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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daripalli_Ramaiah | Daripalli Ramaiah | ["1 Early life","2 Life","2.1 Social forestry campaign","2.2 Modus Operandi","3 Recognition and awards","4 References"] | Darepalli RamaiahThe President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Daripalli Ramaiah, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2017.Born (1937-07-01) 1 July 1937 (age 86)Reddypally, Khammam, TelanganaNationalityIndianOther namesChetla RamaiahVanajeevi RamaiahOccupationTree conservationistKnown forTree conservation
Daripalli Ramaiah (also known as Chetla Ramaiah, Vanajeevi Ramaiah; born 1937) is an Indian social worker known for his social forestry initiatives. He is the recipient of the Padma Shri award for the year 2017, for his invaluable contribution to extending tree cover. He is locally known as 'Chetla Ramaiah', (transl. Trees Ramaiah). On a mission to bring back the green cover, he is estimated to have planted more than 100 thousand saplings in and around Khammam district with a thrust on trees that provide shade, fruit-bearing plants, and biodiesel plants with assured benefit to future generations.
Early life
He was born in Reddypally village in Khammam district, Hyderabad State (now in Telangana). He had schooling till 10th standard.
Life
Social forestry campaign
As a relentless campaigner of social forestry for more than five decades, Ramaiah himself cannot recall when it all started exactly. He remembers vaguely that as a child, he often saw his mother saving the seeds of vegetable plants for the next growing season. Ever since he was a child, he has been collecting seeds of native trees such as Sandalwood, Albizia saman, Ficus religiosa, Aegle marmelos, Neolamarckia cadamba and many more in his mission to cover every barren land with trees.
Ramaiah believes in seed as the solution to human well-being. "Of all the species that consider the Earth as their home, the most exalted is the human being. He supposedly has intellect, can think, can do and can get things done. Nature has bestowed her choicest blessings on this form of life. Therefore, we have a duty towards nature. Protect the nature; protect everything created by God, for the posterity", says Ramaiah. He sold his 3 acres of land to buy more saplings and seeds.
Biography Book
Vitthanam nundi Padmam Varaku-Vanajeevi Prayaanam by Naresh Jilla in Telugu. This book describes Ramaiah's life from childhood to Padma Sri and Ramaiah's succession Principles.
Modus Operandi
Ramaiah transformed the famous quote "Plant a tree and save a life" into action rather than lecturing the benefits. Locals know him as a man with pockets full of seeds and who pedals miles together with an overload of saplings on his bicycle. He truly recognises the need to plant trees to save our environment and desperately plants saplings in each and every barren land he passes by. Sometimes he is accompanied by his wife and children from local schools. Though he never had any formal education, Ramaiah in his pursuit has read up umpteen number of books on trees and the process of planting trees. He is considered as a walking encyclopedia on plants.
Recognition and awards
The government of Andhra Pradesh gave him special recognition for his relentless drive and contribution towards the country. After the formation of Telangana, he continued to receive support from the Chief Minister Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao's flagship programmes such as Telangana Ku Haritha Hāram (Green Garland). The objective of Haritha Hāram scheme is to increase the green cover from present 24% to 33% of the total geographical area of the state.
Year
Award
1995
Seva Award
2005
Vanamitra Award
2015
National Innovations and Outstanding Traditional Knowledge Award
2017
Padma Shri
References
^ a b Correspondent, Special. "Padma awards for five from Telangana; Three from AP also honoured". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ a b Sridhar, P. "Khammam's green warrior soldiers on". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ Sridhar, P. (8 October 2017). "Lesson on 'Vanajeevi' in school likely". The Hindu.
^ "Man with a green thumb: The Padma awardee who planted 10 million saplings". 29 January 2017.
^ "How many trees have you planted?". The Better India. 6 May 2015.
^ "Haritaharam".
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Social Work1950s
Mary Clubwala Jadhav (1955)
R. S. Subbalakshmi (1958)
Sailabala Das (1959)
Lakshman Singh Jangpangi (1959)
1960s
Nanabhai Bhatt (1960)
Bina Das (1960)
Sophia Wadia (1960)
Kamalabai Hospet (1961)
Mithuben Petit (1961)
N. Ramaswami Ayyar (1962)
Mother Teresa (1962)
Brij Krishna Chandiwala (1963)
Leela Sumant Moolgaokar (1963)
Leela Sumant Moolgaokar (1963)
Ambujammal (1964)
Mona Chandravati Gupta (1965)
Lakshmi Mazumdar (1965)
Gordhandas Bhagwandas Narottamdas (1965)
John Richardson (1965)
Manibhai Desai (1968)
Bhaurao Gaikwad (1968)
Shalini Moghe (1968)
Sis Ram Ola (1968)
Kalyan Singh Gupta (1969)
Mangru Ganu Uikey (1969)
1970s
Indumati Chimanlal Sheth (1970)
Maniben Kara (1970)
Baba Amte (1971)
Robin Banerjee (1971)
Lila Ramkumar Bhargava (1971)
Savita Behen (1971)
Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav (1971)
Yudhvir Singh (1971)
Avabai Bomanji Wadia (1971)
Badri Prasad Bajoria (1972)
Kanta Saroop Krishen (1972)
Iyyanki Venkata Ramanayya (1972)
Chandraprabha Saikiani (1972)
Sarojini Varadappan (1973)
Queenie H. C. Captain (1974)
L. Kijungluba Ao (1976)
Bishambhar Nath Pande (1976)
Ismail Ahmed Cachalia (1977)
Dhani Prem (1977)
1980s
Kunwar Singh Negi (1981)
Bhagat Puran Singh (1981)
Claire Vellut (1981)
Swami Kalyandev (1982)
Shiv Dutt Upadhyaya (1982)
M. P. Nachimuthu (1983)
Omem Moyong Deori (1984)
Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (1984)
Ela Bhatt (1985)
Ratnappa Kumbhar (1985)
Anutai Wagh (1985)
Chandi Prasad Bhatt (1986)
Mahasweta Devi (1986)
Krishan Dev Dewan (1986)
Tushar Kanjilal (1986)
Avdhash Kaushal (1986)
Narayan Singh Manaklao (1986)
Bunker Roy (1986)
Begum Zaffar Ali (1987)
Jaya Arunachalam (1987)
Darshan Singh Vohra (1988)
Mithu Alur (1989)
Vedaratnam Appakutti (1989)
Rajmohini Devi (1989)
Krishnammal Jagannathan (1989)
Mag Raj Jain (1989)
Edward Kutchat (1989)
1990s
Anna Hazare (1990)
Renana Jhabvala (1990)
Silverine Swer (1990)
Silverine Swer (1991)
Vimla Dang (1991)
T. G. K. Menon (1991)
Jagdish Kashibhai Patel (1991)
D. Y. Patil (1991)
Sundaram Ramakrishnan (1991)
Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti (1991)
Shanthi Ranganathan (1992)
Vidyaben Shah (1992)
Leonarda Angela Casiraghi (1998)
Antony Padiyara (1998)
Shantha Sinha (1998)
Kanta Tyagi (1998)
Acharya Ramamurti (1999)
T. Sailo (1999)
Natwar Thakkar (1999)
2000s
Neidonuo Angami (2000)
Jagan Nath Kaul (2000)
Patricia Mukhim (2000)
Janaky Athi Nahappan (2000)
Hanumappa Sudarshan (2000)
Rabindra Nath Upadhyay (2000)
Tulasi Munda (2001)
Norma Alvares (2002)
Prakash Amte (2002)
Kiran Martin (2002)
Prema Narendra Purao (2002)
Sivananda Rajaram (2002)
Verna Elizabeth Watre Ingty (2003)
Queenie Rynjah (2004)
Hema Bharali (2005)
Nana Chudasama (2005)
Lalsawma (2005)
Theilin Phanbuh (2005)
Gladys Staines (2005)
Suwalal Bafna (2006)
Anil Prakash Joshi (2006)
Sudha Murty (2006)
Sudha Varghese (2006)
Melhupra Vero (2006)
Runa Banerjee (2007)
S. M. Cyril (2007)
M. A. Yusuff Ali (2008)
Sheela Borthakur (2008)
Karuna Mary Braganza (2008)
V. R. Gowrishankar (2008)
Kshama Metre (2008)
Kutikuppala Surya Rao (2008)
Madan Mohan Sabharwal (2008)
Vikramjit Singh Sahney (2008)
Bilkees Latif (2009)
Keepu Tsering Lepcha (2009)
C. K. Menon (2009)
Joseph H. Pereira (2009)
Sunil Kanti Roy (2009)
Mitraniketan Viswanathan (2009)
2010s
Anu Aga (2010)
J. R. Gangaramani (2010)
Deep Joshi (2010)
Sudha Kaul (2010)
Ayekpam Tomba Meetei (2010)
Kurian John Melamparambil (2010)
Sudhir M. Parikh (2010)
Kranti Shah (2010)
Baba Sewa Singh (2010)
Mamraj Agrawal (2011)
Jockin Arputham (2011)
Nomita Chandy (2011)
Martha Chen (2011)
Azad Moopen (2011)
Sheela Patel (2011)
Anita Reddy (2011)
Kanubhai Hasmukhbhai Tailor (2011)
Shamshad Begum (2012)
Reeta Devi (2012)
P. K. Gopal (2012)
G. Muniratnam (2012)
Niranjan Pranshankar Pandya (2012)
Uma Tuli (2012)
S. P. Varma (2012)
Phoolbasan Bai Yadav (2012)
Binny Yanga (2012)
Jharna Dhara Chowdhury (2013)
S. K. M. Maeilanandhan (2013)
Nileema Mishra (2013)
Reema Nanavati (2013)
Manju Bharat Ram (2013)
Narendra Dabholkar (2014)
Mukul Chandra Goswami (2014)
Durga Jain (2014)
J. L. Kaul (2014)
Mathur Savani (2014)
Ashok Bhagat (2015)
Janak Palta McGilligan (2015)
Meetha Lal Mehta (2015)
Veerendra Raj Mehta (2015)
Bimla Poddar (2015)
Madeleine Herman de Blic (2016)
Madhu Pandit Dasa (2016)
Ajoy Kumar Dutta (2016)
Damal Kandalai Srinivasan (2016)
Sunitha Krishnan (2016)
Sundar Menon (2016)
Arunachalam Muruganantham (2016)
P. Gopinathan Nair (2016)
Sudharak Olwe (2016)
Girish Bharadwaj (2017)
Appasaheb Dharmadhikari (2017)
Bipin Ganatra (2017)
Karimul Haque (2017)
Anuradha Koirala (2017)
Suhas Vitthal Mapuskar (2017)
Daripalli Ramaiah (2017)
Balbir Singh Seechewal (2017)
Damodar Ganesh Bapat (2018)
Sitavva Joddati (2018)
Subhasini Mistry (2018)
Sulagitti Narasamma (2018)
Abdullah Bin Othman (2018)
Sampat Ramteke (2018)
Draupadi Ghimiray (2019)
Bulu Imam (2019)
Friederike Irina Bruning (2019)
Chinna Pillai (2019)
Shabbir Sayyad (2019)
Jyoti Kumar Sinha (2019)
Saalumarada Thimmakka (2019)
Jamuna Tudu (2019)
Muktaben Pankajkumar Dagli (2019)
2020s
Jagdish Lal Ahuja (2020)
Popatrao Baguji Pawar (2020)
Usha Chaumar (2020)
Lia Diskin (2020)
Sangkhumi Bualchhuak (2020
Tulsi Gowda (2020)
Harekala Hajabba (2020)
Tetsu Nakamura (2020)
S. Ramakrishnan (2020)
Sayed Mehboob Shah Qadri (2020)
Mohammed Sharif (2020)
Ramjee Singh (2020)
Agus Indra Udayana (2020)
Sundaram Verma (2020)
Sindhutai Sapkal (2021)
Girish Prabhune (2021)
Prabhaben Shah (2022)
Savaji Bhai Dholakia (2022)
Gamit Ramilaben Raysingbhai (2022)
Om Prakash Gandhi (2022)
K V Rabiya (2022)
Srimad Baba Balia (2022)
Prem Singh (2022)
Baba Iqbal Singh Ji (2022)
S Damodaran (2022)
Basanti Devi (2022)
Bhiku Ramji Idate (2023)
Bikram Bahadur Jamatia (2023)
Ramkuiwangbe Jeme Newme (2023)
Hirabai Lobi (2023)
Moolchand Lodha (2023)
Gajanan Jagannath Mane (2023)
Uma Shankar Pandey (2023)
V. P. Appukutta Poduval (2023)
Vadivel Gopal and Masi Sadaiyan (2023)
Sankurathri Chandra Sekhar (2023)
Laxman Singh (2023)
Palam Kalyana Sundaram (2023)
Karma Wangchu (Posthumous) (2023)
Sangthankima (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_worker"},{"link_name":"social forestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"biodiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel"},{"link_name":"future generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_generations"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Daripalli Ramaiah (also known as Chetla Ramaiah, Vanajeevi Ramaiah; born 1937) is an Indian social worker known for his social forestry initiatives. He is the recipient of the Padma Shri award for the year 2017, for his invaluable contribution to extending tree cover.[1] He is locally known as 'Chetla Ramaiah', (transl. Trees Ramaiah). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Will_Be_Better_in_the_Morning | Everything Will Be Better in the Morning | ["1 Cast","2 See also","3 References","4 Bibliography","5 External links"] | 1948 film
Everything Will Be Better in the MorningDirected byArthur Maria RabenaltWritten byFriedrich DammannWerner P. ZibasoBased onThe novel Tomorrow is Another Day by Annemarie SelinkoProduced byPeter WehrandStarringEllen SchwannekeJakob TiedtkeGrethe WeiserCinematographyKurt SchulzEdited byWalter BoosMusic byWerner BochmannProductioncompanyBerolina FilmDistributed byHerzog-FilmverleihRelease date
21 December 1948 (1948-12-21)
Running time97 minutesCountryGermanyLanguageGerman
Everything Will Be Better in the Morning (German: Morgen ist alles besser) is a 1948 German comedy film directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt and starring Ellen Schwanneke, Jakob Tiedtke and Grethe Weiser.
The film's sets were designed by Ernst H. Albrecht.
Cast
Ellen Schwanneke as Christiane Borck alias Christl Bark
Jakob Tiedtke as Friedrich Borck, ihr Vater
Grethe Weiser as Florentine Kneefke, ihre Tante
Paul Klinger as Dr. Axel Robert, Rundfunk-Regisseur
Fita Benkhoff as Peggy Hansen, Schauspielerin
Marianne Berger as Frau Professor Grabel
Erika Engler as Mary Ladner, Schülerin
Gerd Frickhöffer as Rundfunk-Intendant Meyer-Genthin
Walter Janssen as Theodor Weller, gen. Onkel Theodor
Fritz Kampers as Sepp Sedlmeyer, Ex-Schwergewichtsmeister
Ursula Klinke as Hansi Klapp, Schülerin
Franz-Otto Krüger as Dr. Linck, Dichter
Alexandra Moscalenko as Marion Sörensen, Schülerin
Rudolf Prack as Thomas Schott, Sportberichterstatter
Karl Schopp as Dr. Alex Holthoff - Schulrat
Erika von Thellmann as Frl. Dr. Mikula, Studienträtin
See also
Tomorrow It Will Be Better (1939)
References
^ Rentschler p. 345
Bibliography
Rentschler, Eric, ed. (2013). German Film and Literature: Adaptations and Transformations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-36873-8.
External links
Everything Will Be Better in the Morning at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt
What Am I Without You (1934)
Pappi (1934)
The Love of the Maharaja (1936)
Men Are That Way (1939)
Escape in the Dark (1939)
Midsummer Night's Fire (1939)
The Three Codonas (1940)
Achtung! Feind hört mit! (1940)
Riding for Germany (1941)
Front Theatre (1942)
My Wife Theresa (1942)
Circus Renz (1943)
Love Premiere (1943)
Life Calls (1944)
Chemistry and Love (1948)
Everything Will Be Better in the Morning (1948)
Anonymous Letters (1949)
Martina (1949)
Nights on the Nile (1949)
The Woman from Last Night (1950)
Regimental Music (1950)
Immortal Light (1951)
Wedding in the Hay (1951)
The White Adventure (1952)
The Forester's Daughter (1952)
We're Dancing on the Rainbow (1952)
Alraune (1952)
The Mistress of Treves (1952)
The Immortal Vagabond (1953)
Lavender (1953)
The Last Waltz (1953)
The Bird Seller (1953)
The Little Czar (1954)
The Gypsy Baron (1954)
Love Is Just a Fairytale (1955)
As Long as There Are Pretty Girls (1955)
Operation Sleeping Bag (1955)
Between Time and Eternity (1956)
The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz (1956)
Spring in Berlin (1957)
That Won't Keep a Sailor Down (1958)
A Woman Who Knows What She Wants (1958)
Arena of Fear (1959)
What a Woman Dreams of in Springtime (1959)
Big Request Concert (1960)
This article related to a German film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Arthur Maria Rabenalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Maria_Rabenalt"},{"link_name":"Ellen Schwanneke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Schwanneke"},{"link_name":"Jakob Tiedtke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Tiedtke"},{"link_name":"Grethe Weiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grethe_Weiser"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst H. Albrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_H._Albrecht"}],"text":"Everything Will Be Better in the Morning (German: Morgen ist alles besser) is a 1948 German comedy film directed by Arthur Maria Rabenalt and starring Ellen Schwanneke, Jakob Tiedtke and Grethe Weiser.[1]The film's sets were designed by Ernst H. Albrecht.","title":"Everything Will Be Better in the Morning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen Schwanneke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Schwanneke"},{"link_name":"Jakob Tiedtke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Tiedtke"},{"link_name":"Grethe Weiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grethe_Weiser"},{"link_name":"Paul Klinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Klinger"},{"link_name":"Fita Benkhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fita_Benkhoff"},{"link_name":"Marianne Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marianne_Berger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erika Engler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erika_Engler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gerd Frickhöffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Frickh%C3%B6ffer"},{"link_name":"Walter Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Janssen"},{"link_name":"Fritz Kampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Kampers"},{"link_name":"Ursula Klinke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursula_Klinke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Franz-Otto Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz-Otto_Kr%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Moscalenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Moscalenko&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Prack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Prack"},{"link_name":"Karl Schopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Schopp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erika von Thellmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_von_Thellmann"}],"text":"Ellen Schwanneke as Christiane Borck alias Christl Bark\nJakob Tiedtke as Friedrich Borck, ihr Vater\nGrethe Weiser as Florentine Kneefke, ihre Tante\nPaul Klinger as Dr. Axel Robert, Rundfunk-Regisseur\nFita Benkhoff as Peggy Hansen, Schauspielerin\nMarianne Berger as Frau Professor Grabel\nErika Engler as Mary Ladner, Schülerin\nGerd Frickhöffer as Rundfunk-Intendant Meyer-Genthin\nWalter Janssen as Theodor Weller, gen. Onkel Theodor\nFritz Kampers as Sepp Sedlmeyer, Ex-Schwergewichtsmeister\nUrsula Klinke as Hansi Klapp, Schülerin\nFranz-Otto Krüger as Dr. Linck, Dichter\nAlexandra Moscalenko as Marion Sörensen, Schülerin\nRudolf Prack as Thomas Schott, Sportberichterstatter\nKarl Schopp as Dr. Alex Holthoff - Schulrat\nErika von Thellmann as Frl. Dr. Mikula, Studienträtin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-136-36873-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-36873-8"}],"text":"Rentschler, Eric, ed. (2013). German Film and Literature: Adaptations and Transformations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-36873-8.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Tomorrow It Will Be Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrow_It_Will_Be_Better"}] | [{"reference":"Rentschler, Eric, ed. (2013). German Film and Literature: Adaptations and Transformations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-36873-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-36873-8","url_text":"978-1-136-36873-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040608/","external_links_name":"Everything Will Be Better in the Morning"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everything_Will_Be_Better_in_the_Morning&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia_K-1_Fry | Mafia K-1 Fry | ["1 Members","2 In popular culture","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"] | Mafia K-1 FryBackground informationOriginFrance (Hip hop collective)GenresFrench hip hopRapYears active1995-2007Past membersKery JamesManu KeyDJ Mosko 113Dry (rapper)Teddy CoronaKarlitoOGBMista FloJessy MoneySelim du 9.4M.S. (disappeared) Las Montana (died)Mamad (died)Yezi l'EscrocTiti l'AncienLil JahsonMokemKimbak du 9.4Popa ProjectPatrice TimalR.A.KDJ Mehdi (died)Demon One RohffWebsiteOfficial website
Mafia K-1 Fry sometimes stylized as Mafia K'1 Fry is a French collective of hip hop artists, rappers, beatboxers, DJs, MCs and music producers mostly coming from the Val-de-Marne and the Orly-Choisy-Vitry-Joinville axis (being locations in Orly - Choisy-le-Roi - Vitry-sur-Seine -Joinville-le-Pont), suburbs located south of Paris.
It was founded in 1995 with an initiative by Douma le Parrain. The name Mafia K'1 Fry comes from a rap verse during a freestyle improvised in à Orly at the "Demi-Lune": "Tu peux pas test avec la Mafia K'1 Fry," (You can't f*ck with the Mafia K'1 Fry") with "K'1 Fry" being a verlan term for africain, hence, translated into English, African Mafia. It was also known as "L'Union" and later "113 Clan". Las Montana was also a leader in the group that suffered from many legal problems as many of its members went to prison on certain charges. The members of Intouchable were hit by even bigger problems with a series of deaths of its members like Mamad, Las Montana and M.S.
The diverse group concentrated on Hip-Hop, but there were also breakdancers like Mokobé, Selim du 94 and Teddy Corona, graffiti artists like AP and Douma, backers like Las Montana, Mamad, Rocco, OGB, beatboxers like Mista Flo and DJs like DJ Mehdi and DJ Mosko.
Besides solo projects by many of its members, the collective realised two mini albums: Les Liens Sacrés and Légendaire before departure of Kery James in 2003 (he rejoined in 2007), and death of certain members most notably Las Montana and disappearance of M.S. Some members had big commercial success like 113 and Rohff and Intouchable (with Dry, Demon One and Mamad) before Mamad's death in 2003 just after the collective joint album La cerise sur le ghetto, which marked the release of music videos for "Pour ceux" and "Balance" .
The period was marked by the departure of Popa Project and Rohff although keeping some nominal relations with the collective, with Rohff. In 2007, the collective released its biggest successful album Jusqu'à la mort (#7 in French albums chart). Mafia K'1 Fry will be releasing a new title in 2012.
Members
Refer to infobox on right
In popular culture
A documentary about the collective titled Si tu roules avec la Mafia K'1 Fry also found great success (both critically and commercially). The DVD release went platinum.
The collective launched its line of Mafia K'1 Fry clothing.
Discography
(Titles under the name of the collective. For individual albums, see various member pages)
1997: Les liens sacrés
1998: Légendaire
2003: La cerise sur le ghetto
2007: Jusqu'à la mort
Street Lourd Compilations
Street Lourd is a series of compilations from various members of Mafia K'1 Fry and guests. The initial compilation was released in 2004. A second series was released in 2010 with tracks and collaborations by Rohff, Kery James, Kool Shen, La Fouine, Sinik, Kamelancien, Soprano, Nessbeal, Sefyu, Rim'K, Mister You, Youssoupha, Tunisiano, Despo Ruti, Zesau, Meh, RR, Alkapote, Salif, Shone, SixCoups MC, Mista Flo, Seth Gueko, Alpha 5.20, AP (of 113), Nubi Sale, L.I.M, Selim du 94, Demon One, Dry, Boulox, Larsen, Arsenik (Lino and Calbo), Mam's Maniolo, Bushy, TLF (Ikbal, Karlito), OGB, Médine, Le Rat Luciano, Alonzo, Teddy Corona, Brasco, Ghetto Youss, Aketo, Niro, Skomoni
2004: Street Lourd Hall Stars
2010: Street Lourd Hall Stars II
Individual albums
1992: Ideal J - La vie est brutale
1995: Different Teep - La route est longue
1996: Ideal J - Original Mc's sur une mission
1996: Ideal J - Cash Remix
1996: Manu Key - Regarde moi bien toi
1997: Different Teep - La rime urbaine
1997: Opération coup de poing
1998: 113 - Truc de fou
1998: 113 - Ni barreau, ni barrière, ni frontière
1998: Ideal J - Le combat continue
1998: OGB - Rap offensif
1998: Manu Key - Manu Key
1998: Rohff - Le Code de l'honneur
1999: 113 - Les princes de la ville
2000: Manu Key - 94 Ghetto Vol.1
2000: Intouchable - Les points sur les i
2000: Manu Key -Manuscrit
2001: Karlito - Contenu sous pression
2001: Yezi l'Escroc - Les choses de la vie
2001: Intouchable - I have a dream
2001: Kery James - Si c'était à refaire
2001: 113 - 113 Fout la merde
2001: OGB - Vitry Club
2002: DJ Mehdi - The Story of Espion
2002: 113 - Dans l'urgence (réédition)
2002: Rohff - La vie avant la mort
2003: Rohff - Le son c'est la guerre
2004: Kery James - Savoir & vivre ensemble
2004: Rim'K - L'enfant du pays
2004: Intouchable - D'hier à aujourd'hui
2004: Rohff - 94
2004: Rohff - La fierté des nôtres
2004: Manu Key - Prolifique Vol.1
2004: DJ Mosko, Teddy Corona, Mista Flo - Street lourd hall stars
2005: Rohff - Charisme
2005: Kery James - D'hier à aujourd'hui
2005: Kery James - Ma vérité
2005: Rohff - Ça fait plaisir
2005: Intouchable - La vie de rêve
2005: OGB - OGBest of collector
2005: 113 - 113 Degrés
2005: Rohff - Au-delà de mes limites
2006: DJ Mehdi - Lucky Boy
2006: Manu Key - Street tape collector
2006: OGB - Enfermé dehors
2006: Karlito & No.nord - Ozas
2006: 113 - Illegal Radio
2007: DJ Mehdi - Lucky Boy at Night
2007: Rohff - Au dela de mes limites Classics (réédition)
2007: Manu Key - Prolifique Vol.2
2007: Mokobé - Mon Afrique
2007: OGB - Combien savent
2007: Rohff - Le Cauchemar Du Rap Français Vol 1
2007: Demon One - Mon Rap
2007: Rim'K - Famille Nombreuse
2008: DJ Mosko - DJ Mosko en mode Live
2008: Demon One - Démons & Merveilles
2008: Kery James - A l'ombre du show business
2008: Dry - De la pure pour les durs
2008: Mafia K'1 Fry - Légendaire (réédition)
2008: OGB & L'équipe - Esprit d'équipe
2008: Rohff - Le Code de l'horreur
2009: AP - Discret
2009: Manu Key - Collector
2009: Kery James - Réel
2009: Dry - Les derniers seront les premiers
2009: Rim'K - Maghreb United
2009: Rohff - Zénith Classics (CD/DVD Live)
2010: DJ Mosko, Teddy Corona, Mista Flo - Street lourd hall stars 2
2010: 113 - Universel
2010: Rohff - La Cuenta
2011: OGB - La Mémoire
2011: Mokobé - Africa Forever
2012: Dry - Tôt ou Tard
2012: Demon One - Les Fleurs du Mals
2012: Rohff - Le Padre du Rap Game
2012: Kery James - 92-2012 (compilation)
References
External links
Mafia K'1 Fry Official website
Mafia K'1 Fry Clothing line
Mafia K'1 Frty SkyRock page
Mafia K-1 Fry Facebook
Street Lourd website
vteMafia K-1 FryCrew
113 (AP, Mokobé, Rim'K)
Different Teep
Idéal J
Intouchable (Demon One, Dry)
Members
AP
Demon One
DJ Mosko
Dry
Jessy Money
Karlito
Kery James
Manu Key
Mista Flo
Mokobé
OGB
Rim'K
Rocco
Selim du 9.4
Teddy Corona
Rohff
Past members
M.S. (1998)
Las Montana (1999)
Mamad (2003)
Kimbakou Kassoma (2004)
DJ Mehdi (2011)
Albums of the collective
Les liens sacrés
Légendaire
La cerise sur le ghetto
Jusqu'à la mort
Compilation
Street Lourd Hall Stars (2004)
Street Lourd Hall Stars II (2010)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"rappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap"},{"link_name":"Val-de-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val-de-Marne"},{"link_name":"Orly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orly,_France"},{"link_name":"Choisy-le-Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choisy-le-Roi"},{"link_name":"Vitry-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitry-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Joinville-le-Pont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joinville-le-Pont"},{"link_name":"Orly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orly,_France"},{"link_name":"verlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlan"},{"link_name":"Intouchable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intouchable"},{"link_name":"Kery James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kery_James"},{"link_name":"113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rohff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohff"},{"link_name":"Intouchable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intouchable"},{"link_name":"Dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Demon One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_One"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=KX8J7GrzvKM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNrr2iCugSM"}],"text":"Mafia K-1 Fry sometimes stylized as Mafia K'1 Fry is a French collective of hip hop artists, rappers, beatboxers, DJs, MCs and music producers mostly coming from the Val-de-Marne and the Orly-Choisy-Vitry-Joinville axis (being locations in Orly - Choisy-le-Roi - Vitry-sur-Seine -Joinville-le-Pont), suburbs located south of Paris.It was founded in 1995 with an initiative by Douma le Parrain. The name Mafia K'1 Fry comes from a rap verse during a freestyle improvised in à Orly at the \"Demi-Lune\": \"Tu peux pas test avec la Mafia K'1 Fry,\" (You can't f*ck with the Mafia K'1 Fry\") with \"K'1 Fry\" being a verlan term for africain, hence, translated into English, African Mafia. It was also known as \"L'Union\" and later \"113 Clan\". Las Montana was also a leader in the group that suffered from many legal problems as many of its members went to prison on certain charges. The members of Intouchable were hit by even bigger problems with a series of deaths of its members like Mamad, Las Montana and M.S.The diverse group concentrated on Hip-Hop, but there were also breakdancers like Mokobé, Selim du 94 and Teddy Corona, graffiti artists like AP and Douma, backers like Las Montana, Mamad, Rocco, OGB, beatboxers like Mista Flo and DJs like DJ Mehdi and DJ Mosko.Besides solo projects by many of its members, the collective realised two mini albums: Les Liens Sacrés and Légendaire before departure of Kery James in 2003 (he rejoined in 2007), and death of certain members most notably Las Montana and disappearance of M.S. Some members had big commercial success like 113 and Rohff and Intouchable (with Dry, Demon One and Mamad) before Mamad's death in 2003 just after the collective joint album La cerise sur le ghetto, which marked the release of music videos for \"Pour ceux\" [1] and \"Balance\" [2].The period was marked by the departure of Popa Project and Rohff although keeping some nominal relations with the collective, with Rohff. In 2007, the collective released its biggest successful album Jusqu'à la mort (#7 in French albums chart). Mafia K'1 Fry will be releasing a new title in 2012.","title":"Mafia K-1 Fry"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Refer to infobox on right","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A documentary about the collective titled Si tu roules avec la Mafia K'1 Fry also found great success (both critically and commercially). The DVD release went platinum.\nThe collective launched its line of Mafia K'1 Fry clothing.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rohff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohff"},{"link_name":"Kery James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kery_James"},{"link_name":"La Fouine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Fouine"},{"link_name":"Sinik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinik"},{"link_name":"Kamelancien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelanc%27"},{"link_name":"Soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soparano_(rapper)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nessbeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nessbeal"},{"link_name":"Sefyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefyu"},{"link_name":"Rim'K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim%27K"},{"link_name":"Mister You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mister_You"},{"link_name":"Youssoupha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youssoupha"},{"link_name":"Tunisiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiano"},{"link_name":"Seth Gueko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Gueko"},{"link_name":"113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=113_(group)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L.I.M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIM_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Demon One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_One"},{"link_name":"Dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Médine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dine_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Alonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Street Lourd Hall Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Lourd_Hall_Stars"},{"link_name":"Street Lourd Hall Stars II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Lourd_Hall_Stars"},{"link_name":"113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rohff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohff"},{"link_name":"Intouchable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intouchable"},{"link_name":"Rim'K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim%27K"},{"link_name":"Demon One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_One"},{"link_name":"Dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_(rapper)"}],"text":"(Titles under the name of the collective. For individual albums, see various member pages)1997: Les liens sacrés\n1998: Légendaire\n2003: La cerise sur le ghetto\n2007: Jusqu'à la mortStreet Lourd CompilationsStreet Lourd is a series of compilations from various members of Mafia K'1 Fry and guests. The initial compilation was released in 2004. A second series was released in 2010 with tracks and collaborations by Rohff, Kery James, Kool Shen, La Fouine, Sinik, Kamelancien, Soprano, Nessbeal, Sefyu, Rim'K, Mister You, Youssoupha, Tunisiano, Despo Ruti, Zesau, Meh, RR, Alkapote, Salif, Shone, SixCoups MC, Mista Flo, Seth Gueko, Alpha 5.20, AP (of 113), Nubi Sale, L.I.M, Selim du 94, Demon One, Dry, Boulox, Larsen, Arsenik (Lino and Calbo), Mam's Maniolo, Bushy, TLF (Ikbal, Karlito), OGB, Médine, Le Rat Luciano, Alonzo, Teddy Corona, Brasco, Ghetto Youss, Aketo, Niro, Skomoni2004: Street Lourd Hall Stars\n2010: Street Lourd Hall Stars IIIndividual albums1992: Ideal J - La vie est brutale\n1995: Different Teep - La route est longue\n1996: Ideal J - Original Mc's sur une mission\n1996: Ideal J - Cash Remix\n1996: Manu Key - Regarde moi bien toi\n1997: Different Teep - La rime urbaine\n1997: Opération coup de poing\n1998: 113 - Truc de fou\n1998: 113 - Ni barreau, ni barrière, ni frontière\n1998: Ideal J - Le combat continue\n1998: OGB - Rap offensif\n1998: Manu Key - Manu Key\n1998: Rohff - Le Code de l'honneur\n1999: 113 - Les princes de la ville\n2000: Manu Key - 94 Ghetto Vol.1\n2000: Intouchable - Les points sur les i\n2000: Manu Key -Manuscrit\n2001: Karlito - Contenu sous pression\n2001: Yezi l'Escroc - Les choses de la vie\n2001: Intouchable - I have a dream\n2001: Kery James - Si c'était à refaire\n2001: 113 - 113 Fout la merde\n2001: OGB - Vitry Club\n2002: DJ Mehdi - The Story of Espion\n2002: 113 - Dans l'urgence (réédition)\n2002: Rohff - La vie avant la mort\n2003: Rohff - Le son c'est la guerre\n2004: Kery James - Savoir & vivre ensemble\n2004: Rim'K - L'enfant du pays\n2004: Intouchable - D'hier à aujourd'hui\n2004: Rohff - 94\n2004: Rohff - La fierté des nôtres\n2004: Manu Key - Prolifique Vol.1\n2004: DJ Mosko, Teddy Corona, Mista Flo - Street lourd hall stars\n2005: Rohff - Charisme\n2005: Kery James - D'hier à aujourd'hui\n2005: Kery James - Ma vérité\n2005: Rohff - Ça fait plaisir\n2005: Intouchable - La vie de rêve\n2005: OGB - OGBest of collector\n2005: 113 - 113 Degrés\n2005: Rohff - Au-delà de mes limites\n2006: DJ Mehdi - Lucky Boy\n2006: Manu Key - Street tape collector\n2006: OGB - Enfermé dehors\n2006: Karlito & No.nord - Ozas\n2006: 113 - Illegal Radio\n2007: DJ Mehdi - Lucky Boy at Night\n2007: Rohff - Au dela de mes limites Classics (réédition)\n2007: Manu Key - Prolifique Vol.2\n2007: Mokobé - Mon Afrique\n2007: OGB - Combien savent\n2007: Rohff - Le Cauchemar Du Rap Français Vol 1\n2007: Demon One - Mon Rap\n2007: Rim'K - Famille Nombreuse\n2008: DJ Mosko - DJ Mosko en mode Live\n2008: Demon One - Démons & Merveilles\n2008: Kery James - A l'ombre du show business\n2008: Dry - De la pure pour les durs\n2008: Mafia K'1 Fry - Légendaire (réédition)\n2008: OGB & L'équipe - Esprit d'équipe\n2008: Rohff - Le Code de l'horreur\n2009: AP - Discret\n2009: Manu Key - Collector\n2009: Kery James - Réel\n2009: Dry - Les derniers seront les premiers\n2009: Rim'K - Maghreb United\n2009: Rohff - Zénith Classics (CD/DVD Live)\n2010: DJ Mosko, Teddy Corona, Mista Flo - Street lourd hall stars 2\n2010: 113 - Universel\n2010: Rohff - La Cuenta\n2011: OGB - La Mémoire\n2011: Mokobé - Africa Forever\n2012: Dry - Tôt ou Tard\n2012: Demon One - Les Fleurs du Mals\n2012: Rohff - Le Padre du Rap Game\n2012: Kery James - 92-2012 (compilation)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.mafiak1fry.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KX8J7GrzvKM","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNrr2iCugSM","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.mafiak1fry.com/","external_links_name":"Mafia K'1 Fry Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070209035945/http://www.mafiak1fryclothing.com/","external_links_name":"Mafia K'1 Fry Clothing line"},{"Link":"http://mafia-k1-fry.skyrock.com/","external_links_name":"Mafia K'1 Frty SkyRock page"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Mafia-K1-Fry/9872255085","external_links_name":"Mafia K-1 Fry Facebook"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041120164620/http://www.streetlourd.com/","external_links_name":"Street Lourd website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000103010739","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/153809286","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140339596","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb140339596","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e8565ebf-bbed-4b5a-9014-20fe7e55b110","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/157315282","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernophile | Hibernophile | ["1 Famous Hibernophiles","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References"] | Lover of Ireland and Irish culture
Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival.
A Hibernophile is a person who is fond of Irish culture, Irish language and Ireland in general. Its antonym is Hibernophobe. The word originates from "Hibernia", the word used by the ancient Romans to refer to Ireland.
The term is often used in particular for people all over the world (in America especially in areas where many Irish diaspora settled) who ostensibly base their business, political, or social practices on like of or admiration for Irish models. In some cases, Hibernophilia represents an individual's preference of Irish culture to their own, or the belief that Irish culture is superior, or appreciation of Irish history.
Icon of Christ Enthroned from the Book of Kells.
Despite the island's small geographic size, Ireland has traditionally been a phenomenal wellspring of significant cultural output, which historically had a strong influence on other neighboring countries in Britain, such as Scotland, Wales, England, and the Isle of Man, in various ways, especially in the areas of religion, education, art, music, and literature. (These countries in turn, have historically influence Ireland as well.) Additionally, Ireland's outsized Irish diaspora is a tremendous source of hibernopilia in the modern world; the engine that drives Ireland's successful tourism industry. The far-flung Irish Diaspora has carried Irish culture around the world and is largely responsible for most hibernophilia (and even hibernomania) today.
Major streams of Ireland's culture which attract hibernophiles include the Irish language, various types of Irish traditional music, such as the Uilleann pipes and Celtic harp, the history and Irish heraldry of Irish clans, traditional Celtic Christianity, Insular art, Celtic studies, and Irish dance, which rocketed to global prominence after the successful rise of Riverdance. The Irish literary tradition is particularly strong; not only due to modern Irish literature composed in English, but also Early Irish literature written in Latin, in one of Western Europe's oldest written vernacular literature. Sport in Ireland draws from a global fanbase, especially those interested in Ireland's unique Gaelic games. Researching Irish genealogy has often been cited as a gateway vehicle to severe cases of incurable hibernophilia. If you, or someone you know, has been diagnosed with moderate to severe hibernophilia, consult with your doctor about purchasing plane tickets and which Irish pub might be right for you.
Hibernophiles often enjoy attending St. Patrick's Day parades that occur all over the world. Conversely, those who tend to favour shallow, stereotypical aspects of Irish culture, such as Leprechauns and shillelaghs, green beer and plastic bowler hats may also be called a Plastic Paddy; a pejorative term in Ireland, which refers to a person who appropriates stereotypical aspects of Irish culture without a deeper understanding.
Famous Hibernophiles
King George V, who served as a naval officer based in Cork.
Empress Michiko of Japan; lover of Irish poetry and can speak Irish.
Former Princess Mako Komuro of Japan, who studied abroad in Dublin.
Waclaw Dobrzynski, Russo-Polish soldier and diplomat
Hilaire Belloc, Franco-English writer and historian of the early 20th century.
Michel Déon, French writer
Henry Cowell, American composer
French Count Charles Forbes René de Montalembert
American author Robert E. Howard, creator of Conan the Barbarian and father of the sword and sorcery genre.
American author Frank Herbert, best known for the 1965 novel Dune
Author C. S. Lewis, creator of The Chronicles of Narnia, and many Christian-themed texts; born in Belfast and self-identified as Irish.
American actress Olivia Wilde.
See also
Ancient Order of Hibernians
Culture of Ireland
Plastic Paddy
Notes
^ John Richardson, A Short History of the Attempts that have been Made to Convert the Popish Natives of Ireland, to the Establish'd Religion: with a Proposal for their Conversion, London, 1712, p. 15. Retrieved 8 August 1712.
^ a b Negra 2006, p. 20.
^ Negra 2006, pp. 84–86.
^ Cullen 2008, p. 37.
^ Hernon, Matthew (2020-10-20). "10 Things You Didn't Know About Empress Emerita Michiko". Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ "Their Man in Eblana – An Irishman's Diary about Poland's Hibernophile diplomat Waclaw Dobrzynski". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ "France and Ireland in the Public Imagination". Reimagining Ireland Volume 55. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
^ Joannon, Pierre (1991). "A Romantic Hibernophile : Charles de Montalembert, The O'Connett of France". Etudes irlandaises. 16 (1): 75–87. doi:10.3406/irlan.1991.971.
^ Dowd, Christopher (2016). "The Irish-American Identities of Robert E. Howard and Conan the Barbarian". New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua. 20 (2): 15–34. ISSN 1092-3977. JSTOR 44807183.
^ "Ellen Feehan- Frank Herbert and the Making of Myths: Irish History, Celtic Mythology, and IRA Ideology in The White Plague". www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
^ https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2941/Clare%2C%20David%20%282010%29%20C.S.%20Lewis-%20an%20Irish%20writer.pdf.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
References
Cullen, Ruth (2008). The Little Green Book of Blarney: The Importance of Being Irish. White Plains, New York: Peter Pauper Press. ISBN 9781593598006.
Negra, Diane (2006). The Irish in Us: Irishness, Performativity, And Popular Culture. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822337409.
vteXenophiliaAfrica
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Canadian
Native Americans in Germany
Asia
Chinese
Indian
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Japanese
Korean
Pakistani
Turkish/Turkic
Europe
Albanian
Armenian
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English/British
Estonian
French
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German
Chile
Greek
Spartan
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Serbian
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Others
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See also: Acculturation • Allophilia • Enculturation • Cultural appropriation • Racial fetishism | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Patrick%27s_Day_2012_in_Moscow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Irish culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_culture"},{"link_name":"Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"antonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonym"},{"link_name":"Hibernophobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernophobe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hibernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernia"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Irish diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Irish culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_culture"},{"link_name":"Irish culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegra200620-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg"},{"link_name":"Book of Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Irish diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora"},{"link_name":"tourism industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Irish traditional music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_traditional_music"},{"link_name":"Uilleann pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uilleann_pipes"},{"link_name":"Celtic harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_harp"},{"link_name":"Irish heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Irish clans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_clans"},{"link_name":"Celtic Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Insular art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_art"},{"link_name":"Celtic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_studies"},{"link_name":"Irish dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_dance"},{"link_name":"Riverdance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdance"},{"link_name":"Irish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_literature"},{"link_name":"Early Irish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Irish_literature"},{"link_name":"vernacular literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernaculars"},{"link_name":"Sport in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Gaelic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_games"},{"link_name":"Irish genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_genealogy"},{"link_name":"Irish pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegra200620-2"},{"link_name":"Leprechauns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprechauns"},{"link_name":"shillelaghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillelagh_(club)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENegra200684%E2%80%9386-3"},{"link_name":"Plastic Paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Paddy"},{"link_name":"pejorative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejorative"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullen200837-4"}],"text":"Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival.A Hibernophile is a person who is fond of Irish culture, Irish language and Ireland in general. Its antonym is Hibernophobe.[1] The word originates from \"Hibernia\", the word used by the ancient Romans to refer to Ireland.The term is often used in particular for people all over the world (in America especially in areas where many Irish diaspora settled) who ostensibly base their business, political, or social practices on like of or admiration for Irish models. In some cases, Hibernophilia represents an individual's preference of Irish culture to their own, or the belief that Irish culture is superior, or appreciation of Irish history.[2]Icon of Christ Enthroned from the Book of Kells.Despite the island's small geographic size, Ireland has traditionally been a phenomenal wellspring of significant cultural output, which historically had a strong influence on other neighboring countries in Britain, such as Scotland, Wales, England, and the Isle of Man, in various ways, especially in the areas of religion, education, art, music, and literature. (These countries in turn, have historically influence Ireland as well.) Additionally, Ireland's outsized Irish diaspora is a tremendous source of hibernopilia in the modern world; the engine that drives Ireland's successful tourism industry. The far-flung Irish Diaspora has carried Irish culture around the world and is largely responsible for most hibernophilia (and even hibernomania) today.Major streams of Ireland's culture which attract hibernophiles include the Irish language, various types of Irish traditional music, such as the Uilleann pipes and Celtic harp, the history and Irish heraldry of Irish clans, traditional Celtic Christianity, Insular art, Celtic studies, and Irish dance, which rocketed to global prominence after the successful rise of Riverdance. The Irish literary tradition is particularly strong; not only due to modern Irish literature composed in English, but also Early Irish literature written in Latin, in one of Western Europe's oldest written vernacular literature. Sport in Ireland draws from a global fanbase, especially those interested in Ireland's unique Gaelic games. Researching Irish genealogy has often been cited as a gateway vehicle to severe cases of incurable hibernophilia. If you, or someone you know, has been diagnosed with moderate to severe hibernophilia, consult with your doctor about purchasing plane tickets and which Irish pub might be right for you.Hibernophiles often enjoy attending St. Patrick's Day parades that occur all over the world.[2] Conversely, those who tend to favour shallow, stereotypical aspects of Irish culture, such as Leprechauns and shillelaghs, green beer and plastic bowler hats[3] may also be called a Plastic Paddy; a pejorative term in Ireland,[4] which refers to a person who appropriates stereotypical aspects of Irish culture without a deeper understanding.","title":"Hibernophile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Empress Michiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Michiko"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mako Komuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mako_Komuro"},{"link_name":"Waclaw Dobrzynski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waclaw_Dobrzynski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hilaire Belloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michel Déon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_D%C3%A9on"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Charles Forbes René de Montalembert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Forbes_Ren%C3%A9_de_Montalembert"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robert E. 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Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Chronicles of Narnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Olivia Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Wilde"}],"text":"King George V, who served as a naval officer based in Cork.\nEmpress Michiko of Japan; lover of Irish poetry and can speak Irish.[5]\nFormer Princess Mako Komuro of Japan, who studied abroad in Dublin.\nWaclaw Dobrzynski, Russo-Polish soldier and diplomat[6]\nHilaire Belloc, Franco-English writer and historian of the early 20th century.[7]\nMichel Déon, French writer\nHenry Cowell, American composer\nFrench Count Charles Forbes René de Montalembert[8]\nAmerican author Robert E. Howard, creator of Conan the Barbarian and father of the sword and sorcery genre.[9]\nAmerican author Frank Herbert, best known for the 1965 novel Dune[10]\nAuthor C. S. Lewis, creator of The Chronicles of Narnia, and many Christian-themed texts; born in Belfast and self-identified as Irish.[11]\nAmerican actress Olivia Wilde.","title":"Famous Hibernophiles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"A Short History of the Attempts that have been Made to Convert the Popish Natives of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BFJOAAAAcAAJ&q=edward"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegra200620_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegra200620_2-1"},{"link_name":"Negra 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNegra2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENegra200684%E2%80%9386_3-0"},{"link_name":"Negra 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNegra2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullen200837_4-0"},{"link_name":"Cullen 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCullen2008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"10 Things You Didn't Know About Empress Emerita Michiko\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/guides-and-insights/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-empress-emerita-michiko/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Their Man in Eblana – An Irishman's Diary about Poland's Hibernophile diplomat Waclaw Dobrzynski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irishtimes.com/opinion/their-man-in-eblana-an-irishman-s-diary-about-poland-s-hibernophile-diplomat-waclaw-dobrzynski-1.3073131"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"France and Ireland in the Public Imagination\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=afisbo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"A Romantic Hibernophile : Charles de Montalembert, The O'Connett of France\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_1991_hos_16_1_971"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/irlan.1991.971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Firlan.1991.971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Irish-American Identities of Robert E. Howard and Conan the Barbarian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44807183"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1092-3977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"44807183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/44807183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Ellen Feehan- Frank Herbert and the Making of Myths: Irish History, Celtic Mythology, and IRA Ideology in The White Plague\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/58/feehan58art.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2941/Clare%2C%20David%20%282010%29%20C.S.%20Lewis-%20an%20Irish%20writer.pdf.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2941/Clare%2C%20David%20%282010%29%20C.S.%20Lewis-%20an%20Irish%20writer.pdf.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"}],"text":"^ John Richardson, A Short History of the Attempts that have been Made to Convert the Popish Natives of Ireland, to the Establish'd Religion: with a Proposal for their Conversion, London, 1712, p. 15. Retrieved 8 August 1712.\n\n^ a b Negra 2006, p. 20.\n\n^ Negra 2006, pp. 84–86.\n\n^ Cullen 2008, p. 37.\n\n^ Hernon, Matthew (2020-10-20). \"10 Things You Didn't Know About Empress Emerita Michiko\". Tokyo Weekender (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-10-09.\n\n^ \"Their Man in Eblana – An Irishman's Diary about Poland's Hibernophile diplomat Waclaw Dobrzynski\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2023-10-09.\n\n^ \"France and Ireland in the Public Imagination\". Reimagining Ireland Volume 55. Retrieved 2024-04-02.\n\n^ Joannon, Pierre (1991). \"A Romantic Hibernophile : Charles de Montalembert, The O'Connett of France\". Etudes irlandaises. 16 (1): 75–87. doi:10.3406/irlan.1991.971.\n\n^ Dowd, Christopher (2016). \"The Irish-American Identities of Robert E. Howard and Conan the Barbarian\". New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua. 20 (2): 15–34. ISSN 1092-3977. JSTOR 44807183.\n\n^ \"Ellen Feehan- Frank Herbert and the Making of Myths: Irish History, Celtic Mythology, and IRA Ideology in The White Plague\". www.depauw.edu. Retrieved 2023-10-09.\n\n^ https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2941/Clare%2C%20David%20%282010%29%20C.S.%20Lewis-%20an%20Irish%20writer.pdf.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick's Day festival.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/St_Patrick%27s_Day_2012_in_Moscow.jpg/220px-St_Patrick%27s_Day_2012_in_Moscow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Icon of Christ Enthroned from the Book of Kells.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg/220px-KellsFol032vChristEnthroned.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ancient Order of Hibernians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians"},{"title":"Culture of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland"},{"title":"Plastic Paddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Paddy"}] | [{"reference":"Hernon, Matthew (2020-10-20). \"10 Things You Didn't Know About Empress Emerita Michiko\". 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ISBN 9780822337409.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University_Press","url_text":"Duke University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822337409","url_text":"9780822337409"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BFJOAAAAcAAJ&q=edward","external_links_name":"A Short History of the Attempts that have been Made to Convert the Popish Natives of Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.tokyoweekender.com/japan-life/guides-and-insights/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-empress-emerita-michiko/","external_links_name":"\"10 Things You Didn't Know About Empress Emerita Michiko\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/their-man-in-eblana-an-irishman-s-diary-about-poland-s-hibernophile-diplomat-waclaw-dobrzynski-1.3073131","external_links_name":"\"Their Man in Eblana – An Irishman's Diary about Poland's Hibernophile diplomat Waclaw Dobrzynski\""},{"Link":"https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=afisbo","external_links_name":"\"France and Ireland in the Public Imagination\""},{"Link":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_1991_hos_16_1_971","external_links_name":"\"A Romantic Hibernophile : Charles de Montalembert, The O'Connett of France\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Firlan.1991.971","external_links_name":"10.3406/irlan.1991.971"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44807183","external_links_name":"\"The Irish-American Identities of Robert E. Howard and Conan the Barbarian\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1092-3977","external_links_name":"1092-3977"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44807183","external_links_name":"44807183"},{"Link":"https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/58/feehan58art.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ellen Feehan- Frank Herbert and the Making of Myths: Irish History, Celtic Mythology, and IRA Ideology in The White Plague\""},{"Link":"https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2941/Clare%2C%20David%20%282010%29%20C.S.%20Lewis-%20an%20Irish%20writer.pdf.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y","external_links_name":"https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10395/2941/Clare%2C%20David%20%282010%29%20C.S.%20Lewis-%20an%20Irish%20writer.pdf.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Deenethorpe | RAF Deenethorpe | ["1 United States Army Air Forces use","1.1 401st Bombardment Group (Heavy)","2 Postwar use","3 Postscript","4 See also","5 References","5.1 Citations","5.2 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°30′09″N 000°35′06″W / 52.50250°N 0.58500°W / 52.50250; -0.58500
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RAF DeenethorpeUSAAF Station 128 Located near Corby, Northamptonshire, England Aerial Photo of Deenethorpe Airfield - 28 May 1945RAF DeenethorpeRAF Deenethorpe shown within Northamptonshire (grid reference SP960900)Coordinates52°30′09″N 000°35′06″W / 52.50250°N 0.58500°W / 52.50250; -0.58500TypeRoyal Air Force stationCodeDPSite informationControlled byRoyal Air ForceUnited States Army Air ForcesSite historyBuilt1943In use1943-1963Battles/warsEuropean Theatre of World War IIAir Offensive, Europe July 1942 - May 1945Garrison informationGarrisonEighth Air ForceOccupants401st Bombardment Group
An airman of the 401st Bomb Group updates the operations board. 13 January 1945.
RAF Deenethorpe Control Tower, waiting for the return of a mission, 26 February 1945
Royal Air Force Deenethorpe or more simply RAF Deenethorpe is a former Royal Air Force station located 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Corby, Northamptonshire, England. It has one remaining tarmac runway at 1200m (3937ft) long.
United States Army Air Forces use
Deenethorpe was constructed in 1943 and was allocated to the United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force. It was assigned USAAF designation Station 128.
USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Deenethorpe were:
450th Sub-Depot
431st Air Service Group
681st Air Materiel Squadron
857th Air Engineering Squadron
18th Weather Squadron
78th Station Complement Squadron
831st Engineer Aviation Battalion
1199th Military Police Company
1209th Quartermaster Company
1597th Ordnance Supply & Maintenance Company
861st Chemical Company (Air Operations)
2095th Engineer Fire Fighting Platoon
401st Bombardment Group (Heavy)
With the opening of the airfield in October 1943, the 401st Bombardment Group (Heavy), arrived from Great Falls AAB, Montana, in November. The 401st was assigned to the 94th Combat Bombardment Wing of the 1st Bombardment Division. Its tail code was Triangle-S.
The 401st Bomb Group consisted of the following operational squadrons flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress:
612th Bombardment Squadron (SC)
613th Bombardment Squadron (IN)
614th Bombardment Squadron (IW)
615th Bombardment Squadron (IY)
The 401st BG operated chiefly against strategic targets, bombing industries, submarine facilities, shipyards, missile sites, marshalling yards, and airfields; beginning in October 1944, concentrated on oil reserves. The Group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for striking telling blows against German aircraft production on 11 January and 20 February 1944.
In addition to strategic missions, group operations included attacks on transportation, airfields, and fortifications prior to the Normandy invasion and on D-Day, June 1944; support for ground operations during the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July, the siege of Brest in August, and the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944.
The Group flew missions against enemy forces during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 - January 1945, by assaulting transportation targets and communications centres in the battle area; and support for the airborne attack across the Rhine in March 1945.
The worst accident occurred on 5 December 1943 when a Fortress which failed to get off the ground careered over farmland and came to rest after crashing into a cottage on the edge of Deenethorpe village. The surviving members of the crew just had time to evacuate the wreckage and warn the villagers of the imminent explosion of the bomb load before it detonated damaging many houses in the village. The blast was felt in Kettering nine miles away.
After V-E Day, the group departed from Deenethorpe in August 1945 and returned to Sioux Falls AAF where the unit was inactivated, personnel demobilized and B-17 aircraft sent to storage.
The 401st Bombardment Group had flown 255 combat missions from Deenethorpe airfield.
Postwar use
After the war, Deenethorpe was used as a RAF Recruiting Centre, and later for several years the control tower was used as a lookout post by the local Royal Observer Corps. It was finally sold in 1963 and largely returned to agriculture. Part of the old main runway is now used as a private airstrip.
The 600 acres (240 ha) airfield is one of the sites that has been approved for a "garden village" in 2017. The plans include a village green, shops and community hall, as well as more than 1,000 homes.
Postscript
On 17 June 2011, the widow of an American air crewman who took part in bombing raids from the airfield buried a time capsule on the crew's behalf. Joan Parker was married to Tom Parker, the last surviving crew member of the B-17 Lady Luck of the 401st Bombardment Squadron. In a ceremony, Mrs. Parker buried eight glass-bottomed tankards along with a story of the men at the airfield. The crew carried out raids on marshalling yards in Berlin. "It was all agreed that whoever was the last one would bring the tankards back to Deenethorpe," she said. "It took some time trying to gather all of the information." The tankards were a gift from the pilot of Lady Luck, Lt. Bob Kamper, who presented them to the crew at a reunion in 1972. Mr. Parker died in March 2011.
See also
United Kingdom portalAviation portal
List of former Royal Air Force stations
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Citations
^ "Deenethorpe". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ "431st Service Group". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
^ "Capsule buried in crew's memory at Deenethorpe airfield" BBC News 17 June 2011, accessed 17 June 2011
Bibliography
Freeman, Roger A. (1978) Airfields of the Eighth: Then and Now. After the Battle ISBN 0-900913-09-6
Freeman, Roger A. (1991) The Mighty Eighth The Colour Record. Cassell & Co. ISBN 0-304-35708-1
Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
Rogers, Brian (2005). United States Air Force Unit Designations Since 1978. Hinkley, England: Midland Publications. ISBN 1-85780-197-0.
www.controltowers.co.uk Deenethorpe
mighty8thaf.preller.us Deenethorpe
USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers--1908 to present
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to RAF Deenethorpe.
401st Bomb Group website
Deenethorpe Today photo album
Historic Deenethorpe photo album
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Twentieth | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_Deenethorpe_-_401st_Bombardment_Group_Operations_Room.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RAF_Deenethorpe_-_Control_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Royal_Air_Force_stations"},{"link_name":"Corby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corby"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"tarmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmacadam"}],"text":"An airman of the 401st Bomb Group updates the operations board. 13 January 1945.RAF Deenethorpe Control Tower, waiting for the return of a mission, 26 February 1945Royal Air Force Deenethorpe or more simply RAF Deenethorpe is a former Royal Air Force station located 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Corby, Northamptonshire, England. It has one remaining tarmac runway at 1200m (3937ft) long.","title":"RAF Deenethorpe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"Eighth Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Deenethorpe was constructed in 1943 and was allocated to the United States Army Air Forces Eighth Air Force. It was assigned USAAF designation Station 128.USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Deenethorpe were:[1]450th Sub-Depot\n431st Air Service Group[2]681st Air Materiel Squadron\n857th Air Engineering Squadron18th Weather Squadron\n78th Station Complement Squadron\n831st Engineer Aviation Battalion\n1199th Military Police Company\n1209th Quartermaster Company\n1597th Ordnance Supply & Maintenance Company\n861st Chemical Company (Air Operations)\n2095th Engineer Fire Fighting Platoon","title":"United States Army Air Forces use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"401st Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401st_Bombardment_Group"},{"link_name":"Great Falls AAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"612th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/612th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"613th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"614th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/614th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"615th Bombardment Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/615th_Bombardment_Squadron"},{"link_name":"D-Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day"},{"link_name":"Saint-Lô","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-L%C3%B4"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"airborne attack on the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bulge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Deenethorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deenethorpe"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering"},{"link_name":"V-E Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-E_Day"},{"link_name":"Sioux Falls AAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_Falls_AAF"},{"link_name":"401st Bombardment Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/401st_Bombardment_Group"}],"sub_title":"401st Bombardment Group (Heavy)","text":"With the opening of the airfield in October 1943, the 401st Bombardment Group (Heavy), arrived from Great Falls AAB, Montana, in November. The 401st was assigned to the 94th Combat Bombardment Wing of the 1st Bombardment Division. Its tail code was Triangle-S.The 401st Bomb Group consisted of the following operational squadrons flying Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress:612th Bombardment Squadron (SC)\n613th Bombardment Squadron (IN)\n614th Bombardment Squadron (IW)\n615th Bombardment Squadron (IY)The 401st BG operated chiefly against strategic targets, bombing industries, submarine facilities, shipyards, missile sites, marshalling yards, and airfields; beginning in October 1944, concentrated on oil reserves. The Group received a Distinguished Unit Citation for striking telling blows against German aircraft production on 11 January and 20 February 1944.In addition to strategic missions, group operations included attacks on transportation, airfields, and fortifications prior to the Normandy invasion and on D-Day, June 1944; support for ground operations during the breakthrough at Saint-Lô in July, the siege of Brest in August, and the airborne attack on the Netherlands in September 1944.The Group flew missions against enemy forces during the Battle of the Bulge, December 1944 - January 1945, by assaulting transportation targets and communications centres in the battle area; and support for the airborne attack across the Rhine in March 1945.The worst accident occurred on 5 December 1943 when a Fortress which failed to get off the ground careered over farmland and came to rest after crashing into a cottage on the edge of Deenethorpe village. The surviving members of the crew just had time to evacuate the wreckage and warn the villagers of the imminent explosion of the bomb load before it detonated damaging many houses in the village. The blast was felt in Kettering nine miles away.After V-E Day, the group departed from Deenethorpe in August 1945 and returned to Sioux Falls AAF where the unit was inactivated, personnel demobilized and B-17 aircraft sent to storage.The 401st Bombardment Group had flown 255 combat missions from Deenethorpe airfield.","title":"United States Army Air Forces use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"Royal Observer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps"}],"text":"After the war, Deenethorpe was used as a RAF Recruiting Centre, and later for several years the control tower was used as a lookout post by the local Royal Observer Corps. It was finally sold in 1963 and largely returned to agriculture. Part of the old main runway is now used as a private airstrip.The 600 acres (240 ha) airfield is one of the sites that has been approved for a \"garden village\" in 2017. The plans include a village green, shops and community hall, as well as more than 1,000 homes.","title":"Postwar use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_News-3"}],"text":"On 17 June 2011, the widow of an American air crewman who took part in bombing raids from the airfield buried a time capsule on the crew's behalf. Joan Parker was married to Tom Parker, the last surviving crew member of the B-17 Lady Luck of the 401st Bombardment Squadron.[3] In a ceremony, Mrs. Parker buried eight glass-bottomed tankards along with a story of the men at the airfield. The crew carried out raids on marshalling yards in Berlin. \"It was all agreed that whoever was the last one would bring the tankards back to Deenethorpe,\" she said. \"It took some time trying to gather all of the information.\" The tankards were a gift from the pilot of Lady Luck, Lt. Bob Kamper, who presented them to the crew at a reunion in 1972. Mr. Parker died in March 2011.","title":"Postscript"}] | [{"image_text":"An airman of the 401st Bomb Group updates the operations board. 13 January 1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/RAF_Deenethorpe_-_401st_Bombardment_Group_Operations_Room.jpg/220px-RAF_Deenethorpe_-_401st_Bombardment_Group_Operations_Room.jpg"},{"image_text":"RAF Deenethorpe Control Tower, waiting for the return of a mission, 26 February 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RAF_Deenethorpe_-_Control_Tower.jpg/220px-RAF_Deenethorpe_-_Control_Tower.jpg"}] | [{"title":"United Kingdom portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"List of former Royal Air Force stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Royal_Air_Force_stations"}] | [{"reference":"\"Deenethorpe\". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanairmuseum.com/place/106","url_text":"\"Deenethorpe\""}]},{"reference":"\"431st Service Group\". American Air Museum in Britain. Retrieved 2 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanairmuseum.com/unit/3944","url_text":"\"431st Service Group\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Deenethorpe¶ms=52_30_09_N_000_35_06_W_region:GB_type:airport","external_links_name":"52°30′09″N 000°35′06″W / 52.50250°N 0.58500°W / 52.50250; -0.58500"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22RAF+Deenethorpe%22","external_links_name":"\"RAF Deenethorpe\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22RAF+Deenethorpe%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22RAF+Deenethorpe%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22RAF+Deenethorpe%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22RAF+Deenethorpe%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22RAF+Deenethorpe%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Deenethorpe¶ms=52.499461_N_0.587254_W_region:GB_scale:25000","external_links_name":"SP960900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=RAF_Deenethorpe¶ms=52_30_09_N_000_35_06_W_region:GB_type:airport","external_links_name":"52°30′09″N 000°35′06″W / 52.50250°N 0.58500°W / 52.50250; -0.58500"},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://www.americanairmuseum.com/place/106","external_links_name":"\"Deenethorpe\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanairmuseum.com/unit/3944","external_links_name":"\"431st Service Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-northamptonshire-13782139","external_links_name":"\"Capsule buried in crew's memory at Deenethorpe airfield\" BBC News 17 June 2011, accessed 17 June 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.controltowers.co.uk/D/Deenethorpe.htm","external_links_name":"www.controltowers.co.uk Deenethorpe"},{"Link":"http://mighty8thaf.preller.us/php/1Unit.php?Unitkey=401","external_links_name":"mighty8thaf.preller.us Deenethorpe"},{"Link":"http://home.att.net/~jbaugher/usafserials.html","external_links_name":"USAAS-USAAC-USAAF-USAF Aircraft Serial Numbers--1908 to present"},{"Link":"http://www.401bg.org/","external_links_name":"401st Bomb Group website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060223091905/http://mighty8thaf.preller.us/gallery/401stBG","external_links_name":"Deenethorpe Today photo album"},{"Link":"http://8thcontrails.com/ipw-web/gallery/album36","external_links_name":"Historic Deenethorpe photo album"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFSO-FM | KFSO-FM | ["1 Previous logo","2 References","3 External links"] | Radio station in Visalia, CaliforniaKFSO-FMVisalia, CaliforniaBroadcast areaFresno/Visalia/TulareFrequency92.9 MHz (HD Radio)BrandingLa Preciosa 92.9ProgrammingLanguage(s)SpanishFormatSpanish adult hitsSubchannelsHD2: Tejano music "El Patron"OwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsKALZ, KBOS-FM, KCBL, KFBT, KHGE, KRDU, KRZR, KSOFHistoryFirst air dateSeptember 1, 1961; 62 years ago (1961-09-01)Former call signsKONG-FM (1961–1984)KNTN (1984–1985)KFSO (1985–1992)Call sign meaningFreSnOTechnical informationFacility ID2099ClassBERP17,500 wattsHAAT260 meters (850 ft)Transmitter coordinates36°38′10.00″N 118°56′34.00″W / 36.6361111°N 118.9427778°W / 36.6361111; -118.9427778LinksWebcastListen LiveListen Live (HD2)Websitelapreciosa929.iheart.com
KFSO-FM (92.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish adult hits format. Licensed to Visalia, California, United States, it serves the Fresno/Visalia/Tulare area. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios are located on Shaw Avenue in North Fresno, and the transmitter tower is in Visalia.
KFSO-FM broadcasts two channels in HD.
Prior to Spanish, the station played Oldies calling itself "92.9 K-FRESNO" and later "KOOL 92.9."
Previous logo
92.9 K-Fresno
Kool 92.9
References
^ "Complete-Television-Radio-Cable-Directory-2017-Radio.pdf" (PDF).
^ "FCC History Cards for KFSO-FM".
^ http://www.hd-radio.com/i/pdfs/CES%202010%20Releases/HD%20Radio%20Publications/HDRadio_2009Station_Guide.pdf HD Radio Guide
External links
La Preciosa 92.9 website
KFSO in the FCC FM station database
KFSO in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in Visalia, Tulare, and Hanford, California (Tulare and Kings County)By AM frequency
620
1130
1240
1270
1370
1400
1450
By FM frequency
88.9
89.7
90.5
92.9
94.5
94.9
97.1
98.9
99.7
100.5
102.3
103.7
104.1
104.9
106.7
107.5
LPFM
93.3
98.1
Translators
94.1
97.5
98.5
101.3
107.1
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
1400
92.9-1
92.9-2
94.9-1
94.9-2
98.9-1
98.9-2
103.7-1
By call sign
K231DC
K248BX
K253CI
K267CG
K296GH
KARM
KBLO
KBOS-FM
HD2
KCRZ
KDUV
KFBT
KFRR
KFSO-FM
HD2
KGAR-LP
KGEN
KGEN-FM
KIGS
KIOO
KJOP
KJUG-FM
KLXY
KMQA
KNFS-LP
KOND
KRDU
KRZR
KSEQ
KSOF
HD2
KTIP
KVMI
Defunct
KOAD-LP (92.5 FM)
KSLK (96.1 FM)
KVLP-LP (101.5 FM)
KZPO (103.3 FM)
Radio stations in the San Joaquin Valley
Bakersfield
Fresno
Merced
Modesto
Stockton
Visalia-Tulare-Hanford
Other nearby regions
Eastern Sierra
San Luis Obispo
See also
List of radio stations in California
vteSpanish-language radio stations in the state of CaliforniaStations
KAEH – Beaumont
KAFY – Bakersfield
KATD – Pittsburg
KBAA – Grass Valley
KBBF – Santa Rosa
KBBU – Modesto
KBHH – Kerman
KBKY – Merced
KBLO – Corcoran
KBRG – San Jose
KBTW – Lenwood
KBUA – San Fernando
KBUE – Long Beach
KBYN – Arnold
KCAL – Redlands
KCCL – Woodland
KCFA – Arnold
KCHJ – Delano
KCVR – Columbia
KEBN – Garden Grove
KEBT - Lost Hills
KEPD – Ridgecrest
KERU-FM – Blythe
KEXA – King City
KEYQ – Fresno
KEZY – San Bernardino
KFSD – Escondido
KFSG – Roseville
KFSO-FM – Visalia
KGED - Fresno
KGEN – Tulare
KGEN-FM – Hanford
KGRB – Jackson
KGST – Fresno
KGZO – Shafter
KHCV – Mecca
KHDC – Chualar
KHHM – Shingle Springs
KHMU – Buttonwillow
KHPY – Moreno Valley
KHSQ – Trinidad
KIDI-FM – Lompoc
KIQI – San Francisco
KIQQ-FM – Newberry Springs
KIQS – Willows
KIST-FM – Carpinteria
KIWI – Mcfarland
KJDJ – San Luis Obispo
KJOR – Windsor
KKZI – Barstow
KLAX-FM – East Los Angeles
KLBN – Fresno
KLOC - Turlock
KLJR-FM – Santa Paula
KLLE – North Fork
KLLI – Los Angeles
KLMG – Esparto
KLMM – Morro Bay
KLNV – San Diego
KLOB – Thousand Palms
KLOK-FM – Greenfield
KLOQ-FM – Winton
KLQV – San Diego
KLTX – Long Beach
KLUN – Paso Robles
KLVE – Los Angeles
KLYY – Riverside
KMAK – Orange Cove
KMBX – Soledad
KMEN – Mendota
KMIX – Tracy
KMJV – Soledad
KMLA – El Rio
KMLM-FM - Grover Beach
KMPG – Hollister
KMPO – Modesto
KMQA – East Porterville
KMRO – Camarillo
KMYX-FM – Arvin
KMZR – Atwater
KNTO – Chowchilla
KODV – Barstow
KOND – Hanford
KOXR – Oxnard
KPRC-FM – Salinas
KPSL-FM – Bakersfield
KPST-FM – Coachella
KQLB – Los Banos
KRAY-FM – Salinas
KRCD – Inglewood
KRCV – West Covina
KRCX-FM – Marysville
KRDA – Clovis
KRHM-LP – Bakersfield
KRQK – Lompoc
KRRS – Santa Rosa
KSAC-FM – Dunnigan
KSCA – Glendale
KSDO – San Diego
KSEA – Greenfield
KSGZ – Greenfield
KSEH – Brawley
KSES-FM – Seaside
KSFN - Piedmont
KSJV – Fresno
KSMY – Lompoc
KSOL – San Francisco
KSPA – Ontario
KSPE – Santa Barbara
KSQL – Santa Cruz
KSRT – Cloverdale
KSSC – Ventura
KSSD – Fallbrook
KSSE – Arcadia
KSXY - Forestville
KTAP – Santa Maria
KTGE – Salinas
KTMZ – Pomona
KTNQ – Los Angeles
KTOR – Gerber
KTQX – Bakersfield
KTSE-FM – Patterson
KUBO – Calexico
KUFW – Kingsburg
KUNA-FM – La Quinta
KVMX-FM – Placerville
KVON - Napa
KVTR – Victorville
KVUH – Laytonville
KVVF – Santa Clara
KVVZ – San Rafael
KWAC – Bakersfield
KWIZ – Santa Ana
KWKW – Los Angeles
KWQQ – Hemet
KWRN – Apple Valley
KWST – El Centro
KXLM – Oxnard
KXOL-FM – Los Angeles
KXRS – Hemet
KXSB – Big Bear Lake
KXSE – Davis
KXSM – Chualar
KXTS – Geyserville
KXVV – Victorville
KXXZ – Barstow
KXZM – Felton
KZER – Santa Barbara
KZNB – Petaluma
KZSF – San Jose
KZSZ – Colusa
Defunct
KDBV – Salinas
KDDF – Mecca
KESQ – Indio
KFVR – Crescent City
KNCR – Fortuna
KSKD – Livingston
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in California
See also
Classical
Jazz
Religious
Spanish
Smooth Jazz
Other
vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers
Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO)
Board of directors
Lowry Mays
Irving Azoff
B. J. "Red" McCombs
J. C. Watts
John H. Williams
AM radio stations
KABQ
KAKC
KASI
KATZ
KBFP
KBME
KBMR
KCBL
KCJB
KCOL
KCQL
KCSJ
KDFD
KEIB
KENI
KEX
KFAB
KFAN
KFBK
KFBX
KFI
KFIV
KFOO
KFXR
KFYI
KFYR
KGB
KGHM
KGME
KGMY
KHEY
KHHO
KHOW
KHTY
KHVH
KHVN
KIIX
KIKI
KION
KJR
KKGM
KKSF
KKTX
KKXL
KLAC
KLSD
KLTC
KLVI
KMJM
KMNS
KNEW
KNRS
KNST
KOA
KOGA
KOGO
KOY
KPOJ
KPRC
KPTR
KPWK
KQNT
KRDU
KRRZ
KRZR
KSSK
KSTE
KTBZ
KTKR
KTLK
KTOK
KTRH
KTSM
KTZN
KTZR
KUBE
KUNO
KVET
KVNS
KWHN
KWSL
KWSX
KWTX
KXEW
KXIC
KXMR
KXNO
KXYZ
KZFS
WAAX
WAEB
WARF
WAVZ
WBBD
WBEX
WBGA
WBGG
WBHP
WBIN
WBIZ
WBZ
WBZT
WCAO
WCCF
WCHI
WCHO
WCKY
WCOS
WCWA
WDAE
WDAK
WDAS
WDFN
WDIA
WDIZ
WDOV
WDSC
WELI
WENE
WERC
WESC
WFLA
WFLF
WFNN
WFXJ
WFXN
WGIG
WGIR
WGRB
WGST
WGVL
WGY
WHAM
WHAS
WHEN
WHJJ
WHLO
WHNZ
WHO
WHOS
WHP
WHTK
WHTY
WHUC
WHYN
WIBA
WIHB
WILM
WIMA
WINR
WINZ
WIOD
WISN
WIZE
WJAS
WJBO
WJDX
WJDY
WJET
WJIP
WJMX
WJNO
WJYZ
WKBN
WKBZ
WKCY
WKDW
WKIP
WKJK
WKMQ
WKRC
WKRD
WLAC
WLAN
WLAP
WLTP
WLW
WMAN
WMEQ
WMFN
WMGE
WMMB
WMMV
WMRE
WMRN
WMT
WMXF
WNCO
WNDE
WNIO
WNTM
WOAI
WOC
WODT
WOFX
WOKY
WONE
WONW
WOOD
WOR
WPCH
WPEK
WPKX
WPOP
WQLL
WRAK
WRAW
WREC
WRKK
WRKO
WRSO
WRZX
WSAI
WSAN
WSDV
WSEK
WSFC
WSFZ
WSOK
WSPD
WSRW
WSYR
WTAG
WTAM
WTEL
WTGM
WTKG
WTKS
WTKT
WTLM
WTLY
WTSO
WTUP
WTVN
WUST
WVHU
WVOC
WWCD
WWNC
WWRK
WWRL
WWTF
WWTX
WWVA
WXBN
WXKS
WYGM
WYLD
WYNF
WYTS
WZMG
WZTA
WZWB
FM radio stations
KAAZ-FM
KABQ-FM
KAKQ-FM
KAGG
KAJA
KALZ
KASE-FM (HD2)
KASH-FM
KATZ-FM (HD2)
KBCO
KBEB
KBFM
KBFP-FM
KBFX
KBGO (HD2)
KBIG
KBKS-FM
KBOS-FM
KBPI
KBPL
KBQI (HD2)
KBRQ
KCAD
KCCY-FM
KCDA
KCOL-FM
KCQQ
KCYZ
KDAG
KDFO
KDGE
KDHT
KDJE
KDMX
KDNN (HD2)
KDON-FM
KDRB
KDWB-FM
KEEY-FM
KEGL (HD2)
KESZ
KEZA
KFBK-FM
KFBT
KFBW
KFFF (HD2)
KFMQ
KFOO-FM
KFSO-FM
KFXN-FM
KFXR-FM
KGB-FM
KGBX-FM
KGGI
KGLI
KGLX
KGOR
KGOT
KHEY-FM
KHFI-FM
KHGE
KHKN
KHKS (HD2)
KHKZ
KHTS-FM
KHUD
KHYL
KIAK-FM
KIBT
KIGL
KIIS-FM
KIIZ-FM
KIOC
KIOI
KIOZ
KISC (HD2)
KISO (HD2)
KISQ
KIZS
KIZZ
KJAQ (HD2)
KJEB
KJKJ
KJMS
KJMY (HD2)
KJR-FM (HD2)
KJSN
KJYO
KKBD
KKCW
KKDM
KKED
KKFG
KKIX
KKLI
KKMY (HD2)
KKRQ
KKRZ (HD2)
KKSY-FM
KKXL-FM
KKYS
KKZX
KLFX
KLOU
KLTH
KMAG
KMCX-FM
KMEL
KMFX-FM
KMJX
KMMA
KMOD-FM
KMRQ
KMXA-FM
KMXF
KMXG
KMXP
KMXR
KMYI
KMYT
KNCN
KNFX-FM
KNIX-FM
KNRS-FM
KOCN
KODA
KODJ
KOGA-FM
KOHT
KOKQ (HD2)
KOLT-FM (HD2)
KOLZ
KOSF
KOSO
KOST
KOSY-FM
KPAW
KPEK
KPEZ (HD2)
KPHT
KPRC-FM
KPRR (HD2)
KQBT
KQDY
KQHT
KQOD
KQQL (HD2) (HD3)
KQXT-FM (HD2) (HD3)
KQXX-FM
KRAB
KRBB
KRCH
KRFX
KRPT
KRQQ
KRRL
KRVE
KRYS-FM
KSAB
KSD
KSEZ
KSFT-FM
KSLZ (HD2)
KSME (HD2)
KSNE-FM
KSNR
KSOF
KSRY
KSSK-FM
KSSN
KSSS
KSSX
KSWF
KTBT
KTBZ-FM
KTCL
KTCZ-FM (HD2)
KTEG
KTEX
KTGX (HD2)
KTHR
KTLK-FM
KTMQ
KTOM-FM
KTOZ-FM
KTRA-FM
KTSM-FM
KTST
KUBT (HD2)
KUCD (HD2)
KUUL
KVDU
KVET-FM
KVJM
KVUU
KVVS
KWBL
KWNR
KWNW
KWTX-FM
KXBG (HD2)
KXJM
KXKT
KXNO-FM (HD2)
KXTC
KXUS
KXXM
KXXY-FM
KYKR
KYLD
KYMG
KYMT (HD2)
KYOT
KYRV (HD2)
KYSR
KYYX
KYYY
KZBB
KZCH
KZEP-FM
KZHT
KZIS
KZOK-FM
KZPR
KZPS
KZRR (HD2)
KZRX
KZSN
KZZP
WACL
WACO-FM
WACT
WAEB-FM
WAEV
WAGH
WAIO
WAKS (HD2)
WAKZ
WAMX
WAMZ
WASH-FM
WATQ
WAVW
WAXQ
WAYV
WAZR
WBBG
WBBI
WBBQ-FM
WBBS
WBCG
WBCT
WBFX
WBGG-FM
WBIG-FM
WBIZ-FM
WBKS
WBNW-FM
WBTP
WBTT
WBUL-FM (HD2)
WBUV
WBVB
WBWL
WBWZ
WBYL
WBZW
WBZY
WCHD
WCHI-FM (HD2) (HD3)
WCHO-FM
WCIB
WCJM-FM
WCKT
WCKY-FM
WCOD-FM
WCOL-FM
WCOS-FM
WCTQ
WCTW
WCVU
WCZR
WDAR-FM
WDAS-FM
WDCG (HD2)
WDFM
WDMX
WDRM
WDSD
WDVE
WDVI
WDXB (HD2)
WEBG
WEBN (HD2) (HD3)
WEBZ
WEGR
WEGW
WEGX
WEII
WEND
WERC-FM (HD2) (HD3)
WERZ
WESC-FM
WESE
WEZL
WFBQ
WFFX
WFKS
WFLA-FM
WFLF-FM
WFLZ-FM
WFMF
WFQX
WFSY
WFUS (HD2)
WFXN-FM
WGAR-FM
WGCI-FM
WGEX
WGIR-FM
WGMY (HD2) (HD3)
WGMZ
WGSY
WGTR
WGY-FM
WHAL-FM
WHBT-FM
WHCN
WHCY
WHEB
WHFX
WHJY
WHKF
WHLH
WHLK
WHLW
WHOF (HD2)
WHQC
WHRK
WHTZ
WHYI-FM (HD2)
WHYN-FM
WIBA-FM (HD2)
WIBB-FM
WIHB-FM
WIHT (HD2)
WIKX
WIMT
WIOQ (HD2)
WIOT
WJBT (HD2)
WJDX-FM
WJIZ-FM
WJJS
WJJX
WJKX
WJLB
WJMN
WJMX-FM
WJQQ
WJRR (HD3)
WKCI-FM (HD2)
WKCY-FM
WKDD
WKEE-FM
WKFS
WKGB-FM
WKGR
WKGS
WKKF
WKKJ
WKKR
WKKT
WKKV-FM
WKNN-FM
WKQI
WKQQ
WKSB
WKSC-FM
WKSF (HD2) (HD3)
WKSI-FM (HD2)
WKSJ-FM
WKSL
WKSP
WKSS
WKST-FM
WKTU
WKWK-FM
WKZP
WLAN-FM
WLDI
WLIT-FM
WLKO
WLKT (HD2)
WLLK-FM
WLLR-FM (HD2)
WLLZ (HD2) (HD3)
WLQB
WLRQ-FM
WLTW
WLTY
WLUB (HD2)
WLVH
WMAD
WMAG
WMAN-FM
WMAX-FM
WMEQ-FM
WMGF (HD2)
WMGP
WMIA-FM (HD2)
WMIB (HD3)
WMIL-FM
WMJI
WMJJ (HD2)
WMJY
WMKS
WMLX
WMMS (HD2)
WMMX
WMOV-FM
WMRN-FM
WMRR
WMRZ
WMSI-FM
WMTX
WMUS
WMXA
WMXC (HD2)
WMXD
WMXL
WMXW
WMXY
WMYI
WMZQ-FM
WNBL
WNCB
WNCD
WNCI
WNCO-FM
WNDH
WNIC
WNNJ
WNOE-FM
WNOH
WNOK
WNRQ (HD2)
WNRW
WNSL
WNUS
WOBB
WODC
WOLL
WOLT (HD3)
WOLZ
WOOD-FM
WOVK
WOWI
WPAP (HD2)
WPGB
WPKF
WPLA
WPOC
WPRW-FM
WPTI
WPYX
WQBT
WQBZ
WQEN (HD2) (HD3)
WQGA
WQHQ
WQIK-FM (HD2)
WQLX
WQMF (HD2)
WQNQ
WQNS
WQOL
WQRB
WQRV (HD2) (HD3)
WQSO
WQSR
WQUE-FM
WQYZ
WRBT
WRBV
WRDG
WRDU
WRDX
WRFF
WRFQ
WRFX (HD2)
WRFY-FM (HD2)
WRGV
WRIT-FM
WRKF-FM
WRKH (HD2)
WRKT
WRLX
WRNO-FM (HD2)
WRNQ
WRNW
WRNX
WROO
WROV-FM (HD2)
WRTR
WRTS
WRUB
WRUM (HD2)
WRVB
WRVE (HD2)
WRVF
WRVV
WRVW
WRWB-FM
WRWD-FM
WRXZ
WRZE
WSBY-FM
WSCC-FM
WSDF
WSEK-FM
WSIX-FM (HD3)
WSNE-FM
WSNX-FM
WSOL-FM
WSRS
WSRW-FM
WSRZ-FM
WSSL-FM
WSTH-FM
WSTV (HD2
WSTZ-FM
WSUS
WSVO
WSWR
WSYR-FM
WTAK-FM
WTBU (HD2)
WTCR-FM
WTFX-FM
WTKK
WTKS-FM (HD2)
WTKX-FM
WTNT-FM
WTQR
WTRY-FM
WTTH
WTUE
WTUP-FM
WTWF
WTXT
WTZB
WUBL (HD2)
WUBT
WUCS
WUMR (HD2)
WUSL
WUSQ-FM
WVAZ
WVBZ
WVKF
WVKS (HD2)
WVOR
WVRK
WVRT
WWDC (HD2)
WWBB
WWFG
WWHT
WWKZ
WWMG
WWPR-FM
WWPW
WWSW-FM (HD2)
WWYZ
WWXM
WWZD-FM
WXBB
WXBT (HD2)
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This article about a radio station in California is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"adult hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_hits"},{"link_name":"Visalia, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visalia,_California"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia,_Inc."},{"link_name":"HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"KFSO-FM (92.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish adult hits format. Licensed to Visalia, California, United States, it serves the Fresno/Visalia/Tulare area. The station is currently owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. Its studios are located on Shaw Avenue in North Fresno, and the transmitter tower is in Visalia.KFSO-FM broadcasts two channels in HD.[3]Prior to Spanish, the station played Oldies calling itself \"92.9 K-FRESNO\" and later \"KOOL 92.9.\"","title":"KFSO-FM"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"92.9 K-Fresno\nKool 92.9","title":"Previous logo"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Complete-Television-Radio-Cable-Directory-2017-Radio.pdf\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2017-Complete-Directory/Complete-Television-Radio-Cable-Directory-2017-Radio.pdf","url_text":"\"Complete-Television-Radio-Cable-Directory-2017-Radio.pdf\""}]},{"reference":"\"FCC History Cards for KFSO-FM\".","urls":[{"url":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=74436","url_text":"\"FCC History Cards for KFSO-FM\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KFSO-FM¶ms=36_38_10.00_N_118_56_34.00_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"36°38′10.00″N 118°56′34.00″W / 36.6361111°N 118.9427778°W / 36.6361111; -118.9427778"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/la-preciosa-929-3421/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/el-patron-7004/","external_links_name":"Listen Live (HD2)"},{"Link":"https://lapreciosa929.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"lapreciosa929.iheart.com"},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2017-Complete-Directory/Complete-Television-Radio-Cable-Directory-2017-Radio.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Complete-Television-Radio-Cable-Directory-2017-Radio.pdf\""},{"Link":"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=74436","external_links_name":"\"FCC History Cards for KFSO-FM\""},{"Link":"http://www.hd-radio.com/i/pdfs/CES%202010%20Releases/HD%20Radio%20Publications/HDRadio_2009Station_Guide.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.hd-radio.com/i/pdfs/CES%202010%20Releases/HD%20Radio%20Publications/HDRadio_2009Station_Guide.pdf"},{"Link":"https://lapreciosa929.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"La Preciosa 92.9 website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KFSO","external_links_name":"KFSO"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KFSO","external_links_name":"KFSO"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=KFSO-FM&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Sr. | Gunning Bedford Sr. | ["1 Early life and family","2 Political career","3 Death and legacy","4 Almanac","5 References","6 External links","7 Places with more information"] | American lawyer and politician
This article is about the soldier and lawyer from late eighteenth century Delaware. For other people, see Gunning Bedford (disambiguation).
