, as compared to 140 grains being the upper end of pointed .264 bullets.Conversely, Winchester marketed the .264 as a long range, combination varmint and deer round, although suited for harvesting elk or moose. Unfortunately, the recoil it generates, plus the expense of the sheer quantity of ammo that may be used to shoot pests at long range (compared to pure varmint cartridges like the .222 Remington and the .220 Swift, or the smaller varmint / deer rounds, like the .243 Winchester) inhibited its popularity further. The result was more sportsmen opting for the bigger Remington 7 mm round because it was seen as more effective on a wider variety of big game; rather than a compromise round that could be used for varmints, worked well on whitetail and mule deer, but was borderline for the largest North American big game when the need arose.In Europe, two of the .264 Win. Mag.'s champions were George Swenson of John Wilkes gunmakers, London, and David Lloyd of Northampton, England. Lloyd built a number of his deluxe Lloyd rifles in .264 Win Mag, mainly for sportsmen seeking a cartridge that would give high velocity performance with bullets heavier than the 100 grains fired by the .244 H&H Magnum.","title":"Background"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of rifle cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges"},{"title":"6 mm caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_mm_caliber"},{"title":"7 mm caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_mm_caliber"}]	[{"reference":"Edward A. Matunas; Ed Matunas (2003). Do-It-Yourself Gun Repair. Woods N Water Inc. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Fruit_in_Foreign_Places	Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places	["1 Overview","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]	1981 studio album by Kid Creole and the CoconutsFresh Fruit in Foreign PlacesStudio album by Kid Creole and the CoconutsReleasedJune 1981StudioElectric Lady Studios, New York City; The Hit Factory, New York CityGenreRock, discoLabelZEIslandSireProducerAugust Darnell, Andy Hernandez (co-producer)Kid Creole and the Coconuts chronology Off the Coast of Me(1980) Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places(1981) Tropical Gangsters(1982) Singles from Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places "Latin Music" b/w "Music Americana"Released: 1981 "I Am" b/w "Dario"Released: August 1981 "Going Places" b/w "In The Jungle""Released: September 1981 "Christmas In B'Dilli Bay (lead track: "Dear Addy")"Released: November 1982 Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places is the second album by Kid Creole and the Coconuts, released in 1981. Overview Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places is a concept album in the form of a musical travelogue. Describing the album's concept to The New York Times, band leader August Darnell said: One way of looking at the journey Kid Creole undertakes on the record is as a justification of the many strains that coexist in our music. The journey is autobiographical in that it explains how the music came to be the music that it is. Kid Creole and his crew visit various islands and are influenced by the music and culture of each one. ...You don't just leave your influences behind when you move on in life; you take them with you. Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places was reissued in 2002 by Universal Island Records with 12" mixes of "Table Manners" and "Que Pasa / Me No Pop I" (although the latter is not the full version; it has been edited down from 7:11 to 6:18). The album replaced the original mix of "Dear Addy" with the 1982 single remix. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicRecord MirrorThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin Alternative Record Guide8/10The Village VoiceA− Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places was very well received critically upon its release. New York Times pop music critic Robert Palmer called it "an extraordinary album" and "the freshest and most intelligent fusion of pop styles and dance rhythms in a long time". It was voted one of the best albums of the year in The Village Voice's influential Pazz & Jop critics' poll, and was ranked among the top ten albums of 1981 by NME. Track listing All songs written by August Darnell except as indicated. Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Going Places" 3:162."In the Jungle" 3:093."Animal Crackers"Darnell, Giampietro Fanero3:334."I Stand Accused" 3:075."Latin Music" 2:576."Musica Americana"Andy Hernandez2:53 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7."I Am"Andy Hernandez3:478."Schweinerei"Darnell, Adriana Kaegi4:209."Gina, Gina"Darnell, Ronnie Rogers3:5510."With a Girl Like Mimi" 3:2811."Table Manners" 4:0112."Dear Addy" 3:50 Personnel The Cast Kid Creole, Coati Mundi, Peter Schott, Mark Mazur, Carol Coleman, Andrew Lloyd, Winston Grennon, Yogi Horton, Lori Eastside, Adriana Kaegi, Cheryl Poirier, Don Arnone, Theodore "Dutch" Robinson, Beverly Britton Brown, Don Hamilton, Angelica de la Luna, Erroll Cornin, Rubens Bassini, Sam Turner, Steve Kroon, David Charles, Conjunto Libre (Andy Gonzalez, Dan Reagan, Jerry Gonzalez, Manny Oquendo), Freddie Harris, The Charles Lagond's Horns, The Jill Jeffe's Strings, Dominic Cortese, Sal Gallina Technical credits August Darnell – producer, concept (based on a story), arrangements Sugar-Coated Andy Hernandez – co-producer, orchestrations, arrangements Michael Zilkha – executive-producer Michael Frondelli – chief engineer Tony Wright – cover, art direction Al Smith, Randy Hoffman, Tommy Mottola – management Charts Chart (1981–1982) Peakposition Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 40 UK Albums (OCC) 99 US Billboard 200 180 References ^ "Artist Biography by William Ruhlmann". AllMusic. Retrieved 20 May 2021. ^ a b Palmer, Robert (June 10, 1981). "The Pop Life; Kid Creole: He Mixes a Heady Brew of Styles". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ Carpenter, Bil. "Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places – Kid Creole & the Coconuts". AllMusic. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ Gardner, Mike (May 30, 1981). "Kid Creole and the Coconuts: Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places". Record Mirror. p. 16. ^ The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Random House. 1992. p. 392. ^ Cooper, Carol (1995). "Kid Creole and the Coconuts". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 207–09. ISBN 0-679-75574-8. ^ Christgau, Robert (August 4, 1981). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved December 18, 2020. ^ "The 1981 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". The Village Voice. February 1, 1982. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ "1981 Best Albums And Tracks Of The Year". NME. October 10, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016. ^ "Discography Kid Creole & the Coconuts". Swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2012-01-12. ^ "The Official Charts Company - Kid Creole And The Coconuts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2008-12-27. ^ "allmusic ((( Kid Creole & the Coconuts > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". Billboard. Retrieved 2012-01-12. vteKid Creole and the Coconuts Kid Creole: August Darnell The Coconuts: Fonda Rae Cory Daye Cheryl Poirier Adriana Kaegi Taryn Hagey Eva Tudor-Jones The Band: Coati Mundi Jimmy Rip (Rippetoe) Mark Anthony Jones Scott Johnson Peter Schott Carol Coleman Winston Grennan Andrew Lloyd "Bongo" Eddie Folk Simon "Franco" Frost Studio albums Off the Coast of Me Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places Tropical Gangsters Doppelganger In Praise of Older Women... and Other Crimes I, Too, Have Seen the Woods Private Waters in the Great Divide You Shoulda Told Me You Were... KC2 Plays K2C To Travel Sideways Kiss Me Before the Light Changes The Conquest of You Too Cool to Conga! I Wake Up Screaming The Coconuts albums Don't Take My Coconuts Killer Bees Other albums Cre~Olé: The Best of Kid Creole & the Coconuts Kid Creole Redux Haiti Classic Kid Creole & The Coconuts - The Universal Masters Collection Oh! What a Night Wonderful Thing The Ultimate Collection Singles "I'm a Wonderful Thing, Baby" "Stool Pigeon" "Annie, I'm Not Your Daddy" Related articles Discography Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band Elbow Bones and the Racketeers Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kid Creole and the Coconuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Creole_and_the_Coconuts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places is the second album by Kid Creole and the Coconuts, released in 1981.[1]","title":"Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concept album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_album"},{"link_name":"travelogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_journal"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"August Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Darnell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-2"},{"link_name":"Universal Island Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Records"}],"text":"Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places is a concept album in the form of a musical travelogue. Describing the album's concept to The New York Times, band leader August Darnell said:One way of looking at the journey Kid Creole undertakes on the record is as a justification of the many strains that coexist in our music. The journey is autobiographical in that it explains how the music came to be the music that it is. Kid Creole and his crew visit various islands and are influenced by the music and culture of each one. ...You don't just leave your influences behind when you move on in life; you take them with you.