Gunning Bedford Sr.2nd Governor of DelawareIn officeJanuary 19, 1796 – September 30, 1797Preceded byJoshua ClaytonSucceeded byDaniel Rogers
Personal detailsBorn(1742-04-07)April 7, 1742New Castle County, Delaware ColonyDiedSeptember 30, 1797(1797-09-30) (aged 55)New Castle, DelawarePolitical partyFederalistSpouseMary ReadResidence(s)New Castle, DelawareProfessionlawyerMilitary serviceAllegiance United StatesBranch/serviceNew Castle County MilitiaContinental ArmyRank Lieutenant ColonelBattles/warsFrench and Indian WarAmerican Revolutionary War
Gunning Bedford Sr. (April 7, 1742 – September 30, 1797) was an American lawyer and politician from New Castle, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly and as Governor of Delaware. He is often confused with his cousin, Gunning Bedford Jr., who was a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Early life and family
Bedford was born on a farm in New Castle Hundred, near the town of New Castle, son of William and Catherine Jacquett Bedford. William Bedford was the grandson of another William Bedford who came to Delaware from Virginia around 1680, and who himself was the grandson of an English immigrant to Jamestown, Virginia in 1621. Gunning Bedford was educated at the Academy of Pennsylvania and married Mary Read, the sister of George Read in 1769. They had no children. They lived at 6 The Strand in New Castle and were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church. He began his career as a merchant at New Castle, but later studied law, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1779.
Political career
Bedford was elected to four terms in the House of Assembly beginning with the 1783/84 session and serving through the 1786/87 session. He was elected a delegate to the U.S. Congress under the Articles of Confederation in 1786/87, but resigned shortly afterwards on January 15, 1787. He then was elected to a term on the Legislative Council beginning with the 1788/89 session. In October 1795 he was the Federalist candidate for governor, defeating Dr. Archibald Alexander, a retired army surgeon. He served as governor from January 19, 1796 until his death on September 30, 1797.
Death and legacy
Bedford died at New Castle and is buried there in the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery. He was the second Governor of Delaware to die in office.
Delaware General Assembly (sessions while Governor)
Year
Assembly
Senate Majority
Speaker
House Majority
Speaker
1796
20th
Federalist
Daniel Rogers
Federalist
Stephen Lewis
1797
21st
Federalist
Daniel Rogers
Federalist
Stephen Lewis
Almanac
Elections were held October 1, and members of the General Assembly took office on October 20 or the following weekday. State legislative councilors had a three-year term, and state assemblymen had a one-year term.
Beginning in 1792 elections were held on the first Tuesday of October, and members of the General Assembly took office the first Tuesday of January. Also in 1792 the State Legislative Council was renamed the State Senate, and the State House of Assembly became the State House of Representatives. The State President became the governor and was popularly elected. He takes office the third Tuesday in January and had a three-year term.
Public Offices
Office
Type
Location
Began office
Ended office
notes
Assemblyman
Legislature
Dover
October 20, 1783
October 20, 1784
Assemblyman
Legislature
Dover
October 20, 1784
October 20, 1785
Assemblyman
Legislature
Dover
October 20, 1785
October 21, 1786
Assemblyman
Legislature
Dover
October 20, 1786
October 21, 1787
Councilman
Legislature
Dover
October 20, 1788
October 26, 1791
Governor
Executive
Dover
January 19, 1796
September 28, 1797
Delaware General Assembly service
Dates
Assembly
Chamber
Majority
Governor
Committees
District
1783/84
8th
State House
non-partisan
Nicholas Van Dyke
New Castle at-large
1784/85
9th
State House
non-partisan
Nicholas Van Dyke
New Castle at-large
1785/86
10th
State House
non-partisan
Nicholas Van Dyke
New Castle at-large
1786/87
11th
State House
non-partisan
Thomas Collins
New Castle at-large
1788/89
13th
State Council
non-partisan
Thomas Collins
New Castle at-large
1789/90
14th
State Council
non-partisan
Joshua Clayton
New Castle at-large
1790/91
15th
State Council
non-partisan
Joshua Clayton
New Castle at-large
Election results
Year
Office
Subject
Party
Votes
%
Opponent
Party
Votes
%
1795
Governor
Gunning Bedford Sr.
Federalist
2,352
52%
Archibald Alexander
Republican
2,142
48%
References
Conrad, Henry C. (1908). History of the State of Delaware. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Wickersham Company.
Martin, Roger A. (1984). History of Delaware Through its Governors. Wilmington, Delaware: McClafferty Press.
Martin, Roger A. (1995). Memoirs of the Senate. Newark, Delaware: Roger A. Martin.
Munroe, John A. (1954). Federalist Delaware 1775-1815. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University.
Scharf, John Thomas (1888). History of Delaware 1609-1888. 2 vols. Philadelphia: L. J. Richards & Co.
Ward, Christopher L. (1941). Delaware Continentals, 1776-1783. Wilmington, DE: Historical Society of Delaware. ISBN 0-924117-21-4.
Wilson, Emerson. (1969). Forgotten Heroes of Delaware. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Deltos Publishing Company.
External links
Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Biography by Russell Pickett
Delaware's Governors
Gunning Bedford Sr. at Find a Grave
The Political Graveyard
Places with more information
Delaware Historical Society; website; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655-7161
University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831-2965
Party political offices
Preceded byJoshua Clayton
Federalist nominee for Governor of Delaware 1795
Succeeded byRichard Bassett
Political offices
Preceded byJoshua Clayton
Governor of Delaware 1796–1797
Succeeded byDaniel Rogers
vteGovernors and lieutenant governors of DelawareGovernors
McKinly
McKean
Read
Caesar Rodney
Dickinson
Cook
Van Dyke
T. Collins
Davis
Clayton
Bedford
Rogers
Bassett
Sykes
D. Hall
Mitchell
Truitt
Haslet
D. Rodney
Clark
Molleston
Stout
J. Collins
Caleb Rodney
Haslet
Thomas
Paynter
Polk
Hazzard
Bennett
Polk
Comegys
Cooper
Stockton
Maull
Temple
Tharp
Ross
Causey
Burton
Cannon
Saulsbury
Ponder
Cochran
J. Hall
Stockley
Biggs
Reynolds
Marvil
Watson
Tunnell
Hunn
Lea
Pennewill
Miller
Townsend
Denney
Robinson
Buck
McMullen
Bacon
Carvel
Boggs
Buckson
Carvel
Terry
Peterson
Tribbitt
du Pont
Castle
Wolf
Carper
Minner
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Carney
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Parker
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Corley
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Bayard
Rollins
Buckson
Lammot
Tribbitt
Bookhammer
McGinnis
Castle
Woo
Wolf
Minner
Carney
Denn
Hall-Long
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunning Bedford (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"New Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"New Castle County, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Federalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Delaware General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Governor of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Gunning Bedford Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr."},{"link_name":"U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)"}],"text":"This article is about the soldier and lawyer from late eighteenth century Delaware. 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He began his career as a merchant at New Castle, but later studied law, and was admitted to the Delaware Bar in 1779.","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Articles of Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Archibald Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Alexander_(Delaware)"}],"text":"Bedford was elected to four terms in the House of Assembly beginning with the 1783/84 session and serving through the 1786/87 session. He was elected a delegate to the U.S. Congress under the Articles of Confederation in 1786/87, but resigned shortly afterwards on January 15, 1787. He then was elected to a term on the Legislative Council beginning with the 1788/89 session. 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He takes office the third Tuesday in January and had a three-year term.","title":"Almanac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delaware Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/19961231010053/http://hsd.org/"},{"link_name":"University of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Library website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lib.udel.edu/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"McKinly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKinly"},{"link_name":"McKean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_McKean"},{"link_name":"Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)"},{"link_name":"Caesar Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cook_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Van Dyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Van_Dyke_(politician,_born_1738)"},{"link_name":"T. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Collins_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu_Davis"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Clayton"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rogers_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sykes_(governor)"},{"link_name":"D. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hall_(Delaware_politician)"},{"link_name":"Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Truitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Truitt"},{"link_name":"Haslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Haslet"},{"link_name":"D. Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clark_(Delaware_governor)"},{"link_name":"Molleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molleston"},{"link_name":"Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Stout"},{"link_name":"J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Delivery_(1955_film) | Special Delivery (1955 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 1955 film
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Special DeliveryDirected byJohn BrahmWritten byPhilip H. Reisman Jr.Dwight TaylorGéza von Radványi (idea)Produced by
Gilbert de Goldschmidt (producer)
Oskar Kalbus (supervising producer)
Charles Münzel (executive producer)
Stuart Schulberg (producer)
StarringJoseph CottenEva BartokBob CunninghamCinematographyJoseph C. BrunEdited byGeorges KlotzMusic byBernhard KaunProductioncompanyTrans-Rhein FilmDistributed by
Columbia Film-Verleih (West Germany)
Columbia Pictures (United States)
Release dates
April 1955 (1955-04) (West Germany)
September 1955 (1955-09) (United States)
Running time86 minutesCountriesUnited StatesWest GermanyLanguagesEnglishGerman(filmed simultaneously in both languages)
Special Delivery (German: Vom Himmel gefallen) is a 1955 American–West German comedy film, directed by John Brahm. It stars Joseph Cotten and Eva Bartok. Special Delivery was filmed simultaneously in an English- and German-language version.
Plot
Somewhere behind the Iron Curtain, mid 1950s. John Adams is a US embassy chargé d'affaires in a communist country in Eastern Europe. One day he has to deal with a very special case: in the front yard of the embassy, a baby has been laid down, as if it had "fallen from heaven"! Nobody knows how it got there, nobody saw the person who put it there. A found object in the front yard of the embassy is not all that unusual, because many a person persecuted by the regime has thrown something over the embassy fence so that it does not fall into the hands of the communist cultural barbarians. For the embassy, with its six exclusively male employees, the baby poses a serious problem: what to do? The government of the Eastern European country immediately demands the extradition of the young "citizen" and immediately sends a stubborn state representative, Comrade Kovacs. Adams, on the other hand, decides to stonewall and not hand the baby over to the communists. In order to ensure the care of the little one, who is simply called Sam after Uncle Sam, the host country also provides its own nanny. Sonja Novaswobida, as she is called, is also supposed to collect further information on site on behalf of her government.
Due to mutual distrust, the men's relationships with the Eastern European state employee initially ranged from difficult to cold, especially since Kovacs turned out to be a particularly tough opponent for Ambassador Adams. He insists on returning the baby to the country as a kind of public property. Adams, however, wants to hand over just that, and instead, with some ironic ulterior motive, gives Adams another find that someone had thrown over the embassy's bridle: a supposedly ingenious, modern musical score that Kovacs plays the piano reluctantly at first, but then enthusiastically after realizing it must, how little the Americans can do with such modern music. Trust in one another begins to develop slowly. Tensions between the two governments are only resolved when the little one's parents are located. They are Olaf, the embassy's Swedish cook, and a woman from the host country who used to work here. Ambassador Adams now ensures in no time at all that marriage papers are issued to the parents, so that the toddler is considered a Swedish citizen and can leave the communist country with the parents in the direction of freedom. Adams' relationship with Sonja also soon goes beyond the purely official: both eventually become a couple.
Cast
Joseph Cotten as John Adams
Eva Bartok as Sonja
Bob Cunningham as Captain Heinikan
René Deltgen as Kovak
Gert Fröbe as Olaf
Bruni Löbel as Lila
Ursula Herking as Madame Debrov
Production
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2012)
It was filmed simultaneously in English- and German-language versions.
See also
1955 in film
List of comedy films of the 1950s
List of German films 1945–1959
References
External links
Special Delivery at IMDb
Special Delivery at the TCM Movie Database
vteFilms directed by John Brahm
Broken Blossoms (1936)
Counsel for Crime (1937)
Penitentiary (1938)
Girls' School (1938)
Let Us Live (1939)
Rio (1939)
Escape to Glory (1940)
Wild Geese Calling (1941)
The Undying Monster (1942)
Tonight We Raid Calais (1943)
Wintertime (1943)
The Lodger (1944)
Guest in the House (1944)
Hangover Square (1945)
The Locket (1946)
The Brasher Doubloon (1947)
Singapore (1947)
The Thief of Venice (1950)
The Miracle of Our Lady of Fatima (1952)
Face to Face (1952)
The Diamond Queen (1953)
The Mad Magician (1954)
The Golden Plague (1954)
Special Delivery (1955)
Bengazi (1955)
Hot Rods to Hell (1967) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"John Brahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brahm"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cotten"},{"link_name":"Eva Bartok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Bartok"}],"text":"Special Delivery (German: Vom Himmel gefallen) is a 1955 American–West German comedy film, directed by John Brahm. It stars Joseph Cotten and Eva Bartok. Special Delivery was filmed simultaneously in an English- and German-language version.","title":"Special Delivery (1955 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uncle Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Sam"}],"text":"Somewhere behind the Iron Curtain, mid 1950s. John Adams is a US embassy chargé d'affaires in a communist country in Eastern Europe. One day he has to deal with a very special case: in the front yard of the embassy, a baby has been laid down, as if it had \"fallen from heaven\"! Nobody knows how it got there, nobody saw the person who put it there. A found object in the front yard of the embassy is not all that unusual, because many a person persecuted by the regime has thrown something over the embassy fence so that it does not fall into the hands of the communist cultural barbarians. For the embassy, with its six exclusively male employees, the baby poses a serious problem: what to do? The government of the Eastern European country immediately demands the extradition of the young \"citizen\" and immediately sends a stubborn state representative, Comrade Kovacs. Adams, on the other hand, decides to stonewall and not hand the baby over to the communists. In order to ensure the care of the little one, who is simply called Sam after Uncle Sam, the host country also provides its own nanny. Sonja Novaswobida, as she is called, is also supposed to collect further information on site on behalf of her government.Due to mutual distrust, the men's relationships with the Eastern European state employee initially ranged from difficult to cold, especially since Kovacs turned out to be a particularly tough opponent for Ambassador Adams. He insists on returning the baby to the country as a kind of public property. Adams, however, wants to hand over just that, and instead, with some ironic ulterior motive, gives Adams another find that someone had thrown over the embassy's bridle: a supposedly ingenious, modern musical score that Kovacs plays the piano reluctantly at first, but then enthusiastically after realizing it must, how little the Americans can do with such modern music. Trust in one another begins to develop slowly. Tensions between the two governments are only resolved when the little one's parents are located. They are Olaf, the embassy's Swedish cook, and a woman from the host country who used to work here. Ambassador Adams now ensures in no time at all that marriage papers are issued to the parents, so that the toddler is considered a Swedish citizen and can leave the communist country with the parents in the direction of freedom. Adams' relationship with Sonja also soon goes beyond the purely official: both eventually become a couple.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Cotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cotten"},{"link_name":"Eva Bartok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Bartok"},{"link_name":"Bob Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Cunningham_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"René Deltgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Deltgen"},{"link_name":"Gert Fröbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gert_Fr%C3%B6be"},{"link_name":"Bruni Löbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruni_L%C3%B6bel"},{"link_name":"Ursula Herking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_Herking"}],"text":"Joseph Cotten as John Adams\nEva Bartok as Sonja\nBob Cunningham as Captain Heinikan\nRené Deltgen as Kovak\nGert Fröbe as Olaf\nBruni Löbel as Lila\nUrsula Herking as Madame Debrov","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"It was filmed simultaneously in English- and German-language versions.","title":"Production"}] | [] | [{"title":"1955 in film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_in_film"},{"title":"List of comedy films of the 1950s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_comedy_films_of_the_1950s"},{"title":"List of German films 1945–1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_films_1945%E2%80%931959"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special_Delivery_(1955_film)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0048797/","external_links_name":"Special Delivery"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/91017/enwp","external_links_name":"Special Delivery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patxi_Vila | Patxi Vila | ["1 Major results","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Spanish cyclist
Patxi VilaPersonal informationFull nameFrancisco Javier Vila ErrandoneaNicknamePatxiBorn (1975-10-11) 11 October 1975 (age 48)Hondarribia, SpainHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight67 kg (148 lb)Team informationCurrent teamMovistar TeamDisciplineRoadRoleDirecteur sportifAmateur team1999–2000Caja Rural
Professional teams2001–2002iBanesto.com2003–2008Lampre2011De Rosa–Ceramica Flaminia2012Utensilnord–Named
Managerial teams2015–2016Tinkoff–Saxo2017–2019Bora–Hansgrohe2020–Movistar Team
Major winsParis–Nice – 1 stage (2006)
Francisco Javier "Patxi" Vila Errandonea (born 11 October 1975 in Hondarribia, Basque Country) is a Spanish Basque former professional road bicycle racer who rides for the UCI Professional Continental team Szuper Beton. He was formerly with UCI ProTeam Lampre, before being banned for 18 months after testing positive for the use of testosterone.
Vila's most notable victory came in stage 3 of the 2006 Paris–Nice where he snatched onto the wheel of Floyd Landis as he escaped on the Col de Croix de Chaubouret. The duo amassed a lead of over a minute on their nearest contenders and Vila swept past Landis to take the stage. This performance catapulted him to second overall on the general classification, 9 seconds behind Floyd Landis. He finished the race in Nice still 9 seconds behind winner Floyd Landis and 56 seconds ahead of Antonio Colom.
He finished the 2006 UCI ProTour in 38th place with 69 points, the third highest ranked Lampre–Fondital rider behind Alessandro Ballan and Damiano Cunego.
After retiring from competition Vila worked for Specialized Bicycle Components as a performance specialist before joining Tinkoff–Saxo in 2015 as a directeur sportif.
Major results
2006 Paris–Nice – 1 stage
See also
List of doping cases in cycling
References
^ "Patxi Vila". Tinkoff–Saxo. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
External links
Official website
Profile at Lampre-Fondital official website
Patxi Vila at trap-friis.dk
VeloNews biography
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patxi Vila.
This biographical article related to a Spanish cycling person born in the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hondarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondarribia"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"road bicycle racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racer"},{"link_name":"UCI Professional Continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Professional_Continental"},{"link_name":"Szuper Beton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szuper_Beton"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTeam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProTeam"},{"link_name":"Lampre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UAE_Team_Emirates"},{"link_name":"2006 Paris–Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Paris%E2%80%93Nice"},{"link_name":"Floyd Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Landis"},{"link_name":"Floyd Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Landis"},{"link_name":"Floyd Landis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Landis"},{"link_name":"Antonio Colom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Colom"},{"link_name":"2006 UCI ProTour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UCI_ProTour"},{"link_name":"Lampre–Fondital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampre%E2%80%93Fondital"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Ballan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Ballan"},{"link_name":"Damiano Cunego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano_Cunego"},{"link_name":"Specialized Bicycle Components","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialized_Bicycle_Components"},{"link_name":"Tinkoff–Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"directeur sportif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directeur_sportif"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Francisco Javier \"Patxi\" Vila Errandonea (born 11 October 1975 in Hondarribia, Basque Country) is a Spanish Basque former professional road bicycle racer who rides for the UCI Professional Continental team Szuper Beton. He was formerly with UCI ProTeam Lampre, before being banned for 18 months after testing positive for the use of testosterone.Vila's most notable victory came in stage 3 of the 2006 Paris–Nice where he snatched onto the wheel of Floyd Landis as he escaped on the Col de Croix de Chaubouret. The duo amassed a lead of over a minute on their nearest contenders and Vila swept past Landis to take the stage. This performance catapulted him to second overall on the general classification, 9 seconds behind Floyd Landis. He finished the race in Nice still 9 seconds behind winner Floyd Landis and 56 seconds ahead of Antonio Colom.He finished the 2006 UCI ProTour in 38th place with 69 points, the third highest ranked Lampre–Fondital rider behind Alessandro Ballan and Damiano Cunego.After retiring from competition Vila worked for Specialized Bicycle Components as a performance specialist before joining Tinkoff–Saxo in 2015 as a directeur sportif.[1]","title":"Patxi Vila"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006 Paris–Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Paris%E2%80%93Nice"}],"text":"2006 Paris–Nice – 1 stage","title":"Major results"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of doping cases in cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_cycling"}] | [{"reference":"\"Patxi Vila\". Tinkoff–Saxo. Retrieved 26 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tinkoffsaxo.com/team/patxi-vila/","url_text":"\"Patxi Vila\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tinkoffsaxo.com/team/patxi-vila/","external_links_name":"\"Patxi Vila\""},{"Link":"http://www.patxivila.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.lampre-fondital.com/atleti/win.asp?id=52","external_links_name":"Profile at Lampre-Fondital official website"},{"Link":"http://www.trap-friis.dk/cykling/spain.Vila.htm","external_links_name":"Patxi Vila"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907131321/http://velonews.com/bio/detail/70972/patxi-vila","external_links_name":"VeloNews biography"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patxi_Vila&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Cramer | Patrick Cramer | ["1 Life","2 Achievements","3 Publications","3.1 Original research articles (selection)","3.2 Review articles (selection)","3.3 Other publications (selection)","4 Awards and honours (selection)","5 References","6 External links"] | German biochemist (born 1969)
For the tennis player, see Pat Cramer.
Patrick CramerBorn (1969-02-03) 3 February 1969 (age 55)Stuttgart, West GermanyNationalityGermanAwardsGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize (2006)Ernst Jung Prize (2009) Louis-Jeantet Prize (2021) Shaw Prize (2023)Scientific careerFieldsBiochemistryInstitutionsMax Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, GöttingenKarolinska Institutet, Stockholm
Websitewww.mpibpc.mpg.de/cramer
Patrick Cramer (born 3 February 1969) is a German chemist, structural biologist, and molecular systems biologist. In 2020, he was honoured to be an international member of the National Academy of Sciences. He became president of the Max Planck Society in June 2023.
Life
Cramer studied chemistry at the Universities of Stuttgart and Heidelberg (Germany) from 1989 until 1995. He completed a part of his studies as ERASMUS scholar at the University of Bristol in the UK. As a research student he also worked in the lab of Sir Alan Fersht in Cambridge, UK at the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology (LMB) site. In 1995 until 1998 he worked as a PhD student in laboratory of Christoph W. Müller at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Grenoble, France. He obtained his PhD in natural sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) from the University of Heidelberg in 1998. From 1999 until 2001 Cramer worked as postdoctoral researcher and fellow of the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the laboratory of the later Nobel Prize laureate Roger D. Kornberg at Stanford University, USA.
In 2001 Patrick Cramer returned to Germany, where he obtained a tenure-track professorship for biochemistry at the Gene Center of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) where he was later, in 2004, appointed full professor of biochemistry. Patrick Cramer headed the LMU Gene Center for 10 years, from 2004 until 2013. He also served as Dean of the School of Chemistry and Pharmacy from 2007 to 2009, and as Director of the Department of Biochemistry from 2010 to 2013. Cramer also was a member of the University Research Board from 2007 to 2013 and speaker of the research network grant SFB464 of the German Research Council (DFG).
On 1 January 2014 Patrick Cramer was appointed Director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany.
From 2016 to 2022 he was a member of the Editorial Board for Cell.
From 22 June 2023, he has served as president of the Max Planck Society.
Achievements
Patrick Cramer conducts basic research as the head of the Department of Molecular Biology at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen. He also works as a science manager and an honorary professor at the University of Göttingen. During his postdoctoral research with Roger Kornberg, Cramer determined the atomic, three-dimensional structure of RNA polymerase II, one of the biggest enzymes in the cell nucleus. This work played a decisive role when the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Roger Kornberg in 2006 for studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
The laboratory of Patrick Cramer investigates the molecular mechanisms and systemic principles of gene transcription in eukaryotic cells. The laboratory uses integrated structural biology methods, including X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and biochemical tools. The Cramer laboratory also uses functional genomics and computational biology approaches to study the principles of transcription in living cells.
The group of Patrick Cramer created the first molecular movie of transcription initiation and elongation. Moreover, Patrick Cramer developed methods to analyze fundamental aspects of RNA metabolism in cells by integrating aspects of both molecular and systems biology. His long-term goal is to understand the expression and the regulation of the genome. The laboratory thus pioneers an approach that combines structural and genome-wide methods and may be referred to as molecular systems biology.
In April 2020, Dr Cramer's team at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry created the first "3D structure of the corona polymerase" for the COVID-19 virus. Their model will allow researchers "to investigate how antiviral drugs such as remdesivir – which blocks the polymerase – work, and to search for new inhibitory substances."
Patrick Cramer also commits himself to the further development of life sciences in Germany and Europe. He was one of the founders of the national cluster of excellence "Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)" and initiated the construction of the new research building, the "Munich Research Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM)". In addition, Cramer was one of the members of the scientific and technical advisory board of the Bavarian state government and worked on bioethics within the institute TTN. Patrick Cramer also serves as an organizer of international conferences, and on several scientific committees and advisory boards. Since 2016 Cramer chairs the Council of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL).
Publications
Original research articles (selection)
Schwalb, Björn; Michel, Margaux; Zacher, Benedikt; Frühauf, Katja; Demel, Carina; Tresch, Achim; Gagneur, Julien; Cramer, Patrick (3 June 2016). "TT-seq maps the human transient transcriptome". Science. 352 (6290): 1225–1228. Bibcode:2016Sci...352.1225S. doi:10.1126/science.aad9841. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27257258. S2CID 8549873.
Plaschka, C.; Hantsche, M.; Dienemann, C.; Burzinski, C.; Plitzko, J.; Cramer, P. (2016). "Transcription initiation complex structures elucidate DNA opening". Nature. 533 (7603): 353–358. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..353P. doi:10.1038/nature17990. PMID 27193681. S2CID 4465762.
Bernecky, Carrie; Herzog, Franz; Baumeister, Wolfgang; Plitzko, Jürgen M.; Cramer, Patrick (2016). "Structure of transcribing mammalian RNA polymerase II". Nature. 529 (7587): 551–554. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..551B. doi:10.1038/nature16482. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3. PMID 26789250. S2CID 4404463.
Plaschka, C.; Larivière, L.; Wenzeck, L.; Seizl, M.; Hemann, M.; Tegunov, D.; Petrotchenko, E. V.; Borchers, C. H.; Baumeister, W. (2015). "Architecture of the RNA polymerase II–Mediator core initiation complex". Nature. 518 (7539): 376–380. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..376P. doi:10.1038/nature14229. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5. PMID 25652824. S2CID 4450934.
Schulz, Daniel; Schwalb, Bjoern; Kiesel, Anja; Baejen, Carlo; Torkler, Phillipp; Gagneur, Julien; Soeding, Johannes; Cramer, Patrick (21 November 2013). "Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis". Cell. 155 (5): 1075–1087. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 24210918.
Kostrewa, Dirk; Zeller, Mirijam E.; Armache, Karim-Jean; Seizl, Martin; Leike, Kristin; Thomm, Michael; Cramer, Patrick (2009). "RNA polymerase II–TFIIB structure and mechanism of transcription initiation". Nature. 462 (7271): 323–330. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..323K. doi:10.1038/nature08548. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1. PMID 19820686. S2CID 205218821.
Bushnell, David A.; Cramer, Patrick; Kornberg, Roger D. (5 February 2002). "Structural basis of transcription: α-Amanitin–RNA polymerase II cocrystal at 2.8 Å resolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1218–1222. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1218B. doi:10.1073/pnas.251664698. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122170. PMID 11805306.
Cramer, P.; Bushnell, D. A.; Fu, J.; Gnatt, A. L.; Maier-Davis, B.; Thompson, N. E.; Burgess, R. R.; Edwards, A. M.; David, P. R. (28 April 2000). "Architecture of RNA polymerase II and implications for the transcription mechanism". Science. 288 (5466): 640–649. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..640C. doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.640. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10784442.
Review articles (selection)
Plaschka, Clemens; Nozawa, Kayo; Cramer, Patrick (2016). "Mediator Architecture and RNA Polymerase II Interaction". Journal of Molecular Biology. 428 (12): 2569–2574. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.028. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 26851380.
Sainsbury, Sarah; Bernecky, Carrie; Cramer, Patrick (2015). "Structural basis of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 16 (3): 129–143. doi:10.1038/nrm3952. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 25693126. S2CID 32487971.
Cramer, Patrick (2014). "A Tale of Chromatin and Transcription in 100 Structures". Cell. 159 (5): 985–994. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.047. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 25416940. S2CID 8634234.
Cheung, Alan C.M.; Cramer, Patrick (2012). "A Movie of RNA Polymerase II Transcription". Cell. 149 (7): 1431–1437. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 22726432. S2CID 18405467.
Cramer, Patrick (2006). "Deciphering the RNA polymerase II structure: a personal perspective". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 13 (12): 1042–1044. doi:10.1038/nsmb1206-1042. ISSN 1545-9993. PMID 17146456. S2CID 31141435.
Other publications (selection)
Aufbruch in die molekulare Systembiology. - Essay for the anniversary edition "20 Jahre Laborjournal", Published in Laborjournal on 11 July 2014.
Entwicklungen in der Biomedizin: Genom-Sequenzierung in Diagnose, Prävention und Therape; Systembiologie und Medizin. In: T. Rendtorff (Hrsg.): Zukunft der biomedizinischen Wissenschaften. Nomos, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8487-0849-9.
O. Primavesi, P. Cramer, R. Hickel, T. O. Höllmann; W. Schön: Lob der Promotion. Published in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 19 July 2013.
J. Hacker, T. Rendtorff, P. Cramer, M. Hallek, K. Hilpert, C. Kupatt, M. Lohse, A. Müller, U Schroth, F. Voigt, M. Zichy. Biomedizinische Eingriffe am Menschen – Ein Stufenmodell zur ethischen Bewertung von Gen- und Zelltherapie. Water de Gruyter, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-11-021306-5 (2009).
Awards and honours (selection)
2000 EMBO Young Investigator Award
2000 MSC Future Investigator Award
2002 GlaxoSmithKline Science Award
2004 10th Eppendorf Award for Young European Researchers
2006 Leibniz Prize
2008 Bijvoet Medal, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University
2009 Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine
2009 Familie-Hansen-Award, Bayer Science & Education Foundation
2009 Member, German National Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina)
2009 Member, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
2010 Advanced Grant of the European Research Council ('TRANSIT')
2010 Medal of Honour, Robert Koch Institute
2011 Feldberg Foundation Prize
2012 Vallee Foundation Visiting Professorship
2012 Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
2012 Paula und Richard von Hertwig Preis
2015 Arthur Burkhardt Preis
2015 Guest Professor, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
2016 Advanced Grant of the European Research Council ('TRANSREGULON')
2016 Centenary Award of the British Biochemical Society
2017 Elected Member, Academia Europaea
2017 Honorary Professor, Georg August University of Göttingen
2017 Weigle Lectureship, University of Geneva
2018 Inaugural George William Jourdian Lectureship, University of Michigan
2019 Ernst Schering Prize
2020 Otto Warburg Medal
2021 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2023 Shaw Prize in Life Sciences
References
^ "2020 NAS Election". www.nasonline.org.
^ a b c d "Website of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, CV" (PDF).
^ "Website of the Kornberg Laboratory: List of current and past lab members". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "History of the Gene Center of the University of Munich LMU". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Press release by the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry: Patrick Cramer appointed Director". Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Editorial Board: Cell".
^ "Patrick Cramer wird ab Juni 2023 neuer Präsident der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft". www.mpg.de (in German). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ a b "Website of the Cramer Laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ Cheung, AC; Cramer, Patrick (2012). "A Movie of RNA polymerase II Transcription". Cell. 149 (7): 1431–1437. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7. PMID 22726432.
^ a b "Researchers Solve Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Copy Machine". from Technology Networks. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Website of the EMBL Council". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Press release by the German Research Foundation (DFG) on the Leibniz Price 2006". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Bijvoet Medal". Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
^ "List of laureates of the Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine". Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Website of the Bayer Foundation on the Hansen Family Award". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Press release by the University of Munich: Patrick Cramer receives ERC Advanced Grant". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Website of the Feldberg Foundation Prize". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Press release of the University of Munich: Cross of Merit for Patrick Cramer". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Website of the Arhur Burkhardt Foundation". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Website of the Cramer Laboratory at the Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Press release by the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany: Advanced Grant of the ERC for Patrick Cramer". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Biochemical Society – The Centenary Award". Retrieved 23 May 2017.
^ "Patrick Cramer erhält den Louis-Jeantet-Preis für Medizin 2021". Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (in German). 31 March 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ Shaw Prize 2023
External links
Patrick Cramer at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen
List of publications
Cramer at the Gene Center Munich
(in German) Porträt at the Deutschen Forschungsgesellschaft
vteShaw Prize laureatesAstronomy
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Peter Goldreich (2007)
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David C. Jewitt and Jane Luu (2012)
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Daniel Eisenstein, Shaun Cole and John A. Peacock (2014)
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Jean-Loup Puget (2018)
Edward C. Stone (2019)
Roger Blandford (2020)
Victoria Kaspi and Chryssa Kouveliotou (2021)
Lennart Lindegren and Michael Perryman (2022)
Matthew Bailes, Duncan Lorimer and Maura McLaughlin (2023)
Shrinivas R. Kulkarni (2024)
Life scienceand medicine
Stanley Norman Cohen, Herbert Boyer, Yuet-Wai Kan and Richard Doll (2004)
Michael Berridge (2005)
Xiaodong Wang (2006)
Robert Lefkowitz (2007)
Ian Wilmut, Keith H. S. Campbell and Shinya Yamanaka (2008)
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Scott D. Emr (2021)
Paul A. Negulescu and Michael J. Welsh (2022)
Patrick Cramer and Eva Nogales (2023)
Stuart H. Orkin and Swee Lay Thein (2024)
Mathematicalscience
Shiing-Shen Chern (2004)
Andrew Wiles (2005)
David Mumford and Wentsun Wu (2006)
Robert Langlands and Richard Taylor (2007)
Vladimir Arnold and Ludwig Faddeev (2008)
Simon Donaldson and Clifford Taubes (2009)
Jean Bourgain (2010)
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Nigel Hitchin (2016)
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Luis Caffarelli (2018)
Michel Talagrand (2019)
Alexander Beilinson and David Kazhdan (2020)
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Peter Sarnak (2024)
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Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pat Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Cramer"},{"link_name":"chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemist"},{"link_name":"structural biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_biology"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society"}],"text":"For the tennis player, see Pat Cramer.Patrick Cramer (born 3 February 1969) is a German chemist, structural biologist, and molecular systems biologist. 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Kornberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tenure-track professorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenure-track"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"German Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Biophysical_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Cramer studied chemistry at the Universities of Stuttgart and Heidelberg (Germany) from 1989 until 1995.[2] He completed a part of his studies as ERASMUS scholar at the University of Bristol in the UK. As a research student he also worked in the lab of Sir Alan Fersht in Cambridge, UK at the MRC Laboratory for Molecular Biology (LMB) site. In 1995 until 1998 he worked as a PhD student in laboratory of Christoph W. Müller at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Grenoble, France. He obtained his PhD in natural sciences (Dr. rer. nat.) from the University of Heidelberg in 1998.[2] From 1999 until 2001 Cramer worked as postdoctoral researcher and fellow of the German Research Foundation (DFG) in the laboratory of the later Nobel Prize laureate Roger D. Kornberg at Stanford University, USA.[3]In 2001 Patrick Cramer returned to Germany, where he obtained a tenure-track professorship for biochemistry at the Gene Center of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU) where he was later, in 2004, appointed full professor of biochemistry. Patrick Cramer headed the LMU Gene Center for 10 years,[4] from 2004 until 2013.[2] He also served as Dean of the School of Chemistry and Pharmacy from 2007 to 2009, and as Director of the Department of Biochemistry from 2010 to 2013. Cramer also was a member of the University Research Board from 2007 to 2013 and speaker of the research network grant SFB464 of the German Research Council (DFG).On 1 January 2014 Patrick Cramer was appointed Director at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany.[2][5]From 2016 to 2022 he was a member of the Editorial Board for Cell.[6]From 22 June 2023, he has served as president of the Max Planck Society.[7]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"honorary professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_professor"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Roger Kornberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg"},{"link_name":"RNA polymerase II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"cell nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_nucleus"},{"link_name":"eukaryotic transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcription"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"gene transcription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"cryo-electron microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryo-electron_microscopy"},{"link_name":"functional genomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_genomics"},{"link_name":"computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"expression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression"},{"link_name":"regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technologynetworks.com-11"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technologynetworks.com-11"},{"link_name":"Center for Integrated Protein Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Integrated_Protein_Science"},{"link_name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Patrick Cramer conducts basic research as the head of the Department of Molecular Biology[8] at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen. He also works as a science manager and an honorary professor at the University of Göttingen. During his postdoctoral research with Roger Kornberg, Cramer determined the atomic, three-dimensional structure of RNA polymerase II, one of the biggest enzymes in the cell nucleus. This work played a decisive role when the Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to Roger Kornberg in 2006 for studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.[9]The laboratory of Patrick Cramer investigates the molecular mechanisms and systemic principles of gene transcription in eukaryotic cells. The laboratory uses integrated structural biology methods, including X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy, and biochemical tools. The Cramer laboratory also uses functional genomics and computational biology approaches to study the principles of transcription in living cells.[8]The group of Patrick Cramer created the first molecular movie of transcription initiation and elongation.[10] Moreover, Patrick Cramer developed methods to analyze fundamental aspects of RNA metabolism in cells by integrating aspects of both molecular and systems biology. His long-term goal is to understand the expression and the regulation of the genome. The laboratory thus pioneers an approach that combines structural and genome-wide methods and may be referred to as molecular systems biology.In April 2020, Dr Cramer's team at the Max Planck Institute of Biophysical Chemistry created the first \"3D structure of the corona polymerase\"[11] for the COVID-19 virus. Their model will allow researchers \"to investigate how antiviral drugs such as remdesivir – which blocks the polymerase – work, and to search for new inhibitory substances.\"[11]Patrick Cramer also commits himself to the further development of life sciences in Germany and Europe. He was one of the founders of the national cluster of excellence \"Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPSM)\" and initiated the construction of the new research building, the \"Munich Research Center for Molecular Biosystems (BioSysM)\". In addition, Cramer was one of the members of the scientific and technical advisory board of the Bavarian state government and worked on bioethics within the institute TTN. Patrick Cramer also serves as an organizer of international conferences, and on several scientific committees and advisory boards. Since 2016 Cramer chairs the Council of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL).[12]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2016Sci...352.1225S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...352.1225S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.aad9841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad9841"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0036-8075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27257258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27257258"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8549873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8549873"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2016Natur.533..353P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.533..353P"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature17990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17990"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27193681","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27193681"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4465762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4465762"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2016Natur.529..551B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.529..551B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature16482","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16482"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26789250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789250"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4404463","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4404463"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2015Natur.518..376P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.518..376P"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature14229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14229"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25652824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652824"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4450934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4450934"},{"link_name":"\"Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.10.024"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.10.024"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1097-4172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4172"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24210918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24210918"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2009Natur.462..323K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.462..323K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nature08548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08548"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19820686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19820686"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"205218821","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205218821"},{"link_name":"\"Structural basis of transcription: α-Amanitin–RNA polymerase II cocrystal at 2.8 Å resolution\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122170"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2002PNAS...99.1218B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.1218B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1073/pnas.251664698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.251664698"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0027-8424","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"122170","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122170"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11805306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11805306"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2000Sci...288..640C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288..640C"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1126/science.288.5466.640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5466.640"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0036-8075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10784442","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10784442"}],"sub_title":"Original research articles (selection)","text":"Schwalb, Björn; Michel, Margaux; Zacher, Benedikt; Frühauf, Katja; Demel, Carina; Tresch, Achim; Gagneur, Julien; Cramer, Patrick (3 June 2016). \"TT-seq maps the human transient transcriptome\". Science. 352 (6290): 1225–1228. Bibcode:2016Sci...352.1225S. doi:10.1126/science.aad9841. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27257258. S2CID 8549873.\nPlaschka, C.; Hantsche, M.; Dienemann, C.; Burzinski, C.; Plitzko, J.; Cramer, P. (2016). \"Transcription initiation complex structures elucidate DNA opening\". Nature. 533 (7603): 353–358. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..353P. doi:10.1038/nature17990. PMID 27193681. S2CID 4465762.\nBernecky, Carrie; Herzog, Franz; Baumeister, Wolfgang; Plitzko, Jürgen M.; Cramer, Patrick (2016). \"Structure of transcribing mammalian RNA polymerase II\". Nature. 529 (7587): 551–554. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..551B. doi:10.1038/nature16482. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3. PMID 26789250. S2CID 4404463.\nPlaschka, C.; Larivière, L.; Wenzeck, L.; Seizl, M.; Hemann, M.; Tegunov, D.; Petrotchenko, E. V.; Borchers, C. H.; Baumeister, W. (2015). \"Architecture of the RNA polymerase II–Mediator core initiation complex\". Nature. 518 (7539): 376–380. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..376P. doi:10.1038/nature14229. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5. PMID 25652824. S2CID 4450934.\nSchulz, Daniel; Schwalb, Bjoern; Kiesel, Anja; Baejen, Carlo; Torkler, Phillipp; Gagneur, Julien; Soeding, Johannes; Cramer, Patrick (21 November 2013). \"Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis\". Cell. 155 (5): 1075–1087. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 24210918.\nKostrewa, Dirk; Zeller, Mirijam E.; Armache, Karim-Jean; Seizl, Martin; Leike, Kristin; Thomm, Michael; Cramer, Patrick (2009). \"RNA polymerase II–TFIIB structure and mechanism of transcription initiation\". Nature. 462 (7271): 323–330. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..323K. doi:10.1038/nature08548. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1. PMID 19820686. S2CID 205218821.\nBushnell, David A.; Cramer, Patrick; Kornberg, Roger D. (5 February 2002). \"Structural basis of transcription: α-Amanitin–RNA polymerase II cocrystal at 2.8 Å resolution\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1218–1222. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1218B. doi:10.1073/pnas.251664698. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122170. PMID 11805306.\nCramer, P.; Bushnell, D. A.; Fu, J.; Gnatt, A. L.; Maier-Davis, B.; Thompson, N. E.; Burgess, R. R.; Edwards, A. M.; David, P. R. (28 April 2000). \"Architecture of RNA polymerase II and implications for the transcription mechanism\". Science. 288 (5466): 640–649. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..640C. doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.640. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10784442.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2016.01.028"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0022-2836","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2836"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26851380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851380"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nrm3952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm3952"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1471-0072","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0072"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25693126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25693126"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"32487971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32487971"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.047","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.10.047"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0092-8674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25416940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25416940"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8634234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8634234"},{"link_name":"\"A Movie of RNA Polymerase II Transcription\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.006"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.006"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0092-8674","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22726432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22726432"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18405467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18405467"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nsmb1206-1042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb1206-1042"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1545-9993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-9993"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17146456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17146456"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31141435","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31141435"}],"sub_title":"Review articles (selection)","text":"Plaschka, Clemens; Nozawa, Kayo; Cramer, Patrick (2016). \"Mediator Architecture and RNA Polymerase II Interaction\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 428 (12): 2569–2574. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.028. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 26851380.\nSainsbury, Sarah; Bernecky, Carrie; Cramer, Patrick (2015). \"Structural basis of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II\". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 16 (3): 129–143. doi:10.1038/nrm3952. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 25693126. S2CID 32487971.\nCramer, Patrick (2014). \"A Tale of Chromatin and Transcription in 100 Structures\". Cell. 159 (5): 985–994. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.047. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 25416940. S2CID 8634234.\nCheung, Alan C.M.; Cramer, Patrick (2012). \"A Movie of RNA Polymerase II Transcription\". Cell. 149 (7): 1431–1437. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 22726432. S2CID 18405467.\nCramer, Patrick (2006). \"Deciphering the RNA polymerase II structure: a personal perspective\". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 13 (12): 1042–1044. doi:10.1038/nsmb1206-1042. ISSN 1545-9993. PMID 17146456. S2CID 31141435.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-8487-0849-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8487-0849-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-021306-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021306-5"}],"sub_title":"Other publications (selection)","text":"Aufbruch in die molekulare Systembiology. - Essay for the anniversary edition \"20 Jahre Laborjournal\", Published in Laborjournal on 11 July 2014.\nEntwicklungen in der Biomedizin: Genom-Sequenzierung in Diagnose, Prävention und Therape; Systembiologie und Medizin. In: T. Rendtorff (Hrsg.): Zukunft der biomedizinischen Wissenschaften. Nomos, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8487-0849-9.\nO. Primavesi, P. Cramer, R. Hickel, T. O. Höllmann; W. Schön: Lob der Promotion. Published in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on 19 July 2013.\nJ. Hacker, T. Rendtorff, P. Cramer, M. Hallek, K. Hilpert, C. Kupatt, M. Lohse, A. Müller, U Schroth, F. Voigt, M. Zichy. Biomedizinische Eingriffe am Menschen – Ein Stufenmodell zur ethischen Bewertung von Gen- und Zelltherapie. Water de Gruyter, Berlin. ISBN 978-3-11-021306-5 (2009).","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GlaxoSmithKline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline"},{"link_name":"Leibniz Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_Prize"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijvoet_Center_for_Biomolecular_Research"},{"link_name":"Utrecht University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ernst Jung Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Jung_Prize"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"German National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina"},{"link_name":"European Molecular Biology Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"European Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Hertwig"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Karolinska Institutet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institute"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"European Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Georg August University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Ernst Schering Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Schering_Prize"},{"link_name":"Otto Warburg Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Warburg_Medal"},{"link_name":"Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jeantet_Prize_for_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft_2021-24"},{"link_name":"Shaw Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Prize"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"2000 EMBO Young Investigator Award\n2000 MSC Future Investigator Award\n2002 GlaxoSmithKline Science Award\n2004 10th Eppendorf Award for Young European Researchers\n2006 Leibniz Prize[13]\n2008 Bijvoet Medal, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University[14]\n2009 Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine[15]\n2009 Familie-Hansen-Award, Bayer Science & Education Foundation[16]\n2009 Member, German National Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina)\n2009 Member, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)\n2010 Advanced Grant of the European Research Council ('TRANSIT')[17]\n2010 Medal of Honour, Robert Koch Institute\n2011 Feldberg Foundation Prize[18]\n2012 Vallee Foundation Visiting Professorship\n2012 Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[19]\n2012 Paula und Richard von Hertwig Preis\n2015 Arthur Burkhardt Preis[20]\n2015 Guest Professor, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden[21]\n2016 Advanced Grant of the European Research Council ('TRANSREGULON')[22]\n2016 Centenary Award of the British Biochemical Society[23]\n2017 Elected Member, Academia Europaea\n2017 Honorary Professor, Georg August University of Göttingen\n2017 Weigle Lectureship, University of Geneva\n2018 Inaugural George William Jourdian Lectureship, University of Michigan\n2019 Ernst Schering Prize\n2020 Otto Warburg Medal\n2021 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine[24]\n2023 Shaw Prize in Life Sciences[25]","title":"Awards and honours (selection)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schwalb, Björn; Michel, Margaux; Zacher, Benedikt; Frühauf, Katja; Demel, Carina; Tresch, Achim; Gagneur, Julien; Cramer, Patrick (3 June 2016). \"TT-seq maps the human transient transcriptome\". Science. 352 (6290): 1225–1228. Bibcode:2016Sci...352.1225S. doi:10.1126/science.aad9841. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27257258. S2CID 8549873.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...352.1225S","url_text":"2016Sci...352.1225S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad9841","url_text":"10.1126/science.aad9841"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27257258","url_text":"27257258"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8549873","url_text":"8549873"}]},{"reference":"Plaschka, C.; Hantsche, M.; Dienemann, C.; Burzinski, C.; Plitzko, J.; Cramer, P. (2016). \"Transcription initiation complex structures elucidate DNA opening\". Nature. 533 (7603): 353–358. Bibcode:2016Natur.533..353P. doi:10.1038/nature17990. PMID 27193681. S2CID 4465762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.533..353P","url_text":"2016Natur.533..353P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17990","url_text":"10.1038/nature17990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27193681","url_text":"27193681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4465762","url_text":"4465762"}]},{"reference":"Bernecky, Carrie; Herzog, Franz; Baumeister, Wolfgang; Plitzko, Jürgen M.; Cramer, Patrick (2016). \"Structure of transcribing mammalian RNA polymerase II\". Nature. 529 (7587): 551–554. Bibcode:2016Natur.529..551B. doi:10.1038/nature16482. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3. PMID 26789250. S2CID 4404463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Natur.529..551B","url_text":"2016Natur.529..551B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16482","url_text":"10.1038/nature16482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0029-7D45-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789250","url_text":"26789250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4404463","url_text":"4404463"}]},{"reference":"Plaschka, C.; Larivière, L.; Wenzeck, L.; Seizl, M.; Hemann, M.; Tegunov, D.; Petrotchenko, E. V.; Borchers, C. H.; Baumeister, W. (2015). \"Architecture of the RNA polymerase II–Mediator core initiation complex\". Nature. 518 (7539): 376–380. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..376P. doi:10.1038/nature14229. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5. PMID 25652824. S2CID 4450934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.518..376P","url_text":"2015Natur.518..376P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14229","url_text":"10.1038/nature14229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0024-CED0-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25652824","url_text":"25652824"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4450934","url_text":"4450934"}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Daniel; Schwalb, Bjoern; Kiesel, Anja; Baejen, Carlo; Torkler, Phillipp; Gagneur, Julien; Soeding, Johannes; Cramer, Patrick (21 November 2013). \"Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis\". Cell. 155 (5): 1075–1087. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1. ISSN 1097-4172. PMID 24210918.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.10.024","url_text":"\"Transcriptome surveillance by selective termination of noncoding RNA synthesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2013.10.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-39ED-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4172","url_text":"1097-4172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24210918","url_text":"24210918"}]},{"reference":"Kostrewa, Dirk; Zeller, Mirijam E.; Armache, Karim-Jean; Seizl, Martin; Leike, Kristin; Thomm, Michael; Cramer, Patrick (2009). \"RNA polymerase II–TFIIB structure and mechanism of transcription initiation\". Nature. 462 (7271): 323–330. Bibcode:2009Natur.462..323K. doi:10.1038/nature08548. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1. PMID 19820686. S2CID 205218821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.462..323K","url_text":"2009Natur.462..323K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08548","url_text":"10.1038/nature08548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-8570-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19820686","url_text":"19820686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205218821","url_text":"205218821"}]},{"reference":"Bushnell, David A.; Cramer, Patrick; Kornberg, Roger D. (5 February 2002). \"Structural basis of transcription: α-Amanitin–RNA polymerase II cocrystal at 2.8 Å resolution\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (3): 1218–1222. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.1218B. doi:10.1073/pnas.251664698. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122170. PMID 11805306.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122170","url_text":"\"Structural basis of transcription: α-Amanitin–RNA polymerase II cocrystal at 2.8 Å resolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.1218B","url_text":"2002PNAS...99.1218B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.251664698","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.251664698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424","url_text":"0027-8424"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122170","url_text":"122170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11805306","url_text":"11805306"}]},{"reference":"Cramer, P.; Bushnell, D. A.; Fu, J.; Gnatt, A. L.; Maier-Davis, B.; Thompson, N. E.; Burgess, R. R.; Edwards, A. M.; David, P. R. (28 April 2000). \"Architecture of RNA polymerase II and implications for the transcription mechanism\". Science. 288 (5466): 640–649. Bibcode:2000Sci...288..640C. doi:10.1126/science.288.5466.640. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10784442.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288..640C","url_text":"2000Sci...288..640C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5466.640","url_text":"10.1126/science.288.5466.640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-872F-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10784442","url_text":"10784442"}]},{"reference":"Plaschka, Clemens; Nozawa, Kayo; Cramer, Patrick (2016). \"Mediator Architecture and RNA Polymerase II Interaction\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 428 (12): 2569–2574. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.028. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 26851380.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2016.01.028","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2016.01.028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2836","url_text":"0022-2836"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26851380","url_text":"26851380"}]},{"reference":"Sainsbury, Sarah; Bernecky, Carrie; Cramer, Patrick (2015). \"Structural basis of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II\". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 16 (3): 129–143. doi:10.1038/nrm3952. ISSN 1471-0072. PMID 25693126. S2CID 32487971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm3952","url_text":"10.1038/nrm3952"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0072","url_text":"1471-0072"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25693126","url_text":"25693126"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32487971","url_text":"32487971"}]},{"reference":"Cramer, Patrick (2014). \"A Tale of Chromatin and Transcription in 100 Structures\". Cell. 159 (5): 985–994. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.047. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 25416940. S2CID 8634234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.10.047","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2014.10.047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0024-44B9-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674","url_text":"0092-8674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25416940","url_text":"25416940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8634234","url_text":"8634234"}]},{"reference":"Cheung, Alan C.M.; Cramer, Patrick (2012). \"A Movie of RNA Polymerase II Transcription\". Cell. 149 (7): 1431–1437. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 22726432. S2CID 18405467.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.006","url_text":"\"A Movie of RNA Polymerase II Transcription\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7","url_text":"11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674","url_text":"0092-8674"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22726432","url_text":"22726432"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18405467","url_text":"18405467"}]},{"reference":"Cramer, Patrick (2006). \"Deciphering the RNA polymerase II structure: a personal perspective\". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 13 (12): 1042–1044. doi:10.1038/nsmb1206-1042. ISSN 1545-9993. PMID 17146456. S2CID 31141435.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnsmb1206-1042","url_text":"10.1038/nsmb1206-1042"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-9993","url_text":"1545-9993"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17146456","url_text":"17146456"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31141435","url_text":"31141435"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 NAS Election\". www.nasonline.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/2020-nas-election.html","url_text":"\"2020 NAS Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"Website of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, CV\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/16827786/cramer-cv-02nov2018.pdf","url_text":"\"Website of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, CV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Website of the Kornberg Laboratory: List of current and past lab members\". Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://kornberg.stanford.edu/lab-members.html","url_text":"\"Website of the Kornberg Laboratory: List of current and past lab members\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the Gene Center of the University of Munich LMU\". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301224302/http://www.genzentrum.lmu.de/history","url_text":"\"History of the Gene Center of the University of Munich LMU\""},{"url":"http://www.genzentrum.lmu.de/history/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press release by the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry: Patrick Cramer appointed Director\". Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. 2 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/13508085/pr_1401","url_text":"\"Press release by the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry: Patrick Cramer appointed Director\""}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Board: Cell\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cell.com/cell/editorial-board","url_text":"\"Editorial Board: Cell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Cramer wird ab Juni 2023 neuer Präsident der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft\". www.mpg.de (in German). Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mpg.de/18840892/patrick-cramer-nachfolger-praesidentenamt-max-planck-gesellschaft","url_text":"\"Patrick Cramer wird ab Juni 2023 neuer Präsident der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Website of the Cramer Laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany\". Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/cramer","url_text":"\"Website of the Cramer Laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen, Germany\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006\" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2006/advanced-chemistryprize2006.pdf","url_text":"\"Advanced information on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006\""}]},{"reference":"Cheung, AC; Cramer, Patrick (2012). \"A Movie of RNA polymerase II Transcription\". Cell. 149 (7): 1431–1437. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.006. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0015-3E91-7. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Zaki_(actor) | Ahmed Zaki (actor) | ["1 Early days","2 Highlights","3 Legacy","4 Filmography","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Egyptian actor (1949–2005)
For other people named Ahmad Zaki, see Ahmad Zaki (disambiguation).
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Ahmed Zakiأحمد زكيBornAhmed Zaki Metwally Abdelrahman Badawi(1949-11-18)18 November 1949Zagazig, Sharqia, EgyptDied27 March 2005(2005-03-27) (aged 55)6th of October, Giza, EgyptNationalityEgyptianOther namesThe EmperorAlma materCairo Higher Institute for Drama StudiesOccupation(s)Actor, film producerYears active1967–2005SpouseHala Fouad (1983–1986)ChildrenHaitham Ahmed Zaki
Ahmed Zaki Metwally Abdelrahman Badawi (Arabic: أحمد زكي متولي عبد الرحمن بدوي; 18 November 1949 – 27 March 2005), usually known as Ahmed Zaki (Arabic: أحمد زكي), was an Egyptian film actor. He was characterized by his talent, skill, and ability in impersonating. He was also famous for his on-screen intensity. Though he first appeared in a small role in a comedy play, he is widely regarded as one of the most talented male actors, especially in dramatic and tragic roles. Zaki has worked in six films that have been listed in the Top 100 Egyptian films.
Early days
Ahmed Zaki was born in the city of Zagazig, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Cairo, Egypt. He graduated from Zagazig's Crafts School in 1967 and then traveled to Cairo to study cinema before he graduated from the Cairo Higher Institute for Drama Studies in 1974.
Highlights
Many of his films were written by screenwriter Wahid Hamed and had a strong political message that exposed governmental and police corruption. He also starred in the famous 1985 television comedy musical series Howa wa Heya with actress Soad Hosny. Zaki also starred in a series of successful action movies during the mid-and late-1990s.
Two of his greatest successes were playing Egypt's presidents in two popular movies that became landmarks of Arabic cinema. He played presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser in Nasser 56 (1996), a movie that centered on the fateful summer of 1956 when then-President Nasser nationalizing the Suez Canal, and Anwar Sadat in the movie The Days of Sadat (2001) with director Mohamed Khan which he also produced. The movie depicted 40 years of the late president's life. He also had plans to play President Hosni Mubarak in a third movie. In the 1980s, Zaki had the chance to act alongside Salah Zulfikar, the two starred together in two movies. He was also known for portraying prominent figures in Egyptian history like Taha Hussein.
Zaki was seen as an icon and spokesperson for the average Egyptian youth; he was also considered the heir to Farid Shawki, the two starred together in two movies several years earlier. He was a known heavy smoker. Zaki had been in intensive care at Dar Al Fouad Hospital in Sixth of October City, just outside Cairo, and died of lung cancer complications, after president Hosni Mubarak offered to send him to France for medical treatment at the government's expense and granted him the Order of Merit for his work in over 50 movies.
A book about Zaki has been released under the title of Ahmad Zaki wa Symphoniet Ibda (Ahmad Zaki: A Symphonic Innovation Masterpiece). The book features details of his acting career and includes a compilation of articles by different critics, including Tarek El Shennawi, Mohammad Al Shafe’ee, and Waleed Saif.
Legacy
On November 18, 2020, Google celebrated his 71st birthday with a Google Doodle, which included boxing gloves to refer to Al Nimr Al Aswad (The Black Tiger), a crab for Kaboria (The Crab), a camera for Edhak El-Sora Tetlaa’ Helwa (Smile, the Picture Will Come Out Fine), and the animals from Arba’a Fi Muhimma Rasmiya (Four on an Official Mission).
Filmography
1974: Abnaa Al-Samt (The Children of Silence) – Mahmoud
1978: El Omr Lahza (Life is a Moment)
1979: Alexandria... Why? – Ibrahim
1979: Shafika and Metwali
1980: Al Batneyya – Safrot
1981: Maowid ala ashaa – Shukri
1981: Ana La Aktheb Wlakenani Atajaml – Ibrahim
1981: Taer ala el tariq – Fares
1981: Oyun la tanam
1982: El-akdar el-damia – Kher
1982: Al-Awwama rakm 70
1983: Darb El Hawa – Abdel Aziz
1983: El Ehteyat Wageb – Hassan
1983: Al modmen
1984: The Black Tiger – Muhammed Hassan
1984: El-Raqesah wa el-Tabbal – Abdo
1984: El Lela AL Mawooda – Fathi
1984: The Prince – Prince Yousef Othman Basha
1984: Al-Takhshiba – Majdy El Douski
1985: Saad El Yateem – Zakaria
1985: Howa wa heya (Him & Her) (TV Mini-Series) – Afifi Abu Al Naja / Mahrous Al Dishnawi Shawqi / Moonis Khalil / Majdi / Metwalli / Nader / Khaled / Medhat / Jalal
1986: Shader al-samak – Ahmad Abu Kamel
1986: Love on the Pyramids Plateau
1986: Al Bedaya (The Beginning)
1986: The Innocent – Ahmad Saba' Al Layl
1987: Arba’a Fi Muhimma Rasmiya – Anwar
1987: Al Makhtufa – Hussien
1987: The Wife of an Important Man – Hesham
1987: El Beih El Bawwab – Abdulsamee
1988: Al-Darga Al-Thalitha (The third Class) – Sorour
1988: Dreams of Hind and Camilia – Eid
1989: Those Guys – Zaki Al Humsani
1990: One Woman Is Not Enough – Hussam
1990: Kaboria – Hassan Hudhud
1990: El-Baydha Wal Hagar – Mustataa
1990: Al Embrator – Zeinhom Abdel-Haq
1990: Al Beh Al bawab (The Rich guard)
1991: Escape – Montaser Abdel Ghafour
1991: Al-Ra'i wal Nisaa (The Shepherd and the Women)
1992: Dhid el hokouma – Mustafa Khalaf
1992: Al Basha – Hazem El Shennawy
1993: Sawwaq el hanem – Hamada
1993: Mr Karate
1994: Al ragol al talet
1996: Esstakoza – Abbass
1996: Abo Dahab – Abo Dahab
1996: Nasser 56 – President Gamal Abdel Nasser
1996: Nazwa
1996: Hysteria
1997: Hassan Ellol (Hassan) – Hassan
1998: El Batal (The Hero)
1998: Edhak El-Sora Tetlaa’ Helwa (Smile to make the photo looks good, Sherif Arafa) – Sayed Gharib
2000: Ard el khof (The Land of Fear) – Yehia
2001: Ayyam El Sadat (The Days of Sadat, Mohamed Khan) – President Anwar Sadat
2003: Ma'ali al Wazir – Ra'fat Rostom
2005–2006: Halim (directed by Sherif Arafa) – Abdel Halim Hafez (final film role)
See also
List of Egyptian films of the 1980s
List of Egyptian films of the 1990s
References
^ "Ahmed Zaki". Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "Ahmed Zaki's 71st Birthday". Google. 18 November 2020.
^ ed, d4. "ḤIMṢ". Encyclopédie de l’Islam. doi:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0289. Retrieved 2 December 2020.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
External links
Ahmed Zaki at IMDb
Ahram Weekly, 31 March – 6 April 2005
vteGolden Goblet Award for Best Actor
Jan Decleir (1993)
Jean-Pierre Marielle (1995)
Michel Piccoli (1997)
Ahmed Zaki (1999)
Daniel Auteuil (2001)
Colin Farrell (2002)
N/A (2003)
Andreas Wilson (2004)
Tatsuya Fuji (2005)
Olivier Gourmet (2006)
Juan José Ballesta (2007)
Ma Guowei (2008)
Sverrir Gudnason (2009)
Christian Ulmen (2010)
Sevket Emrulla (2011)
Vladas Bagdonas (2012)
Nick Cheung (2013)
Vithaya Pansringarm (2014)
Deng Chao / Duan Yihong / Guo Tao (2015)
Liu Ye (2016)
Huang Bo (2017)
Tye Sheridan (2018)
Chang Feng / Hamed Behdad (2019)
Pouyan Shekari (2021)
Hu Ge / Da Peng (2023)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Netherlands | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad Zaki (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Zaki_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"talent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_(skill)"},{"link_name":"impersonating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impersonator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other people named Ahmad Zaki, see Ahmad Zaki (disambiguation).Ahmed Zaki Metwally Abdelrahman Badawi (Arabic: أحمد زكي متولي عبد الرحمن بدوي; 18 November 1949 – 27 March 2005), usually known as Ahmed Zaki (Arabic: أحمد زكي), was an Egyptian film actor. He was characterized by his talent, skill, and ability in impersonating. He was also famous for his on-screen intensity. Though he first appeared in a small role in a comedy play, he is widely regarded as one of the most talented male actors, especially in dramatic and tragic roles. Zaki has worked in six films that have been listed in the Top 100 Egyptian films.[1]","title":"Ahmed Zaki (actor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zagazig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagazig"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Cairo Higher Institute for Drama Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Higher_Institute_for_Drama_Studies"}],"text":"Ahmed Zaki was born in the city of Zagazig, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Cairo, Egypt. He graduated from Zagazig's Crafts School in 1967 and then traveled to Cairo to study cinema before he graduated from the Cairo Higher Institute for Drama Studies in 1974.","title":"Early days"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wahid Hamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahid_Hamed"},{"link_name":"governmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption"},{"link_name":"police corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_corruption"},{"link_name":"Howa wa Heya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howa_wa_heya"},{"link_name":"Soad Hosny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soad_Hosny"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_films"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Nasser 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_56"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"The Days of Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Days_of_Sadat"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Khan"},{"link_name":"Hosni Mubarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"Salah Zulfikar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar"},{"link_name":"Taha Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taha_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Farid Shawki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Shawki"},{"link_name":"Dar Al Fouad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_Al_Fouad"},{"link_name":"Sixth of October City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_of_October_City"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Hosni Mubarak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Tarek El Shennawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarek_El_Shennawi"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Al Shafe’ee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Al_Shafe%E2%80%99ee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Waleed Saif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waleed_Saif&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Many of his films were written by screenwriter Wahid Hamed and had a strong political message that exposed governmental and police corruption. He also starred in the famous 1985 television comedy musical series Howa wa Heya with actress Soad Hosny. Zaki also starred in a series of successful action movies during the mid-and late-1990s.Two of his greatest successes were playing Egypt's presidents in two popular movies that became landmarks of Arabic cinema. He played presidents Gamal Abdel Nasser in Nasser 56 (1996), a movie that centered on the fateful summer of 1956 when then-President Nasser nationalizing the Suez Canal, and Anwar Sadat in the movie The Days of Sadat (2001) with director Mohamed Khan which he also produced. The movie depicted 40 years of the late president's life. He also had plans to play President Hosni Mubarak in a third movie. In the 1980s, Zaki had the chance to act alongside Salah Zulfikar, the two starred together in two movies. He was also known for portraying prominent figures in Egyptian history like Taha Hussein.Zaki was seen as an icon and spokesperson for the average Egyptian youth; he was also considered the heir to Farid Shawki, the two starred together in two movies several years earlier. He was a known heavy smoker. Zaki had been in intensive care at Dar Al Fouad Hospital in Sixth of October City, just outside Cairo, and died of lung cancer complications, after president Hosni Mubarak offered to send him to France for medical treatment at the government's expense and granted him the Order of Merit for his work in over 50 movies.A book about Zaki has been released under the title of Ahmad Zaki wa Symphoniet Ibda (Ahmad Zaki: A Symphonic Innovation Masterpiece). The book features details of his acting career and includes a compilation of articles by different critics, including Tarek El Shennawi, Mohammad Al Shafe’ee, and Waleed Saif.","title":"Highlights"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On November 18, 2020, Google celebrated his 71st birthday with a Google Doodle, which included boxing gloves to refer to Al Nimr Al Aswad (The Black Tiger), a crab for Kaboria (The Crab), a camera for Edhak El-Sora Tetlaa’ Helwa (Smile, the Picture Will Come Out Fine), and the animals from Arba’a Fi Muhimma Rasmiya (Four on an Official Mission).[2][3]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria... Why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria..._Why%3F"},{"link_name":"Shafika and Metwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafika_and_Metwali"},{"link_name":"Maowid ala ashaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maowid_ala_ashaa"},{"link_name":"Ana La Aktheb Wlakenani Atajaml","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Not_Lying_But_I%27m_Beautifying"},{"link_name":"The Black Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Howa wa heya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howa_wa_heya"},{"link_name":"Shader al-samak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shader_al-samak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Al Bedaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Bedaya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Innocent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Innocent_(1986_Egyptian_film)"},{"link_name":"The Wife of an Important Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wife_of_an_Important_Man"},{"link_name":"Al-Darga Al-Thalitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Darga_Al-Thalitha"},{"link_name":"Dreams of Hind and Camilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreams_of_Hind_and_Camilia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kaboria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboria_(film)"},{"link_name":"Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_(1988_film)"},{"link_name":"Al-Ra'i wal Nisaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ra%27i_wal_Nisaa"},{"link_name":"Mr Karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Karate"},{"link_name":"Nasser 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasser_56"},{"link_name":"Gamal Abdel Nasser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser"},{"link_name":"Hassan Ellol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Ellol&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sherif Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherif_Arafa"},{"link_name":"Ayyam El Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyam_El_Sadat"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Khan"},{"link_name":"Anwar Sadat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar_Sadat"},{"link_name":"Ma'ali al Wazir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ali_al_Wazir"},{"link_name":"Halim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halim_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sherif Arafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherif_Arafa"},{"link_name":"Abdel Halim Hafez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdel_Halim_Hafez"}],"text":"1974: Abnaa Al-Samt (The Children of Silence) – Mahmoud\n1978: El Omr Lahza (Life is a Moment)\n1979: Alexandria... Why? – Ibrahim\n1979: Shafika and Metwali\n1980: Al Batneyya – Safrot\n1981: Maowid ala ashaa – Shukri\n1981: Ana La Aktheb Wlakenani Atajaml – Ibrahim\n1981: Taer ala el tariq – Fares\n1981: Oyun la tanam\n1982: El-akdar el-damia – Kher\n1982: Al-Awwama rakm 70\n1983: Darb El Hawa – Abdel Aziz\n1983: El Ehteyat Wageb – Hassan\n1983: Al modmen\n1984: The Black Tiger – Muhammed Hassan\n1984: El-Raqesah wa el-Tabbal – Abdo\n1984: El Lela AL Mawooda – Fathi\n1984: The Prince – Prince Yousef Othman Basha\n1984: Al-Takhshiba – Majdy El Douski\n1985: Saad El Yateem – Zakaria\n1985: Howa wa heya (Him & Her) (TV Mini-Series) – Afifi Abu Al Naja / Mahrous Al Dishnawi Shawqi / Moonis Khalil / Majdi / Metwalli / Nader / Khaled / Medhat / Jalal\n1986: Shader al-samak – Ahmad Abu Kamel\n1986: Love on the Pyramids Plateau\n1986: Al Bedaya (The Beginning)\n1986: The Innocent – Ahmad Saba' Al Layl\n1987: Arba’a Fi Muhimma Rasmiya – Anwar\n1987: Al Makhtufa – Hussien\n1987: The Wife of an Important Man – Hesham\n1987: El Beih El Bawwab – Abdulsamee\n1988: Al-Darga Al-Thalitha (The third Class) – Sorour\n1988: Dreams of Hind and Camilia – Eid\n1989: Those Guys – Zaki Al Humsani\n1990: One Woman Is Not Enough – Hussam\n1990: Kaboria – Hassan Hudhud\n1990: El-Baydha Wal Hagar – Mustataa\n1990: Al Embrator – Zeinhom Abdel-Haq\n1990: Al Beh Al bawab (The Rich guard)\n1991: Escape – Montaser Abdel Ghafour\n1991: Al-Ra'i wal Nisaa (The Shepherd and the Women)\n1992: Dhid el hokouma – Mustafa Khalaf\n1992: Al Basha – Hazem El Shennawy\n1993: Sawwaq el hanem – Hamada\n1993: Mr Karate\n1994: Al ragol al talet\n1996: Esstakoza – Abbass\n1996: Abo Dahab – Abo Dahab\n1996: Nasser 56 – President Gamal Abdel Nasser\n1996: Nazwa\n1996: Hysteria\n1997: Hassan Ellol (Hassan) – Hassan\n1998: El Batal (The Hero)\n1998: Edhak El-Sora Tetlaa’ Helwa (Smile to make the photo looks good, Sherif Arafa) – Sayed Gharib\n2000: Ard el khof (The Land of Fear) – Yehia\n2001: Ayyam El Sadat (The Days of Sadat, Mohamed Khan) – President Anwar Sadat\n2003: Ma'ali al Wazir – Ra'fat Rostom\n2005–2006: Halim (directed by Sherif Arafa) – Abdel Halim Hafez (final film role)","title":"Filmography"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Egyptian films of the 1980s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_films_of_the_1980s"},{"title":"List of Egyptian films of the 1990s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_films_of_the_1990s"}] | [{"reference":"\"Ahmed Zaki\". Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180904155605/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-Zaki","url_text":"\"Ahmed Zaki\""},{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-Zaki","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ahmed Zaki's 71st Birthday\". Google. 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://doodles.google/doodle/ahmed-zakis-71st-birthday/","url_text":"\"Ahmed Zaki's 71st Birthday\""}]},{"reference":"ed, d4. \"ḤIMṢ\". Encyclopédie de l’Islam. doi:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0289. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bunker | Max Bunker | ["1 Selected works","2 Notes","3 Sources","4 External links"] | Comic book writer and publisher (born 1939)
Max BunkerBornLuciano Secchi (1939-08-24) 24 August 1939 (age 84)Milan, ItalyNationalityItalianArea(s)writerNotable worksKriminal Satanik Maxmagnus Alan Ford
Max Bunker, pen name of Luciano Massimiliano Secchi (born 24 August 1939), is an Italian comic book writer, and publisher, best known as the co-author of Alan Ford.
Bunker's career started in 1960 when he co-founded, together with his brother-in-law Andrea Corno, a publishing house focused on the production of comics called Editoriale Corno. In 1962 Bunker wrote a Western-style comic book, Maschera Nera (Black Mask). He went on to create more comics series in collaboration with Magnus (Roberto Raviola) such as Kriminal and Satanik and Maxmagnus. Bunker and Magnus' arguably most successful creative endeavour is Alan Ford. Originally published in May 1969, the series ran for 75 issues. When Editoriale Corno closed in 1984, Bunker founded Max Bunker Press and continued to publish Alan Ford in collaboration with other artists such as Paolo Piffarerio.
Selected works
Kriminal (1964)
Satanik (1964)
Gesebel (1966)
Maxmagnus (1968)
Alan Ford (1969)
Fouche (1973)
Daniel (1973)
Kerry Cross (1994)
Notes
^ Lambiek Comiclopedia. "Magnus".
Sources
Max Bunker dossier FFF (in Italian)
External links
Max Bunker Press official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Czech Republic
2
Other
IdRef
This biographical article about an Italian writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This profile of a European comics creator, writer, or artist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_comics"},{"link_name":"Alan Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ford_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Raviola"},{"link_name":"Kriminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminal"},{"link_name":"Satanik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanik"},{"link_name":"Maxmagnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxmagnus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lambiek-1"},{"link_name":"Paolo Piffarerio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Piffarerio"}],"text":"Max Bunker, pen name of Luciano Massimiliano Secchi (born 24 August 1939), is an Italian comic book writer, and publisher, best known as the co-author of Alan Ford.Bunker's career started in 1960 when he co-founded, together with his brother-in-law Andrea Corno, a publishing house focused on the production of comics called Editoriale Corno. In 1962 Bunker wrote a Western-style comic book, Maschera Nera (Black Mask). He went on to create more comics series in collaboration with Magnus (Roberto Raviola) such as Kriminal and Satanik and Maxmagnus.[1] Bunker and Magnus' arguably most successful creative endeavour is Alan Ford. Originally published in May 1969, the series ran for 75 issues. When Editoriale Corno closed in 1984, Bunker founded Max Bunker Press and continued to publish Alan Ford in collaboration with other artists such as Paolo Piffarerio.","title":"Max Bunker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kriminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriminal"},{"link_name":"Satanik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanik"},{"link_name":"Gesebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesebel"},{"link_name":"Maxmagnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxmagnus"},{"link_name":"Alan Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ford_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_(comics_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kriminal (1964)\nSatanik (1964)\nGesebel (1966)\nMaxmagnus (1968)\nAlan Ford (1969)\nFouche (1973)\nDaniel (1973)\nKerry Cross (1994)","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-lambiek_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Magnus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lambiek.net/artists/m/magnus.htm"}],"text":"^ Lambiek Comiclopedia. \"Magnus\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Max Bunker dossier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lfb.it/fff/fumetto/aut/b/bunker_max.htm"}],"text":"Max Bunker dossier FFF (in Italian)","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lambiek Comiclopedia. \"Magnus\".","urls":[{"url":"http://lambiek.net/artists/m/magnus.htm","url_text":"\"Magnus\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://lambiek.net/artists/m/magnus.htm","external_links_name":"\"Magnus\""},{"Link":"http://www.lfb.it/fff/fumetto/aut/b/bunker_max.htm","external_links_name":"Max Bunker dossier"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606054700/http://www.maxbunker.it/index_eng.htm","external_links_name":"Max Bunker Press official site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000439842838","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30346963","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3PDRKgPbjVMPtrmK68C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894521v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11894521v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119446677","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV022152","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79095625","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20201086732&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20201086733&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/120353121","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Bunker&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Bunker&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavaria_fragilis | Clavaria fragilis | ["1 History and taxonomy","2 Description","2.1 Edibility","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Similar species","5 Conservation status","6 References"] | Species of fungus
"Fairy fingers" redirects here. For the covering on the hooves of newborn foals, see deciduous hoof capsule.
Clavaria fragilis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Clavariaceae
Genus:
Clavaria
Species:
C. fragilis
Binomial name
Clavaria fragilisHolmsk. (1790)
Synonyms
Species synonymy
1790 Clavaria cylindrica Bull.
1792 Clavaria glabra J.F. Gmel.
1801 Clavaria eburnea Pers.
1801 Clavaria eburnea var. fragilis (Holmsk.) Pers.
1811 Clavaria vermicularis Sw.
1818 Clavaria alba Pers.
1821 Xylaria albicans var. cylindrica (Bull.) Gray
1821 Clavaria solida Gray
1822 Clavaria vermiculata var. flexuosa Pers.
1822 Clavaria pistilliforme Pers.
1887 Clavaria gracilior Britzelm.
1879 Clavaria corynoides Peck
1882 Clavaria simplex P. Karst.
1891 Clavaria muelleri Berk. ex Cooke
1901 Clavaria nivea Quél.
1967 Multiclavula corynoides (Peck) R.H. Petersen
1970 Clavulinopsis corynoides (Peck) Corner
Species of fungus
Clavaria fragilisMycological characteristicsSmooth hymeniumNo distinct capHymenium attachment is irregular or not applicableStipe is bareSpore print is whiteEcology is saprotrophicEdibility is edible
Clavaria fragilis, commonly known as fairy fingers, white worm coral, or white spindles, is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It is synonymous with Clavaria vermicularis. The fungus is the type species of the genus Clavaria and is a typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi. It produces tubular, unbranched, white basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that typically grow in clusters. The fruit bodies can reach dimensions of 15 cm (5.9 in) tall by 0.5 cm (0.2 in) thick. Clavaria fragilis is a saprobic species, growing in woodland litter or in old, unimproved grassland. It is widespread throughout temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is edible, but insubstantial and flavorless. There are several other small white coral-like fungi with which C. fragilis may be confused.
History and taxonomy
Clavaria fragilis was originally described from Denmark in 1790 by Danish naturalist and mycologist Theodor Holmskjold, and was sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum. The Latin epithet fragilis refers to the brittle fruit bodies. The species was redescribed by Swedish mycologist Olof Swartz in 1811, using the name Clavaria vermicularis (the epithet meaning "wormlike"). Though it is a later synonym—and thus obsolete according to the principle of priority—the latter name is still frequently used today. There are several other names considered to be synonymous with C. fragilis by the online taxonomical database MycoBank (see the taxobox).
In North America, the fungus has colloquially been called "fairy fingers" or "white worm coral". In the UK its recommended English name is "white spindles". British naturalist Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "worm club-stool" in his 1821 A Natural Arrangement of British Plants.
Description
Fruit bodies usually grow in clusters.
The fruit bodies of C. fragilis are irregularly tubular, smooth to furrowed, sometimes compressed, very fragile, white, up to 15 cm (6 in) tall by 5 mm (0.2 in) thick, and typically grow in dense clusters. The tip of the fruit body tapers to a point, and may yellow and curve with age. There is no distinct stalk, although it is evident as a short, semitransparent zone of tissue at the base of the club. Microscopically, the hyphae of the flesh are swollen up to 12 μm wide and lack clamp connections. The spores are smooth, colourless, ellipsoid to oblong, measuring 5–7 by 3–4 μm. The spores are white in deposit. The basidia (spore bearing cells) measure 40–50 by 6–8 μm, and lack clamps at their bases.
Edibility
Clavaria fragilis is nonpoisonous and reportedly edible, but the fruit bodies are insubstantial and fragile. One field guide says "its flesh is tasteless and so delicate that it seems to dissolve in one's mouth." Its odor has been compared to iodine.
Distribution and habitat
The species occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, North America, and Asia. In North America, it is more common east of the Rocky Mountains. It has also been recorded from Australia and South Africa. In 2006, it was reported from the Arctic zone of the Ural Mountains, in Russia.
The fungus grows in woodland and in grassland on moist soil, and is presumed to be saprobic, rotting fallen leaf litter and dead grass stems. The fruit bodies tend to grow in groups, tufts or clusters. Although they can grow singly, they are typically inconspicuous unless in clusters.
Similar species
Typical growth habit
Similar fungi with simple, white fruit bodies include Clavaria acuta, an equally widespread species that typically grows singly or in small groups rather than in dense clusters and can be distinguished microscopically by its clamped basidia and larger spores; the morphologically similar, but rare C. atkinsoniana, found in the southwestern and central United States, which cannot be distinguished from C. fragilis by field characteristics alone but has larger spores—8.5–10 by 4.5–5 μm; C. rubicundula, another North American species, which is similar in stature but has a reddish tint; and Multiclavula mucida, a widespread lichenized species with smaller fruit bodies that occurs with its associated algae on moist wood.
Other similar species include Alloclavaria purpurea, Clavulinopsis fusiformis, Clavulinopsis laeticolor, and Macrotyphula juncea.
Conservation status
In North America, Clavaria fragilis has been called "by far our most common Clavaria". In northern Europe, it is one of a suite of "CHEG" fungi (CHEG standing for "Clavarioid fungi-Hygrocybe-Entoloma-Geoglossaceae") considered to be indicator species of old, unimproved grassland (permanent grassland that has not been cultivated for some years). Though such grasslands are a threatened habitat in Europe, C. fragilis is one of the commoner CHEG species. It is, nonetheless, on the national red list of threatened fungi in the Netherlands and Slovenia.
References
^ a b "Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. 1790". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ Holmskjold T. (1790). Beata Ruris Otia Fungis Danicis Impensa (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 7.
^ Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Greifswald, Germany: Mauritius. p. 484. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
^ a b c Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 637. ISBN 0-89815-009-4. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ Lincoff GH (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York, NY: AA Knopf. p. 400. ISBN 0-394-51992-2.
^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ Gray SF (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 657.
^ a b c d Corner EJH (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 251–54.
^ a b Orr DB, Orr RT (1979). Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-520-03656-5.
^ a b c d McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 71. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.
^ Sundberg W, Bessette A (1987). Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (Macmillan Field Guides). New York, NY: Collier Books. p. 10. ISBN 0-02-063690-3.
^ Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.
^ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
^ Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-295-96480-4.
^ Shiryaev AG (2006). "Clavarioid fungi of urals. III. Arctic zone". Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 40 (4): 294–306. ISSN 0026-3648.
^ Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7.
^ Ammirati J, Trudell S (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest: Timber Press Field Guide (Timber Press Field Guides). Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
^ Kuo M. "Clavaria vermicularis". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
^ Roody WC (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. p. 422. ISBN 0-8131-9039-8. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 289–290. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
^ McHugh R, Mitchel D, Wright M, Anderson R (2001). "The fungi of Irish grasslands and their value for nature conservation". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 101B: 225–42.
^ Winnall R. (2004). "Waxcap Grasslands". Retrieved 2010-10-11.
^ Rotheroe M, Newton A, Evans S, Feehan J (1996). "Waxcap-grassland survey". Mycologist. 10 (1): 23–25. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80046-2.
^ "Rode Lijst". 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
^ "Slovenian Red List". 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
Media related to Clavaria fragilis at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersClavaria fragilis
Wikidata: Q2424229
Wikispecies: Clavaria fragilis
AusFungi: 60023109
BioLib: 125720
CoL: 5Z9J6
EoL: 154781
EPPO: CLVRFR
Fungorum: 182991
GBIF: 5244501
iNaturalist: 53885
IRMNG: 10382122
MycoBank: 182991
NatureServe: 2.124368
NBN: NHMSYS0001477796
NCBI: 440096
NZOR: ebe591e6-b888-4290-b9e0-ca226039cc26
Observation.org: 13780
Open Tree of Life: 390393 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deciduous hoof capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous_hoof_capsule"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"Clavariaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavariaceae"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(biology)"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Clavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavaria"},{"link_name":"clavarioid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavarioid"},{"link_name":"basidiocarps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basidiocarps"},{"link_name":"saprobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprobic"},{"link_name":"grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassland"},{"link_name":"temperate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate"},{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom"}],"text":"Species of fungus\"Fairy fingers\" redirects here. For the covering on the hooves of newborn foals, see deciduous hoof capsule.Species of fungusClavaria fragilis, commonly known as fairy fingers, white worm coral, or white spindles, is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It is synonymous with Clavaria vermicularis. The fungus is the type species of the genus Clavaria and is a typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi. It produces tubular, unbranched, white basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that typically grow in clusters. The fruit bodies can reach dimensions of 15 cm (5.9 in) tall by 0.5 cm (0.2 in) thick. Clavaria fragilis is a saprobic species, growing in woodland litter or in old, unimproved grassland. It is widespread throughout temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is edible, but insubstantial and flavorless. There are several other small white coral-like fungi with which C. fragilis may be confused.","title":"Clavaria fragilis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"originally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"mycologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycologist"},{"link_name":"Theodor Holmskjold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Theodor_Holmskjold"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holmskjold1790-2"},{"link_name":"sanctioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctioned_name"},{"link_name":"Elias Magnus Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries"},{"link_name":"Systema Mycologicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Mycologicum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fries1821-3"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Olof Swartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Swartz"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)"},{"link_name":"synonym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(biology)"},{"link_name":"principle of priority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_priority"},{"link_name":"MycoBank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MycoBank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlMycoBank:_Clavaria_fragilis-1"},{"link_name":"colloquially","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arora1986-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lincoff1981-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BMS-6"},{"link_name":"Samuel Frederick Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gray1821-7"}],"text":"Clavaria fragilis was originally described from Denmark in 1790 by Danish naturalist and mycologist Theodor Holmskjold,[2] and was sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum.[3] The Latin epithet fragilis refers to the brittle fruit bodies. 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The spores are smooth, colourless, ellipsoid to oblong, measuring 5–7 by 3–4 μm.[8] The spores are white in deposit.[11] The basidia (spore bearing cells) measure 40–50 by 6–8 μm, and lack clamps at their bases.[12]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller_2006-13"},{"link_name":"edible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edible_mushroom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ammirati1987-14"},{"link_name":"field guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_guide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orr1979-9"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight1987-10"}],"sub_title":"Edibility","text":"Clavaria fragilis is nonpoisonous[13] and reportedly edible, but the fruit bodies are insubstantial and fragile.[14] One field guide says \"its flesh is tasteless and so delicate that it seems to dissolve in one's mouth.\"[9] Its odor has been compared to iodine.[10]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight1987-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corner1950-8"},{"link_name":"Ural Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiryaev2006-15"},{"link_name":"saprobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saprobic"},{"link_name":"leaf litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_litter"},{"link_name":"tufts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tuft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arora1986-4"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Healy2008-16"}],"text":"The species occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, North America, and Asia. In North America, it is more common east of the Rocky Mountains.[10] It has also been recorded from Australia and South Africa.[8] In 2006, it was reported from the Arctic zone of the Ural Mountains, in Russia.[15]The fungus grows in woodland and in grassland on moist soil, and is presumed to be saprobic, rotting fallen leaf litter and dead grass stems. The fruit bodies tend to grow in groups, tufts or clusters.[4] Although they can grow singly, they are typically inconspicuous unless in clusters.[16]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clavaria_fragilis_14393.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clavaria acuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavaria_acuta"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ammirati2009-17"},{"link_name":"clamped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamp_connection"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Corner1950-8"},{"link_name":"C. atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavaria_atkinsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlMushroomExpert.Com-18"},{"link_name":"C. rubicundula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clavaria_rubicundula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roody2003-19"},{"link_name":"Multiclavula mucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiclavula_mucida"},{"link_name":"lichenized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKnight1987-10"},{"link_name":"Alloclavaria purpurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloclavaria_purpurea"},{"link_name":"Clavulinopsis fusiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavulinopsis_fusiformis"},{"link_name":"Clavulinopsis laeticolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavulinopsis_laeticolor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Typical growth habitSimilar fungi with simple, white fruit bodies include Clavaria acuta, an equally widespread species that typically grows singly or in small groups rather than in dense clusters[17] and can be distinguished microscopically by its clamped basidia and larger spores;[8] the morphologically similar, but rare C. atkinsoniana, found in the southwestern and central United States, which cannot be distinguished from C. fragilis by field characteristics alone but has larger spores—8.5–10 by 4.5–5 μm;[18] C. rubicundula, another North American species, which is similar in stature but has a reddish tint;[19] and Multiclavula mucida, a widespread lichenized species with smaller fruit bodies that occurs with its associated algae on moist wood.[10]Other similar species include Alloclavaria purpurea, Clavulinopsis fusiformis, Clavulinopsis laeticolor, and Macrotyphula juncea.[20]","title":"Similar species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arora1986-4"},{"link_name":"Hygrocybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygrocybe"},{"link_name":"Entoloma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma"},{"link_name":"Geoglossaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoglossaceae"},{"link_name":"indicator species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_species"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McHugh2001-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winnall2004-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotheroe1996-23"},{"link_name":"red list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Red_List"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DutchRedList2008-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SlovenianRedList2010-25"}],"text":"In North America, Clavaria fragilis has been called \"by far our most common Clavaria\".[4] In northern Europe, it is one of a suite of \"CHEG\" fungi (CHEG standing for \"Clavarioid fungi-Hygrocybe-Entoloma-Geoglossaceae\") considered to be indicator species of old, unimproved grassland (permanent grassland that has not been cultivated for some years).[21][22][23] Though such grasslands are a threatened habitat in Europe, C. fragilis is one of the commoner CHEG species. It is, nonetheless, on the national red list of threatened fungi in the Netherlands[24] and Slovenia.[25]","title":"Conservation status"}] | [{"image_text":"Fruit bodies usually grow in clusters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Clavaria_fragilis_IKAl_090920_1.jpg/220px-Clavaria_fragilis_IKAl_090920_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Typical growth habit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Clavaria_fragilis_14393.jpg/220px-Clavaria_fragilis_14393.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. 1790\". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=182991","url_text":"\"Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. 1790\""}]},{"reference":"Holmskjold T. (1790). Beata Ruris Otia Fungis Danicis Impensa [Happy Resting Periods in the Country Studying Danish Fungi] (in Latin). Vol. 1. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fries EM (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Greifswald, Germany: Mauritius. p. 484. Retrieved 2010-10-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj8-AAAAcAAJ&q=systema%20mycologicum&pg=PA484","url_text":"Systema Mycologicum"}]},{"reference":"Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p. 637. ISBN 0-89815-009-4. Retrieved 2010-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S-RmabYsjI4C&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA637","url_text":"Mushrooms Demystified"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89815-009-4","url_text":"0-89815-009-4"}]},{"reference":"Lincoff GH (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York, NY: AA Knopf. p. 400. ISBN 0-394-51992-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-51992-2","url_text":"0-394-51992-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK\" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083053/http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf","url_text":"\"Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mycological_Society","url_text":"British Mycological Society"},{"url":"http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gray SF (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. p. 657.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cN8UAAAAYAAJ&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA657","url_text":"A Natural Arrangement of British Plants"}]},{"reference":"Corner EJH (1950). A Monograph of Clavaria and Allied Genera. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 251–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Orr DB, Orr RT (1979). Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-520-03656-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03656-5","url_text":"0-520-03656-5"}]},{"reference":"McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 71. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA71","url_text":"A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-91090-0","url_text":"0-395-91090-0"}]},{"reference":"Sundberg W, Bessette A (1987). Mushrooms: A Quick Reference Guide to Mushrooms of North America (Macmillan Field Guides). New York, NY: Collier Books. p. 10. ISBN 0-02-063690-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-063690-3","url_text":"0-02-063690-3"}]},{"reference":"Ellis JB, Ellis MB (1990). Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London: Chapman and Hall. ISBN 0-412-36970-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA64","url_text":"Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-36970-2","url_text":"0-412-36970-2"}]},{"reference":"Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_K._Miller_Jr.","url_text":"Miller Jr., Orson K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FalconGuide","url_text":"FalconGuide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-3109-1","url_text":"978-0-7627-3109-1"}]},{"reference":"Ammirati JF, McKenny M, Stuntz DE (1987). The New Savory Wild Mushroom. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. p. 174. ISBN 0-295-96480-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-96480-4","url_text":"0-295-96480-4"}]},{"reference":"Shiryaev AG (2006). \"Clavarioid fungi of urals. III. Arctic zone\". Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya. 40 (4): 294–306. ISSN 0026-3648.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3648","url_text":"0026-3648"}]},{"reference":"Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide). Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tl2fVAHuej4C&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA183","url_text":"Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-627-7","url_text":"978-1-58729-627-7"}]},{"reference":"Ammirati J, Trudell S (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest: Timber Press Field Guide (Timber Press Field Guides). Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-935-5","url_text":"978-0-88192-935-5"}]},{"reference":"Kuo M. \"Clavaria vermicularis\". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2010-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mushroomexpert.com/clavaria_vermicularis.html","url_text":"\"Clavaria vermicularis\""}]},{"reference":"Roody WC (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. p. 422. ISBN 0-8131-9039-8. Retrieved 2010-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA422","url_text":"Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-9039-8","url_text":"0-8131-9039-8"}]},{"reference":"Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 289–290. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861","url_text":"Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press","url_text":"University of California Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95360-4","url_text":"978-0-520-95360-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861","url_text":"797915861"}]},{"reference":"McHugh R, Mitchel D, Wright M, Anderson R (2001). \"The fungi of Irish grasslands and their value for nature conservation\". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 101B: 225–42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Winnall R. (2004). \"Waxcap Grasslands\". Retrieved 2010-10-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://wbrc.org.uk/WorcRecd/Issue%2017/waxcaps.htm","url_text":"\"Waxcap Grasslands\""}]},{"reference":"Rotheroe M, Newton A, Evans S, Feehan J (1996). \"Waxcap-grassland survey\". Mycologist. 10 (1): 23–25. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80046-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0269-915X%2896%2980046-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80046-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Rode Lijst\". 2008. Retrieved 2010-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amanita.fotovidi.nl/rodelijst/RodeLijst_2008.php","url_text":"\"Rode Lijst\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slovenian Red List\". 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-08-22. Retrieved 2011-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822152904/http://www.gobe.si/Mikologija/Predlog","url_text":"\"Slovenian Red List\""},{"url":"http://www.gobe.si/Mikologija/Predlog","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=182991","external_links_name":"\"Clavaria fragilis Holmsk. 1790\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Qj8-AAAAcAAJ&q=systema%20mycologicum&pg=PA484","external_links_name":"Systema Mycologicum"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S-RmabYsjI4C&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA637","external_links_name":"Mushrooms Demystified"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083053/http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK\""},{"Link":"http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cN8UAAAAYAAJ&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA657","external_links_name":"A Natural Arrangement of British Plants"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kSdA3V7Z9WcC&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vowdIZ7GqD4C&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA64","external_links_name":"Fungi without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3648","external_links_name":"0026-3648"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tl2fVAHuej4C&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA183","external_links_name":"Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide)"},{"Link":"http://www.mushroomexpert.com/clavaria_vermicularis.html","external_links_name":"\"Clavaria vermicularis\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&q=clavaria%20vermicularis&pg=PA422","external_links_name":"Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861","external_links_name":"Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797915861","external_links_name":"797915861"},{"Link":"http://wbrc.org.uk/WorcRecd/Issue%2017/waxcaps.htm","external_links_name":"\"Waxcap Grasslands\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0269-915X%2896%2980046-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0269-915X(96)80046-2"},{"Link":"http://www.amanita.fotovidi.nl/rodelijst/RodeLijst_2008.php","external_links_name":"\"Rode Lijst\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100822152904/http://www.gobe.si/Mikologija/Predlog","external_links_name":"\"Slovenian Red List\""},{"Link":"http://www.gobe.si/Mikologija/Predlog","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/fungi/60023109","external_links_name":"60023109"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id125720","external_links_name":"125720"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5Z9J6","external_links_name":"5Z9J6"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/154781","external_links_name":"154781"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CLVRFR","external_links_name":"CLVRFR"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=182991","external_links_name":"182991"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5244501","external_links_name":"5244501"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/53885","external_links_name":"53885"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10382122","external_links_name":"10382122"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/182991","external_links_name":"182991"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.124368/","external_links_name":"2.124368"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0001477796","external_links_name":"NHMSYS0001477796"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=440096","external_links_name":"440096"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/ebe591e6-b888-4290-b9e0-ca226039cc26","external_links_name":"ebe591e6-b888-4290-b9e0-ca226039cc26"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/13780/","external_links_name":"13780"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=390393","external_links_name":"390393"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Puchner | Willy Puchner | ["1 Early life and career","2 Photography projects","3 Exhibitions","4 Bibliography","4.1 English editions","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"] | Austrian photographer, artist, painter and author (born 1952)
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Willy PuchnerPuchner in 2007Born (1952-03-15) 15 March 1952 (age 72)Mistelbach, Lower Austria, AustriaOccupation(s)Photographer, artist, painter, and writerWebsitehttps://www.willypuchner.com
Willy Puchner (born 15 March 1952) is an Austrian photographer, artist, painter, and author.
Early life and career
Puchner was born and grew up in Mistelbach an der Zaya, Lower Austria on 15 March 1952. In 1967, he moved to Vienna to attend photography classes at the Höhere Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt (Higher Federal Institution for Graphic Education and Research). After graduating in 1974, Puchner taught photography at HGBLuVA for a short period of time.
Since 1978, Puchner has worked as a freelance photographer and writer based in Vienna. Later in his career, Puchner studied various social and life sciences, such as philosophy and sociology, and formally he graduated with a master's degree in philosophy, though it is unknown from which educational institution. In 1980s, he has given numerous speeches on private photography at universities, museums, and galleries.
Starting in 1989, Puchner has worked regularly for the Wiener Zeitung, an Austrian newspaper.
Photography projects
For one of Puchner's projects, a children's picture book titled, "Penguins – Traveling the World", he traveled with a pair of penguin statues, "Joe and Sally", taking them to tourist sites—including the sea, the desert, New York, Sydney, Paris, Venice, Tokyo, Honolulu, Rome, and Cairo—to photograph them there.
Other Puchner projects have centered on portraits of elderly subjects: "Die 90-jährigen" (At the Age of 90), "Dialog mit dem Alter" (Dialogue with the High Age), "Die 100-jährigen" (At the Age of 100), "Lebensgeschichte und Fotografie" (Oral History and Photography), and "Liebe im Alter" (Love at High Age).
Overall, Puncher has held over 30 different exhibitions worldwide on the subject of photography, and over 20 different printed projects, including children's picture books and various photo sets, featuring his photography work. The editions for these printed projects are available in English and German.
Exhibitions
1980: Museum Moderner Kunst (Museum of Modern Art), Vienna and Künstlerhaus (House of Artists), N.Ö. Galerie, Vienna
1982: Museum des 20. Jahrhundert (Museum of the 20th Century), Vienna
1984: Österreichisches Fotomuseum (Austrian Museum of Photography), Bad Ischl
1992: Steirischer Herbst, Graz
2001: "On the Road at Home" (Auf Reisen zu Hause), gallery Atrium ed Arte, Vienna
2005: Stopover New York, gallery Atrium ed Arte, Vienna
Further exhibitions in Berlin, Bremen, Kleve, Braunschweig, Klagenfurt, Norfolk, Washington, D.C, Mumbai, Beirut, Tokyo, Osaka, Ōita, Nagoya, and Sapporo
Bibliography
Bäume, 1980, (words Henry David Thoreau), ISBN 3-85447-271-4
Zum Abschied, zur Wiederkehr, 1981 (words Hermann Hesse), ISBN 3-206-01222-8
Gestaltung mit Licht, Form und Farbe, 1981, ISBN 3-87467-207-7
Bilder österreichischer Städte, (words Harald Sterk), 1982, ISBN 3-217-01262-3
Strahlender Untergang, (words Christoph Ransmayr), 1982, ISBN 3-85447-006-1
Bilder österreichischer Landschaft, (words Harald Sterk), 1983, ISBN 3-217-01189-9
Andalusien, (words Walter Haubrich), 1983, ISBN 3-7658-0420-7
Die Wolken der Wüste, 1983 (words Manfred Pichler), ISBN 3-89416-150-7
Dorf-Bilder, 1983, ISBN 3-218-00387-3
Zugvögel seit jeher, 1983, (words Erich Hackl), ISBN 3-210-24848-6
Das Herz des Himmels, 1985, (words Erich Hackl), ISBN 3-210-24813-3
Die Sehnsucht der Pinguine, 1992, ISBN 3-446-17200-9
Ich bin ..., 1997, ISBN 3-7918-2910-6
Penguins – Traveling the World, 1999, ISBN 978-3894055189
Tagebuch der Natur, 2001, ISBN 3-85326-244-9
Flughafen. Eine eigene Welt, 2003, ISBN 3-85326-277-5
Illustriertes Fernweh. Vom Reisen und nach Hause kommen, 2006, ISBN 3-89405-389-5
Wien. Vergnügen und Melancholie, 2008, ISBN 3-85033-159-8
Willy Puchners Welt der Farben, 2011, ISBN 3-7017-2081-9
ABC der fabelhaften Prinzessinnen. Nord-Süd Verlag, Zürich 2013, ISBN 978-3-314-10129-8.
Hans im Glück. Nord-Süd Verlag, Zürich 2014, ISBN 978-3-314-10158-8
Unterwegs, mein Schatz! G&G Verlag, Wien 2015, ISBN 978-3707451009
Willy's World of Wonders, NorthSouth Books 2019, ISBN 978-0735843837
English editions
Joe & Sally: A Long Way from Home, 1993, ISBN 0-14-023118-8
Penguins - Traveling the World, 1999, ISBN 3-8290-1412-0
A Brief History of the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna, 2008, together with Heinrich Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein, ISBN 3-902021-56-X.
Vienna. Pleasure and Melancholy, 2008, ISBN 3-85033-177-6
The ABC of Fabulous Princesses, 2014, ISBN 978-0735841130
The ABC of Fantastic Princes, 2015, ISBN 978-0735841987
Awards
Theodor Körner Prize for art (1983)
Theodor Körner Prize for social sciences (1988)
Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur for Tagebuch der Natur (2002)
Kinderbuchpreis der Stadt Wien for Tagebuch der Natur (2002)
Kunstmediator (2011)
Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur „Willy Puchners Welt der Farben“ (2012)
Kinder- und Jugendbuchpreis der Stadt Wien (Illustrationspreis) „Willy Puchners Welt der Farben“ (2012)
References
^ "Willy Puchner". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
^ "Willy Puchner". www.willypuchner.com. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
^ "Willy Puchner | Vermes Verlag". www.vermes-verlag.com. Retrieved 2024-04-11.
^ "Wiener Zeitung". www.wienerzeitung.at (in German). Retrieved 2024-04-11.
^ Puchner, Willy (1999). Die Sehnsucht der Pinguine | Hardcover. Könemann. ISBN 3829014120.
External links
Willy Puchner's website
Fotohof Gallery's database entry on Willy Puchner
Puchners Farbenlehre in der FAZ
New York Times Review
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Puchner.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Sweden
Japan
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Artists
Photographers' Identities
RKD Artists
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"link_name":"photographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographer"},{"link_name":"artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Willy Puchner (born 15 March 1952) is an Austrian photographer, artist, painter, and author.[1]","title":"Willy Puchner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mistelbach an der Zaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mistelbach"},{"link_name":"Lower Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Höhere Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6here_Graphische_Bundes-Lehr-_und_Versuchsanstalt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"freelance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freelance"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree_in_Europe#Austria"},{"link_name":"Wiener Zeitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Zeitung"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Puchner was born and grew up in Mistelbach an der Zaya, Lower Austria on 15 March 1952. In 1967, he moved to Vienna to attend photography classes at the Höhere Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt (Higher Federal Institution for Graphic Education and Research).[2] After graduating in 1974, Puchner taught photography at HGBLuVA for a short period of time.Since 1978, Puchner has worked as a freelance photographer and writer based in Vienna.[3] Later in his career, Puchner studied various social and life sciences, such as philosophy and sociology, and formally he graduated with a master's degree in philosophy, though it is unknown from which educational institution. In 1980s, he has given numerous speeches on private photography at universities, museums, and galleries.Starting in 1989, Puchner has worked regularly for the Wiener Zeitung, an Austrian newspaper.[4]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"For one of Puchner's projects, a children's picture book titled, \"Penguins – Traveling the World\",[5] he traveled with a pair of penguin statues, \"Joe and Sally\", taking them to tourist sites—including the sea, the desert, New York, Sydney, Paris, Venice, Tokyo, Honolulu, Rome, and Cairo—to photograph them there.Other Puchner projects have centered on portraits of elderly subjects: \"Die 90-jährigen\" (At the Age of 90), \"Dialog mit dem Alter\" (Dialogue with the High Age), \"Die 100-jährigen\" (At the Age of 100), \"Lebensgeschichte und Fotografie\" (Oral History and Photography), and \"Liebe im Alter\" (Love at High Age).Overall, Puncher has held over 30 different exhibitions worldwide on the subject of photography, and over 20 different printed projects, including children's picture books and various photo sets, featuring his photography work. The editions for these printed projects are available in English and German.","title":"Photography projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Museum Moderner Kunst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumok"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Künstlerhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_K%C3%BCnstlerhaus"},{"link_name":"Bad Ischl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Ischl"},{"link_name":"Steirischer Herbst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steirischer_Herbst"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen"},{"link_name":"Kleve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleve"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"},{"link_name":"Klagenfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klagenfurt"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"Ōita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"Sapporo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapporo"}],"text":"1980: Museum Moderner Kunst (Museum of Modern Art), Vienna and Künstlerhaus (House of Artists), N.Ö. Galerie, Vienna\n1982: Museum des 20. Jahrhundert (Museum of the 20th Century), Vienna\n1984: Österreichisches Fotomuseum (Austrian Museum of Photography), Bad Ischl\n1992: Steirischer Herbst, Graz\n2001: \"On the Road at Home\" (Auf Reisen zu Hause), gallery Atrium ed Arte, Vienna\n2005: Stopover New York, gallery Atrium ed Arte, Vienna\nFurther exhibitions in Berlin, Bremen, Kleve, Braunschweig, Klagenfurt, Norfolk, Washington, D.C, Mumbai, Beirut, Tokyo, Osaka, Ōita, Nagoya, and Sapporo","title":"Exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85447-271-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85447-271-4"},{"link_name":"Hermann Hesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Hesse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-206-01222-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-206-01222-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-87467-207-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87467-207-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-217-01262-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-217-01262-3"},{"link_name":"Christoph Ransmayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Ransmayr"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85447-006-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85447-006-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-217-01189-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-217-01189-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7658-0420-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7658-0420-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89416-150-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89416-150-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-218-00387-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-218-00387-3"},{"link_name":"Erich Hackl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Hackl"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-210-24848-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-210-24848-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-210-24813-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-210-24813-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-446-17200-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-17200-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7918-2910-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7918-2910-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3894055189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3894055189"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85326-244-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85326-244-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85326-277-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85326-277-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89405-389-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89405-389-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85033-159-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85033-159-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7017-2081-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7017-2081-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-314-10129-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-314-10129-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-314-10158-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-314-10158-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3707451009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3707451009"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0735843837","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735843837"}],"text":"Bäume, 1980, (words Henry David Thoreau), ISBN 3-85447-271-4\nZum Abschied, zur Wiederkehr, 1981 (words Hermann Hesse), ISBN 3-206-01222-8\nGestaltung mit Licht, Form und Farbe, 1981, ISBN 3-87467-207-7\nBilder österreichischer Städte, (words Harald Sterk), 1982, ISBN 3-217-01262-3\nStrahlender Untergang, (words Christoph Ransmayr), 1982, ISBN 3-85447-006-1\nBilder österreichischer Landschaft, (words Harald Sterk), 1983, ISBN 3-217-01189-9\nAndalusien, (words Walter Haubrich), 1983, ISBN 3-7658-0420-7\nDie Wolken der Wüste, 1983 (words Manfred Pichler), ISBN 3-89416-150-7\nDorf-Bilder, 1983, ISBN 3-218-00387-3\nZugvögel seit jeher, 1983, (words Erich Hackl), ISBN 3-210-24848-6\nDas Herz des Himmels, 1985, (words Erich Hackl), ISBN 3-210-24813-3\nDie Sehnsucht der Pinguine, 1992, ISBN 3-446-17200-9\nIch bin ..., 1997, ISBN 3-7918-2910-6\nPenguins – Traveling the World, 1999, ISBN 978-3894055189\nTagebuch der Natur, 2001, ISBN 3-85326-244-9\nFlughafen. Eine eigene Welt, 2003, ISBN 3-85326-277-5\nIllustriertes Fernweh. Vom Reisen und nach Hause kommen, 2006, ISBN 3-89405-389-5\nWien. Vergnügen und Melancholie, 2008, ISBN 3-85033-159-8\nWilly Puchners Welt der Farben, 2011, ISBN 3-7017-2081-9\nABC der fabelhaften Prinzessinnen. Nord-Süd Verlag, Zürich 2013, ISBN 978-3-314-10129-8.\nHans im Glück. Nord-Süd Verlag, Zürich 2014, ISBN 978-3-314-10158-8\nUnterwegs, mein Schatz! G&G Verlag, Wien 2015, ISBN 978-3707451009\nWilly's World of Wonders, NorthSouth Books 2019, ISBN 978-0735843837","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-023118-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-023118-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8290-1412-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8290-1412-0"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-902021-56-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-902021-56-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-85033-177-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85033-177-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0735841130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735841130"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0735841987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735841987"}],"sub_title":"English editions","text":"Joe & Sally: A Long Way from Home, 1993, ISBN 0-14-023118-8\nPenguins - Traveling the World, 1999, ISBN 3-8290-1412-0\nA Brief History of the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna, 2008, together with Heinrich Pfusterschmid-Hardtenstein, ISBN 3-902021-56-X.[2]\nVienna. Pleasure and Melancholy, 2008, ISBN 3-85033-177-6\nThe ABC of Fabulous Princesses, 2014, ISBN 978-0735841130\nThe ABC of Fantastic Princes, 2015, ISBN 978-0735841987","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodor Körner Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_K%C3%B6rner_Prize"},{"link_name":"Kunstmediator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunstmediator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96sterreichischer_Staatspreis_f%C3%BCr_Kinder-_und_Jugendliteratur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kinder- und Jugendbuchpreis der Stadt Wien (Illustrationspreis)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinderbuchpreis_der_Stadt_Wien&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Theodor Körner Prize for art (1983)\nTheodor Körner Prize for social sciences (1988)\nÖsterreichischer Staatspreis für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur for Tagebuch der Natur (2002)\nKinderbuchpreis der Stadt Wien for Tagebuch der Natur (2002)\nKunstmediator (2011)\nÖsterreichischer Staatspreis für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur „Willy Puchners Welt der Farben“ (2012)\nKinder- und Jugendbuchpreis der Stadt Wien (Illustrationspreis) „Willy Puchners Welt der Farben“ (2012)","title":"Awards"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Willy Puchner\". Simon & Schuster. Retrieved 2024-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Willy-Puchner/2130391188","url_text":"\"Willy Puchner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willy Puchner\". www.willypuchner.com. Retrieved 2024-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.willypuchner.com/en/biografie.htm","url_text":"\"Willy Puchner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willy Puchner | Vermes Verlag\". www.vermes-verlag.com. Retrieved 2024-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vermes-verlag.com/willy-puchner","url_text":"\"Willy Puchner | Vermes Verlag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wiener Zeitung\". www.wienerzeitung.at (in German). Retrieved 2024-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wienerzeitung.at/","url_text":"\"Wiener Zeitung\""}]},{"reference":"Puchner, Willy (1999). Die Sehnsucht der Pinguine | Hardcover. Könemann. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifanio_M%C3%A9ndez_Fleitas | Epifanio Méndez Fleitas | ["1 Early life and career","2 In opposition","3 Works","4 References"] | Paraguayan musician, writer and poet (1917–1985)
Epifanio Méndez FleitasPresident of the Central Bank of ParaguayIn office5 February 1955 – 3 January 1956Preceded byPedro A. CaballeroSucceeded byGustavo StormIn office2 November 1952 – 5 January 1954Preceded byPedro Juan MayorSucceeded byPedro Juan MayorChief of Police of AsunciónIn office19 March 1949 – 2 November 1952
Personal detailsBornApril 7, 1917San Pedro del Paraná, ParaguayDied22 November 1985(1985-11-22) (aged 68)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaOccupationPolitician, banker
Epifanio Méndez Fleitas (7 April 1917 – 22 November 1985) was a Paraguayan politician, musician, writer and poet, and twice the president of Central Bank of Paraguay: from 1952 to 1954 and in 1955. He fled Paraguay during the Alfredo Stroessner years and was the uncle to future President Fernando Lugo. He died in Buenos Aires.
Early life and career
Epifanio Méndez Fleitas was born in San Pedro del Paraná, in the Itapúa Department of Paraguay. He began his studies in his hometown, before relocating to Villarrica where he began his career as a writer by writing his first essays. He began studying law, but he did not conclude his studies because he became involved in political activity: after joining the Colorado Party, he became involved with the government and was appointed first as chief of police of Asunción and, later, as the president of the Central Bank of Paraguay.
In May 1954, Méndez backed Alfredo Stroessner's coup d'état against President Federico Chaves, who had previously fired Méndez from the position of president of the Central Bank. Méndez thus reacquired his previous position at the bank, while also becoming the director of a newspaper, La Unión, which became the most important newspaper aligned with the government.
All the while, he continued his work as a writer, and began writing poetry and composing music. From a young age he wrote poetry in both the Spanish and Guaraní. His works have been published in many magazines. In 1939 he published his first book, “Bajo la verde arboleda”. In 1953, he formed a band called “San Solano” with Reinaldo Meza, Barrios-Espínola, Damasio Esquivel and Nicholas Barrios. In 1976 while in Buenos Aires he revived the group with others. He was also among the founders of the Paraguayan Associated Authors (Autores Paraguayos Asociados, APA); and through his work APA has its own office on Chile Street in Asunción. He also attempted to help spread Paraguayan music to Europe and thus inspired Luis Alberto del Parana and his friends Agustín Barboza and Digno García to form the band “Los Paraguayos” and sent them, on behalf of Paraguay, to Europe.
Epifanio Méndez Fleitas married Fresdesvinda Vall on 6 January. The couple had five children: Teresa, Bernardino, Prudencio, Epifanio, María de la Cruz and José.
In opposition
Méndez' fortunes changed when Juan Perón, President of Argentina and a close friend of Méndez, was deposed on September 1955. While initially emigrating to Paraguay, Perón was eventually forced to leave the country by Stroessner, and he relocated to Venezuela. Méndez' closeness to Perón put him in a weakened position within the Paraguayan junta, and Stroessner, eager to isolate a potential political rival, nominated him ambassador to Spain in January 1956. When Méndez returned in March he was refused entry to Paraguay. He went into exile in Uruguay, and became a harsh critic of the regime and its repressive measures. In March 1960, in Resistencia, Argentina, Méndez joined forces with the Movimiento Popular Colorado (MOPOCO), another faction within the Colorado Party opposing Stroessner and living largely in exile.
While out of the country, Méndez tried to utilize contacts within the Colorado Party to agitate for a change in government. He was tied to a gruesome event in 1962 when some members of the military in Paraguay were accused of being followers of Méndez by the Minister of the Interior, Edgar Ynsfrán, and were subsequently brutally purged.
In 1973, MOPOCO and Epifanio Méndez Fleitas would separate, since the latter would found a new dissident group, the Asociación Nacional Republicana en el Exilio y la Resistencia (ANRER). In 1978, under pressure from the Argentine government, he was expelled from Uruguay and went to the United States. In June 1984 he was allowed to enter Argentina. He died the following year in Buenos Aires.
Works
1936 - Sueños de adolescente (Poetry)
1939 - Bajo la verde arboleda (Poetry)
1950 - Batallas por la democracia (with Osvaldo Chaves)
1951 - El orden para la libertad
1965 - Diagnosis paraguaya
1971 - Psicología del Colonialismo. Imperialismo yanqui-brasilero en el Paraguay
1973 - Ideologías de dependencia y segunda emancipación
1976 - Lo histórico y lo antihistórico en el Paraguay. Carta a los colorados
1979 - Carta a los liberales
1980 - Carta a un compañero
1983 - Marxismo teórico y utópico. Estructura del neocolonialismo en el Paraguay
References
^ "Recuerdan 55° aniversario del Banco Central del Paraguay - Economía - ABC Color". www.abc.com.py.
^ "Anselm.edu page of his eldest daughter". Archived from the original on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2012-01-11.
^ a b "Official site of the Asociación Nacional Republicana" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
^ a b "Countrystudies.com - Paraguay. The 1954 Coup". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
^ https://portalguarani.com/480_epifanio_mendez_fleitas.html
^ "Supuesta conspiración política y muerte de un cadete". Archived from the original on 2019-07-07. Retrieved 2019-07-07.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Argentina
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paraguayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-governors-1"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Stroessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner"},{"link_name":"Fernando Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Lugo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"Epifanio Méndez Fleitas (7 April 1917 – 22 November 1985) was a Paraguayan politician, musician, writer and poet, and twice the president of Central Bank of Paraguay: from 1952 to 1954 and in 1955.[1] He fled Paraguay during the Alfredo Stroessner years and was the uncle to future President Fernando Lugo.[2] He died in Buenos Aires.","title":"Epifanio Méndez Fleitas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Pedro del Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_del_Paran%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Itapúa Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itap%C3%BAa_Department"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Villarrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarrica,_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay"},{"link_name":"Colorado Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Party_(Paraguay)"},{"link_name":"Asunción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Central Bank of Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANR-3"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Stroessner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Federico Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Chaves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANR-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Guaraní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language"},{"link_name":"Agustín Barboza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Barboza"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Epifanio Méndez Fleitas was born in San Pedro del Paraná, in the Itapúa Department of Paraguay. He began his studies in his hometown, before relocating to Villarrica where he began his career as a writer by writing his first essays. He began studying law, but he did not conclude his studies because he became involved in political activity: after joining the Colorado Party, he became involved with the government and was appointed first as chief of police of Asunción and, later, as the president of the Central Bank of Paraguay.[3]In May 1954, Méndez backed Alfredo Stroessner's coup d'état against President Federico Chaves, who had previously fired Méndez from the position of president of the Central Bank. [4] Méndez thus reacquired his previous position at the bank, while also becoming the director of a newspaper, La Unión, which became the most important newspaper aligned with the government.[3]All the while, he continued his work as a writer, and began writing poetry and composing music. From a young age he wrote poetry in both the Spanish and Guaraní. His works have been published in many magazines. In 1939 he published his first book, “Bajo la verde arboleda”. In 1953, he formed a band called “San Solano” with Reinaldo Meza, Barrios-Espínola, Damasio Esquivel and Nicholas Barrios. In 1976 while in Buenos Aires he revived the group with others. He was also among the founders of the Paraguayan Associated Authors (Autores Paraguayos Asociados, APA); and through his work APA has its own office on Chile Street in Asunción. He also attempted to help spread Paraguayan music to Europe and thus inspired Luis Alberto del Parana and his friends Agustín Barboza and Digno García to form the band “Los Paraguayos” and sent them, on behalf of Paraguay, to Europe.[5]Epifanio Méndez Fleitas married Fresdesvinda Vall on 6 January. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ferri | Frank Ferri | ["1 Elections","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | American politician
Frank G. FerriMember of the Rhode Island House of Representativesfrom the 22nd districtIn officeDecember 19, 2007 – January 6, 2015Preceded byPeter T. GinaittSucceeded byJoseph J. Solomon, Jr.
Personal detailsBorn (1954-02-02) February 2, 1954 (age 70)Rhode IslandPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseTony CaparcoResidenceWarwick, Rhode IslandAlma materBryant UniversityOccupationBusiness owner
Frank G. Ferri (born February 2, 1954) is an American politician who was a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, representing the 22nd district from October 24, 2007 until January 6, 2015.
A Rhode Island native, Ferri grew up in Providence before earning a degree in business from Bryant University. His district is located in Warwick and includes the neighborhoods of Warwick Neck and Oakland Beach.
Elections
Ferri won the Democratic primary election held on October 24, 2007 to succeed Rep. Peter T. Ginaitt (D-Warwick), who had stepped down halfway through his eighth two-year term. Ferri won 57% of the vote in the three-way primary election, defeating party-endorsed candidate Edgar Ladouceur and Olin Thompson. In the general election held on November 27, 2007, he faced Republican Jonathan Wheeler and independent Carlo Pisaturo, receiving 53% of the vote to Wheeler's 33% and Pisaturo's 14%. He was sworn in on December 19, 2007. He ran for re-election in 2008 and 2010, prevailing on each occasion. In 2014, Ferri retired from the House of Representatives and ran for election to the office of Rhode Island Lieutenant Governor, but he did not win the Democratic nomination.
Personal life
He has been a Warwick resident since 1985 and owns the Town Hall Lanes bowling alley. The former chair of Marriage Equality RI, he is openly gay. Along with Reps. Gordon D. Fox (D-Providence) and Deb Ruggiero (D-Jamestown), and Sen. Donna Nesselbush (D-Pawtucket), he served as one of four openly LGBT members of the Rhode Island General Assembly. His campaigns have won the support of the Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund. In 2010, Ferri completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow.
References
^ a b "About Frank", VoteFrankFerri.com, archived from the original on 2008-11-21, retrieved 2007-10-24
^ "Ferri wins three-way Democratic primary in House District 22", Providence Journal, 2007-10-24, retrieved 2007-10-24
^ "Ferri wins special election for District 22 House seat in Warwick", Providence Journal, 2007-11-28, retrieved 2007-12-01
^ "Rhode Island lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2014". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
^ "Frank Ferri wins Warwick Primary", Marriage Equality RI, 2007-10-24, archived from the original on 2007-11-12, retrieved 2007-10-24
External links
Rhode Island House - Representative Frank Ferri official RI House website
Profile at Project Vote Smart
In-depth profile in the Providence Journal Archived 2011-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
vteCurrent members of the Rhode Island House of Representatives
Speaker of the House
Joe Shekarchi (D)
Speaker pro tempore
Brian Patrick Kennedy (D)
Majority Leader
Christopher Blazejewski (D)
Minority Leader
Michael Chippendale (R)
▌Edith Ajello (D)
▌Christopher Blazejewski (D)
▌Nathan Biah (D)
▌Rebecca Kislak (D)
▌Anthony DeSimone (D)
▌Raymond Hull (D)
▌David Morales (D)
▌John J. Lombardi (D)
▌Enrique Sanchez (D)
▌Scott A. Slater (D)
▌Grace Diaz (D)
▌Jose Batista (D)
▌Ramon Perez (D)
▌Charlene Lima (D)
▌Barbara Ann Fenton-Fung (R)
▌Brandon Potter (D)
▌Jacquelyn Baginski (D)
▌Arthur Handy (D)
▌Joseph McNamara (D)
▌David Bennett (D)
▌Camille Vella-Wilkinson (D)
▌Joseph J. Solomon Jr. (D)
▌Joe Shekarchi (D)
▌Evan Shanley (D)
▌Thomas Noret (D)
▌Patricia Morgan (R)
▌Patricia Serpa (D)
▌George Nardone (R)
▌Sherry Roberts (R)
▌Justine Caldwell (D)
▌Julie Casimiro (D)
▌Robert Craven (D)
▌Carol McEntee (D)
▌Teresa Tanzi (D)
▌Kathleen Fogarty (D)
▌Tina Spears (D)
▌Samuel Azzinaro (D)
▌Brian Patrick Kennedy (D)
▌Megan Cotter (D)
▌Michael Chippendale (R)
▌Robert Quattrocchi (R)
▌Edward Cardillo (D)
▌Deborah Fellela (D)
▌Gregory Costantino (D)
▌Mia Ackerman (D)
▌Mary Ann Shallcross Smith (D)
▌David J. Place (R)
▌Brian Newberry (R)
▌Jon D. Brien (I)
▌Stephen Casey (D)
▌Robert Phillips (D)
▌Alex Marszalkowski (D)
▌Brian Rea (R)
▌William O'Brien (D)
▌Arthur Corvese (D)
▌Joshua Giraldo (D)
▌Brandon Voas (D)
▌Cherie Cruz (D)
▌Jennifer Stewart (D)
▌Karen Alzate (D)
▌Leonela Felix (D)
▌Mary Messier (D)
▌Katherine Kazarian (D)
▌Brianna Henries (D)
▌Matthew Dawson (D)
▌Jennifer Boylan (D)
▌Jason Knight (D)
▌June Speakman (D)
▌Susan R. Donovan (D)
▌John Edwards (D)
▌Michelle McGaw (D)
▌Terri-Denise Cortvriend (D)
▌Marvin Abney (D)
▌Alex Finkelman (D)
▌Lauren H. Carson (D)
▌Democratic (65)
▌Republican (9)
▌Independent (1)
Rhode Island General Assembly
Rhode Island House of Representatives
Rhode Island Senate
This article about a Rhode Island politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Bryant University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campaign-1"},{"link_name":"Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Warwick Neck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Neck,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Oakland Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Beach,_Rhode_Island"}],"text":"Frank G. Ferri (born February 2, 1954) is an American politician who was a Democratic member of the Rhode Island House of Representatives, representing the 22nd district from October 24, 2007 until January 6, 2015. \nA Rhode Island native, Ferri grew up in Providence before earning a degree in business from Bryant University.[1] His district is located in Warwick and includes the neighborhoods of Warwick Neck and Oakland Beach.","title":"Frank Ferri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-primary-2"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-general-3"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Lieutenant Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Ferri won the Democratic primary election held on October 24, 2007 to succeed Rep. Peter T. Ginaitt (D-Warwick), who had stepped down halfway through his eighth two-year term. Ferri won 57% of the vote in the three-way primary election, defeating party-endorsed candidate Edgar Ladouceur and Olin Thompson.[2] In the general election held on November 27, 2007, he faced Republican Jonathan Wheeler and independent Carlo Pisaturo, receiving 53% of the vote to Wheeler's 33% and Pisaturo's 14%.[3] He was sworn in on December 19, 2007. He ran for re-election in 2008 and 2010, prevailing on each occasion. In 2014, Ferri retired from the House of Representatives and ran for election to the office of Rhode Island Lieutenant Governor, but he did not win the Democratic nomination.[4]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campaign-1"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MERI-5"},{"link_name":"Gordon D. Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_D._Fox"},{"link_name":"Deb Ruggiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_Ruggiero"},{"link_name":"Donna Nesselbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Nesselbush"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_%26_Lesbian_Victory_Fund"},{"link_name":"Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hks.harvard.edu/"},{"link_name":"David Bohnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bohnettfoundation.org/"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ Victory Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//victoryinstitute.org/programs/bohnett-leaders-fellowship/"}],"text":"He has been a Warwick resident since 1985 and owns the Town Hall Lanes bowling alley.[1] The former chair of Marriage Equality RI, he is openly gay.[5] Along with Reps. Gordon D. Fox (D-Providence) and Deb Ruggiero (D-Jamestown), and Sen. Donna Nesselbush (D-Pawtucket), he served as one of four openly LGBT members of the Rhode Island General Assembly. His campaigns have won the support of the Gay & Lesbian Victory Fund. In 2010, Ferri completed Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow.","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Frank\", VoteFrankFerri.com, archived from the original on 2008-11-21, retrieved 2007-10-24","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121165628/http://www.votefrankferri.com/AboutFrank/tabid/55/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"About Frank\""},{"url":"http://www.votefrankferri.com/AboutFrank/tabid/55/Default.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferri wins three-way Democratic primary in House District 22\", Providence Journal, 2007-10-24, retrieved 2007-10-24","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/ri/warwick/content/WB_PRIMARY_10-24-07_N17JMS0.3426b3d.html","url_text":"\"Ferri wins three-way Democratic primary in House District 22\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Journal","url_text":"Providence Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferri wins special election for District 22 House seat in Warwick\", Providence Journal, 2007-11-28, retrieved 2007-12-01","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/ri/warwick/content/WB_warwick_election_11-28-07_CO8222L_v12.28b5bd8.html","url_text":"\"Ferri wins special election for District 22 House seat in Warwick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Journal","url_text":"Providence Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Rhode Island lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2014\". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 18 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Rhode_Island_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election,_2014","url_text":"\"Rhode Island lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2014\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Ferri wins Warwick Primary\", Marriage Equality RI, 2007-10-24, archived from the original on 2007-11-12, retrieved 2007-10-24","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112204556/http://marriageequalityri.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/frank-ferri-wins-warwick-primary/","url_text":"\"Frank Ferri wins Warwick Primary\""},{"url":"http://marriageequalityri.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/frank-ferri-wins-warwick-primary/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hks.harvard.edu/","external_links_name":"Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government"},{"Link":"http://www.bohnettfoundation.org/","external_links_name":"David Bohnett"},{"Link":"https://victoryinstitute.org/programs/bohnett-leaders-fellowship/","external_links_name":"LGBTQ Victory Institute"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121165628/http://www.votefrankferri.com/AboutFrank/tabid/55/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About Frank\""},{"Link":"http://www.votefrankferri.com/AboutFrank/tabid/55/Default.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/ri/warwick/content/WB_PRIMARY_10-24-07_N17JMS0.3426b3d.html","external_links_name":"\"Ferri wins three-way Democratic primary in House District 22\""},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/ri/warwick/content/WB_warwick_election_11-28-07_CO8222L_v12.28b5bd8.html","external_links_name":"\"Ferri wins special election for District 22 House seat in Warwick\""},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Rhode_Island_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election,_2014","external_links_name":"\"Rhode Island lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071112204556/http://marriageequalityri.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/frank-ferri-wins-warwick-primary/","external_links_name":"\"Frank Ferri wins Warwick Primary\""},{"Link":"http://marriageequalityri.wordpress.com/2007/10/24/frank-ferri-wins-warwick-primary/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091012081627/http://www.rilin.state.ri.us/Ferri/","external_links_name":"Rhode Island House - Representative Frank Ferri"},{"Link":"http://votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=101992","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/ri/warwick/content/WB_FERRI_PROFILE_10-16-07_317GBTL.342686a.html","external_links_name":"In-depth profile in the Providence Journal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110522214730/http://www.projo.com/ri/warwick/content/WB_FERRI_PROFILE_10-16-07_317GBTL.342686a.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Ferri&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Team_Great_Britain | A1 Team Great Britain | ["1 Management","2 History","2.1 2008–09 season","2.2 2007–08 season","2.3 2006–07 season","2.4 2005–06 season","3 Drivers","4 Complete A1 Grand Prix results","5 External links"] | A1 Team Great BritainFounded2005Seat holder(s)Not known since administrationTeam principalJohn SurteesRace driver(s)Danny WattsDan ClarkeCar nicknamen/aFirst race2005-06 Great BritainRounds entered38 (76 races)Championships0Sprint race victories2Feature race victories3Pole positions5Fastest laps4Total points3432008-09 position10th (28 pts)
A1 Grand Prix, Kyalami - Great Britain
A1 Team Great Britain was the British team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.
Management
A1 Team Great Britain was one of the first six-seat holders in the series announced, with chairman John Surtees hosting the event. The car was unveiled to the public in September 2005, displaying a distinctive blue, red and white livery to reflect the colours of the flag of the United Kingdom, rather than Britain's traditional racing green colour.
British financier Tony Clements was the national seat holder, and ran the corporate arm of the team until Round 5 of Season 4. Former Formula One and 500cc Motorcycle World Champion John Surtees was the team principal for the first 2 seasons of A1GP, working with the organisational structure, technical development, recruitment and race operations for the team. He quit his role before season 3 and was replaced by Katie Clements. The Arden International racing organisation was responsible for race operations of the team for the first season. However, for season 2 Surtees assembled a bespoke race team to handle the race operations of A1 Team Great Britain. That team stayed in place for the 3rd season of A1GP, and the first 5 rounds of Season 4.
However, between Rounds 5 and 6 of Season 4, A1 Team Great Britain entered administration. From Round 6 onwards, the car was run by mechanics and engineers employed by the series itself, with pit-stops carried out by the German team.
History
2008–09 season
Driver: Danny Watts, Dan Clarke
In his first outing for the team at Chengdu, Danny Watts took his first pole position in the Feature Race qualifying.
2007–08 season
Drivers: Oliver Jarvis, Robbie Kerr
For the third season running, Team Great Britain finished 3rd in the championship, with two victories and five podiums, including another near-perfect weekend at Brands Hatch.
2006–07 season
Drivers: Oliver Jarvis, Robbie Kerr, Darren Manning
Again, Team Great Britain finished third in the overall championship, but accumulated three race victories as well as seven podiums, including a near-perfect weekend in their home race.
2005–06 season
Drivers: Robbie Kerr, Darren Manning
A1 Team Great Britain was one of the first six-seat holders in the series announced, with chairman John Surtees hosting the event. The car was unveiled to the public in September 2005, displaying a distinctive blue, red and white livery to reflect the colours of the flag of the United Kingdom, rather than Britain's traditional racing green colour.
Team Great Britain were the first team in the series to offer a testing role to a woman driver. Katherine Legge (who had previously tested a Formula One car for the now-defunct Minardi team), tested at the Dubai Autodrome during the United Arab Emirates race weekend.
The team finished 3rd in the championship, amassing eight podiums.
Drivers
Robbie Kerr negotiates Pilgrim's Drop at Brands Hatch during the 2005-06 curtain raiser.
Name
Seasons
Races(Starts)
A1GP Title
Wins
Sprintwins
Mainwins
2nd
3rd
Poles
FastestLaps
Points
Dan Clarke
2008-09
3 (6)
8
Oliver Jarvis
2006-07, 2007-08
7 (14)
2
2
5
2
124
Robbie Kerr
2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08
23 (46)
3
3
11
4
4
2
154
Darren Manning
2005-06, 2006-07
2 (4)
1
15
Danny Watts
2008-09
3 (6)
2
1
20
Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key), "spr" indicate a Sprint Race, "fea" indicate a Main Race. Results in bold indicate pole position, and results in italics indicate fastest lap.
Year
Racingteam
Chassis,Engine,Tyres
Drivers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Points
Rank
2005-06
Arden International
Lola,Zytek,Cooper Avon
GBR spr
GBR fea
GER spr
GER fea
PRT spr
PRT fea
AUS spr
AUS fea
MYS spr
MYS fea
ARE spr
ARE fea
ZAF spr
ZAF fea
IDN spr
IDN fea
MEX spr
MEX fea
USA spr
USA fea
CHN spr
CHN fea
97
3rd
Robbie Kerr
5
Ret
Ret
2
Ret
12
5
2
3
Ret
9
2
2
Ret
2
10
11
6
4
3
Darren Manning
2
15
2006-07
A1 Team Great Britain
LolaZytekCooper Avon
NED spr
NED fea
CZE spr
CZE fea
BEI spr
BEI fea
MYS spr
MYS fea
IDN spr
IDN fea
NZ spr
NZ fea
AUS spr
AUS fea
ZAF spr
ZAF fea
MEX spr
MEX fea
SHA spr
SHA fea
GBR spr
GBR fea
92
3rd
Darren Manning
5
7
Robbie Kerr
9
6
5
2
3
Ret
8
Ret
19
10
9
2
1
2
1
2
Oliver Jarvis
7
2
2
1
2007-08
A1 Team Great Britain
LolaZytekCooper Avon
NED spr
NED fea
CZE spr
CZE fea
MYS spr
MYS fea
ZHU spr
ZHU fea
NZ spr
NZ fea
AUS spr
AUS fea
ZAF spr
ZAF fea
MEX spr
MEX fea
SHA spr
SHA fea
GBR spr
GBR fea
126
3rd
Oliver Jarvis
7
1
6
12
6
5
2
11
2
2
Robbie Kerr
2
17
Ret
Ret
16
3
9
9
1
2
2008-09
A1 Team Great Britain
Ferrari,Ferrari,Michelin
NED
CHN
MYS
NZL
RSA
POR
GBR
28
10th
spr
fea
spr
fea
spr
fea
spr
fea
spr
fea
spr
fea
spr
fea
Danny Watts
3
3
Ret
16
Ret
7
Dan Clarke
12
12
11
7
13
7
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A1 Team Great Britain.
A1 Team Great Britain Official Web Site
A1gp.com Official A1 Grand Prix Web Site
vteNational sports teams of the United Kingdom
Sport in the United Kingdom - National sports teams of England
A1GP
American football
M
W
Australian rules football
M
W
Ball hockey
Bandy
M
W
Baseball
Basketball
M
M U-20
M U-18
M U-16
W
W U-20
W U-18
W U-16
Field hockey
M
W
Floorball
M U-19
W
Football
M
M-O
W
CP
Goalball
M
W
W U-18
Gymnastics
M
W
Handball
M
W
Ice hockey
M
M U-20
M U-18
W
W U-18
Inline hockey
M
W
Korfball
Quidditch
Paraclimbing
Pitch and putt
Rugby league
M
W
Rugby union
M
M 7s
W
W 7s
Softball
M
W
W U-17
Speedway
M
M U-21
Squash
Tennis
M
W
X
Track racing
Volleyball
M
W
Water polo
M
W
Wheelchair basketball
M
W
Wheelchair rugby
Olympics
Paralympics
European Games
Youth Olympics
vteA1 Grand Prix teamsTeams
Australia
Austria
Brazil
Canada
China
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Greece
Germany
Great Britain
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mexico
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Pakistan
Portugal
Russia
Singapore
South Africa
Switzerland
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A1_Grand_Prix,_Kyalami_-_Great_Britain_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"A1 Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Grand_Prix"}],"text":"A1 Grand Prix, Kyalami - Great BritainA1 Team Great Britain was the British team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series.","title":"A1 Team Great Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Surtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Surtees"},{"link_name":"flag of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"racing green colour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_racing_green"},{"link_name":"Tony Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Clements_(financier)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"500cc Motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing"},{"link_name":"John Surtees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Surtees"},{"link_name":"Katie Clements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katie_Clements&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arden International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_International"}],"text":"A1 Team Great Britain was one of the first six-seat holders in the series announced, with chairman John Surtees hosting the event. 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Results in bold indicate pole position, and results in italics indicate fastest lap.","title":"Complete A1 Grand Prix results"}] | [{"image_text":"A1 Grand Prix, Kyalami - Great Britain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/A1_Grand_Prix%2C_Kyalami_-_Great_Britain_2.jpg/220px-A1_Grand_Prix%2C_Kyalami_-_Great_Britain_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Robbie Kerr negotiates Pilgrim's Drop at Brands Hatch during the 2005-06 curtain raiser.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/GBR_A1GP-racecar.png/135px-GBR_A1GP-racecar.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050803011757/http://www.a1teamgbr.com/","external_links_name":"A1 Team Great Britain Official Web Site"},{"Link":"http://www.a1gp.com/","external_links_name":"A1gp.com Official A1 Grand Prix Web Site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Iowa_State_Cyclones_football_team | 2011 Iowa State Cyclones football team | ["1 Personnel","1.1 Coaching staff","2 Schedule","3 Game summaries","3.1 Game 1: vs. Northern Iowa Panthers","3.2 Game 2: vs. Iowa Hawkeyes","3.3 Game 3: at Connecticut Huskies","3.4 Game 4: vs. Texas Longhorns","3.5 Game 5: at Baylor Bears","3.6 Game 6: at Missouri Tigers","3.7 Game 7: vs. Texas A&M Aggies","3.8 Game 8: at Texas Tech Red Raiders","3.9 Game 9: vs. Kansas Jayhawks","3.10 Game 10: vs. Oklahoma State Cowboys","3.11 Game 11: at Oklahoma Sooners","3.12 Game 12: at Kansas State Wildcats","3.13 Game 13: vs Rutgers Scarlet Knights","4 References"] | American college football season
2011 Iowa State Cyclones footballPinstripe Bowl, L 13–27 vs. RutgersConferenceBig 12 ConferenceRecord6–7 (3–6 Big 12)Head coachPaul Rhoads (3rd season)Offensive coordinatorTom Herman (3rd season)Offensive schemeSpreadDefensive coordinatorWally Burnham (3rd season)Base defense4–3Home stadiumJack Trice StadiumSeasons← 20102012 →
2011 Big 12 Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
W
L
No. 3 Oklahoma State $
8
–
1
12
–
1
No. 15 Kansas State
7
–
2
10
–
3
No. 13 Baylor
6
–
3
10
–
3
No. 16 Oklahoma
6
–
3
10
–
3
Missouri
5
–
4
8
–
5
Texas
4
–
5
8
–
5
Texas A&M
4
–
5
7
–
6
Iowa State
3
–
6
6
–
7
Texas Tech
2
–
7
5
–
7
Kansas
0
–
9
2
–
10
$ – BCS representative as conference championRankings from AP Poll
The 2011 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cyclones were led by third year head coach Paul Rhoads and play their home games at Jack Trice Stadium. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. The conference play began with a loss at home to the Texas Longhorns, and ended with a loss at Manhattan, Kansas to the Kansas State Wildcats in the Farmageddon series, with a 3–6 record. The season will likely be remembered for the game against then #2 Oklahoma State Cowboys, who the Cyclones upset in a double-overtime thriller throwing the BCS into "utter chaos" as dubbed by sports media. The Iowa State squad was invited to the first Pinstripe Bowl game, which they were defeated by Rutgers, and the Cyclone's 2011 season came to a close with 6–7 overall record, 3–6 in Big 12 play, finished 8th place.
Personnel
Coaching staff
Name
Position
Seasons atIowa State
Alma mater
Paul Rhoads
Head coach
3
Missouri Western (1989)
Wally Burnham
Defensive coordinator/linebackers
3
Samford (1963)
Tom Herman
Offensive coordinator/quarterbacks
3
California Lutheran (1997)
Kenith Pope
Running Backs
3
Oklahoma (1976)
Bobby Elliott
Defensive backs
2
Iowa (1975)
Luke Wells
Tight Ends
3
Oklahoma (2001)
Courtney Messingham
Wide Receivers
3
Northern Iowa (1990)
Curtis Bray
Defensive line
3
Pittsburgh (1992)
Bill Bleil
Assistant head coach/Offensive Line Coach
3
Northwestern College (1981)
Reference:
Schedule
DateTimeOpponentSiteTVResultAttendanceSeptember 36:00 p.m.No. 7 (FCS) Northern Iowa*Jack Trice StadiumAmes, IACYtvW 20–1954,672
September 1011:00 a.m.Iowa*Jack Trice StadiumAmes, IA (Battle for the Cy-Hawk Trophy)FSNW 44–41 3OT56,085
September 167:00 p.m.at Connecticut*Rentschler FieldEast Hartford, CTESPN2W 24–2037,195
October 16:00 p.m.No. 17 TexasJack Trice StadiumAmes, IAFXL 14–3756,390
October 86:00 p.m.at No. 25 BaylorFloyd Casey StadiumWaco, TXFSNL 26–4935,625
October 151:00 p.m.at MissouriFaurot FieldColumbia, MO (Battle for the Telephone Trophy)CYtvL 17–5271,004
October 222:30 p.m.No. 18 Texas A&MJack Trice StadiumAmes, IAABCL 17–3351,131
October 296:00 p.m.at No. 22 Texas TechJones AT&T StadiumLubbock, TXFSNW 41–759,260
November 511:30 a.m.KansasJack Trice StadiumAmes, IAFCS CentralW 13–1051,575
November 187:00 p.m.No. 2 Oklahoma StateJack Trice StadiumAmes, IAESPNW 37–31 2OT52,027
November 2611:00 a.m.at No. 11 OklahomaGaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial StadiumNorman, OKFXL 6–2684,326
December 311:30 a.m.at No. 15 Kansas StateBill Snyder Family Football StadiumManhattan, KS (Farmageddon)FSNL 23–3047,392
December 302:20 p.m.vs. Rutgers*Yankee StadiumBronx, NY (Pinstripe Bowl)ESPNL 13–2738,328
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from Coaches' Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time
Game summaries
Game 1: vs. Northern Iowa Panthers
Game One: Northern Iowa Panthers at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Panthers
3
3
7619
Cyclones
0
7
01320
at Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA
Date: September 3Game time: 6:00 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 71°F • Wind: W 5–10 • Weather: humid, scat. showersGame attendance: 54,672Referee: Referee: Greg Burks • Umpire: Scott Campbell • Linesman: George Gusman • Line judge: Doug Moore • Back judge: Brian Ernest • Field judge: Nick Lave • Side judge: Gene Semko • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (CYtv): John Walters (Play-by-play), Eric Heft (Color) & Ben Bruns (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
UNI – 09:00 Tyler Sievertsen 42 yd field goal (UNI 3–0)
Second quarter
UNI – 08:55 Tyler Sievertsen 24 yd field goal (UNI 6–0)
ISU – 00:00 Steele Jantz 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–6)
Third quarter
UNI – 02:30 David Johnson 1 yd run, Tyler Sievertsen XP good (UNI 13–7)
Fourth quarter
ISU – 04:30 Josh Lenz 27 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 14–13)
UNI – 04:17 David Johnson 80 yd pass from Tirrell Rennie, Tirrell Rennie pass failed (UNI 19–14)
ISU – 00:40 Steele Jantz 1 yd run, Steele Jantz pass intercepted (ISU 20–19)
Top passers
UNI – Tirrell Rennie 15/32, 181 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Steele Jantz 18/40, 187 yards, 1 TD, 3 INT's
Top rushers
UNI – Tirrell Rennie 18 attempts, 127 yards
ISU – Steele Jantz 20 attempts, 80 yards
Top receivers
UNI – David Johnson 2 receptions, 83 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Aaron Horne 7 receptions, 69 yards
Top tacklers
UNI – L.J. Fort 13 tackles
ISU – Jake Knott 15 tackles
Game 2: vs. Iowa Hawkeyes
Game Two: Iowa Hawkeyes at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary
Period
1
2
34OT2OT3OTTotal
Hawkeyes
7
3
6877341
Cyclones
0
10
7777644
at Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA
Date: September 10Game time: 11:11 a.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 75°F • Wind: N 5–10 • Weather: Mostly ClearGame attendance: 56,085Referee: Referee: John O'Neill • Umpire: Mike Pilarski • Linesman: Tripp Sutter • Line judge: Jack Teitz • Back judge: Jack Lyman • Field judge: Bob McElwee • Side judge: John Hayes • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (FSN): Joel Meyers (play-by-play), Joel Klatt (color), Jim Knox (sideline)
Game information
First quarter
IOWA – 05:20 Kevonte Martin-Manley 6 yd pass from James Vandenberg, Mike Meyer XP good (IOWA 7–0)
Second quarter
IOWA – 13:32 Mike Meyer 42 yd field goal (IOWA 10–0)
ISU – 07:40 Darius Reynolds 11 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (IOWA 10–7)
ISU – 00:41 Grant Mahoney 54 yd field goal (Tied 10–10)
Third quarter
IOWA – 09:27 Mike Meyer 20 yd field goal (IOWA 13–10)
IOWA – 03:58 Mike Meyer 50 yd field goal (IOWA 16–10)
ISU – 02:30 Josh Lenz 8 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 17–16)
Fourth quarter
IOWA – 05:50 Marcus Coker 1 yd run, Keenan Davis pass from James Vandenberg (IOWA 24–17)
ISU – 01:17 Darius Darks 4 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 24–24)
OT
IOWA – 15:00 Marcus Coker 4 yd run, Mike Meyer XP good (IOWA 31–24)
ISU – 15:00 Darius Reynolds 4 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 31–31)
ISU – 15:00 James White 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 38–31)
IOWA – 15:00 Keenan Davis 23 yd pass from James Vandenberg, Mike Meyer XP good (Tied 38–38)
IOWA – 15:00 Mike Meyer 34 yd field goal (IOWA 41–38)
ISU – 15:00 James White 4 yd run (ISU 44–41)
Top passers
IOWA – James Vandenberg 16/28, 207 yards, 2 TD
ISU – Steele Jantz 25/37, 279 yards, 4 TD
Top rushers
IOWA – Marcus Coker 35 attempts, 143 yards, 2 TD
ISU – Shontrelle Johnson 18 attempts, 109 yards
Top receivers
IOWA – Keenan Davis 5 receptions, 95 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Darius Reynolds 6 receptions, 85 yards, 2 TD
Top tacklers
IOWA – Christian Kirksey 13 tackles
ISU – Matt Tau'fo'ou 8 tackles
Game 3: at Connecticut Huskies
Game Three: Iowa State Cyclones at Connecticut Huskies – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
0
7
10724
Huskies
10
0
3720
at Rentschler Field, East Hartford, Connecticut
Date: September 16Game time: 7:06 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 60°F • Wind: WNW 6 • Weather: Cloudy and crispGame attendance: 37,195Referee: Referee: Tom Walker • Umpire: John Mascarello • Linesman: Chad Green • Line judge: David Oliver • Back judge: Brad Van Vark • Field judge: Scott Gaines • Side judge: Mike Contreraz • Scorer: Andy PrinceTV announcers (ESPN2): Mike Gleason (play-by-play), John Congemi (color)
Game information
First quarter
UCONN – 10:25 Scott McCummings 10 yd run, David Teggart XP good (UCONN 7–0)
UCONN – 01:59 David Teggart 52 yd field goal (UCONN 10–0)
Second quarter
ISU – 11:03 James White 26 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (UCONN 10–7)
Third quarter
ISU – 11:18 Darius Reynolds 40 yd pass from Josh Lenz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 14–10)
UCONN – 09:37 David Teggart 50 yd field goal (ISU 14–13)
ISU – 06:44 Zach Guyer 36 yd field goal (ISU 17–13)
Fourth quarter
UCONN – Kashif Moore 39 yd pass from Scott McCummings, David Teggart XP good (UCONN 20–17)
ISU – 09:08 Darius Reynolds 20 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 24–20)
Top passers
ISU – Steele Jantz 18/29, 200 yards, 1 TD, 3 INT
UCONN – Johnny McEntee 13/30, 188 yards, 1 INT
Top rushers
ISU – Shontrelle Johnson 14 attempts, 65 yards
UCONN – Lyle McCombs 18 attempts, 46 yards
Top receivers
ISU – Darius Reynolds 4 receptions, 128 yards, 2 TD
UCONN – Isiah Moore 8 receptions, 143 yards
Top tacklers
ISU – Jake Knott 11 tackles
UCONN – Jory Johnson 10 tackles
Game 4: vs. Texas Longhorns
Game Four: Texas Longhorns at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Longhorns
13
21
0337
Cyclones
0
0
01414
at Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA
Date: October 1Game time: 6:12 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 66°F • Wind: SE 0–5 • Weather: Clear skiesGame attendance: 56,390Referee: Referee: Rick Loumiet • Umpire: Frank Villar • Linesman: Cal McNeill • Line judge: Mickey Bryson • Back judge: Donnie Aultman • Field judge: Reggie Smith • Side judge: Gene Semko • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (FX): Gus Johnson (Play-by-play), Charles Davis (Color) & Tim Brewster (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
UT – 07:30 Justin Tucker 33 yd field goal (UT 10–0)
UT – 05:35 Fozzie Whittaker 16 yd run, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 10–0)
UT – 03:23 Justin Tucker 35 yd field goal (UT 13–0)
Second quarter
UT – 10:18 Mike Davis 48 yd pass from David Ash, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 20–0)
UT – 04:30 Josh Turner 34 yd blocked punt return, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 27–0)
UT – 01:17 Jaxon Shipley 40 yd pass from David Ash, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 34–0)
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
ISU – 11:33 James White 2 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (UT 34–7)
UT – 06:31 Justin Tucker 29 yd field goal (UT 37–7)
ISU – 03:50 Chris Young 18 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (UT 37–14)
Top passers
UT – David Ash 8/13, 156 yards, 2 TD
ISU – Steele Jantz 28/51, 251 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT
Top rushers
UT – Malcom Brown 15 attempts, 63 yards
ISU – James White 11 attempts, 64 yards, 1 TD
Top receivers
UT – Jaxon Shipley 6 receptions, 141 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Darius Reynolds 6 receptions, 70 yards
Top tacklers
UT – Blake Gideon 8 tackles
ISU – Jake Knott 8 tackles
Game 5: at Baylor Bears
Game Five: Iowa State Cyclones at Baylor Bears – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
7
7
6626
Bears
0
21
141449
at Floyd Casey Stadium, Waco, TX
Date: October 8Game time: 6:10 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 87°F • Wind: SE 19 mph • Weather: Partly CloudyGame attendance: 35,625Referee: Referee: Matt Leoffler • Umpire: Jim Adams • Linesman: Bill Scott • Line judge: Keith Garmond • Back judge: Terry White • Field judge: Randy Smith • Side judge: Anthony Fleming • Scorer: Richard FoglemanTV announcers (FSN): Bill Land (Play-by-play), Dave Lapham (Color) & Emily Jones (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
ISU – 11:13 Darius Reynolds 10 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Grant Mahoney XP good (ISU 7–0)
Second quarter
BAY – 13:22 Robert Griffin III 1 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (Tied 7–7)
ISU – 10:19 Reid Branderhorst 1 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Grant Mahoney XP good (ISU 14–7)
BAY – 07:31 Kendall Wright 15 yd pass from Robert Griffith III, Aaron Jones XP good (Tied 14–14)
BAY – 04:30 Glasco Martin 1 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 21–14)
Third quarter
BAY – 08:08 Terrance Ganaway 3 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 28–14)
BAY – 06:18 Tevin Elliot 86 yd fumble recovery, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 35–14)
ISU – 05:32 James White 76 yd run, Grant Mahoney XP no good (BAY 35–20)
Fourth quarter
BAY – 12:26 Terrance Ganaway 2 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 42–20)
ISU – 08:08 Darius Reynolds 28 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Grant Mahoney XP no good(BAY 42–26)
BAY – 04:19 Terrance Ganaway 22 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 49–26)
Top passers
ISU – Steele Jantz 17/35, 244 yards, 3 TD, 1 INT
BAY – Robert Griffith III 22/30, 212 yards, 1 TD
Top rushers
ISU – James White 16 attempts, 148 yards, 1 TD
BAY – Terrance Ganaway 23 attempts, 200 yards, 3 TD
Top receivers
ISU – Darius Reynolds 7 receptions, 178 yards, 2 TD
BAY – Kendall Wright 8 receptions, 69 yards, 1 TD
Top tacklers
ISU – Jake Knott 18 tackles
BAY – Sam Holl 11 tackles
Game 6: at Missouri Tigers
Game Six: Iowa State Cyclones at Missouri Tigers – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
3
7
0717
Tigers
21
10
14752
at Faurot Field, Columbia, MO
Date: October 15Game time: 1:07 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 66°F • Wind: SE 0–5 • Weather: Clear skiesGame attendance: 71,004Referee: Referee: Greg Burks • Umpire: Scott Campbell • Linesman: George Gusman • Line judge: Kevin Mar • Back judge: Brian Ernest • Field judge: Nick Lave • Side judge: Gene Semko • Scorer: Tim KnarrTV announcers (CYtv): John Walters (Play-by-play), Eric Heft (Color) & Ben Bruns (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
MU – 12:03 James Franklin 1 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 7–0)
MU – 09:05 Henry Josey 1 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 14–0)
ISU – 04:35 Zach Guyer 26 yd field goal (MU 14–3)
MU – 01:33 Michael Egnew 39 yd pass from James Franklin, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 21–3)
Second quarter
MU – 11:29 Kendial Lawrence 2 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 28–3)
ISU – 10:07 A.J. Klein 78 yd interception return, Zach Guyer XP good (28–10)
MU – 00:00 Grant Ressel 23 yd field goal (MU 31–10)
Third quarter
MU – 09:07 T.J. Moe 7 yd pass from James Franklin, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 38–10)
MU – 05:01 James Franklin 1 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 45–10)
Fourth quarter
MU – 14:43 Wes Kemp 6 yd pass from James Franklin, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 52–10)
ISU – 12:41 Jeff Woody 13 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 52–17)
Top passers
ISU – Steele Jantz 17/32, 161 yards
MU – James Franklin 20/28, 289 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT
Top rushers
ISU – James White 14 attempts, 61 yards
MU – Henry Josey 19 attempts, 129 yards, 1 TD
Top receivers
ISU – Darius Darks 2 receptions, 45 yards
MU – Michael Egnew 6 receptions, 105 yards, 1 TD
Top tacklers
ISU – A.J. Klein 12 tackles
MU – Andrew Wilson 10 tackles
Game 7: vs. Texas A&M Aggies
Game Seven: Texas A&M Aggies at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Aggies
3
17
10333
Cyclones
7
0
10017
at Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA
Date: October 22Game time: 2:36 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 66°F • Wind: NW 5–10 • Weather: Partly CloudyGame attendance: 51,131Referee: Referee: Dan Romeo • Umpire: Scott Teifer • Linesman: Pete Gautreau • Line judge: Marc Bovos • Back judge: Dax Hill • Field judge: Bobby Bernard • Side judge: Ed Vinzant • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (ABC): Mark Neely (Play-by-play) & Ray Bentley (Color)
Game information
First quarter
TAMU – 13:00 Randy Bullock 25 yd field goal (TAMU 3–0)
ISU – 03:29 James White 19 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–3)
Second quarter
TAMU – 09:19 Randy Bullock 47 yd field goal (ISU 7–6)
TAMU – 04:08 Jeff Fuller 47 yd pass from Ryan Tannehill, Randy Bullock XP good (TAMU 13–7)
TAMU – 00:42 Michael Lamothe 18 yd pass from Ryan Tannehill, Randy Bullock XP good (TAMU 20–7)
Third quarter
TAMU – 12:45 Randy Bullock 47 yd field goal (TAMU 23–7)
TAMU – 09:39 Christine Michael 9 yd run, Randy Bullock XP good (TAMU 30–7)
ISU – 06:50 Duran Hollis 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (TAMU 30–14)
ISU – 02:16 Zach Guyer 43 yd field goal (TAMU 30–17)
Fourth quarter
TAMU – 07:30 Randy Bullock 20 yd field goal (TAMU 33–17)
Top passers
TAMU – Ryan Tannehill 23/43, 263 yards, 2 TD
ISU – Jared Barnett 16/36, 180 yards
Top rushers
TAMU – Christine Michael 18 attempts, 142 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Jared Barnett 13 attempts, 66 yards
Top receivers
TAMU – Jeff Fuller 7 receptions, 75 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Josh Lenz 8 receptions, 117 yards
Top tacklers
TAMU – Sean Porter 8 tackles
ISU – Jeremey Reeves 10 tackles
Game 8: at Texas Tech Red Raiders
Game Eight: Iowa State Cyclones at Texas Tech Red Raiders – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
21
3
71041
Red Raiders
0
7
007
at Jones AT&T Stadium, Lubbock, TX
Date: October 29Game time: 6:10 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 64°F • Wind: SW 19 G26 • Weather: Partly CloudyGame attendance: 59,260Referee: Referee: Randy Christal • Umpire: John Mascarello • Linesman: Cal McNeill • Line judge: Kelly Deterding • Back judge: Terry Jones • Field judge: Joe Blubaugh • Side judge: Tom BessantTV announcers (FSN): Bill Land (Play-by-play), Gary Reasons (Color) & Desmond Purnell (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
ISU – 10:52 Jared Barnett 13 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–0)
ISU – 03:26 Jeff Woody 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 14–0)
ISU – 02:20 Darius Darks 2 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 21–0)
Second quarter
TTU – 08:33 Seth Doege 8 yd run, Donnie Carona XP good (ISU 21–7)
ISU – 05:01 Zach Guyer 42 yd field goal (ISU 24–7)
Third quarter
ISU – 13:48 Duran Hollis 71 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 31–7)
Fourth quarter
ISU – 11:08 James White 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 38–7)
ISU – 04:48 Zach Guyer 23 yd field goal (ISU 41–7)
Top passers
ISU – Jared Barnett 14/26, 144 yards, 1 TD
TTU – Seth Doege 16/32, 171 yards, 2 INT
Top rushers
ISU – James White 31 attempts, 138 yards, 1 TD
TTU – DeAndre Washington 11 attempts, 50 yards
Top receivers
ISU – Josh Lenz 4 receptions, 74 yards
TTU – Eric Ward 5 receptions, 62 yards
Top tacklers
ISU – A.J. Klein 8 tackles
TTU – Jared Flannel 9 tackles
Game 9: vs. Kansas Jayhawks
Game Nine: Kansas Jayhawks at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Jayhawks
7
0
3010
Cyclones
3
7
0313
at Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA
Date: November 5Game time: 11:40 a.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 47°F • Wind: SSE 10 G20 • Weather: HazyGame attendance: 51,575Referee: Referee: Rick Loumiet • Umpire: Frank Villar • Linesman: Keith Johnson • Line judge: Mickey Bryson • Back judge: Donnie Aultman • Field judge: Jim Murphy • Side judge: John Masterson • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (FCS): Steve Physioc (Play-by-play) & Yogi Roth (Color)
Game information
First quarter
ISU – 05:23 Zach Guyer 32 yd field goal (ISU 3–0)
KU – 10:52 D.J. Beshears 22 yd run, Alex Mueller XP good (KU 7–3)
Second quarter
ISU – 04:45 Aaron Horne 18 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 10–7)
Third quarter
KU – 05:23 Ron Doherty 19 yd field goal (Tied 10–10)
Fourth quarter
ISU – 04:48 Zach Guyer 42 yd field goal (ISU 13–10)
Top passers
KU – Jordan Webb 13/21, 127 yards
ISU – Jared Barnett 16/31, 175 yards, 1 INT
Top rushers
KU – Darrian Miller 17 attempts, 70 yards
ISU – Jared Barnett 22 attempts, 125 yards
Top receivers
KU – D.J. Beshears 5 receptions, 45 yards
ISU – Albert Gary 5 receptions, 57 yards
Top tacklers
KU – Brad McDougald 11 tackles
ISU – Jake Knott 10 tackles
Game 10: vs. Oklahoma State Cowboys
Game Ten: Oklahoma State Cowboys at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary
Period
1
2
34OT2OTTotal
Cowboys
7
10
707031
Cyclones
0
7
1077637
at Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA
Date: November 18Game time: 7:06 p.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 46°F • Wind: S 0–5 • Weather: Clear SkiesGame attendance: 52,027Referee: Referee: Reggie Smith • Umpire: John Mascarello • Linesman: Chad Green • Line judge: David Oliver • Back judge: Brad Van Vark • Field judge: Scott Gaines • Side judge: Mike Contreraz • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (ESPN): Joe Tessitore (Play-by-play), Rod Gilmore (Color) & Samantha Steele (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
OSU – 01:04 Shaun Lewis 70 yd interception return, Quinn Sharp XP good (OSU 7–0)
Second quarter
OSU – 10:43 Quinn Sharp 29 yd field goal (OSU 10–0)
ISU – 07:22 Darius Reynolds 16 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (OSU 10–7)
OSU – 05:26 Justin Blackmon 27 yd pass from Brandon Weeden, Quinn Sharp XP good (OSU 17–7)
Third quarter
OSU – 12:33 Tracy Moore 30 yd pass from Brandon Weeden, Quinn Sharp XP good (OSU 24–7)
ISU – 10:05 James White 32 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (OSU 24–14)
ISU – 04:04 Zach Guyer 24 yd field goal (OSU 24–17)
Fourth quarter
ISU – 04:48 Albert Gary 7 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 24–24)
OT
ISU – 15:00 James White 25 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 31–24)
OSU – 15:00 Josh Cooper 6 yd pass from Brandon Weeden, Quinn Sharp XP good (Tied 31–31)
2nd OT
ISU – 15:00 Jeff Woody 4 yd run (ISU 37–31)
Top passers
OSU – Brandon Weeden 42/58, 476 yards, 3 TD, 3 INT
ISU – Jared Barnett 32/58, 376 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT
Top rushers
OSU – Joseph Randle 10 attempts, 49 yards
ISU – Jared Barnett 14 attempts, 87 yards
Top receivers
OSU – Josh Cooper 13 receptions, 128 yards, 1 TD
ISU – Albert Gary 7 receptions, 109 yards, 1 TD
Top tacklers
OSU – Alex Elkins 10 tackles
ISU – A.J. Klein 14 tackles
Game 11: at Oklahoma Sooners
Game Eleven: Iowa State Cyclones at Oklahoma Sooners – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
6
0
006
Sooners
3
20
0326
at Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, Norman, OK
Date: November 26Game time: 11:06 a.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 48°F • Wind: NNW-32 • Weather: OvercastGame attendance: 84,326Referee: Referee: Matt Loeffler; Umpire: Rick Podraza • Linesman: Bill Scott • Line judge: Keith Garmond • Back judge: Terry White • Field judge: Randy Smith • Side judge: Anthony Fleming • Scorer: Gary BrownTV announcers (FX): Gus Johnson (Play-by-play), Charles Davis (Color) & Tim Brewster (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
OU – 11:15 Michael Hunnicutt 20 yd field goal (OU 3–0)
ISU – 05:48 Albert Gary 10 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP no good (ISU 6–3)
Second quarter
OU – 08:12 Blake Bell 3 yd run, Michael Hunnicutt XP good (OU 10–6)
OU – 03:22 Blake Bell 1 yd run, Michael Hunnicutt XP good (OU 17–6)
OU – 00:25 Michael Hunnicutt 28 yd field goal (OU 20–6)
OU – 00:00 Michael Hunnicutt 37 yd field goal (OU 23–6)
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
OU – 06:48 Michael Hunnicutt 21 yd field goal (OU 26–6)
Top passers
ISU – Jared Barnett 13/28, 125 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT
OU – Landry Jones 22/43, 256 yards, 2 INT
Top rushers
ISU – Jeff Woody 13 attempts, 60 yards
OU – Roy Finch 15 attempts, 83 yards
Top receivers
ISU – Albert Gary 4 receptions, 52 yards, 1 TD
OU – DeJuan Miller 7 receptions, 86 yards
Top tacklers
ISU – A.J. Klein 12 tackles
OU – Tom Wort 11 tackles
Game 12: at Kansas State Wildcats
Game Twelve: Iowa State Cyclones at Kansas State Wildcats – Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
13
0
7323
Wildcats
7
10
31030
at Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium, Manhattan, KS
Date: December 3Game time: 11:30 a.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 43°F • Wind: ENE 6 • Weather: Cloudy/Light RainGame attendance: 47,392Referee: Randy Christal • Umpire: Tom Quick • Linesman: Cal McNeill • Line judge: Kelly Deterding • Back judge: Terry Jones • Field judge: Joe Blubaugh • Side judge: Tom BessantTV announcers (FSN): Joel Meyers (Play-by-play), Brian Baldinger (Color) & Jim Knox (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
ISU – 02:01 Darius Darks 30 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–0)
KSU – 01:47 Tramaine Thompson 68 yd pass from Collin Klein, Anthony Cantele XP good (Tied 7–7)
ISU – 00:11 Jeff Woody 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP blocked (ISU 13–7)
Second quarter
KSU – 10:13 Anthony Cantele 37 yd field goal (ISU 13–10)
KSU – 00:20 Collin Klein 1 yd run, Anthony Cantele XP good (KSU 17–13)
Third quarter
KSU – 08:48 Anthony Cantele 47 yd field goal (KSU 20–13)
ISU – 04:25 Jeff Woody 13 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 20–20)
Fourth quarter
KSU – 13:37 Anthony Cantele 19 yd field goal (KSU 23–20)
ISU – 06:12 Zach Guyer 43 yd field goal (Tied 23–23)
KSU – 03:29 John Hubert 26 yd run, Anthony Cantele XP good (KSU 30–23)
Top passers
ISU – Jared Barnett 15/27, 153 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT
KSU – Collin Klein 7/15, 158 yards, 1 TD
Top rushers
ISU – Jeff Woody 23 attempts, 85 yards, 2 TD
KSU – John Hubert 15 attempts, 120 yards, 1 TD
Top receivers
ISU – Darius Reynolds 4 receptions, 56 yards
KSU – Tramaine Thompson 2 receptions, 87 yards, 1 TD
Top tacklers
ISU – Jacques Washington 8 tackles
KSU – Arthur Brown 12 tackles
Game 13: vs Rutgers Scarlet Knights
Game Twelve: Iowa State Cyclones vs Rutgers Scarlet Knights - Game summary
Period
1
2
34Total
Cyclones
6
0
0713
Scarlet Knights
0
17
01027
at Yankee Stadium, Bronx, NY
Date: December 30Game time: 2:24 p.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 50°F • Wind: S 6 • Weather: Sunny and clearGame attendance: 38,328Referee: Referee: Randy Smith • Umpire: Ramon George • Linesman: Steve Fleming • Line judge: Sarah Thomas • Back judge: Jabir Walker • Field judge: Scott Gasaway • Side judge: Tony Meyer • Scorer: Joe DiBariTV announcers (ESPN): Chris Fowler (Play-by-play), Jesse Palmer (Color) & Tom Rinaldi (Sideline)
Game information
First quarter
ISU – 13:41 Zach Guyer 40 yd field goal (ISU 3–0)
ISU – 07:35 Zach Guyer 46 yd field goal (ISU 6–0)
Second quarter
RU – 12:39 Jawan Jamison 1 yd run, San San Te XP good (RU 7–6)
RU – 10:30 San San Te 21 yd field goal (RU 10–6)
RU – 02:24 Jawan Jamison 12 yd run, San San Te XP good (RU 17–6)
Third quarter
Fourth quarter
RU – 13:21 San San Te 29 yd field goal (RU 20–6)
ISU – 02:24 Jeff Woody 20 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (RU 20–13)
RU – 05:47 Brandon Coleman 68 yd pass from Chas Dodd, San San Te XP good (RU 27–13)
Top passers
ISU – Steele Jantz 15/31, 197 yards, 2 INT
RU – Chas Dodd 10/17, 176 yards, 1 TD
Top rushers
ISU – James White 9 attempts, 42 yards
RU – Jawan Jamison 27 attempts, 131 yards, 1 TD
Top receivers
ISU – Aaron Horne 4 receptions, 72 yards
RU – Mohamed Sanu 6 receptions, 62 yards
Top tacklers
ISU – A.J. Klein 15 tackles
RU – Khaseem Greene 13 tackles
References
^ "Football – 2011 coaches". Iowa State University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
^ "Northern Iowa 19 Iowa State 20". ESPN. September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Shocks Iowa in 3OT to Snap Three-Game Rivalry Skid". ESPN. September 11, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones vs. Connecticut Huskies Box Score". ESPN. September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
^ "Texas Longhorns vs. Iowa State Cyclones Box Score". ESPN. October 1, 2011. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
^ Aydelote, Rod (October 8, 2011). "Griffin and No. 25 Baylor Run Past Iowa State". The Gazette (Cedar Rapids). Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
^ "Scoring Summary (Final) – 2011 Iowa State Football – Iowa State vs #25 Baylor (Oct 08, 2011 at Waco, Texas)" (PDF). Iowa State University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 8, 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 16, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones vs. Missouri Tigers Box Score". ESPN. October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
^ "Texas A&M Aggies vs. Iowa State Cyclones Box Score". ESPN. October 22, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones vs. Texas Tech Red Raiders Box Score". ESPN. October 29, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
^ "Kansas Jayhawks vs. Iowa State Cyclones Box Score". ESPN. November 5, 2011. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
^ "OSU vs. ISU Football Time Change". Big 12 Conference. September 26, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ "Oklahoma State Cowboys vs. Iowa State Cyclones Box Score". ESPN. November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones vs. Oklahoma Sooners Box Score". ESPN. November 26, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones vs. Kansas State Wildcats Box Score". ESPN. December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones vs. Rutgers Scarlet Knights Box Score". ESPN. December 30, 2011. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
^ "Iowa State Cyclones Schedule – 2011". ESPN. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
^ "NCAA Football TV Listings". NCAA Football. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
^ "Northern Iowa vs Iowa State (Sep 03, 2011)". Iowa State University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. September 3, 2011. Archived from the original on October 3, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "ISU Defeats Iowa In 3-Overtime Thriller, 44-41". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 29, 2005. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Iowa State Rallies To Victory Over UConn, 24-20". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Iowa State Falls To No. 17 Texas, 37-14". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 1, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "No. 25 Baylor Downs Iowa State, 49-26". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 8, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Missouri Downs Iowa State In Columbia". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 15, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Cyclones Fall To No. 17 Texas A&M, 33-17". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 22, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Cyclones Run Past No. 19 Texas Tech, 41-7". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. October 29, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Guyer Field Goal Beats Kansas, 13-10". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. November 5, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Cyclones Stun No. 2 Oklahoma State! Bowl Eligible!". Iowa State University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. November 18, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
^ "Strong Defensive Effort Comes Up Short At Oklahoma". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. November 26, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "No. 11 K-State Escapes Iowa State Upset Bid". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. December 3, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
^ "Cyclones Fall To Rutgers, 27-13". Iowa State Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. December 30, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