[2]Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places was reissued in 2002 by Universal Island Records with 12\" mixes of \"Table Manners\" and \"Que Pasa / Me No Pop I\" (although the latter is not the full version; it has been edited down from 7:11 to 6:18). The album replaced the original mix of \"Dear Addy\" with the 1982 single remix.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Palmer-2"},{"link_name":"The Village Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice"},{"link_name":"Pazz & Jop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazz_%26_Jop"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Fresh Fruit in Foreign Places was very well received critically upon its release. New York Times pop music critic Robert Palmer called it \"an extraordinary album\" and \"the freshest and most intelligent fusion of pop styles and dance rhythms in a long time\".[2] It was voted one of the best albums of the year in The Village Voice's influential Pazz & Jop critics' poll,[8] and was ranked among the top ten albums of 1981 by NME.[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"August Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Andy Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati_Mundi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Andy Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati_Mundi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Rogers"}],"text":"All songs written by August Darnell except as indicated.Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Going Places\" 3:162.\"In the Jungle\" 3:093.\"Animal Crackers\"Darnell, Giampietro Fanero3:334.\"I Stand Accused\" 3:075.\"Latin Music\" 2:576.\"Musica Americana\"Andy Hernandez2:53Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length7.\"I Am\"Andy Hernandez3:478.\"Schweinerei\"Darnell, Adriana Kaegi4:209.\"Gina, Gina\"Darnell, Ronnie Rogers3:5510.\"With a Girl Like Mimi\" 3:2811.\"Table Manners\" 4:0112.\"Dear Addy\" 3:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kid Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Coati Mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati_Mundi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Winston Grennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Grennan"},{"link_name":"Yogi Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Horton"},{"link_name":"Adriana Kaegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Kaegi"},{"link_name":"Theodore \"Dutch\" Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Rubens Bassini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Bassini"},{"link_name":"Andy Gonzalez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Manny Oquendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manny_Oquendo"},{"link_name":"August Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Sugar-Coated Andy Hernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coati_Mundi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Zilkha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Zilkha"},{"link_name":"Tony Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Wright_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Tommy Mottola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Mottola"}],"text":"The Cast\nKid Creole, Coati Mundi, Peter Schott, Mark Mazur, Carol Coleman, Andrew Lloyd, Winston Grennon, Yogi Horton, Lori Eastside, Adriana Kaegi, Cheryl Poirier, Don Arnone, Theodore \"Dutch\" Robinson, Beverly Britton Brown, Don Hamilton, Angelica de la Luna, Erroll Cornin, Rubens Bassini, Sam Turner, Steve Kroon, David Charles, Conjunto Libre (Andy Gonzalez, Dan Reagan, Jerry Gonzalez, Manny Oquendo), Freddie Harris, The Charles Lagond's Horns, The Jill Jeffe's Strings, Dominic Cortese, Sal Gallina\n\n\nTechnical credits\nAugust Darnell – producer, concept (based on a story), arrangements\nSugar-Coated Andy Hernandez – co-producer, orchestrations, arrangements\nMichael Zilkha – executive-producer\nMichael Frondelli – chief engineer\nTony Wright – cover, art direction\nAl Smith, Randy Hoffman, Tommy Mottola – management","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Artist Biography by William Ruhlmann\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxhoe	Coxhoe	["1 History","1.1 Coxhoe Hall","2 Sport","3 Notable residents","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 54°42′50″N 1°30′11″W / 54.714°N 1.503°W / 54.714; -1.503 Human settlement in EnglandCoxhoeCoxhoeLocation within County DurhamPopulation7,020 (2011 census)OS grid referenceNZ320356Unitary authorityCounty DurhamCeremonial countyCounty DurhamRegionNorth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townDURHAMPostcode districtDH6Dialling code0191PoliceDurhamFireCounty Durham and DarlingtonAmbulanceNorth East UK ParliamentCity of Durham List of places UK England County Durham 54°42′50″N 1°30′11″W / 54.714°N 1.503°W / 54.714; -1.503 Coxhoe is a village in County Durham, England. It is situated about 5 miles (8 km) south of Durham City centre. The civil parish also includes nearby Quarrington Hill. The electoral ward of Coxhoe