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2024 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iowa State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_University"},{"link_name":"2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_football_season"},{"link_name":"Paul Rhoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rhoads"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Texas Longhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Texas_Longhorns_football_team"},{"link_name":"Kansas State Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Kansas_State_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Farmageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmageddon_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"#2 Oklahoma State Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_football_team"},{"link_name":"who the Cyclones upset in a double-overtime thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Oklahoma_State_vs._Iowa_State_football_game"},{"link_name":"Pinstripe Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Pinstripe_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Rutgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_football_team"}],"text":"The 2011 Iowa State Cyclones football team represented Iowa State University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Cyclones were led by third year head coach Paul Rhoads and play their home games at Jack Trice Stadium. They are a member of the Big 12 Conference. The conference play began with a loss at home to the Texas Longhorns, and ended with a loss at Manhattan, Kansas to the Kansas State Wildcats in the Farmageddon series, with a 3–6 record. The season will likely be remembered for the game against then #2 Oklahoma State Cowboys, who the Cyclones upset in a double-overtime thriller throwing the BCS into \"utter chaos\" as dubbed by sports media. The Iowa State squad was invited to the first Pinstripe Bowl game, which they were defeated by Rutgers, and the Cyclone's 2011 season came to a close with 6–7 overall record, 3–6 in Big 12 play, finished 8th place.","title":"2011 Iowa State Cyclones football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Coaching staff","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESPN-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCAA-18"}],"text":"[17][18]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ames, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"}],"sub_title":"Game 1: vs. Northern Iowa Panthers","text":"Game One: Northern Iowa Panthers at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary[19]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nPanthers\n3\n3\n7619\n\nCyclones\n0\n7\n01320\n\nat Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA\n\nDate: September 3Game time: 6:00 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 71°F • Wind: W 5–10 • Weather: humid, scat. showersGame attendance: 54,672Referee: Referee: Greg Burks • Umpire: Scott Campbell • Linesman: George Gusman • Line judge: Doug Moore • Back judge: Brian Ernest • Field judge: Nick Lave • Side judge: Gene Semko • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (CYtv): John Walters (Play-by-play), Eric Heft (Color) & Ben Bruns (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nUNI – 09:00 Tyler Sievertsen 42 yd field goal (UNI 3–0)\nSecond quarter\nUNI – 08:55 Tyler Sievertsen 24 yd field goal (UNI 6–0)\nISU – 00:00 Steele Jantz 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–6)\nThird quarter\nUNI – 02:30 David Johnson 1 yd run, Tyler Sievertsen XP good (UNI 13–7)\nFourth quarter\nISU – 04:30 Josh Lenz 27 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 14–13)\nUNI – 04:17 David Johnson 80 yd pass from Tirrell Rennie, Tirrell Rennie pass failed (UNI 19–14)\nISU – 00:40 Steele Jantz 1 yd run, Steele Jantz pass intercepted (ISU 20–19)\n\n\nTop passers\nUNI – Tirrell Rennie 15/32, 181 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Steele Jantz 18/40, 187 yards, 1 TD, 3 INT's\nTop rushers\nUNI – Tirrell Rennie 18 attempts, 127 yards\nISU – Steele Jantz 20 attempts, 80 yards\nTop receivers\nUNI – David Johnson 2 receptions, 83 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Aaron Horne 7 receptions, 69 yards\nTop tacklers\nUNI – L.J. Fort 13 tackles\nISU – Jake Knott 15 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ames, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Joel Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Joel Klatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Klatt"},{"link_name":"Jim Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Knox_(American_football)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Game 2: vs. Iowa Hawkeyes","text":"Game Two: Iowa Hawkeyes at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary[20]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34OT2OT3OTTotal\n\nHawkeyes\n7\n3\n6877341\n\nCyclones\n0\n10\n7777644\n\nat Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA\n\nDate: September 10Game time: 11:11 a.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 75°F • Wind: N 5–10 • Weather: Mostly ClearGame attendance: 56,085Referee: Referee: John O'Neill • Umpire: Mike Pilarski • Linesman: Tripp Sutter • Line judge: Jack Teitz • Back judge: Jack Lyman • Field judge: Bob McElwee • Side judge: John Hayes • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (FSN): Joel Meyers (play-by-play), Joel Klatt (color), Jim Knox (sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nIOWA – 05:20 Kevonte Martin-Manley 6 yd pass from James Vandenberg, Mike Meyer XP good (IOWA 7–0)\nSecond quarter\nIOWA – 13:32 Mike Meyer 42 yd field goal (IOWA 10–0)\nISU – 07:40 Darius Reynolds 11 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (IOWA 10–7)\nISU – 00:41 Grant Mahoney 54 yd field goal (Tied 10–10)\nThird quarter\nIOWA – 09:27 Mike Meyer 20 yd field goal (IOWA 13–10)\nIOWA – 03:58 Mike Meyer 50 yd field goal (IOWA 16–10)\nISU – 02:30 Josh Lenz 8 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 17–16)\nFourth quarter\nIOWA – 05:50 Marcus Coker 1 yd run, Keenan Davis pass from James Vandenberg (IOWA 24–17)\nISU – 01:17 Darius Darks 4 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 24–24)\nOT\nIOWA – 15:00 Marcus Coker 4 yd run, Mike Meyer XP good (IOWA 31–24)\nISU – 15:00 Darius Reynolds 4 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 31–31)\nISU – 15:00 James White 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 38–31)\nIOWA – 15:00 Keenan Davis 23 yd pass from James Vandenberg, Mike Meyer XP good (Tied 38–38)\nIOWA – 15:00 Mike Meyer 34 yd field goal (IOWA 41–38)\nISU – 15:00 James White 4 yd run (ISU 44–41)\n\n\nTop passers\nIOWA – James Vandenberg 16/28, 207 yards, 2 TD\nISU – Steele Jantz 25/37, 279 yards, 4 TD\nTop rushers\nIOWA – Marcus Coker 35 attempts, 143 yards, 2 TD\nISU – Shontrelle Johnson 18 attempts, 109 yards\nTop receivers\nIOWA – Keenan Davis 5 receptions, 95 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Darius Reynolds 6 receptions, 85 yards, 2 TD\nTop tacklers\nIOWA – Christian Kirksey 13 tackles\nISU – Matt Tau'fo'ou 8 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rentschler Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentschler_Field_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"East Hartford, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hartford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"ESPN2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN2"},{"link_name":"Mike Gleason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Gleason_(announcer)"},{"link_name":"John Congemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Congemi"}],"sub_title":"Game 3: at Connecticut Huskies","text":"Game Three: Iowa State Cyclones at Connecticut Huskies – Game summary[21]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n0\n7\n10724\n\nHuskies\n10\n0\n3720\n\nat Rentschler Field, East Hartford, Connecticut\n\nDate: September 16Game time: 7:06 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 60°F • Wind: WNW 6 • Weather: Cloudy and crispGame attendance: 37,195Referee: Referee: Tom Walker • Umpire: John Mascarello • Linesman: Chad Green • Line judge: David Oliver • Back judge: Brad Van Vark • Field judge: Scott Gaines • Side judge: Mike Contreraz • Scorer: Andy PrinceTV announcers (ESPN2): Mike Gleason (play-by-play), John Congemi (color)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nUCONN – 10:25 Scott McCummings 10 yd run, David Teggart XP good (UCONN 7–0)\nUCONN – 01:59 David Teggart 52 yd field goal (UCONN 10–0)\nSecond quarter\nISU – 11:03 James White 26 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (UCONN 10–7)\nThird quarter\nISU – 11:18 Darius Reynolds 40 yd pass from Josh Lenz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 14–10)\nUCONN – 09:37 David Teggart 50 yd field goal (ISU 14–13)\nISU – 06:44 Zach Guyer 36 yd field goal (ISU 17–13)\nFourth quarter\nUCONN – Kashif Moore 39 yd pass from Scott McCummings, David Teggart XP good (UCONN 20–17)\nISU – 09:08 Darius Reynolds 20 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 24–20)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Steele Jantz 18/29, 200 yards, 1 TD, 3 INT\nUCONN – Johnny McEntee 13/30, 188 yards, 1 INT\nTop rushers\nISU – Shontrelle Johnson 14 attempts, 65 yards\nUCONN – Lyle McCombs 18 attempts, 46 yards\nTop receivers\nISU – Darius Reynolds 4 receptions, 128 yards, 2 TD\nUCONN – Isiah Moore 8 receptions, 143 yards\nTop tacklers\nISU – Jake Knott 11 tackles\nUCONN – Jory Johnson 10 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ames, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Gus Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Johnson_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Charles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davis_(defensive_back)"},{"link_name":"Tim Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Brewster"}],"sub_title":"Game 4: vs. Texas Longhorns","text":"Game Four: Texas Longhorns at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary[22]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nLonghorns\n13\n21\n0337\n\nCyclones\n0\n0\n01414\n\nat Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA\n\nDate: October 1Game time: 6:12 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 66°F • Wind: SE 0–5 • Weather: Clear skiesGame attendance: 56,390Referee: Referee: Rick Loumiet • Umpire: Frank Villar • Linesman: Cal McNeill • Line judge: Mickey Bryson • Back judge: Donnie Aultman • Field judge: Reggie Smith • Side judge: Gene Semko • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (FX): Gus Johnson (Play-by-play), Charles Davis (Color) & Tim Brewster (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nUT – 07:30 Justin Tucker 33 yd field goal (UT 10–0)\nUT – 05:35 Fozzie Whittaker 16 yd run, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 10–0)\nUT – 03:23 Justin Tucker 35 yd field goal (UT 13–0)\nSecond quarter\nUT – 10:18 Mike Davis 48 yd pass from David Ash, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 20–0)\nUT – 04:30 Josh Turner 34 yd blocked punt return, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 27–0)\nUT – 01:17 Jaxon Shipley 40 yd pass from David Ash, Justin Tucker XP good (UT 34–0)\nThird quarter\nFourth quarter\nISU – 11:33 James White 2 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (UT 34–7)\nUT – 06:31 Justin Tucker 29 yd field goal (UT 37–7)\nISU – 03:50 Chris Young 18 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Zach Guyer XP good (UT 37–14)\n\n\nTop passers\nUT – David Ash 8/13, 156 yards, 2 TD\nISU – Steele Jantz 28/51, 251 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT\nTop rushers\nUT – Malcom Brown 15 attempts, 63 yards\nISU – James White 11 attempts, 64 yards, 1 TD\nTop receivers\nUT – Jaxon Shipley 6 receptions, 141 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Darius Reynolds 6 receptions, 70 yards\nTop tacklers\nUT – Blake Gideon 8 tackles\nISU – Jake Knott 8 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Floyd Casey Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Casey_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Waco, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Dave Lapham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Lapham"},{"link_name":"Emily Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Jones"},{"link_name":"Tevin Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevin_Elliot"}],"sub_title":"Game 5: at Baylor Bears","text":"Game Five: Iowa State Cyclones at Baylor Bears – Game summary[23]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n7\n7\n6626\n\nBears\n0\n21\n141449\n\nat Floyd Casey Stadium, Waco, TX\n\nDate: October 8Game time: 6:10 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 87°F • Wind: SE 19 mph • Weather: Partly CloudyGame attendance: 35,625Referee: Referee: Matt Leoffler • Umpire: Jim Adams • Linesman: Bill Scott • Line judge: Keith Garmond • Back judge: Terry White • Field judge: Randy Smith • Side judge: Anthony Fleming • Scorer: Richard FoglemanTV announcers (FSN): Bill Land (Play-by-play), Dave Lapham (Color) & Emily Jones (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nISU – 11:13 Darius Reynolds 10 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Grant Mahoney XP good (ISU 7–0)\nSecond quarter\nBAY – 13:22 Robert Griffin III 1 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (Tied 7–7)\nISU – 10:19 Reid Branderhorst 1 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Grant Mahoney XP good (ISU 14–7)\nBAY – 07:31 Kendall Wright 15 yd pass from Robert Griffith III, Aaron Jones XP good (Tied 14–14)\nBAY – 04:30 Glasco Martin 1 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 21–14)\nThird quarter\nBAY – 08:08 Terrance Ganaway 3 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 28–14)\nBAY – 06:18 Tevin Elliot 86 yd fumble recovery, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 35–14)\nISU – 05:32 James White 76 yd run, Grant Mahoney XP no good (BAY 35–20)\nFourth quarter\nBAY – 12:26 Terrance Ganaway 2 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 42–20)\nISU – 08:08 Darius Reynolds 28 yd pass from Steele Jantz, Grant Mahoney XP no good(BAY 42–26)\nBAY – 04:19 Terrance Ganaway 22 yd run, Aaron Jones XP good (BAY 49–26)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Steele Jantz 17/35, 244 yards, 3 TD, 1 INT\nBAY – Robert Griffith III 22/30, 212 yards, 1 TD\nTop rushers\nISU – James White 16 attempts, 148 yards, 1 TD\nBAY – Terrance Ganaway 23 attempts, 200 yards, 3 TD\nTop receivers\nISU – Darius Reynolds 7 receptions, 178 yards, 2 TD\nBAY – Kendall Wright 8 receptions, 69 yards, 1 TD\nTop tacklers\nISU – Jake Knott 18 tackles\nBAY – Sam Holl 11 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Faurot Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faurot_Field"},{"link_name":"Columbia, MO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"}],"sub_title":"Game 6: at Missouri Tigers","text":"Game Six: Iowa State Cyclones at Missouri Tigers – Game summary[24]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n3\n7\n0717\n\nTigers\n21\n10\n14752\n\nat Faurot Field, Columbia, MO\n\nDate: October 15Game time: 1:07 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 66°F • Wind: SE 0–5 • Weather: Clear skiesGame attendance: 71,004Referee: Referee: Greg Burks • Umpire: Scott Campbell • Linesman: George Gusman • Line judge: Kevin Mar • Back judge: Brian Ernest • Field judge: Nick Lave • Side judge: Gene Semko • Scorer: Tim KnarrTV announcers (CYtv): John Walters (Play-by-play), Eric Heft (Color) & Ben Bruns (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nMU – 12:03 James Franklin 1 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 7–0)\nMU – 09:05 Henry Josey 1 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 14–0)\nISU – 04:35 Zach Guyer 26 yd field goal (MU 14–3)\nMU – 01:33 Michael Egnew 39 yd pass from James Franklin, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 21–3)\nSecond quarter\nMU – 11:29 Kendial Lawrence 2 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 28–3)\nISU – 10:07 A.J. Klein 78 yd interception return, Zach Guyer XP good (28–10)\nMU – 00:00 Grant Ressel 23 yd field goal (MU 31–10)\nThird quarter\nMU – 09:07 T.J. Moe 7 yd pass from James Franklin, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 38–10)\nMU – 05:01 James Franklin 1 yd run, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 45–10)\nFourth quarter\nMU – 14:43 Wes Kemp 6 yd pass from James Franklin, Grant Ressel XP good (MU 52–10)\nISU – 12:41 Jeff Woody 13 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 52–17)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Steele Jantz 17/32, 161 yards\nMU – James Franklin 20/28, 289 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT\nTop rushers\nISU – James White 14 attempts, 61 yards\nMU – Henry Josey 19 attempts, 129 yards, 1 TD\nTop receivers\nISU – Darius Darks 2 receptions, 45 yards\nMU – Michael Egnew 6 receptions, 105 yards, 1 TD\nTop tacklers\nISU – A.J. Klein 12 tackles\nMU – Andrew Wilson 10 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ames, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_on_ABC"},{"link_name":"Mark Neely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Neely"},{"link_name":"Ray Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bentley"}],"sub_title":"Game 7: vs. Texas A&M Aggies","text":"Game Seven: Texas A&M Aggies at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary[25]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nAggies\n3\n17\n10333\n\nCyclones\n7\n0\n10017\n\nat Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA\n\nDate: October 22Game time: 2:36 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 66°F • Wind: NW 5–10 • Weather: Partly CloudyGame attendance: 51,131Referee: Referee: Dan Romeo • Umpire: Scott Teifer • Linesman: Pete Gautreau • Line judge: Marc Bovos • Back judge: Dax Hill • Field judge: Bobby Bernard • Side judge: Ed Vinzant • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (ABC): Mark Neely (Play-by-play) & Ray Bentley (Color)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nTAMU – 13:00 Randy Bullock 25 yd field goal (TAMU 3–0)\nISU – 03:29 James White 19 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–3)\nSecond quarter\nTAMU – 09:19 Randy Bullock 47 yd field goal (ISU 7–6)\nTAMU – 04:08 Jeff Fuller 47 yd pass from Ryan Tannehill, Randy Bullock XP good (TAMU 13–7)\nTAMU – 00:42 Michael Lamothe 18 yd pass from Ryan Tannehill, Randy Bullock XP good (TAMU 20–7)\nThird quarter\nTAMU – 12:45 Randy Bullock 47 yd field goal (TAMU 23–7)\nTAMU – 09:39 Christine Michael 9 yd run, Randy Bullock XP good (TAMU 30–7)\nISU – 06:50 Duran Hollis 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (TAMU 30–14)\nISU – 02:16 Zach Guyer 43 yd field goal (TAMU 30–17)\nFourth quarter\nTAMU – 07:30 Randy Bullock 20 yd field goal (TAMU 33–17)\n\n\nTop passers\nTAMU – Ryan Tannehill 23/43, 263 yards, 2 TD\nISU – Jared Barnett 16/36, 180 yards\nTop rushers\nTAMU – Christine Michael 18 attempts, 142 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Jared Barnett 13 attempts, 66 yards\nTop receivers\nTAMU – Jeff Fuller 7 receptions, 75 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Josh Lenz 8 receptions, 117 yards\nTop tacklers\nTAMU – Sean Porter 8 tackles\nISU – Jeremey Reeves 10 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jones AT&T Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_AT%26T_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Lubbock, TX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Gary Reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Reasons"},{"link_name":"Desmond Purnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Purnell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ward_(wide_receiver)"}],"sub_title":"Game 8: at Texas Tech Red Raiders","text":"Game Eight: Iowa State Cyclones at Texas Tech Red Raiders – Game summary[26]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n21\n3\n71041\n\nRed Raiders\n0\n7\n007\n\nat Jones AT&T Stadium, Lubbock, TX\n\nDate: October 29Game time: 6:10 p.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 64°F • Wind: SW 19 G26 • Weather: Partly CloudyGame attendance: 59,260Referee: Referee: Randy Christal • Umpire: John Mascarello • Linesman: Cal McNeill • Line judge: Kelly Deterding • Back judge: Terry Jones • Field judge: Joe Blubaugh • Side judge: Tom BessantTV announcers (FSN): Bill Land (Play-by-play), Gary Reasons (Color) & Desmond Purnell (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nISU – 10:52 Jared Barnett 13 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–0)\nISU – 03:26 Jeff Woody 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 14–0)\nISU – 02:20 Darius Darks 2 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 21–0)\nSecond quarter\nTTU – 08:33 Seth Doege 8 yd run, Donnie Carona XP good (ISU 21–7)\nISU – 05:01 Zach Guyer 42 yd field goal (ISU 24–7)\nThird quarter\nISU – 13:48 Duran Hollis 71 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 31–7)\nFourth quarter\nISU – 11:08 James White 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 38–7)\nISU – 04:48 Zach Guyer 23 yd field goal (ISU 41–7)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Jared Barnett 14/26, 144 yards, 1 TD\nTTU – Seth Doege 16/32, 171 yards, 2 INT\nTop rushers\nISU – James White 31 attempts, 138 yards, 1 TD\nTTU – DeAndre Washington 11 attempts, 50 yards\nTop receivers\nISU – Josh Lenz 4 receptions, 74 yards\nTTU – Eric Ward 5 receptions, 62 yards\nTop tacklers\nISU – A.J. Klein 8 tackles\nTTU – Jared Flannel 9 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ames, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"CDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"FCS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_College_Sports"},{"link_name":"Steve Physioc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Physioc"},{"link_name":"Yogi Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogi_Roth"}],"sub_title":"Game 9: vs. Kansas Jayhawks","text":"Game Nine: Kansas Jayhawks at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary[27]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nJayhawks\n7\n0\n3010\n\nCyclones\n3\n7\n0313\n\nat Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA\n\nDate: November 5Game time: 11:40 a.m. CDTGame weather: Temperature: 47°F • Wind: SSE 10 G20 • Weather: HazyGame attendance: 51,575Referee: Referee: Rick Loumiet • Umpire: Frank Villar • Linesman: Keith Johnson • Line judge: Mickey Bryson • Back judge: Donnie Aultman • Field judge: Jim Murphy • Side judge: John Masterson • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (FCS): Steve Physioc (Play-by-play) & Yogi Roth (Color)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nISU – 05:23 Zach Guyer 32 yd field goal (ISU 3–0)\nKU – 10:52 D.J. Beshears 22 yd run, Alex Mueller XP good (KU 7–3)\nSecond quarter\nISU – 04:45 Aaron Horne 18 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 10–7)\nThird quarter\nKU – 05:23 Ron Doherty 19 yd field goal (Tied 10–10)\nFourth quarter\nISU – 04:48 Zach Guyer 42 yd field goal (ISU 13–10)\n\n\nTop passers\nKU – Jordan Webb 13/21, 127 yards\nISU – Jared Barnett 16/31, 175 yards, 1 INT\nTop rushers\nKU – Darrian Miller 17 attempts, 70 yards\nISU – Jared Barnett 22 attempts, 125 yards\nTop receivers\nKU – D.J. Beshears 5 receptions, 45 yards\nISU – Albert Gary 5 receptions, 57 yards\nTop tacklers\nKU – Brad McDougald 11 tackles\nISU – Jake Knott 10 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jack Trice Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Trice_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ames, IA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Joe Tessitore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Tessitore"},{"link_name":"Rod Gilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Gilmore"},{"link_name":"Samantha Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Ponder"}],"sub_title":"Game 10: vs. Oklahoma State Cowboys","text":"Game Ten: Oklahoma State Cowboys at Iowa State Cyclones – Game summary[28]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34OT2OTTotal\n\nCowboys\n7\n10\n707031\n\nCyclones\n0\n7\n1077637\n\nat Jack Trice Stadium, Ames, IA\n\nDate: November 18Game time: 7:06 p.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 46°F • Wind: S 0–5 • Weather: Clear SkiesGame attendance: 52,027Referee: Referee: Reggie Smith • Umpire: John Mascarello • Linesman: Chad Green • Line judge: David Oliver • Back judge: Brad Van Vark • Field judge: Scott Gaines • Side judge: Mike Contreraz • Scorer: Shuey/PopeTV announcers (ESPN): Joe Tessitore (Play-by-play), Rod Gilmore (Color) & Samantha Steele (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nOSU – 01:04 Shaun Lewis 70 yd interception return, Quinn Sharp XP good (OSU 7–0)\nSecond quarter\nOSU – 10:43 Quinn Sharp 29 yd field goal (OSU 10–0)\nISU – 07:22 Darius Reynolds 16 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (OSU 10–7)\nOSU – 05:26 Justin Blackmon 27 yd pass from Brandon Weeden, Quinn Sharp XP good (OSU 17–7)\nThird quarter\nOSU – 12:33 Tracy Moore 30 yd pass from Brandon Weeden, Quinn Sharp XP good (OSU 24–7)\nISU – 10:05 James White 32 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (OSU 24–14)\nISU – 04:04 Zach Guyer 24 yd field goal (OSU 24–17)\nFourth quarter\nISU – 04:48 Albert Gary 7 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 24–24)\nOT\nISU – 15:00 James White 25 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 31–24)\nOSU – 15:00 Josh Cooper 6 yd pass from Brandon Weeden, Quinn Sharp XP good (Tied 31–31)\n2nd OT\n\nISU – 15:00 Jeff Woody 4 yd run (ISU 37–31)\n\n\nTop passers\nOSU – Brandon Weeden 42/58, 476 yards, 3 TD, 3 INT\nISU – Jared Barnett 32/58, 376 yards, 3 TD, 2 INT\nTop rushers\nOSU – Joseph Randle 10 attempts, 49 yards\nISU – Jared Barnett 14 attempts, 87 yards\nTop receivers\nOSU – Josh Cooper 13 receptions, 128 yards, 1 TD\nISU – Albert Gary 7 receptions, 109 yards, 1 TD\nTop tacklers\nOSU – Alex Elkins 10 tackles\nISU – A.J. Klein 14 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaylord_Family_Oklahoma_Memorial_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Norman, OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Gus Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_Johnson_(sportscaster)"},{"link_name":"Charles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Davis_(defensive_back)"},{"link_name":"Tim Brewster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Brewster"}],"sub_title":"Game 11: at Oklahoma Sooners","text":"Game Eleven: Iowa State Cyclones at Oklahoma Sooners – Game summary[29]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n6\n0\n006\n\nSooners\n3\n20\n0326\n\nat Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium, Norman, OK\n\nDate: November 26Game time: 11:06 a.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 48°F • Wind: NNW-32 • Weather: OvercastGame attendance: 84,326Referee: Referee: Matt Loeffler; Umpire: Rick Podraza • Linesman: Bill Scott • Line judge: Keith Garmond • Back judge: Terry White • Field judge: Randy Smith • Side judge: Anthony Fleming • Scorer: Gary BrownTV announcers (FX): Gus Johnson (Play-by-play), Charles Davis (Color) & Tim Brewster (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nOU – 11:15 Michael Hunnicutt 20 yd field goal (OU 3–0)\nISU – 05:48 Albert Gary 10 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP no good (ISU 6–3)\nSecond quarter\nOU – 08:12 Blake Bell 3 yd run, Michael Hunnicutt XP good (OU 10–6)\nOU – 03:22 Blake Bell 1 yd run, Michael Hunnicutt XP good (OU 17–6)\nOU – 00:25 Michael Hunnicutt 28 yd field goal (OU 20–6)\nOU – 00:00 Michael Hunnicutt 37 yd field goal (OU 23–6)\nThird quarter\nFourth quarter\nOU – 06:48 Michael Hunnicutt 21 yd field goal (OU 26–6)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Jared Barnett 13/28, 125 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT\nOU – Landry Jones 22/43, 256 yards, 2 INT\nTop rushers\nISU – Jeff Woody 13 attempts, 60 yards\nOU – Roy Finch 15 attempts, 83 yards\nTop receivers\nISU – Albert Gary 4 receptions, 52 yards, 1 TD\nOU – DeJuan Miller 7 receptions, 86 yards\nTop tacklers\nISU – A.J. Klein 12 tackles\nOU – Tom Wort 11 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Snyder_Family_Football_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Manhattan, KS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Joel Meyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Meyers"},{"link_name":"Brian Baldinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Baldinger"},{"link_name":"Jim Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_Knox_(American_football)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Game 12: at Kansas State Wildcats","text":"Game Twelve: Iowa State Cyclones at Kansas State Wildcats – Game summary[30]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n13\n0\n7323\n\nWildcats\n7\n10\n31030\n\nat Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium, Manhattan, KS\n\nDate: December 3Game time: 11:30 a.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 43°F • Wind: ENE 6 • Weather: Cloudy/Light RainGame attendance: 47,392Referee: Randy Christal • Umpire: Tom Quick • Linesman: Cal McNeill • Line judge: Kelly Deterding • Back judge: Terry Jones • Field judge: Joe Blubaugh • Side judge: Tom BessantTV announcers (FSN): Joel Meyers (Play-by-play), Brian Baldinger (Color) & Jim Knox (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nISU – 02:01 Darius Darks 30 yd pass from Jared Barnett, Zach Guyer XP good (ISU 7–0)\nKSU – 01:47 Tramaine Thompson 68 yd pass from Collin Klein, Anthony Cantele XP good (Tied 7–7)\nISU – 00:11 Jeff Woody 1 yd run, Zach Guyer XP blocked (ISU 13–7)\nSecond quarter\nKSU – 10:13 Anthony Cantele 37 yd field goal (ISU 13–10)\nKSU – 00:20 Collin Klein 1 yd run, Anthony Cantele XP good (KSU 17–13)\nThird quarter\nKSU – 08:48 Anthony Cantele 47 yd field goal (KSU 20–13)\nISU – 04:25 Jeff Woody 13 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (Tied 20–20)\nFourth quarter\nKSU – 13:37 Anthony Cantele 19 yd field goal (KSU 23–20)\nISU – 06:12 Zach Guyer 43 yd field goal (Tied 23–23)\nKSU – 03:29 John Hubert 26 yd run, Anthony Cantele XP good (KSU 30–23)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Jared Barnett 15/27, 153 yards, 1 TD, 1 INT\nKSU – Collin Klein 7/15, 158 yards, 1 TD\nTop rushers\nISU – Jeff Woody 23 attempts, 85 yards, 2 TD\nKSU – John Hubert 15 attempts, 120 yards, 1 TD\nTop receivers\nISU – Darius Reynolds 4 receptions, 56 yards\nKSU – Tramaine Thompson 2 receptions, 87 yards, 1 TD\nTop tacklers\nISU – Jacques Washington 8 tackles\nKSU – Arthur Brown 12 tackles","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Yankee Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Bronx, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bronx"},{"link_name":"CST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"Chris Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Jesse Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Tom Rinaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Rinaldi"}],"sub_title":"Game 13: vs Rutgers Scarlet Knights","text":"Game Twelve: Iowa State Cyclones vs Rutgers Scarlet Knights - Game summary[31]\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nCyclones\n6\n0\n0713\n\nScarlet Knights\n0\n17\n01027\n\nat Yankee Stadium, Bronx, NY\n\nDate: December 30Game time: 2:24 p.m. CSTGame weather: Temperature: 50°F • Wind: S 6 • Weather: Sunny and clearGame attendance: 38,328Referee: Referee: Randy Smith • Umpire: Ramon George • Linesman: Steve Fleming • Line judge: Sarah Thomas • Back judge: Jabir Walker • Field judge: Scott Gasaway • Side judge: Tony Meyer • Scorer: Joe DiBariTV announcers (ESPN): Chris Fowler (Play-by-play), Jesse Palmer (Color) & Tom Rinaldi (Sideline)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\nISU – 13:41 Zach Guyer 40 yd field goal (ISU 3–0)\nISU – 07:35 Zach Guyer 46 yd field goal (ISU 6–0)\nSecond quarter\nRU – 12:39 Jawan Jamison 1 yd run, San San Te XP good (RU 7–6)\nRU – 10:30 San San Te 21 yd field goal (RU 10–6)\nRU – 02:24 Jawan Jamison 12 yd run, San San Te XP good (RU 17–6)\nThird quarter\nFourth quarter\nRU – 13:21 San San Te 29 yd field goal (RU 20–6)\nISU – 02:24 Jeff Woody 20 yd run, Zach Guyer XP good (RU 20–13)\nRU – 05:47 Brandon Coleman 68 yd pass from Chas Dodd, San San Te XP good (RU 27–13)\n\n\nTop passers\nISU – Steele Jantz 15/31, 197 yards, 2 INT\nRU – Chas Dodd 10/17, 176 yards, 1 TD\nTop rushers\nISU – James White 9 attempts, 42 yards\nRU – Jawan Jamison 27 attempts, 131 yards, 1 TD\nTop receivers\nISU – Aaron Horne 4 receptions, 72 yards\nRU – Mohamed Sanu 6 receptions, 62 yards\nTop tacklers\nISU – A.J. Klein 15 tackles\nRU – Khaseem Greene 13 tackles","title":"Game summaries"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Football – 2011 coaches\". Iowa State University Department of Intercollegiate Athletics. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved November 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110507193050/http://www.cyclones.com/SportSelect.dbml?spid=4653&spsid=48392&db_oem_id=10700","url_text":"\"Football – 2011 coaches\""},{"url":"http://www.cyclones.com/SportSelect.dbml?spid=4653&spsid=48392&db_oem_id=10700","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Northern Iowa 19 Iowa State 20\". ESPN. September 3, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/boxscore?gameId=312460066","url_text":"\"Northern Iowa 19 Iowa State 20\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Iowa State Shocks Iowa in 3OT to Snap Three-Game Rivalry Skid\". ESPN. September 11, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=312530066","url_text":"\"Iowa State Shocks Iowa in 3OT to Snap Three-Game Rivalry Skid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Iowa State Cyclones vs. Connecticut Huskies Box Score\". ESPN. September 16, 2011. Retrieved September 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/boxscore?gameId=312590041","url_text":"\"Iowa State Cyclones vs. Connecticut Huskies Box Score\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Longhorns vs. Iowa State Cyclones Box Score\". ESPN. October 1, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamuna_Sirbiladze | Tamuna Sirbiladze | ["1 Life","2 Work","3 Exhibitions","4 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Tamuna Sirbiladze (12 February 1971 – 2 March 2016) was an artist based in Vienna, Austria.
Life
Sirbiladze was born in Tbilisi in Georgia. She studied art at the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (1989–1994) in Georgia and later the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1997–2003) and Slade School of Fine Art, London, 2003. She was the widow of fellow artist Franz West (1947–2012) and collaborated with West on a number of projects.
Sirbiladze's background influenced her approach to painting: "Sirbiladze was exposed to art mostly through books—her home country had few museums. She knew early on that she wanted to be an artist, however, and cited the colors of the art she came across as the reason she ended up painting."
Work
Sirbiladze painted fast, and sometimes incorporated text into her work. An Art in America review in 2015 noted the "energetic content" of her work, adding that "Sirbiladze’s line is spare; abundant, creamy negative space supports the gentle diagonal flow of marks". Alex Greenberger wrote that her "... paintings played with the division between figuration and abstraction" and "... recall the work of Henri Matisse and the Impressionists in their light, expressive brushwork".
Sirbiladze had two solo shows in New York in 2015, at Half Gallery and James Fuentes.
Exhibitions
Hamsterwheel – Arsenale – Venice
Tamuna Sirbiladze – Take It Easy – Half Gallery, New York City, NY
Tamuna Sirbiladze: "Good Enough Is Never Good Enough – James Fuentes LLC, New York City, NY
References
^ "FindArticles.com – CBSi". findarticles.com. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ "Pinault and Co. - artnet Magazine". artnet.com. 11 May 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ Greenberger, Alex (4 March 2016). "TAMUNA SIRBILADZE, ABSTRACT PAINTER WHO RECENTLY MADE NEW YORK DEBUT, DIES AT 45". Art News. Art News. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
^ a b Alexander, Darsie, HamsterWheel.eu
^ a b Whittaker, Iona (8 December 2015). "Review: Tamuna Sirbiladze NEW YORK, at James Fuentes". Art in America. Art In America. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
^ a b Greenberger, Alex (4 March 2016). "Tamuna Sirbiladze, Abstract Painter Who Recently Made New York Debut, Dies at 45". artnews.com. ArtNews. Retrieved 7 March 2016.
^ Lehrer, Adam. "Half Gallery Holds Georgian Artist Tamuna Sirbiladze's First U.S. Solo Show, 'Take it Easy'". Forbes. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"text":"Tamuna Sirbiladze (12 February 1971 – 2 March 2016) was an artist based in Vienna, Austria.","title":"Tamuna Sirbiladze"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi State Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Slade School of Fine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade_School_of_Fine_Art"},{"link_name":"Franz West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_News-3"}],"text":"Sirbiladze was born in Tbilisi in Georgia. She studied art at the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (1989–1994) in Georgia and later the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna (1997–2003) and Slade School of Fine Art, London, 2003. She was the widow of fellow artist Franz West (1947–2012) and collaborated with West on a number of projects.[1][2]Sirbiladze's background influenced her approach to painting: \"Sirbiladze was exposed to art mostly through books—her home country had few museums. She knew early on that she wanted to be an artist, however, and cited the colors of the art she came across as the reason she ended up painting.\"[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamster-4"},{"link_name":"Art in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_in_America-5"},{"link_name":"Alex Greenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Greenberger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtNews-6"},{"link_name":"Half Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half_Gallery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Fuentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fuentes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtNews-6"}],"text":"Sirbiladze painted fast, and sometimes incorporated text into her work.[4] An Art in America review in 2015 noted the \"energetic content\" of her work, adding that \"Sirbiladze’s line is spare; abundant, creamy negative space supports the gentle diagonal flow of marks\".[5] Alex Greenberger wrote that her \"... paintings played with the division between figuration and abstraction\" and \"... recall the work of Henri Matisse and the Impressionists in their light, expressive brushwork\".[6]Sirbiladze had two solo shows in New York in 2015, at Half Gallery and James Fuentes.[6]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamster-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-half_gallery-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_in_America-5"}],"text":"Hamsterwheel – Arsenale – Venice[4]\nTamuna Sirbiladze – Take It Easy – Half Gallery, New York City, NY[7]\nTamuna Sirbiladze: \"Good Enough Is Never Good Enough – James Fuentes LLC, New York City, NY[5]","title":"Exhibitions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FindArticles.com – CBSi\". findarticles.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Otter_(priest) | William Bruère Otter | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"] | The VenerableWilliam Bruère OtterArchdeacon of LewesChurchChurch of EnglandElected1855Term ended1876 (death)PredecessorJulius HareSuccessorJohn HannahOther post(s)Prebendary of ChichesterPersonal detailsBorn(1805-05-28)28 May 1805Died25 June 1876(1876-06-25) (aged 71)Cowfold, West SussexParentsWilliam OtterNancy Sadleir Bruère OtterSpouseElizabeth MelvilChildren10EducationRugby SchoolCharterhouse SchoolAlma materKing's College, Cambridge
William Bruère Otter (28 May 1805 – 25 June 1876) was an Anglican cleric who was the Archdeacon of Lewes from 1855 until his death in 1876.
Early life
Otter was born on 28 May 1805 as the eldest son of The Right Reverend William Otter, Bishop of Chicester and his wife, Nancy Sadleir (née Bruère) Otter. Among his siblings were Sophia Otter (wife of the Rev. Henry Malthus, a son of Thomas Robert Malthus), Caroline Charlotte Otter (wife of John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly), Maria Otter (wife of Sir William Milbourne James, Lord Justice of Appeal), and Amelia Harriet Otter (wife of Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper).
He was educated at Rugby, Charterhouse and King's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1828.
Career
Otter was ordained in 1830, he was Vicar of Eyeworth from 1832 to 1836, Vicar of Kinlet from 1837 to 1847, Vicar of Cowfold from 1839 to 1876 and Prebendary of Chichester from 1850 to 1876.
Personal life
Otter was married to Elizabeth Melvil (1814–1892). Together, they had four sons and six daughters, including:
William Otter (1840–1870), a Lieutenant of the Royal Navy.
Robert Melvil Barry Otter, later Otter-Barry (1845–1917), who married Isabel Louisa Wolryche-Whitmore (1847–1905).
He died at Cowfold on 25 June 1876.
Descendants
Through his son Robert, he was the grandfather of Hugh Otter-Barry, Bishop of Mauritius from 1931 to 1959.
References
^ "Chichester Diocese Clergy Lists:Clergy succession from the earliest times to the year 1900" Hennessy,G: London, St Peter's Press, 1900
^ WILLS AND BEQUESTS The Times (London, England), Saturday, 12 Aug 1876; pg. 8; Issue 28706
^ a b c d Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1929). Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour (7th ed.). London, England: Hurst and Blackett. p. 1479. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ University & Clerical Intelligence. The Essex Standard, and Colchester, Chelmsford, Maldon, Harwich, and General County Advertiser (Colchester, England), Friday, 13 July 1838; Issue 393. 19th Century British Library Newspapers: Part II.
^ a b "Otter, William Bruère (OTR824WB)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
^ The Church, the Universities, &c Berrow's Worcester Journal (Worcester, England), Saturday, 1 July 1876; pg. 6; Issue 9533. 19th Century British Library Newspapers: Part II
^ "The Mauritian Shekel" Pitot,G:Lanham Rowman & Littlefield, 2000 ISBN 978-0-7425-0855-2
^ Letter of Midshipman William Otter
Church of England titles
Preceded byJulius Hare
Archdeacon of Lewes 1855–1876
Succeeded byJohn Hannah
vteDiocese of Chichester
Chichester Cathedral
The Palace, Chichester
Diocesan Church House, Hove
Area scheme (1984–2013)
Office holders
Martin Warner, Bishop of Chichester
Ruth Bushyager, Bishop of Horsham
Will Hazlewood, Bishop of Lewes
AEO: the bishop diocesan & Rob Munro, Bishop suffragan of Ebbsfleet
Dean of Chichester (vacant)
Martin Lloyd Williams, Archdeacon of Brighton & Lewes
Edward Dowler, Archdeacon of Hastings
Luke Irvine-Capel, Archdeacon of Chichester
Angela Martin, Archdeacon of Horsham
Historic offices
Archdeacon of Hastings (1912–1975; merged back into Lewes archdeaconry)
vteArchdeacons of Lewes, of Hastings and of Lewes & HastingsHigh Medieval
Jordan de Melburne
Joceline
Eustachius de Leveland
Reginald de Wintonia
William de Lughteburg
Robert Passelewe
Simon de Clympingham
Henry
Godfrey de Peckham
Thomas de Berghstede
Late Medieval
Thomas Cobham
John de Godele
Hamelin de Godele
John Geytentun
Thomas de Codelowe
Walter de Lyndrich
William de Loughteburgh
John Courdray
Walter Forey
Richard Stone
John Wendover
John Brampton
Lewis Coychurch
Thomas Hanwell
William Skylton
John Dogett
John Plemth
Simon Climping
Thomas Oatley
Richard Hill
Edward Vaughan
William Atwater
William Cradock
Oliver Pole
Anthony Wayte
Edward More
Early modern
John Sherry
Richard Brisley
Robert Taylor
Edmund Weston
Thomas Drant
William Coell
William Cotton
John Mattock
Richard Buckenham
William Hutchinson
Thomas Hook
Philip King
Nathaniel Hardy
Toby Henshaw
Joseph Sayer
Richard Bowchier
James Williamson
Edmund Bateman
Thomas D'Oyly
John Courtail
Matthias D'Oyly
Edward Raynes
Thomas Birch
Julius Hare
William Otter
Late modern
John Hannah
Robert Sutton
Theodore Churton (became Archdeacon of Hastings)
Henry Southwell, Bishop suffragan of Lewes
Hugh Hordern
Francis Smythe
Lloyd Morrell
Peter Booth
Max Godden (became Archdeacon of Lewes & Hastings)
Hastings (1912–1975)
created from Lewes
Theodore Churton (previously Archdeacon of Lewes)
Benedict Hoskyns
Arthur Upcott
Thomas Cook, Bishop suffragan of Lewes
Arthur Alston
Ernest Reid
Guy Mayfield
dissolved/merged to Lewes & Hastings
Lewes & Hastings
Max Godden (previously Archdeacon of Lewes)
Christopher Luxmoore
Hugh Glaisyer
Nicholas Reade
Philip Jones
renamed to Hastings
Hastings (2014–present)
Philip Jones (previously Archdeacon of Lewes & Hastings)
Stan Tomalin (Acting)
Edward Bryant & Nick Cornell (Acting)
Edward Dowler
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This article about a Church of England archdeacon in the Province of Canterbury is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"cleric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Lewes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Lewes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"William Bruère Otter (28 May 1805 – 25 June 1876) was an Anglican cleric who was the Archdeacon of Lewes from 1855[1] until his death in 1876.[2]","title":"William Bruère Otter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Right Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Right_Reverend"},{"link_name":"William Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Otter"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Chicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Chicester"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Thomas Robert Malthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus"},{"link_name":"John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Romilly,_1st_Baron_Romilly"},{"link_name":"Sir William Milbourne James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Milbourne_James_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Strutt,_1st_Baron_Belper"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies-3"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_School"},{"link_name":"Charterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charterhouse_School"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-5"}],"text":"Otter was born on 28 May 1805 as the eldest son of The Right Reverend William Otter, Bishop of Chicester and his wife, Nancy Sadleir (née Bruère) Otter. Among his siblings were Sophia Otter (wife of the Rev. Henry Malthus, a son of Thomas Robert Malthus), Caroline Charlotte Otter (wife of John Romilly, 1st Baron Romilly), Maria Otter (wife of Sir William Milbourne James, Lord Justice of Appeal), and Amelia Harriet Otter (wife of Edward Strutt, 1st Baron Belper).[3]He was educated at Rugby, Charterhouse and King's College, Cambridge, graduating BA in 1828.[4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Eyeworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeworth"},{"link_name":"Kinlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinlet"},{"link_name":"Cowfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowfold"},{"link_name":"Prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral"}],"text":"Otter was ordained in 1830,[6] he was Vicar of Eyeworth from 1832 to 1836, Vicar of Kinlet from 1837 to 1847, Vicar of Cowfold from 1839 to 1876 and Prebendary of Chichester from 1850 to 1876.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-Davies-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-5"}],"text":"Otter was married to Elizabeth Melvil (1814–1892). Together, they had four sons and six daughters, including:[3]William Otter (1840–1870), a Lieutenant of the Royal Navy.[3]\nRobert Melvil Barry Otter, later Otter-Barry (1845–1917), who married Isabel Louisa Wolryche-Whitmore (1847–1905).[3]He died at Cowfold on 25 June 1876.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hugh Otter-Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Otter-Barry"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his son Robert, he was the grandfather of Hugh Otter-Barry, Bishop of Mauritius from 1931 to 1959.[7][8]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1929). Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour (7th ed.). London, England: Hurst and Blackett. p. 1479. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Bok | Hilary Bok | ["1 Family","2 Career","3 Blogging","4 References","5 External links"] | American philosopher
Hilary BokBorn1959 (age 64–65)EducationPrinceton University (BA)Harvard University (PhD)AwardsLaurance S. Rockefeller FellowshipEra21st century PhilosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolAnalytic philosophyInstitutionsJohns Hopkins UniversityMain interestsMoral theory, Bioethics
Hilary Bok (born 1959) is the Henry R. Luce Professor of Bioethics and Moral & Political Theory at Johns Hopkins University. Bok received a B.A. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1981 and her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1991.
Family
Her parents are the well-known academics Derek Bok and Sissela Bok and her maternal grandparents were the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal and the politician and diplomat Alva Myrdal, both Nobel laureates. Her paternal grandparents were distinguished Pennsylvania jurist Curtis Bok and Margaret Plummer Bok.
Career
She served as associate professor of philosophy at Pomona College from 1997 to 2000. Bok was also a Laurance S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow at the Princeton University Center for Human Values from 1994 to 1995. Her areas of specialization are bioethics, moral philosophy, free will, and the works of Immanuel Kant. She is a faculty member of the Berman Institute of Bioethics. Bok is the author of Freedom and Responsibility (1998), a Kantian critique of libertarian theories of free will. More recently, she has written extensively about stem cell research, most notably in The Lancet.
Blogging
Bok blogged until 2009 under the pseudonym "hilzoy" at the well-known blogs Obsidian Wings and "Political Animal" (the blog of The Washington Monthly magazine).
References
^ Derek Curtis Bok Biography | BookRags.com
^ "Obsidian Wings"
^ "Political Animal"
^ "The XX Factor -- Sheltering Women: Linda Hirshman Responds to Hilzoy". Archived from the original on 2009-04-18. Retrieved 2009-04-14.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hilary Bok.
Bok's page at Johns Hopkins University
Princeton University Press page on Freedom and Responsibility
Bok's page at Berman Institute of Bioethics
"Justice, ethnicity, and stem-cell banks" co-written with Kathryn Schill and Ruth Faden, The Lancet, July 10, 2004, v364 i9429 p118 retrieved 17 December 2005
Appearances on C-SPAN
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
PhilPeople
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry R. Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_R._Luce"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"}],"text":"Hilary Bok (born 1959) is the Henry R. Luce Professor of Bioethics and Moral & Political Theory at Johns Hopkins University. Bok received a B.A. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1981 and her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1991.","title":"Hilary Bok"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derek Bok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Bok"},{"link_name":"Sissela Bok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sissela_Bok"},{"link_name":"Gunnar Myrdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal"},{"link_name":"Alva Myrdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva_Myrdal"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureates"},{"link_name":"Curtis Bok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Bok"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Her parents are the well-known academics Derek Bok and Sissela Bok and her maternal grandparents were the Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal and the politician and diplomat Alva Myrdal, both Nobel laureates. Her paternal grandparents were distinguished Pennsylvania jurist Curtis Bok and Margaret Plummer Bok.[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pomona College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_College"},{"link_name":"Princeton University Center for Human Values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Center_for_Human_Values&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bioethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioethics"},{"link_name":"moral philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_philosophy"},{"link_name":"free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"Berman Institute of Bioethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berman_Institute_of_Bioethics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian"},{"link_name":"libertarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)"},{"link_name":"free will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_will"},{"link_name":"stem cell research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_research"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"She served as associate professor of philosophy at Pomona College from 1997 to 2000. Bok was also a Laurance S. Rockefeller Visiting Fellow at the Princeton University Center for Human Values from 1994 to 1995. Her areas of specialization are bioethics, moral philosophy, free will, and the works of Immanuel Kant. She is a faculty member of the Berman Institute of Bioethics. Bok is the author of Freedom and Responsibility (1998), a Kantian critique of libertarian theories of free will. More recently, she has written extensively about stem cell research, most notably in The Lancet.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Obsidian Wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obsidian_Wings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Washington Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Bok blogged until 2009 under the pseudonym \"hilzoy\" at the well-known blogs Obsidian Wings[2] and \"Political Animal\"[3] (the blog of The Washington Monthly magazine).[4]","title":"Blogging"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The XX Factor -- Sheltering Women: Linda Hirshman Responds to Hilzoy\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Kui_(chancellor) | Li Kui (chancellor) | ["1 Background","2 During Emperor Xuanzong's reign","3 During Emperor Suzong's reign","4 During Emperor Daizong's reign","5 During Emperor Dezong's reign","6 Notes and references"] | In this Chinese name, the family name is Li.
Li Kui (李揆) (711 – May 17, 784), courtesy name Duanqing (端卿), was a Chinese diplomat, historian, and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Suzong.
Background
Li Kui was born in 711, at the end of the reign of Emperor Ruizong. He was from a prominent clan that, by Li Kui's time, was domiciled in Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) but which traced its ancestry to a line of prominent officials of Northern Wei, who in turn traced their ancestry to Li Fan (李翻), a son of Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. (The Tang dynasty imperial clan also traced its ancestry to Li Gao, through Li Gao's second son and successor Li Xin.) After Northern Wei, Li Kui's ancestors served as officials of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty. Li Kui was said to be intelligent, dextrous, and studious in his youth, and he was capable in writing.
During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Toward the end of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan era (713–741), Li Kui passed the imperial examinations and was made the sheriff of Chenliu County (陳留, in modern Kaifeng, Henan). After he submitted his writing to Emperor Xuanzong, Emperor Xuanzong, apparently impressed, issued an edict allowing him to work at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) on a trial basis. He was subsequently made You Shiyi (右拾遺), a junior official at the legislative bureau, and then successively served in the higher offices of You Bujue (右補闕) and Qiju Lang (起居郎) at the legislative bureau, and then as Zhi Zongzi Biaosu (知宗子表疏), the official in charge of receiving and acting on submissions from members of the imperial clan at the ministry of imperial clan affairs (宗正寺, Zongzheng Si). Later, he was promoted to be Sixun Yuanwai Lang (司勳員外郎), a junior official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu), and then the higher office of Kaogong Langzhong (考功郎中) at the ministry of civil service affairs, in charge of evaluating the officials' performance. He was also involved in drafting edicts for Emperor Xuanzong. After the general An Lushan rebelled in 755 and forced Emperor Xuanzong to flee to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), Li Kui accompanied Emperor Xuanzong to Jiannan and was made Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau.
During Emperor Suzong's reign
Emperor Xuanzong's son and crown prince Li Heng, however, did not follow him to Chengdu and instead fled to Lingwu, where he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong), an act that Emperor Xuanzong recognized when he heard the news. After Emperor Suzong recaptured and returned to Chang'an in 757, his wife Empress Zhang became a dominating figure at court. She wanted her son Li Zhao (李佋) the Prince of Xing, who was only several years old at that point, to be made crown prince. Emperor Suzong, however, was instead considering his oldest son Li Chu the Prince of Cheng, who had contributed much to his campaigns to recapture Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang. Emperor Suzong consulted Li Kui and stated to him, "The Prince of Cheng is the oldest and had accomplished much. I want to create him crown prince. What do you think, sir?" Li Kui got up and bowed to Emperor Suzong, stating: "This is great blessing to the state. I am uncontrollably happy." Li Kui's comments affirmed Emperor Suzong's thoughts, and he created Li Chu crown prince in summer 758. In spring 759, when the officials who wanted to flatter Empress Zhang proposed that she be given a special honorific epithet of Yisheng (翊聖, meaning, "one who assists the holy one"). When Emperor Suzong consulted Li Kui on whether this was appropriate, Li Kui opposed, pointing out that the only prior instance when such an epithet was given to a living empress was to Empress Wei, the powerful and corrupt wife of Emperor Suzong's granduncle Emperor Zhongzong. After a lunar eclipse — which indicated divine displeasure with the empress — occurred around the same time, Emperor Suzong tabled the proposal.
By this point, Li Kui also had the additional office of deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎, Libu Shilang). He was displeased with how the officials in charge of the imperial examinations at the time were making their testing questions test highly obscure facts, and he believed that this led to the selection of examinees who were not necessarily talented or capable in writing. He therefore, at the examinations, made the Confucian classics, histories, and qieyun references available to the examinees for them to look through the books during examination. He was much praised for this reform. It was also said that Li Kui was handsome in appearance and capable in rhetoric. Emperor Suzong once told him, "You, sir, are the highest grade in your clan's prominence, in your appearance, and in your writing."
Also in spring 759, Emperor Suzong, as a part of his reorganization of his chancellors, removed Miao Jinqing and Wang Yu from their chancellor posts and replaced them with Li Kui, Lü Yin, Li Xian, and Diwu Qi. In Li Kui's case, he was given the post of Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, which was not itself a chancellor post, but given the additional de facto chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor. He was also put in charge of editing the imperial history. At that time, there were much banditry within the city of Chang'an itself, and the powerful eunuch Li Fuguo wanted to commission several hundred soldiers from part of the imperial guard corps, the Yulin Army (羽林軍), to patrol the streets at night. Li Kui opposed this, pointing out that the Yulin Army and another part of the imperial guards corps, the Jinwu Guards (金吾衛), which were already responsible for patrolling the streets, served as counterweights to each other, and allowing the Yulin Army to patrol the streets throw the balance out of whack. Emperor Suzong agreed and tabled Li Fuguo's proposal. Nevertheless, it was also said that Li Kui did not dare to offend Li Fuguo, and despite the fact that Li Kui's clan was prominent, he bowed to Li Fuguo whenever he saw Li Fuguo, and referred to Li Fuguo as "Father Five" (五父) (as Li Fuguo was fifth in his birth rank).
As chancellor, it was said that Li Kui was capable and decisive, but that he was also grasping onto fame and fortune, drawing criticism for doing so. He was also criticized for the fact that his brother Li Jie (李楷) was also capable, but during Li Kui's term as chancellor, was stuck at a position that lacked actual power with Li Kui doing nothing about it. Meanwhile, Lü, who was removed from his chancellor position in 760, was sent out to be the military governor (Jiedushi) of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) and was gaining a good reputation at the position. Li Kui, who did not get along with Lü while both were chancellor, was concerned that Lü might return to the capital to be chancellor again, submitted an accusation that Lü, who had recently had proposed having eight prefectures added to his circuit, was overly ambitious; Li Kui also sent officials to Lü's circuit to try to find faults with Lü. When Lü reported this to Emperor Suzong, Emperor Suzong, displeased, demoted Li Kui to be the secretary general of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi). (Only after Li Kui was demoted was his brother Li Jie promoted.)
During Emperor Daizong's reign
Several years later — therefore, therefore likely under the reign of Li Chu (whose name had been changed to Li Yu at that point), as Emperor Daizong (Emperor Suzong having died in 762) — Li Kui was slightly promoted, to be the prefect of She Prefecture (歙州, in modern Huangshan, Anhui). However, he would soon be trapped by an action from his past. While he was chancellor, Miao Jinqing had once recommended Yuan Zai for promotion. Li Kui, whose own clan was prominent and who looked down on those with humble origins — which was the case with Yuan Zai — refused, and stated to Miao:
Is it the case we are not promoting officials with the lineage of a dragon and appearance of a phoenix, but instead are promoting the son of a water deer or a rodent?
This caused Yuan to have much resentment toward Li Kui. As Yuan became a powerful chancellor during Emperor Daizong's reign, he gave Li Kui an honorable post with little power or salary — acting Mishu Jian (秘書監), the head of the Palace Library — and then ordered that Li Kui be sent to the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, on the excuse that Li Kui was ill and needed to tend to his illness. It was said that because the position lacked salaries and Li Kui lacked savings, his large household became so poor that members even had to beg for food. Li Kui moved from prefecture to prefecture, as he would move whenever the prefect would dishonor him. Only after Yuan was executed in 777 was Li Kui again given a substantive position — the prefect of Mu Prefecture (睦州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He later returned to Chang'an to serve as the principal of the imperial university (國子監, Guozi Jian) and minister of rites (禮部尚書, Libu Shangshu).
During Emperor Dezong's reign
Emperor Daizong died in 779 and was succeeded by his son Li Kuo (as Emperor Dezong). Li Kui continued to serve as minister of rites, but the powerful chancellor Lu Qi was jealous of his reputation and seniority. In 783, after the emissary of the Tibetan Empire Qujiazan (區頰贊) arrived in Chang'an to negotiate a border realignment treaty with Tang and after the treaty was completed, at Lu's instigation, Emperor Dezong made Li Kui emissary to the Tibetan Empire to escort Qujiazan back to the Tibetan Empire. Li Kui, then 72, stated to Emperor Dezong, "I do not fear going that far a distance, but I am afraid that I would die on the way and not complete my task." Emperor Dezong, who was saddened by the remarks, told Lu, "Li Kui is too old." Lu responded, "An emissary to a far-away foreign state needs to have a good reputation. Further, if Li Kui, who is this old, is sent as an emissary, then in the future, no official younger than Li Kui would dare to refuse such a task." When Li Kui got to the Tibetan Empire, its king Trisong Detsen asked, "I heard that there is a Li Kui who is the most able of officials in Tang. Are you that person, lord?" Li Kui was afraid that this meant that Trisong Detsen intended to detain him, and therefore responded, "That Li Kui would never be willing to come here." On his way of returning from the Tibetan Empire in 784, he died at Feng Prefecture (鳳州, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). He was buried with honor and given the posthumous name Gong (恭, meaning "respectful").
Notes and references
^ "中央研究院".
^ New Book of Tang, vol. 72."漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-10-03."新唐書-宰相世系二(隴西李氏姑臧房)". Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 220.
^ Old Book of Tang, vol. 126.
^ a b New Book of Tang, vol. 150 Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 228.
Old Book of Tang, vol. 126.
New Book of Tang, vol. 150.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 220, 221, 222, 228, 230.
vteTang dynasty historians
Cao Que
Cen Wenben
Cen Xi
Chen Yixing
Chu Suiliang
Cui Guicong
Cui Renshi
Cui Shenyou
Fan Lübing
Fang Xuanling
Guan Bo
Han Yu
Jia Su
Jiang Shen
Li Jifu
Li Linfu
Li Shen
Li Anqi
Li Baiyao
Li Chunfeng
Li Dashi
Li Kui
Li Bi
Li Xian
Li Yifu
Linghu Defen
Linghu Tao
Liu Youqiu
Liu Congyi
Liu Zhi
Liu Zhiji
Lu Sui
Lu Xiangxian
Niu Sengru
Pei Ji
Pei Xiu
Pei Yanling
Qi Kang
Quan Deyu
Sima Zhen
Su Gui
Wei Chengqing
Wei Chuhou
Wei Mo
Wei Zheng
Wei Zhigu
Wei Zhiyi
Wu Sansi
Xiao Hua
Xiao Song
Xiao Zhizhong
Xu Jingzong
Yang Yan
Yang Wan
Yao Silian
Yuan Zai
Zhang Xi
Zhang Yanyuan
Zhang Yi
Zhang Yue
Zhao Yanzhao
Zheng Lang
Zheng Su
Zheng Tan
Zheng Yin
Zhou Chi
Zhu Jingze
Zhu Qinming | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Li","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_(%E6%9D%8E)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Emperor Suzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Li.Li Kui (李揆) (711 – May 17, 784[1]), courtesy name Duanqing (端卿), was a Chinese diplomat, historian, and politician during the Tang dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Suzong.","title":"Li Kui (chancellor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Ruizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ruizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Zhengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhengzhou"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Northern Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Wei"},{"link_name":"Li Gao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Gao"},{"link_name":"Sixteen Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms"},{"link_name":"Western Liang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Liang_(Sixteen_Kingdoms)"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Li Xin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xin_(duke)"},{"link_name":"Sui dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Li Kui was born in 711, at the end of the reign of Emperor Ruizong. He was from a prominent clan that, by Li Kui's time, was domiciled in Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, in modern Zhengzhou, Henan) but which traced its ancestry to a line of prominent officials of Northern Wei, who in turn traced their ancestry to Li Fan (李翻), a son of Li Gao, the founder of the Sixteen Kingdoms state Western Liang. (The Tang dynasty imperial clan also traced its ancestry to Li Gao, through Li Gao's second son and successor Li Xin.) After Northern Wei, Li Kui's ancestors served as officials of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty.[2] Li Kui was said to be intelligent, dextrous, and studious in his youth, and he was capable in writing.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Xuanzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"imperial examinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"An Lushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Sichuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"}],"text":"Toward the end of Emperor Xuanzong's Kaiyuan era (713–741), Li Kui passed the imperial examinations and was made the sheriff of Chenliu County (陳留, in modern Kaifeng, Henan). After he submitted his writing to Emperor Xuanzong, Emperor Xuanzong, apparently impressed, issued an edict allowing him to work at the legislative bureau of government (中書省, Zhongshu Sheng) on a trial basis. He was subsequently made You Shiyi (右拾遺), a junior official at the legislative bureau, and then successively served in the higher offices of You Bujue (右補闕) and Qiju Lang (起居郎) at the legislative bureau, and then as Zhi Zongzi Biaosu (知宗子表疏), the official in charge of receiving and acting on submissions from members of the imperial clan at the ministry of imperial clan affairs (宗正寺, Zongzheng Si). Later, he was promoted to be Sixun Yuanwai Lang (司勳員外郎), a junior official at the ministry of civil service affairs (吏部, Libu), and then the higher office of Kaogong Langzhong (考功郎中) at the ministry of civil service affairs, in charge of evaluating the officials' performance. He was also involved in drafting edicts for Emperor Xuanzong. After the general An Lushan rebelled in 755 and forced Emperor Xuanzong to flee to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), Li Kui accompanied Emperor Xuanzong to Jiannan and was made Zhongshu Sheren (中書舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau.","title":"During Emperor Xuanzong's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crown prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_prince"},{"link_name":"Li Heng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Suzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Lingwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwu"},{"link_name":"Empress Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Zhang_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Li Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Daizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Empress Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Wei_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Zhongzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhongzong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"lunar eclipse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse"},{"link_name":"Confucian classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucian_classics"},{"link_name":"qieyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qieyun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Miao Jinqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miao_Jinqing"},{"link_name":"Wang Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yu_(chancellor)"},{"link_name":"Lü Yin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Yin"},{"link_name":"Li Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xian_(chancellor)"},{"link_name":"Diwu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwu_Qi"},{"link_name":"eunuch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunuch_(court_official)"},{"link_name":"Li Fuguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Fuguo"},{"link_name":"Jiedushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiedushi"},{"link_name":"Jingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingzhou"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"Yichun, Jiangxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yichun,_Jiangxi"}],"text":"Emperor Xuanzong's son and crown prince Li Heng, however, did not follow him to Chengdu and instead fled to Lingwu, where he was declared emperor (as Emperor Suzong), an act that Emperor Xuanzong recognized when he heard the news. After Emperor Suzong recaptured and returned to Chang'an in 757, his wife Empress Zhang became a dominating figure at court. She wanted her son Li Zhao (李佋) the Prince of Xing, who was only several years old at that point, to be made crown prince. Emperor Suzong, however, was instead considering his oldest son Li Chu the Prince of Cheng, who had contributed much to his campaigns to recapture Chang'an and the eastern capital Luoyang. Emperor Suzong consulted Li Kui and stated to him, \"The Prince of Cheng is the oldest and had accomplished much. I want to create him crown prince. What do you think, sir?\" Li Kui got up and bowed to Emperor Suzong, stating: \"This is great blessing to the state. I am uncontrollably happy.\" Li Kui's comments affirmed Emperor Suzong's thoughts, and he created Li Chu crown prince in summer 758.[3] In spring 759, when the officials who wanted to flatter Empress Zhang proposed that she be given a special honorific epithet of Yisheng (翊聖, meaning, \"one who assists the holy one\"). When Emperor Suzong consulted Li Kui on whether this was appropriate, Li Kui opposed, pointing out that the only prior instance when such an epithet was given to a living empress was to Empress Wei, the powerful and corrupt wife of Emperor Suzong's granduncle Emperor Zhongzong. After a lunar eclipse — which indicated divine displeasure with the empress — occurred around the same time, Emperor Suzong tabled the proposal.By this point, Li Kui also had the additional office of deputy minister of rites (禮部侍郎, Libu Shilang). He was displeased with how the officials in charge of the imperial examinations at the time were making their testing questions test highly obscure facts, and he believed that this led to the selection of examinees who were not necessarily talented or capable in writing. He therefore, at the examinations, made the Confucian classics, histories, and qieyun references available to the examinees for them to look through the books during examination. He was much praised for this reform. It was also said that Li Kui was handsome in appearance and capable in rhetoric. Emperor Suzong once told him, \"You, sir, are the highest grade in your clan's prominence, in your appearance, and in your writing.\"[4]Also in spring 759, Emperor Suzong, as a part of his reorganization of his chancellors, removed Miao Jinqing and Wang Yu from their chancellor posts and replaced them with Li Kui, Lü Yin, Li Xian, and Diwu Qi. In Li Kui's case, he was given the post of Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau, which was not itself a chancellor post, but given the additional de facto chancellor designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事), making him a chancellor. He was also put in charge of editing the imperial history. At that time, there were much banditry within the city of Chang'an itself, and the powerful eunuch Li Fuguo wanted to commission several hundred soldiers from part of the imperial guard corps, the Yulin Army (羽林軍), to patrol the streets at night. Li Kui opposed this, pointing out that the Yulin Army and another part of the imperial guards corps, the Jinwu Guards (金吾衛), which were already responsible for patrolling the streets, served as counterweights to each other, and allowing the Yulin Army to patrol the streets throw the balance out of whack. Emperor Suzong agreed and tabled Li Fuguo's proposal. Nevertheless, it was also said that Li Kui did not dare to offend Li Fuguo, and despite the fact that Li Kui's clan was prominent, he bowed to Li Fuguo whenever he saw Li Fuguo, and referred to Li Fuguo as \"Father Five\" (五父) (as Li Fuguo was fifth in his birth rank).As chancellor, it was said that Li Kui was capable and decisive, but that he was also grasping onto fame and fortune, drawing criticism for doing so. He was also criticized for the fact that his brother Li Jie (李楷) was also capable, but during Li Kui's term as chancellor, was stuck at a position that lacked actual power with Li Kui doing nothing about it. Meanwhile, Lü, who was removed from his chancellor position in 760, was sent out to be the military governor (Jiedushi) of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei) and was gaining a good reputation at the position. Li Kui, who did not get along with Lü while both were chancellor, was concerned that Lü might return to the capital to be chancellor again, submitted an accusation that Lü, who had recently had proposed having eight prefectures added to his circuit, was overly ambitious; Li Kui also sent officials to Lü's circuit to try to find faults with Lü. When Lü reported this to Emperor Suzong, Emperor Suzong, displeased, demoted Li Kui to be the secretary general of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in modern Yichun, Jiangxi). (Only after Li Kui was demoted was his brother Li Jie promoted.)","title":"During Emperor Suzong's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huangshan, Anhui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangshan,_Anhui"},{"link_name":"Yuan Zai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Zai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT150-5"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_dragon"},{"link_name":"phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenghuang"},{"link_name":"water deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_deer"},{"link_name":"rodent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodent"},{"link_name":"Palace Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_Library"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"link_name":"Huai River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huai_River"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"}],"text":"Several years later — therefore, therefore likely under the reign of Li Chu (whose name had been changed to Li Yu at that point), as Emperor Daizong (Emperor Suzong having died in 762) — Li Kui was slightly promoted, to be the prefect of She Prefecture (歙州, in modern Huangshan, Anhui). However, he would soon be trapped by an action from his past. While he was chancellor, Miao Jinqing had once recommended Yuan Zai for promotion. Li Kui, whose own clan was prominent and who looked down on those with humble origins — which was the case with Yuan Zai — refused, and stated to Miao:[5]Is it the case we are not promoting officials with the lineage of a dragon and appearance of a phoenix, but instead are promoting the son of a water deer or a rodent?This caused Yuan to have much resentment toward Li Kui. As Yuan became a powerful chancellor during Emperor Daizong's reign, he gave Li Kui an honorable post with little power or salary — acting Mishu Jian (秘書監), the head of the Palace Library — and then ordered that Li Kui be sent to the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River, on the excuse that Li Kui was ill and needed to tend to his illness. It was said that because the position lacked salaries and Li Kui lacked savings, his large household became so poor that members even had to beg for food. Li Kui moved from prefecture to prefecture, as he would move whenever the prefect would dishonor him. Only after Yuan was executed in 777 was Li Kui again given a substantive position — the prefect of Mu Prefecture (睦州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He later returned to Chang'an to serve as the principal of the imperial university (國子監, Guozi Jian) and minister of rites (禮部尚書, Libu Shangshu).","title":"During Emperor Daizong's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Li Kuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Dezong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Lu Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Qi_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Tibetan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Trisong Detsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisong_Detsen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NBT150-5"},{"link_name":"Baoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoji"},{"link_name":"Shaanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"},{"link_name":"posthumous name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_name"}],"text":"Emperor Daizong died in 779 and was succeeded by his son Li Kuo (as Emperor Dezong). Li Kui continued to serve as minister of rites, but the powerful chancellor Lu Qi was jealous of his reputation and seniority. In 783, after the emissary of the Tibetan Empire Qujiazan (區頰贊) arrived in Chang'an to negotiate a border realignment treaty with Tang and after the treaty was completed, at Lu's instigation, Emperor Dezong made Li Kui emissary to the Tibetan Empire to escort Qujiazan back to the Tibetan Empire. Li Kui, then 72, stated to Emperor Dezong, \"I do not fear going that far a distance, but I am afraid that I would die on the way and not complete my task.\" Emperor Dezong, who was saddened by the remarks, told Lu, \"Li Kui is too old.\" Lu responded, \"An emissary to a far-away foreign state needs to have a good reputation. Further, if Li Kui, who is this old, is sent as an emissary, then in the future, no official younger than Li Kui would dare to refuse such a task.\"[6] When Li Kui got to the Tibetan Empire, its king Trisong Detsen asked, \"I heard that there is a Li Kui who is the most able of officials in Tang. Are you that person, lord?\" Li Kui was afraid that this meant that Trisong Detsen intended to detain him, and therefore responded, \"That Li Kui would never be willing to come here.\"[5] On his way of returning from the Tibetan Empire in 784, he died at Feng Prefecture (鳳州, in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). He was buried with honor and given the posthumous name Gong (恭, meaning \"respectful\").","title":"During Emperor Dezong's reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"中央研究院\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%BCw%A9v&reign=%BF%B3%A4%B8&yy=1&ycanzi=&mm=4&dd=24&dcanzi="},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"New Book of Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"\"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081120085821/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm"},{"link_name":"\"新唐書-宰相世系二(隴西李氏姑臧房)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100620180318/http://sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form48.htm"},{"link_name":"the 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dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cao Que","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Que"},{"link_name":"Cen Wenben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen_Wenben"},{"link_name":"Cen Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cen_Xi"},{"link_name":"Chen Yixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Yixing"},{"link_name":"Chu Suiliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Suiliang"},{"link_name":"Cui Guicong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Guicong"},{"link_name":"Cui Renshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Renshi"},{"link_name":"Cui Shenyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cui_Shenyou"},{"link_name":"Fan Lübing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_L%C3%BCbing"},{"link_name":"Fang Xuanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_Xuanling"},{"link_name":"Guan Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guan_Bo"},{"link_name":"Han Yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Yu"},{"link_name":"Jia Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Su"},{"link_name":"Jiang Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Shen"},{"link_name":"Li Jifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Jifu"},{"link_name":"Li Linfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Linfu"},{"link_name":"Li Shen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shen"},{"link_name":"Li Anqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Anqi"},{"link_name":"Li Baiyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Baiyao"},{"link_name":"Li Chunfeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Chunfeng"},{"link_name":"Li Dashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Dashi"},{"link_name":"Li Kui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Li Bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Bi"},{"link_name":"Li Xian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Xian_(prince)"},{"link_name":"Li Yifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Yifu"},{"link_name":"Linghu Defen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linghu_Defen"},{"link_name":"Linghu Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linghu_Tao"},{"link_name":"Liu Youqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Youqiu"},{"link_name":"Liu Congyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Congyi"},{"link_name":"Liu Zhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhi_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Liu Zhiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Zhiji"},{"link_name":"Lu Sui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sui"},{"link_name":"Lu Xiangxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Xiangxian"},{"link_name":"Niu Sengru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niu_Sengru"},{"link_name":"Pei Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Ji_(Late_Tang)"},{"link_name":"Pei Xiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Xiu_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Pei Yanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pei_Yanling"},{"link_name":"Qi Kang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_Kang_(official)"},{"link_name":"Quan Deyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_Deyu"},{"link_name":"Sima Zhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Zhen"},{"link_name":"Su Gui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Gui"},{"link_name":"Wei Chengqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Chengqing"},{"link_name":"Wei Chuhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Chuhou"},{"link_name":"Wei Mo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Mo"},{"link_name":"Wei Zheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Zheng"},{"link_name":"Wei Zhigu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Zhigu"},{"link_name":"Wei Zhiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Zhiyi"},{"link_name":"Wu Sansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Sansi"},{"link_name":"Xiao Hua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Hua_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Xiao Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Song"},{"link_name":"Xiao Zhizhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_Zhizhong"},{"link_name":"Xu Jingzong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Jingzong"},{"link_name":"Yang Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Yan_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Yang Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Wan"},{"link_name":"Yao Silian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yao_Silian"},{"link_name":"Yuan Zai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Zai"},{"link_name":"Zhang Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Xi_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yanyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yanyuan"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yi_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Zhang Yue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Yue_(Tang_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Zhao Yanzhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhao_Yanzhao"},{"link_name":"Zheng Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Lang"},{"link_name":"Zheng Su","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Su"},{"link_name":"Zheng Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Tan"},{"link_name":"Zheng Yin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zheng_Yin_(Middle_Tang)"},{"link_name":"Zhou Chi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Chi"},{"link_name":"Zhu Jingze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Jingze"},{"link_name":"Zhu Qinming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Qinming"}],"text":"^ \"中央研究院\".\n\n^ New Book of Tang, vol. 72.\"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二\". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-10-03.\"新唐書-宰相世系二(隴西李氏姑臧房)\". Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2009-03-29.\n\n^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 220.\n\n^ Old Book of Tang, vol. 126.\n\n^ a b New Book of Tang, vol. 150 Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 228.Old Book of Tang, vol. 126.\nNew Book of Tang, vol. 150.\nZizhi Tongjian, vols. 220, 221, 222, 228, 230.vteTang dynasty historians\nCao Que\nCen Wenben\nCen Xi\nChen Yixing\nChu Suiliang\nCui Guicong\nCui Renshi\nCui Shenyou\nFan Lübing\nFang Xuanling\nGuan Bo\nHan Yu\nJia Su\nJiang Shen\nLi Jifu\nLi Linfu\nLi Shen\nLi Anqi\nLi Baiyao\nLi Chunfeng\nLi Dashi\nLi Kui\nLi Bi\nLi Xian\nLi Yifu\nLinghu Defen\nLinghu Tao\nLiu Youqiu\nLiu Congyi\nLiu Zhi\nLiu Zhiji\nLu Sui\nLu Xiangxian\nNiu Sengru\nPei Ji\nPei Xiu\nPei Yanling\nQi Kang\nQuan Deyu\nSima Zhen\nSu Gui\nWei Chengqing\nWei Chuhou\nWei Mo\nWei Zheng\nWei Zhigu\nWei Zhiyi\nWu Sansi\nXiao Hua\nXiao Song\nXiao Zhizhong\nXu Jingzong\nYang Yan\nYang Wan\nYao Silian\nYuan Zai\nZhang Xi\nZhang Yanyuan\nZhang Yi\nZhang Yue\nZhao Yanzhao\nZheng Lang\nZheng Su\nZheng Tan\nZheng Yin\nZhou Chi\nZhu Jingze\nZhu Qinming","title":"Notes and references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"中央研究院\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%BCw%A9v&reign=%BF%B3%A4%B8&yy=1&ycanzi=&mm=4&dd=24&dcanzi=","url_text":"\"中央研究院\""}]},{"reference":"\"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二\". Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085821/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm","url_text":"\"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二\""},{"url":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"新唐書-宰相世系二(隴西李氏姑臧房)\". Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2009-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620180318/http://sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form48.htm","url_text":"\"新唐書-宰相世系二(隴西李氏姑臧房)\""},{"url":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form48.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%BCw%A9v&reign=%BF%B3%A4%B8&yy=1&ycanzi=&mm=4&dd=24&dcanzi=","external_links_name":"\"中央研究院\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085821/http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm","external_links_name":"\"漢川草廬-二十四史-新唐書-卷七十二‧表第十二\""},{"Link":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/072.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100620180318/http://sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form48.htm","external_links_name":"\"新唐書-宰相世系二(隴西李氏姑臧房)\""},{"Link":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/table/form48.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/126.htm","external_links_name":"vol. 126"},{"Link":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/150.htm","external_links_name":"vol. 150"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202171436/http://sidneyluo.net/a/a17/150.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/126.htm","external_links_name":"vol. 126"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202171436/http://sidneyluo.net/a/a17/150.htm","external_links_name":"vol. 150"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(Scottish_footballer) | Alan Davidson (Scottish footballer) | ["1 Early years","2 Airdrieonians","3 Queen of the South (both 1st & 2nd spells combined)","4 Floreat Athena","5 Albion Rovers & Junior Football","6 References"] | Scottish footballer
Alan DavidsonPersonal informationFull name
Alan DavidsonDate of birth
(1960-04-17) 17 April 1960 (age 64)Place of birth
Airdrie, ScotlandHeight
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s)
GoalkeeperYouth career
Royal AlbertSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1979–1980
Celtic
0
(0)1980–1981
Royal Albert
1981–1982
Airdrieonians
10
(0)1982–1988
Queen of the South
211
(0)1988–1989
Floreat Athena
1989–1994
Queen of the South
101
(0)
Ards
1994–1997
Albion Rovers
22
(0)1997–1998
Kirkintilloch Rob Roy
1998–1999
Armadale Thistle
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Alan Davidson (born 17 April 1960 in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire) is a former Scottish football goalkeeper. Davidson is the son of former FIFA referee Bob Davidson.
Early years
Davidson played his youth football with Royal Albert until June 1979, before joining Celtic for the start of season 1979–80. Davidson played in the reserve and youth teams during his season at Celtic Park. He re-joined Royal Albert for the 1980–81 season.
Airdrieonians
Davidson signed for Airdrieonians at the start of the 1981–82 season, where he played in 10 first team matches. Airdrieonians finished bottom of the Scottish Premier Division at the end of that season and were relegated.
Queen of the South (both 1st & 2nd spells combined)
Davidson signed for Queen of the South first time around at the start of season 1982–83 and stayed for six seasons before signing for Australian club Floreat Athena for season 1988–89. Davidson returned at the start of season 1989–90 and stayed for another five seasons. In his two spells with the club Davidson made a total of 364 first team appearances (312 league & 52 cup) and is 10th highest in the club's record appearances list. Davidson played over a decade with Queen of the South during his two spells at the football club.
Davidson is described as being one of Queen of the South's longest club servants during the decade of the 1980s, along with Jimmy Robertson and George Cloy. Former teammates Ted McMinn and Tommy Bryce listed Davidson as among the best players that they played beside at Queens. Barry Nicholson listed Davidson among his favourite players when interviewed on his boyhood as a supporter of Queens.
Floreat Athena
Davidson signed for the Australian club Floreat Athena for season 1988–89, before returning from Perth, Western Australia for his second spell at Palmerston Park.
Albion Rovers & Junior Football
After leaving Queen of the South, Davidson had a short spell with Northern Irish football club Ards F.C. before signing for Albion Rovers at the start of season 1994–95. Davidson stayed at Cliftonhill for three seasons, playing 22 league games, before playing a season with junior outfits Kirkintilloch Rob Roy and Armadale Thistle before retiring from the game at the age of 39.
References
^ a b c d e f g "Alan Davidson". Queen of the South F.C. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
^ "Davidson, Alan". thecelticwiki.com. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
^ a b c "Alan Davidson". neilbrown.newcastlefans.com. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
^ a b "Australian Player Database". ozfootball.net. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
^ "A – Z OF QUEEN OF THE SOUTH". Queen of the South F.C. Retrieved 25 May 2009.
^ "Club History". Queen of the South F.C. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
^ "Queens Legends". Queen of the South F.C. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
^ "Barry Nicholson interview on www.qosfc.com". Retrieved 9 April 2012. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airdrie, North Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(football)"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Bob Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Davidson_(referee)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kds1-2"}],"text":"Alan Davidson (born 17 April 1960 in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire) is a former Scottish football goalkeeper. Davidson is the son of former FIFA referee Bob Davidson.[1][2]","title":"Alan Davidson (Scottish footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_F.C."},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"1979–80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%E2%80%9380_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Celtic Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nb1-3"}],"text":"Davidson played his youth football with Royal Albert until June 1979, before joining Celtic for the start of season 1979–80. Davidson played in the reserve and youth teams during his season at Celtic Park. He re-joined Royal Albert for the 1980–81 season.[1][3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Airdrieonians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrieonians_F.C._(1878)"},{"link_name":"1981–82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Scottish Premier Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Premier_Division"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nb1-3"}],"text":"Davidson signed for Airdrieonians at the start of the 1981–82 season, where he played in 10 first team matches. Airdrieonians finished bottom of the Scottish Premier Division at the end of that season and were relegated.[1][3]","title":"Airdrieonians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen of the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C."},{"link_name":"1982–83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982%E2%80%9383_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Floreat Athena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floreat_Athena"},{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nb1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ozf1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qos1-5"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Robertson_(footballer_born_1955)"},{"link_name":"George Cloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cloy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qos2-6"},{"link_name":"Ted McMinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_McMinn"},{"link_name":"Tommy Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Bryce"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qos3-7"},{"link_name":"Barry Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Davidson signed for Queen of the South first time around at the start of season 1982–83 and stayed for six seasons before signing for Australian club Floreat Athena for season 1988–89. Davidson returned at the start of season 1989–90 and stayed for another five seasons. In his two spells with the club Davidson made a total of 364 first team appearances (312 league & 52 cup) and is 10th highest in the club's record appearances list. Davidson played over a decade with Queen of the South during his two spells at the football club.[1][3][4][5]Davidson is described as being one of Queen of the South's longest club servants during the decade of the 1980s, along with Jimmy Robertson and George Cloy.[6] Former teammates Ted McMinn and Tommy Bryce listed Davidson as among the best players that they played beside at Queens.[7] Barry Nicholson listed Davidson among his favourite players when interviewed on his boyhood as a supporter of Queens.[1][8]","title":"Queen of the South (both 1st & 2nd spells combined)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"Palmerston Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ozf1-4"}],"text":"Davidson signed for the Australian club Floreat Athena for season 1988–89, before returning from Perth, Western Australia for his second spell at Palmerston Park.[1][4]","title":"Floreat Athena"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ards F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ards_F.C."},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_in_Scottish_football"},{"link_name":"Cliftonhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliftonhill"},{"link_name":"Kirkintilloch Rob Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkintilloch_Rob_Roy"},{"link_name":"Armadale Thistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale_Thistle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qoslegend-1"}],"text":"After leaving Queen of the South, Davidson had a short spell with Northern Irish football club Ards F.C. before signing for Albion Rovers at the start of season 1994–95. Davidson stayed at Cliftonhill for three seasons, playing 22 league games, before playing a season with junior outfits Kirkintilloch Rob Roy and Armadale Thistle before retiring from the game at the age of 39.[1]","title":"Albion Rovers & Junior Football"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Alan Davidson\". Queen of the South F.C. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://qosfc.com/legend-1099","url_text":"\"Alan Davidson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C.","url_text":"Queen of the South F.C."}]},{"reference":"\"Davidson, Alan\". thecelticwiki.com. Retrieved 25 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Davidson,+Alan","url_text":"\"Davidson, Alan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Davidson\". neilbrown.newcastlefans.com. Retrieved 25 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player1/alandavidson.html","url_text":"\"Alan Davidson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Player Database\". ozfootball.net. 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Retrieved 27 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://qosfc.com/Legends","url_text":"\"Queens Legends\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_South_F.C.","url_text":"Queen of the South F.C."}]},{"reference":"\"Barry Nicholson interview on www.qosfc.com\". Retrieved 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://qosfc.com/news-615","url_text":"\"Barry Nicholson interview on www.qosfc.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/legend-1099","external_links_name":"\"Alan Davidson\""},{"Link":"http://www.thecelticwiki.com/page/Davidson,+Alan","external_links_name":"\"Davidson, Alan\""},{"Link":"http://www.neilbrown.newcastlefans.com/player1/alandavidson.html","external_links_name":"\"Alan Davidson\""},{"Link":"http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Players/D/DA.html","external_links_name":"\"Australian Player Database\""},{"Link":"http://qosvideos.co.uk/07qosaz.htm","external_links_name":"\"A – Z OF QUEEN OF THE SOUTH\""},{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/history","external_links_name":"\"Club History\""},{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/Legends","external_links_name":"\"Queens Legends\""},{"Link":"http://qosfc.com/news-615","external_links_name":"\"Barry Nicholson interview on www.qosfc.com\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Women%27s_Suffrage_Federation | Irish Women's Suffrage Federation | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Organisation to unite suffrage societies in Ireland
The Irish Women's Suffrage Federation (IWSF) was an organisation founded in 1911 to unite scattered suffrage societies in Ireland.
See also
Women's suffrage organizations
Timeline of women's suffrage
List of suffragists and suffragettes
References
^ Peter Gordon: Dictionary of British Women's Organisations 1825-1960
vteSuffrageBasic topics
Universal suffrage
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Events
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Open Christmas Letter (1914)
Suffragette bombing and arson campaign
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Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
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This article about an organisation in Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Irish Women's Suffrage Federation (IWSF) was an organisation founded in 1911 to unite scattered suffrage societies in Ireland.[1]","title":"Irish Women's Suffrage Federation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Women's suffrage organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes#Major_suffrage_organizations"},{"title":"Timeline of women's suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage"},{"title":"List of suffragists and suffragettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Women%27s_Suffrage_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs | United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs | ["1 Staff and country offices","1.1 Staff","1.2 Country offices","2 Services","2.1 Key achievements 2023","3 Humanitarian innovation in organizations","4 International dialing code","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | United Nations body managing response to complex emergencies
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsAbbreviationOCHAFormation19 December 1991; 32 years ago (1991-12-19)TypeSecretariat officeLegal statusActiveHeadquartersNew York, United States Geneva, SwitzerlandHeadMartin Griffiths(Under-Secretary-General)Websitewww.unocha.org Politics portal
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) is a United Nations (UN) body established in December 1991 by the General Assembly to strengthen the international response to complex emergencies and natural disasters. It is the successor to the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO).
The Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) was established shortly thereafter by the Secretary-General, but in 1998, was merged into OCHA, which became the UN's main focal point on major disasters. OCHA's mandate was subsequently broadened to include coordinating humanitarian response, policy development and humanitarian advocacy. Its activities include organizing and monitoring humanitarian funding, advocacy, policymaking, and information exchange to facilitate rapid-response teams for emergency relief.
OCHA is led by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator (USG/ERC), appointed for a five-year term. Since July 2021, the role has been filled by Martin Griffiths of the United Kingdom.
OCHA organized the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul, Turkey. It is a sitting observer in the United Nations Development Group.
Staff and country offices
OCHA is headed by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, since July 2021 by Martin Griffiths. The headquarters based in two locations (New York and Geneva) in addition to 6 regional offices, 34 country offices, and 20 humanitarian adviser teams.
Staff
As of June 2016, OCHA has 2,300 staff spread across the world in over 60 countries.
Country offices
Major OCHA country offices are located in all continents, among others in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Palestinian territories, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Syria, Yemen, and Zimbabwe, while regional offices are located in Panama City, Dakar, Cairo, Johannesburg, Bangkok, and Kuala Lumpur. OCHA also has some liaison and support staff in New York and Geneva.
In the aftermath of the 2020 Beirut explosions, Najat Rochdi was the co-ordinator for OCHA's efforts in Lebanon.
Services
OCHA has built up a range of services in the execution of its mandate. Some of the larger ones are:
IRIN, Integrated Regional Information Networks, a humanitarian news and analysis service (1995–2014) Since 1 January 2015, IRIN now operates as an independent news service, The New Humanitarian, and is no longer affiliated with OCHA.
INSARAG, International Search and Rescue Advisory Group
ReliefWeb, a leading source of time-critical humanitarian information on global crises and disasters. ReliefWeb is a 24/7 service that provides the latest reports, maps, infographics, and videos from trusted sources, as well as jobs and training programs for humanitarians. (1996)
Central Emergency Response Fund, a humanitarian fund established by the UN General Assembly to 1) promote early action and response to reduce loss of life; 2) enhance response to time-critical requirements; and 3) strengthen core elements of humanitarian response in underfunded crises (2006)
Humanitarian Reform seeks to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian response by ensuring greater predictability, accountability and partnership.
Who does What Where Database and Contact Management Directory: To ensure that appropriate and timely humanitarian response is delivered during a disaster or emergency, information must be managed efficiently. The key information that is important to assess and ensure that humanitarian needs are met in any emergency/disaster are, to know which organizations (Who) are carrying out what activities (What) in which locations (Where) which is also universally referred to as the 3W (Who does What Where). The integrated Contact Management Directory, complements the 3W database, making it easy for the user to navigate through the application.(2006)
Common and Fundamental Operational Datasets (CODs) are critical datasets that are used to support the work of humanitarian actors across multiple sectors. They are considered a de facto standard for the humanitarian community and should represent the best-available datasets for each theme. The Fundamental Operational Datasets (FODs) are datasets that are relevant to a humanitarian operation, but are more specific to a particular sector or otherwise do not fit into one of the seven COD themes. The main source of curated CODs is accessible via the Humanitarian Data Exchange, though CODs may also be found on various governmental and independent websites.
Since 2004, OCHA has partnered with the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance to facilitate OCHA's Civil Military Coordination (UN-CMCoord) course in the Asia-Pacific Region. The UN-CMCoord Course is designed to address the need for coordination between international civilian humanitarian actors, especially UN humanitarian agencies, and international military forces in an international humanitarian emergency. This established UN training plays a critical role in building capacity to facilitate effective coordination in the field by bringing together approximately 30 practitioners from the spectrum of actors sharing operational space during a humanitarian crisis and training them on UN coordination mechanisms and internationally recognized guidelines for civil military coordination.
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory (OCHAoPt). OCHA's Country Office in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), established in 2002 to support international efforts to respond to the deteriorating humanitarian situation in the oPt.
Since 2015, the annual production of the Global Humanitarian Overview reports.
Since 2015, OCHA acts as the secretariat for the Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks.
Key achievements 2023
In 2023, for example, The organization successfully coordinated significant humanitarian efforts, in Ukraine for example, receiving almost $3.7 billion in support. The Central Emergency Response Fund distributed $735 million to aid 33 million people across 42 countries, including rapid responses in Ukraine and to global food insecurity. Record donations to the Country-Based Pooled Funds have enabled support for over 47 million people worldwide.
Humanitarian innovation in organizations
This section may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The OCHA encourages humanitarian innovation within organizations. For organizations, it is a way of identifying and solving problems while changing business models to adapt to new opportunities. In OCHA's occasional policy paper Humanitarian Innovation: The State of the Art, they list the reasons why organizations are moving toward providing their own kind of humanitarian service through innovation:
Shifting business models based on public demand: There is a growing amount of humanitarian emergencies and the old model of response does not fit the modern problem.
Increased contributions from the private sector: Private organizations are driven by their obligation to Corporate Social Responsibility and now associate their contributions to their brand.
Developing partnerships within organizations: Partnerships lead to new ideas and solutions to problems.
Trend toward developing innovative technologies: Technology allows people to respond to emergencies quicker.
They also list potential challenges associated with these changes:
Humanitarian innovation requires a different market structure: It is assumed that there is no incentive for private organizations to participate in humanitarian innovation.
Inequalities in power can stimulate conflict: There is no general principle for ethics in innovation. If humanitarian innovation is carried out incorrectly, there can be consequences to communities, individuals, or the system at large.
Monetary and political risk if humanitarian efforts fail: This risk can cause delayed responses to humanitarian issues, so organizations tend to look to the past rather than plan for the future.
International dialing code
The OCHA was assigned its own international calling code +888. Telephone numbers in the +888 "country code" were assigned to agencies providing humanitarian relief. The +888 code was implemented by Voxbone. However, the assignment of the +888 code has been withdrawn.
See also
Politics portal
United Nations
Martin Griffiths
Civil defense
Humanitarian aid
World Humanitarian Summit
References
^ United Nations General Assembly Session 46 Resolution 182. Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations A/RES/46/182 19 December 1991.
^ "Who We Are". OCHA. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ "OUR WORK". OCHA. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
^ UNDG Members. Undg.org. accessed on 20 November 2011.
^ "OCHA Annual Report 2019" (PDF). ReliefWeb. 11 June 2020. p. 4. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
^ "OCHA Annual Report 2015". ReliefWeb. 21 June 2016. p. 14. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ "Where We Work - All Countries". OCHA. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
^ Lederer, Edith M. (14 August 2020). "UN launches $565-million appeal for Beirut explosion victims". The Globe and Mail Inc. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ Redesigning ReliefWeb. Reliefweb.int (1 September 2007). accessed on 20 November 2011.
^ about-us IRIN News. Accessed 10 June 2016.
^ "About Us". ReliefWeb. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
^ ""Who does What Where" Database". Archived from the original on 22 November 2007.
^ "Welcome - Humanitarian Data Exchange". data.humdata.org. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ "Humanitarian Data Exchange". data.humdata.org. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
^ "Center for Excellence". COE. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
^ "About OCHA oPt" Archived 9 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine. accessed 11 November 2013
^ Salomons, Dirk. "Charity or Charade? The tragedy of humanitarianism." Journal of International Affairs 70, no. 2 (2017): 39-57.
^ "Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks (HNPW) x GISF 2021". Global Interagency Security Forum. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
^ "OCHA Annual Report". Retrieved 11 April 2024.
^ "Humanitarian Innovation: The State of the Art". accessed 9 November 2014
^ "Voxbone Press Release". Voxbone. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
^ "National Numbering Plans". International Telecommunications Union. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
External links
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Greece | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"natural disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UN_ARES46182-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"humanitarian response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_response"},{"link_name":"policy development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_development"},{"link_name":"humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian"},{"link_name":"advocacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocacy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator"},{"link_name":"Martin Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"World Humanitarian Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Summit"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"United Nations Development Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) is a United Nations (UN) body established in December 1991 by the General Assembly to strengthen the international response to complex emergencies and natural disasters.[1] It is the successor to the Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO).The Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA) was established shortly thereafter by the Secretary-General, but in 1998, was merged into OCHA, which became the UN's main focal point on major disasters.[2] OCHA's mandate was subsequently broadened to include coordinating humanitarian response, policy development and humanitarian advocacy. Its activities include organizing and monitoring humanitarian funding, advocacy, policymaking, and information exchange to facilitate rapid-response teams for emergency relief.[3]OCHA is led by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator (USG/ERC), appointed for a five-year term. Since July 2021, the role has been filled by Martin Griffiths of the United Kingdom.OCHA organized the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit in Istanbul, Turkey. It is a sitting observer in the United Nations Development Group.[4]","title":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_for_Humanitarian_Affairs_and_Emergency_Relief_Coordinator"},{"link_name":"Martin Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"OCHA is headed by the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, since July 2021 by Martin Griffiths. The headquarters based in two locations (New York and Geneva) in addition to 6 regional offices, 34 country offices, and 20 humanitarian adviser teams.[5]","title":"Staff and country offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Staff","text":"As of June 2016, OCHA has 2,300 staff spread across the world in over 60 countries.[6]","title":"Staff and country offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continent"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Palestinian territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"2020 Beirut explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Beirut_explosions"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emlap-8"}],"sub_title":"Country offices","text":"Major OCHA country offices are located in all continents, among others in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Palestinian territories, Sri Lanka, Sudan, South Sudan, Somalia, Syria, Yemen, and Zimbabwe, while regional offices are located in Panama City, Dakar, Cairo, Johannesburg, Bangkok, and Kuala Lumpur.[7] OCHA also has some liaison and support staff in New York and Geneva.In the aftermath of the 2020 Beirut explosions, Najat Rochdi was the co-ordinator for OCHA's efforts in Lebanon.[8]","title":"Staff and country offices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IRIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redesigning-9"},{"link_name":"The New Humanitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"International Search and Rescue Advisory Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Search_and_Rescue_Advisory_Group"},{"link_name":"ReliefWeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReliefWeb"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Central Emergency Response Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Emergency_Response_Fund"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarianism"},{"link_name":"predictability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predictability"},{"link_name":"accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability"},{"link_name":"partnership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partnership"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Common and Fundamental Operational Datasets (CODs)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Operational_Datasets"},{"link_name":"datasets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dataset"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Data Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.humdata.org/cod"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Excellence_in_Disaster_Management_and_Humanitarian_Assistance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COE-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Global Humanitarian Overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Humanitarian_Overview"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Networks_and_Partnerships_Weeks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"OCHA has built up a range of services in the execution of its mandate. Some of the larger ones are:IRIN, Integrated Regional Information Networks, a humanitarian news and analysis service[9] (1995–2014) Since 1 January 2015, IRIN now operates as an independent news service, The New Humanitarian, and is no longer affiliated with OCHA.[10]\nINSARAG, International Search and Rescue Advisory Group\nReliefWeb, a leading source of time-critical humanitarian information on global crises and disasters. ReliefWeb is a 24/7 service that provides the latest reports, maps, infographics, and videos from trusted sources, as well as jobs and training programs for humanitarians.[11] (1996)\nCentral Emergency Response Fund, a humanitarian fund established by the UN General Assembly to 1) promote early action and response to reduce loss of life; 2) enhance response to time-critical requirements; and 3) strengthen core elements of humanitarian response in underfunded crises (2006)\nHumanitarian Reform seeks to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian response by ensuring greater predictability, accountability and partnership.\nWho does What Where Database and Contact Management Directory: To ensure that appropriate and timely humanitarian response is delivered during a disaster or emergency, information must be managed efficiently. The key information that is important to assess and ensure that humanitarian needs are met in any emergency/disaster are, to know which organizations (Who) are carrying out what activities (What) in which locations (Where) which is also universally referred to as the 3W (Who does What Where). The integrated Contact Management Directory, complements the 3W database, making it easy for the user to navigate through the application.(2006)[12]\nCommon and Fundamental Operational Datasets (CODs) are critical datasets that are used to support the work of humanitarian actors across multiple sectors. They are considered a de facto standard for the humanitarian community and should represent the best-available datasets for each theme. The Fundamental Operational Datasets (FODs) are datasets that are relevant to a humanitarian operation, but are more specific to a particular sector or otherwise do not fit into one of the seven COD themes.[13] The main source of curated CODs is accessible via the Humanitarian Data Exchange,[14] though CODs may also be found on various governmental and independent websites.\nSince 2004, OCHA has partnered with the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance to facilitate OCHA's Civil Military Coordination (UN-CMCoord) course in the Asia-Pacific Region. The UN-CMCoord Course is designed to address the need for coordination between international civilian humanitarian actors, especially UN humanitarian agencies, and international military forces in an international humanitarian emergency. This established UN training plays a critical role in building capacity to facilitate effective coordination in the field by bringing together approximately 30 practitioners from the spectrum of actors sharing operational space during a humanitarian crisis and training them on UN coordination mechanisms and internationally recognized guidelines for civil military coordination.[15]\nOffice for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory (OCHAoPt). OCHA's Country Office in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), established in 2002 to support international efforts to respond to the deteriorating humanitarian situation in the oPt.[16]\nSince 2015, the annual production of the Global Humanitarian Overview reports.[17]\nSince 2015, OCHA acts as the secretariat for the Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Weeks.[18]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Key achievements 2023","text":"In 2023, for example, The organization successfully coordinated significant humanitarian efforts, in Ukraine for example, receiving almost $3.7 billion in support. The Central Emergency Response Fund distributed $735 million to aid 33 million people across 42 countries, including rapid responses in Ukraine and to global food insecurity. Record donations to the Country-Based Pooled Funds have enabled support for over 47 million people worldwide.[19]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"Corporate Social Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_Social_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The OCHA encourages humanitarian innovation within organizations. For organizations, it is a way of identifying and solving problems while changing business models to adapt to new opportunities. In OCHA's occasional policy paper Humanitarian Innovation: The State of the Art, they list the reasons why organizations are moving toward providing their own kind of humanitarian service through innovation:Shifting business models based on public demand: There is a growing amount of humanitarian emergencies and the old model of response does not fit the modern problem.\nIncreased contributions from the private sector: Private organizations are driven by their obligation to Corporate Social Responsibility and now associate their contributions to their brand.\nDeveloping partnerships within organizations: Partnerships lead to new ideas and solutions to problems.\nTrend toward developing innovative technologies: Technology allows people to respond to emergencies quicker.They also list potential challenges associated with these changes:Humanitarian innovation requires a different market structure: It is assumed that there is no incentive for private organizations to participate in humanitarian innovation.\nInequalities in power can stimulate conflict: There is no general principle for ethics in innovation. If humanitarian innovation is carried out incorrectly, there can be consequences to communities, individuals, or the system at large.\nMonetary and political risk if humanitarian efforts fail: This risk can cause delayed responses to humanitarian issues, so organizations tend to look to the past rather than plan for the future.[20]","title":"Humanitarian innovation in organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international calling code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes"},{"link_name":"Voxbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxbone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Voxbone_Press_Release-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The OCHA was assigned its own international calling code +888. Telephone numbers in the +888 \"country code\" were assigned to agencies providing humanitarian relief. The +888 code was implemented by Voxbone.[21] However, the assignment of the +888 code has been withdrawn.[22]","title":"International dialing code"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"title":"Martin Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Griffiths"},{"title":"Civil defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense"},{"title":"Humanitarian aid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid"},{"title":"World Humanitarian Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Humanitarian_Summit"}] | [{"reference":"\"Who We Are\". OCHA. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unocha.org/about-us/who-we-are","url_text":"\"Who We Are\""}]},{"reference":"\"OUR WORK\". OCHA. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unocha.org/our-work","url_text":"\"OUR WORK\""}]},{"reference":"\"OCHA Annual Report 2019\" (PDF). ReliefWeb. 11 June 2020. p. 4. Retrieved 14 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/2019OCHAannualreport.pdf","url_text":"\"OCHA Annual Report 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"OCHA Annual Report 2015\". ReliefWeb. 21 June 2016. p. 14. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/report/world/ocha-annual-report-2015","url_text":"\"OCHA Annual Report 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where We Work - All Countries\". OCHA. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150426080234/http://www.unocha.org/where-we-work/all-countries","url_text":"\"Where We Work - All Countries\""},{"url":"https://www.unocha.org/where-we-work/all-countries","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lederer, Edith M. (14 August 2020). \"UN launches $565-million appeal for Beirut explosion victims\". The Globe and Mail Inc. Associated Press. Retrieved 2 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-un-launches-565-million-appeal-for-beirut-explosion-victims/","url_text":"\"UN launches $565-million appeal for Beirut explosion victims\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us\". ReliefWeb. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://reliefweb.int/about","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Who does What Where\" Database\". Archived from the original on 22 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071122151848/http://3w.unocha.org/WhoWhatWhere","url_text":"\"\"Who does What Where\" Database\""},{"url":"https://3w.unocha.org/WhoWhatWhere","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome - Humanitarian Data Exchange\". data.humdata.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Five_Nations_Championship | 1924 Five Nations Championship | ["1 Table","2 Results","3 External links"] | 1924 Five Nations ChampionshipDate1 January - 27 March 1924Countries England France Ireland Scotland WalesTournament statisticsChampions England (9th title)Grand Slam England (5th title)Triple Crown England (8th title)Matches played10
← 1923 (Previous)
(Next) 1925 →
The 1924 Five Nations Championship was the tenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-seventh series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 27 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Carston Catcheside, the England winger, became the first player to score a try against each other team in the five nations. Until the tournament became the 6 nations in 2000, only four other players managed this achievement, Johnnie Wallace (Scotland 1925), Patrick Estève (France 1983), Philippe Sella (France 1986) and Gregor Townsend (Scotland 1999).
Table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
PF
PA
PD
Pts
1
England
4
4
0
0
69
19
+50
8
2
Scotland
4
2
0
2
58
49
+9
4
2
Ireland
4
2
0
2
30
37
−7
4
4
France
4
1
0
3
25
45
−20
2
4
Wales
4
1
0
3
39
71
−32
2
Source:
Results
1924-01-01France 12–10 ScotlandParis
1924-01-19 Wales9–17 EnglandSwansea
1924-01-26Ireland 6–0 FranceDublin
1924-02-02Scotland 35–10 WalesEdinburgh
1924-02-09Ireland 3–14 EnglandBelfast
1924-02-23England 19–7 FranceTwickenham
1924-02-23Scotland 13–8 IrelandEdinburgh
1924-03-08 Wales10–13 IrelandCardiff
1924-03-15England 19–0 ScotlandLondon
1924-03-27France 6–10 WalesParis
External links
"6 Nations History". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
Pathe News coverage of 1924 England Grand Slam
vteSix Nations ChampionshipTeams
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Wales
Stadia
Twickenham Stadium
Stade de France
Aviva Stadium
Stadio Olimpico
Murrayfield Stadium
Millennium Stadium
SeasonsHome
1883
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1886
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1890
1891
1892
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1904
1905
1906
1907
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1909
Five
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
Home
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
Five
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
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1969
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1982
1983
1984
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1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
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Six
2000
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2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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SquadsFive
1966
1967
1968
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1982
1983
1984
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Six
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
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2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
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Head-to-headrecordsEngland
France
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Wales
France
England
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Wales
Ireland
England
France
Italy
Scotland
Wales
Italy
England
France
Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Scotland
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Wales
Wales
England
France
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Honours
Triple Crown
Grand Slam
Auld Alliance Trophy
Calcutta Cup
Centenary Quaich
Cuttitta Cup
Doddie Weir Cup
Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy
Millennium Trophy
Wooden Spoon
Championship records
Hat-tricks
Players of the Championship
Under 20s Championship
Women's Championship | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Five Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Carston Catcheside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carston_Catcheside"},{"link_name":"Johnnie Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnie_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Patrick Estève","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Est%C3%A8ve"},{"link_name":"Philippe Sella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Sella"},{"link_name":"Gregor Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Townsend"}],"text":"The 1924 Five Nations Championship was the tenth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship following the inclusion of France into the Home Nations Championship. Including the previous Home Nations Championships, this was the thirty-seventh series of the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played between 1 January and 27 March. It was contested by England, France, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.Carston Catcheside, the England winger, became the first player to score a try against each other team in the five nations. Until the tournament became the 6 nations in 2000, only four other players managed this achievement, Johnnie Wallace (Scotland 1925), Patrick Estève (France 1983), Philippe Sella (France 1986) and Gregor Townsend (Scotland 1999).","title":"1924 Five Nations Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]","title":"Table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"1924-01-01France 12–10 ScotlandParis1924-01-19 Wales9–17 EnglandSwansea1924-01-26Ireland 6–0 FranceDublin1924-02-02Scotland 35–10 WalesEdinburgh1924-02-09Ireland 3–14 EnglandBelfast1924-02-23England 19–7 FranceTwickenham1924-02-23Scotland 13–8 IrelandEdinburgh1924-03-08 Wales10–13 IrelandCardiff1924-03-15England 19–0 ScotlandLondon1924-03-27France 6–10 WalesParis","title":"Results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"6 Nations History\". rugbyfootballhistory.com. Retrieved 2008-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/6nations.htm","url_text":"\"6 Nations History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/6nations.htm","external_links_name":"\"6 Nations History\""},{"Link":"http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/BritishPathe/JNsd2Jvq","external_links_name":"Pathe News coverage of 1924 England Grand Slam"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacechem | SpaceChem | ["1 Gameplay","2 Development","2.1 Post-release support","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | 2011 video game
2011 video gameSpaceChemDeveloper(s)Zachtronics IndustriesPublisher(s)Zachtronics IndustriesDesigner(s)Zach BarthProgrammer(s)Collin ArnoldArtist(s)Ryan SumoComposer(s)Evan LE NYPlatform(s)Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux, iOS, AndroidReleaseWW: January 1, 2011Genre(s)Puzzle gameMode(s)Single-player
SpaceChem is a puzzle and indie game by Zachtronics Industries, based on principles of automation and chemical bonding. In the game, the player is tasked to produce one or more specific chemical molecules via an assembly line by programming two remote manipulators (called "waldos" in the game) that interact with atoms and molecules through a visual programming language. SpaceChem was the developer's first foray into a commercial title after a number of free Flash-based browser games that feature similar puzzle-based assembly problems.
The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows at the start of 2011 via Zachtronics' own website. Though it was initially rejected for sale on the Steam platform, Valve later offered to sell the game after it received high praise from game journalists; further attention came from the game's release alongside one of the Humble Indie Bundles. The game has since been ported to other computing platforms and mobile devices. Reviewers found the game's open-ended problem-solving nature as a highlight of the title. SpaceChem was incorporated into some academic institutions for teaching concepts related to both chemistry and programming.
Gameplay
A SpaceChem program requiring the player to make titanium oxide and zinc oxide using titanium, zinc, and oxygen, and deliver the completed molecules to the appropriate quadrant on the right
In SpaceChem, the player takes the role of a SpaceChem Reactor Engineer whose task is to create circuits through which atoms and molecules flow with the aid of waldos to produce particular batches of chemical shipments for each level.
The primary game mode of SpaceChem depicts the internal workings of a Reactor, mapped out to a 10 × 8 regular grid. Each reactor has up to two input and up to two output quadrants, and supports two waldos, red and blue, manipulated through command icons placed on the grid. The player adds commands from an array to direct each waldo independently through the grid. The commands direct the movement of the waldo, to pick up, rotate, and drop atoms and molecules, and to trigger reactor events such as chemical bond formation. The two waldos can also be synchronized, forcing one to wait for the other to reach a synchronization command. The reactors may support specific nodes, set by the player, that act where atomic bonds can be made or broken, where atoms can undergo fission or fusion, or where logic decisions based on atom type can be made. As such, the player is challenged to create a visual program to accept the given inputs, disassemble and reassemble them as necessary, and deliver them to the target output areas to match the required product. The product molecule does not need to match orientation or specific layout of the molecules as long as the molecule is topologically equivalent with respect to atoms, bonds, and bond types; however, in larger puzzles, these factors will influence the inputs to downstream reactors. While the two waldos can cross over each other without harm, collision of atoms with one another or with the walls of the reactor is not allowed; such collisions stop the program and force the player to re-evaluate their solution. Similarly, if a waldo delivers the wrong product, the player will need to check their program. The player successfully completes each puzzle by constructing a program capable of repeatedly generating the required output, meeting a certain quota.
In larger puzzles, the player can also guide the formation of chemicals through multiple reactors, which they place out on a larger rectangular grid representing the planet's surface. From here, the output from one reactor will become the input for another reactor; the player is often free to determine what intermediate products to produce to send to the next reactor. The player must not only program the individual reactors, often limited in functionality such as one that can only break bonds but not form them, but plan out the location and order of reactors to make the final product.
The game's puzzles are divided into groups set on different planets. Players generally must complete each puzzle in order to progress to the next one, but the game includes optional harder puzzles. Final boss levels, called out as defense levels, complete each planet; here, the player must efficiently create chemicals and deliver them in a timely manner, once the reactor systems have been started, to trigger defense systems to ward off attacking enemies before they destroy a control structure.
Upon completion of each puzzle, the player's performance is compared on a leaderboard based on the number of instructions placed in their reactors, the number of cycles it took to meet the quota, and the number of reactors required to meet the solution. The player also has an option to upload videos of their solution to YouTube. The player, once having cleared a puzzle, can return to previous puzzles to try to improve their solution by reducing the number of instructions, cycles taken, or reactors used. SpaceChem supports downloadable content created by the developers themselves, and user-submitted puzzles through its ResearchNet service. A later addition included an open-ended sandbox mode where players could simply explore the game's capabilities.
Development
Barth was inspired by the derelict gasworks at Seattle's Gas Works Park in the creation of SpaceChem
Prior to SpaceChem, Zach Barth, the designer behind Zachtronics Industries, had created several Flash-based browser games with automation puzzles, including The Codex of Alchemical Engineering where the player had to place and program manipulator arms to construct atoms and molecules following the rules of alchemy. Barth had wanted to expand the ideas in Codex to include more realistic aspects of chemistry, such as more complex molecules, but did not pursue the idea immediately afterwards. About a year after completing Codex, Barth was inspired by the disused chemical plant at Gas Works Park in Seattle, giving him the idea to incorporate pipelines into the basic mechanics of molecule-building from Codex.
SpaceChem took about a year with a team of seven people from around the globe to create: Barth was responsible for design and production, Collin Arnold and Keith Holman handled the programming, Ryan Sumo created the visuals, Evan Le Ny the music, Ken Bowen the sound and Hillary Field created the game's narrative. The development costs were around $4,000, with the team working on the game during their spare time on weekends. Barth considered this a risk-cutting measure; if the game did not succeed, the team still had their full-time jobs they could continue. The team used the C# language built on the Mono framework for the game which would allow for easy porting to other platforms beyond Microsoft Windows. Initially, they had considered using Microsoft XNA for ease of porting to the Xbox 360, but later opted to consider other release platforms, requiring them to switch to the more portable Mono framework.
In designing puzzles, Barth wanted to keep puzzles open-ended, allowing the player to come to a solution without funneling them in a specific direction. The team designed puzzles based on general chemistry concepts without envisioning the specific solution that the player would take. They brainstormed a number of puzzles and then eliminated those with similar solutions, and arranged the others into a reasonable learning curve for the game. Despite this, Barth reflected that the tutorials provided to explain the game's mechanics had mixed responses, from some players who took up the concept easily to others that remained baffled as to the puzzle's goal even when instructions were set out step by step. In some cases, Barth discovered that players made assumptions on limitations of the game from these tutorials such as the idea that the red and blue waldos must remain in the separate halves of the screen. Based on the feedback that players had made on sites that hosted his previous Flash-based games, Barth designed the global-based histograms to allow players to check their solution without feeling overwhelmed by the top players as would be normally listed on a leaderboard. He also devised the means of sharing solutions through YouTube videos due to similar comments and discussions on the previous games.
Barth had envisioned the game as his first commercial project, and based on feedback from Codex and other games, wanted to include a storyline along with the puzzles. The story missions included "defense" puzzles that typically were considered very hard to solve; Barth recognized after release that players would stall out at these puzzles and not attempt to complete the game, with only 2% of the players tracked having reached the final puzzle. Barth would have likely placed the harder puzzles at the end or as part of the ResearchNet add-on. He also tried too much to incorporate a theme based on scientific research, popularized at the time by the success of Portal. He instead found potential players were scared off by the chemistry aspect even though the game had little connection to real chemistry; a colleague had once suggested to Barth that if the game was named SpaceGems and modeled around alchemy, the game would have sold twice as many copies.
SpaceChem was released on January 1, 2011 via digital download from the Zachtronics website for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux computers. They had initially sought to get approval from Valve to sell the game through Steam, but Valve refused them, and thus opted for sale from their own website. Shortly after its release, the game received several positive reviews including one from Quintin Smith of the gaming website Rock Paper Shotgun. Zachtronics was contacted two days later by Valve with an interest to add it to Steam. The game was subsequently made available on Steam by March 4, 2011, and later on GamersGate on March 17, 2011. The inclusion of the game on Steam was considered by Barth to be the largest boost to sales of the game, outweighing any other distribution method they had.
Post-release support
SpaceChem received a free update in late April 2011, which added several new features to the game as well as new puzzles. The patch included support for the ResearchNet puzzle creation and sharing system, and for the Steam-enabled version, support for achievements and leaderboards specific for Steam friends. The update for the Steam version also included a small set of puzzles tied in with Team Fortress 2, which upon completion would reward the player with a decorative item they could use within Team Fortress 2. The game was included in the Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle charitable sale in early October 2011.
SpaceChem was ported to the iPad in October 2011, using touch controls instead of mouse and keyboard to manipulate the visual program. An Android port was released in July 2012. Both mobile platforms include most of the full game excluding the defense puzzles. The sandbox mode was added at the request of a player who was trying to explore SpaceChem computational abilities. Alongside the sandbox mode, Zactronics offered a contest for the most interesting sandbox creation. This same user was able to demonstrate a brainfuck interpreter within SpaceChem, claiming that the visual programming language was Turing complete. Barth has mentioned the possibility of a sequel in an interview with IndieGamer.
Zachtronics Industries has encouraged the game to be used as a learning tool for programming and chemistry concepts, and offers discounts for schools, though briefly offered the game free-of-charge for educational institutions for a few months after the release of the sandbox mode addition. According to The Independent Games Developers Association, schools in the United Kingdom have started using SpaceChem to teach students fundamental programming concepts. The success of SpaceChem led to several companies contacting Zachtronics to develop educational titles; the company spent about two years working with Amplify to develop three "edutainment" games for their platform before they returned to work on more direct entertainment titles, but used the opportunity to improve on their in-game teaching mechanics.
On September 30, 2012, SpaceChem was the featured game on IndieGameStand, a site which features indie games with a pay-what-you-want model with a portion of the proceeds going to charity. Zachtronics Industries chose the Against Malaria Foundation as the charity to which 10% of the proceeds were donated.
On October 25, 2015, Zachtronics announced they have dropped all support for SpaceChem on the iOS and OS X platform. The reason they gave was due to the complexity of the Mono package for future support.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic84/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer9/10PC Gamer (UK)89
SpaceChem was generally well received by critics, with an aggregate Metacritic score of 84 out of 100 from its Microsoft Windows release. Quintin Smith of Rock, Paper, Shotgun said "I think we might have just received one of the year's best indie games in the first week of 2011". Gamasutra's Margaret Robertson praised SpaceChem's gameplay, contrasting it with other open-ended activities as it offers the opportunity for the player to be as creative as they want to be within the minimal ruleset required of each puzzle. Robertson also found the game to be thrilling, having each puzzle initially appear "so astonishingly dispiriting" to what she had previously learned, but through trial and error coming to a solution that works and giving her the feeling of having "made a creative statement" in her solution. Eurogamer's John Teti praised the means through which the game introduced new mechanics without excessive reliance on tutorials; he commented that "the problems become more daunting" through the addition of new elements and commands, the game "is always more accessible than it looks". Edge said "The triumph of SpaceChem is that overcoming these situations is more a case of inventing a solution than discovering one."
Gamasutra named SpaceChem the best indie game of 2011. Though total sales of the game are unknown, at least 230,000 copies were purchases as part of the game's inclusion in the Humble Indie Bundle. Barth stated that with sales of SpaceChem, he was able to quit his job at Microsoft and run his development company full-time. Ryan Sumo, the freelance artist for the game, gained recognition in the industry and went on to help develop the art for Prison Architect.
References
^ a b c d e f g Teti, John (February 4, 2011). "SpaceChem – Review". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
^ a b c Brown, Mark (November 29, 2011). "Chemistry puzzler SpaceChem offered to schools for free". Wired UK. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Barth, Zach (June 13, 2012). "Postmortem: Zachtronics Industries' SpaceChem". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
^ a b c Michael Rose (March 8, 2011). "Podcast 17 Zach Barth on SpaceChem and Infiniminer". Indie Games Podcast. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
^ Smith, Quintin (January 20, 2011). "My Chemical Romance: Zach Barth Interview". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2012.
^ a b Quintin Smith (January 6, 2011). "Better Living Through Chemistry: SpaceChem". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
^ Phillips, Tom (May 3, 2011). "SpaceChem free update details". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ Zacny, Rob (October 5, 2011). "SpaceChem joins the Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle". PC Gamer UK. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved October 5, 2011.
^ Tolito, Stephan (September 28, 2011). "Somehow, They Turned Chemistry Into the Next Video Game You Should Play". Kotaku. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
^ Barth, Zach (June 3, 2012). "SpaceChem for Android Update". Zachtronics Industries. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ "SpaceChem Mobile is out for Android!" (Press release). Zachtronics Industries. July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2012.
^ Barth, Zach (January 23, 2012). "Playing in the sandbox: the winners!". Zachtronics Industries. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^ Smith, Adam (November 29, 2011). "Lab It Up: SpaceChem Adds Sandbox Mode". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^ Pearson, Craig (January 24, 2012). "Smashing Atoms In SpaceChem's Sandbox". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^ "SpaceChem – Education". Zachtronics Industries, Inc. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
^ Davidson, Pete (July 7, 2011). "SpaceChem Used as Educational Tool in Schools". GamePro. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved July 18, 2011.
^ Cameron, Phill (April 6, 2015). "Here we are now, edutain us: Education and games with SpaceChem's Zach Barth". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
^ Phillips, Tom (October 3, 2012). "Pay-what-you-want indie games site launches, spotlights SpaceChem". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
^ "Support Drop". Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
^ a b "SpaceChem for PC Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More at Metacritic". Metacritic. Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
^ Cameron, Phill (February 17, 2011). "SpaceChem Review". PC Gamer UK. Future Publishing. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
^ Robertson, Margaret (April 26, 2011). "Five Minutes of ... SpaceChem". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 27, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
^ "SpaceChem Review". Edge. April 15, 2011. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
^ Rose, Mike (December 16, 2011). "Gamasutra's Best Of 2011: Top 10 Indie Games". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
^ Herring, Will (October 12, 2011). "Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle Passes $1 Million Mark". GamePro. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
^ Sumo, Ryan (June 3, 2016). "How Political Animals Got a Publisher : Part 1". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
External links
Video games portal
Official website
vteZachtronics
SpaceChem
Ironclad Tactics
Infinifactory
TIS-100
Shenzhen I/O
Opus Magnum
Exapunks
Eliza | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_game"},{"link_name":"indie game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_game"},{"link_name":"Zachtronics Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachtronics_Industries"},{"link_name":"automation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation"},{"link_name":"chemical bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond"},{"link_name":"remote manipulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_manipulator"},{"link_name":"visual programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_language"},{"link_name":"Flash-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"the Steam platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Humble Indie Bundles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_Indie_Bundle"}],"text":"2011 video game2011 video gameSpaceChem is a puzzle and indie game by Zachtronics Industries, based on principles of automation and chemical bonding. In the game, the player is tasked to produce one or more specific chemical molecules via an assembly line by programming two remote manipulators (called \"waldos\" in the game) that interact with atoms and molecules through a visual programming language. SpaceChem was the developer's first foray into a commercial title after a number of free Flash-based browser games that feature similar puzzle-based assembly problems.The game was initially released for Microsoft Windows at the start of 2011 via Zachtronics' own website. Though it was initially rejected for sale on the Steam platform, Valve later offered to sell the game after it received high praise from game journalists; further attention came from the game's release alongside one of the Humble Indie Bundles. The game has since been ported to other computing platforms and mobile devices. Reviewers found the game's open-ended problem-solving nature as a highlight of the title. SpaceChem was incorporated into some academic institutions for teaching concepts related to both chemistry and programming.","title":"SpaceChem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spacechem_reactor_screen.png"},{"link_name":"titanium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"zinc oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"waldos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_manipulator"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"visual program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_programming_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wireduk_free-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"downloadable content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downloadable_content"},{"link_name":"sandbox mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbox_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wireduk_free-2"}],"text":"A SpaceChem program requiring the player to make titanium oxide and zinc oxide using titanium, zinc, and oxygen, and deliver the completed molecules to the appropriate quadrant on the rightIn SpaceChem, the player takes the role of a SpaceChem Reactor Engineer whose task is to create circuits through which atoms and molecules flow with the aid of waldos to produce particular batches of chemical shipments for each level.[1]The primary game mode of SpaceChem depicts the internal workings of a Reactor, mapped out to a 10 × 8 regular grid. Each reactor has up to two input and up to two output quadrants, and supports two waldos, red and blue, manipulated through command icons placed on the grid. The player adds commands from an array to direct each waldo independently through the grid. The commands direct the movement of the waldo, to pick up, rotate, and drop atoms and molecules, and to trigger reactor events such as chemical bond formation. The two waldos can also be synchronized, forcing one to wait for the other to reach a synchronization command. The reactors may support specific nodes, set by the player, that act where atomic bonds can be made or broken, where atoms can undergo fission or fusion, or where logic decisions based on atom type can be made.[1] As such, the player is challenged to create a visual program to accept the given inputs, disassemble and reassemble them as necessary, and deliver them to the target output areas to match the required product.[2] The product molecule does not need to match orientation or specific layout of the molecules as long as the molecule is topologically equivalent with respect to atoms, bonds, and bond types; however, in larger puzzles, these factors will influence the inputs to downstream reactors. While the two waldos can cross over each other without harm, collision of atoms with one another or with the walls of the reactor is not allowed; such collisions stop the program and force the player to re-evaluate their solution. Similarly, if a waldo delivers the wrong product, the player will need to check their program. The player successfully completes each puzzle by constructing a program capable of repeatedly generating the required output, meeting a certain quota.In larger puzzles, the player can also guide the formation of chemicals through multiple reactors, which they place out on a larger rectangular grid representing the planet's surface. From here, the output from one reactor will become the input for another reactor; the player is often free to determine what intermediate products to produce to send to the next reactor. The player must not only program the individual reactors, often limited in functionality such as one that can only break bonds but not form them, but plan out the location and order of reactors to make the final product.[1]The game's puzzles are divided into groups set on different planets. Players generally must complete each puzzle in order to progress to the next one, but the game includes optional harder puzzles.[1] Final boss levels, called out as defense levels, complete each planet; here, the player must efficiently create chemicals and deliver them in a timely manner, once the reactor systems have been started, to trigger defense systems to ward off attacking enemies before they destroy a control structure.[3]Upon completion of each puzzle, the player's performance is compared on a leaderboard based on the number of instructions placed in their reactors, the number of cycles it took to meet the quota, and the number of reactors required to meet the solution.[1] The player also has an option to upload videos of their solution to YouTube. The player, once having cleared a puzzle, can return to previous puzzles to try to improve their solution by reducing the number of instructions, cycles taken, or reactors used. SpaceChem supports downloadable content created by the developers themselves, and user-submitted puzzles through its ResearchNet service. A later addition included an open-ended sandbox mode where players could simply explore the game's capabilities.[2]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gas_Works_Park_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gas Works Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Works_Park"},{"link_name":"Zachtronics Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachtronics_Industries"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"alchemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy"},{"link_name":"Gas Works Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_Works_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiegamespodcast1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"C#","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft XNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_XNA"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_distribution"},{"link_name":"Valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_(service)"},{"link_name":"Rock Paper Shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps_review-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiegamespodcast1-4"},{"link_name":"GamersGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamersGate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"}],"text":"Barth was inspired by the derelict gasworks at Seattle's Gas Works Park in the creation of SpaceChemPrior to SpaceChem, Zach Barth, the designer behind Zachtronics Industries, had created several Flash-based browser games with automation puzzles, including The Codex of Alchemical Engineering where the player had to place and program manipulator arms to construct atoms and molecules following the rules of alchemy. Barth had wanted to expand the ideas in Codex to include more realistic aspects of chemistry, such as more complex molecules, but did not pursue the idea immediately afterwards. About a year after completing Codex, Barth was inspired by the disused chemical plant at Gas Works Park in Seattle, giving him the idea to incorporate pipelines into the basic mechanics of molecule-building from Codex.[3]SpaceChem took about a year with a team of seven people from around the globe to create: Barth was responsible for design and production, Collin Arnold and Keith Holman handled the programming, Ryan Sumo created the visuals, Evan Le Ny the music, Ken Bowen the sound and Hillary Field created the game's narrative.[4] The development costs were around $4,000, with the team working on the game during their spare time on weekends.[3] Barth considered this a risk-cutting measure; if the game did not succeed, the team still had their full-time jobs they could continue.[3] The team used the C# language built on the Mono framework for the game which would allow for easy porting to other platforms beyond Microsoft Windows. Initially, they had considered using Microsoft XNA for ease of porting to the Xbox 360, but later opted to consider other release platforms, requiring them to switch to the more portable Mono framework.[3]In designing puzzles, Barth wanted to keep puzzles open-ended, allowing the player to come to a solution without funneling them in a specific direction. The team designed puzzles based on general chemistry concepts without envisioning the specific solution that the player would take.[3] They brainstormed a number of puzzles and then eliminated those with similar solutions, and arranged the others into a reasonable learning curve for the game.[5] Despite this, Barth reflected that the tutorials provided to explain the game's mechanics had mixed responses, from some players who took up the concept easily to others that remained baffled as to the puzzle's goal even when instructions were set out step by step. In some cases, Barth discovered that players made assumptions on limitations of the game from these tutorials such as the idea that the red and blue waldos must remain in the separate halves of the screen.[3] Based on the feedback that players had made on sites that hosted his previous Flash-based games, Barth designed the global-based histograms to allow players to check their solution without feeling overwhelmed by the top players as would be normally listed on a leaderboard. He also devised the means of sharing solutions through YouTube videos due to similar comments and discussions on the previous games.[3]Barth had envisioned the game as his first commercial project, and based on feedback from Codex and other games, wanted to include a storyline along with the puzzles. The story missions included \"defense\" puzzles that typically were considered very hard to solve; Barth recognized after release that players would stall out at these puzzles and not attempt to complete the game, with only 2% of the players tracked having reached the final puzzle. Barth would have likely placed the harder puzzles at the end or as part of the ResearchNet add-on.[3] He also tried too much to incorporate a theme based on scientific research, popularized at the time by the success of Portal. He instead found potential players were scared off by the chemistry aspect even though the game had little connection to real chemistry; a colleague had once suggested to Barth that if the game was named SpaceGems and modeled around alchemy, the game would have sold twice as many copies.[3]SpaceChem was released on January 1, 2011 via digital download from the Zachtronics website for Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux computers. They had initially sought to get approval from Valve to sell the game through Steam, but Valve refused them, and thus opted for sale from their own website. Shortly after its release, the game received several positive reviews including one from Quintin Smith of the gaming website Rock Paper Shotgun.[6] Zachtronics was contacted two days later by Valve with an interest to add it to Steam.[4] The game was subsequently made available on Steam by March 4, 2011, and later on GamersGate on March 17, 2011. The inclusion of the game on Steam was considered by Barth to be the largest boost to sales of the game, outweighing any other distribution method they had.[3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team Fortress 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Fortress_2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humble_Indie_Bundle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"iPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"brainfuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainfuck"},{"link_name":"Turing complete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_complete"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiegamespodcast1-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wireduk_free-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"The Independent Games Developers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_Games_Developers_Association"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Amplify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplify_(company)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"IndieGameStand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IndieGameStand&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Against Malaria Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_Malaria_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spacechem-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drop_support-19"}],"sub_title":"Post-release support","text":"SpaceChem received a free update in late April 2011, which added several new features to the game as well as new puzzles. The patch included support for the ResearchNet puzzle creation and sharing system, and for the Steam-enabled version, support for achievements and leaderboards specific for Steam friends. The update for the Steam version also included a small set of puzzles tied in with Team Fortress 2, which upon completion would reward the player with a decorative item they could use within Team Fortress 2.[7] The game was included in the Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle charitable sale in early October 2011.[8]SpaceChem was ported to the iPad in October 2011, using touch controls instead of mouse and keyboard to manipulate the visual program.[9] An Android port was released in July 2012.[10][11] Both mobile platforms include most of the full game excluding the defense puzzles. The sandbox mode was added at the request of a player who was trying to explore SpaceChem computational abilities.[12] Alongside the sandbox mode, Zactronics offered a contest for the most interesting sandbox creation.[13] This same user was able to demonstrate a brainfuck interpreter within SpaceChem, claiming that the visual programming language was Turing complete.[14] Barth has mentioned the possibility of a sequel in an interview with IndieGamer.[4]Zachtronics Industries has encouraged the game to be used as a learning tool for programming and chemistry concepts, and offers discounts for schools, though briefly offered the game free-of-charge for educational institutions for a few months after the release of the sandbox mode addition.[2][15] According to The Independent Games Developers Association, schools in the United Kingdom have started using SpaceChem to teach students fundamental programming concepts.[16] The success of SpaceChem led to several companies contacting Zachtronics to develop educational titles; the company spent about two years working with Amplify to develop three \"edutainment\" games for their platform before they returned to work on more direct entertainment titles, but used the opportunity to improve on their in-game teaching mechanics.[17]On September 30, 2012, SpaceChem was the featured game on IndieGameStand, a site which features indie games with a pay-what-you-want model with a portion of the proceeds going to charity. Zachtronics Industries chose the Against Malaria Foundation as the charity to which 10% of the proceeds were donated.[18]On October 25, 2015, Zachtronics announced they have dropped all support for SpaceChem on the iOS and OS X platform. The reason they gave was due to the complexity of the Mono package for future support.[19]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-20"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (UK)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PCG-21"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-20"},{"link_name":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rps_review-6"},{"link_name":"Gamasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurog_review-1"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Gamasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postmortem-3"},{"link_name":"Prison Architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_Architect"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic84/100[20]Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamer9/10[1]PC Gamer (UK)89[21]SpaceChem was generally well received by critics, with an aggregate Metacritic score of 84 out of 100 from its Microsoft Windows release.[20] Quintin Smith of Rock, Paper, Shotgun said \"I think we might have just received one of the year's best indie games in the first week of 2011\".[6] Gamasutra's Margaret Robertson praised SpaceChem's gameplay, contrasting it with other open-ended activities as it offers the opportunity for the player to be as creative as they want to be within the minimal ruleset required of each puzzle. Robertson also found the game to be thrilling, having each puzzle initially appear \"so astonishingly dispiriting\" to what she had previously learned, but through trial and error coming to a solution that works and giving her the feeling of having \"made a creative statement\" in her solution.[22] Eurogamer's John Teti praised the means through which the game introduced new mechanics without excessive reliance on tutorials; he commented that \"the problems become more daunting\" through the addition of new elements and commands, the game \"is always more accessible than it looks\".[1] Edge said \"The triumph of SpaceChem is that overcoming these situations is more a case of inventing a solution than discovering one.\"[23]Gamasutra named SpaceChem the best indie game of 2011.[24] Though total sales of the game are unknown, at least 230,000 copies were purchases as part of the game's inclusion in the Humble Indie Bundle.[25] Barth stated that with sales of SpaceChem, he was able to quit his job at Microsoft and run his development company full-time.[3] Ryan Sumo, the freelance artist for the game, gained recognition in the industry and went on to help develop the art for Prison Architect.[26]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"A SpaceChem program requiring the player to make titanium oxide and zinc oxide using titanium, zinc, and oxygen, and deliver the completed molecules to the appropriate quadrant on the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Spacechem_reactor_screen.png/220px-Spacechem_reactor_screen.png"},{"image_text":"Barth was inspired by the derelict gasworks at Seattle's Gas Works Park in the creation of SpaceChem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Gas_Works_Park_03.jpg/220px-Gas_Works_Park_03.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Teti, John (February 4, 2011). \"SpaceChem – Review\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-02-07-spacechem-review","url_text":"\"SpaceChem – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716051745/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-02-07-spacechem-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brown, Mark (November 29, 2011). \"Chemistry puzzler SpaceChem offered to schools for free\". Wired UK. Archived from the original on May 18, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120518062358/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-11/29/spacechem-free-for-schools","url_text":"\"Chemistry puzzler SpaceChem offered to schools for free\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_UK","url_text":"Wired UK"},{"url":"https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2011-11/29/spacechem-free-for-schools","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Barth, Zach (June 13, 2012). \"Postmortem: Zachtronics Industries' SpaceChem\". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on June 16, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://gamasutra.com/view/feature/172250/postmortem_zachtronics_.php","url_text":"\"Postmortem: Zachtronics Industries' SpaceChem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616013736/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/172250/postmortem_zachtronics_.php?","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Michael Rose (March 8, 2011). \"Podcast 17 Zach Barth on SpaceChem and Infiniminer\". Indie Games Podcast. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024908/http://www.indiegames.com/2011/03/indiegamescom_podcast_17_zach.html","url_text":"\"Podcast 17 Zach Barth on SpaceChem and Infiniminer\""},{"url":"http://www.indiegames.com/2011/03/indiegamescom_podcast_17_zach.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Quintin (January 20, 2011). \"My Chemical Romance: Zach Barth Interview\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/01/20/my-chemical-romance-zach-barth-interview/","url_text":"\"My Chemical Romance: Zach Barth Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200109171413/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/01/20/my-chemical-romance-zach-barth-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quintin Smith (January 6, 2011). \"Better Living Through Chemistry: SpaceChem\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/01/06/better-living-through-chemistry-spacechem/","url_text":"\"Better Living Through Chemistry: SpaceChem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110509081448/http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/01/06/better-living-through-chemistry-spacechem/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Tom (May 3, 2011). \"SpaceChem free update details\". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011. 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Retrieved October 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/2011/10/05/spacechem-joins-the-humble-frozen-synapse-bundle/","url_text":"\"SpaceChem joins the Humble Frozen Synapse Bundle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer_UK","url_text":"PC Gamer UK"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111006104413/http://www.pcgamer.com/2011/10/05/spacechem-joins-the-humble-frozen-synapse-bundle/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tolito, Stephan (September 28, 2011). \"Somehow, They Turned Chemistry Into the Next Video Game You Should Play\". Kotaku. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. 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Retrieved June 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zachtronicsindustries.com/spacechem-for-android-update/","url_text":"\"SpaceChem for Android Update\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachtronics_Industries","url_text":"Zachtronics Industries"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120625153010/http://www.zachtronicsindustries.com/spacechem-for-android-update/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"SpaceChem Mobile is out for Android!\" (Press release). Zachtronics Industries. July 9, 2012. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/173754/SpaceChem_Mobile_is_out_for_Android.php","url_text":"\"SpaceChem Mobile is out for Android!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachtronics_Industries","url_text":"Zachtronics Industries"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131951/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/173754/SpaceChem_Mobile_is_out_for_Android.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Barth, Zach (January 23, 2012). \"Playing in the sandbox: the winners!\". Zachtronics Industries. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. 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Archived from the original on December 18, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/spacechem/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"SpaceChem for PC Reviews, Ratings, Credits and More at Metacritic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20231218023358/https://www.metacritic.com/game/spacechem/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cameron, Phill (February 17, 2011). \"SpaceChem Review\". PC Gamer UK. Future Publishing. Archived from the original on April 20, 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mattabesett_(1864) | USS Mattabesett (1863) | ["1 Service history","2 See also","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 External links"] | Gunboat of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Mattabesett.
The Battle of Albemarle Sound. Mattabesett is second from right
History
United States
NameUSS Mattabesett
BuilderA. & G. T. Sampson, Boston, Massachusetts
Laid down1862
Launched1863
Commissioned7 April 1864
Decommissioned31 May 1865
FateSold, 15 October 1865
General characteristics
Class and typeSassacus-class gunboat
Displacement1,173 long tons (1,192 t)
Length205 ft (62 m)
Beam35 ft (11 m)
Draft8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
Installed power1 × 712 ihp inclined direct-acting steam engine, auxiliary sails
Propulsion2 × sidewheels
Sail planSchooner-rigged
Speed14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph)
Complement100 officers and enlisted
Armament
2 × 100-pounder (45 kg) Parrott rifles
4 × 9 in (230 mm) smoothbore Dahlgren guns
4 × 24-pounder (11 kg) guns
1 × 12-pounder (5 kg) smoothbore gun
1 × 12-pounder (5 kg) rifled gun
USS Mattabesett, sometimes spelled Mattabeset, a schooner-rigged, wooden hulled, double-ended sidewheel gunboat, was built by A. & G. T. Sampson, Boston, Massachusetts, and named for the Mattabesset River in Connecticut. Mattabesett was delivered to the New York Navy Yard on January 18, 1864, and commissioned April 7, 1864, Commander John C. Febiger in command.
Service history
Mattabesett departed New York on April 21, 1864, for duty in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and arrived at Hampton Roads on April 23 as escort to USS Onondaga. Continuing down the coast to enter the North Carolina Sounds, she took part in an engagement between Union forces and the Confederate ram CSS Albemarle, accompanied by CSS Bombshell and CSS Cotton Plant, off the mouth of the Roanoke River on May 5. In the course of the battle, leading to the capture of Plymouth, North Carolina by Confederate forces, Mattabesett, with USS Sassacus, captured Bombshell, but Albemarle and Cotton Plant escaped.
But for a brief trip to New York in the fall of 1864, Mattabesett continued to serve the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron for the remainder of the U.S. Civil War, operating primarily in the inland waters of North Carolina. She sailed north in May 1865, decommissioned at New York on May 31, and was sold there on October 15.
See also
Ships captured in the American Civil War
Footnotes
^ a b Bauer and Roberts, pp. 80-81.
References
Bauer, Karl Jack and Roberts, Stephen S. (1991): Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775-1990: Major Combatants, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-26202-9.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
Photo gallery at Naval Historical Center
vteSassacus-class gunboats
Agawam
Algonquin
Ascutney
Chenango
Chicopee
Eutaw
Iosco
Lenapee
Mackinaw
Massasoit
Mattabesett
Mendota
Metacomet
Mingoe
Osceola
Otsego
Pawtuxet
Peoria
Pontiac
Pontoosuc
Sassacus
Shamrock
Tacony
Tallahoma
Tallapoosa
Wateree
Winooski
Wyalusing
List of steam gunboats of the United States Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Mattabesett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Mattabesett"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"gunboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunboat"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Mattabesset River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattabesset_River"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"John C. Febiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Febiger"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Mattabesett.USS Mattabesett, sometimes spelled Mattabeset, a schooner-rigged, wooden hulled, double-ended sidewheel gunboat, was built by A. & G. T. Sampson, Boston, Massachusetts, and named for the Mattabesset River in Connecticut. Mattabesett was delivered to the New York Navy Yard on January 18, 1864, and commissioned April 7, 1864, Commander John C. Febiger in command.","title":"USS Mattabesett (1863)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"USS Onondaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Onondaga_(1863)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"an engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albemarle_Sound"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"CSS Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"CSS Bombshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Bombshell"},{"link_name":"CSS Cotton Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Cotton_Plant"},{"link_name":"Roanoke River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roanoke_River"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"USS Sassacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sassacus_(1862)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Civil_War"}],"text":"Mattabesett departed New York on April 21, 1864, for duty in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron and arrived at Hampton Roads on April 23 as escort to USS Onondaga. Continuing down the coast to enter the North Carolina Sounds, she took part in an engagement between Union forces and the Confederate ram CSS Albemarle, accompanied by CSS Bombshell and CSS Cotton Plant, off the mouth of the Roanoke River on May 5. In the course of the battle, leading to the capture of Plymouth, North Carolina by Confederate forces, Mattabesett, with USS Sassacus, captured Bombshell, but Albemarle and Cotton Plant escaped.But for a brief trip to New York in the fall of 1864, Mattabesett continued to serve the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron for the remainder of the U.S. Civil War, operating primarily in the inland waters of North Carolina. She sailed north in May 1865, decommissioned at New York on May 31, and was sold there on October 15.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bauerroberts_pp80-81_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bauerroberts_pp80-81_1-1"},{"link_name":"pp. 80-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=HT1UA3r7RHMC&q=mackinaw"}],"text":"^ a b Bauer and Roberts, pp. 80-81.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ships captured in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_captured_in_the_19th_century#American_Civil_War"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HT1UA3r7RHMC&q=mackinaw","external_links_name":"pp. 80-81"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/m6/mattabesett.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/matabset.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Gallagher_(alpine_skier) | Kelly Gallagher (alpine skier) | ["1 Childhood","2 Pre-Paralympics","3 2010 Paralympics","4 Between Paralympics","5 2014 Paralympics","6 2017 World Championships and 2018 Paralympics","7 2019 World Championships","8 References","9 External links"] | British skier
Kelly GallagherMBEGallagher (right) with her guide Charlotte Evans at the 2013 IPC World ChampionshipsPersonal informationFull nameKelly Marie GallagherNational team Great BritainBorn (1985-05-18) 18 May 1985 (age 39)Northern Ireland, UKSportCountry United Kingdom Northern IrelandEventAlpine Skiing
Medal record
Women's para alpine skiing
Representing Great Britain
Paralympic Games
2014 Sochi
Super-G
World Championships
2011 Sestriere
Slalom
2013 La Molina
Super-G
2013 La Molina
Super combined
2019 Sella Nevea/Kranjska Gora
Downhill
2011 Sestriere
Giant slalom
2013 La Molina
Downhill
2013 La Molina
Giant slalom
2019 Sella Nevea/Kranjska Gora
Super-G
2019 Sella Nevea/Kranjska Gora
Super combined
Kelly Gallagher MBE (born 18 May 1985), is a retired British skier and the first athlete from Northern Ireland to compete in the Winter Paralympics. Gallagher won Britain's first ever Winter Paralympic gold medal during Sochi 2014.
Childhood
Kelly was born on 18 May 1985 and was raised in Bangor in the north of County Down. Her father, Patrick Gallagher, was an airline pilot. She is a graduate in mathematics from the University of Bath.
Pre-Paralympics
Kelly has oculocutaneous albinism, is visually impaired and competes with a sighted guide. At the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games Gallagher, competing with guide Claire Robb, won gold in her first ever international race, the giant slalom.
She was selected for the British team at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in February 2010. Gallagher is funded by the Sport Northern Ireland Athlete Support Programme and supported by the Sports Institute for Northern Ireland and is also backed by Disability Sports NI.
2010 Paralympics
Kelly was one of seven skiers for Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Paralympics and became the first athlete from Northern Ireland to compete in the Winter Paralympics. At the Games she contested the giant slalom and slalom events for visually impaired athletes. She finished sixth in the slalom but achieved the British team's highest finish, missing out on a medal by a single place and 3.36 seconds in the giant slalom.
Between Paralympics
Downhill final of the 2013 IPC Alpine World Championships at La Molina in Spain. Kelly Gallagher (white tunic) and guide Charlotte Evans (orange tunic)
Following the Paralympics Gallagher sought a new sighted guide to work with her through to the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi and selected 19-year-old Charlotte Evans from Medway. Evans had been out of the sport after she snapped a cruciate ligament in 2009 but took up the role having become a qualified coach.
In January 2011 Gallagher became the first British athlete to win a medal at the IPC World Championships. Competing with Evans the pair won the silver medal in the slalom and bronze in the giant slalom at the event held in Sestriere only five weeks after they started working together. The pairing also won a gold medal in slalom at the 2011 Europa Cup Finals.
2014 Paralympics
Gallagher won Britain's first ever Winter Paralympic gold on 10 March 2014, during the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia. She finished first in the visually impaired Super-G competition. She fell during both the super-combined and the giant slalom.
She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to sport for people with a visual impairment. The Ski Club of Great Britain awarded her with a Pery Medal along with the other medal winners from the 2014 Olympics and Paralympics.
2017 World Championships and 2018 Paralympics
In 2017 Gallagher was selected for the 2017 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships in Tarvisio in Italy. Partnered with Gary Smith, she crashed during training on the championship slopes and injured herself after colliding into the safety netting. She sustained a dislocated elbow and three fractured ribs in the accident and was airlifted to a local hospital. Gallagher's injuries ruled her out of the championship and her subsequent rehabilitation meant that she only returned to the slopes in the season leading up to the 2018 Winter Paralympics. Despite losing time to her injuries Gallagher was still able to secure her place in the Great Britain team for the 2018 Paralympics.
2019 World Championships
At the 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships, Gallagher and Smith narrowly missed out on medals in the slalom and the giant slalom by finishing fourth, being pipped to the bronze by a tenth of a second in the latter by team-mates Menna Fitzpatrick and Jennifer Kehoe. However they claimed their first medal of the championships in the downhill, where they took a silver behind Fitzpatrick and Kehoe. They then went on to take two bronzes in the super-G and combined, increasing Gallagher's number of Worlds medals won to nine.
References
^ "Judith Gillespie leads Northern Ireland Queen's Birthday honours list". BBC News. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "Kelly Gallagher profile". Sochi Paralympics. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
^ "Kelly makes history at World Championships". 21 January 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "University of Bath graduate makes history with slalom silver". thisisbath.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ a b "Sochi Paralympics: Kelly Gallagher wins Paralympic gold". BBC Sport Disability Sport. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
^ Lindsay, Jessica (9 March 2018). "Who is Kelly Gallagher? Great Britain's only Winter Paralympics gold medallist". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ a b "NI skier Kelly Gallagher named in GB Paralympic team". BBC Sport. 3 February 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "Gallagher to compete at Paralympic Winter Games". morethanthegames.co.uk. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Bashford, Michael (17 February 2010). "Bangor girl competes for GB at Winter Paralympics". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "Kelly Gallagher". Paralympic.org. International Paralympic Committee.
^ "Kelly Gallagher claims fourth at Winter Paralympics". BBC Sport. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "Charlotte Evans shares in a piece of Brit sporting history". thisiskent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ Hudson, Elizabeth (22 January 2011). "Paralympian Gallagher delight at world ski medals". BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "Kelly Gallagher takes GOLD at Europa Cup Finals". Disability Sports NI. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
^ "No. 60895". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 June 2014. p. b19.
^ a b Hope, Nick (24 January 2017). "IPC Alpine World Championships: Kelly Gallagher fractures ribs & dislocates elbow". BBC Sport. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ a b "PyeongChang 2018: History-maker Kelly Gallagher heading to third Winter Paralympic Games". teambath.com. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
^ Hanna, Gareth (31 January 2019). "Kelly Gallagher wins three medals in two days at World Championships". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
Sports portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kelly Gallagher.
External links
Kelly Gallagher MBE at the British Paralympic Association
Kelly Gallagher at the International Paralympic Committee Kelly Gallagher at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"skier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Sochi 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kelly Gallagher MBE (born 18 May 1985), is a retired British skier and the first athlete from Northern Ireland to compete in the Winter Paralympics. Gallagher won Britain's first ever Winter Paralympic gold medal during Sochi 2014.[1]","title":"Kelly Gallagher (alpine skier)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Down"},{"link_name":"University of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Kelly was born on 18 May 1985[2] and was raised in Bangor in the north of County Down. Her father, Patrick Gallagher, was an airline pilot. She is a graduate in mathematics from the University of Bath.[3][4]","title":"Childhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oculocutaneous albinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oculocutaneous_albinism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC26504413-5"},{"link_name":"2009 New Zealand Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_New_Zealand_Winter_Games"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-morethan-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kelly has oculocutaneous albinism,[5] is visually impaired and competes with a sighted guide. At the 2009 New Zealand Winter Games Gallagher, competing with guide Claire Robb, won gold in her first ever international race, the giant slalom.[6]She was selected for the British team at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in February 2010.[7][8] Gallagher is funded by the Sport Northern Ireland Athlete Support Programme and supported by the Sports Institute for Northern Ireland and is also backed by Disability Sports NI.[9]","title":"Pre-Paralympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"giant slalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_giant_slalom#Visually_impaired"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Kelly was one of seven skiers for Great Britain at the 2010 Winter Paralympics and became the first athlete from Northern Ireland to compete in the Winter Paralympics.[7] At the Games she contested the giant slalom and slalom events for visually impaired athletes.[10] She finished sixth in the slalom but achieved the British team's highest finish, missing out on a medal by a single place and 3.36 seconds in the giant slalom.[11]","title":"2010 Paralympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visually_impaired_woman_number_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"2014 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi"},{"link_name":"Medway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medway"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"IPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Sestriere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestriere"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Europa Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Downhill final of the 2013 IPC Alpine World Championships at La Molina in Spain. Kelly Gallagher (white tunic) and guide Charlotte Evans (orange tunic)Following the Paralympics Gallagher sought a new sighted guide to work with her through to the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi and selected 19-year-old Charlotte Evans from Medway. Evans had been out of the sport after she snapped a cruciate ligament in 2009 but took up the role having become a qualified coach.[12]In January 2011 Gallagher became the first British athlete to win a medal at the IPC World Championships. Competing with Evans the pair won the silver medal in the slalom and bronze in the giant slalom at the event held in Sestriere only five weeks after they started working together.[13] The pairing also won a gold medal in slalom at the 2011 Europa Cup Finals.[14]","title":"Between Paralympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"Sochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi"},{"link_name":"Super-G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-G"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC26504413-5"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2014 Birthday Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Birthday_Honours"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ski Club of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_Club_of_Great_Britain"}],"text":"Gallagher won Britain's first ever Winter Paralympic gold on 10 March 2014, during the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi, Russia. She finished first in the visually impaired Super-G competition.[5] She fell during both the super-combined and the giant slalom.She was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to sport for people with a visual impairment.[15] The Ski Club of Great Britain awarded her with a Pery Medal along with the other medal winners from the 2014 Olympics and Paralympics.","title":"2014 Paralympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Para_Alpine_Skiing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope_12/01/17-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hope_12/01/17-16"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeamBath-17"},{"link_name":"Great Britain team for the 2018 Paralympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2018_Winter_Paralympics"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeamBath-17"}],"text":"In 2017 Gallagher was selected for the 2017 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships in Tarvisio in Italy. Partnered with Gary Smith, she crashed during training on the championship slopes and injured herself after colliding into the safety netting.[16] She sustained a dislocated elbow and three fractured ribs in the accident and was airlifted to a local hospital.[16] Gallagher's injuries ruled her out of the championship and her subsequent rehabilitation meant that she only returned to the slopes in the season leading up to the 2018 Winter Paralympics.[17] Despite losing time to her injuries Gallagher was still able to secure her place in the Great Britain team for the 2018 Paralympics.[17]","title":"2017 World Championships and 2018 Paralympics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Para_Alpine_Skiing_Championships"},{"link_name":"Menna Fitzpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menna_Fitzpatrick"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Kehoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Kehoe"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"At the 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships, Gallagher and Smith narrowly missed out on medals in the slalom and the giant slalom by finishing fourth, being pipped to the bronze by a tenth of a second in the latter by team-mates Menna Fitzpatrick and Jennifer Kehoe. However they claimed their first medal of the championships in the downhill, where they took a silver behind Fitzpatrick and Kehoe. They then went on to take two bronzes in the super-G and combined, increasing Gallagher's number of Worlds medals won to nine.[18]","title":"2019 World Championships"}] | [{"image_text":"Downhill final of the 2013 IPC Alpine World Championships at La Molina in Spain. Kelly Gallagher (white tunic) and guide Charlotte Evans (orange tunic)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Visually_impaired_woman_number_2.JPG/220px-Visually_impaired_woman_number_2.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Judith Gillespie leads Northern Ireland Queen's Birthday honours list\". BBC News. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27840719","url_text":"\"Judith Gillespie leads Northern Ireland Queen's Birthday honours list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly Gallagher profile\". Sochi Paralympics. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319004123/http://sochi.paralympics.org.uk/athletes/kelly-gallagher","url_text":"\"Kelly Gallagher profile\""},{"url":"http://sochi.paralympics.org.uk/athletes/kelly-gallagher","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly makes history at World Championships\". 21 January 2011. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teambath.com/2011/01/kelly-makes-history-at-world-championships","url_text":"\"Kelly makes history at World Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Bath graduate makes history with slalom silver\". thisisbath.co.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thisisbath.co.uk/news/University-Bath-graduate-makes-history-slalom-silver/article-3130908-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"University of Bath graduate makes history with slalom silver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sochi Paralympics: Kelly Gallagher wins Paralympic gold\". BBC Sport Disability Sport. 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/26504413","url_text":"\"Sochi Paralympics: Kelly Gallagher wins Paralympic gold\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsay, Jessica (9 March 2018). \"Who is Kelly Gallagher? Great Britain's only Winter Paralympics gold medallist\". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://metro.co.uk/2018/03/09/kelly-gallagher-great-britains-winter-paralympics-gold-medallist-7374097/","url_text":"\"Who is Kelly Gallagher? Great Britain's only Winter Paralympics gold medallist\""}]},{"reference":"\"NI skier Kelly Gallagher named in GB Paralympic team\". BBC Sport. 3 February 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/8487407.stm","url_text":"\"NI skier Kelly Gallagher named in GB Paralympic team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gallagher to compete at Paralympic Winter Games\". morethanthegames.co.uk. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120605094227/http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/alpine-skiing/038688-gallagher-compete-paralympic-winter-games","url_text":"\"Gallagher to compete at Paralympic Winter Games\""},{"url":"http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/alpine-skiing/038688-gallagher-compete-paralympic-winter-games","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bashford, Michael (17 February 2010). \"Bangor girl competes for GB at Winter Paralympics\". The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/community-telegraph/sport/bangor-girl-competes-for-gb-at-winter-paralympics-14686182.html","url_text":"\"Bangor girl competes for GB at Winter Paralympics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly Gallagher\". Paralympic.org. International Paralympic Committee.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paralympic.org/kelly-gallagher","url_text":"\"Kelly Gallagher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Paralympic_Committee","url_text":"International Paralympic Committee"}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly Gallagher claims fourth at Winter Paralympics\". BBC Sport. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/8571548.stm","url_text":"\"Kelly Gallagher claims fourth at Winter Paralympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Charlotte Evans shares in a piece of Brit sporting history\". thisiskent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130505145507/http://www.thisiskent.co.uk/news/Charlotte-shares-piece-Brit-sporting-history/article-3146145-detail/article.html","url_text":"\"Charlotte Evans shares in a piece of Brit sporting history\""},{"url":"http://www.thisiskent.co.uk/news/Charlotte-shares-piece-Brit-sporting-history/article-3146145-detail/article.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Elizabeth (22 January 2011). \"Paralympian Gallagher delight at world ski medals\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/disability_sport/9370660.stm","url_text":"\"Paralympian Gallagher delight at world ski medals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kelly Gallagher takes GOLD at Europa Cup Finals\". Disability Sports NI. 16 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120313161516/http://www.dsni.co.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250%3Akelly-gallagher-takes-gold-at-europa-cup-finals&catid=35%3Anews&Itemid=55","url_text":"\"Kelly Gallagher takes GOLD at Europa Cup Finals\""},{"url":"http://www.dsni.co.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=250:kelly-gallagher-takes-gold-at-europa-cup-finals&catid=35:news&Itemid=55","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 60895\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 June 2014. p. b19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/60895/supplement/b19","url_text":"\"No. 60895\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Hope, Nick (24 January 2017). \"IPC Alpine World Championships: Kelly Gallagher fractures ribs & dislocates elbow\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/disability-sport/38733002","url_text":"\"IPC Alpine World Championships: Kelly Gallagher fractures ribs & dislocates elbow\""}]},{"reference":"\"PyeongChang 2018: History-maker Kelly Gallagher heading to third Winter Paralympic Games\". teambath.com. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teambath.com/2018/02/08/kelly-gallagher-pyeongchang-winter-paralympic-games/","url_text":"\"PyeongChang 2018: History-maker Kelly Gallagher heading to third Winter Paralympic Games\""}]},{"reference":"Hanna, Gareth (31 January 2019). \"Kelly Gallagher wins three medals in two days at World Championships\". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 9 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/paralympics/kelly-gallagher-wins-three-medals-in-two-days-at-world-championships-37767388.html","url_text":"\"Kelly Gallagher wins three medals in two days at World Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph","url_text":"Belfast Telegraph"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-27840719","external_links_name":"\"Judith Gillespie leads Northern Ireland Queen's Birthday honours list\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319004123/http://sochi.paralympics.org.uk/athletes/kelly-gallagher","external_links_name":"\"Kelly Gallagher profile\""},{"Link":"http://sochi.paralympics.org.uk/athletes/kelly-gallagher","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.teambath.com/2011/01/kelly-makes-history-at-world-championships","external_links_name":"\"Kelly makes history at World Championships\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisisbath.co.uk/news/University-Bath-graduate-makes-history-slalom-silver/article-3130908-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"\"University of Bath graduate makes history with slalom silver\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/disability-sport/26504413","external_links_name":"\"Sochi Paralympics: Kelly Gallagher wins Paralympic gold\""},{"Link":"https://metro.co.uk/2018/03/09/kelly-gallagher-great-britains-winter-paralympics-gold-medallist-7374097/","external_links_name":"\"Who is Kelly Gallagher? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Africa | Chess in Africa | ["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"] | Rules of chess in Yoruba
The game of chess has a history of being played in the continent of Africa. Its play in South Africa is of particular interest to chess writers and historians.
The board game senet preceded chess and was favored by Ancient Egyptian royalty. Chess is thought to have first made its way to Africa through shatranj. As the Muslim conquest of Persia occurred, the Muslims took and modified chatrang, adopting it as shatraj. Shantraj is recognized as the immediate predecessor to chess. While chess in Europe has received considerable more attention by chess historians, it is thought that the game made its way to Europe from the Moors of North Africa.
Senterej is another component of the history of chess in Africa as it is considered the "Ethiopian version of chess". Having been played for over a thousand years, its popularity waned in the 20th and 21st centuries.
In 1998, the African Chess Championship began being held. The most recent edition held in 2022 saw Egyptian players dominate. Since 2003, chess has also been played at the African Games.
Chess being played in Uganda
As a child, Phiona Mutesi enrolled in a chess club in Katwe, Uganda in 2005. Her success in chess garnered international attention, including a 2016 Disney-produced film Queen of Katwe.
From 2014 to 2021, the continent produced six grandmasters; Algeria, Egypt, and South Africa were among the countries to be represented by a grandmaster.
After returning to his home slum in Nigeria in 2018, chess master Tunde Onakoya founded Chess in Slums Africa, a volunteer organization aiming to teach and coach chess to children of low-income communities. Also in 2018, James Kangaru of Kenya was recognized by the International Chess Federation (or FIDE) as one of the best chess coaches and became Africa's youngest FIDE instructor.
See also
Africa portalChess portal
Chess in Armenia
Chess in India
Chess in Spain
Geography of chess
References
^ a b c d e f "The History of Chess in Africa". Chess Institute of Canada. February 6, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2023.
^ "2022 African Chess Championship: Bassem Amin and Shahenda Wafa claim titles". FIDE. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ a b c d Salaudeen, Aisha; Kasera, Yvonne (3 November 2021). "Chess coaches in Africa are building the next generation of grandmasters". CNN. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ Levs, Jon (10 December 2012). "From slum life to Disney film: Ugandan teen chess star 'the ultimate underdog'". CNN. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
^ Watta, Evelyn (10 October 2021). "How chess became an escape for children living in a Nigerian slum". olympics.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
Further reading
Sikes, Michelle M.; Rider, Toby C.; Llewellyn, Matthew P., eds. (2022). Sport and Apartheid South Africa: Histories of Politics, Power, and Protest. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000488524.
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"senet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senet"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIC-1"},{"link_name":"shatranj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shatranj"},{"link_name":"Muslim conquest of Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"chatrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatrang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIC-1"},{"link_name":"chess in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIC-1"},{"link_name":"Senterej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senterej"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIC-1"},{"link_name":"African Chess Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Chess_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CIC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"African Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_at_the_African_Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Playing_Mind_Games.jpg"},{"link_name":"child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_prodigy"},{"link_name":"Phiona Mutesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phiona_Mutesi"},{"link_name":"Katwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katwe"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalaudeenKasera-3"},{"link_name":"Queen of Katwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Katwe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalaudeenKasera-3"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Tunde Onakoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_Onakoya"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalaudeenKasera-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"International Chess Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SalaudeenKasera-3"}],"text":"The game of chess has a history of being played in the continent of Africa. Its play in South Africa is of particular interest to chess writers and historians.The board game senet preceded chess and was favored by Ancient Egyptian royalty.[1] Chess is thought to have first made its way to Africa through shatranj. As the Muslim conquest of Persia occurred, the Muslims took and modified chatrang, adopting it as shatraj.[1] Shantraj is recognized as the immediate predecessor to chess. While chess in Europe has received considerable more attention by chess historians, it is thought that the game made its way to Europe from the Moors of North Africa.[1]Senterej is another component of the history of chess in Africa as it is considered the \"Ethiopian version of chess\".[1] Having been played for over a thousand years, its popularity waned in the 20th and 21st centuries.[1]In 1998, the African Chess Championship began being held.[1] The most recent edition held in 2022 saw Egyptian players dominate.[2] Since 2003, chess has also been played at the African Games.Chess being played in UgandaAs a child, Phiona Mutesi enrolled in a chess club in Katwe, Uganda in 2005.[3] Her success in chess garnered international attention, including a 2016 Disney-produced film Queen of Katwe.[4]From 2014 to 2021, the continent produced six grandmasters; Algeria, Egypt, and South Africa were among the countries to be represented by a grandmaster.[3]After returning to his home slum in Nigeria in 2018, chess master Tunde Onakoya founded Chess in Slums Africa, a volunteer organization aiming to teach and coach chess to children of low-income communities.[3][5] Also in 2018, James Kangaru of Kenya was recognized by the International Chess Federation (or FIDE) as one of the best chess coaches and became Africa's youngest FIDE instructor.[3]","title":"Chess in Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sport and Apartheid South Africa: Histories of Politics, Power, and Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NehEEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Taylor & Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781000488524","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000488524"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chess"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chess"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chess"},{"link_name":"Chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Chess theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_theory"},{"link_name":"Chess titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_title"},{"link_name":"Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Computer chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_chess"},{"link_name":"glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms"},{"link_name":"matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches"},{"link_name":"engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine"},{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_software"},{"link_name":"Correspondence chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence_chess"},{"link_name":"FIDE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Online chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_chess"},{"link_name":"Premove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premove"},{"link_name":"Internet chess server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_chess_server"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_chess_servers"},{"link_name":"Rating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_rating_system"},{"link_name":"world rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE_world_rankings"},{"link_name":"norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Variants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_variant"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_variants"},{"link_name":"World records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_chess"},{"link_name":"Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_equipment"},{"link_name":"Chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_set"},{"link_name":"chessboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chessboard"},{"link_name":"Dubrovnik chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubrovnik_chess_set"},{"link_name":"Staunton chess set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_chess_set"},{"link_name":"Chess pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece"},{"link_name":"King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rook_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_chess_piece"},{"link_name":"Chess clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_clock"},{"link_name":"Chess table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_table"},{"link_name":"Score sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Versus de scachis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versus_de_scachis"},{"link_name":"Göttingen manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_chessmen"},{"link_name":"Lewis chessmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_chessmen"},{"link_name":"Romantic chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_chess"},{"link_name":"Hypermodernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermodernism_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Soviet chess school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_chess_school"},{"link_name":"Top player comparison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history"},{"link_name":"Geography of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_China"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_India"},{"link_name":"Notable games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_games"},{"link_name":"List of chess players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_players"},{"link_name":"amateurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_amateur_chess_players"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_chess_players"},{"link_name":"grandmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_grandmasters"},{"link_name":"Women in chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_chess"},{"link_name":"Chess museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chess_museums"},{"link_name":"Bobby Fischer Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Fischer_Center"},{"link_name":"Gökyay Association Chess Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum"},{"link_name":"World Chess Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling"},{"link_name":"Cheating in chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating_in_chess"},{"link_name":"Check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Checkmate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate"},{"link_name":"Draw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(chess)"},{"link_name":"by agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_by_agreement"},{"link_name":"Fifty-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifty-move_rule"},{"link_name":"Perpetual check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_check"},{"link_name":"Stalemate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalemate"},{"link_name":"Threefold repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_repetition"},{"link_name":"En passant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_passant"},{"link_name":"Pawn promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Time control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_control"},{"link_name":"Fast chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_chess"},{"link_name":"Touch-move rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-move_rule"},{"link_name":"White and Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_and_Black_in_chess"},{"link_name":"Terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Blunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blunder_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Chess notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_notation"},{"link_name":"algebraic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"descriptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_notation"},{"link_name":"PGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Game_Notation"},{"link_name":"annotation symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_annotation_symbols"},{"link_name":"symbols in Unicode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_symbols_in_Unicode"},{"link_name":"Fianchetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianchetto"},{"link_name":"Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambit"},{"link_name":"Key square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_square"},{"link_name":"King walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_walk"},{"link_name":"Open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_file"},{"link_name":"Half-open file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-open_file"},{"link_name":"Outpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outpost_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Pawns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_(chess)"},{"link_name":"backward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_pawn"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_pawns"},{"link_name":"doubled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubled_pawns"},{"link_name":"isolated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_pawn"},{"link_name":"passed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passed_pawn"},{"link_name":"Swindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindle_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Transposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_traps"},{"link_name":"Tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tactic"},{"link_name":"Artificial castling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#Artificial_castling"},{"link_name":"Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Alekhine's gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekhine%27s_gun"},{"link_name":"Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Checkmate patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmate_pattern"},{"link_name":"Combination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Decoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoy_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Deflection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflection_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Desperado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperado_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Discovered attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovered_attack"},{"link_name":"Double check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_check"},{"link_name":"Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Overloading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overloading_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Pawn storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_storm"},{"link_name":"Pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Queen sacrifice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Skewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewer_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Undermining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undermining_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Windmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill_(chess)"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Zwischenzug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwischenzug"},{"link_name":"Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_strategy"},{"link_name":"Compensation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensation_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_(chess)"},{"link_name":"the exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_exchange_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_(chess)"},{"link_name":"first-move advantage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-move_advantage_in_chess"},{"link_name":"Middlegame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_middlegame"},{"link_name":"Pawn structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawn_structure"},{"link_name":"Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgehog_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Isolated Queen's Pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_pawn"},{"link_name":"Maróczy Bind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind"},{"link_name":"Minority attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_attack"},{"link_name":"Piece values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_piece_relative_value"},{"link_name":"Prophylaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophylaxis_(chess)"},{"link_name":"School of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_chess"},{"link_name":"Openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening"},{"link_name":"Flank opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flank_opening"},{"link_name":"Benko Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Fianchetto_Opening"},{"link_name":"Bird's Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird%27s_Opening"},{"link_name":"Dunst Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunst_Opening"},{"link_name":"English Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Opening"},{"link_name":"Grob's Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grob%27s_Attack"},{"link_name":"Larsen's Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen%27s_Opening"},{"link_name":"Zukertort Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zukertort_Opening"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Attack"},{"link_name":"Réti Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ti_Opening"},{"link_name":"King's Pawn Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Pawn_Game"},{"link_name":"Alekhine's Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alekhine%27s_Defence"},{"link_name":"Caro–Kann Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence"},{"link_name":"French Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Defence"},{"link_name":"Modern Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Defense"},{"link_name":"Nimzowitsch Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimzowitsch_Defence"},{"link_name":"Open Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Game"},{"link_name":"Four Knights Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Knights_Game"},{"link_name":"Giuoco Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuoco_Piano"},{"link_name":"Italian Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Game"},{"link_name":"King's Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Petrov's Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrov%27s_Defence"},{"link_name":"Philidor Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philidor_Defence"},{"link_name":"Ponziani Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponziani_Opening"},{"link_name":"Ruy Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruy_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Semi-Italian Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Italian_Opening"},{"link_name":"Scotch Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_Game"},{"link_name":"Two Knights Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Knights_Defense"},{"link_name":"Vienna Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Game"},{"link_name":"Owen's Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen%27s_Defence"},{"link_name":"Pirc Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirc_Defence"},{"link_name":"Austrian Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirc_Defence,_Austrian_Attack"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_Defense"},{"link_name":"Sicilian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Alapin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Alapin_Variation"},{"link_name":"Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation"},{"link_name":"Accelerated Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Accelerated_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Najdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Najdorf_Variation"},{"link_name":"Scheveningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Scheveningen_Variation"},{"link_name":"Queen's Pawn Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Pawn_Game"},{"link_name":"Budapest Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Colle System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colle_System"},{"link_name":"Dutch Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Defence"},{"link_name":"English Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Defence"},{"link_name":"Indian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Benoni Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoni_Defense"},{"link_name":"Modern Benoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Benoni"},{"link_name":"Bogo-Indian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogo-Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Catalan Opening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Opening"},{"link_name":"Grünfeld Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence"},{"link_name":"King's Indian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Nimzo-Indian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimzo-Indian_Defence"},{"link_name":"Old Indian Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"Queen's Indian Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Indian_Defense"},{"link_name":"London System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_System"},{"link_name":"Richter–Veresov Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack"},{"link_name":"Queen's Gambit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit"},{"link_name":"Accepted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Accepted"},{"link_name":"Declined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Gambit_Declined"},{"link_name":"Slav Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slav_Defense"},{"link_name":"Semi-Slav Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Slav_Defense"},{"link_name":"Chigorin Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigorin_Defense"},{"link_name":"Torre Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_Attack"},{"link_name":"Trompowsky Attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompowsky_Attack"},{"link_name":"List of openings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_openings"},{"link_name":"theory 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arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_the_arts"},{"link_name":"early literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_early_literature"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Films_about_chess"},{"link_name":"novels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Novels_about_chess"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chess_paintings"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Poems_about_chess"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Short_stories_about_chess"},{"link_name":"Chess books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_books"},{"link_name":"opening books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_opening_book"},{"link_name":"endgame literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_endgame_literature"},{"link_name":"Oxford Companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess"},{"link_name":"Chess libraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_libraries"},{"link_name":"Chess newspaper columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_columns_in_newspapers"},{"link_name":"Chess periodicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_periodicals"},{"link_name":"Arbiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbiter_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Chess boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_boxing"},{"link_name":"Chess club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_club"},{"link_name":"Chess composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_composer"},{"link_name":"Chess engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_engine"},{"link_name":"AlphaZero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlphaZero"},{"link_name":"Deep Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Blue_(chess_computer)"},{"link_name":"Leela Chess Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Chess_Zero"},{"link_name":"Stockfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfish_(chess)"},{"link_name":"Chess problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problem"},{"link_name":"glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chess_problems"},{"link_name":"joke chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke_chess_problem"},{"link_name":"Chess prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_prodigy"},{"link_name":"Simultaneous exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_exhibition"},{"link_name":"Solving chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solving_chess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess.svg"},{"link_name":"Chess portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chess"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chess"}],"text":"Sikes, Michelle M.; Rider, Toby C.; Llewellyn, Matthew P., eds. (2022). Sport and Apartheid South Africa: Histories of Politics, Power, and Protest. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000488524.vteChessOutline\nChess theory\nChess titles\nGrandmaster\nComputer chess\nglossary\nmatches\nengines\nsoftware\nCorrespondence chess\nFIDE\nGlossary\nOnline chess\nPremove\nInternet chess server\nlist\nRating system\nworld rankings\nnorms\nVariants\nList\nWorld records\nEquipment\nChess set\nchessboard\nDubrovnik chess set\nStaunton chess set\nChess pieces\nKing\nQueen\nRook\nBishop\nKnight\nPawn\nFairy\nChess clock\nChess table\nScore sheets\nHistory\nTimeline\nVersus de scachis\nGöttingen manuscript\nCharlemagne chessmen\nLewis chessmen\nRomantic chess\nHypermodernism\nSoviet chess school\nTop player comparison\nGeography of chess\nAfrica\nSouth Africa\nChina\nEurope\nArmenia\nSpain\nIndia\nNotable games\nList of chess players\namateurs\nfemale\ngrandmasters\nWomen in chess\nChess museums\nBobby Fischer Center\nGökyay Association Chess Museum\nWorld Chess Hall of Fame\nRules\nCastling\nCheating in chess\nCheck\nCheckmate\nDraw\nby agreement\nFifty-move rule\nPerpetual check\nStalemate\nThreefold repetition\nEn passant\nPawn promotion\nTime control\nFast chess\nTouch-move rule\nWhite and Black\nTerms\nBlunder\nChess notation\nalgebraic\ndescriptive\nPGN\nannotation symbols\nsymbols in Unicode\nFianchetto\nGambit\nKey square\nKing walk\nOpen file\nHalf-open file\nOutpost\nPawns\nbackward\nconnected\ndoubled\nisolated\npassed\nSwindle\nTempo\nTransposition\nTrap\nTactics\nArtificial castling\nBattery\nAlekhine's gun\nBlock\nCheckmate patterns\nCombination\nDecoy\nDeflection\nDesperado\nDiscovered attack\nDouble check\nFork\nInterference\nOverloading\nPawn storm\nPin\nSacrifice\nQueen sacrifice\nSkewer\nUndermining\nWindmill\nX-ray\nZwischenzug\nStrategy\nCompensation\nExchange\nthe exchange\nInitiative\nfirst-move advantage\nMiddlegame\nPawn structure\nHedgehog\nIsolated Queen's Pawn\nMaróczy Bind\nMinority attack\nPiece values\nProphylaxis\nSchool of chess\nOpeningsFlank opening\nBenko Opening\nBird's Opening\nDunst Opening\nEnglish Opening\nGrob's Attack\nLarsen's Opening\nZukertort Opening\nKing's Indian Attack\nRéti Opening\nKing's Pawn Game\nAlekhine's Defence\nCaro–Kann Defence\nFrench Defence\nModern Defence\nNimzowitsch Defence\nOpen Game\nFour Knights Game\nGiuoco Piano\nItalian Game\nKing's Gambit\nPetrov's Defence\nPhilidor Defence\nPonziani Opening\nRuy Lopez\nSemi-Italian Opening\nScotch Game\nTwo Knights Defense\nVienna Game\nOwen's Defence\nPirc Defence\nAustrian Attack\nScandinavian Defense\nSicilian Defence\nAlapin\nDragon/Accelerated Dragon\nNajdorf\nScheveningen\nQueen's Pawn Game\nBudapest Gambit\nColle System\nDutch Defence\nEnglish Defence\nIndian Defence\nBenoni Defence\nModern Benoni\nBogo-Indian Defence\nCatalan Opening\nGrünfeld Defence\nKing's Indian Defence\nNimzo-Indian Defence\nOld Indian Defense\nQueen's Indian Defence\nLondon System\nRichter–Veresov Attack\nQueen's Gambit\nAccepted\nDeclined\nSlav Defence\nSemi-Slav Defence\nChigorin Defense\nTorre Attack\nTrompowsky Attack\nOther\nList of openings\ntheory table\nList of chess gambits\nIrregular\nBongcloud Attack\nFool's mate\nScholar's mate\nEndgames\nBishop and knight checkmate\nKing and pawn vs king\nOpposite-coloured bishops\nPawnless endgame\nQueen and pawn vs queen\nQueen vs pawn\nRook and bishop vs rook\nRook and pawn vs rook\nLucena position\nPhilidor position\nStrategy\nfortress\nopposition\nTarrasch rule\ntriangulation\nZugzwang\nStudy\nTablebase\nTwo knights endgame\nWrong bishop\nWrong rook pawn\nTournaments\nList of strong chess tournaments\nChess Olympiad\nWomen\nWorld Chess Championship\nList\nCandidates Tournament\nChess World Cup\nFIDE Grand Prix\nOther world championships\nWomen\nTeam\nRapid\nBlitz\nJunior\nYouth\nSenior\nAmateur\nChess composition\nSolving\nComputer chess championships\nCCC\nCSVN\nNorth American\nTCEC\nWCCC\nWCSCC\nArt and media\nCaïssa\nChess aesthetics\nChess in the arts\nearly literature\nfilm\nnovels\npaintings\npoetry\nshort stories\nChess books\nopening books\nendgame literature\nOxford Companion\nChess libraries\nChess newspaper columns\nChess periodicals\nRelated\nArbiter\nChess boxing\nChess club\nChess composer\nChess engine\nAlphaZero\nDeep Blue\nLeela Chess Zero\nStockfish\nChess problem\nglossary\njoke chess\nChess prodigy\nSimultaneous exhibition\nSolving chess\n\n Chess portal\nCategory","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Rules of chess in Yoruba","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chess_in_Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_by_Jawolusi_oluwaseun.jpg/220px-Chess_in_Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_by_Jawolusi_oluwaseun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chess being played in Uganda","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Playing_Mind_Games.jpg/275px-Playing_Mind_Games.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Africa portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chess.svg"},{"title":"Chess portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Chess"},{"title":"Chess in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia"},{"title":"Chess in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_India"},{"title":"Chess in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Spain"},{"title":"Geography of chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_chess"}] | [{"reference":"\"The History of Chess in Africa\". Chess Institute of Canada. February 6, 2022. Retrieved March 1, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://chessinstitute.ca/2022/02/06/chess-and-africa/","url_text":"\"The History of Chess in Africa\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 African Chess Championship: Bassem Amin and Shahenda Wafa claim titles\". FIDE. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fide.com/news/2009","url_text":"\"2022 African Chess Championship: Bassem Amin and Shahenda Wafa claim titles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE","url_text":"FIDE"}]},{"reference":"Salaudeen, Aisha; Kasera, Yvonne (3 November 2021). \"Chess coaches in Africa are building the next generation of grandmasters\". CNN. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/03/sport/chess-grandmasters-africa-spc-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Chess coaches in Africa are building the next generation of grandmasters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Levs, Jon (10 December 2012). \"From slum life to Disney film: Ugandan teen chess star 'the ultimate underdog'\". CNN. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/10/world/africa/uganda-chess-teen/index.html","url_text":"\"From slum life to Disney film: Ugandan teen chess star 'the ultimate underdog'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"Watta, Evelyn (10 October 2021). \"How chess became an escape for children living in a Nigerian slum\". olympics.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/chess-became-escape-children-slum-nigeria-africa","url_text":"\"How chess became an escape for children living in a Nigerian slum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee","url_text":"olympics.com"}]},{"reference":"Sikes, Michelle M.; Rider, Toby C.; Llewellyn, Matthew P., eds. (2022). Sport and Apartheid South Africa: Histories of Politics, Power, and Protest. Taylor & Francis. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipas_Bay | Pipas Bay | ["1 Geography","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 14°56′23″S 12°11′31″E / 14.9398°S 12.192°E / -14.9398; 12.192
Pipas BayBaía das Pipas (Portuguese)Pipas BayLocation in AngolaCoordinates14°56′23″S 12°11′31″E / 14.9398°S 12.192°E / -14.9398; 12.192Ocean/sea sourcesAtlantic OceanBasin countriesAngolaMax. length1.3 km (0.81 mi)Max. width4.2 km (2.6 mi)SettlementsPipas
Pipas Bay (Portuguese: Baía das Pipas) is a bay in Angola. It is located in the Namibe Province, 30 km north of Moçâmedes.