stretches beyond the boundaries of the parish and has a total population of 7,027. History The earliest artifact to have been found in the area is a simple Bronze Age axe. There are few other remains from before the medieval period. The area only really developed in the medieval period. Another now deserted, village also grew up at Coxhoe East House, but this was probably deserted by the early 15th century. The modern village of Coxhoe developed during the 18th and 19th centuries, spurred by coal mining, first recorded in 1750. Coxhoe Colliery was sunk in 1827; from 1801 to 1841 the population rose from 117 to 3904. Remains of other elements of the coal industry are still visible nearby. The buildings of Heugh Hall are now part of a farm, and the course of its wagon way is still visible as an earthwork. Coxhoe had two railway stations, one at the south end and one at the north. There was a pottery at Coxhoe from 1769 producing coarse brown pots, and from 1851 it also began to make clay tobacco pipes. Coxhoe also had its own gasworks, which produced gas from local coal; it was then sent around the village by a system of pipes. Most other coal was transported out of Coxhoe by the Clarence Railway. Coxhoe Hall Coxhoe Hall, birthplace of Elizabeth Barrett Browning Coxhoe Hall was a five-bay, 2+1⁄2-story house of c. 1725, built for John Burdon, on the site of a Tudor house. This plain, classical residence was later given a Gothic trim, with battlements and pointed windows. Poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning spent her early childhood there. The earlier medieval house on the site belonged to the Blakiston Family from c.1400 to 1600, and afterwards to the Kennets and the Earls of Seaforth. John Burdon, responsible for rebuilding the house, also created the landscape gardens at Hardwick Hall, near Sedgefield. The house was bought by the East Hetton Colliery Company in 1938 and was used to house Italian and German prisoners-of-war in WW2. The hall was condemned as unsafe by the National Coal Board and demolished in 1956, leaving the ground plan and service yard still visible. Cellars are now filled with rubble and appear to contain much decorative plaster work from the demolished structure. The drive and gate posts still remain, as does a walled garden to the north-east which is now much overgrown. Sport Coxhoe Athletic FC compete in the Wearside league and play their home games in Beechfield Park. Coxhoe Red Lion FC play in the Durham & District Sunday League, First Division with their home games being played at Landsdown Park. Coxhoe United play in the Durham Alliance League with their home games being played next to the FLIC Leisure Centre in Coxhoe Park. The (semi-professional) darts team included world BDO darts finalist Phil Nixon. Notable residents Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Eminent English poet of the Victorian era. Matthew Robson - Professional footballer (Hartlepool United and Carlisle United). References ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Coxhoe Parish (1170219729)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2018. ^ Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 93 Middlesbrough (Darlington & Hartlepool) (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2010. ISBN 9780319228777. ^ "Ordnance Survey: 1:50,000 Scale Gazetteer" (csv (download)). www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Ordnance Survey. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016. ^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Coxhoe Ward (as of 2011) (1237326520)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2018. ^ "Homepage \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C. \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C." Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. External links Media related to Coxhoe at Wikimedia Commons vteCivil parishes in County Durham including Stockton-on-Tees (north of the river) Darlington Parishes Archdeacon Newton Barmpton Bishopton Brafferton Coatham Mundeville Denton East and West Newbiggin Great Burdon Great Stainton Heighington High Coniscliffe Houghton le Side Hurworth Killerby Little Stainton Low Coniscliffe and Merrybent Middleton St. George Morton Palms Neasham Piercebridge Sadberge Summerhouse Walworth Whessoe Unparished areas The former Darlington County Borough County Durham Towns Barnard Castle Bishop Auckland Chilton Ferryhill Great Aycliffe Greater Willington Peterlee Seaham Sedgefield Shildon Spennymoor Stanley Tow Law Parishes Barforth Barningham Bearpark Belmont Bishop Middleham Bolam Boldron Bournmoor Bowes Bradbury and the Isle Brancepeth Brandon and Byshottles Brignall Burnhope Cassop-cum-Quarrington Castle Eden City of Durham Cleatlam Cockfield Cornforth Cornsay Cotherstone Coxhoe Croxdale and Hett Dalton-le-Dale Dene Valley Easington Colliery Easington Village Edmondbyers Edmondsley Eggleston Egglestone Abbey Eldon Esh Etherley Evenwood and Barony Fishburn Forest