Geography
Pipas Bay is an open bay of the South Atlantic Ocean. The bay is facing west, with the Ponta da Baia headland at the southwestern end and the Praia das Salinas beach stretching north towards the northern end of the bay. The small settlement of Pipas is located near the shore.
See also
Geography of Angola
References
^ "Baía das Pipas". Mapcarta. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
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This Angola location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Namibe Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibe_Province"},{"link_name":"Moçâmedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%A7%C3%A2medes"}],"text":"Pipas Bay (Portuguese: Baía das Pipas) is a bay in Angola. It is located in the Namibe Province, 30 km north of Moçâmedes.","title":"Pipas Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pipas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipas,_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapcartaBS-1"}],"text":"Pipas Bay is an open bay of the South Atlantic Ocean. The bay is facing west, with the Ponta da Baia headland at the southwestern end and the Praia das Salinas beach stretching north towards the northern end of the bay. The small settlement of Pipas is located near the shore.[1]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Geography of Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Angola"}] | [{"reference":"\"Baía das Pipas\". Mapcarta. Retrieved 16 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapcarta.com/19039082","url_text":"\"Baía das Pipas\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pipas_Bay¶ms=14.9398_S_12.192_E_type:waterbody_scale:2000000","external_links_name":"14°56′23″S 12°11′31″E / 14.9398°S 12.192°E / -14.9398; 12.192"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pipas_Bay¶ms=14.9398_S_12.192_E_type:waterbody_scale:2000000","external_links_name":"14°56′23″S 12°11′31″E / 14.9398°S 12.192°E / -14.9398; 12.192"},{"Link":"http://mapcarta.com/19039082","external_links_name":"\"Baía das Pipas\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pipas_Bay&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Zane | Girolamo Zane | ["1 Biography","1.1 War of Cyprus","1.2 The process","2 References","3 Bibliography"] | Girolamo ZaneBorn1495Venice, Republic of VeniceDied13 October 1572(1572-10-13) (aged 76–77)Venice, Republic of VeniceAllegiance Republic of Venice (1516–1572)Service/branch Venetian NavyRankCaptain General of the Sea
Girolamo Zane (1495 - 13 October 1572) was a Capitano generale da Mar of the Venetian fleet during the War of Cyprus.
After being sent to Costantinople as the Venetian bailo in 1542, in 1566 he was appointed Capitano generale da Mar, receiving power on 27 March 1570. The same year he commanded the Venetian fleet in the unsuccessful expedition to save Cyprus, attacked by the Ottoman Empire. In December, his request for leave was accepted. Back in Venice he was arrested for alleged failures in the management of the fleet during the mission in the East. He died in prison on 13 October 1572.
Biography
He was born in Venice in 1495, to Bernardo di Girolamo, from the so-called branch of S. Polo, and Elisabetta Morosini di Roberto, who were married in 1487. He had at least three siblings: Pietro, a canon of Treviso, Carlo, Savio agli Ordini, counselor in Rethymno, Provveditore alla Sanità; and sister Giovanna. On 31 May 1531, having returned to Venice after an adventure in Alessandria and five years spent in Damascus, where he was consul, he married Elisabetta Vitturi di Matteo, by whom he had four children: Bernardo, a senator and counselor; Matteo, ambassador; Agnes, wife of Alvise Venier di Lorenzo; and Maria, wife of Giovanni Soranzo di Francesco.
In 1542 he was sent to Constantinople as the Venetian ambassador (bailo) a position he held until 1544. In that same year, he was elected captain of Padua and, in 1558, of Verona.
War of Cyprus
On 28 March 1570 the ambassador of the Ottoman sultan Selim arrived in Venice, with the request for the surrender of the island of Cyprus. This was flatly rejected by the Council, who instead prepared for war, having already put Zane in command of the fleet on 27 March 1570, Monday of Easter.
The Venetian fleet, commanded by Zane, then moved to Zara on 3 April to wait for the other galleys. During the long stop in Zara a terrible epidemic of petechial typhus broke out which decimated the crews and which was to affect the expedition in the future. On 30 May Zane was ordered to head to Corfu where he was to join Gianandrea Doria's fleet if they reached them in time. However, the Capitano generale da Mar had to wait until all the galleys were available and only reached Corfu on 29 June, where there was no trace of Doria.
On 23 July the Venetian fleet headed east and, after having made stopovers in Kefalonia, Zakynthos and Modone, arrived on 4 August in Candia. The orders given to Zane required him to head immediately to Cyprus, but the captain general decided to wait until he had substituted all the rowers who died during the epidemic.
In the meantime, on 6 August, Marcantonio Colonna had arrived in Otranto with the 12 papal galleys and was awaiting the arrival of Gianandrea Doria from Messina to set sail to the east. The latter however, not completely convinced of the whole project, deliberately delayed the reunion with Colonna, which took place only on 21 August. The following day the fleet headed for Crete where it arrived on 31 August.
Despite Doria's attempts to mess everything up, accusing the Venetian fleet of being in poor condition, the Holy League sailed from the port of Sitia on the night of 17-18 September. Alvise Bembo was sent in advance near Castelrosso. He returned with the news that the Turks had conquered Nicosia.
This news further undermined the fragile balance of the alliance and in the war council of 22 September the Venetians were unable to impose the continuation of the expedition against the Turks. The fleet withdrew that same evening to Crete and from there to Italy.
In December 1570 his request for leave was accepted and on 13 December he was replaced by Agostino Barbarigo first and then Sebastiano Venier.
The process
Returning to Venice on 11 April, Zane was arrested for alleged failures in fleet management during the mission to the East. During the trial many officers were called to testify, including Marcantonio Colonna, who always proved to be kind to the Zane claiming that he had no fault for the failed expedition. The trial lasted for a long time and, before being able to hear the sentence, Zane died in prison on 13 October 1572.
References
^ a b c d e Mandelli, Vittorio (2020). "ZANE, Girolamo". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
^ a b Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna, Delle inscrizioni Veneziane, Volume 2, p. 359
^ Barbero 2010, pp. 123–124.
^ Barbero 2010, pp. 164–166.
^ Barbero 2010, pp. 233–234.
^ Molmenti, p. 48.
^ Molmenti, p. 52.
Bibliography
Barbero, Alessandro (2010). Lepanto. La battaglia dei tre imperi. Bari: Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8893-6.
Molmenti, Pompeo. Sebastiano Veniero E La Battaglia Di Lepanto: Studio. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-276-12354-9. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"Capitano generale da Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitano_generale_da_Mar"},{"link_name":"War of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)"},{"link_name":"bailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailo_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"}],"text":"Girolamo Zane (1495 - 13 October 1572)[1] was a Capitano generale da Mar of the Venetian fleet during the War of Cyprus.After being sent to Costantinople as the Venetian bailo in 1542, in 1566 he was appointed Capitano generale da Mar, receiving power on 27 March 1570. The same year he commanded the Venetian fleet in the unsuccessful expedition to save Cyprus, attacked by the Ottoman Empire. In December, his request for leave was accepted. Back in Venice he was arrested for alleged failures in the management of the fleet during the mission in the East. He died in prison on 13 October 1572.","title":"Girolamo Zane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treviso"},{"link_name":"Savio agli Ordini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi_agli_Ordini"},{"link_name":"Rethymno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rethymno"},{"link_name":"Provveditore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provveditore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Venier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Venier"},{"link_name":"Soranzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soranzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-treccani_enciclopedia-1"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"bailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailo_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmanuele_Antonio_Cicogna_p._359-2"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmanuele_Antonio_Cicogna_p._359-2"}],"text":"He was born in Venice in 1495,[1] to Bernardo di Girolamo, from the so-called branch of S. Polo, and Elisabetta Morosini di Roberto, who were married in 1487.[1] He had at least three siblings: Pietro, a canon of Treviso, Carlo, Savio agli Ordini, counselor in Rethymno, Provveditore alla Sanità; and sister Giovanna.[1] On 31 May 1531, having returned to Venice after an adventure in Alessandria and five years spent in Damascus, where he was consul, he married Elisabetta Vitturi di Matteo, by whom he had four children: Bernardo, a senator and counselor; Matteo, ambassador; Agnes, wife of Alvise Venier di Lorenzo; and Maria, wife of Giovanni Soranzo di Francesco.[1]In 1542 he was sent to Constantinople as the Venetian ambassador (bailo)[2] a position he held until 1544. In that same year, he was elected captain of Padua and, in 1558, of Verona.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selim_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara,_Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2010123%E2%80%93124-3"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Gianandrea Doria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianandrea_Doria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2010164%E2%80%93166-4"},{"link_name":"Kefalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefalonia"},{"link_name":"Zakynthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakynthos"},{"link_name":"Modone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modone"},{"link_name":"Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraklion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2010233%E2%80%93234-5"},{"link_name":"Marcantonio Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolmenti48-6"},{"link_name":"Holy League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)"},{"link_name":"Sitia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolmenti52-7"},{"link_name":"Castelrosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastellorizo"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Agostino Barbarigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostino_Barbarigo"},{"link_name":"Sebastiano Venier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"War of Cyprus","text":"On 28 March 1570 the ambassador of the Ottoman sultan Selim arrived in Venice, with the request for the surrender of the island of Cyprus. This was flatly rejected by the Council, who instead prepared for war, having already put Zane in command of the fleet on 27 March 1570, Monday of Easter.[citation needed]The Venetian fleet, commanded by Zane, then moved to Zara on 3 April to wait for the other galleys. During the long stop in Zara a terrible epidemic of petechial typhus broke out which decimated the crews and which was to affect the expedition in the future.[3] On 30 May Zane was ordered to head to Corfu where he was to join Gianandrea Doria's fleet if they reached them in time. However, the Capitano generale da Mar had to wait until all the galleys were available and only reached Corfu on 29 June,[4] where there was no trace of Doria.On 23 July the Venetian fleet headed east and, after having made stopovers in Kefalonia, Zakynthos and Modone, arrived on 4 August in Candia. The orders given to Zane required him to head immediately to Cyprus, but the captain general decided to wait until he had substituted all the rowers who died during the epidemic.[5]In the meantime, on 6 August, Marcantonio Colonna had arrived in Otranto with the 12 papal galleys and was awaiting the arrival of Gianandrea Doria from Messina to set sail to the east. The latter however, not completely convinced of the whole project, deliberately delayed the reunion with Colonna, which took place only on 21 August. The following day the fleet headed for Crete where it arrived on 31 August.[6]Despite Doria's attempts to mess everything up, accusing the Venetian fleet of being in poor condition, the Holy League sailed from the port of Sitia on the night of 17-18 September.[7] Alvise Bembo was sent in advance near Castelrosso. He returned with the news that the Turks had conquered Nicosia.[citation needed]This news further undermined the fragile balance of the alliance and in the war council of 22 September the Venetians were unable to impose the continuation of the expedition against the Turks. The fleet withdrew that same evening to Crete and from there to Italy.[citation needed]In December 1570 his request for leave was accepted and on 13 December he was replaced by Agostino Barbarigo first and then Sebastiano Venier.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"The process","text":"Returning to Venice on 11 April, Zane was arrested for alleged failures in fleet management during the mission to the East. During the trial many officers were called to testify, including Marcantonio Colonna, who always proved to be kind to the Zane claiming that he had no fault for the failed expedition. The trial lasted for a long time and, before being able to hear the sentence, Zane died in prison on 13 October 1572.[citation needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barbero, Alessandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero"},{"link_name":"Laterza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editori_Laterza&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-420-8893-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8893-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-276-12354-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-276-12354-9"}],"text":"Barbero, Alessandro (2010). Lepanto. La battaglia dei tre imperi. Bari: Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8893-6.\nMolmenti, Pompeo. Sebastiano Veniero E La Battaglia Di Lepanto: Studio. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-276-12354-9.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mandelli, Vittorio (2020). \"ZANE, Girolamo\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 100: Vittorio Emanuele I–Zurlo (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/girolamo-zane_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/","url_text":"\"ZANE, Girolamo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana","url_text":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6","url_text":"978-8-81200032-6"}]},{"reference":"Barbero, Alessandro (2010). Lepanto. La battaglia dei tre imperi. Bari: Laterza. ISBN 978-88-420-8893-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero","url_text":"Barbero, Alessandro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Editori_Laterza&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Laterza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-420-8893-6","url_text":"978-88-420-8893-6"}]},{"reference":"Molmenti, Pompeo. Sebastiano Veniero E La Battaglia Di Lepanto: Studio. Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1-276-12354-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-276-12354-9","url_text":"978-1-276-12354-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/girolamo-zane_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29/","external_links_name":"\"ZANE, Girolamo\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_and_the_Valley_of_Fear_(1983_film) | Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear | ["1 Voice cast","2 References","3 External links"] | Film
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear is a 1983 Australian animated television film produced by Tom Stacey and George Stephenson for Burbank Films. It is an adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Valley of Fear (1915), the fourth and final Sherlock Holmes novel featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson.
Voice cast
Peter O'Toole as Sherlock Holmes
Earle Cross as Dr. Watson
Additional voices are provided by Brian Adams, Colin Borgonon and Judy Nunn
References
External links
Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear at IMDb
vteThe animated works of Burbank Films AustraliaCharles Dickens Animated Classics
Oliver Twist (1982)
A Christmas Carol (1982)
Great Expectations (1983)
David Copperfield (1983)
The Old Curiosity Shop (1984)
A Tale of Two Cities (1984)
Nicholas Nickleby (1985)
The Pickwick Papers (1985)
Sherlock Holmes Animated Classics
Sherlock Holmes and a Study in Scarlet (1983)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse (1983)
Sherlock Holmes and the Sign of Four (1983)
Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear (1983)
Literary Animated Classics
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1985)
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1985)
The Man in the Iron Mask (1985)
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1986)
Ivanhoe (1986)
Kidnapped (1986)
King Solomon's Mines (1986)
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1986)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1986)
The Three Musketeers (1986)
Black Beauty (1987)
Don Quixote of La Mancha (1987)
Rob Roy (1987)
The Last of the Mohicans (1987)
The Odyssey (1987)
Treasure Island (1987)
Alice in Wonderland (1988)
Around the World in 80 Days (1988)
Black Arrow (1988)
Black Tulip (1988)
Hiawatha (1988)
Peter Pan (1988)
Prisoner of Zenda (1988)
Westward Ho! (1988)
Wind in the Willows (1988)
The Corsican Brothers (1989)
Co-productionsAlice Through the Looking Glass (1987)
vteScreen adaptations of Sherlock HolmesTheatrical filmsSilent
Sherlock Holmes Baffled (1900)
Adventures of Sherlock Holmes; or, Held for Ransom (1905)
Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery (1908)
Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes (1910)
Éclair film series (1912–1913)
Der Hund von Baskerville (1914)
Detektiv Braun (1914)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 British film)
A Study in Scarlet (1914 US film)
The Valley of Fear (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1916)
Sherlock Holmes (1922)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1929)
Stoll series
The Dying Detective (1921)
The Devil's Foot (1921)
The Man with the Twisted Lip (1921)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1921)
The Sign of Four (1923)
Wontner series
The Sleeping Cardinal (1931)
The Missing Rembrandt (1932)
The Sign of Four (1932)
The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935)
Silver Blaze (1937)
Rathbone–Bruce series
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1939)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939)
Voice of Terror (1942)
Secret Weapon (1942)
Sherlock Holmes in Washington (1943)
Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (1943)
The Spider Woman (1943)
The Scarlet Claw (1944)
The Pearl of Death (1944)
The House of Fear (1945)
The Woman in Green (1945)
Pursuit to Algiers (1945)
Terror by Night (1946)
Dressed to Kill (1946)
Downey series
Sherlock Holmes (2009)
A Game of Shadows (2011)
Other films
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1929)
The Limejuice Mystery (1930)
The Speckled Band (1931)
Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese (1932)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
Sherlock Holmes (1932)
A Study in Scarlet (1933)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1937)
The Grey Lady (1937)
The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes (1937)
Deduce, You Say! (1956)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959)
The Deadly Necklace (1962)
A Study in Terror (1965)
The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
They Might Be Giants (1971)
The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother (1975)
The Seven-Per-Cent Solution (1976)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1978)
Murder by Decree (1979)
The Case of Marcel Duchamp (1984)
Young Sherlock Holmes (1985)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Without a Clue (1988)
Zero Effect (1998)
A Samba for Sherlock (2001)
Case Closed: The Phantom of Baker Street (2002)
Holmes & Watson. Madrid Days (2012)
Mr. Holmes (2015)
The Empire of Corpses (2015)
Sherlock Gnomes (2018)
Holmes & Watson (2018)
Sherlock Holmes and the Great Escape (2019)
Television/ streaming/direct-to-videoFilmsIan Richardson
The Sign of Four (1983)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1983)
Peter O'Toole (animated)
Sherlock Holmes and a Study in Scarlet (1983)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse (1983)
Sherlock Holmes and the Sign of Four (1983)
Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear (1983)
Vasily Livanov series
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979)
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1980)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1981)
The Treasures of Agra (1983)
The Twentieth Century Approaches (1986)
Christopher Lee
The Leading Lady (1991)
Incident at Victoria Falls (1992)
Matt Frewer
The Hound of the Baskervilles (2000)
The Sign of Four (2001)
The Royal Scandal (2001)
The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire (2002)
Ian Hart (as Watson)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002)
The Case of the Silk Stocking (2004)
Other films
The Three Garridebs (1937)
The Man Who Disappeared (1951)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1972)
The Longing of Sherlock Holmes (1972)
Doctor Watson and the Darkwater Hall Mystery (1974)
The Return of the World's Greatest Detective (1976)
Sherlock Holmes in New York (1976)
Silver Blaze (1977)
The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It (1977)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1982)
The Masks of Death (1984)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (1987)
Hands of a Murderer (1990)
The Crucifer of Blood (1991)
1994 Baker Street: Sherlock Holmes Returns (1993)
The Hound of London (1993)
Sherlock: Case of Evil (2002)
Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars (2007)
Sherlock Holmes (2010)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010)
Television series
Sherlock Holmes (1951)
Sherlock Holmes (1954)
Sherlock Holmes (1965–1968)
Sherlock Holmes (1967–1968)
Sherlock Holmes (1968)
Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson (1979–1980)
Young Sherlock: The Mystery of the Manor House (1982)
The Baker Street Boys (1983)
Sherlock Hound (1984–1985)
Sherlock Holmes (1984–1994)
episodes
The Adventures of Shirley Holmes (1997–2000)
Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century (1999–2001)
Sherlock (2010–2017)
Tantei Opera Milky Holmes (2010–2016)
Aria the Scarlet Ammo (2011)
Elementary (2012–2019)
Sherlock Holmes (2013)
Sherlock Holmes (2014–2015)
Miss Sherlock (2018)
Sherlock: Untold Stories (2019)
Case File nº221: Kabukicho (2019–2020)
Moriarty the Patriot (2020–2021)
Sherlock in Russia (2020)
The Irregulars (2021)
Mademoiselle Holmes (2024)
Sherlock & Daughter (2025; upcoming)
Watson (2025; upcoming)
Young Sherlock (2025; upcoming)
Actors by role
Sherlock Holmes
Dr. Watson
Inspector Lestrade
Mycroft Holmes
Mrs. Hudson
Professor Moriarty
This article about an animated film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to an Australian film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Conan Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle"},{"link_name":"The Valley of Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley_of_Fear"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Dr. John Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John_Watson"}],"text":"Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear is a 1983 Australian animated television film produced by Tom Stacey and George Stephenson for Burbank Films. It is an adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novel The Valley of Fear (1915), the fourth and final Sherlock Holmes novel featuring Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson.","title":"Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter O'Toole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole"},{"link_name":"Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Dr. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Watson"}],"text":"Peter O'Toole as Sherlock Holmes\nEarle Cross as Dr. Watson\nAdditional voices are provided by Brian Adams, Colin Borgonon and Judy Nunn","title":"Voice cast"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sherlock+Holmes+and+the+Valley+of+Fear%22","external_links_name":"\"Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sherlock+Holmes+and+the+Valley+of+Fear%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sherlock+Holmes+and+the+Valley+of+Fear%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sherlock+Holmes+and+the+Valley+of+Fear%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sherlock+Holmes+and+the+Valley+of+Fear%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sherlock+Holmes+and+the+Valley+of+Fear%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0238597/","external_links_name":"Sherlock Holmes and the Valley of Fear"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes_and_the_Valley_of_Fear&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes_and_the_Valley_of_Fear&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_(John_Lee_Hooker_album) | Don't Look Back (John Lee Hooker album) | ["1 John Lee Hooker and Van Morrison","2 Track listing","3 Chart","4 Personnel","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | 1997 studio album by John Lee HookerDon't Look BackStudio album by John Lee HookerReleasedMarch 4, 1997RecordedPlant Recording Studios, Sausalito, California; Sunset Sound Factory, Hollywood, CaliforniaGenreBluesLength53:33LabelVirginProducerVan Morrison, Mike KappusJohn Lee Hooker chronology
Chill Out(1995)
Don't Look Back(1997)
The Best of Friends(1998)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings
Don't Look Back is an album released by blues singer-songwriter John Lee Hooker in 1997 that was co-produced by Van Morrison and Mike Kappus. Van Morrison also performed duets with Hooker on four of the tracks. The album was the Grammy winner in the Best Traditional Blues Album category in 1998. The title duet by Hooker and Morrison also won a Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.
John Lee Hooker and Van Morrison
The two singers had collaborated on several occasions over the years before this album was realized and had become personal friends. Morrison had first recorded the title song, "Don't Look Back" on his debut album as the frontman for the Northern Irish band Them and according to one of the band members, Billy Harrison, the two first met in London in 1964. Their first collaboration was on Hooker's album, Never Get Out of These Blues Alive recorded in 1972, with a duet on the title song and Hooker's cover of Morrison's "T.B. Sheets". They guested on each other's albums over the years with Hooker also appearing on two films with Morrison: BBC's One Irish Rover and Morrison's 1990 video, Van Morrison The Concert.
Track listing
"Dimples" (James Bracken, Hooker) – 3:59 L*
"The Healing Game" (Van Morrison) – 5:09 M*
"Ain't No Big Thing" (Hooker) – 5:19
"Don't Look Back" (Hooker) – 6:41 M*
"Blues Before Sunrise" (Leroy Carr, Hooker) – 6:41
"Spellbound" (Hooker, Michael Osborn) – 3:56
"Travellin' Blues" (Hooker) – 5:35 M*
"I Love You Honey" (Hooker, Freddy Williams) – 3:31
"Frisco Blues" (Hooker) – 3:47
"Red House" (Jimi Hendrix) – 4:02
"Rainy Day" (Hooker) – 5:50 M*
Notes
L – with Los Lobos band and also produced by Los Lobos with Mario Caldato Jr.
M – Duets with Van Morrison
Chart
Chart (1997)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (ARIA Charts)
17
Personnel
John Lee Hooker – vocals, guitar
Van Morrison – vocals, guitar, co-producer
David Hidalgo – guitar
César Rosas – guitar
Danny Caron – guitar
Ruth Davies – double bass
Conrad Lozano – bass guitar
Richard Cousins – bass guitar
John Allair – keyboards
Jim Pugh – keyboards
Charles Brown – keyboards
Roger Lewis – saxophone
Steve Berlin – baritone saxophone
Gregory Davis – trumpet
John "Juke" Logan – harmonica
Victor Bisetti – drums
Kevin Hayes – drums
Mike Kappus – co-producer, executive producer
Notes
^ Chris Slawecki (March 4, 1997). "Don't Look Back – John Lee Hooker | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
^ Russell, Tony; Smith, Chris (2006). The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings. Penguin. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-140-51384-4.
^ a b "CelebrityAccess Industry Profiles". Celebrityaccess.com. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
^ "Don't Look Back: John Lee Hooker". maine.edu. Archived from the original on May 25, 2003. Retrieved March 8, 2009.
^ Heylin. (2003). p.96
^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (March 15, 1997). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. pp. 51–. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 131.
^ "Mike Kappus | Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
References
Heylin, Clinton (2003). Can You Feel the Silence? Van Morrison: A New Biography, Chicago Review Press ISBN 1-55652-542-7
External links
The Rosebud agency presents: Don't Look Back
BluesRoad: Don't Look Back
vteJohn Lee HookerStudio albums
The Country Blues of John Lee Hooker (1959)
Travelin' (1960)
That's My Story (1960)
The Folk Lore of John Lee Hooker (1961)
Burnin' (1962)
The Big Soul of John Lee Hooker (1963)
John Lee Hooker on Campus (1964)
Burning Hell (1964)
...And Seven Nights (1965)
It Serve You Right to Suffer (1966)
The Real Folk Blues (1966)
Urban Blues (1967)
Simply the Truth (1969)
If You Miss 'Im...I Got 'Im (1969)
Get Back Home (1969)
I Feel Good! (1971)
Hooker 'n Heat (1971)
Endless Boogie (1971)
Never Get Out of These Blues Alive (1972)
Born in Mississippi, Raised Up in Tennessee (1973)
Free Beer and Chicken (1974)
Sittin' Here Thinkin' (1980)
Jealous (1987)
The Healer (1989)
More Real Folk Blues: The Missing Album (1991)
Mr. Lucky (1991)
Chill Out (1995)
Don't Look Back (1997)
Live albums
Concert at Newport (1963)
Live at Sugar Hill (1963)
Live at Cafe Au Go Go (1967)
Live at Soledad Prison (1972)
Kabuki Wuki (1973)
The Cream (1978)
Compilations
House of the Blues (1959)
I'm John Lee Hooker (1959)
John Lee Hooker Plays & Sings the Blues (1961)
Folk Blues (1962)
Don't Turn Me from Your Door (1963)
Original Folk Blues (1964)
That's Where It's At! (1969)
Goin' Down Highway 51 (1971)
The Ultimate Collection (1991)
Soundtracks
The Hot Spot: Original Soundtrack (1990)
Films
Come See About Me (2004)
Singles
"Boogie Chillen'" (1948)
"Crawling King Snake" (1948)
"Jack o' Diamonds" (1949)
"Trouble in Mind" (1949)
"Catfish" (1951)
"I'm in the Mood" (1951)
"Sugar Mama" (1952)
"Worried Life Blues" (1952)
"Baby, Please Don't Go" (1952)
"Key to the Highway" (1952)
"I'm Ready" (1956)
"Dimples" (1956)
"I Need Some Money" (1960)
"Boom Boom" (1961)
"Drifting Blues" (1961)
"Don't Look Back" (1961)
Songs
"How Long Blues" (1960)
"Good Mornin', Lil' School Girl" (1960)
"Smokestack Lightnin'" (1960)
"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" (1966)
"Bottle Up & Go" (1966)
"I Can't Quit You Baby" (1966)
"Meet Me in the Bottom" (1971)
"Roll and Tumble" (1971)
"Will the Circle Be Unbroken?" (1974)
"Terraplane Blues" (1987)
"I Cover the Waterfront" (1991)
"The Healing Game" (1997)
"Red House" (1997)
Related articles
Discography
Detroit blues
Eddie Kirkland
Eddie "Guitar" Burns
Canned Heat
The Blues Brothers
The Iron Man: The Musical by Pete Townshend
John Lee Hooker Jr.
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"John Lee Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Mike Kappus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Kappus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Best Traditional Blues Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_Blues_Album"},{"link_name":"Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Pop_Collaboration_with_Vocals"}],"text":"1997 studio album by John Lee HookerDon't Look Back is an album released by blues singer-songwriter John Lee Hooker in 1997 that was co-produced by Van Morrison and Mike Kappus.[3] Van Morrison also performed duets with Hooker on four of the tracks.[4] The album was the Grammy winner in the Best Traditional Blues Album category in 1998. 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Morrison had first recorded the title song, \"Don't Look Back\" on his debut album as the frontman for the Northern Irish band Them and according to one of the band members, Billy Harrison, the two first met in London in 1964.[5] Their first collaboration was on Hooker's album, Never Get Out of These Blues Alive recorded in 1972, with a duet on the title song and Hooker's cover of Morrison's \"T.B. Sheets\". They guested on each other's albums over the years with Hooker also appearing on two films with Morrison: BBC's One Irish Rover and Morrison's 1990 video, Van Morrison The Concert.","title":"John Lee Hooker and Van Morrison"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dimples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimples_(song)"},{"link_name":"James Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bracken"},{"link_name":"The Healing Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Healing_Game_(song)"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Don't Look Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Look_Back_(John_Lee_Hooker_song)"},{"link_name":"Leroy Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Carr"},{"link_name":"Red House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_House_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Los Lobos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Lobos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inc.1997-6"}],"text":"\"Dimples\" (James Bracken, Hooker) – 3:59 L*\n\"The Healing Game\" (Van Morrison) – 5:09 M*\n\"Ain't No Big Thing\" (Hooker) – 5:19\n\"Don't Look Back\" (Hooker) – 6:41 M*\n\"Blues Before Sunrise\" (Leroy Carr, Hooker) – 6:41\n\"Spellbound\" (Hooker, Michael Osborn) – 3:56\n\"Travellin' Blues\" (Hooker) – 5:35 M*\n\"I Love You Honey\" (Hooker, Freddy Williams) – 3:31\n\"Frisco Blues\" (Hooker) – 3:47\n\"Red House\" (Jimi Hendrix) – 4:02\n\"Rainy Day\" (Hooker) – 5:50 M*NotesL – with Los Lobos band and also produced by Los Lobos with Mario Caldato Jr.[6]\nM – Duets with Van Morrison","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lee Hooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"David 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Caron – guitar\nRuth Davies – double bass\nConrad Lozano – bass guitar\nRichard Cousins – bass guitar\nJohn Allair – keyboards\nJim Pugh – keyboards\nCharles Brown – keyboards\nRoger Lewis – saxophone\nSteve Berlin – baritone saxophone\nGregory Davis – trumpet\nJohn \"Juke\" Logan – harmonica\nVictor Bisetti – drums\nKevin Hayes – drumsMike Kappus – co-producer,[3] executive producer[8]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Don't Look Back – John Lee Hooker | Songs, Reviews, Credits\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allmusic.com/album/dont-look-back-mw0000329126"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Penguin_2-0"},{"link_name":"The Penguin Guide to Blues 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AllMusic. Retrieved December 12, 2015.\n\n^ Russell, Tony; Smith, Chris (2006). The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings. Penguin. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-140-51384-4.\n\n^ a b \"CelebrityAccess Industry Profiles\". Celebrityaccess.com. Retrieved January 24, 2018.\n\n^ \"Don't Look Back: John Lee Hooker\". maine.edu. Archived from the original on May 25, 2003. Retrieved March 8, 2009.\n\n^ Heylin. (2003). p.96\n\n^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (March 15, 1997). Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. pp. 51–. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)\n\n^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (PDF ed.). Mt Martha, Victoria, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 131.\n\n^ \"Mike Kappus | Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved December 12, 2015.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Chris Slawecki (March 4, 1997). \"Don't Look Back – John Lee Hooker | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa_campaign_(1790) | Anapa Campaign (1790) | ["1 Background","2 Campaign","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","5 Bibliography"] | Russian military failed attack to capture fortress of Anapa
Anapa CampaignPart of Sheikh Mansur Movement and Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)Date10th February – 4th May1790LocationCircassia and the Ottoman Empire (Modern–day Republic of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai, Russian Federation)Result
North Caucasian–Ottoman victory
Heavy Russian casualties
Failure of the Russian army to capture AnapaBelligerents
Sheikh Mansur Movement Ottoman Empire
Russian EmpireCommanders and leaders
Sheikh Mansur Kose Mustafa Pasha Hussein Batal Pasha
Yuri BibikovUnits involved
Unknown
Separate Caucasian Corps:
14 Infantry Battalions 6 Dragoon Squadrons 7 Cossack RegimentsStrength
15,000or48,000
7,609
26 cannonsCasualties and losses
630 KIA
Unknown
2,202
The campaign costed the Russian Empire more than 52,000 rubles and ended in a serious Russian defeat. As a result, Yuri Bibikov, the commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, was dismissed and replaced by Anton de Balmen, and the army which Bibikov led into Circassia was awarded a special silver medal on a blue ribbon, with the inscription: “For loyalty”.
vteSheikh Mansur Movement Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan Russo-Circassian War
1785
Aldy (July)
Alkhan–Yurt (July)
Karginsk (July)
1st Kizlyar (July)
Grigoriopolis (July)
2nd Kizlyar (August)
Malka River (October)
Tatartup (November)
1786
Invasion of Kabardia (July)
1787
Kachkalikov (January)
Russian punitive Campaign (January)
Karabulak Campaign (June)
1st Anapa Campaign (September)
1st Urup River
Kuban River
1788
Shchedrinskaya (January)
2nd Anapa Campaign (August–October)
Ubin River
1st Anapa
1790
3rd Anapa Campaign (February–May)
Shibza River
2nd Anapa
Tokhtamysh River (September)
1791
3rd Anapa (June)
vteRusso-Turkish War (1787–1792)Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
1st Anapa
Kinburn
Dubica
Ochakov (land)
Ochakov (sea)
Chocim
Koča's rebellion
Fidonisi
2nd Anapa
Veterani Cave
Mehadia
Karánsebes
Souli
Focșani
Belgrade
Rymnik
3rd Anapa
Andros
Giurgiu
Cetingrad
Kerch
Tendra
Izmail
4th Anapa
Măcin
Kaliakra
The Anapa Campaign in the winter of 1790 was a military expedition launched by Russia to capture the fortress of Anapa. The expedition failed.
Background
The fort of Anapa is located on Krasnodar Krai and facing the black sea and Crimea. In the past centuries, it was a trading post where Turks, Greeks, and Genoese people came to buy slaves from Circassia and Abkhazia. By the end of the 18th century, the fort became a battleground between the Ottomans, Russians, Circassians, Crimeans, and Nogai people due to its location. In 1787, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. The Chechen leader, Sheikh Mansur, who was allied with the Ottomans at the time, took a position to defend Anapa from the Russian army.
Campaign
In March 1790, Russia dispatched a military expedition to conquer the Ottoman fort of Anapa. The fort had a garrison of 15,000 men, led by Battal Hussein Pasha. The Russians were led by General Yuri Bibikov, who had a force of 12,000 men. Bibikov arrived at a village near the fort and attacked it; he also began attacking Circassian and Nogai tribes, defeating them. Pasha dispatched a force under Kose Mustasa Pasha to aid the tribes; however, he was defeated and forced back to the fort.
After his victory, Yuri attacked the fort of Anapa on March 24. The Russian troops did not have scaling ladders, horses, or food, and the hostile Caucasian population began attacking them. The Russian attack on the fort was also repulsed by heavy Ottoman artillery and attacks from the forces of Sheikh Mansur. As a result, the Russians called off the attack and withdrew. Yuri lost 5,000 men and 1,000 sick and wounded died 40 days later. The Russian Tsarina, Catherine the Great, dismissed Yuri, who was later sent for trial.
See also
Anapa Campaign (1787) — First Russian campaign against Anapa
Anapa Campaign (1788) — Second Russian campaign against Anapa
References
Notes
^ Russian army crosses the Kuban River
^ Russian army arrive at Grigoriopolis
Citations
^ Мусаев 2007, p. 73–74.
^ a b Мусаев 2007, p. 73.
^ a b Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1790 (in Russian)
^ Мусаев 2007, p. 74.
^ a b c d e f Oztas 2013, p. 8.
^ The Black Sea Encyclopedia, p. 93
^ a b c Şahin 2017, p. 62.
^ The Black Sea Encyclopedia, p. 93
^ M. Sadık Bilge, 155
^ The Black Sea Encyclopedia, p. 93
^ M. Sadık Bilge, 155
Bibliography
Мусаев, Алаудин (2007). Шейх Мансур (in Russian). pp. 73–74.
Oztas, Ahmet (2013). A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma. EHESS. pp. 1–14.
Şahin, Mustafa (2017). Şahin, Büşra (ed.). Aşk Özgürlüktür Şeyh Şamil (in Turkish). YAYINEVİ. pp. 1–235. ISBN 9786058299702.
Sergei R. Grinevetsky، Igor S. Zonn، Sergei S. Zhiltsov، Aleksey N. Kosarev، Andrey G. Kostianoy (2014), The Black Sea Encyclopedia.
M. Sadık Bilge (2005), Osmanlı Devleti ve Kafkasya: Osmanlı varlığı döneminde Kafkasya'nın siyasî-askerî tarihi ve idarî taksimâtı, 1454-1829. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sheikh_Mansur_Movement"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sheikh_Mansur_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sheikh_Mansur_Movement"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mansur Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur_Movement"},{"link_name":"Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Chechnya_and_Dagestan"},{"link_name":"Russo-Circassian 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(land)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)"},{"link_name":"Ochakov (sea)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_actions_at_the_Siege_of_Ochakov_(1788)"},{"link_name":"Chocim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khotin_(1788)"},{"link_name":"Koča's rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da%27s_rebellion"},{"link_name":"Fidonisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fidonisi"},{"link_name":"2nd Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa_Campaign_(1788)"},{"link_name":"Veterani Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Veterani_Cave"},{"link_name":"Mehadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mehadia"},{"link_name":"Karánsebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kar%C3%A1nsebes"},{"link_name":"Souli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souliote_War_(1789%E2%80%931793)"},{"link_name":"Focșani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Foc%C8%99ani"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1789)"},{"link_name":"Rymnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rymnik"},{"link_name":"3rd Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa_campaign_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Andros_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Giurgiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Giurgiu"},{"link_name":"Cetingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Cetingrad"},{"link_name":"Kerch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kerch_Strait_(1790)"},{"link_name":"Tendra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tendra"},{"link_name":"Izmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail"},{"link_name":"4th Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Anapa_(1791)"},{"link_name":"Măcin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83cin"},{"link_name":"Kaliakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Kaliakra"}],"text":"vteSheikh Mansur Movement Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan Russo-Circassian War\n1785\nAldy (July)\nAlkhan–Yurt (July)\nKarginsk (July)\n1st Kizlyar (July)\nGrigoriopolis (July)\n2nd Kizlyar (August)\nMalka River (October)\nTatartup (November)\n\n1786\nInvasion of Kabardia (July)\n\n1787\nKachkalikov (January)\nRussian punitive Campaign (January)\nKarabulak Campaign (June)\n1st Anapa Campaign (September)\n1st Urup River\nKuban River\n\n1788\nShchedrinskaya (January)\n2nd Anapa Campaign (August–October)\nUbin River\n1st Anapa\n\n1790\n3rd Anapa Campaign (February–May)\nShibza River\n2nd Anapa\nTokhtamysh River (September)\n\n1791\n3rd Anapa (June)vteRusso-Turkish War (1787–1792)Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)\n1st Anapa\nKinburn\nDubica\nOchakov (land)\nOchakov (sea)\nChocim\nKoča's rebellion\nFidonisi\n2nd Anapa\nVeterani Cave\nMehadia\nKaránsebes\nSouli\nFocșani\nBelgrade\nRymnik\n3rd Anapa\nAndros\nGiurgiu\nCetingrad\nKerch\nTendra\nIzmail\n4th Anapa\nMăcin\nKaliakraThe Anapa Campaign in the winter of 1790 was a military expedition launched by Russia to capture the fortress of Anapa. The expedition failed.","title":"Anapa Campaign (1790)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa"},{"link_name":"Krasnodar Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"Circassia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassia"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Mansur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOztas20138-7"}],"text":"The fort of Anapa is located on Krasnodar Krai and facing the black sea and Crimea. In the past centuries, it was a trading post where Turks, Greeks, and Genoese people came to buy slaves from Circassia and Abkhazia. By the end of the 18th century, the fort became a battleground between the Ottomans, Russians, Circassians, Crimeans, and Nogai people due to its location. In 1787, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. The Chechen leader, Sheikh Mansur, who was allied with the Ottomans at the time, took a position to defend Anapa from the Russian army.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOztas20138-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%9Eahin201762-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOztas20138-7"},{"link_name":"he was defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Shibza_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOztas20138-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%9Eahin201762-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOztas20138-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%9Eahin201762-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOztas20138-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In March 1790, Russia dispatched a military expedition to conquer the Ottoman fort of Anapa.[5] The fort had a garrison of 15,000 men,[6] led by Battal Hussein Pasha.[7] The Russians were led by General Yuri Bibikov, who had a force of 12,000 men.[5] Bibikov arrived at a village near the fort and attacked it; he also began attacking Circassian and Nogai tribes, defeating them. Pasha dispatched a force under Kose Mustasa Pasha to aid the tribes; however, he was defeated and forced back to the fort.[5][7]After his victory, Yuri attacked the fort of Anapa on March 24.[5][7] The Russian troops did not have scaling ladders, horses, or food, and the hostile Caucasian population began attacking them.[8] The Russian attack on the fort was also repulsed by heavy Ottoman artillery and attacks from the forces of Sheikh Mansur. As a result, the Russians called off the attack and withdrew.[5] Yuri lost 5,000 men and 1,000 sick and wounded died 40 days later.[9] The Russian Tsarina, Catherine the Great, dismissed Yuri, who was later sent for trial.[10][11]","title":"Campaign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Шейх Мансур","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bukvateka.com/books/istoricheskaya-proza/page-33-85408-alaudin-musaev-sheih-mansur.html#fullstory-text"},{"link_name":"A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/3694558"},{"link_name":"EHESS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHESS"},{"link_name":"Aşk Özgürlüktür Şeyh Şamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DeVfDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"YAYINEVİ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YAYINEV%C4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9786058299702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786058299702"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.ae/books/edition/The_Black_Sea_Encyclopedia/KFCqBAAAQBAJ?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=Anapa+1790+Bibikov&pg=PA93&printsec=frontcover"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.ae/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ar&id=8SxpAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Bibikov+5.000"}],"text":"Мусаев, Алаудин (2007). Шейх Мансур [Sheikh Mansur] (in Russian). pp. 73–74.\nOztas, Ahmet (2013). A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma. EHESS. pp. 1–14.\nŞahin, Mustafa (2017). Şahin, Büşra (ed.). Aşk Özgürlüktür Şeyh Şamil (in Turkish). YAYINEVİ. pp. 1–235. ISBN 9786058299702.\nSergei R. Grinevetsky، Igor S. Zonn، Sergei S. Zhiltsov، Aleksey N. Kosarev، Andrey G. Kostianoy (2014), The Black Sea Encyclopedia.[1]\nM. Sadık Bilge (2005), Osmanlı Devleti ve Kafkasya: Osmanlı varlığı döneminde Kafkasya'nın siyasî-askerî tarihi ve idarî taksimâtı, 1454-1829.[2]","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Anapa Campaign (1787)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa_Campaign_(1787)"},{"title":"Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa"},{"title":"Anapa Campaign (1788)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa_Campaign_(1788)"},{"title":"Anapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anapa"}] | [{"reference":"Мусаев, Алаудин (2007). Шейх Мансур [Sheikh Mansur] (in Russian). pp. 73–74.","urls":[{"url":"https://bukvateka.com/books/istoricheskaya-proza/page-33-85408-alaudin-musaev-sheih-mansur.html#fullstory-text","url_text":"Шейх Мансур"}]},{"reference":"Oztas, Ahmet (2013). A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma. EHESS. pp. 1–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/3694558","url_text":"A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHESS","url_text":"EHESS"}]},{"reference":"Şahin, Mustafa (2017). Şahin, Büşra (ed.). Aşk Özgürlüktür Şeyh Şamil (in Turkish). YAYINEVİ. pp. 1–235. ISBN 9786058299702.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVfDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Aşk Özgürlüktür Şeyh Şamil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YAYINEV%C4%B0&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"YAYINEVİ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786058299702","url_text":"9786058299702"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://runivers.ru/conflicts/campaigns/kampaniya_na_severnom_kavkaze_v_1790_g/","external_links_name":"Campaign in the North Caucasus in 1790 (in Russian)"},{"Link":"https://bukvateka.com/books/istoricheskaya-proza/page-33-85408-alaudin-musaev-sheih-mansur.html#fullstory-text","external_links_name":"Шейх Мансур"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/3694558","external_links_name":"A Page from the History of the North Caucasus: Imam Mansur Ushurma"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DeVfDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Aşk Özgürlüktür Şeyh Şamil"},{"Link":"https://www.google.ae/books/edition/The_Black_Sea_Encyclopedia/KFCqBAAAQBAJ?hl=ar&gbpv=1&dq=Anapa+1790+Bibikov&pg=PA93&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.ae/books?redir_esc=y&hl=ar&id=8SxpAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Bibikov+5.000","external_links_name":"[2]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Scotland | National Party of Scotland | ["1 Origins and history","2 Merger","3 Leaders of the National Party of Scotland","4 Electoral performance","4.1 By-elections, 1929","4.2 1929 general election","4.3 By-elections, 1929-1931","4.4 1931 general election","4.5 By-elections, 1931-1933","5 Further reading","6 References"] | Defunct Scottish nationalist party
National Party of Scotland Founded23 June 1928Dissolved7 April 1934Preceded byScots National League Scottish National Movement Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist AssociationMerged intoScottish National PartyIdeologyScottish nationalismScottish independencePolitical positionCentre-leftPolitics of ScotlandPolitical partiesElections
The National Party of Scotland (NPS) was a centre-left political party in Scotland which was one of the predecessors of the current Scottish National Party (SNP). The NPS was the first Scottish nationalist political party, and the first which campaigned for Scottish self-determination.
The National Party of Scotland was founded in 1928 by the amalgamation of the Scots National League (SNL), the Scottish National Movement (SNM) and the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association (GUSNA). The NPS emerged from the consensus among members of these groups, and the Scottish Home Rule Association, that an independent political party, free of any connections to any existing parties, was the best way forward for achieving Scottish Home Rule.
The NPS contested the 1929 and 1931 United Kingdom general elections, and a number of by-elections. In 1934 the NPS merged with the Scottish Party to form the Scottish National Party (SNP).
Origins and history
The NPS was formed in 1928 after John MacCormick of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association called a meeting of all those favouring the establishment of a party favouring Scottish Home Rule. The meeting was presided over by Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, who had been a Liberal Party, then Scottish Labour Party politician. The NPS was formed by the amalgamation of GUSNA with the Scots National League, Lewis Spence's Scots National Movement and the Scottish Home Rule Movement. On 23 June an inauguration took place in Stirling.
The NPS was a left-of-centre party. The celebrated poet, Hugh MacDiarmid was a member, but was expelled on account of his communist views (ironically, he would later be expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain for his Scottish Nationalist beliefs). Other figures besides MacDiarmid were involved. Eric Linklater stood as an NPS candidate in the 1933 East Fife by-election, and Neil Gunn played a role in aiding the NPS amalgamation with the Scottish Party.
Merger
In 1932 a home rule organisation, the Scottish Party, was formed by former members of the then Unionist Party, precursor of the modern Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. MacCormick desired unity amongst the Scottish Nationalist movement and made contact with the Scottish Party. Increasingly the two parties began to co-operate, and when the Scottish Party chose to contest the Kilmarnock by-election in November 1933 the NPS endorsed their candidate. In 1934 the NPS and Scottish Party merged to form the Scottish National Party.
Leaders of the National Party of Scotland
Roland Muirhead, (1928–1932?)
Electoral performance
Lewis Spence was the first nationalist to stand for election. He contested Midlothian and Peebles Northern at a by-election in 1929 and came fourth, with 4.5% of the vote.
Westminster Elections
Candidates standing
Seats won
Votes
% Scottish vote
Saved deposits
1929 General Election
2
0
3,313
0.5
0
1931 General Election
5
0
20,954
1.0
3
The NPS contested many elections in its short existence but never managed to get any of its candidates elected to parliament.
By-elections, 1929
By-election
Candidate
Votes
%
Position
1929 Midlothian and Peebles Northern by-election
Lewis Spence
842
4.5
4
1929 general election
Constituency
Candidate
Votes
%
Position
Glasgow Camlachie
John MacCormick
1,646
4.9
3
West Renfrewshire
Roland Muirhead
1,667
5.4
4
By-elections, 1929-1931
By-election
Candidate
Votes
%
Position
1930 Glasgow Shettleston by-election
John McNicol
2,527
10.1
3
1930 East Renfrewshire by-election
Oliver Brown
4,818
13.1
3
1931 Glasgow St Rollox by-election
Elma Campbell
3,521
15.8
3
1931 general election
Constituency
Candidate
Votes
%
Position
East Renfrewshire
Oliver Brown
6,498
13.9
3
Edinburgh East
T. T. Alexander
2,872
9.4
3
Glasgow St Rollox
Elma Campbell
3,521
13.3
3
Inverness
John MacCormick
4,016
14.0
3
West Renfrewshire
Roland Muirhead
3,547
11.0
3
By-elections, 1931-1933
By-election
Candidate
Votes
%
Position
1932 Dunbartonshire by-election
Robert Gray
5,178
13.4
3
1932 Montrose Burghs by-election
Douglas Emslie
1,966
11.7
3
1933 East Fife by-election
Eric Linklater
1,083
3.6
5
Further reading
Brand, Jack, The National Movement in Scotland, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978
Brand, Jack, ‘Scotland’, in Watson, Michael (ed.), Contemporary Minority Nationalism, Routledge, 1990
Richard J. Finlay, Independent and Free: Scottish Politics and the Origins of the Scottish National Party 1918-1945, John Donald Publishers, 1994
Hanham, H.J., Scottish Nationalism, Harvard University Press, 1969
Christopher Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707 to the Present, Routledge (4th edition), 2004
Gerry Hassan (ed.), The Modern SNP: From Protest to Power, Edinburgh University Press, 2009, ISBN 0748639918
Lloyd-Jones, N., "Liberalism, Scottish Nationalism and the Home Rule crisis, c.1886-1893", "English Historical Review" (August 2014)
Lynch, Peter, SNP: The History of the Scottish National Party, Welsh Academic Press, 2002
John MacCormick, The Flag in the Wind: The Story of the National Movement in Scotland, Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1955
Mitchell, James, The Scottish Question, Oxford University Press, 2014
References
^ "National Party of Scotland:Birth of a new organisation". The Glasgow Herald. 15 May 1928. p. 9. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
^ "National Party: New Scottish Political Organisation: Inauguration at Stirling". The Glasgow Herald. 25 June 1928. p. 15. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ "Scottish Nationalists to Unite". The Glasgow Herald. 1 February 1934. p. 8. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "National Party's aims. Implications of self-government. Scotland's control of her own credit". The Glasgow Herald. 29 February 1932. p. 9. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
^ Craig, F. W. S. (1983) . British parliamentary election results 1918–1949 (3rd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 638. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Scottish nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"Scots National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_National_League"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Movement"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_Scottish_Nationalist_Association"},{"link_name":"Scottish Home Rule Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Home_Rule_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scottish Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scottish_devolution"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom general elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"by-elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Scottish Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Party"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"}],"text":"The National Party of Scotland (NPS) was a centre-left political party in Scotland which was one of the predecessors of the current Scottish National Party (SNP). The NPS was the first Scottish nationalist political party, and the first which campaigned for Scottish self-determination.The National Party of Scotland was founded in 1928 by the amalgamation of the Scots National League (SNL), the Scottish National Movement (SNM) and the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association (GUSNA). The NPS emerged from the consensus among members of these groups, and the Scottish Home Rule Association, that an independent political party, free of any connections to any existing parties, was the best way forward for achieving Scottish Home Rule.The NPS contested the 1929 and 1931 United Kingdom general elections, and a number of by-elections. In 1934 the NPS merged with the Scottish Party to form the Scottish National Party (SNP).","title":"National Party of Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John MacCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacCormick"},{"link_name":"Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_University_Scottish_Nationalist_Association"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bontine_Cunninghame_Graham"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Labour_Party_(1888-1893)"},{"link_name":"Scots National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_National_League"},{"link_name":"Lewis Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Spence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hugh MacDiarmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_MacDiarmid"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Eric Linklater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Linklater"},{"link_name":"1933 East Fife by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_East_Fife_by-election"},{"link_name":"Neil Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gunn"}],"text":"The NPS was formed in 1928 after John MacCormick of the Glasgow University Scottish Nationalist Association called a meeting of all those favouring the establishment of a party favouring Scottish Home Rule. The meeting was presided over by Robert Bontine Cunninghame Graham, who had been a Liberal Party, then Scottish Labour Party politician. The NPS was formed by the amalgamation of GUSNA with the Scots National League, Lewis Spence's Scots National Movement and the Scottish Home Rule Movement.[1] On 23 June an inauguration took place in Stirling.[2]The NPS was a left-of-centre party. The celebrated poet, Hugh MacDiarmid was a member, but was expelled on account of his communist views (ironically, he would later be expelled from the Communist Party of Great Britain for his Scottish Nationalist beliefs). Other figures besides MacDiarmid were involved. Eric Linklater stood as an NPS candidate in the 1933 East Fife by-election, and Neil Gunn played a role in aiding the NPS amalgamation with the Scottish Party.","title":"Origins and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Party"},{"link_name":"Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Conservative_and_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"Kilmarnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmarnock"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1932 a home rule organisation, the Scottish Party, was formed by former members of the then Unionist Party, precursor of the modern Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. MacCormick desired unity amongst the Scottish Nationalist movement and made contact with the Scottish Party. Increasingly the two parties began to co-operate, and when the Scottish Party chose to contest the Kilmarnock by-election in November 1933 the NPS endorsed their candidate. 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He contested Midlothian and Peebles Northern at a by-election in 1929 and came fourth, with 4.5% of the vote.[5]The NPS contested many elections in its short existence but never managed to get any of its candidates elected to parliament.","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By-elections, 1929","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1929 general election","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By-elections, 1929-1931","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1931 general election","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By-elections, 1931-1933","title":"Electoral performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard J. Finlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Finlay"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Christopher Harvie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Harvie"},{"link_name":"Gerry Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0748639918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748639918"},{"link_name":"John MacCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_MacCormick"},{"link_name":"Victor Gollancz Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"}],"text":"Brand, Jack, The National Movement in Scotland, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978\nBrand, Jack, ‘Scotland’, in Watson, Michael (ed.), Contemporary Minority Nationalism, Routledge, 1990\nRichard J. Finlay, Independent and Free: Scottish Politics and the Origins of the Scottish National Party 1918-1945, John Donald Publishers, 1994\nHanham, H.J., Scottish Nationalism, Harvard University Press, 1969\nChristopher Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism: Scottish Society and Politics 1707 to the Present, Routledge (4th edition), 2004\nGerry Hassan (ed.), The Modern SNP: From Protest to Power, Edinburgh University Press, 2009, ISBN 0748639918\nLloyd-Jones, N., \"Liberalism, Scottish Nationalism and the Home Rule crisis, c.1886-1893\", \"English Historical Review\" (August 2014)\nLynch, Peter, SNP: The History of the Scottish National Party, Welsh Academic Press, 2002\nJohn MacCormick, The Flag in the Wind: The Story of the National Movement in Scotland, Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1955\nMitchell, James, The Scottish Question, Oxford University Press, 2014","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Party of Scotland:Birth of a new organisation\". 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Scotland's control of her own credit\""},{"Link":"https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/9fe7f35e-7c4e-325b-b1cd-c70ade1868a8","external_links_name":"Collection of material relating to the Scottish National Party"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/132774374","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007009257","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2009487018&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Dino | Ali Dino | ["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References"] | Ali DinoAli Dino in 1930Born1890Chios or Preveza, Ottoman Empire, modern day GreeceDied1938Athens, GreeceOccupationcartoonist, politicianNationalityOttoman, Greek
Ali Dino (Greek: Αλή Ντίνο), also known as Ali Dino Bey (Albanian: Ali Bej Dino; Greek: Αλή Ντίνο Μπέης, 1890–1938) was an Albanian cartoonist and a Member of the Greek Parliament.
Biography
Dino was born in Chios, in the Vilayet of the Archipelago of the Ottoman Empire in 1890, to Rasih Dino. He was grandson of Abedin Dino, one of the main contributors of the Albanian independence. His family were from Preveza, Chameria. His siblings were Leyla Dino Ileri, Abidin Dino (named after his grandfather Abedin) famous painter, and Ahmet (named after his great grandfather Ahmed Dino). He became one of the most famous cartoonists in Greece, and was elected in the Greek Parliament for the Preveza prefecture in 1915. Dino later founded the Party of the Chameria, that represented the local Cham Albanian community as well as of the Greek Albanian Friendship Society. He died in Athens, Greece, in 1938.
Works
Self portrait
Caricature (1917) Municipal Art Gallery of Ioannina
Manos (1919)
References
^ Fotos Giofylis, Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής τέχνης. Ζωγραφικής, γλυπτικής, χαρακτικής, αρχιτεκτονικής και διακοσμητικής, 1821-1941, Το Ελληνικό Βιβλίο, Athens 1962, Vol. 2, p. 447.
^ Εκπαιδευτική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια. Παγκόσμιο Βιογραφικό Λεξικό, Ekdotiki Athinon, Athens 1999, vol. 1, p. 172.
^ "Μητρώον πληρεξουσίων, γερουσιαστών και βουλευτών, 1822-1935". ΑΡΧΕΙΟΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
^ a b Mavrogordatos, George Th. Stillborn republic: social coalitions and party strategies in Greece, 1922-1936. University of California Press. California, 1983.
vteCham AlbaniansHistory
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Song of Marko Boçari
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Rexhep Demi
Tahir Demi
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Ahmed Dino
Ali Dino
Rasih Dino
Shahin Dino
Veli Gërra
Muhamet Kyçyku
Shpëtim Idrizi
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Teme Sejko
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Hasan Tahsini
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Jakup Veseli
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1Settlements inhabited by communities known as Arvanites, and very rarely characterized as Cham
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This biographical article relating to Albania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This profile of a cartoonist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"},{"link_name":"Greek Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Parliament"}],"text":"Ali Dino (Greek: Αλή Ντίνο), also known as Ali Dino Bey (Albanian: Ali Bej Dino; Greek: Αλή Ντίνο Μπέης, 1890–1938) was an Albanian cartoonist and a Member of the Greek Parliament.","title":"Ali Dino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Vilayet of the Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rasih Dino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasih_Dino"},{"link_name":"Abedin Dino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abedin_Dino"},{"link_name":"Albanian independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Preveza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preveza"},{"link_name":"Chameria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameria"},{"link_name":"Abidin Dino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidin_Dino"},{"link_name":"Ahmed Dino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Dino"},{"link_name":"Greek Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Preveza prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preveza_prefecture"},{"link_name":"1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1915_Greek_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m-4"},{"link_name":"Party of the Chameria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_of_the_Chameria"},{"link_name":"Cham Albanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_Albanians"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-m-4"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"}],"text":"Dino was born in Chios,[1][2] in the Vilayet of the Archipelago of the Ottoman Empire in 1890, to Rasih Dino. He was grandson of Abedin Dino, one of the main contributors of the Albanian independence. His family were from Preveza, Chameria. His siblings were Leyla Dino Ileri, Abidin Dino (named after his grandfather Abedin) famous painter, and Ahmet (named after his great grandfather Ahmed Dino). He became one of the most famous cartoonists in Greece, and was elected in the Greek Parliament for the Preveza prefecture in 1915.[3][4] Dino later founded the Party of the Chameria, that represented the local Cham Albanian community[4] as well as of the Greek Albanian Friendship Society. He died in Athens, Greece, in 1938.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ali_Dino_-_Caricature,_1917.jpg"},{"link_name":"Municipal Art Gallery of Ioannina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Art_Gallery_of_Ioannina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manos_1919_small.jpg"}],"text":"Self portrait\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCaricature (1917) Municipal Art Gallery of Ioannina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tManos (1919)","title":"Works"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Μητρώον πληρεξουσίων, γερουσιαστών και βουλευτών, 1822-1935\". ΑΡΧΕΙΟΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ. Retrieved 2022-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arxeion-politismou.gr/2017/11/mitroo-voulefton-plirexousion-gerousiaston-Voulis-Ellinon-1822-1935.html","url_text":"\"Μητρώον πληρεξουσίων, γερουσιαστών και βουλευτών, 1822-1935\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WNAgAAAAIAAJ&q=%CE%B2%CE%AD%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82","external_links_name":"Ιστορία της νεοελληνικής τέχνης. Ζωγραφικής, γλυπτικής, χαρακτικής, αρχιτεκτονικής και διακοσμητικής, 1821-1941"},{"Link":"http://www.arxeion-politismou.gr/2017/11/mitroo-voulefton-plirexousion-gerousiaston-Voulis-Ellinon-1822-1935.html","external_links_name":"\"Μητρώον πληρεξουσίων, γερουσιαστών και βουλευτών, 1822-1935\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/363571/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/73747742","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc84wcgQMGYm8mTh8MHG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr95037228","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Dino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Dino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father-daughter_dance | Father–daughter dance | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Social dance between father and daughter
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Father with his daughter at a father–daughter dance
A father–daughter dance is a dance between a father and his daughter. Father–daughter dances are common at wedding receptions in the United States although not all weddings have a father–daughter dance. In situations where a daughter's father is not available, he may be substituted with a man of an older generation, such as an uncle or the father of a close friend. Father–daughter dances are very common at quinceañeras and debutante balls. A common trend in 2018 at wedding receptions is to only have a formal first dance for the wedding couple and party songs, forgoing the father–daughter dance. During the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020, this trend was reversed.
At weddings, the father–daughter dance typically takes place immediately following the first dance of a married couple. Sometimes the father–daughter and mother–son dance are combined into one dance. If the first dance takes place upon entry into the reception venue, the father–daughter dance normally happens following toasts and will be followed by the cake cutting.
The song selected for the father–daughter dance normally describes a love between a dad and his daughter. In the mid to late 20th century, popular father–daughter songs included "Daddy's Little Girl" by Al Martino and The Mills Brothers, "My Girl" by The Temptations, "Isn't She Lovely" by Stevie Wonder and "Father and Daughter" by Paul Simon. In the 2010s, popular father–daughter songs include "I Loved Her First" by Heartland, "My Little Girl" by Tim McGraw and "Butterfly Kisses" by Bob Carlisle.
A father–daughter dance can also refer to an event where girls and their fathers can dance. Many elementary schools have father–daughter dances, particularly on Valentine's Day. While these events are intended for girls and their fathers, some schools allow other people, such as the girls' cousins, brothers and close friends to attend.
Mother–son dances use the same analogy of a son and his mother, although they are not as common as father–daughter dances.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Father-daughter dance.
Purity ball
Mitzvah tantz
References
^ "The Best Timeline for Your Wedding Day".
^ "Father Daughter Dance Songs 2022".
This dance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_070317-N-8327R-077_Cmdr._Duncan_Smith_dances_with_his_daughter_during_the_first_Father-Daughter_Dance_at_Naval_Air_Station_North_Island.jpg"},{"link_name":"father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father"},{"link_name":"daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughter"},{"link_name":"wedding receptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_reception"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"uncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle"},{"link_name":"quinceañeras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era"},{"link_name":"debutante balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debutante_ball"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"first dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Daddy's Little Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daddy%27s_Little_Girl"},{"link_name":"Al Martino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Martino"},{"link_name":"The Mills Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mills_Brothers"},{"link_name":"My Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Girl_(The_Temptations_song)"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"Isn't She Lovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%27t_She_Lovely"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Father and Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_and_Daughter"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon"},{"link_name":"I Loved Her First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Loved_Her_First_(song)"},{"link_name":"Heartland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_(band)"},{"link_name":"My Little Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Little_Girl_(Tim_McGraw_song)"},{"link_name":"Tim McGraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McGraw"},{"link_name":"Butterfly Kisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_Kisses_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bob Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_(event)"},{"link_name":"elementary schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_school"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"}],"text":"Father with his daughter at a father–daughter danceA father–daughter dance is a dance between a father and his daughter. Father–daughter dances are common at wedding receptions in the United States although not all weddings have a father–daughter dance. In situations where a daughter's father is not available, he may be substituted with a man of an older generation, such as an uncle or the father of a close friend. Father–daughter dances are very common at quinceañeras and debutante balls. A common trend in 2018 at wedding receptions is to only have a formal first dance for the wedding couple and party songs, forgoing the father–daughter dance. During the COVID-19 pandemic beginning in 2020, this trend was reversed.At weddings, the father–daughter dance typically takes place immediately following the first dance of a married couple. Sometimes the father–daughter and mother–son dance are combined into one dance. If the first dance takes place upon entry into the reception venue, the father–daughter dance normally happens following toasts and will be followed by the cake cutting.[1]The song selected for the father–daughter dance normally describes a love between a dad and his daughter. In the mid to late 20th century, popular father–daughter songs included \"Daddy's Little Girl\" by Al Martino and The Mills Brothers, \"My Girl\" by The Temptations, \"Isn't She Lovely\" by Stevie Wonder and \"Father and Daughter\" by Paul Simon. In the 2010s, popular father–daughter songs include \"I Loved Her First\" by Heartland, \"My Little Girl\" by Tim McGraw and \"Butterfly Kisses\" by Bob Carlisle.[2]A father–daughter dance can also refer to an event where girls and their fathers can dance. Many elementary schools have father–daughter dances, particularly on Valentine's Day. While these events are intended for girls and their fathers, some schools allow other people, such as the girls' cousins, brothers and close friends to attend.Mother–son dances use the same analogy of a son and his mother, although they are not as common as father–daughter dances.","title":"Father–daughter dance"}] | [{"image_text":"Father with his daughter at a father–daughter dance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/US_Navy_070317-N-8327R-077_Cmdr._Duncan_Smith_dances_with_his_daughter_during_the_first_Father-Daughter_Dance_at_Naval_Air_Station_North_Island.jpg/170px-US_Navy_070317-N-8327R-077_Cmdr._Duncan_Smith_dances_with_his_daughter_during_the_first_Father-Daughter_Dance_at_Naval_Air_Station_North_Island.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Father-daughter dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Father-daughter_dance"},{"title":"Purity ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purity_ball"},{"title":"Mitzvah tantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah_tantz"}] | [{"reference":"\"The Best Timeline for Your Wedding Day\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brides.com/story/reception-timeline-tips","url_text":"\"The Best Timeline for Your Wedding Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Father Daughter Dance Songs 2022\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myweddingsongs.com/wedding-song-lists/father-daughter-songs/","url_text":"\"Father Daughter Dance Songs 2022\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father%E2%80%93daughter_dance&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.brides.com/story/reception-timeline-tips","external_links_name":"\"The Best Timeline for Your Wedding Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.myweddingsongs.com/wedding-song-lists/father-daughter-songs/","external_links_name":"\"Father Daughter Dance Songs 2022\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father%E2%80%93daughter_dance&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehuelches_Department | Tehuelches Department | ["1 Demographics","2 Climate","3 Settlements","4 Economy","5 See also","6 References"] | Coordinates: 44°01′S 70°28′W / 44.017°S 70.467°W / -44.017; -70.467This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tehuelches Department" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Place in Chubut, ArgentinaTehuelches DepartmentDepartamento TehuelchesCoordinates: 44°01′S 70°28′W / 44.017°S 70.467°W / -44.017; -70.467CountryArgentinaProvinceChubutCapitalJosé de San MartínArea • Total14,750 km2 (5,700 sq mi)Population (2008) • Total5,498 • Density0.35/km2 (0.9/sq mi)Post CodeU9220
Tehuelches Department is a department of Chubut Province in Argentina.
The provincial subdivision has a total area of 14,750 km2, and its capital city is José de San Martín, which is located around 1,870 km from the Capital federal.
Demographics
According to INDEC estimates for June 2008, the population of the department reached 5.498 inhabitants.
Population evolution of the Tehuelches department according to the different national censuses and intercensal variation in %
1947
1960
1970
1980
1991
2001
2008
Population
4269
4884
5154
4728
4801
5159
5498
Variation
-
+14.40 %
+5.52 %
−8.26 %
+1.54 %
+7.45 %
+6.57 %
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC).
Climate
Climate data for Puesto Viejo (modelled data)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
36.0(96.8)
35.1(95.2)
31.7(89.1)
26.8(80.2)
20.7(69.3)
19.1(66.4)
16.7(62.1)
21.3(70.3)
24.2(75.6)
28.4(83.1)
30.9(87.6)
34.8(94.6)
36.0(96.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
18.7(65.7)
18.5(65.3)
15.5(59.9)
10.6(51.1)
6.4(43.5)
2.7(36.9)
2.6(36.7)
4.6(40.3)
8.0(46.4)
11.5(52.7)
14.5(58.1)
17.1(62.8)
10.9(51.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
12.0(53.6)
11.5(52.7)
8.9(48.0)
4.3(39.7)
0.9(33.6)
−1.8(28.8)
−2.5(27.5)
−1.0(30.2)
1.6(34.9)
5.1(41.2)
8.0(46.4)
10.6(51.1)
4.8(40.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
5.4(41.7)
5.0(41.0)
2.8(37.0)
−0.9(30.4)
−3.6(25.5)
−5.6(21.9)
−6.8(19.8)
−5.5(22.1)
−3.5(25.7)
−0.5(31.1)
1.8(35.2)
4.1(39.4)
−0.6(30.9)
Record low °C (°F)
−6.4(20.5)
−5.4(22.3)
−10.1(13.8)
−14.4(6.1)
−29.1(−20.4)
−36.0(−32.8)
−32.3(−26.1)
−29.2(−20.6)
−23.6(−10.5)
−11.6(11.1)
−10.0(14.0)
−6.0(21.2)
−36.0(−32.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
29(1.1)
25(1.0)
25(1.0)
23(0.9)
20(0.8)
19(0.7)
19(0.7)
20(0.8)
22(0.9)
27(1.1)
29(1.1)
30(1.2)
343(13.5)
Source: Climate-Data.org
Settlements
Gobernador Costa
José de San Martín
Río Pico
Doctor Atilio Oscar Viglione
Alto Río Pico
Puesto Viejo
Putrachoique
Laguna Blanca
Arroyo Arenoso
Aldea Shaman
Lago Vintter
Nueva Lubecka
Rio Frias
Economy
The economic activities carried out are services, but the main economic activity is still sheep farming.
See also
Departments of Chubut province
vteDepartments of Chubut Province, Argentina
Biedma
Cushamen
Escalante
Florentino Ameghino
Futaleufú
Gaiman
Gastre
Languiñeo
Mártires
Paso de Indios
Rawson
Río Senguer
Sarmiento
Tehuelches
Telsen
References
^ Estimaciones de población de la provincia de Chubut 2001-2010 pag. 15- INDEC -.
^ "Climate-Data.org". Retrieved 2021-04-02.
^ "História de Gobernador Costa - Guia Patagonia". Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
This article about a place in Chubut Province, Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Chubut Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubut_Province"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn,_Chubut"},{"link_name":"Capital federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_federal"}],"text":"Place in Chubut, ArgentinaTehuelches Department is a department of Chubut Province in Argentina.The provincial subdivision has a total area of 14,750 km2, and its capital city is José de San Martín, which is located around 1,870 km from the Capital federal.","title":"Tehuelches Department"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"INDEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Censos_(Argentina)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"According to INDEC estimates for June 2008, the population of the department reached 5.498 inhabitants.[1]Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC).","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Climatedata-2"}],"text":"Climate data for Puesto Viejo (modelled data)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n35.1(95.2)\n\n31.7(89.1)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n19.1(66.4)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n24.2(75.6)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n30.9(87.6)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n2.6(36.7)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n14.5(58.1)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n10.9(51.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n4.3(39.7)\n\n0.9(33.6)\n\n−1.8(28.8)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n−1.0(30.2)\n\n1.6(34.9)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n8.0(46.4)\n\n10.6(51.1)\n\n4.8(40.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n2.8(37.0)\n\n−0.9(30.4)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n−5.6(21.9)\n\n−6.8(19.8)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n−0.6(30.9)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−6.4(20.5)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n−10.1(13.8)\n\n−14.4(6.1)\n\n−29.1(−20.4)\n\n−36.0(−32.8)\n\n−32.3(−26.1)\n\n−29.2(−20.6)\n\n−23.6(−10.5)\n\n−11.6(11.1)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−36.0(−32.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n29(1.1)\n\n25(1.0)\n\n25(1.0)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n20(0.8)\n\n19(0.7)\n\n19(0.7)\n\n20(0.8)\n\n22(0.9)\n\n27(1.1)\n\n29(1.1)\n\n30(1.2)\n\n343(13.5)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[2]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gobernador Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernador_Costa,_Chubut"},{"link_name":"José de San Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn,_Chubut"},{"link_name":"Río Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Pico,_Chubut"},{"link_name":"Doctor Atilio Oscar Viglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Atilio_Oscar_Viglione"}],"text":"Gobernador Costa\nJosé de San Martín\nRío Pico\nDoctor Atilio Oscar Viglione\nAlto Río Pico\nPuesto Viejo\nPutrachoique\nLaguna Blanca\nArroyo Arenoso\nAldea Shaman\nLago Vintter\nNueva Lubecka\nRio Frias","title":"Settlements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The economic activities carried out are services, but the main economic activity is still sheep farming.[3]","title":"Economy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Departments of Chubut province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Departments_of_Chubut_Province"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Departments_Chubut"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Departments_Chubut"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Departments_Chubut"},{"title":"Departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Argentina"},{"title":"Chubut Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chubut_Province"},{"title":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_de_la_Provincia_del_Chubut.svg"},{"title":"Biedma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biedma_Department"},{"title":"Cushamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cushamen_Department"},{"title":"Escalante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalante_Department"},{"title":"Florentino Ameghino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentino_Ameghino_Department"},{"title":"Futaleufú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futaleuf%C3%BA_Department"},{"title":"Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiman_Department"},{"title":"Gastre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastre_Department"},{"title":"Languiñeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langui%C3%B1eo_Department"},{"title":"Mártires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1rtires_Department"},{"title":"Paso de 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Retrieved 2021-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://es.climate-data.org/america-del-sur/argentina/chubut/puesto-viejo-148007/","url_text":"\"Climate-Data.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"História de Gobernador Costa - Guia Patagonia\". Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Ferro | Gregorio Ferro | ["1 Life and works","2 References","3 Further reading"] | Spanish painter (1742–1812)
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Gregorio Ferro Requeijo (1742, Boqueixón - 23 January 1812, Madrid) was a Spanish painter and academy director.
Life and works
At the age of fifteen, he moved to from his native Galicia to Madrid, where he enrolled at the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, under the tutelage of Anton Raphael Mengs. In 1772 he took second place, behind Jacinto Gómez Pastor , in the first-class art competition, with his allegorical rendering of the birth of the Infante, Carlos Clemente, first-born of King Charles IV.
Allegory on the Birth of the Infante, Carlos Clemente
After that, he went to Rome to complete his education and won several medals. This was made possible by a grant from the Academia, plus money provided from Mengs' own pocket. Before leaving for Rome, he had already created some drawings for the Royal Court and, in 1781, was elected to the Academia in recognition of his painting depicting the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.
In 1788, he was elected Lieutenant-Director of the Academia, to replace Francisco Bayeu, who had taken leave, then was promoted to Director of Painting in 1791, following the resignation of Francisco de Goya. He was nominated to become the Academia's Director in 1804, and the nomination was approved by King Charles later that same year. He was never appointed a court painter; possibly due to the tough competition for the post at that time.
He did, however, accomplish a great deal of work at the various royal sites and palaces; notably at the Palacio Real de Madrid and the Palacio Real de Aranjuez, as well as various frescoes at the Palacio del Marqués de Grimaldi, now the Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, next to the Palacio del Senado, where he worked from 1787 to 1792.
His opus includes numerous religious works in churches and at the court, including small pieces in Murcia, Cuenca and his home province of Galicia at the Catedral de Santiago de Compostela.
References
^ a b Arnaiz, José Manuel (1999). "Sobre Goya y algunos pintores de su entorno", in: Anuario del Departamento de Historia y Teoría del Arte (UAM).
Further reading
Morales y Marín, José Luis, "El pintor Gregorio Ferro (1742-1812), Director General de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. Noticias documentales sobre la última etapa." Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, In: Boletín de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando. First Quarter, 1997. Number 84. Online @ the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
France
2
BnF data
2
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
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In 1772 he took second place, behind Jacinto Gómez Pastor [es], in the first-class art competition, with his allegorical rendering of the birth of the Infante, Carlos Clemente, first-born of King Charles IV.[1]Allegory on the Birth of the Infante, Carlos ClementeAfter that, he went to Rome to complete his education and won several medals. This was made possible by a grant from the Academia, plus money provided from Mengs' own pocket. Before leaving for Rome, he had already created some drawings for the Royal Court and, in 1781, was elected to the Academia in recognition of his painting depicting the martyrdom of Saint Sebastian.In 1788, he was elected Lieutenant-Director of the Academia, to replace Francisco Bayeu, who had taken leave, then was promoted to Director of Painting in 1791, following the resignation of Francisco de Goya. He was nominated to become the Academia's Director in 1804, and the nomination was approved by King Charles later that same year. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechmast | Beech | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Species","2.2 Natural hybrids","2.3 Fossil species","2.4 Etymology","3 Distribution and habitat","3.1 Britain and Ireland","3.2 Continental Europe","3.3 North America","3.4 Asia","4 Ecology","4.1 Diseases","5 Cultivation","6 Uses","6.1 Wood","6.2 Food","6.3 Books","6.4 Other","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Genus of flowering plants in the family Fagaceae
This article is about the genus of trees. For other uses, see Beech (disambiguation) and Beechwood (disambiguation). For other uses of Fagus, see Fagus (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Beach or Birch.
Beech
European beech (Fagus sylvatica)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fagales
Family:
Fagaceae
Subfamily:
FagoideaeK.Koch
Genus:
FagusL.
Type species
Castanea fagusScop.
Species
See text
Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America. There are 13 accepted species in two distinct subgenera, Engleriana and Fagus. The subgenus Engleriana is found only in East Asia, distinctive for its low branches, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. The better known Fagus subgenus beeches are native to Europe and North America. They are high-branching trees with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-grey bark. The European beech Fagus sylvatica is the most commonly cultivated species, yielding a utility timber used for furniture construction, flooring and engineering purposes, in plywood, and household items. The timber can be used to build homes. Beechwood makes excellent firewood. Slats of washed beech wood are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for Budweiser beer. Beech logs are burned to dry the malt used in some German smoked beers. Beech is also used to smoke Westphalian ham, andouille sausage, and some cheeses.
Description
Leaf of Fagus sylvatica
Beechnuts in autumn
Beeches are monoecious, bearing both male and female flowers on the same plant. The small flowers are unisexual, the female flowers borne in pairs, the male flowers wind-pollinating catkins. They are produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The fruit of the beech tree, known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or mild and nut-like taste.
The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the most commonly cultivated, although few important differences are seen between species aside from detail elements such as leaf shape. The leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 centimetres (2–6 inches) long and 4–10 cm (2–4 in) broad.
The bark is smooth and light gray. The fruit is a small, sharply three-angled nut 10–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1.5–2.5 cm (5⁄8–1 in) long, known as cupules. The husk can have a variety of spine- to scale-like appendages, the character of which is, in addition to leaf shape, one of the primary ways beeches are differentiated. The nuts have a bitter taste (though not nearly as bitter as acorns) and a high tannin content; these are called beechnuts or beech mast.
Taxonomy
Recent classification systems of the genus recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, Engleriana and Fagus. The Engleriana subgenus is found only in East Asia, and is notably distinct from the Fagus subgenus in that these beeches are low-branching trees, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. Further differentiating characteristics include the whitish bloom on the underside of the leaves, the visible tertiary leaf veins, and a long, smooth cupule-peduncle. Proposed by botanist Chung-Fu Shen in 1992, F. japonica, F. engleriana, and F. okamotoi comprise this subgenus.
The better known Fagus subgenus beeches are high-branching with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-gray bark. This group includes F. sylvatica, F. grandifolia, F. crenata, F. lucida, F. longipetiolata, and F. hayatae. The classification of the European beech, F. sylvatica, is complex, with a variety of different names proposed for different species and subspecies within this region (for example F. taurica, F. orientalis, and F. moesica). Research suggests that beeches in Eurasia differentiated fairly late in evolutionary history, during the Miocene. The populations in this area represent a range of often overlapping morphotypes, and genetic analysis does not clearly support separate species.
Fagus is the most basal group in the evolution of the Fagaceae family, which also includes oaks and chestnuts. The southern beeches (genus Nothofagus) previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, the Nothofagaceae (which remains a member of the order Fagales). They are found throughout the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, as well as Argentina and Chile (principally Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).
Species
Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2023:
Image
Name
Distribution
Fagus chienii W.C.Cheng
China (Sichuan)
Fagus crenata Blume – Siebold's beech or Japanese beech
Japan
Fagus engleriana Seemen ex Diels – Chinese beech
China
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. – American beech
Canada, United States, Mexico
Fagus hayatae Palib. ex Hayata
Taiwan
Fagus japonica Maxim.
Japan
Fagus lucida Rehder & E.H.Wilson
China
Fagus multinervis Nakai
South Korea (Ulleungdo)
Fagus orientalis Lipsky – Oriental beech
Eastern Europe and Western Asia
Fagus pashanica C.C.Yang
China (Sichuan, Zhejiang)
Fagus sinensis Oliv.