and Frith Framwellgate Moor Gainford Gilmonby Great Lumley Greencroft Hamsterley Hamsterley Common Haswell Hawthorn Headlam Healeyfield Hedleyhope Hilton Holwick Hope Horden Hunderthwaite Hunstanworth Hutton Henry and Station Town Hutton Magna Ingleton Kelloe Kimblesworth and Plawsworth Lanchester Langleydale and Shotton Langton Lartington Little Lumley Lunedale Lynesack and Softley Marwood Mickleton Middleton in Teesdale Middridge Monk Hesleden Mordon Morton Tinmouth Muggleswick Murton Nesbitt Newbiggin North Lodge Ouston Ovington Pelton Pittington Raby with Keverstone Rokeby Romaldkirk Sacriston Satley Scargill Seaton with Slingley Shadforth Sheraton with Hulam Sherburn Village Shincliffe Shotton South Bedburn South Hetton Staindrop Stanhope Startforth Streatlam and Stainton Thornley Toft Hill Trimdon Trimdon Foundry Urpeth Waldridge Wackerfield Weather Hill Wood West Auckland West Rainton and Leamside Westwick Wheatley Hill Whorlton Windlestone Wingate Winston Witton Gilbert Witton-le-Wear Wolsingham Wolsingham Park Moor Woodland Wycliffe with Thorpe Unparished areas The former Chester le Street Urban District Consett Parts of the former Durham Municipal Borough Parts of the former Bishop Auckland Urban District Crook and Willington Urban District Stanley Urban District Hartlepool Towns Headland Parishes Brierton Claxton Dalton Piercy Elwick Greatham Hart Newton Bewley Wynyard Unparished areas Part of the former Hartlepool County Borough Stockton-on-Tees Towns Billingham Parishes Aislaby Carlton Egglescliffe Elton Grindon and Thorpe Thewles Longnewton Newsham Preston-on-Tees Redmarshall Stillington and Whitton Wolviston Wynyard Unparished areas Part of the former Teesside County Borough For further information about the above parishes, see List of civil parishes in County Durham. For the part of Stockton-on-Tees (borough) south of the River Tees, see List of civil parishes in North Yorkshire. Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS93-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSGaz50-3"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Quarrington Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarrington_Hill"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandCoxhoe is a village in County Durham, England.[2][3] It is situated about 5 miles (8 km) south of Durham City centre. The civil parish also includes nearby Quarrington Hill. The electoral ward of Coxhoe stretches beyond the boundaries of the parish and has a total population of 7,027.[4]","title":"Coxhoe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Clarence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Clarence"}],"text":"The earliest artifact to have been found in the area is a simple Bronze Age axe. There are few other remains from before the medieval period. The area only really developed in the medieval period. Another now deserted, village also grew up at Coxhoe East House, but this was probably deserted by the early 15th century.The modern village of Coxhoe developed during the 18th and 19th centuries, spurred by coal mining, first recorded in 1750. Coxhoe Colliery was sunk in 1827; from 1801 to 1841 the population rose from 117 to 3904. Remains of other elements of the coal industry are still visible nearby. The buildings of Heugh Hall are now part of a farm, and the course of its wagon way is still visible as an earthwork.Coxhoe had two railway stations, one at the south end and one at the north. There was a pottery at Coxhoe from 1769 producing coarse[clarification needed] brown pots, and from 1851 it also began to make clay tobacco pipes. Coxhoe also had its own gasworks, which produced gas from local coal; it was then sent around the village by a system of pipes. Most other coal was transported out of Coxhoe by the Clarence Railway.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_complete_works_of_Mrs._E._B._Browning_-_p10.png"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Barrett Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning"},{"link_name":"Hardwick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwick_Hall_Country_Park"},{"link_name":"Sedgefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgefield"}],"sub_title":"Coxhoe Hall","text":"Coxhoe Hall, birthplace of Elizabeth Barrett BrowningCoxhoe Hall was a five-bay, 2+1⁄2-story house of c. 1725, built for John Burdon, on the site of a Tudor house. This plain, classical residence was later given a Gothic trim, with battlements and pointed windows. Poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning spent her early childhood there.The earlier medieval house on the site belonged to the Blakiston Family from c.1400 to 1600, and afterwards to the Kennets and the Earls of Seaforth. John Burdon, responsible for rebuilding the house, also created the landscape gardens at Hardwick Hall, near Sedgefield. The house was bought by the East Hetton Colliery Company in 1938 and was used to house Italian and German prisoners-of-war in WW2. The hall was condemned as unsafe by the National Coal Board and demolished in 1956, leaving the ground plan and service yard still visible. Cellars are now filled with rubble and appear to contain much decorative plaster work from the demolished structure. The drive and gate posts still remain, as does a walled garden to the north-east which is now much overgrown.