China (Hubei), Vietnam
Fagus sylvatica L. – European beech
Europe
Natural hybrids
Image
Name
Parentage
Distribution
Fagus × taurica Popl. – Crimean beech
F. orientalis × F. sylvatica
Eurasia
Fossil species
Numerous species have been named globally from the fossil record spanning from the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene
†Fagus aburatoensis Tanai, 1951
†Fagus alnitifolia Hollick
†Fagus altaensis Kornilova & Rajushkina, 1979
†Fagus ambigua (Massalongo) Massalongo, 1853
†Fagus angusta Andreánszky, 1959
†Fagus antipofii Heer, 1858
†Fagus aperta Andreánszky, 1959
†Fagus arduinorum Massalongo, 1858
†Fagus aspera (Berry) Brown, 1944
†Fagus aspera Chelebaeva, 2005 (jr homonym)
†Fagus atlantica Unger, 1847
†Fagus attenuata Göppert, 1855
†Fagus aurelianii Marion & Laurent, 1895
†Fagus australis Oliver, 1936
†Fagus betulifolia Massalongo, 1858
†Fagus bonnevillensis Chaney, 1920
†Fagus castaneifolia Unger, 1847
†Fagus celastrifolia Ettingshausen, 1887
†Fagus ceretana (Rérolle) Saporta, 1892
†Fagus chamaephegos Unger, 1861
†Fagus chankaica Alexeenko, 1977
†Fagus chiericii Massalongo, 1858
†Fagus chinensis Li, 1978
†Fagus coalita Rylova, 1996
†Fagus cordifolia Heer, 1883
†Fagus cretacea Newberry, 1868
†Fagus decurrens Reid & Reid, 1915
†Fagus dentata Göppert, 1855
†Fagus deucalionis Unger, 1847
†Fagus dubia Mirb, 1822
†Fagus dubia Watelet, 1866 (jr homonym)
†Fagus echinata Chelebaeva, 2005
†Fagus eocenica Watelet, 1866
†Fagus etheridgei Ettingshausen, 1891
†Fagus ettingshausenii Velenovský, 1881
†Fagus europaea Schwarewa, 1960
†Fagus evenensis Chelebaeva, 1980
†Fagus faujasii Unger, 1850
†Fagus feroniae Unger, 1845
†Fagus florinii Huzioka & Takahashi, 1973
†Fagus forumlivii Massalongo, 1853
†Fagus friedrichii Grímsson & Denk, 2005
†Fagus gortanii Fiori, 1940
†Fagus grandifoliiformis Panova, 1966
†Fagus gussonii Massalongo, 1858
†Fagus haidingeri Kováts, 1856
†Fagus herthae (Unger) Iljinskaja, 1964
†Fagus hitchcockii Lesquereux, 1861
†Fagus hondoensis (Watari) Watari, 1952
†Fagus hookeri Ettingshausen, 1887
†Fagus horrida Ludwig, 1858
†Fagus humata Menge & Göppert, 1886
†Fagus idahoensis Chaney & Axelrod, 1959
†Fagus inaequalis Göppert, 1855
†Fagus incerta (Massalongo) Massalongo, 1858
†Fagus integrifolia Dusén, 1899
†Fagus intermedia Nathorst, 1888
†Fagus irvajamensis Chelebaeva, 1980
†Fagus japoniciformis Ananova, 1974
†Fagus japonicoides Miki, 1963
†Fagus jobanensis Suzuki, 1961
†Fagus jonesii Johnston, 1892
†Fagus juliae Jakubovskaya, 1975
†Fagus kitamiensis Tanai, 1995
†Fagus koraica Huzioka, 1951
†Fagus kraeuselii Kvaček & Walther, 1991
†Fagus kuprianoviae Rylova, 1996
†Fagus lancifolia Heer, 1868 (nomen nudum)
†Fagus langevinii Manchester & Dillhoff, 2004
†Fagus laptoneura Ettingshausen, 1895
†Fagus latissima Andreánszky, 1959
†Fagus leptoneuron Ettingshausen, 1893
†Fagus macrophylla Unger, 1854
†Fagus maorica Oliver, 1936
†Fagus marsillii Massalongo, 1858
†Fagus menzelii Kvaček & Walther, 1991
†Fagus microcarpa Miki, 1933
†Fagus miocenica Ananova, 1974
†Fagus napanensis Iljinskaja, 1982
†Fagus nelsonica Ettingshausen, 1887
†Fagus oblonga Suzuki, 1959
†Fagus oblonga Andreánszky, 1959
†Fagus obscura Dusén, 1908
†Fagus olejnikovii Pavlyutkin, 2015
†Fagus orbiculatum Lesquereux, 1892
†Fagus orientaliformis Kul'kova
†Fagus orientalis var fossilis Kryshtofovich & Baikovskaja, 1951
†Fagus orientalis var palibinii Iljinskaja, 1982
†Fagus pacifica Chaney, 1927
†Fagus palaeococcus Unger, 1847
†Fagus palaeocrenata Okutsu, 1955
†Fagus palaeograndifolia Pavlyutkin, 2002
†Fagus palaeojaponica Tanai & Onoe, 1961
†Fagus pittmanii Deane, 1902
†Fagus pliocaenica Geyler & Kinkelin, 1887 (jr homonym)
†Fagus pliocenica Saporta, 1882
†Fagus polycladus Lesquereux, 1868
†Fagus praelucida Li, 1982
†Fagus praeninnisiana Ettingshausen, 1893
†Fagus praeulmifolia Ettingshausen, 1893
†Fagus prisca Ettingshausen, 1867
†Fagus pristina Saporta, 1867
†Fagus producta Ettingshausen, 1887
†Fagus protojaponica Suzuki, 1959
†Fagus protolongipetiolata Huzioka, 1951
†Fagus protonucifera Dawson, 1884
†Fagus pseudoferruginea Lesquereux, 1878
†Fagus pygmaea Unger, 1861
†Fagus pyrrhae Unger, 1854
†Fagus salnikovii Fotjanova, 1988
†Fagus sanctieugeniensis Hollick, 1927
†Fagus saxonica Kvaček & Walther, 1991
†Fagus schofieldii Mindell, Stockey, & Beard, 2009
†Fagus septembris Chelebaeva, 1991
†Fagus shagiana Ettingshausen, 1891
†Fagus stuxbergii Tanai, 1976
†Fagus subferruginea Wilf et al., 2005
†Fagus succinea Göppert & Menge, 1853
†Fagus sylvatica var diluviana Saporta, 1892
†Fagus sylvatica var pliocenica Saporta, 1873
†Fagus tenella Panova, 1966
†Fagus uemurae Tanai, 1995
†Fagus uotanii Huzioka, 1951
†Fagus vivianii Unger, 1850
†Fagus washoensis LaMotte, 1936
Fossil species formerly placed in Fagus include:
†Alnus paucinervis (Borsuk) Iljinskaja
†Castanea abnormalis (Fotjanova) Iljinskaja
†Fagopsis longifolia (Lesquereux) Hollick
†Fagopsis undulata (Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr
†Fagoxylon grandiporosum (Beyer) Süss
†Fagus-pollenites parvifossilis (Traverse) Potonié
†Juglans ginannii Massalongo (new name for F. ginannii)
†Nothofagaphyllites novae-zealandiae (Oliver) Campbell
†Nothofagus benthamii (Ettingshausen) Paterson
†Nothofagus dicksonii (Dusén) Tanai
†Nothofagus lendenfeldii (Ettingshausen) Oliver
†Nothofagus luehmannii (Deane) Paterson
†Nothofagus magelhaenica (Ettingshausen) Dusén
†Nothofagus maidenii (Deane) Chapman
†Nothofagus muelleri (Ettingshausen) Paterson
†Nothofagus ninnisiana (Unger) Oliver
†Nothofagus risdoniana (Ettingshausen) Paterson
†Nothofagus ulmifolia (Ettingshausen) Oliver
†Nothofagus wilkinsonii (Ettingshausen) Paterson
†Trigonobalanus minima (M. Chandler) Mai
Etymology
The name of the tree in Latin, fagus (from whence the generic epithet), is cognate with English "beech" and of Indo-European origin, and played an important role in early debates on the geographical origins of the Indo-European people, the beech argument. Greek φηγός (figós) is from the same root, but the word was transferred to the oak tree (e.g. Iliad 16.767) as a result of the absence of beech trees in southern Greece.
Distribution and habitat
European beech (Fagus sylvatica)
Beeches in Ehrenbach, Germany
North American beech, seen in autumn
Chinese beech (Fagus engleriana)
Britain and Ireland
Fagus sylvatica was a late entrant to Great Britain after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of England. Some suggest that it was introduced by Neolithic tribes who planted the trees for their edible nuts. The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods. Large areas of the Chilterns are covered with beech woods, which are habitat to the common bluebell and other flora. The Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve in southeast Wales was designated for its beech woodlands, which are believed to be on the western edge of their natural range in this steep limestone gorge.
Beech is not native to Ireland; however, it was widely planted in the 18th century and can become a problem shading out the native woodland understory.
Beech is widely planted for hedging and in deciduous woodlands, and mature, regenerating stands occur throughout mainland Britain at elevations below about 650 m (2,100 ft). The tallest and longest hedge in the world (according to Guinness World Records) is the Meikleour Beech Hedge in Meikleour, Perth and Kinross, Scotland.
Continental Europe
Fagus sylvatica is one of the most common hardwood trees in north-central Europe, in France constituting alone about 15% of all nonconifers. The Balkans are also home to the lesser-known oriental beech (F. orientalis) and Crimean beech (F. taurica).
As a naturally growing forest tree, beech marks the important border between the European deciduous forest zone and the northern pine forest zone. This border is important for wildlife and fauna.
In Denmark and Scania at the southernmost peak of the Scandinavian peninsula, southwest of the natural spruce boundary, it is the most common forest tree. It grows naturally in Denmark and southern Norway and Sweden up to about 57–59°N. The most northern known naturally growing (not planted) beech trees are found in a small grove north of Bergen on the west coast of Norway. Near the city of Larvik is the largest naturally occurring beech forest in Norway, Bøkeskogen.
Some research suggests that early agriculture patterns supported the spread of beech in continental Europe. Research has linked the establishment of beech stands in Scandinavia and Germany with cultivation and fire disturbance, i.e. early agricultural practices. Other areas which have a long history of cultivation, Bulgaria for example, do not exhibit this pattern, so how much human activity has influenced the spread of beech trees is as yet unclear.
The primeval beech forests of the Carpathians are also an example of a singular, complete, and comprehensive forest dominated by a single tree species - the beech tree. Forest dynamics here were allowed to proceed without interruption or interference since the last ice age. Nowadays, they are amongst the last pure beech forests in Europe to document the undisturbed postglacial repopulation of the species, which also includes the unbroken existence of typical animals and plants. These virgin beech forests and similar forests across 12 countries in continental Europe were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2007.
North America
The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) occurs across much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, with a disjunct population in Mexico. It is the only Fagus species in the Western Hemisphere. Before the Pleistocene Ice Age, it is believed to have spanned the entire width of the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific but now is confined to the east of the Great Plains. F. grandifolia tolerates hotter climates than European species but is not planted much as an ornamental due to slower growth and less resistance to urban pollution. It most commonly occurs as an overstory component in the northern part of its range with sugar maple, transitioning to other forest types further south such as beech-magnolia. American beech is rarely encountered in developed areas except as a remnant of a forest that was cut down for land development.
The dead brown leaves of the American beech remain on the branches until well into the following spring, when the new buds finally push them off.
Asia
East Asia is home to five species of Fagus, only one of which (F. crenata) is occasionally planted in Western countries. Smaller than F. sylvatica and F. grandifolia, this beech is one of the most common hardwoods in its native range.
Ecology
Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acidic or basic, provided they are not waterlogged. The tree canopy casts dense shade and thickens the ground with leaf litter.
In North America, they can form beech-maple climax forests by partnering with the sugar maple.
The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of American beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of Lepidoptera.
Beech bark is extremely thin and scars easily. Since the beech tree has such delicate bark, carvings, such as lovers' initials and other forms of graffiti, remain because the tree is unable to heal itself.
Diseases
Beech bark disease is a fungal infection that attacks the American beech through damage caused by scale insects. Infection can lead to the death of the tree.
Beech leaf disease is a disease that affects American beeches spread by the newly discovered nematode, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii. This disease was first discovered in Lake County, Ohio, in 2012 and has now spread to over 41 counties in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, Canada.
As of 2024, the disease has become widespread in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and in portions of coastal New Hampshire and coastal and central Maine.
Cultivation
The beech most commonly grown as an ornamental tree is the European beech (Fagus sylvatica), widely cultivated in North America as well as its native Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation, notably the weeping beech F. sylvatica 'Pendula', several varieties of copper or purple beech, the fern-leaved beech F. sylvatica 'Asplenifolia', and the tricolour beech F. sylvatica 'Roseomarginata'. The columnar Dawyck beech (F. sylvatica 'Dawyck') occurs in green, gold, and purple forms, named after Dawyck Botanic Garden in the Scottish Borders, one of the four garden sites of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
Uses
Beech Tree photographed by Eugène Atget, circa 1910–1915
Wood
Beech wood is an excellent firewood, easily split and burning for many hours with bright but calm flames. Slats of beech wood are washed in caustic soda to leach out any flavour or aroma characteristics and are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for Budweiser beer. This provides a complex surface on which the yeast can settle, so that it does not pile up, preventing yeast autolysis which would contribute off-flavours to the beer. Beech logs are burned to dry the malt used in German smoked beers. Beech is also used to smoke Westphalian ham, traditional andouille (an offal sausage) from Normandy, and some cheeses.
Some drums are made from beech, which has a tone between those of maple and birch, the two most popular drum woods.
The textile modal is a kind of rayon often made wholly from reconstituted cellulose of pulped beech wood.
The European species Fagus sylvatica yields a tough, utility timber. It weighs about 720 kg per cubic metre and is widely used for furniture construction, flooring, and engineering purposes, in plywood and household items, but rarely as a decorative wood. The timber can be used to build chalets, houses, and log cabins.
Beech wood is used for the stocks of military rifles when traditionally preferred woods such as walnut are scarce or unavailable or as a lower-cost alternative.
Food
The edible fruit of the beech tree, known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or in some cases, mild and nut-like taste. According to the Roman statesman Pliny the Elder in his work Natural History, beechnut was eaten by the people of Chios when the town was besieged, writing of the fruit: "that of the beech is the sweetest of all; so much so, that, according to Cornelius Alexander, the people of the city of Chios, when besieged, supported themselves wholly on mast". They can also be roasted and pulverized into an adequate coffee substitute. The leaves can be steeped in liquor to give a light green/yellow liqueur.
Books
Painting on beech wood - 1511
In antiquity, the bark of the beech tree was used by Indo-European people for writing-related purposes, especially in a religious context. Beech wood tablets were a common writing material in Germanic societies before the development of paper. The Old English bōc has the primary sense of "beech" but also a secondary sense of "book", and it is from bōc that the modern word derives. In modern German, the word for "book" is Buch, with Buche meaning "beech tree". In modern Dutch, the word for "book" is boek, with beuk meaning "beech tree". In Swedish, these words are the same, bok meaning both "beech tree" and "book". There is a similar relationship in some Slavic languages. In Russian and Bulgarian, the word for beech is бук (buk), while that for "letter" (as in a letter of the alphabet) is буква (bukva), while Serbo-Croatian and Slovene use "bukva" to refer to the tree.
Other
The pigment bistre was made from beech wood soot. Beech litter raking as a replacement for straw in animal husbandry was an old non-timber practice in forest management that once occurred in parts of Switzerland in the 17th century. Beech has been listed as one of the 38 plants whose flowers are used to prepare Bach flower remedies.
See also
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
English Lowlands beech forests
The Weeping Beech
References
^ a b c d Shen, Chung-Fu (1992). A Monograph of the Genus Fagus Tourn. Ex L. (Fagaceae) (PhD). City University of New York. OCLC 28329966.
^ a b Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) . The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nd ed.). Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606.
^ Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido; Hemleben, Vera (2005). "Patterns of Molecular and Morphological Differentiation in Fagus (Fagaceae): Phylogenetic Implications". American Journal of Botany. 92 (6): 1006–16. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.6.1006. JSTOR 4126078. PMID 21652485.
^ Gömöry, D.; Paule, L.; Brus, R.; Zhelev, P.; Tomović, Z.; Gračan, J. (1999). "Genetic differentiation and phylogeny of beech on the Balkan peninsula". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 12 (4): 746–752. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00076.x. S2CID 83666988.
^ Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido; Stogerer, K.; Langer, M.; Hemleben, Vera (2002). "The evolutionary history of Fagus in western Eurasia: Evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 232 (3–4): 213–236. Bibcode:2002PSyEv.232..213D. doi:10.1007/s006060200044. JSTOR 23644392. S2CID 33581227.
^ Manos, Paul S.; Steele, Kelly P. (1997). "Phylogenetic analysis of "Higher" Hamamelididae based on Plasid Sequence Data". American Journal of Botany. 84 (10): 1407–19. doi:10.2307/2446139. JSTOR 2446139. PMID 21708548.
^ "Fagus L. - Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2023-04-24.
^ a b "Fagus". The International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 6 Feb 2023.
^ Tanai, T. "Des fossiles végétaux dans le bassin houiller de Nishitagawa, Préfecture de Yamagata, Japon". Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography. 22: 119–135.
^ Brown, R. W. (1937). Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States (PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 186. United States Geological Survey. pp. 163–206. doi:10.3133/pp186J.
^ Manchester, S. R.; Dillhoff, R. M. (2004). "Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (10): 1509–1517. doi:10.1139/b04-112.
^ Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005). "Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina". The American Naturalist. 165 (6): 634–650. doi:10.1086/430055. PMID 15937744. S2CID 3209281. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
^ Robert Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Leiden and Boston 2010, pp. 1565–6
^ "Map" (JPG). linnaeus.nrm.se. Retrieved 2019-08-07.
^ "International Foresters Study Lake District's greener, friendlier forests". Forestry Commission. Archived from the original on 28 January 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
^ "Cwm Clydach". Countryside Council for Wales Landscape & wildlife. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
^ Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.; Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British Flora. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851067-3.
^ Bradshaw, R.H.W.; Kito and, N.; Giesecke, T. (2010). "Factors influencing the Holocene history of Fagus". Forest Ecology and Management. 259 (11): 2204–12. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.035.
^ "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ Lawrence, Gale; Tyrol, Adelaide (1984). A Field Guide to the Familiar: Learning to Observe the Natural World. Prentice-Hall. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-13-314071-2.
^ "beech." The Columbia Encyclopedia. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.
^ "beech bark disease". Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology. Wiley. 2006. ISBN 978-0-470-03545-0. Credo Reference. Web. 27 September 2012.
^ Crowley, Brendan (2020-09-28). "Deadly 'Beech Leaf Disease' Identified Across Connecticut and Rhode Island". The Connecticut Examiner. Retrieved 2020-11-15.
^ University of New Hampshire
^ "Der Brauprozeß von Schlenkerla Rauchbier". Schlenkerla - die historische Rauchbierbrauerei (in German). Schlenkerla. 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
^ "GermanFoods.org - Guide to German Sausages and German Hams". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
^ "What is andouille? | Cookthink". Archived from the original on 2012-05-12. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
^ holistic-interior-designs.com, Modal Fabric Archived 2011-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 9 October 2011
^ uniformreuse.co.uk, Modal data sheet Archived 2011-10-24 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 9 October 2011
^ fabricstockexchange.com, Modal Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine (dictionary entry), retrieved 9 October 2011
^ Walter, J. (2006). Rifles of the World (3rd ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-89689-241-5.
^ "How did beech mast save the people of Chios? - Interesting Earth". interestingearth.com. Retrieved 2019-10-07.
^ United States Department of the Army (2009). The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.
^ Pronk-Tiethoff, Saskia (25 October 2013). The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic. Rodopi. p. 81. ISBN 978-94-012-0984-7.
^ A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, Second Edition (1916), Blōtan-Boldwela, John Richard Clark Hall
^ Douglas Harper. "Book". Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-11-18.
^ Bürgi, M.; Gimmi, U. (2007). "Three objectives of historical ecology: the case of litter collecting in Central European forests" (PDF). Landscape Ecology. 22 (S1): 77–87. Bibcode:2007LaEco..22S..77B. doi:10.1007/s10980-007-9128-0. hdl:20.500.11850/58945. S2CID 21130814.
^ Gimmi, U.; Poulter, B.; Wolf, A.; Portner, H.; Weber, P.; Bürgi, M. (2013). "Soil carbon pools in Swiss forests show legacy effects from historic forest litter raking" (PDF). Landscape Ecology. 28 (5): 385–846. Bibcode:2013LaEco..28..835G. doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9778-4. hdl:20.500.11850/66782. S2CID 16930894.
^ McGrath, M.J.; et al. (2015). "Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010". Biogeosciences. 12 (14): 4291–4316. Bibcode:2015BGeo...12.4291M. doi:10.5194/bg-12-4291-2015.
^ Scalenghe, R.; Minoja, A.P.; Zimmermann, S.; Bertini, S. (2016). "Consequence of litter removal on pedogenesis: A case study in Bachs and Irchel (Switzerland)". Geoderma. 271: 191–201. Bibcode:2016Geode.271..191S. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.02.024.
^ D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 978-81-7021-271-3. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to beeches.
Wikispecies has information related to Fagus.
Look up beech in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"WCSP". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families – Fagus.
Eichhorn, Markus (October 2010). "The Beech Tree". Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Traditional and Modern Use of Beech
vteNutsTrue, or botanical nuts
Acorn
Beech
American beech
European beech
Breadnut
Candlenut
Chestnut
Sweet chestnut
Hazelnut
American hazel
Beaked hazel
European hazel
Filbert
Asian hazel
Kola nut
Kurrajong
Malabar chestnut
Palm nut
Red bopple nut
Yellow walnut
Drupes
Almond
Australian cashew nut
Betel nut
Borneo tallow nut
Breadfruit
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Chilean hazel
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Durian
Gabon nut
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Johnstone River almond
Irvingia gabonensis
Jack nut
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Panda oleosa
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Pistachio
Walnut
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Araucaria spp.
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Single-leaf pinyon
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Angiosperms
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Macadamia
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Category
WikiProject
Commons
Taxon identifiersFagus
Wikidata: Q25403
Wikispecies: Fagus
APNI: 60881
CoL: 8VXN4
EoL: 107351
EPPO: 1FAUG
FNA: 112623
FoC: 112623
GBIF: 2874875
GRIN: 4605
iNaturalist: 49203
IPNI: 13497-1
IRMNG: 1306833
ITIS: 19461
NBN: NHMSYS0000458707
NCBI: 21024
NZOR: 613e56f4-3965-4f22-b574-462ef63ed097
Open Tree of Life: 1028998
Paleobiology Database: 55969
PLANTS: FAGUS
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30048723-2
Tropicos: 40008464
VASCAN: 1170
WFO: wfo-4000014560
Fagoideae
Wikidata: Q14920699
GRIN: 1498
Paleobiology Database: 53734
VASCAN: 336
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beech (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Beechwood (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechwood_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Fagus (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach"},{"link_name":"Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"Fagaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaceae"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"firewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser"},{"link_name":"malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt"},{"link_name":"smoked beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoked_beer"},{"link_name":"Westphalian ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_ham"},{"link_name":"andouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andouille"}],"text":"This article is about the genus of trees. For other uses, see Beech (disambiguation) and Beechwood (disambiguation). For other uses of Fagus, see Fagus (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Beach or Birch.Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America. There are 13 accepted species in two distinct subgenera, Engleriana and Fagus. The subgenus Engleriana is found only in East Asia, distinctive for its low branches, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. The better known Fagus subgenus beeches are native to Europe and North America. They are high-branching trees with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-grey bark. The European beech Fagus sylvatica is the most commonly cultivated species, yielding a utility timber used for furniture construction, flooring and engineering purposes, in plywood, and household items. The timber can be used to build homes. Beechwood makes excellent firewood. Slats of washed beech wood are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for Budweiser beer. Beech logs are burned to dry the malt used in some German smoked beers. Beech is also used to smoke Westphalian ham, andouille sausage, and some cheeses.","title":"Beech"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg"},{"link_name":"monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoecious"},{"link_name":"catkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catkin"},{"link_name":"burrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur"},{"link_name":"leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shen,_Chung-Fu_1992-1"},{"link_name":"acorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn"},{"link_name":"tannin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Leaf of Fagus sylvaticaBeechnuts in autumnBeeches are monoecious, bearing both male and female flowers on the same plant. The small flowers are unisexual, the female flowers borne in pairs, the male flowers wind-pollinating catkins. They are produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The fruit of the beech tree, known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or mild and nut-like taste.The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the most commonly cultivated, although few important differences are seen between species aside from detail elements such as leaf shape. The leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 centimetres (2–6 inches) long and 4–10 cm (2–4 in) broad.The bark is smooth and light gray. The fruit is a small, sharply three-angled nut 10–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1.5–2.5 cm (5⁄8–1 in) long, known as cupules. The husk can have a variety of spine- to scale-like appendages, the character of which is, in addition to leaf shape, one of the primary ways beeches are differentiated.[1] The nuts have a bitter taste (though not nearly as bitter as acorns) and a high tannin content; these are called beechnuts[2] or beech mast.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shen,_Chung-Fu_1992-1"},{"link_name":"F. japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_japonica"},{"link_name":"F. engleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_engleriana"},{"link_name":"F. okamotoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_okamotoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shen,_Chung-Fu_1992-1"},{"link_name":"F. grandifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia"},{"link_name":"F. crenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_crenata"},{"link_name":"F. lucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_lucida"},{"link_name":"F. longipetiolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_longipetiolata"},{"link_name":"F. hayatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_hayatae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shen,_Chung-Fu_1992-1"},{"link_name":"F. taurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_%C3%97_taurica"},{"link_name":"F. orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_orientalis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fagaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagaceae"},{"link_name":"oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"chestnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagus"},{"link_name":"Nothofagaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothofagaceae"},{"link_name":"Fagales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Patagonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patagonia"},{"link_name":"Tierra del Fuego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego"}],"text":"Recent classification systems of the genus recognize 10 to 13 species in two distinct subgenera, Engleriana and Fagus.[3][1] The Engleriana subgenus is found only in East Asia, and is notably distinct from the Fagus subgenus in that these beeches are low-branching trees, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. Further differentiating characteristics include the whitish bloom on the underside of the leaves, the visible tertiary leaf veins, and a long, smooth cupule-peduncle. Proposed by botanist Chung-Fu Shen in 1992, F. japonica, F. engleriana, and F. okamotoi comprise this subgenus.[1]The better known Fagus subgenus beeches are high-branching with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-gray bark. This group includes F. sylvatica, F. grandifolia, F. crenata, F. lucida, F. longipetiolata, and F. hayatae.[1] The classification of the European beech, F. sylvatica, is complex, with a variety of different names proposed for different species and subspecies within this region (for example F. taurica, F. orientalis, and F. moesica[4]). Research suggests that beeches in Eurasia differentiated fairly late in evolutionary history, during the Miocene. The populations in this area represent a range of often overlapping morphotypes, and genetic analysis does not clearly support separate species.[5]Fagus is the most basal group in the evolution of the Fagaceae family, which also includes oaks and chestnuts.[6] The southern beeches (genus Nothofagus) previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, the Nothofagaceae (which remains a member of the order Fagales). They are found throughout the Southern Hemisphere in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, as well as Argentina and Chile (principally Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plants of the World Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plants_of_the_World_Online_2022-7"}],"sub_title":"Species","text":"Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2023[update]:[7]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Natural hybrids","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI2023-8"},{"link_name":"Fagus aburatoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aburatoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tanai1952-9"},{"link_name":"Fagus alnitifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_alnitifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hollick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hollick"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown1937-10"},{"link_name":"Fagus altaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_altaensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus ambigua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_ambigua&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus angusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_angusta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus antipofii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_antipofii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus aperta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aperta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus arduinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_arduinorum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus aspera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aspera_(Berry)_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus aspera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aspera_(Chelebaeva)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus atlantica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_atlantica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus attenuata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_attenuata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus aurelianii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aurelianii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus australis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_australis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus betulifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_betulifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus bonnevillensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_bonnevillensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus castaneifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_castaneifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus celastrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_celastrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus ceretana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_ceretana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus chamaephegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chamaephegos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus chankaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chankaica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus chiericii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chiericii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus chinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chinensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus coalita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_coalita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus cordifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_cordifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus cretacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_cretacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus decurrens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_decurrens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus dentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_dentata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus deucalionis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_deucalionis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_dubia_(Mirb)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_dubia_(Watelet)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus echinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_echinata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus eocenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_eocenica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus etheridgei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_etheridgei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus ettingshausenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_ettingshausenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_europaea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus evenensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_evenensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus faujasii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_faujasii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus feroniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_feroniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus florinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_florinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus forumlivii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_forumlivii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus friedrichii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_friedrichii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus gortanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_gortanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus grandifoliiformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_grandifoliiformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus gussonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_gussonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus haidingeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_haidingeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus herthae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_herthae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus hitchcockii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hitchcockii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus hondoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hondoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus hookeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hookeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus horrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_horrida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus humata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_humata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus idahoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_idahoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus inaequalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_inaequalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus incerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_incerta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus integrifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_integrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus intermedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_intermedia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus irvajamensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_irvajamensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus japoniciformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_japoniciformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus japonicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_japonicoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus jobanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_jobanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus jonesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_jonesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus juliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_juliae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus kitamiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_kitamiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus koraica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_koraica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus kraeuselii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_kraeuselii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus kuprianoviae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_kuprianoviae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus lancifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_lancifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus langevinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_langevinii"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manchesterfagus2004-11"},{"link_name":"Fagus laptoneura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_laptoneura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus latissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_latissima&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus leptoneuron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_leptoneuron&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus macrophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_macrophylla&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus maorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_maorica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus marsillii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_marsillii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus menzelii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_menzelii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus microcarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_microcarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus miocenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_miocenica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus napanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_napanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus nelsonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_nelsonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus oblonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_oblonga_(Suzuki)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus oblonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_oblonga_(Andre%C3%A1nszky)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus obscura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_obscura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus olejnikovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_olejnikovii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus orbiculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_orbiculatum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus orientaliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_orientaliformis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus orientalis var fossilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_orientalis"},{"link_name":"Fagus orientalis var palibinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_orientalis"},{"link_name":"Fagus pacifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pacifica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus palaeococcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeococcus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus palaeocrenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeocrenata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus palaeograndifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeograndifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus palaeojaponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeojaponica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pittmanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pittmanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pliocaenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pliocaenica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pliocenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pliocenica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus polycladus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_polycladus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus praelucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_praelucida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus praeninnisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_praeninnisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus praeulmifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_praeulmifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus prisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_prisca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pristina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus producta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_producta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus protojaponica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_protojaponica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus protolongipetiolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_protolongipetiolata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus protonucifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_protonucifera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pseudoferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pseudoferruginea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pygmaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pygmaea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus pyrrhae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pyrrhae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus salnikovii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_salnikovii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus sanctieugeniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_sanctieugeniensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus saxonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_saxonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus schofieldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_schofieldii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus septembris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_septembris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus shagiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_shagiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus stuxbergii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_stuxbergii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus subferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_subferruginea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilf2005-12"},{"link_name":"Fagus succinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_succinea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica var diluviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica var pliocenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"Fagus tenella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus uemurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_uemurae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus uotanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_uotanii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus vivianii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_vivianii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus washoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus_washoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPNI2023-8"},{"link_name":"Alnus paucinervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alnus_paucinervis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Castanea abnormalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castanea_abnormalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagopsis longifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagopsis_longifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagopsis undulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagopsis_undulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagoxylon grandiporosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagoxylon_grandiporosum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fagus-pollenites parvifossilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fagus-pollenites_parvifossilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Juglans ginannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juglans_ginannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagaphyllites novae-zealandiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagaphyllites_novae-zealandiae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus benthamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_benthamii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus dicksonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_dicksonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus lendenfeldii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_lendenfeldii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus luehmannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_luehmannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus magelhaenica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_magelhaenica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus maidenii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_maidenii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus muelleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_muelleri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus ninnisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_ninnisiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus risdoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_risdoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus ulmifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_ulmifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nothofagus wilkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_wilkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Trigonobalanus minima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trigonobalanus_minima&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Fossil species","text":"Numerous species have been named globally from the fossil record spanning from the Cretaceous to the Pleistocene[8]†Fagus aburatoensis Tanai, 1951[9]\n†Fagus alnitifolia Hollick[10]\n†Fagus altaensis Kornilova & Rajushkina, 1979\n†Fagus ambigua (Massalongo) Massalongo, 1853\n†Fagus angusta Andreánszky, 1959\n†Fagus antipofii Heer, 1858\n†Fagus aperta Andreánszky, 1959\n†Fagus arduinorum Massalongo, 1858\n†Fagus aspera (Berry) Brown, 1944\n†Fagus aspera Chelebaeva, 2005 (jr homonym)\n†Fagus atlantica Unger, 1847\n†Fagus attenuata Göppert, 1855\n†Fagus aurelianii Marion & Laurent, 1895\n†Fagus australis Oliver, 1936\n†Fagus betulifolia Massalongo, 1858\n†Fagus bonnevillensis Chaney, 1920\n†Fagus castaneifolia Unger, 1847\n†Fagus celastrifolia Ettingshausen, 1887\n†Fagus ceretana (Rérolle) Saporta, 1892\n†Fagus chamaephegos Unger, 1861\n†Fagus chankaica Alexeenko, 1977\n†Fagus chiericii Massalongo, 1858\n†Fagus chinensis Li, 1978\n†Fagus coalita Rylova, 1996\n†Fagus cordifolia Heer, 1883\n†Fagus cretacea Newberry, 1868\n†Fagus decurrens Reid & Reid, 1915\n†Fagus dentata Göppert, 1855\n†Fagus deucalionis Unger, 1847\n†Fagus dubia Mirb, 1822\n†Fagus dubia Watelet, 1866 (jr homonym)\n†Fagus echinata Chelebaeva, 2005\n†Fagus eocenica Watelet, 1866\n†Fagus etheridgei Ettingshausen, 1891\n†Fagus ettingshausenii Velenovský, 1881\n†Fagus europaea Schwarewa, 1960\n†Fagus evenensis Chelebaeva, 1980\n†Fagus faujasii Unger, 1850\n†Fagus feroniae Unger, 1845\n†Fagus florinii Huzioka & Takahashi, 1973\n†Fagus forumlivii Massalongo, 1853\n†Fagus friedrichii Grímsson & Denk, 2005\n†Fagus gortanii Fiori, 1940\n†Fagus grandifoliiformis Panova, 1966\n†Fagus gussonii Massalongo, 1858\n†Fagus haidingeri Kováts, 1856\n†Fagus herthae (Unger) Iljinskaja, 1964\n†Fagus hitchcockii Lesquereux, 1861\n†Fagus hondoensis (Watari) Watari, 1952\n†Fagus hookeri Ettingshausen, 1887\n†Fagus horrida Ludwig, 1858\n†Fagus humata Menge & Göppert, 1886\n†Fagus idahoensis Chaney & Axelrod, 1959\n†Fagus inaequalis Göppert, 1855\n†Fagus incerta (Massalongo) Massalongo, 1858\n†Fagus integrifolia Dusén, 1899\n†Fagus intermedia Nathorst, 1888\n†Fagus irvajamensis Chelebaeva, 1980\n†Fagus japoniciformis Ananova, 1974\n†Fagus japonicoides Miki, 1963\n†Fagus jobanensis Suzuki, 1961\n†Fagus jonesii Johnston, 1892\n†Fagus juliae Jakubovskaya, 1975\n†Fagus kitamiensis Tanai, 1995\n†Fagus koraica Huzioka, 1951\n†Fagus kraeuselii Kvaček & Walther, 1991\n†Fagus kuprianoviae Rylova, 1996\n†Fagus lancifolia Heer, 1868 (nomen nudum)\n†Fagus langevinii Manchester & Dillhoff, 2004[11]\n†Fagus laptoneura Ettingshausen, 1895\n†Fagus latissima Andreánszky, 1959\n†Fagus leptoneuron Ettingshausen, 1893\n†Fagus macrophylla Unger, 1854\n†Fagus maorica Oliver, 1936\n†Fagus marsillii Massalongo, 1858\n†Fagus menzelii Kvaček & Walther, 1991\n†Fagus microcarpa Miki, 1933\n†Fagus miocenica Ananova, 1974\n†Fagus napanensis Iljinskaja, 1982\n†Fagus nelsonica Ettingshausen, 1887\n†Fagus oblonga Suzuki, 1959\n†Fagus oblonga Andreánszky, 1959\n†Fagus obscura Dusén, 1908\n†Fagus olejnikovii Pavlyutkin, 2015\n†Fagus orbiculatum Lesquereux, 1892\n†Fagus orientaliformis Kul'kova\n†Fagus orientalis var fossilis Kryshtofovich & Baikovskaja, 1951\n†Fagus orientalis var palibinii Iljinskaja, 1982\n†Fagus pacifica Chaney, 1927\n†Fagus palaeococcus Unger, 1847\n†Fagus palaeocrenata Okutsu, 1955\n†Fagus palaeograndifolia Pavlyutkin, 2002\n†Fagus palaeojaponica Tanai & Onoe, 1961\n†Fagus pittmanii Deane, 1902\n†Fagus pliocaenica Geyler & Kinkelin, 1887 (jr homonym)\n†Fagus pliocenica Saporta, 1882\n†Fagus polycladus Lesquereux, 1868\n†Fagus praelucida Li, 1982\n†Fagus praeninnisiana Ettingshausen, 1893\n†Fagus praeulmifolia Ettingshausen, 1893\n†Fagus prisca Ettingshausen, 1867\n†Fagus pristina Saporta, 1867\n†Fagus producta Ettingshausen, 1887\n†Fagus protojaponica Suzuki, 1959\n†Fagus protolongipetiolata Huzioka, 1951\n†Fagus protonucifera Dawson, 1884\n†Fagus pseudoferruginea Lesquereux, 1878\n†Fagus pygmaea Unger, 1861\n†Fagus pyrrhae Unger, 1854\n†Fagus salnikovii Fotjanova, 1988\n†Fagus sanctieugeniensis Hollick, 1927\n†Fagus saxonica Kvaček & Walther, 1991\n†Fagus schofieldii Mindell, Stockey, & Beard, 2009\n†Fagus septembris Chelebaeva, 1991\n†Fagus shagiana Ettingshausen, 1891\n†Fagus stuxbergii Tanai, 1976\n†Fagus subferruginea Wilf et al., 2005[12]\n†Fagus succinea Göppert & Menge, 1853\n†Fagus sylvatica var diluviana Saporta, 1892\n†Fagus sylvatica var pliocenica Saporta, 1873\n†Fagus tenella Panova, 1966\n†Fagus uemurae Tanai, 1995\n†Fagus uotanii Huzioka, 1951\n†Fagus vivianii Unger, 1850\n†Fagus washoensis LaMotte, 1936Fossil species formerly placed in Fagus include:[8]†Alnus paucinervis (Borsuk) Iljinskaja\n†Castanea abnormalis (Fotjanova) Iljinskaja\n†Fagopsis longifolia (Lesquereux) Hollick\n†Fagopsis undulata (Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr\n†Fagoxylon grandiporosum (Beyer) Süss\n†Fagus-pollenites parvifossilis (Traverse) Potonié\n†Juglans ginannii Massalongo (new name for F. ginannii)\n†Nothofagaphyllites novae-zealandiae (Oliver) Campbell\n†Nothofagus benthamii (Ettingshausen) Paterson\n†Nothofagus dicksonii (Dusén) Tanai\n†Nothofagus lendenfeldii (Ettingshausen) Oliver\n†Nothofagus luehmannii (Deane) Paterson\n†Nothofagus magelhaenica (Ettingshausen) Dusén\n†Nothofagus maidenii (Deane) Chapman\n†Nothofagus muelleri (Ettingshausen) Paterson\n†Nothofagus ninnisiana (Unger) Oliver\n†Nothofagus risdoniana (Ettingshausen) Paterson\n†Nothofagus ulmifolia (Ettingshausen) Oliver\n†Nothofagus wilkinsonii (Ettingshausen) Paterson\n†Trigonobalanus minima (M. Chandler) Mai","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generic epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_epithet"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_language"},{"link_name":"Indo-European people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_people"},{"link_name":"beech argument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_argument"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Etymology","text":"The name of the tree in Latin, fagus (from whence the generic epithet), is cognate with English \"beech\" and of Indo-European origin, and played an important role in early debates on the geographical origins of the Indo-European people, the beech argument. Greek φηγός (figós) is from the same root, but the word was transferred to the oak tree (e.g. Iliad 16.767) as a result of the absence of beech trees in southern Greece.[13]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grib_skov.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beeches,_Ehrenbach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ehrenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehrenbach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beech_with_Branches.jpg"},{"link_name":"North American beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_beech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG"},{"link_name":"Fagus engleriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_engleriana"}],"text":"European beech (Fagus sylvatica)Beeches in Ehrenbach, GermanyNorth American beech, seen in autumnChinese beech (Fagus engleriana)","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fagus sylvatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chilterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilterns"},{"link_name":"common bluebell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bluebell"},{"link_name":"Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwm_Clydach_National_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"Meikleour Beech Hedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meikleour_Beech_Hedges"},{"link_name":"Meikleour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meikleour"},{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross"}],"sub_title":"Britain and Ireland","text":"Fagus sylvatica was a late entrant to Great Britain after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of England. Some suggest that it was introduced by Neolithic tribes who planted the trees for their edible nuts.[14] The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods.[15] Large areas of the Chilterns are covered with beech woods, which are habitat to the common bluebell and other flora. The Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve in southeast Wales was designated for its beech woodlands, which are believed to be on the western edge of their natural range in this steep limestone gorge.[16]Beech is not native to Ireland; however, it was widely planted in the 18th century and can become a problem shading out the native woodland understory.Beech is widely planted for hedging and in deciduous woodlands, and mature, regenerating stands occur throughout mainland Britain at elevations below about 650 m (2,100 ft).[17] The tallest and longest hedge in the world (according to Guinness World Records) is the Meikleour Beech Hedge in Meikleour, Perth and Kinross, Scotland.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Larvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvik"},{"link_name":"Bøkeskogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8keskogen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bradshaw-18"},{"link_name":"primeval beech forests of the Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"UNESCO World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-19"}],"sub_title":"Continental Europe","text":"Fagus sylvatica is one of the most common hardwood trees in north-central Europe, in France constituting alone about 15% of all nonconifers. The Balkans are also home to the lesser-known oriental beech (F. orientalis) and Crimean beech (F. taurica).As a naturally growing forest tree, beech marks the important border between the European deciduous forest zone and the northern pine forest zone. This border is important for wildlife and fauna.In Denmark and Scania at the southernmost peak of the Scandinavian peninsula, southwest of the natural spruce boundary, it is the most common forest tree. It grows naturally in Denmark and southern Norway and Sweden up to about 57–59°N. The most northern known naturally growing (not planted) beech trees are found in a small grove north of Bergen on the west coast of Norway. Near the city of Larvik is the largest naturally occurring beech forest in Norway, Bøkeskogen.Some research suggests that early agriculture patterns supported the spread of beech in continental Europe. Research has linked the establishment of beech stands in Scandinavia and Germany with cultivation and fire disturbance, i.e. early agricultural practices. Other areas which have a long history of cultivation, Bulgaria for example, do not exhibit this pattern, so how much human activity has influenced the spread of beech trees is as yet unclear.[18]The primeval beech forests of the Carpathians are also an example of a singular, complete, and comprehensive forest dominated by a single tree species - the beech tree. Forest dynamics here were allowed to proceed without interruption or interference since the last ice age. Nowadays, they are amongst the last pure beech forests in Europe to document the undisturbed postglacial repopulation of the species, which also includes the unbroken existence of typical animals and plants. These virgin beech forests and similar forests across 12 countries in continental Europe were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2007.[19]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) occurs across much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, with a disjunct population in Mexico. It is the only Fagus species in the Western Hemisphere. Before the Pleistocene Ice Age, it is believed to have spanned the entire width of the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific but now is confined to the east of the Great Plains. F. grandifolia tolerates hotter climates than European species but is not planted much as an ornamental due to slower growth and less resistance to urban pollution. It most commonly occurs as an overstory component in the northern part of its range with sugar maple, transitioning to other forest types further south such as beech-magnolia. American beech is rarely encountered in developed areas except as a remnant of a forest that was cut down for land development.The dead brown leaves of the American beech remain on the branches until well into the following spring, when the new buds finally push them off.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asia","text":"East Asia is home to five species of Fagus, only one of which (F. crenata) is occasionally planted in Western countries. Smaller than F. sylvatica and F. grandifolia, this beech is one of the most common hardwoods in its native range.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaf litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_litter"},{"link_name":"beech-maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech-maple_forest"},{"link_name":"climax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_community"},{"link_name":"sugar maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_maple"},{"link_name":"beech blight aphid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_blight_aphid"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acidic or basic, provided they are not waterlogged. The tree canopy casts dense shade and thickens the ground with leaf litter.In North America, they can form beech-maple climax forests by partnering with the sugar maple.The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of American beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of Lepidoptera.Beech bark is extremely thin and scars easily. Since the beech tree has such delicate bark, carvings, such as lovers' initials and other forms of graffiti, remain because the tree is unable to heal itself.[20]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beech bark disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_bark_disease"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Beech leaf disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_leaf_disease"},{"link_name":"Litylenchus crenatae mccannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litylenchus_crenatae_mccannii"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Diseases","text":"Beech bark disease is a fungal infection that attacks the American beech through damage caused by scale insects.[21] Infection can lead to the death of the tree.[22]Beech leaf disease is a disease that affects American beeches spread by the newly discovered nematode, Litylenchus crenatae mccannii. This disease was first discovered in Lake County, Ohio, in 2012 and has now spread to over 41 counties in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, Canada.[23]\nAs of 2024, the disease has become widespread in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and in portions of coastal New Hampshire and coastal and central Maine.[24]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree"},{"link_name":"Dawyck Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawyck_Botanic_Garden"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh"}],"text":"The beech most commonly grown as an ornamental tree is the European beech (Fagus sylvatica), widely cultivated in North America as well as its native Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation, notably the weeping beech F. sylvatica 'Pendula', several varieties of copper or purple beech, the fern-leaved beech F. sylvatica 'Asplenifolia', and the tricolour beech F. sylvatica 'Roseomarginata'. The columnar Dawyck beech (F. sylvatica 'Dawyck') occurs in green, gold, and purple forms, named after Dawyck Botanic Garden in the Scottish Borders, one of the four garden sites of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Atget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget"}],"text":"Beech Tree photographed by Eugène Atget, circa 1910–1915","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"firewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewood"},{"link_name":"Budweiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budweiser_(Anheuser-Busch)"},{"link_name":"autolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"malt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malt"},{"link_name":"smoked beers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoked_beer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Westphalian ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_ham"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"andouille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andouille"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"link_name":"modal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modal_(textile)"},{"link_name":"rayon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayon"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"walnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans#Wood"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walter-31"}],"sub_title":"Wood","text":"Beech wood is an excellent firewood, easily split and burning for many hours with bright but calm flames. Slats of beech wood are washed in caustic soda to leach out any flavour or aroma characteristics and are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for Budweiser beer. This provides a complex surface on which the yeast can settle, so that it does not pile up, preventing yeast autolysis which would contribute off-flavours to the beer.[citation needed] Beech logs are burned to dry the malt used in German smoked beers.[25] Beech is also used to smoke Westphalian ham,[26] traditional andouille (an offal sausage) from Normandy,[27] and some cheeses.Some drums are made from beech, which has a tone between those of maple and birch, the two most popular drum woods.The textile modal is a kind of rayon often made wholly from reconstituted cellulose of pulped beech wood.[28][29][30]The European species Fagus sylvatica yields a tough, utility timber. It weighs about 720 kg per cubic metre and is widely used for furniture construction, flooring, and engineering purposes, in plywood and household items, but rarely as a decorative wood. The timber can be used to build chalets, houses, and log cabins.[citation needed]Beech wood is used for the stocks of military rifles when traditionally preferred woods such as walnut are scarce or unavailable or as a lower-cost alternative.[31]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Natural History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"coffee substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_substitute"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Food","text":"The edible fruit of the beech tree,[2] known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or in some cases, mild and nut-like taste. According to the Roman statesman Pliny the Elder in his work Natural History, beechnut was eaten by the people of Chios when the town was besieged, writing of the fruit: \"that of the beech is the sweetest of all; so much so, that, according to Cornelius Alexander, the people of the city of Chios, when besieged, supported themselves wholly on mast\".[32] They can also be roasted and pulverized into an adequate coffee substitute.[33] The leaves can be steeped in liquor to give a light green/yellow liqueur.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venus_with_a_Mirror_(sketch).jpg"},{"link_name":"Indo-European people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_people"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"writing material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_material"},{"link_name":"paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"бук","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"bukva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bukva"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Painting on beech wood - 1511In antiquity, the bark of the beech tree was used by Indo-European people for writing-related purposes, especially in a religious context.[34] Beech wood tablets were a common writing material in Germanic societies before the development of paper. The Old English bōc[35] has the primary sense of \"beech\" but also a secondary sense of \"book\", and it is from bōc that the modern word derives.[36] In modern German, the word for \"book\" is Buch, with Buche meaning \"beech tree\". In modern Dutch, the word for \"book\" is boek, with beuk meaning \"beech tree\". In Swedish, these words are the same, bok meaning both \"beech tree\" and \"book\". There is a similar relationship in some Slavic languages. In Russian and Bulgarian, the word for beech is бук (buk), while that for \"letter\" (as in a letter of the alphabet) is буква (bukva), while Serbo-Croatian and Slovene use \"bukva\" to refer to the tree.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bistre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistre"},{"link_name":"soot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot"},{"link_name":"litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_litter"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bach flower remedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vohra2004-41"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"The pigment bistre was made from beech wood soot. Beech litter raking as a replacement for straw in animal husbandry was an old non-timber practice in forest management that once occurred in parts of Switzerland in the 17th century.[37][38][39][40] Beech has been listed as one of the 38 plants whose flowers are used to prepare Bach flower remedies.[41]","title":"Uses"}] | [{"image_text":"Leaf of Fagus sylvatica","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg/220px-Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beechnuts in autumn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg/220px-Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg"},{"image_text":"European beech (Fagus sylvatica)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/220px-Grib_skov.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beeches in Ehrenbach, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg/220px-Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg"},{"image_text":"North American beech, seen in autumn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beech_with_Branches.jpg/170px-Beech_with_Branches.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chinese beech (Fagus engleriana)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/220px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG"},{"image_text":"Beech Tree photographed by Eugène Atget, circa 1910–1915","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting on beech wood - 1511","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28sketch%29.jpg/220px-Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28sketch%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe"},{"title":"English Lowlands beech forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests"},{"title":"The Weeping Beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weeping_Beech"}] | [{"reference":"Shen, Chung-Fu (1992). A Monograph of the Genus Fagus Tourn. Ex L. (Fagaceae) (PhD). City University of New York. OCLC 28329966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/28329966","url_text":"28329966"}]},{"reference":"Lyle, Katie Letcher (2010) [2004]. The Complete Guide to Edible Wild Plants, Mushrooms, Fruits, and Nuts: How to Find, Identify, and Cook Them (2nd ed.). Guilford, CN: FalconGuides. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-59921-887-8. OCLC 560560606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FalconGuides","url_text":"FalconGuides"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-887-8","url_text":"978-1-59921-887-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/560560606","url_text":"560560606"}]},{"reference":"Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido; Hemleben, Vera (2005). \"Patterns of Molecular and Morphological Differentiation in Fagus (Fagaceae): Phylogenetic Implications\". American Journal of Botany. 92 (6): 1006–16. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.6.1006. JSTOR 4126078. PMID 21652485.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.92.6.1006","url_text":"\"Patterns of Molecular and Morphological Differentiation in Fagus (Fagaceae): Phylogenetic Implications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.92.6.1006","url_text":"10.3732/ajb.92.6.1006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4126078","url_text":"4126078"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652485","url_text":"21652485"}]},{"reference":"Gömöry, D.; Paule, L.; Brus, R.; Zhelev, P.; Tomović, Z.; Gračan, J. (1999). \"Genetic differentiation and phylogeny of beech on the Balkan peninsula\". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 12 (4): 746–752. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00076.x. S2CID 83666988.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1420-9101.1999.00076.x","url_text":"\"Genetic differentiation and phylogeny of beech on the Balkan peninsula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1420-9101.1999.00076.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1420-9101.1999.00076.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83666988","url_text":"83666988"}]},{"reference":"Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido; Stogerer, K.; Langer, M.; Hemleben, Vera (2002). \"The evolutionary history of Fagus in western Eurasia: Evidence from genes, morphology and the fossil record\". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 232 (3–4): 213–236. Bibcode:2002PSyEv.232..213D. doi:10.1007/s006060200044. JSTOR 23644392. S2CID 33581227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PSyEv.232..213D","url_text":"2002PSyEv.232..213D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs006060200044","url_text":"10.1007/s006060200044"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23644392","url_text":"23644392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33581227","url_text":"33581227"}]},{"reference":"Manos, Paul S.; Steele, Kelly P. (1997). \"Phylogenetic analysis of \"Higher\" Hamamelididae based on Plasid Sequence Data\". American Journal of Botany. 84 (10): 1407–19. doi:10.2307/2446139. JSTOR 2446139. PMID 21708548.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2446139","url_text":"\"Phylogenetic analysis of \"Higher\" Hamamelididae based on Plasid Sequence Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2446139","url_text":"10.2307/2446139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446139","url_text":"2446139"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708548","url_text":"21708548"}]},{"reference":"\"Fagus L. - Plants of the World Online\". Plants of the World Online. 2022-05-07. Retrieved 2023-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30048723-2","url_text":"\"Fagus L. - Plants of the World Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fagus\". The International Fossil Plant Names Index. Retrieved 6 Feb 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ifpni.org/genus.htm?id=3EE9EA96-C4DC-4621-B6EB-697227CF797B","url_text":"\"Fagus\""}]},{"reference":"Tanai, T. \"Des fossiles végétaux dans le bassin houiller de Nishitagawa, Préfecture de Yamagata, Japon\". Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography. 22: 119–135.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brown, R. W. (1937). Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States (PDF) (Report). Professional Paper. Vol. 186. United States Geological Survey. pp. 163–206. doi:10.3133/pp186J.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0186j/report.pdf","url_text":"Additions to some fossil floras of the Western United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3133%2Fpp186J","url_text":"10.3133/pp186J"}]},{"reference":"Manchester, S. R.; Dillhoff, R. M. (2004). \"Fagus (Fagaceae) fruits, foliage, and pollen from the Middle Eocene of Pacific Northwestern North America\". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (10): 1509–1517. doi:10.1139/b04-112.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fb04-112","url_text":"10.1139/b04-112"}]},{"reference":"Wilf, P.; Johnson, K.R.; Cúneo, N.R.; Smith, M.E.; Singer, B.S.; Gandolfo, M.A. (2005). \"Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina\". The American Naturalist. 165 (6): 634–650. doi:10.1086/430055. PMID 15937744. S2CID 3209281. Retrieved 2019-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312253100","url_text":"\"Eocene Plant Diversity at Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Naturalist","url_text":"The American Naturalist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F430055","url_text":"10.1086/430055"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15937744","url_text":"15937744"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3209281","url_text":"3209281"}]},{"reference":"\"Map\" (JPG). linnaeus.nrm.se. 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Retrieved 4 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100925090500/http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-landscapes--sites/protected-landscapes/national-nature-reserves/cwm-clydach.aspx","url_text":"\"Cwm Clydach\""},{"url":"http://www.ccw.gov.uk/landscape--wildlife/protecting-our-landscape/special-landscapes--sites/protected-landscapes/national-nature-reserves/cwm-clydach.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.; Dines, T.D. (2002). New Atlas of the British Flora. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-851067-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-851067-3","url_text":"978-0-19-851067-3"}]},{"reference":"Bradshaw, R.H.W.; Kito and, N.; Giesecke, T. (2010). \"Factors influencing the Holocene history of Fagus\". Forest Ecology and Management. 259 (11): 2204–12. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.035.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2009.11.035","url_text":"10.1016/j.foreco.2009.11.035"}]},{"reference":"\"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133","url_text":"\"Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Gale; Tyrol, Adelaide (1984). A Field Guide to the Familiar: Learning to Observe the Natural World. Prentice-Hall. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-13-314071-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-314071-2","url_text":"978-0-13-314071-2"}]},{"reference":"\"beech bark disease\". Dictionary of Microbiology & Molecular Biology. Wiley. 2006. ISBN 978-0-470-03545-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-03545-0","url_text":"978-0-470-03545-0"}]},{"reference":"Crowley, Brendan (2020-09-28). \"Deadly 'Beech Leaf Disease' Identified Across Connecticut and Rhode Island\". The Connecticut Examiner. Retrieved 2020-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://ctexaminer.com/2020/09/28/deadly-beech-leaf-disease-identified-across-connecticut-and-rhode-island/","url_text":"\"Deadly 'Beech Leaf Disease' Identified Across Connecticut and Rhode Island\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der Brauprozeß von Schlenkerla Rauchbier\". Schlenkerla - die historische Rauchbierbrauerei (in German). Schlenkerla. 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.schlenkerla.de/rauchbier/prozess/prozess.html","url_text":"\"Der Brauprozeß von Schlenkerla Rauchbier\""}]},{"reference":"\"GermanFoods.org - Guide to German Sausages and German Hams\". Archived from the original on 2012-11-23. Retrieved 2012-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121123232931/http://www.germanfoods.org/consumer/facts/guidetoham.cfm","url_text":"\"GermanFoods.org - Guide to German Sausages and German Hams\""},{"url":"http://www.germanfoods.org/consumer/facts/guidetoham.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What is andouille? | Cookthink\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-12. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Brian_Mercer | Frank Brian Mercer | ["1 References","2 Further reading"] | Frank Brian Mercer OBE FRS (22 December 1927 – 22 November 1998) was an English engineer, inventor and businessman.
He was born into a Blackburn family, which for generations had been involved in the textile industry and which owned and controlled companies engaged in spinning, weaving, dyeing and finishing, and educated at the Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn.
In the 1950s, he invented the Netlon process, in which plastics are extruded into a net-like process in one stage, winning the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement. With his inspiration, leadership and drive, he founded Netlon Ltd in 1959 to manufacture the products but most importantly to commercialise the concept. Throughout Brian Mercer's career, he strongly believed in the importance of cooperative research and development through instigating discussion and debate through international commercial and technical conferences.
In 1978 he became a Fellow of the Institute of Materials and the second person to receive their Prince Philip Award. He was elected a Fellow of the Textile Institute in 1973 and in 1988 it bestowed on him an Honorary Fellowship. In 1981 he received the OBE and in 1984 was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He made a bequest to the Royal Society to establish the Brian Mercer Award for Feasibility, which is given to allow researchers to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of commercialising an aspect of their scientific research.
Modern Tensar geogrids were invented by Dr. Mercer in the late 1970s and early 1980s for the construction industry to provide stabilisation and reinforcement with the underlying concept of simplicity, flexibility and strength. They are now used throughout the world for soil stabilization applications.
His portrait, painted by Salvador Dalí in 1973, is now owned by the Royal Society.
References
^ a b Ford, H. (2000). "Frank Brian Mercer, O.B.E. 22 December 1927 -- 22 November 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1984". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46: 345. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0089. S2CID 58451689.
^ (VJCMercer)
^ "Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007". London: The Royal Society. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
Further reading
Burland, J,B (2009), Opening Address, Jubilee Symposium on Polymer Geogrid Reinforcement. ISBN 978-0-9565939-0-0, Published 2010
http://www.nce.co.uk/brian-mercer-1927-1998/674493.article
Authority control databases International
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Scopus | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth%27s_Grammar_School,_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"soil stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_stabilization"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"}],"text":"He was born into a Blackburn family, which for generations had been involved in the textile industry and which owned and controlled companies engaged in spinning, weaving, dyeing and finishing, and educated at the Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn.[1]In the 1950s, he invented the Netlon process, in which plastics are extruded into a net-like process in one stage, winning the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement. With his inspiration, leadership and drive, he founded Netlon Ltd in 1959 to manufacture the products but most importantly to commercialise the concept. Throughout Brian Mercer's career, he strongly believed in the importance of cooperative research and development through instigating discussion and debate through international commercial and technical conferences.In 1978 he became a Fellow of the Institute of Materials and the second person to receive their Prince Philip Award. He was elected a Fellow of the Textile Institute in 1973 and in 1988 it bestowed on him an Honorary Fellowship. In 1981 he received the OBE and in 1984 was made a Fellow of the Royal Society.[3] He made a bequest to the Royal Society to establish the Brian Mercer Award for Feasibility, which is given to allow researchers to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of commercialising an aspect of their scientific research.Modern Tensar geogrids were invented by Dr. Mercer in the late 1970s and early 1980s for the construction industry to provide stabilisation and reinforcement with the underlying concept of simplicity, flexibility and strength. They are now used throughout the world for soil stabilization applications.His portrait, painted by Salvador Dalí in 1973, is now owned by the Royal Society.","title":"Frank Brian Mercer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9565939-0-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9565939-0-0"},{"link_name":"http://www.nce.co.uk/brian-mercer-1927-1998/674493.article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nce.co.uk/brian-mercer-1927-1998/674493.article"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5485483#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/442973/"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/38873563"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRRkqBgVGV8dbyFFgkDq"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/nb99104032"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7006764428"}],"text":"Burland, J,B (2009), Opening Address, Jubilee Symposium on Polymer Geogrid Reinforcement. ISBN 978-0-9565939-0-0, Published 2010\nhttp://www.nce.co.uk/brian-mercer-1927-1998/674493.articleAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States\nAcademics\nScopus","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ford, H. (2000). \"Frank Brian Mercer, O.B.E. 22 December 1927 -- 22 November 1998: Elected F.R.S. 1984\". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 46: 345. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1999.0089. S2CID 58451689.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Ford_(engineer)","url_text":"Ford, H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society","url_text":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1999.0089","url_text":"10.1098/rsbm.1999.0089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58451689","url_text":"58451689"}]},{"reference":"\"Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007\". London: The Royal Society. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Corrections | Alabama Department of Corrections | ["1 History","2 Operations","3 Facilities","4 Death row","5 Fallen officers","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Government agency in Alabama, United States
Law enforcement agency
Alabama Department of CorrectionsPatchSealAbbreviationADOCMottoProfessionalism, Integrity, AccountabilityAgency overviewFormedFebruary 3, 1983 (1983-02-03)(41 years ago)Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionAlabama, USMap of Alabama Department of Corrections's jurisdictionSize52,419 square miles (135,760 km2)Population4,887,871 (2,018)General natureCivilian policeOperational structureHeadquartersMontgomery, AlabamaElected officer responsibleKay Ivey, Governor of AlabamaAgency executivesJohn Q. Hamm, CommissionerAnne Hill, Chief of StaffParent agencyState of AlabamaFacilitiesMajor facilitiesWork releases1518WebsiteADOC Website
The Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is the agency responsible for incarceration of convicted felons in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is headquartered in the Alabama Criminal Justice Center in Montgomery.
Alabama has relatively long mandatory sentencing laws compared to most other states, resulting in a rising prison population stemming from longer prison sentences. It operates the nation's most crowded prison system. In 2015 it housed more than 24,000 inmates in a system designed for 13,318. In 2015 it settled a class-action suit over physical and sexual violence against inmates at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka. The department also spends the least of any state on a per-prisoner basis.
As of 2018, Alabama has the 6th highest incarceration rate under state prison or local jail jurisdiction per 100,000 population in the U.S.
History
Alabama prisoners in both the county jails and state penitentiaries have been required to work at farming and cotton plantations since the 1840s. By the 1878, convict labor rented from the state was used most commonly in the coal mining industry, often as strike breakers. In 1894 one coal company employed 1,138 convicts, another used 589. In late 1883, a state inspector discovered a prisoner working in a mine eight years after the end of his sentence.
At the Banner Mine disaster in 1911, most of the 128 killed were Black convicts. The state ceased renting prisoners to mines in about 1900, although county sheriffs continued the practice until 1927.
In the 1970s, Alabama prisons were ordered to undertake major reforms by a Federal judge who described some conditions as "barbaric." Among other things, the judge ordered the closing of "dog houses," the name for hot, dark and filthy cells jammed with inmates being punished.
In 2007 the prison system ended its farming programs, rendering many prisoners idle.
In 2016, Governor Robert Bentley proposed $800 million dollars in state bonds to build four large prisons, each with a designed capacity of 3,500 prisoners. This program would allow the state to close an unspecified number of older facilities. Press reports indicate the troubled Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women would be the first to be replaced; a federal class-action suit was settled in 2015 over abuse of women at that facility.
In October 2016, the US Department of Justice announced that it was conducting a review and investigation of Alabama's men's prisons to evaluate conditions as the Constitution promises humane treatment. "The investigation will focus on whether prisoners are adequately protected from physical harm and sexual abuse at the hands of other prisoners; whether prisoners are adequately protected from use of excessive force and staff sexual abuse by correctional officers; and whether the prisons provide sanitary, secure and safe living conditions."
In his February 2017 State of the State address, Governor Bentley talked in more detail about his proposed three-faceted approach to overhaul the Department of Corrections: "One, close Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women and build a new 1,200 bed women’s facility; Two, consolidate 13 of 15 close- and medium-security men’s facilities into three, new, 4,000-bed, state-of-the-art prisons and; Three, repurpose and renovate the remaining antiquated, facilities into Rehabilitation and Re-entry Centers focused on preparing inmates for release back into the community."
In June 2017 a federal court pointed out the Department provided inadequate mental health case, suicide prevention, psychotherapy, programming, out-of-cell time as well as monitoring of suicidal inmates.
In 2019 the U.S. Department of Justice found conditions in Alabama prisons to be unsafe and unconstitutional, as result of a long civil rights investigation prompted by numerous deaths from violence in Alabama lockups. Prisoners routinely face prisoner-on-prisoner violence and sexual abuse, unprotected by the State. The DOJ notes "a high level of violence that is too common, cruel, of an unusual nature, and pervasive." The detailed report outlines cases of inmate deaths, rapes, extortion of prisoners' families and rampant contraband weapons and drugs. It says facilities violate the constitution, by not providing "adequate humane conditions of confinement".
By the end of 2019, the legislature had not yet funded Governor Bentley's plan for new facilities. The state announced that most of the Holman prison would be closed.
In October 2021, Governor Kay Ivey signed a prison construction package into law. The $1.3 billion package includes three prison construction bills and one prison reform bill. Among them, House Bill 5 allocates $400 million of federal COVID relief funds towards the construction of two new 4,000 bed facilities. House Bill 2, a sentencing reform bill, requires "inmates to spend a period at the end of their prison sentences on release under supervision by the Alabama Bureau of Pardons and Paroles instead of staying in prison until the last day." The construction cost of one facility, a 4,000-bed men's prison in Elmore County, increased by 56 percent to over $1 billion in 2023.
In January 2024, a lawsuit was filed after prisoners who’d died while in Alabama DOC custody were returned with vital organs missing. This follows several reported incidents of prisoners being found dead in Alabama prisons being returned missing such organs.
Operations
All female inmates are sent to the receiving unit in the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women.
Facilities
The Alabama Criminal Justice Center houses the headquarters of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Public Safety List of Alabama state prisons
Death row
See also: Capital punishment in Alabama
Unlike other states, Alabama has no provision to provide counsel to prisoners on Death Row. Prisoners' rights groups such as the Equal Justice Initiative based in Montgomery, Alabama, have worked to fill the need. They have gained the exoneration of numerous innocent men on death row and prevented the deaths of others whose cases were considered worthy of resentencing.
The US Supreme Court has ruled that persons convicted of crimes committed as children cannot be sentenced to death. In addition, it has ruled that persons convicted of crimes committed as children cannot be sentenced to life in prison without parole (LWOP), saying that both kinds of sentences are unconstitutional. It has directed that its ruling on LWOP is to be applied retroactively and states must undertake reviews of prisoners who were sentenced to LWOP for crimes committed as children.
Holman Correctional Facility is the site where all executions authorized by the state are conducted. Its male death row originally had a capacity of 20. In the summer of 2000, capacity was increased to 200 single cells.
The William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility has a male death row with a capacity of 24. Donaldson's death row houses prisoners who need to stay in the Birmingham judicial district. Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women holds the female death row.
In February 2018, the Alabama Department of Corrections was responsible for carrying out the botched attempted execution of Doyle Hamm. During the execution attempt, executioners attempted for nearly three hours to insert an IV that could be used to administer the lethal injection drugs. In the process, the execution team punctured Hamm's bladder and femoral artery, causing significant bleeding.
Fallen officers
Since the establishment of the Alabama Department of Corrections, eleven officers and three K-9 have died while on duty.
Gallery
Kilby Correctional Facility
Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women
Red Eagle Work Center
See also
Alabama portal
List of law enforcement agencies in Alabama
List of United States state correction agencies
List of United States state prisons
Prison
List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate
References
^ "Correctional Facility Directory Archived 2010-03-18 at the Wayback Machine." Alabama Department of Corrections. Retrieved on December 8, 2009. "Administrative Office 301 S. Ripley/P O Box 301501 Montgomery"
^ "ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION OPR: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS NUMBER 490." Alabama Department of Corrections. Retrieved on October 8, 2010. "Alabama Criminal Justice Center 301 S. Ripley Street P. O. Box 301501 Montgomery, AL 36130-1501."
^ a b Alan, Blinder (March 15, 2016). "Alabama Prison Uprisings Come as State Grapples With How to Fix System". New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
^ Bryan Lyman, "U.S. Justice Department to probe Alabama men's prisons", Montgomery Advertiser, October 6, 2016; accessed March 11, 2017
^ Robertson, Campbell (March 29, 2017). "An Alabama Prison's Unrelenting Descent Into Violence". New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 3017: University of Alabama Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 3033: University of Alabama Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5580: University of Alabama Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 2990: University of Alabama Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5601: University of Alabama Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "Inmates Fight 'Work or be Shackled' Policy". The New York Times. September 5, 1993.
^ Baggett, Connie. "Prison farms are up for sale Archived 2012-10-06 at the Wayback Machine." Press-Register. Tuesday July 1, 2008. Retrieved on July 4, 2011.
^ "Justice Dept. Announces Statewide Investigation into Conditions of Alabama's Prisons for Men", Press Release, October 6, 2016, Dept of Justice
^ "Governor Robert Bentley Announced Prison Transformation Initiative as his Top Priority in the 2017 State of the State Address", Alabama Department of Corrections website; accessed March 11, 2017
^ Elliott, Debbie (April 3, 2019). "Justice Dept. Finds Violence In Alabama Prisons 'Common, Cruel, Pervasive'". NPR. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ Benner, Katie (January 31, 2020). "Plans for Alabama's Deadly Prisons 'Won't Fix the Horrors'". New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
^ a b Burkhalter, Eddie (October 1, 2021). "Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey signs bills approving prison construction into law". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Cason, Mike (October 2, 2021). "Gov. Kay Ivey calls Alabama prison-building plan 'major step forward'". al. Retrieved July 8, 2023.
^ Cason, Mike (September 26, 2023). "Price on Alabama's new 4,000-bed men's prison rises above $1 billion". AL.com. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ "Alabama prisoners' bodies returned to families with hearts, other organs missing, lawsuit claims". CBS.
^ "Tutwiler Prison for Women Archived 2010-03-18 at the Wayback Machine." Alabama Department of Corrections. Retrieved on July 20, 2010.
^ a b "Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003." Alabama Department of Corrections. 33/84. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. Quote: "which also included a cellblock for 20 death row inmates." and "The death chamber is located at Holman where all executions are conducted." and "A major addition was completed in the summer of 2000 to add 200 single cells to the segregation unit. This addition was required to keep up with the increasing number of inmates on Death Row which had grown to more than 150."
^ "Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003." Alabama Department of Corrections. 21/84. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "Donaldson has a death row unit with a capacity of 24 inmates."
^ "Donaldson Correctional Facility Archived 2010-03-18 at the Wayback Machine." Alabama Department of Corrections. Retrieved on October 8, 2010.
^ "Annual Report Fiscal Year 2003." Alabama Department of Corrections. 45/84. Retrieved on August 15, 2010. "Tutwiler also has a death row,"
^ a b Segura, Liliana (March 3, 2018). "Another Failed Execution: the Torture of Doyle Lee Hamm". The Intercept. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ Cohen, Roger (February 27, 2018). "Opinion | Death Penalty Madness in Alabama". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ "Lawyer describes aborted execution attempt for inmate as 'torture'". NBC News. February 26, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
^ The Officer Down Memorial Page
External links
Alabama DOC Website
vte Alabama Department of Corrections prisonsState prisons
Bibb
Bullock
Donaldson
Draper
Easterling
Elmore
Fountain / JO Davis
Hamilton Aged & Infirmed
Holman
Kilby
Limestone
Montgomery Women's Facility♀
St. Clair
Staton
Tutwiler♀
Ventress
Closed
Farquhar Cattle Ranch
Wetumpka State Penitentiary
Above facilities are male-only unless noted by ♀ (female only)
vteIncarceration of adults in the United StatesThis template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons (with sentences over 1-2 years). In many states, pre-trial detainees, persons convicted of misdemeanors, and felons sentenced under state law to less than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons.Federal Bureau of Prisons
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Montgomery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-3"},{"link_name":"Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doj_probe-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"incarceration rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_incarceration_and_correctional_supervision_rate"}],"text":"Government agency in Alabama, United StatesLaw enforcement agencyThe Alabama Department of Corrections (ADOC) is the agency responsible for incarceration of convicted felons in the state of Alabama in the United States. It is headquartered in the Alabama Criminal Justice Center in Montgomery.[1][2]Alabama has relatively long mandatory sentencing laws compared to most other states, resulting in a rising prison population stemming from longer prison sentences. It operates the nation's most crowded prison system. In 2015 it housed more than 24,000 inmates in a system designed for 13,318.[3] In 2015 it settled a class-action suit over physical and sexual violence against inmates at the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women in Wetumpka.[4] The department also spends the least of any state on a per-prisoner basis.[5]As of 2018, Alabama has the 6th highest incarceration rate under state prison or local jail jurisdiction per 100,000 population in the U.S.","title":"Alabama Department of Corrections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Banner Mine disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_Mine_disaster"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Bentley"},{"link_name":"Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_York_Times-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DOJpress-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prisontrans-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Kay Ivey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Ivey"},{"link_name":"federal COVID relief funds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Alabama prisoners in both the county jails and state penitentiaries have been required to work at farming and cotton plantations since the 1840s. By the 1878, convict labor rented from the state was used most commonly in the coal mining industry, often as strike breakers.[6] In 1894 one coal company employed 1,138 convicts, another used 589.[7] In late 1883, a state inspector discovered a prisoner working in a mine eight years after the end of his sentence.[8]At the Banner Mine disaster in 1911, most of the 128 killed were Black convicts.[9] The state ceased renting prisoners to mines in about 1900, although county sheriffs continued the practice until 1927.[10]In the 1970s, Alabama prisons were ordered to undertake major reforms by a Federal judge who described some conditions as \"barbaric.\" Among other things, the judge ordered the closing of \"dog houses,\" the name for hot, dark and filthy cells jammed with inmates being punished.[11]In 2007 the prison system ended its farming programs, rendering many prisoners idle.[12]In 2016, Governor Robert Bentley proposed $800 million dollars in state bonds to build four large prisons, each with a designed capacity of 3,500 prisoners. This program would allow the state to close an unspecified number of older facilities. Press reports indicate the troubled Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women would be the first to be replaced; a federal class-action suit was settled in 2015 over abuse of women at that facility.[3]In October 2016, the US Department of Justice announced that it was conducting a review and investigation of Alabama's men's prisons to evaluate conditions as the Constitution promises humane treatment. \"The investigation will focus on whether prisoners are adequately protected from physical harm and sexual abuse at the hands of other prisoners; whether prisoners are adequately protected from use of excessive force and staff sexual abuse by correctional officers; and whether the prisons provide sanitary, secure and safe living conditions.\"[13]In his February 2017 State of the State address, Governor Bentley talked in more detail about his proposed three-faceted approach to overhaul the Department of Corrections: \"One, close Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women and build a new 1,200 bed women’s facility; Two, consolidate 13 of 15 close- and medium-security men’s facilities into three, new, 4,000-bed, state-of-the-art prisons and; Three, repurpose and renovate the remaining antiquated, facilities into Rehabilitation and Re-entry Centers focused on preparing inmates for release back into the community.\"[14]In June 2017 a federal court pointed out the Department provided inadequate mental health case, suicide prevention, psychotherapy, programming, out-of-cell time as well as monitoring of suicidal inmates.In 2019 the U.S. Department of Justice found conditions in Alabama prisons to be unsafe and unconstitutional, as result of a long civil rights investigation prompted by numerous deaths from violence in Alabama lockups. Prisoners routinely face prisoner-on-prisoner violence and sexual abuse, unprotected by the State. The DOJ notes \"a high level of violence that is too common, cruel, of an unusual nature, and pervasive.\" The detailed report outlines cases of inmate deaths, rapes, extortion of prisoners' families and rampant contraband weapons and drugs. It says facilities violate the constitution, by not providing \"adequate humane conditions of confinement\".[15]By the end of 2019, the legislature had not yet funded Governor Bentley's plan for new facilities. The state announced that most of the Holman prison would be closed.[16]In October 2021, Governor Kay Ivey signed a prison construction package into law. The $1.3 billion package includes three prison construction bills and one prison reform bill. Among them, House Bill 5 allocates $400 million of federal COVID relief funds towards the construction of two new 4,000 bed facilities.[17] House Bill 2, a sentencing reform bill, requires \"inmates to spend a period at the end of their prison sentences on release under supervision by the Alabama Bureau of Pardons and Paroles instead of staying in prison until the last day.\"[18][17] The construction cost of one facility, a 4,000-bed men's prison in Elmore County, increased by 56 percent to over $1 billion in 2023.[19]In January 2024, a lawsuit was filed after prisoners who’d died while in Alabama DOC custody were returned with vital organs missing.[20] This follows several reported incidents of prisoners being found dead in Alabama prisons being returned missing such organs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"All female inmates are sent to the receiving unit in the Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women.[21]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alabama_Department_of_Corrections_HQ.JPG"},{"link_name":"Department of Public Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Department_of_Public_Safety"},{"link_name":"List of Alabama state prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_prisons"}],"text":"The Alabama Criminal Justice Center houses the headquarters of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Public Safety List of Alabama state prisons","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Capital punishment in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Equal Justice Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"life in prison without parole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_in_prison_without_parole"},{"link_name":"Holman Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holman_Correctional_Facility"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HolmanCRProfile-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HolmanCRProfile-22"},{"link_name":"William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Donaldson_Correctional_Facility"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DonaldProf-24"},{"link_name":"Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_for_Women"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Doyle Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyle_Hamm"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"See also: Capital punishment in AlabamaUnlike other states, Alabama has no provision to provide counsel to prisoners on Death Row. Prisoners' rights groups such as the Equal Justice Initiative based in Montgomery, Alabama, have worked to fill the need. They have gained the exoneration of numerous innocent men on death row and prevented the deaths of others whose cases were considered worthy of resentencing.The US Supreme Court has ruled that persons convicted of crimes committed as children cannot be sentenced to death. In addition, it has ruled that persons convicted of crimes committed as children cannot be sentenced to life in prison without parole (LWOP), saying that both kinds of sentences are unconstitutional. It has directed that its ruling on LWOP is to be applied retroactively and states must undertake reviews of prisoners who were sentenced to LWOP for crimes committed as children.Holman Correctional Facility is the site where all executions authorized by the state are conducted.[22] Its male death row originally had a capacity of 20. In the summer of 2000, capacity was increased to 200 single cells.[22]The William E. Donaldson Correctional Facility has a male death row with a capacity of 24.[23] Donaldson's death row houses prisoners who need to stay in the Birmingham judicial district.[24] Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women holds the female death row.[25]In February 2018, the Alabama Department of Corrections was responsible for carrying out the botched attempted execution of Doyle Hamm.[26][27] During the execution attempt, executioners attempted for nearly three hours to insert an IV that could be used to administer the lethal injection drugs. In the process, the execution team punctured Hamm's bladder and femoral artery, causing significant bleeding.[26][28]","title":"Death row"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Since the establishment of the Alabama Department of Corrections, eleven officers and three K-9 have died while on duty.[29]","title":"Fallen officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kilby_Correctional_Facility_Mt_Meigs_Alabama.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kilby Correctional Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilby_Correctional_Facility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_Wetumpka_Alabama.JPG"},{"link_name":"Julia Tutwiler Prison for Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Tutwiler_Prison_for_Women"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Eagle_Prison_Honor_Farm_Montgomery_Alabama.JPG"},{"link_name":"Red Eagle Work Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Eagle_Work_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Kilby Correctional Facility\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJulia Tutwiler Prison for Women\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRed Eagle Work Center","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"The Alabama Criminal Justice Center houses the headquarters of the Department of Corrections and the Department of Public Safety","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Alabama_Department_of_Corrections_HQ.JPG/220px-Alabama_Department_of_Corrections_HQ.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Alabama portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Alabama"},{"title":"List of law enforcement agencies in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_law_enforcement_agencies_in_Alabama"},{"title":"List of United States state correction agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_correction_agencies"},{"title":"List of United States state prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_prisons"},{"title":"Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"title":"List of U.S. states and territories by incarceration and correctional supervision rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_incarceration_and_correctional_supervision_rate"}] | [{"reference":"Alan, Blinder (March 15, 2016). \"Alabama Prison Uprisings Come as State Grapples With How to Fix System\". New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/us/alabama-prison-uprisings-come-as-state-grapples-with-how-to-fix-system.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Alabama Prison Uprisings Come as State Grapples With How to Fix System\""}]},{"reference":"Robertson, Campbell (March 29, 2017). \"An Alabama Prison's Unrelenting Descent Into Violence\". New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/28/us/alabama-prison-violence.html","url_text":"\"An Alabama Prison's Unrelenting Descent Into Violence\""}]},{"reference":"Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 3017: University of Alabama Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 3033: University of Alabama Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5580: University of Alabama Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 2990: University of Alabama Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Flynt, Wayne (February 5, 2016). Poor But Proud. 5601: University of Alabama Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Inmates Fight 'Work or be Shackled' Policy\". The New York Times. September 5, 1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/05/us/inmates-fight-work-or-be-shackled-policy.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Inmates Fight 'Work or be Shackled' Policy\""}]},{"reference":"Elliott, Debbie (April 3, 2019). \"Justice Dept. Finds Violence In Alabama Prisons 'Common, Cruel, Pervasive'\". NPR. Retrieved September 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/03/709475746/doj-report-finds-violence-in-alabama-prisons-common-cruel-pervasive","url_text":"\"Justice Dept. Finds Violence In Alabama Prisons 'Common, Cruel, Pervasive'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Benner, Katie (January 31, 2020). \"Plans for Alabama's Deadly Prisons 'Won't Fix the Horrors'\". New York Times. Retrieved February 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/31/us/politics/alabama-prisons.html?action=click&module=News&pgtype=Homepage","url_text":"\"Plans for Alabama's Deadly Prisons 'Won't Fix the Horrors'\""}]},{"reference":"Burkhalter, Eddie (October 1, 2021). \"Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey signs bills approving prison construction into law\". Alabama Political Reporter. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alreporter.com/2021/10/01/alabama-gov-kay-ivey-signs-bills-approving-prison-construction-into-law/","url_text":"\"Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey signs bills approving prison construction into law\""}]},{"reference":"Cason, Mike (October 2, 2021). \"Gov. Kay Ivey calls Alabama prison-building plan 'major step forward'\". al. Retrieved July 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2021/10/gov-kay-ivey-calls-alabama-prison-building-plan-major-step-forward.html","url_text":"\"Gov. Kay Ivey calls Alabama prison-building plan 'major step forward'\""}]},{"reference":"Cason, Mike (September 26, 2023). \"Price on Alabama's new 4,000-bed men's prison rises above $1 billion\". AL.com. Retrieved September 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/news/2023/09/price-on-alabamas-new-4000-bed-mens-prison-rises-above-1-billion.html","url_text":"\"Price on Alabama's new 4,000-bed men's prison rises above $1 billion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama prisoners' bodies returned to families with hearts, other organs missing, lawsuit claims\". CBS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/prisoners-bodies-returned-to-families-missing-organs-lawsuit-alleges/?ICID=ref_fark","url_text":"\"Alabama prisoners' bodies returned to families with hearts, other organs missing, lawsuit claims\""}]},{"reference":"Segura, Liliana (March 3, 2018). \"Another Failed Execution: the Torture of Doyle Lee Hamm\". The Intercept. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://theintercept.com/2018/03/03/doyle-hamm-alabama-execution-lethal-injection/","url_text":"\"Another Failed Execution: the Torture of Doyle Lee Hamm\""}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Roger (February 27, 2018). \"Opinion | Death Penalty Madness in Alabama\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/27/opinion/death-penalty-alabama-doyle-lee-hamm.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | Death Penalty Madness in Alabama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawyer describes aborted execution attempt for inmate as 'torture'\". NBC News. February 26, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/lethal-injection/lawyer-calls-aborted-execution-attempt-doyle-lee-hamm-torture-n851006","url_text":"\"Lawyer describes aborted execution attempt for inmate as 'torture'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.doc.state.al.us/","external_links_name":"ADOC Website"},{"Link":"http://www.doc.state.al.us/docs/DOCAddressPhones.pdf","external_links_name":"Correctional Facility Directory"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100318162906/http://www.doc.state.al.us/docs/DOCAddressPhones.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.doc.state.al.us/docs/AdminRegs/AR490.pdf","external_links_name":"ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATION OPR: COMMUNITY CORRECTIONS NUMBER 490"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/us/alabama-prison-uprisings-come-as-state-grapples-with-how-to-fix-system.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Alabama Prison Uprisings Come as State Grapples With How to Fix System\""},{"Link":"http://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/politics/southunionstreet/2016/10/06/us-justice-department-probe-alabama-mens-prisons/91673334/","external_links_name":"Bryan Lyman, \"U.S. Justice Department to probe Alabama men's prisons\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/28/us/alabama-prison-violence.html","external_links_name":"\"An Alabama Prison's Unrelenting Descent Into Violence\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/05/us/inmates-fight-work-or-be-shackled-policy.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Inmates Fight 'Work or be Shackled' Policy\""},{"Link":"http://www.al.com/news/press-register/index.ssf?/base/news/1214903786146610.xml&coll=3","external_links_name":"Prison farms are up for sale"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121006084449/http://www.al.com/news/press-register/index.ssf?%2Fbase%2Fnews%2F1214903786146610.xml&coll=3","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-statewide-investigation-conditions-alabama-s-prisons-men","external_links_name":"\"Justice Dept. Announces Statewide Investigation into Conditions of Alabama's Prisons for Men\""},{"Link":"http://www.doc.state.al.us/NewsRelease.aspx?article=Governor+Robert+Bentley+Announced+the+Alabama+Prison+Transformation+Initiative+as+his+Top+Priority+in+the+2017+State+of+the+State+Address","external_links_name":"\"Governor Robert Bentley Announced Prison Transformation Initiative as his Top Priority in the 2017 State of the State Address\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2019/04/03/709475746/doj-report-finds-violence-in-alabama-prisons-common-cruel-pervasive","external_links_name":"\"Justice Dept. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_cricket_team_in_India_in_1994%E2%80%9395 | Dutch cricket team in India in 1994–95 | ["1 Matches","2 References"] | Netherlands national cricket team tour
The Netherlands national cricket team toured India in March 1995 and played six matches against teams representing various areas of India. The touring Dutch team was captained by Steven Lubbers.
Matches
13 March 1995 Scorecard
Netherlands252/6 (43 overs)
v
Himachal Pradesh231/3 (43 overs)
Tim de Leede 74* Surinder Singh 2/52 (9 overs)
Nischal Gaur 95 Eric Gouka 2/35 (8 overs)
Netherlands won by 21 runs Indira Gandhi Stadium, Una
Toss not known
The match was reduced to 43 overs per side
16 March 1995 Scorecard
Netherlands233/4 (45 overs)
v
Railways236/2 (38.5 overs)
Flavian Aponso 90 A Jadeja 2/38 (9 overs)
A Jadeja 67* Flavian Aponso 1/34 (8 overs)
Railways won by 8 wickets Karnail Singh Stadium, New Delhi
Toss not known
45 over per innings match
19 March 1995 Scorecard
Netherlands125 (40.1 overs)
v
Haryana127/2 (24.3 overs)
Robert van Oosterom 50 Pradeep Jain 2/13 (7 overs)
Vijay Yadav 71 Eric Gouka 1/18 (3 overs)
Haryana won by 8 wickets Nahar Singh Stadium, Faridabad
Toss not known
21 March 1995 Scorecard
Netherlands284/7 (45 overs)
v
Delhi248/8 (45 overs)
Steven Lubbers 118 Robin Singh Jr. 2/48 (9 overs)
Bantoo Singh 83 Edward Sleijffers 3/41 (9 overs)
Netherlands won by 36 runs Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
Netherlands won the toss and decided to bat
45 over per innings match
23 March 1995 Scorecard
Netherlands174 (42.4 overs)
v
Delhi177/4 (42.4 overs)
Tim de Leede 55 J Sharma 4/16 (8 overs)
Rajneesh Chopra 68 Steven Lubbers 2/31 (9 overs)
Delhi won by 6 wickets Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi
Netherlands won the toss and decided to bat
45 over per innings match
25 March 1995 Scorecard
Netherlands180/8 (45 overs)
v
Services169/8 (39.5 overs)
Nolan Clarke 65 Harish Bhaskar 3/22 (9 overs)
Deepak Ahuja 31 Steven Lubbers 3/24 (7.5 overs)
Match abandoned Palam A Ground, Delhi
Toss not known
A sand storm caused the match to be abandoned
45 over per innings match
References
^ "Netherlands in India 1994/95". CricketArchive. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
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2006–07
This article about an international cricket tour of India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Steven Lubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Lubbers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Netherlands national cricket team toured India in March 1995 and played six matches against teams representing various areas of India. 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Leede 74* Surinder Singh 2/52 (9 overs)\n\n\n\nNischal Gaur 95 Eric Gouka 2/35 (8 overs)\n\n\n\nNetherlands won by 21 runs Indira Gandhi Stadium, Una \n\n\nToss not known\nThe match was reduced to 43 overs per side16 March 1995 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\n Netherlands233/4 (45 overs)\n\nv\n\nRailways236/2 (38.5 overs)\n\n\nFlavian Aponso 90 A Jadeja 2/38 (9 overs)\n\n\n\nA Jadeja 67* Flavian Aponso 1/34 (8 overs)\n\n\n\nRailways won by 8 wickets Karnail Singh Stadium, New Delhi \n\n\nToss not known\n45 over per innings match19 March 1995 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\n Netherlands125 (40.1 overs)\n\nv\n\nHaryana127/2 (24.3 overs)\n\n\nRobert van Oosterom 50 Pradeep Jain 2/13 (7 overs)\n\n\n\nVijay Yadav 71 Eric Gouka 1/18 (3 overs)\n\n\n\nHaryana won by 8 wickets Nahar Singh Stadium, Faridabad \n\n\nToss not known21 March 1995 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\n Netherlands284/7 (45 overs)\n\nv\n\nDelhi248/8 (45 overs)\n\n\nSteven Lubbers 118 Robin Singh Jr. 2/48 (9 overs)\n\n\n\nBantoo Singh 83 Edward Sleijffers 3/41 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Roth | Walter Roth | ["1 Queensland","2 British Guiana","3 Controversies","4 Publications","5 References","6 External links"] | British colonial administrator, anthropologist and medical practitioner
For the Minnesota politician, see Walter Roth (politician).