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Phil Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Nixon"}],"text":"Coxhoe Athletic FC compete in the Wearside league and play their home games in Beechfield Park.[5]\nCoxhoe Red Lion FC play in the Durham & District Sunday League, First Division with their home games being played at Landsdown Park.\nCoxhoe United play in the Durham Alliance League with their home games being played next to the FLIC Leisure Centre in Coxhoe Park.\nThe (semi-professional) darts team included world BDO darts finalist Phil Nixon.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Barrett Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning"},{"link_name":"Matthew Robson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Robson"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United"}],"text":"Elizabeth Barrett Browning - Eminent English poet of the Victorian era.\nMatthew Robson - Professional footballer (Hartlepool United and Carlisle United).","title":"Notable residents"}]	[{"image_text":"Coxhoe Hall, birthplace of Elizabeth Barrett Browning","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/The_complete_works_of_Mrs._E._B._Browning_-_p10.png/260px-The_complete_works_of_Mrs._E._B._Browning_-_p10.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Coxhoe Parish (1170219729)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=1170219729","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Coxhoe Parish (1170219729)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"Ordnance Survey: Landranger map sheet 93 Middlesbrough (Darlington & Hartlepool) (Map). Ordnance Survey. 2010. ISBN 9780319228777.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780319228777","url_text":"9780319228777"}]},{"reference":"\"Ordnance Survey: 1:50,000 Scale Gazetteer\" (csv (download)). www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Ordnance Survey. 1 January 2016. Retrieved 18 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/opendatadownload/products.html","url_text":"\"Ordnance Survey: 1:50,000 Scale Gazetteer\""}]},{"reference":"UK Census (2011). \"Local Area Report – Coxhoe Ward (as of 2011) (1237326520)\". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census","url_text":"UK Census"},{"url":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=1237326520","url_text":"\"Local Area Report – Coxhoe Ward (as of 2011) (1237326520)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Office for National Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Homepage \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C. \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C.\" Archived from the original on 19 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819034952/http://www.coxhoeathleticfc.co.uk/club/135727/Home","url_text":"\"Homepage \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C. \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C.\""},{"url":"http://www.coxhoeathleticfc.co.uk/club/135727/Home","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coxhoe&params=54.714_N_1.503_W_region:GB_type:city(7020)","external_links_name":"54°42′50″N 1°30′11″W / 54.714°N 1.503°W / 54.714; -1.503"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coxhoe&params=54.714396_N_1.504809_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Coxhoe","external_links_name":"NZ320356"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Coxhoe&params=54.714_N_1.503_W_region:GB_type:city(7020)","external_links_name":"54°42′50″N 1°30′11″W / 54.714°N 1.503°W / 54.714; -1.503"},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=1170219729","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Coxhoe Parish (1170219729)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/opendatadownload/products.html","external_links_name":"\"Ordnance Survey: 1:50,000 Scale Gazetteer\""},{"Link":"https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/localarea?compare=1237326520","external_links_name":"\"Local Area Report – Coxhoe Ward (as of 2011) (1237326520)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120819034952/http://www.coxhoeathleticfc.co.uk/club/135727/Home","external_links_name":"\"Homepage \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C. \| Coxhoe Athletic F.C.\""},{"Link":"http://www.coxhoeathleticfc.co.uk/club/135727/Home","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128304076","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007480282205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2002029086","external_links_name":"United States"}]

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