Dr Walter E. Roth
Walter Edmund Roth (2 April 1861 – 5 April 1933) was a British colonial administrator, anthropologist and medical practitioner, who worked in Queensland, Australia and British Guiana between 1898 and 1928.
Roth and his brother, Henry Ling Roth, are the subject of a joint biography by Russell McDougall & Iain Davidson: The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration (2008).
Queensland
Roth was appointed the first Northern Protector of Aboriginals in 1898 and was based in Cooktown, Queensland. From 1904 to 1906 he was Chief Protector and part of his duties was to record Aboriginal Australian cultures.
The first three of his Bulletins on North Queensland ethnography were published in 1901, numbers 4 to 8 appearing between 1902 and 1906. In 1905 he was appointed a Royal Commissioner to inquire into the condition of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia, and in 1906 he was made government medical officer, stipendiary magistrate. The remainder of Roth's bulletins on North Queensland ethnology, began to appear in the Records of the Australian Museum at Sydney in 1905; and numbers 9 to 18 will be found in volumes VI to VIII.
British Guiana
In 1906 Roth was made protector of Indians in the Pomeroon district of British Guiana.
He was given charge of the Demerara River, Rupununi and Northwest districts in 1915.
In 1924 his valuable An Introductory Study of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published at the government printing office at Washington, U.S.A., appended to the Thirty-eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology. Though called an introductory study this is an elaborate work of well over 300,000 words with hundreds of illustrations. Another volume, Additional Studies of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published as Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 91 (1929).
Roth retired from the government service in 1928, and became curator of the Georgetown museum of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, and government archivist.
Towards the end of his life he translated and edited Richard Schomburgh's Travels in British Guiana.
The Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology in Georgetown, Guyana was later named in his honour.
Controversies
A "vigorous Protector" in North Queensland, according to historian Barrie Reynolds, "Roth attracted "the hostility of the local European residents" for his advocacy on behalf of Indigenous Australians.
It was, however, the reaction to his controversial anthropological research that would trigger Roth's departure from Queensland. In either 1900 or 1901, Roth paid an Aboriginal couple to demonstrate a sexual position of which he took photographs. In 1904 and 1905, speeches in the Queensland Parliament on this and other aspects of his work were said to form "a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower".: 7–8 According to V. B. (Joe) Lesina MP: "Hansard teemed with speeches delivered against the administration of Dr Roth until they had a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower, and the Minister brushed everything aside as he would a fly from his aristocratic nose". Roth attempted to defend his actions by stating that the photographs were taken for purely scientific purposes, Social Scientist Helen Pringle (School of Politics and International Relations) writes of the episode that in her opinion: "Forcing, or persuading, Aborigines to perform sexual acts like performing bears for a white male audience fits squarely even within then current criteria of enslavement, a heinous crime that shocks the conscience of mankind then and now.": 28 The controversy contributed to his resignation on the grounds of ill health and departure for British Guiana in 1906.
Publications
Roth, Walter E. (1897). Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer.
Roth, Walter E. (1901). The structure of the Koko-Yimidir language. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer. hdl:1959.9/506875.
References
^ Russell McDougall & Iain Davidson, (2008), The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration, Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London Institute of Archaeology Publications, Left Coast Press ISBN 978-1-59874-352-4
^ Percival Serle, ed. (1949). "'Roth, Walter Edmund". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Angus and Robertson. Retrieved 28 July 2007.
^ Roth, W. (1984) The Queensland Aborigines, 1984 facsimile edition, Queensland Government Printer; originally Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines (1897).
^ a b Pringle, Helen (2004). The fabrication of Female Genital Mutilation: the UN, Walter Roth and ethno-pornography (PDF). University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia: Australasian Political Studies Association 2004 Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2016. Refereed conference paper: presented to the APSA Conference, University of Adelaide, 29 September - 1 October 2004.
^ According to MP V. B. (Joe) Lesina, Queensland Parliamentary Debates (QPD), 24 November 1905, 1810; cited by Pringle, op cit.
^ According to Roth: "The description and illustration of the posture assumed in the sexual act was of the highest anthropological interest in that it in large measure defended my thesis that the mutilation known as Sturt's terrible rite, or sub-incision (by Professor Stirling) or intro-cision (by myself) did not act as had hitherto been supposed as a preventive to procreation...The photograph was taken for purely scientific purposes only and is one of a series (defecation, micturition, tree climbing, sitting, standing) of natural postures which every anthropologist makes inquiry about, with a view to ascertaining the connections (if any) between the highest apes and the lowest types of man." Roth to Bishop White, 19 June 1904, QSA A/58850, tabled in QPD, xcii, 13 July 1904, 585. Bishop White wrote to Roth on 3 June 1904, and Roth's reply is dated 19 June 1904. White telegrammed that he was satisfied with Roth's explanation, letter of 8 July 1904.
External links
Media related to Walter Roth at Wikimedia Commons
Barrie Reynolds, 'Roth, Walter Edmund (1861 - 1933)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition, Australian National University Accessed 6 February 2009
Roth, Walter Edmund (1907-1910) North Queensland Ethnography Bulletins, Records of the Australian Museum on-line Accessed 24 February 2019
Works by or about Walter Roth at Internet Archive
Awards
Preceded byWalter Howchin
Clarke Medal 1909
Succeeded byWilliam Harper Twelvetrees
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Australia
Netherlands
Artists
KulturNav
People
Australia
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Roth (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Roth_(politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walter-roth.jpg"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"},{"link_name":"medical practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"Queensland, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland,_Australia"},{"link_name":"British Guiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Guiana"},{"link_name":"Henry Ling Roth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ling_Roth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the Minnesota politician, see Walter Roth (politician).Dr Walter E. RothWalter Edmund Roth (2 April 1861 – 5 April 1933) was a British colonial administrator, anthropologist and medical practitioner, who worked in Queensland, Australia and British Guiana between 1898 and 1928.Roth and his brother, Henry Ling Roth, are the subject of a joint biography by Russell McDougall & Iain Davidson: The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration (2008).[1]","title":"Walter Roth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Protector of Aboriginals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector_of_Aborigines"},{"link_name":"Cooktown, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooktown,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"}],"text":"Roth was appointed the first Northern Protector of Aboriginals in 1898 and was based in Cooktown, Queensland. From 1904 to 1906 he was Chief Protector and part of his duties was to record Aboriginal Australian cultures.The first three of his Bulletins on North Queensland ethnography were published in 1901, numbers 4 to 8 appearing between 1902 and 1906. In 1905 he was appointed a Royal Commissioner to inquire into the condition of the Aboriginal people of Western Australia, and in 1906 he was made government medical officer, stipendiary magistrate. 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Though called an introductory study this is an elaborate work of well over 300,000 words with hundreds of illustrations. Another volume, Additional Studies of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians was published as Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 91 (1929).Roth retired from the government service in 1928, and became curator of the Georgetown museum of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, and government archivist.Towards the end of his life he translated and edited Richard Schomburgh's Travels in British Guiana.[2]The Walter Roth Museum of Anthropology in Georgetown, Guyana was later named in his honour.","title":"British Guiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queensland Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pringle-4"},{"link_name":"V. B. 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(Joe) Lesina MP: \"Hansard teemed with speeches delivered against the administration of Dr Roth until they had a pile as high as the Eiffel Tower, and the Minister brushed everything aside as he would a fly from his aristocratic nose\".[5] Roth attempted to defend his actions by stating that the photographs were taken for purely scientific purposes,[6] Social Scientist Helen Pringle (School of Politics and International Relations) writes of the episode that in her opinion: \"Forcing, or persuading, Aborigines to perform sexual acts like performing bears for a white male audience fits squarely even within then current criteria of enslavement, a heinous crime that shocks the conscience of mankind then and now.\"[4]: 28 The controversy contributed to his resignation on the grounds of ill health and departure for British Guiana in 1906.","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ethnologicalstu00rothgoog"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1959.9/506875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1959.9%2F506875"}],"text":"Roth, Walter E. (1897). Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer.\nRoth, Walter E. (1901). The structure of the Koko-Yimidir language. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer. hdl:1959.9/506875.","title":"Publications"}] | [{"image_text":"Dr Walter E. Roth","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Walter-roth.jpg/220px-Walter-roth.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Roth, Walter E. (1897). Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ethnologicalstu00rothgoog","url_text":"Ethnological Studies Among the North-west-central Queensland Aborigines"}]},{"reference":"Roth, Walter E. (1901). The structure of the Koko-Yimidir language. Brisbane: E. Gregory, Government Printer. hdl:1959.9/506875.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1959.9%2F506875","url_text":"1959.9/506875"}]},{"reference":"Percival Serle, ed. (1949). \"'Roth, Walter Edmund\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Angus and Robertson. Retrieved 28 July 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogR.html#roth2","url_text":"\"'Roth, Walter Edmund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"}]},{"reference":"Pringle, Helen (2004). The fabrication of Female Genital Mutilation: the UN, Walter Roth and ethno-pornography (PDF). University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia: Australasian Political Studies Association 2004 Conference. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch_v._Nurdin | Lynch v. Nurdin | ["1 References"] | An unsecured cart was considered an attractive nuisance to children in Lynch v. Nurdin
Lynch v Nurdin 1 QB 29, (1841) Arn and H 158, (1841) 113 ER 1041 was the first case law to define the attractive nuisance doctrine and was cited by later sources in the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations in developing the doctrine.
Lord Chief Justice Thomas Denman wrote the opinion, which held that the owner of a cart left unattended on the street could be held liable for injuries to a child who climbed onto the cart and fell. The seven-year-old child was "acting under natural impulse, in obedience to his instinctive nature, was enticed to meddle with the attractive cart, and that the danger of the situation was created by the defendant in failing to observe the tendency of children to play about unprotected vehicles."
References
^ Aderman, Louis B. (April 1937). "The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine with Emphasis Upon Its Application in Wisconsin". Marquette Law Review. 21 (3): 116.
^ Louis B. ADERMAN, "THE ATTRACTIVE NUISANCE DOCTRINE WITH EMPHASIS UPON ITS APPLICATION IN WISCONSIN" http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4657&context=mulr | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_cart.jpg"},{"link_name":"case law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_law"},{"link_name":"attractive nuisance doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractive_nuisance_doctrine"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Thomas Denman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman"},{"link_name":"cart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"An unsecured cart was considered an attractive nuisance to children in Lynch v. NurdinLynch v Nurdin 1 QB 29, (1841) Arn and H 158, (1841) 113 ER 1041 was the first case law to define the attractive nuisance doctrine and was cited by later sources in the United States and the Commonwealth of Nations in developing the doctrine.Lord Chief Justice Thomas Denman wrote the opinion, which held that the owner of a cart left unattended on the street could be held liable for injuries to a child who climbed onto the cart and fell.[1] The seven-year-old child was \"acting under natural impulse, in obedience to his instinctive nature, [and] was enticed to meddle with the attractive cart, and that the danger of the situation was created by the defendant in failing to observe the tendency of children to play about unprotected vehicles.\"[2]","title":"Lynch v. Nurdin"}] | [{"image_text":"An unsecured cart was considered an attractive nuisance to children in Lynch v. Nurdin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Australian_cart.jpg/220px-Australian_cart.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Aderman, Louis B. (April 1937). \"The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine with Emphasis Upon Its Application in Wisconsin\". Marquette Law Review. 21 (3): 116.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol21/iss3/2/","url_text":"\"The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine with Emphasis Upon Its Application in Wisconsin\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol21/iss3/2/","external_links_name":"\"The Attractive Nuisance Doctrine with Emphasis Upon Its Application in Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4657&context=mulr","external_links_name":"http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4657&context=mulr"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Armed_Resistance_1940-1945 | Medal of the Armed Resistance 1940–1945 | ["1 Award description","2 Notable recipients (partial list)","3 See also","4 References","5 Other sources","6 External links"] | AwardResistance Medal 1940–1945Resistance Medal 1940–1945 (obverse)TypeWar medalAwarded forService in the resistance or in undercover intelligence gatheringPresented by BelgiumEligibilityBelgian citizensStatusNo longer awardedEstablished16 February 1946Reverse of the medalRibbon bar
The Resistance Medal 1940–1945 (French: Médaille de la Résistance 1940–1945, Dutch: Medaille van de Weerstand 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 16 February 1946 and awarded to all members of the Belgian armed resistance during the Second World War and to members of the intelligence service who operated in occupied territories and participated in combat actions aimed at the liberation of Belgium.
Award description
The Resistance Medal 1940–1945 was a 39mm in diameter circular bronze medal. Its obverse bore the upper body of a young woman facing left in defiance with her right fist clenched. The reverse bore the relief inscription in Latin on three lines "1940 RESISTERE 1945" superimposed over a laurel wreath.
The medal was suspended by a ring through a suspension loop from a 37 mm wide black silk moiré ribbon with two central 1 mm wide red stripes 5 mm apart and 4 mm light green edge stripes. The colours of the ribbon were symbolic, the black denoting the dark days of the German occupation and/or the clandestine nature of the resistance, the green stood the hope of liberation and the red for the spilled blood of the resistance members.
Notable recipients (partial list)
The individuals listed below were awarded the Medal of the Armed Resistance:
Lieutenant General Ernest Engelen
Cavalry Major General Jules François Gaston Everaert
Lieutenant General Jules Joseph Pire
Lieutenant General Alphonse Verstraete
Lieutenant General Joseph Leroy
Cavalry Lieutenant General Jules De Boeck
Police Lieutenant General Louis Joseph Leroy
Achille van Acker
Edmond Leburton
Alfons Vranckx
Baron Albert Lilar
Count Harold d’Aspremont Lynden
Count Jean-Charles Snoy et d’Oppuers
Viscount Omer Vanaudenhove
Geraard van den Daele
Count Count Jean d’Ursel
Baron Pierre van Outryve d’Ydewalle
Count Charles of Limburg Stirum
Robberechts Henri
Marcel Verriest
Josephine Baker
See also
Belgium portal
Resistance during World War II
Resistance movement
Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium
References
^ a b c Royal Decree of the Regent of 16 February 1946 creating the 1940–1945 Resistance Medal, Belgian Defence Ministry, 1946-02-16
^ "Recipients of the Resistance medal compiled from the ARS MORIENDI web site" (in French). ARS MORIENDI. 2012-07-06. Archived from the original on 2011-09-06. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
Other sources
Quinot H., 1950, Recueil illustré des décorations belges et congolaises, 4e Edition. (Hasselt)
Cornet R., 1982, Recueil des dispositions légales et réglementaires régissant les ordres nationaux belges. 2e Ed. N.pl., (Brussels)
Borné A.C., 1985, Distinctions honorifiques de la Belgique, 1830–1985 (Brussels)
External links
Bibliothèque royale de Belgique (In French)
Les Ordres Nationaux Belges (In French)
ARS MORIENDI Notables from Belgian history Archived 2011-09-06 at the Wayback Machine (In French and Dutch)
vte Orders, decorations, and medals of BelgiumNational orders
Order of Leopold
Order of the African Star
Royal Order of the Lion
Order of the Crown
Order of Leopold II
Pre–1914
Civic Guard Merit Medal
1830 Star of Honour
Iron Cross
1830 Volunteers' Commemorative Cross
1870–71 Commemorative Medal
Service Star
World War I
War Cross 1914–18
Fire Cross 1914–1918
Yser Cross and Medal
Volunteer Combatant's Medal 1914–1918
Commemorative Medal of the 1914–1918 War
Commemorative Medal of the 1914–1917 African Campaigns
Liège Medal
Maritime Decoration 1914–1918
Political Prisoner's Medal 1914–1918
Deportees' Cross 1914–1918
1914–1918 Medal for National Restoration
King Albert Medal
Queen Elisabeth Medal
Inter-Allied Victory Medal 1914–1918
Civic Decoration 1914–1918
Commemorative Medal of the National Committee for Aid and Food
World War II & Korean War
War Cross 1940–45
Maritime Medal 1940–1945
1940–1945 Military Combatant's Medal
Volunteer's Medal 1940–1945
1940–1945 African War Medal
1940–1945 Colonial War Effort Medal
Abyssinian Campaigns Commemorative Medal
Resistance Medal 1940–1945
Civilian Resistance Medal
Civilian Disobedience Medal
Political Prisoner's Cross 1940–1945
Prisoner of War Medal 1940–1945
Escapees' Cross 1940–1945
Medal for Resistance against Nazism in the Annexed Territories
Medal of the Recruiting Centers 1940
Medal of Belgian Gratitude 1940–1945
Commemorative Medal of the 1940–1945 War
Foreign Operational Theatres Commemorative Medal
Currentmilitary awards
Military Decoration for exceptional service, bravery or exceptional devotion
Military Cross
Military Decoration for faithful service
Cross of Honour for Military Service Abroad
Commemorative Medal for Armed Humanitarian Operations
Commemorative Medal for Foreign Operations or Missions
Commemorative medal for missions or operations regarding the operational defense of the territory
Meritorious Service Medal
Currentcivilian awards
Civil decoration for acts of bravery, selfsacrifice and philanthropy
Civil decoration for faithful service
Labour Decoration
Laureate of labour
Commemorativemedals
Commemorative Decoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Creation of the Railroads
Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Leopold II
Commemorative Medal for the 75th Anniversary of the Belgian Postal Service
Centenary of National Independence Commemorative Medal
Commemorative Medal for the Centenary of the Telegraphic Service
Commemorative Medal for the 100th Anniversary of the Belgian Postal Service
Commemorative Medal of the Reign of King Albert I
Commemorative Medal for the "European March of Memory and Friendship"
"Four Days of the Yser" Commemorative Medal
Belgian Red Cross
Order of the Belgian Red Cross
Blood Donour's Medal
1940–1945 Cross of Honour of the Belgian Red Cross
1940–1945 Belgian Red Cross Decoration
Belgium portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"royal decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_decree"},{"link_name":"Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Belgian armed resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Resistance"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"intelligence service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Security_Service_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"liberation of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decree-1"}],"text":"The Resistance Medal 1940–1945 (French: Médaille de la Résistance 1940–1945, Dutch: Medaille van de Weerstand 1940–1945) was a Belgian war medal established by royal decree of the Regent on 16 February 1946 and awarded to all members of the Belgian armed resistance during the Second World War and to members of the intelligence service who operated in occupied territories and participated in combat actions aimed at the liberation of Belgium.[1]","title":"Medal of the Armed Resistance 1940–1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decree-1"},{"link_name":"moiré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decree-1"}],"text":"The Resistance Medal 1940–1945 was a 39mm in diameter circular bronze medal. 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(Hasselt)\nCornet R., 1982, Recueil des dispositions légales et réglementaires régissant les ordres nationaux belges. 2e Ed. N.pl., (Brussels)\nBorné A.C., 1985, Distinctions honorifiques de la Belgique, 1830–1985 (Brussels)","title":"Other sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"Belgium portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"},{"title":"Resistance during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"Resistance movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_movement"},{"title":"Orders, decorations, and medals of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belgium"}] | [{"reference":"Royal Decree of the Regent of 16 February 1946 creating the 1940–1945 Resistance Medal, Belgian Defence Ministry, 1946-02-16","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Recipients of the Resistance medal compiled from the ARS MORIENDI web site\" (in French). ARS MORIENDI. 2012-07-06. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolamba | Nolamba dynasty | ["1 Officers and kings belonging to the Nolamba dynasty","2 Temples attributed to the Nolambas","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | The Nolamba dynasty the area they held sway over is referred to as Nolambasa-37 of Henjeru (Hemavathi), Nolambalige (Nolambavadi-32000), etc. R. Narasimhacharya states that the Nolambas were a native Kannada dynasty.
Officers and kings belonging to the Nolamba dynasty
Simhapota, a Nolamba chief, subordinate to the Ganga kings.
Mahendra I, Ayyapadeva who probably ruled around the period of Krishna II of the Rastrakutas.
Anniga or Annayya with the title Bira-Nolamba ruled in the period of Amoghavarsha of Rastrakutas.
Dilipa or Iriva Nolamba around the period of Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas. According to an inscription from Aimangala, 56 Dilipa's son and successor was Nanni Nolamba.
There are two other names after Nanni Nolamba, namely Polalchora II and Vira Mahendra or Mahendra II as per Kolar district inscriptions.
As long as the Rastrakutas were strong Nolamba flourished under their influence. But after their collapse Nolamba Dynasty lost its influence and power.
Nolambas were overrun by the Ganga king Marasimha II (963-975 CE), who boasts of having destroyed the Nolamba family and had the title Nolambakulantaka. Nanni Nolamba was the king who was ruling in c. 970 CE. Ahavamalla Nolamba appears identical with Nanni Nolamba. Mahendra II was succeeded by his younger brother Iriva Nolamba II Ghateyankakara, who was too young to come to the throne. Hence, Mahendra's mother Divabbarasi was the queen regent during this period of interregnum after his death. Rajaraja I, the Chola emperor, invaded Nolambavadi and occupied most of its southern parts. Trailokyamalla Nanni Nolamba II Pallava Permanadi succeeded Jagadekamalla Irmadi Nolamba and was installed on the throne on 5 April 1044 CE.
Other Nolamba officers listed in various inscriptions are: Irivabe-danga Nolamba Ghateyankakara, who appears to have married Pampa Devi, a daughter of Satyashraya of Western chalukyas.
The Nolamba vassal under Jayasimha of Western Chalukya was Udayaditya (about 1018–1035) also called as Vira-Nonamba Jagadekamalla Malladeva.
Jagadekamalla Immadi Nolamba Pallava Permanadi, perhaps the successor of Udayaditya, was ruling over Kadambalige in 1037.
Vijaya Pandya who ruled over Nolambavadi from Uchangi from about 1148 to about 1187.
Temples attributed to the Nolambas
Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe, Tiptur taluk
Kalleshwara Temple, Chikkahulikunte, Sira taluk
Nolamba Narayaneshvara temple, Avani, Mulbagal Taluk
Siddeshwara Temple, Madhapura, Honnali taluk (Also Known as Heggeri Siddeshwara)
Shankara muth, Avani, Mulbagal Taluk
Sri. Bhoga Nandeshwara, Nandi, Chikkaballapura Taluk
Sri.Venugopala, Tondanur, Pandavapura Taluk
Sri.Yoga Narasimha, Tondanur, Pandavapura Taluk
Siddeswara (Henjerappa) and Doddeswara Temples built by Nolamba pallava kings in the 9th century, Hemavati, Anantapur district
Sri Veeranjaneya Swamy Temple, Aragonda Village, Chittoor Dt. Andhra Pradesh
Sri Siddeswara Temple, Siddeswarana Durga Village, Challakere Taluk, Chitradurga Dt. Karnataka dated 834AD ]
See also
Religion in Western Ganga kingdom
Ardhagiri
References
^ R, Narasimhacharya (1942). History of Kannada Language. Asian Educational Services. p. 49. ISBN 9788120605596.
^ M. S., Nagaraja Rao (1983). The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇ̄a: seminar papers. Mythic Society. pp. 39–41.
External links
Kolar City Municipal Council - Tourism
Kalleshwara Temple India9.com
Rashtrakuta Rulers Visitchitradurga.com | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nolamba dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ganga kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Krishna II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_II"},{"link_name":"Rastrakutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Amoghavarsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoghavarsha"},{"link_name":"Rastrakutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Krishna III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_III"},{"link_name":"Rashtrakutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rastrakutas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rajaraja I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaraja_I"},{"link_name":"Chola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chola_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Satyashraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyashraya"},{"link_name":"Western chalukyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire"},{"link_name":"Western Chalukya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire"}],"text":"Simhapota, a Nolamba chief, subordinate to the Ganga kings.\nMahendra I, Ayyapadeva who probably ruled around the period of Krishna II of the Rastrakutas.\nAnniga or Annayya with the title Bira-Nolamba ruled in the period of Amoghavarsha of Rastrakutas.\nDilipa or Iriva Nolamba around the period of Krishna III of the Rashtrakutas. According to an inscription from Aimangala, 56 Dilipa's son and successor was Nanni Nolamba.\nThere are two other names after Nanni Nolamba, namely Polalchora II and Vira Mahendra or Mahendra II as per Kolar district inscriptions.As long as the Rastrakutas were strong Nolamba flourished under their influence. But after their collapse Nolamba Dynasty lost its influence and power. \nNolambas were overrun by the Ganga king Marasimha II (963-975 CE), who boasts of having destroyed the Nolamba family and had the title Nolambakulantaka. Nanni Nolamba was the king who was ruling in c. 970 CE. Ahavamalla Nolamba appears identical with Nanni Nolamba. Mahendra II was succeeded by his younger brother Iriva Nolamba II Ghateyankakara, who was too young to come to the throne. Hence, Mahendra's mother Divabbarasi was the queen regent during this period of interregnum after his death. Rajaraja I, the Chola emperor, invaded Nolambavadi and occupied most of its southern parts. Trailokyamalla Nanni Nolamba II Pallava Permanadi succeeded Jagadekamalla Irmadi Nolamba and was installed on the throne on 5 April 1044 CE.[2]Other Nolamba officers listed in various inscriptions are: Irivabe-danga Nolamba Ghateyankakara, who appears to have married Pampa Devi, a daughter of Satyashraya of Western chalukyas.The Nolamba vassal under Jayasimha of Western Chalukya was Udayaditya (about 1018–1035) also called as Vira-Nonamba Jagadekamalla Malladeva.\nJagadekamalla Immadi Nolamba Pallava Permanadi, perhaps the successor of Udayaditya, was ruling over Kadambalige in 1037.\nVijaya Pandya who ruled over Nolambavadi from Uchangi from about 1148 to about 1187.","title":"Officers and kings belonging to the Nolamba dynasty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalleshvara_Temple,_Aralaguppe"},{"link_name":"Chikkahulikunte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikkahulikunte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avani"},{"link_name":"Madhapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhapura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Avani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avani"},{"link_name":"Nandeshwara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandeshwara"},{"link_name":"Chikkaballapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikkaballapura"},{"link_name":"Tondanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tondanur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pandavapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavapura"},{"link_name":"Tondanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tondanur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pandavapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandavapura"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Sri Siddeswara Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onbimba.com/b/?id=sdurga-ask1526883082734-2"},{"link_name":"Siddeswarana Durga[Kolapala] Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//onbimba.com/sdurga"},{"link_name":"Challakere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Challakere"},{"link_name":"Chitradurga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitradurga"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"}],"text":"Kalleshvara Temple, Aralaguppe, Tiptur taluk\nKalleshwara Temple, Chikkahulikunte, Sira taluk\nNolamba Narayaneshvara temple, Avani, Mulbagal Taluk\nSiddeshwara Temple, Madhapura, Honnali taluk (Also Known as Heggeri Siddeshwara)\nShankara muth, Avani, Mulbagal Taluk\nSri. Bhoga Nandeshwara, Nandi, Chikkaballapura Taluk\nSri.Venugopala, Tondanur, Pandavapura Taluk\nSri.Yoga Narasimha, Tondanur, Pandavapura Taluk\nSiddeswara (Henjerappa) and Doddeswara Temples built by Nolamba pallava kings in the 9th century, Hemavati, Anantapur district\nSri Veeranjaneya Swamy Temple, Aragonda Village, Chittoor Dt. Andhra Pradesh\nSri Siddeswara Temple, Siddeswarana Durga[Kolapala] Village, Challakere Taluk, Chitradurga Dt. Karnataka dated 834AD ]","title":"Temples attributed to the Nolambas"}] | [] | [{"title":"Religion in Western Ganga kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Western_Ganga_kingdom"},{"title":"Ardhagiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardhagiri"}] | [{"reference":"R, Narasimhacharya (1942). History of Kannada Language. Asian Educational Services. p. 49. ISBN 9788120605596.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&q=nolamba","url_text":"History of Kannada Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120605596","url_text":"9788120605596"}]},{"reference":"M. S., Nagaraja Rao (1983). The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇ̄a: seminar papers. Mythic Society. pp. 39–41.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C9W1AAAAIAAJ&q=Nolamba","url_text":"The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇ̄a: seminar papers"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://onbimba.com/b/?id=sdurga-ask1526883082734-2","external_links_name":"Sri Siddeswara Temple"},{"Link":"https://onbimba.com/sdurga","external_links_name":"Siddeswarana Durga[Kolapala] Village"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&q=nolamba","external_links_name":"History of Kannada Language"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C9W1AAAAIAAJ&q=Nolamba","external_links_name":"The Chālukyas of Kalyāṇ̄a: seminar papers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081105235128/http://www.kolarcity.gov.in/tourism.html","external_links_name":"Kolar City Municipal Council - Tourism"},{"Link":"http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kalleshwara-Temple-44912.htm","external_links_name":"Kalleshwara Temple"},{"Link":"http://www.visitchitradurga.com/linkfiles/historyfiles/rashtrakuta.php","external_links_name":"Rashtrakuta Rulers"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Hair_(album) | Perfect Hair (album) | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 References","4 External links"] | 2014 studio album by BusdriverPerfect HairStudio album by BusdriverReleasedSeptember 9, 2014 (2014-09-09)GenreHip hopLength46:55LabelBig DadaProducer
Busdriver
Candy Claw
Greyhat
Great Dane
Ikey Owens
Jeremiah Jae
Kenny Segal
Mike Gao
Mono/Poly
Riley Lake
Busdriver chronology
Beaus$Eros(2012)
Perfect Hair(2014)
Thumbs(2015)
Perfect Hair is a studio album by American rapper Busdriver. It was released on September 9, 2014, by Big Dada. The album features guest appearances from Aesop Rock, Danny Brown and Open Mike Eagle, among others. The cover art was painted by John Lurie. Music videos were made for "Ego Death", "Colonize the Moon", "Eat Rich" and "Motion Lines".
On June 20, 2014, "Ego Death" was chosen by Consequence of Sound as one of their Top 10 Songs of the Week.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingAnyDecentMusic?7.1/10Metacritic74/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClash7/10Consequence of SoundB−Exclaim!7/10musicOMHPopMatters7/10Tiny Mix Tapes
Perfect Hair received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 74, based on 10 reviews.
Adam Kivel of Consequence of Sound said: "Wild, insanely ambitious, and a bit inconsistent, Perfect Hair encodes and decodes the ideas, opinions, and deconstructions that can only come from Farquhar's brain." David Jeffries of AllMusic said, "Perfect Hair contains all the usual reasons Busdriver is wonderful, just with a little more sugar baked in." Grant Brydon of Clash said, "The rollercoaster ride of his delivery makes it an enjoyable experience rather than a textbook headache." Matt Bauer of Exclaim! said, "A few duds abound, like the wearisome "Eat Rich", but the album ends strongly with the sci-fi-flavoured "Colonize the Moon". Jack Dutton of musicOMH said, "Although this album is at times a difficult listen, you can't help but admire Busdriver for his innovation and general wackiness." Nathan Stevens of PopMatters said, "Perfect Hair is no doubt a great album, but its tendency to fidget between ideas leaves it the idea of cohesion in a shallow grave."
Track listing
No.TitleProducer(s)Length1."Retirement Ode"Busdriver3:192."Bliss Point"Busdriver3:353."Ego Death" (featuring Aesop Rock and Danny Brown)Jeremiah Jae6:004."Upsweep"Mono/Poly4:285."When the Tooth-lined Horizon Blinks" (featuring Open Mike Eagle)Great Dane4:096."Motion Lines"Busdriver5:127."Eat Rich"Kenny Segal3:088."King Cookie Faced (for Her)"Busdriver4:059."Can't You Tell I'm a Sociopath" (featuring VerBS)Mike Gao3:1010."Colonize the Moon" (featuring Pegasus Warning)Riley LakeBusdriver9:49
Perfect Hair bonus tracksNo.TitleProducer(s)Length11."Joyce 1"Riley Lake4:1712."How Your Sprinkler System Work" (featuring Del the Funky Homosapien)BusdriverCandy Claw2:5613."Go Hard or Go Homogenous" (featuring P.O.S)Kenny Segal3:36
Vinyl and Japanese edition bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length14."Octagon"BusdriverIkey Owens4:22
Bandcamp bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length15."King Cookie Faced (for Hellfyre)" (featuring Open Mike Eagle and Milo)Greyhat6:08
Notes
"Retirement Ode" features uncredited vocals by Terra Lopez
"Bliss Point" features uncredited saxophone by Ben Wendel
"Colonize the Moon" includes a bonus track at 5:13, called "Bone Structure" featuring Open Mike Eagle
"Joyce 1" features uncredited vocals by Joelle Le and Riley Lake
"King Cookie Faced (for Hellfyre)" features uncredited vocals by Terra Lopez and Joelle Le
References
^ Kangas, Chaz (September 3, 2014). "Busdriver Keeps Pushing Boundaries, More Than Anyone in Hip-Hop". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014.
^ Baker, Soren (September 5, 2014). "Busdriver "Perfect Hair" Release Date, Cover Art, Tracklist, Album Stream & Tour Itinerary". HipHopDX. Archived from the original on September 6, 2014.
^ Joyce, Colin (June 16, 2014). "Hear Busdriver's Prickly Collab with Danny Brown and Aesop Rock – "Ego Death" heralds 'Perfect Hair' album, due September 9 on Big Dada". Spin. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014.
^ Beauchemin, Molly (June 16, 2014). "Busdriver Teams With Danny Brown and Aesop Rock for "Ego Death" – From Busdriver's new album Perfect Hair". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014.
^ Hughes, Josiah (July 10, 2014). "Busdriver "Ego Death" (ft. Aesop Rock and Danny Brown) (video)". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014.
^ Kramer, Kyle (July 23, 2014). "Busdriver Heads Into Space to Rap and "Colonize the Moon"". Vice. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.
^ Gillespie, Blake (September 15, 2014). "Busdriver, "Eat Rich"". Impose. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
^ Raymer, Miles (October 14, 2014). "Dive into Busdriver's kaleidoscopic 'Motion Lines' video". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 5, 2016.
^ Madden, Michael (June 20, 2014). "Top 10 Songs of the Week (6/20)". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014.
^ "Perfect Hair by Busdriver reviews". AnyDecentMusic?. Archived from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
^ a b "Perfect Hair – Busdriver". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on December 11, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
^ a b Jeffries, David (September 8, 2014). "Perfect Hair – Busdriver". AllMusic. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014.
^ a b Brydon, Grant (September 16, 2014). "Busdriver – Perfect Hair". Clash. Archived from the original on September 16, 2014.
^ a b Kivel, Adam (September 12, 2014). "Busdriver – Perfect Hair". Consequence of Sound. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015.
^ a b Bauer, Matt (September 8, 2014). "Busdriver Perfect Hair". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.
^ a b Dutton, Jack (September 8, 2014). "Busdriver – Perfect Hair". musicOMH. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015.
^ a b Stevens, Nathan (September 9, 2014). "Busdriver: Perfect Hair". PopMatters. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014.
^ Scott, Jackson (October 6, 2014). "Busdriver – Perfect Hair". Tiny Mix Tapes. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014.
External links
Perfect Hair at Discogs (list of releases)
Busdriver – 'Perfect Hair' Selections on SoundCloud
vteBusdriverSolo albums
Memoirs of the Elephant Man (1999)
Temporary Forever (2002)
Cosmic Cleavage (2004)
Fear of a Black Tangent (2005)
RoadKillOvercoat (2007)
Jhelli Beam (2009)
Beaus$Eros (2012)
Perfect Hair (2014)
Electricity Is on Our Side (2018)
Collaborative albums
The Weather (2003)
10 Haters (2011)
Mixtapes
Computer Cooties (2010)
Thumbs (2015)
Singles
"Imaginary Places"
"Avantcore"
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Busdriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busdriver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Big Dada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aesop Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop_Rock"},{"link_name":"Danny Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Brown"},{"link_name":"Open Mike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Mike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lurie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Perfect Hair is a studio album by American rapper Busdriver.[1] It was released on September 9, 2014, by Big Dada.[2] The album features guest appearances from Aesop Rock, Danny Brown and Open Mike Eagle, among others.[3] The cover art was painted by John Lurie.[4] Music videos were made for \"Ego Death\",[5] \"Colonize the Moon\",[6] \"Eat Rich\"[7] and \"Motion Lines\".[8]On June 20, 2014, \"Ego Death\" was chosen by Consequence of Sound as one of their Top 10 Songs of the Week.[9]","title":"Perfect Hair (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"normalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score"},{"link_name":"average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_arithmetic_mean"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-11"},{"link_name":"Consequence of Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-consequenceofsound-14"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-12"},{"link_name":"Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clashmusic-13"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-exclaim-15"},{"link_name":"musicOMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MusicOMH"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MusicOMH-16"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-popmatters-17"}],"text":"Perfect Hair received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 74, based on 10 reviews.[11]Adam Kivel of Consequence of Sound said: \"Wild, insanely ambitious, and a bit inconsistent, Perfect Hair encodes and decodes the ideas, opinions, and deconstructions that can only come from Farquhar's brain.\"[14] David Jeffries of AllMusic said, \"Perfect Hair contains all the usual reasons Busdriver is wonderful, just with a little more sugar baked in.\"[12] Grant Brydon of Clash said, \"The rollercoaster ride of his delivery makes it an enjoyable experience rather than a textbook headache.\"[13] Matt Bauer of Exclaim! said, \"A few duds abound, like the wearisome \"Eat Rich\", but the album ends strongly with the sci-fi-flavoured \"Colonize the Moon\".[15] Jack Dutton of musicOMH said, \"Although this album is at times a difficult listen, you can't help but admire Busdriver for his innovation and general wackiness.\"[16] Nathan Stevens of PopMatters said, \"Perfect Hair is no doubt a great album, but its tendency to fidget between ideas leaves it the idea of cohesion in a shallow grave.\"[17]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Busdriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busdriver"},{"link_name":"Aesop Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop_Rock"},{"link_name":"Danny Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Brown"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Jae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Jae"},{"link_name":"Mono/Poly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono/Poly"},{"link_name":"Open Mike Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Mike_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Kenny Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Segal"},{"link_name":"Del the Funky Homosapien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_the_Funky_Homosapien"},{"link_name":"P.O.S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.O.S_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Ikey Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_%22Ikey%22_Owens"},{"link_name":"Milo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Terra Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_Crayon"},{"link_name":"Ben Wendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Wendel"}],"text":"No.TitleProducer(s)Length1.\"Retirement Ode\"Busdriver3:192.\"Bliss Point\"Busdriver3:353.\"Ego Death\" (featuring Aesop Rock and Danny Brown)Jeremiah Jae6:004.\"Upsweep\"Mono/Poly4:285.\"When the Tooth-lined Horizon Blinks\" (featuring Open Mike Eagle)Great Dane4:096.\"Motion Lines\"Busdriver5:127.\"Eat Rich\"Kenny Segal3:088.\"King Cookie Faced (for Her)\"Busdriver4:059.\"Can't You Tell I'm a Sociopath\" (featuring VerBS)Mike Gao3:1010.\"Colonize the Moon\" (featuring Pegasus Warning)Riley LakeBusdriver9:49Perfect Hair bonus tracksNo.TitleProducer(s)Length11.\"Joyce 1\"Riley Lake4:1712.\"How Your Sprinkler System Work\" (featuring Del the Funky Homosapien)BusdriverCandy Claw2:5613.\"Go Hard or Go Homogenous\" (featuring P.O.S)Kenny Segal3:36Vinyl and Japanese edition bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length14.\"Octagon\"BusdriverIkey Owens4:22Bandcamp bonus trackNo.TitleProducer(s)Length15.\"King Cookie Faced (for Hellfyre)\" (featuring Open Mike Eagle and Milo)Greyhat6:08Notes\"Retirement Ode\" features uncredited vocals by Terra Lopez\n\"Bliss Point\" features uncredited saxophone by Ben Wendel\n\"Colonize the Moon\" includes a bonus track at 5:13, called \"Bone Structure\" featuring Open Mike Eagle\n\"Joyce 1\" features uncredited vocals by Joelle Le and Riley Lake\n\"King Cookie Faced (for Hellfyre)\" features uncredited vocals by Terra Lopez and Joelle Le","title":"Track listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kangas, Chaz (September 3, 2014). \"Busdriver Keeps Pushing Boundaries, More Than Anyone in Hip-Hop\". 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Archived from the original on September 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.30507/title.busdriver-perfect-hair-release-date-cover-art-tracklist-album-stream-tour-itinerary","url_text":"\"Busdriver \"Perfect Hair\" Release Date, Cover Art, Tracklist, Album Stream & Tour Itinerary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140906171716/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.30507/title.busdriver-perfect-hair-release-date-cover-art-tracklist-album-stream-tour-itinerary/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joyce, Colin (June 16, 2014). \"Hear Busdriver's Prickly Collab with Danny Brown and Aesop Rock – \"Ego Death\" heralds 'Perfect Hair' album, due September 9 on Big Dada\". Spin. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2014/06/busdriver-ego-death-perfect-hair-danny-brown-aesop-rock-stream/","url_text":"\"Hear Busdriver's Prickly Collab with Danny Brown and Aesop Rock – \"Ego Death\" heralds 'Perfect Hair' album, due September 9 on Big Dada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140907095644/https://www.spin.com/2014/06/busdriver-ego-death-perfect-hair-danny-brown-aesop-rock-stream/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beauchemin, Molly (June 16, 2014). \"Busdriver Teams With Danny Brown and Aesop Rock for \"Ego Death\" – From Busdriver's new album Perfect Hair\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on September 11, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/55576-busdriver-teams-with-danny-brown-and-aesop-rock-for-ego-death/","url_text":"\"Busdriver Teams With Danny Brown and Aesop Rock for \"Ego Death\" – From Busdriver's new album Perfect Hair\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140911133203/http://pitchfork.com/news/55576-busdriver-teams-with-danny-brown-and-aesop-rock-for-ego-death/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Josiah (July 10, 2014). \"Busdriver \"Ego Death\" (ft. Aesop Rock and Danny Brown) (video)\". Exclaim!. Archived from the original on September 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/MusicVideo/ClickHear/busdriver-ego_death_ft_aesop_rock_danny_brown_video","url_text":"\"Busdriver \"Ego Death\" (ft. Aesop Rock and Danny Brown) (video)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140914024033/http://exclaim.ca/MusicVideo/ClickHear/busdriver-ego_death_ft_aesop_rock_danny_brown_video","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kramer, Kyle (July 23, 2014). \"Busdriver Heads Into Space to Rap and \"Colonize the Moon\"\". Vice. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://noisey.vice.com/blog/busdriver-colonize-the-moon-video-premiere","url_text":"\"Busdriver Heads Into Space to Rap and \"Colonize the Moon\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306075708/http://noisey.vice.com/blog/busdriver-colonize-the-moon-video-premiere","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gillespie, Blake (September 15, 2014). \"Busdriver, \"Eat Rich\"\". Impose. Archived from the original on October 10, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_sigillata | Terra sigillata | ["1 Roman red gloss pottery","1.1 Forerunners","1.2 Arretine ware","1.3 South Gaulish samian ware","1.4 Central Gaulish samian ware","1.5 East Gaulish samian ware","1.6 Eastern sigillatas","1.7 African red slip ware","2 Gallery of Roman terra sigillata","3 Modern pottery","3.1 Making modern terra sigillata","3.2 Reuse of Roman pottery","4 Medicinal earth","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Types of pottery; also, medieval medicinal earth
Roman red gloss terra sigillata bowl with relief decoration
Terra sigillata beaker with barbotine decoration
Terra sigillata is a term with at least three distinct meanings: as a description of medieval medicinal earth; in archaeology, as a general term for some of the fine red Ancient Roman pottery with glossy surface slips made in specific areas of the Roman Empire; and more recently, as a description of a contemporary studio pottery technique supposedly inspired by ancient pottery. Usually roughly translated as 'sealed earth', the meaning of 'terra sigillata' is 'clay bearing little images' (latin sigilla), not 'clay with a sealed (impervious) surface'. The archaeological term is applied, however, to plain-surfaced pots as well as those decorated with figures in relief, because it does not refer to the decoration but to the makers stamp impressed in the bottom of the vessel.
Terra sigillata as an archaeological term refers chiefly to a specific type of plain and decorated tableware made in Italy and in Gaul (France and the Rhineland) during the Roman Empire. These vessels have glossy surface slips ranging from a soft lustre to a brilliant glaze-like shine, in a characteristic colour range from pale orange to bright red; they were produced in standard shapes and sizes and were manufactured on an industrial scale and widely exported. The sigillata industries grew up in areas where there were existing traditions of pottery manufacture, and where the clay deposits proved suitable. The products of the Italian workshops are also known as Aretine ware from Arezzo and have been collected and admired since the Renaissance. The wares made in the Gaulish factories are often referred to by English-speaking archaeologists as samian ware. Closely related pottery fabrics made in the North African and Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire are not usually referred to as terra sigillata, but by more specific names, e.g. African red slip wares. All these types of pottery are significant for archaeologists: they can often be closely dated, and their distribution casts light on aspects of the ancient Roman economy.
Modern "terra sig" should be clearly distinguished from the close reproductions of Roman wares made by some potters deliberately recreating and using the Roman methods. The finish called 'terra sigillata' by studio potters can be made from most clays, mixed as a very thin liquid slip and settled to separate out only the finest particles to be used as terra sigillata. When applied to unfired clay surfaces, "terra sig" can be polished with a soft cloth or brush to achieve a shine ranging from a smooth silky lustre to a high gloss. The surface of ancient terra sigillata vessels did not require this burnishing or polishing. Burnishing was a technique used on some wares in the Roman period, but terra sigillata was not one of them. The polished surface can only be retained if fired within the low-fire range and will lose its shine if fired higher, but can still display an appealing silky quality.
Roman red gloss pottery
A decorated Arretine vase (Form Dragendorff 11) found at Neuss, Germany
In archaeological usage, the term terra sigillata without further qualification normally denotes the Arretine ware of Italy, made at Arezzo, and Gaulish samian ware manufactured first in South Gaul, particularly at La Graufesenque, near Millau, and later at Lezoux and adjacent sites near Clermont-Ferrand, and at east Gaulish sites such as Trier, Sinzig and Rheinzabern. These high-quality tablewares were particularly popular and widespread in the Western Roman Empire from about 50 BC to the early 3rd century AD. Definitions of 'TS' have grown up from the earliest days of antiquarian studies, and are far from consistent; one survey of Classical art says: Terra sigillata ... is a Latin term used by modern scholars to designate a class of decorated red-gloss pottery .... not all red-gloss ware was decorated, and hence the more inclusive term 'Samian ware' is sometimes used to characterize all varieties of it.
- whereas Anthony King's definition, following the more usual practice among Roman pottery specialists, makes no mention of decoration, but states that terra sigillata is 'alternatively known as samian ware'. However, 'samian ware' is normally used only to refer to the sub-class of terra sigillata made in ancient Gaul. In European languages other than English, terra sigillata, or a translation (e.g. terre sigillée), is always used for both Italian and Gaulish products. Nomenclature has to be established at an early stage of research into a subject, and antiquarians of the 18th and 19th centuries often used terms that we would not choose today, but as long as their meaning is clear and well-established, this does not matter, and detailed study of the history of the terminology is really a side-issue that is of academic interest only. Scholars writing in English now often use "red gloss wares" or "red slip wares", both to avoid these issues of definition, and also because many other wares of the Roman period share aspects of technique with the traditional sigillata fabrics.
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 29. 1st century AD.
Italian and Gaulish TS vessels were made in standardised shapes constituting services of matching dishes, bowls and serving vessels. These changed and evolved over time, and have been very minutely classified; the first major scheme, by the German classical archaeologist Hans Dragendorff (1895), is still in use (as e.g. "Dr.29"), and there have been many others, such as the classifications of Déchelette, Knorr, Hermet, Walters, Curle, Loeschcke, Ritterling, Hermet and Ludowici, and more recently, the Conspectus of Arretine forms and Hayes's type-series of African Red Slip and Eastern sigillatas. These reference sometimes make it possible to date the manufacture of a broken decorated sherd to within 20 years or less.
Most of the forms that were decorated with figures in low relief were thrown in pottery moulds, the inner surfaces of which had been decorated using fired-clay stamps or punches (usually referred to as poinçons) and some free-hand work using a stylus. The mould was therefore decorated on its interior surface with a full decorative design of impressed, intaglio (hollowed) motifs that would appear in low relief on any bowl formed in it. As the bowl dried, the shrinkage was sufficient for it to be withdrawn from the mould, in order to carry out any finishing work, which might include the addition of foot-rings, the shaping and finishing of rims, and in all cases the application of the slip. Barbotine and appliqué ('sprigged') techniques were sometimes used to decorate vessels of closed forms. Study of the characteristic decorative motifs, combined in some cases with name-stamps of workshops incorporated into the decoration, and also sometimes with the cursive signatures of mouldmakers, makes it possible to build up a very detailed knowledge of the industry. Careful observation of form and fabric is therefore usually enough for an archaeologist experienced in the study of sigillata to date and identify a broken sherd: a potter's stamp or moulded decoration provides even more precise evidence. The classic guide by Oswald and Pryce, published in 1920 set out many of the principles, but the literature on the subject goes back into the 19th century, and is now extremely voluminous, including many monographs on specific regions, as well as excavation reports on important sites that have produced significant assemblages of sigillata wares, and articles in learned journals, some of which are dedicated to Roman pottery studies.
The remains of the grand four ("big kiln") at La Graufesenque
The motifs and designs on the relief-decorated wares echo the general traditions of Graeco-Roman decorative arts, with depictions of deities, references to myths and legends, and popular themes such as hunting and erotic scenes. Individual figure-types, like the vessel-shapes, have been classified, and in many cases they may be linked with specific potters or workshops. Some of the decoration relates to contemporary architectural ornament, with egg-and-tongue (ovolo) mouldings, acanthus and vine scrolls and the like. While the decoration of Arretine ware is often highly naturalistic in style, and is closely comparable with silver tableware of the same period, the designs on the Gaulish products, made by provincial artisans adopting Classical subjects, are intriguing for their expression of 'romanisation', the fusion of Classical and native cultural and artistic traditions.
Many of the Gaulish manufacturing sites have been extensively excavated and studied. At La Graufesenque in southern Gaul, documentary evidence in the form of lists or tallies apparently fired with single kiln-loads, giving potters' names and numbers of pots have long been known, and they suggest very large loads of 25,000–30,000 vessels. Though not all the kilns at this, or other, manufacturing sites were so large, the excavation of the grand four (big kiln) at La Graufesenque, which was in use in the late 1st and early 2nd century, confirms the scale of the industry. It is a rectangular stone-built structure measuring 11.3 m. by 6.8 m. externally, with an original height estimated at 7 metres. With up to nine 'storeys' within (dismantled after each firing), formed of tile floors and vertical columns in the form of clay pipes or tubes, which also served to conduct the heat, it has been estimated that it was capable of firing 30,000–40,000 vessels at a time, at a temperature of around 1000 °C.
A 2005 work has shown that the slip is a matrix of mainly silicon and aluminium oxides, within which are suspended sub-microscopic crystals of haematite and corundum. The matrix itself does not contain any metallic ions, the haematite is substituted in aluminium and titanium while the corundum is substituted in iron. The two crystal populations are homogenously dispersed within the matrix. The colour of haematite depends on the crystal size. Large crystals of this mineral are black but as the size decreases to sub-micron the colour shifts to red. The fraction of aluminium has a similar effect. It was formerly thought that the difference between 'red' and 'black' samian was due to the presence (black) or absence (red) of reducing gases from the kiln and that the construction of the kiln was so arranged as to prevent the reducing gases from the fuel from coming into contact with the pottery. The presence of iron oxides in the clay/slip was thought to be reflected in the colour according to the oxidation state of the iron (Fe for the red and Fe for the black, the latter produced by the reducing gases coming into contact with the pottery during firing). It now appears as a result of this recent work that this is not the case and that the colour of the glossy slip is in fact due to no more than the crystal size of the minerals dispersed within the matrix glass.
Forerunners
A Campanian ware phiale (libation bowl) with mould-made relief decoration. c. 300 BC.
A black Megarian bowl, 2nd century BC
Arretine ware, in spite of its very distinctive appearance, was an integral part of the wider picture of fine ceramic tablewares in the Graeco-Roman world of the Hellenistic and early Roman period. That picture must itself be seen in relation to the luxury tablewares made of silver. Centuries before Italian terra sigillata was made, Attic painted vases, and later their regional variants made in Italy, involved the preparation of a very fine clay body covered with a slip that fired to a glossy surface without the need for any polishing or burnishing. Greek painted wares also involved the precise understanding and control of firing conditions to achieve the contrasts of black and red.
Glossy-slipped black pottery made in Etruria and Campania continued this technological tradition, though painted decoration gave way to simpler stamped motifs and in some cases, to applied motifs moulded in relief. The tradition of decorating entire vessels in low relief was also well established in Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Arretine industry began to expand in the middle of the 1st century BC, and examples were imported into Italy. Relief-decorated cups, some in lead-glazed wares, were produced at several eastern centres, and undoubtedly played a part in the technical and stylistic evolution of decorated Arretine, but Megarian bowls, made chiefly in Greece and Asia Minor, are usually seen as the most direct inspiration. These are small, hemispherical bowls without foot-rings, and their decoration is frequently very reminiscent of contemporary silver bowls, with formalised, radiating patterns of leaves and flowers. The crisp and precisely profiled forms of the plain dishes and cups were also part of a natural evolution of taste and fashion in the Mediterranean world of the 1st century BC.
Arretine ware
An Arretine stamp used for impressing a mould
Arretine ware began to be manufactured at and near Arezzo (Tuscany) a little before the middle of the 1st century BC. The industry expanded rapidly in a period when Roman political and military influence was spreading far beyond Italy: for the inhabitants of the first provinces of the Roman Empire in the reign of the Emperor Augustus (reg. 27 BC – AD 14), this tableware, with its precise forms, shiny surface, and, on the decorated vessels, its visual introduction to Classical art and mythology, must have deeply impressed some inhabitants of the new northern provinces of the Empire. Certainly it epitomised certain aspects of Roman taste and technical expertise. Pottery industries in the areas we now call north-east France and Belgium quickly began to copy the shapes of plain Arretine dishes and cups in the wares now known as Gallo-Belgic, and in South and Central Gaul, it was not long before local potters also began to emulate the mould-made decoration and the glossy red slip itself.
The most recognisable decorated Arretine form is Dragendorff 11, a large, deep goblet on a high pedestal base, closely resembling some silver table vessels of the same period, such as the Warren Cup. The iconography, too, tended to match the subjects and styles seen on silver plate, namely mythological and genre scenes, including erotic subjects, and small decorative details of swags, leafy wreaths and ovolo (egg-and-tongue) borders that may be compared with elements of Augustan architectural ornament. The deep form of the Dr.11 allowed the poinçons (stamps) used making the moulds of human and animal figures to be fairly large, often about 5–6 cm high, and the modelling is frequently very accomplished indeed, attracting the interest of modern art-historians as well as archaeologists. Major workshops, such as those of M.Perennius Tigranus, P. Cornelius and Cn. Ateius, stamped their products, and the names of the factory-owners and of the workers within the factories, which often appear on completed bowls and on plain wares, have been extensively studied, as have the forms of the vessels, and the details of their dating and distribution.
Mould for an Arretine Dr.11, manufactured in the workshop of P. Cornelius
Italian sigillata was not made only at or near Arezzo itself: some of the important Arezzo businesses had branch factories in Pisa, the Po valley and at other Italian cities. By the beginning of the 1st century AD, some of them had set up branch factories in Gaul, for example at La Muette near Lyon in Central Gaul. Nor were the classic wares of the Augustan period the only forms of terra sigillata made in Italy: later industries in the Po Valley and elsewhere continued the tradition.
In the Middle Ages, examples of the ware that were serendipitously discovered in digging foundations in Arezzo drew admiring attention as early as the 13th century, when Restoro d'Arezzo's massive encyclopedia included a chapter praising the refined Roman ware discovered in his native city, "what is perhaps the first account of an aspect of ancient art to be written since classical times". The chronicler Giovanni Villani also mentioned the ware.
The first published study of Arretine ware was that of Fabroni in 1841, and by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German scholars in particular had made great advances in systematically studying and understanding both Arretine ware and the Gaulish samian that occurred on Roman military sites being excavated in Germany. Dragendorff's classification was expanded by other scholars, including S. Loeschcke in his study of the Italian sigillata excavated at the early Roman site of Haltern. Research on Arretine ware has continued very actively throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, for example with the publication and revision of an inventory of the known potter's stamps ("Oxé-Comfort-Kenrick") and the development of a Conspectus of vessel forms, bringing earlier work on the respective topics up to date. Catalogues of the punch motives and the workshops of Arretine Sigillata were published in 2004 and 2009, respectively, and a catalogue on the known appliqué motifs appeared in 2024. As with all ancient pottery studies, each generation asks new questions and applies new techniques (such as analysis of clays) in the attempt to find the answers.
South Gaulish samian ware
Terra sigillata bowl, produced in La Graufesenque, 50-85 A.D., found in Tongeren. Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren, Belgium
South Gaulish Dragendorff 29, late 1st century AD. British Museum, London
Sigillata vessels, both plain and decorated, were manufactured at several centres in southern France, including Bram, Montans, La Graufesenque, Le Rozier and Banassac, from the late 1st century BC: of these, La Graufesenque, near Millau, was the principal producer and exporter. Although the establishment of sigillata potteries in Gaul may well have arisen initially to meet local demand and to undercut the prices of imported Italian goods, they became enormously successful in their own right, and by the later 1st century AD, South Gaulish samian was being exported not only to other provinces in the north-west of the Empire, but also to Italy and other regions of the Mediterranean, North Africa and even the eastern Empire. One of the finds in the ruins of Pompeii, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in August AD 79, was a consignment of South Gaulish sigillata, still in its packing crate; like all finds from the Vesuvian sites, this hoard of pottery is invaluable as dating evidence.
South Gaulish plain forms, showing standardisation of size. Millau Museum, France
South Gaulish samian typically has a redder slip and deeper pink fabric than Italian sigillata. The best slips, vivid red and of an almost mirror-like brilliance, were achieved during the Claudian and early Neronian periods (Claudius, reg. AD 41–54; Nero, reg. AD 54–68). At the same period, some workshops experimented briefly with a marbled red-and-yellow slip, a variant that never became generally popular. Early production of plain forms in South Gaul initially followed the Italian models closely, and even the characteristic Arretine decorated form, Dragendorff 11, was made. But many new shapes quickly evolved, and by the second half of the 1st century AD, when Italian sigillata was no longer influential, South Gaulish samian had created its own characteristic repertoire of forms. The two principal decorated forms were Dragendorff 30, a deep, cylindrical bowl, and Dragendorff 29, a carinated ('keeled') shallow bowl with a marked angle, emphasised by a moulding, mid-way down the profile. The footring is low, and potters' stamps are usually bowl-maker's marks placed in the interior base, so that vessels made from the same, or parallel, moulds may bear different names. The rim of the 29, small and upright in early examples of the form, but much deeper and more everted by the 70s of the 1st century, is finished with rouletted decoration, and the relief-decorated surfaces necessarily fall into two narrow zones. These were usually decorated with floral and foliate designs of wreaths and scrolls at first: the Dr.29 resting on its rim illustrated in the lead section of this article is an early example, less angular than the developed form of the 60s and 70s, with decoration consisting of simple, very elegant leaf-scrolls. Small human and animal figures, and more complex designs set out in separate panels, became more popular by the 70s of the 1st century. Larger human and animal figures could be used on the Dr.30 vessels, but while many of these have great charm, South Gaulish craftsmen never achieved, and perhaps never aspired to, the Classical naturalism of some of their Italian counterparts.
South Gaulish bowl, Dr.37, from the late 1st century AD, with a stamp of the potter Mercato in the decoration. British Museum
In the last two decades of the 1st century, the Dragendorff 37, a deep, rounded vessel with a plain upright rim, overtook the 29 in popularity. This simple shape remained the standard Gaulish samian relief-decorated form, from all Gaulish manufacturing regions, for more than a century. Small relief-decorated beakers such as forms Déchelette 67 and Knorr 78 were also made in South Gaul, as were occasional 'one-off' or very ambitious mould-made vessels, such as large thin-walled flagons and flasks. But the mass of South Gaulish samian found on Roman sites of the 1st century AD consists of plain dishes, bowls and cups, especially Dr.18 (a shallow dish) and Dr.27 (a little cup with a distinctive double curve to the profile), many of which bear potters' name-stamps, and the large decorated forms 29, 30 and 37.
A local industry inspired by Arretine and South Gaulish imports grew up in the Iberian provinces in the 1st century AD. Terra sigillata hispanica developed its own distinctive forms and designs, and continued in production into the late Roman period, the 4th and 5th centuries AD. It was not exported to other regions.
Central Gaulish samian ware
Central Gaulish Dr.30, stamped by Divixtus
The principal Central Gaulish samian potteries were situated at Lezoux and Les Martres-de-Veyre, not far from Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne. Production had already begun at Lezoux in the Augustan period (Augustus, reg. 27 BC–AD 14), but it was not until the reign of Trajan (AD 98–117), and the beginning of a decline in the South Gaulish export trade, that Central Gaulish samian ware became important outside its own region. Though it never achieved the extensive geographical distribution of the South Gaulish factories, in the provinces of Gaul and Britain, it was by far the most common type of fine tableware, plain and decorated, in use during the 2nd century AD. The quality of the ware and the slip is usually excellent, and some of the products of Les Martres-de-Veyre, in particular, are outstanding, with a lustrous slip and a very hard, dense body. The surface colour tends towards a more orange-red hue than the typical South Gaulish slips.
Vessel-forms that had been made in South Gaul continued to be produced, though as the decades passed, they evolved and changed with the normal shifts of fashion, and some new shapes were created, such as the plain bowl with a horizontal flange below the rim, Dr.38. Mortaria, food-preparation bowls with a gritted interior surface, were also made in Central Gaulish samian fabric in the second half of the 2nd century (Dr.45). There is a small sub-class of Central Gaulish samian ware with a glossy black slip, though the dividing line between black terra sigillata and other fine black-gloss wares, which were also manufactured in the area, is sometimes hazy. When a vessel is a classic samian form and decorated in relief in the style of a known samian potter, but finished with black slip rather than a red one, it may be classed as black samian.
Central Gaulish samian jar with 'cut-glass' decoration
Though the Central Gaulish forms continued and built upon the South Gaulish traditions, the decoration of the principal decorated forms, Dr.30 and Dr.37, was distinctive. New human and animal figure-types appeared, generally modelled with greater realism and sophistication than those of La Graufesenque and other South Gaulish centres. Figure-types and decorative details have been classified, and can often be linked to specific workshops Lezoux wares also included vases decorated with barbotine relief, with appliqué motifs, and a class usually referred to as 'cut-glass' decoration, with geometric patterns cut into the surface of the vessel before slipping and firing. Two standard 'plain' types made in considerable numbers in Central Gaul also included barbotine decoration, Dr.35 and 36, a matching cup and dish with a curved horizontal rim embellished with a stylised scroll of leaves in relief.
During the second half of the 2nd century, some Lezoux workshops making relief-decorated bowls, above all that of Cinnamus, dominated the market with their large production. The wares of Cinnamus, Paternus, Divixtus, Doeccus, Advocisus, Albucius and some others often included large, easily legible name-stamps incorporated into the decoration, clearly acting as brand-names or advertisements. Though these vessels were very competently made, they are heavy and somewhat coarse in form and finish compared with earlier Gaulish samian ware.
From the end of the 2nd century, the export of sigillata from Central Gaul rapidly, perhaps even abruptly, ceased. Pottery production continued, but in the 3rd century, it reverted to being a local industry.
East Gaulish samian ware
Rheinzabern barbotine-decorated vase, form Ludowici VMe
There were numerous potteries manufacturing terra sigillata in East Gaul, which included Alsace, the Saarland, and the Rhine and Mosel regions, but while the samian pottery from Luxeuil, La Madeleine, Chémery-Faulquemont, Lavoye, Remagen, Sinzig, Blickweiler and other sites is of interest and importance mainly to specialists, two sources stand out because their wares are often found outside their own immediate areas, namely Rheinzabern, near Speyer, and Trier.
The Trier potteries evidently began to make samian vessels around the beginning of the 2nd century AD, and were still active until the middle of the 3rd century. The styles and the potters have been divided by scholars into two main phases, Werkstatten I and II. Some of the later mould-made Dr.37 bowls are of very poor quality, with crude decoration and careless finishing.
The Rheinzabern kilns and their products have been studied since Wilhelm Ludowici (1855–1929) began to excavate there in 1901, and to publish his results in a series of detailed reports. Rheinzabern produced both decorated and plain forms for around a century from the middle of the 2nd century. Some of the Dr.37 bowls, for example those with the workshop stamp of Ianus, bear comparison with Central Gaulish products of the same date: others are less successful. But the real strength of the Rheinzabern industry lay in its extensive production of good-quality samian cups, beakers, flagons and vases, many imaginatively decorated with barbotine designs or in the 'cut-glass' incised technique. Ludowici created his own type-series, which sometimes overlaps with those of other sigillata specialists. Ludowici's types use combinations of upper- and lower-case letters rather than simple numbers, the first letter referring to the general shape, such as 'T' for Teller (dish).
In general, the products of the East Gaulish industries moved away from the early imperial Mediterranean tradition of intricately profiled dishes and cups, and ornamented bowls made in moulds, and converged with the later Roman local traditions of pottery-making in the northern provinces, using free-thrown, rounded forms and creating relief designs with freehand slip-trailing. Fashions in fine tablewares were changing. Some East Gaulish producers made bowls and cups decorated only with rouletted or stamped decoration, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries, Argonne ware, decorated with all-over patterns of small stamps, was made in the area east of Rheims and quite widely traded. Argonne ware was essentially still a type of sigillata, and the most characteristic form is a small, sturdy Dr.37 bowl. Small, localised attempts to make conventional relief-decorated samian ware included a brief and unsuccessful venture at Colchester in Britain, apparently initiated by potters from the East Gaulish factories at Sinzig, a centre that was itself an offshoot of the Trier workshops.
Eastern sigillatas
In the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, there had been several industries making fine red tablewares with smooth, glossy-slipped surfaces since about the middle of the 2nd century BC, well before the rise of the Italian sigillata workshops. By the 1st century BC, their forms often paralleled Arretine plain-ware shapes quite closely. There were evidently centres of production in Syria; in western Turkey, exported through Ephesos; Pergamon; Çandarlı, near Pergamon; and on Cyprus, but archaeologists often refer to eastern sigillata A from Northern Syria, eastern sigillata B from Tralles in Asia Minor, eastern sigillata C from ancient Pitane, and eastern sigillata D (or Cypriot sigillata) from Cyprus, as there is still much to be learnt about this material. While eastern sigillata C is known to come from Çandarli (ancient Pitane), there were likely other workshops in the wider region of Pergamon. By the early 2nd century AD, when Gaulish samian was completely dominating the markets in the Northern provinces, the eastern sigillatas were themselves beginning to be displaced by the rising importance of African Red Slip wares in the Mediterranean and the Eastern Empire. In the fourth century AD, Phocaean red slip appears as a successor to Eastern sigillata C.
In the 1980s two primary groups of Eastern Terra Sigillata in the Eastern Mediterranean basin were distinguished as ETS-I and ETS-II based on their chemical fingerprints as shown by analysis by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). ETS-I originated in Eastern Cyprus, whereas the ETS-II was probably made in Pamphylia, at Perge, Aspendos and Side. However this classification has been criticized, and is not universally accepted. A potter's quarter at Sagalassos inland from the southern Turkish coast has been excavated since it was discovered in 1987, and its wares traced to many sites in the region. It was active from around 25 to 550 AD.
African red slip ware
Main article: African red slip ware
Late Roman African Red Slip dish, 4th century AD
African red slip ware (ARS) was the final development of terra sigillata. While the products of the Italian and Gaulish red-gloss industries flourished and were exported from their places of manufacture for at most a century or two each, ARS production continued for more than 500 years. The centres of production were in the Roman provinces of Africa Proconsularis, Byzacena and Numidia; that is, modern Tunisia and part of eastern Algeria. From about the 4th century AD, competent copies of the fabric and forms were also made in several other regions, including Asia Minor, the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt. Over the long period of production, there was obviously much change and evolution in both forms and fabrics. Both Italian and Gaulish plain forms influenced ARS in the 1st and 2nd centuries (for example, Hayes Form 2, the cup or dish with an outcurved rim decorated with barbotine leaves, is a direct copy of the samian forms Dr.35 and 36, made in South and Central Gaul), but over time a distinctive ARS repertoire developed.
African Red Slip flagons and vases, 2nd-4th century AD
There was a wide range of dishes and bowls, many with rouletted or stamped decoration, and closed forms such as tall ovoid flagons with appliqué ornament (Hayes Form 171). The ambitious large rectangular dishes with relief decoration in the centre and on the wide rims (Hayes Form 56), were clearly inspired by decorated silver platters of the 4th century, which were made in rectangular and polygonal shapes as well as in the traditional circular form. Decorative motifs reflected not only the Graeco-Roman traditions of the Mediterranean, but eventually the rise of Christianity as well. There is a great variety of monogram crosses and plain crosses amongst the stamps.
Gallery of Roman terra sigillata
South Gaulish cup, form Hofheim 8, with a marbled slip
South Gaulish cup of form Dragendorff 27
Flanged bowl, Dr.38, with profile drawing
Gaulish Dr.36, with barbotine decoration on the rim
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 11. 1st century BC–early 1st century AD
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 37. 1st–3rd century AD
Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 30. 1st-2nd century AD
Modern pottery
In contrast to the archaeological usage, in which the term terra sigillata refers to a whole class of pottery, in contemporary ceramic art, 'terra sigillata' describes only a watery refined slip used to facilitate the burnishing of raw clay surfaces to promote glossy surface effects in low fire techniques, including primitive and unglazed alternative western-style Raku firing. Terra sigillata is also used as a brushable decorative colourant medium in higher temperature glazed ceramic techniques.
In 1906 the German potter Karl Fischer re-invented the method of making terra sigillata of Roman quality and obtained patent protection for this procedure at the Kaiserliche Patentamt in Berlin.
Making modern terra sigillata
Modern terra sigillata is made by allowing the clay particles to separate into layers by particle size. A deflocculant such as sodium silicate or sodium hexametaphosphate is often added to the watery clay/water slip mixture to facilitate separation of fine particle flocs or aggregates. For undisturbed deflocculated slip settling in a transparent container, these layers are usually visible within 24 hours. The top layer is water, the center layer is the terra sigillata and the bottom layer is the sludge. Siphoning off the middle layers of "sig" which contain the smallest clay particles, produces terra sigillata. The remaining larger clay-particle bottom layers are discarded.
Terra sigillata is usually brushed or sprayed in thin layers onto dry or almost dry unfired ware. The ware is then burnished with a soft cloth before the water in the terra sigillata soaks into the porous body or with a hard, smooth-surfaced object . The burnished ware is fired, often to a lower temperature than normal bisque temperature of approximately 900 °C. Higher firing temperatures tend to remove the burnished effect because the clay particles start to recrystallize.
Reuse of Roman pottery
Since the 18th century Samian ware pots have been found in sufficient numbers in the sea near Whitstable and Herne Bay that local people used them for cooking.
Medicinal earth
Main article: Medicinal clay
The oldest use for the term terra sigillata was for a medicinal clay from the island of Lemnos. The latter was called "sealed" because cakes of it were pressed together and stamped with the head of Artemis. Later, it bore the seal of the Ottoman sultan. This soil's particular mineral content was such that, in the Renaissance, it was seen as a proof against poisoning, as well as a general cure for any bodily impurities, and it was highly prized as a medicine and medicinal component.
In 1580, a miner named Adreas Berthold traveled around Germany selling Silesian terra sigillata made from a special clay dug from the hills outside the town of Striga, now Strzegom, Poland, and processed into small tablets. He promoted it as a panacea effective against every type of poison and several diseases, including plague. Berthold invited authorities to test it themselves. In two cases, physicians, princes and town leaders conducted trials involving dogs who were either given poison followed by the antidote or poison alone; the dogs who got the antidote lived and the dogs who got the poison alone died. In 1581, a prince tested the antidote on a condemned criminal, who survived.
See also
Cimolian earth
Notes
^ See, for example, "Gérard Morla, céramiste, réalise des copies de poteries sigillées moulées, pour les musées et les particuliers". Gérard Morla (in French). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.
^ King 1983, p.253 (definition) and pp. 183–186.
^ Roberts, Paul, "Mass-production of Roman Finewares", in Freestone, Ian & Gaimster, David, (eds.) Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions, London, 1997, pp. 188–193
^ Boardman, pp. 276-77
^ King 1983, p.253. See also the British Museum
^ The meaning and etymology of 'samian ware' is a somewhat complex matter, fully addressed in King 1980. There is ancient authority for the use of samia vasa to describe pottery with a polished surface in literary usage (Pliny, Nat. Hist. 35, 160), and the verb samiare, 'to polish' is probably connected. However, it would be unwise to exclude all possible historical associations with the island of Samos, though of course the pottery known as samian ware to present-day archaeologists has nothing to do with that region. The modern parallel of the English term 'china' may be an apt one: 'china' refers to a class of ceramic that no longer has any direct connection with the country, China, but it was originally developed as part of the European attempts to imitate imported Chinese porcelain in the 18th century. The parallel with 'china' is the reason why the late Professor Eric Birley favoured the use of a lower-case initial for 'samian'. (Birley pers.comm, 1960s, and see also Stanfield and Simpson 1958, p.xxxi, footnote 1).
^ As both King and Boardman do in their main texts.
^ Dragendorff 1895.
^ Oswald & Pryce 1920 covers the main typologies of the early 20th century. Ettlinger 1990 is the current reference system for Arretine, and Hayes 1972 and 1980 for the late Roman material.
^ Closed forms: shapes such as vases and flagons/jugs that cannot be made in a single mould because they have a swelling profile that tapers inwards from the point of greatest diameter. Some large flagons were made at La Graufesenque by making the lower and upper bowl-shaped portions in moulds, and then joining these and adding the neck. Obviously the open forms, namely bowls that could be formed in, and extracted from, a single mould, were quicker and simpler to make.
^ Oswald, Felix & Pryce, T.D., An Introduction to the Study of terra sigillata, London, 1920
^ e.g. Knorr 1919; Knorr 1952; Hermet 1934.
^ The site reports on the German forts at Haltern and Hofheim in the early 20th century included form-classifications which are still in use for forms that were absent from Dragendorff's original list: Loeschcke 1909; Ritterling 1913
^ Webster 1996, pp. 9–12 provides a useful summary. For a report on the grand four, see Vernhet 1981.
^ Sciau, P. et al 2005, pp.006.5.1-6
^ Noble 1965
^ Hayes 1997, pp. 37-40
^ Garbsch 1982, pp.30-33
^ Hayes 1997, pp.40-41: Garbsch 1982, pp. 26-30
^ Tyers 1996, pp.161–166
^ Oxé-Comfort 1968 / 2000
^ Ettlinger, Elisabeth: Die italische Produktion: Die klassische Zeit. In: Ettlinger et al. 1990, pp. 4–13; von Schnurbein, Siegmar: Die außeritalische Produktion. In: Ettlinger et al. 1990, pp. 17–24.
^ The history of sigillata manufacture in Italy is succinctly summarised in Hayes 1997, pages 41–52.
^ Weiss, Roberto, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:13 and note.
^ Weiss 1973:13 note 4.
^ Fabroni 1841
^ Loeschcke 1909
^ Oxé & Comfort 1968; Oxé & Comfort & Kenrick 2000; Ettlinger et al. 1990.
^ Porten Palange 2004; Porten Palange 2009.
^ Ohlenroth & Schmid 2024.
^ See Tyers 1996, p. 106, fig.90 for a map of the Gaulish production sites
^ Atkinson, D., "A hoard of Samian ware from Pompeii", Journal of Roman Studies 4 (1914), pp. 26–64
^ Johns 1977, p. 12, Pl.II
^ 'Rouletted' decoration: this is a regular, notched surface texture, created by using a tool with a toothed wheel (roulette) to impress the pattern on the bowl before the clay was hard. It is also possible that it was sometimes made by holding a blade-like tool against the vessel as it turned on the wheel, allowing the tool to judder against the surface of the clay.
^ Examples of these may be found in Hermet's own type-sequence, Hermet 1934, Pl.4—5
^ Johns 1977, p. 24: Tyers 1996, 113
^ The basic study remains Stanfield & Simpson 1958 / 1990
^ Many of the Central Gaulish types were first drawn and classified in Déchelette 1904. Oswald's classification (Oswald 1936–7) is much fuller, covering South, Central and East Gaulish types, but is marred by the poor quality of the drawings.
^ Stanfield & Simpson 1958, pp. 263–271
^ Johns 1977,pp.16–17
^ For a good selection of examples, see Garbsch 1982, pp. 54–74
^ Huld-Zetsche 1972; Huld-Zetsche 1993
^ Ludowici 1927; Ricken 1942; Ricken & Fischer 1963
^ Tyers 1996, pp. 136–7. The stamps have been classified in Chenet 1941 and Hübener 1968
^ Tyers 1996. pp. 114–116; Hull 1963; Fischer 1969.
^ The summary in Hayes 1997, pages 52–59 illustrates the main forms and describes the characteristics of wares.
^ Gunneweg, J., 1980 Ph.D.Thesis, Hebrew University; Gunneweg, Perlman and Yellin, 1983, The Provenience, Typology and Chronology of Eastern Terra Sigillata of the Eastern Mediterranean, QEDEM 17, Jerusalem, Ahva Press
^ Poblome, Jernen, "The Ecology of Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey) Red Slip Ware", in Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer, Issue 8 of Acta archaeologica Lovaniensia: Monographiae, 1996, Ed. Marc Lodewijckx, Leuven University Press, ISSN 0776-2984, ISBN 9061867223, 9789061867227, google books
^ Hayes 1972 and Hayes 1980 are the standard reference works: Hayes 1997, pp. 59–64 provides a succinct summary.
^ Hayes 1972, p. 19–20.
^ Patent No. 206 395, Class 80b, Group 23; according to: Heinl, Rudolf; Die Kunsttöpferfamilie Fischer aus Sulzbach, Sulzbach-Rosenberg 1984; Patents in the UK, France and the US are reported in the source, yet without patent-number
^ "Roman pottery". Visit Canterbury. Canterbury City Council. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ Rummel, Christoph. "Workshop Three: Research Partnerships". The University of Nottingham Department of Archaeology. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ Rankin, Alisha; Rivest, Justin (July 14, 2016). "History of Clinical Trials: Medicine, Monopoly, and the Premodern State — Early Clinical Trials". N Engl J Med. 375 (2): 106–109. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1605900. PMID 27410921.
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Ricken, H. & Fischer, Charlotte,(eds.) Die Bilderschüsseln der römischen Töpfer von Rheinzabern (Text), Bonn 1963 (= Ludowici Kat.VI)
Ritterling, E., 'Das frührömische Lager bei Hofheim im Taunus', Annalen des Vereins für Nassauische Altertumskunde, 40, Wiesbaden 1913
Roberts, Paul, 'Mass-production of Roman Finewares', in Ian Freestone & David Gaimster, Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions, London 1997, pp. 188–193 ISBN 0-7141-1782-X
Sciau, P., Relaix, S., Kihn, Y. & Roucau, C., "The role of Microstructure and Composition in the Brilliant Red Slip of Roman Terra Sigillata Pottery from Southern Gaul", Mater.Res.Soc.Proc., Vol.852, 006.5.1-6, 2005
Stanfield, J., & Simpson, Grace, Central Gaulish Potters, London 1958: revised edition, Les potiers de la Gaule Centrale, Gonfaron 1990
Tyers, Paul, Roman Pottery in Britain, London 1996 ISBN 0-7134-7412-2
Vernhet, A., Un four de la Graufesenque (Aveyron): la cuisson des vases sigillés, Gallia 39 (1981), pp. 25–43
Webster, Peter, Roman samian pottery in Britain, York 1996 ISBN 1-872414-56-7
Library resources about Terra sigillata
Online books
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
Further reading
Hayes, John W. 1972. Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome.
Hayes, John W. 1997. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Peacock, D. P. S. 1982. Pottery In the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. London: Longman.
Peña, J. Theodore. 2007. Roman Pottery In the Archaeological Record. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.
Robinson, Henry Schroder. 1959. Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Terra sigillata.
Potsherd "Atlas of Roman pottery" - specialist site with much information | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roemerhalle_Kreuznach_Sigillata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TerraSigillataRGM.jpeg"},{"link_name":"barbotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbotine"},{"link_name":"Ancient Roman pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery"},{"link_name":"slips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)"},{"link_name":"studio pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_pottery"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"slips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Gaulish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"African red slip wares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_red_slip_ware"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"clays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"burnishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnishing_(pottery)"}],"text":"Roman red gloss terra sigillata bowl with relief decorationTerra sigillata beaker with barbotine decorationTerra sigillata is a term with at least three distinct meanings: as a description of medieval medicinal earth; in archaeology, as a general term for some of the fine red Ancient Roman pottery with glossy surface slips made in specific areas of the Roman Empire; and more recently, as a description of a contemporary studio pottery technique supposedly inspired by ancient pottery. Usually roughly translated as 'sealed earth', the meaning of 'terra sigillata' is 'clay bearing little images' (latin sigilla), not 'clay with a sealed (impervious) surface'. The archaeological term is applied, however, to plain-surfaced pots as well as those decorated with figures in relief, because it does not refer to the decoration but to the makers stamp impressed in the bottom of the vessel.Terra sigillata as an archaeological term refers chiefly to a specific type of plain and decorated tableware made in Italy and in Gaul (France and the Rhineland) during the Roman Empire. These vessels have glossy surface slips ranging from a soft lustre to a brilliant glaze-like shine, in a characteristic colour range from pale orange to bright red; they were produced in standard shapes and sizes and were manufactured on an industrial scale and widely exported. The sigillata industries grew up in areas where there were existing traditions of pottery manufacture, and where the clay deposits proved suitable. The products of the Italian workshops are also known as Aretine ware from Arezzo and have been collected and admired since the Renaissance. The wares made in the Gaulish factories are often referred to by English-speaking archaeologists as samian ware. Closely related pottery fabrics made in the North African and Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire are not usually referred to as terra sigillata, but by more specific names, e.g. African red slip wares. All these types of pottery are significant for archaeologists: they can often be closely dated, and their distribution casts light on aspects of the ancient Roman economy.Modern \"terra sig\" should be clearly distinguished from the close reproductions of Roman wares made by some potters deliberately recreating and using the Roman methods.[1] The finish called 'terra sigillata' by studio potters can be made from most clays, mixed as a very thin liquid slip and settled to separate out only the finest particles to be used as terra sigillata. When applied to unfired clay surfaces, \"terra sig\" can be polished with a soft cloth or brush to achieve a shine ranging from a smooth silky lustre to a high gloss. The surface of ancient terra sigillata vessels did not require this burnishing or polishing. Burnishing was a technique used on some wares in the Roman period, but terra sigillata was not one of them. The polished surface can only be retained if fired within the low-fire range and will lose its shine if fired higher, but can still display an appealing silky quality.","title":"Terra sigillata"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:201005151401_NE_CSM_Aretinische_TS.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"La Graufesenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Graufesenque"},{"link_name":"Millau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millau"},{"link_name":"Lezoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezoux"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ferrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"Rheinzabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinzabern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_samian_form_Dr_29_edit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hans Dragendorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Dragendorff"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"stylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus"},{"link_name":"Barbotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbotine"},{"link_name":"appliqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"motifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"cursive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cursive"},{"link_name":"sherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherd"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Graufesenque_samian_kiln.jpg"},{"link_name":"kiln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiln"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"egg-and-tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg-and-tongue"},{"link_name":"acanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthus_(ornament)"},{"link_name":"scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrollwork"},{"link_name":"romanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)"},{"link_name":"La Graufesenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Graufesenque"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A decorated Arretine vase (Form Dragendorff 11) found at Neuss, GermanyIn archaeological usage, the term terra sigillata without further qualification normally denotes the Arretine ware of Italy, made at Arezzo, and Gaulish samian ware manufactured first in South Gaul, particularly at La Graufesenque, near Millau, and later at Lezoux and adjacent sites near Clermont-Ferrand, and at east Gaulish sites such as Trier, Sinzig and Rheinzabern. These high-quality tablewares were particularly popular and widespread in the Western Roman Empire from about 50 BC to the early 3rd century AD.[2][3] Definitions of 'TS' have grown up from the earliest days of antiquarian studies, and are far from consistent; one survey of Classical art says:Terra sigillata ... is a Latin term used by modern scholars to designate a class of decorated red-gloss pottery .... not all red-gloss ware was decorated, and hence the more inclusive term 'Samian ware' is sometimes used to characterize all varieties of it.[4]- whereas Anthony King's definition, following the more usual practice among Roman pottery specialists, makes no mention of decoration, but states that terra sigillata is 'alternatively known as samian ware'. However, 'samian ware' is normally used only to refer to the sub-class of terra sigillata made in ancient Gaul. In European languages other than English, terra sigillata, or a translation (e.g. terre sigillée), is always used for both Italian and Gaulish products.[5][6] Nomenclature has to be established at an early stage of research into a subject, and antiquarians of the 18th and 19th centuries often used terms that we would not choose today, but as long as their meaning is clear and well-established, this does not matter, and detailed study of the history of the terminology is really a side-issue that is of academic interest only. Scholars writing in English now often use \"red gloss wares\" or \"red slip wares\", both to avoid these issues of definition,[7] and also because many other wares of the Roman period share aspects of technique with the traditional sigillata fabrics.Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 29. 1st century AD.Italian and Gaulish TS vessels were made in standardised shapes constituting services of matching dishes, bowls and serving vessels. These changed and evolved over time, and have been very minutely classified; the first major scheme, by the German classical archaeologist Hans Dragendorff (1895), is still in use (as e.g. \"Dr.29\"),[8] and there have been many others, such as the classifications of Déchelette, Knorr, Hermet, Walters, Curle, Loeschcke, Ritterling, Hermet and Ludowici, and more recently, the Conspectus of Arretine forms and Hayes's type-series of African Red Slip and Eastern sigillatas.[9] These reference sometimes make it possible to date the manufacture of a broken decorated sherd to within 20 years or less.Most of the forms that were decorated with figures in low relief were thrown in pottery moulds, the inner surfaces of which had been decorated using fired-clay stamps or punches (usually referred to as poinçons) and some free-hand work using a stylus. The mould was therefore decorated on its interior surface with a full decorative design of impressed, intaglio (hollowed) motifs that would appear in low relief on any bowl formed in it. As the bowl dried, the shrinkage was sufficient for it to be withdrawn from the mould, in order to carry out any finishing work, which might include the addition of foot-rings, the shaping and finishing of rims, and in all cases the application of the slip. Barbotine and appliqué ('sprigged') techniques were sometimes used to decorate vessels of closed forms.[10] Study of the characteristic decorative motifs, combined in some cases with name-stamps of workshops incorporated into the decoration, and also sometimes with the cursive signatures of mouldmakers, makes it possible to build up a very detailed knowledge of the industry. Careful observation of form and fabric is therefore usually enough for an archaeologist experienced in the study of sigillata to date and identify a broken sherd: a potter's stamp or moulded decoration provides even more precise evidence. The classic guide by Oswald and Pryce, published in 1920 [11] set out many of the principles, but the literature on the subject goes back into the 19th century, and is now extremely voluminous, including many monographs on specific regions, as well as excavation reports on important sites that have produced significant assemblages of sigillata wares, and articles in learned journals, some of which are dedicated to Roman pottery studies.[12][13]The remains of the grand four (\"big kiln\") at La GraufesenqueThe motifs and designs on the relief-decorated wares echo the general traditions of Graeco-Roman decorative arts, with depictions of deities, references to myths and legends, and popular themes such as hunting and erotic scenes. Individual figure-types, like the vessel-shapes, have been classified, and in many cases they may be linked with specific potters or workshops. Some of the decoration relates to contemporary architectural ornament, with egg-and-tongue (ovolo) mouldings, acanthus and vine scrolls and the like. While the decoration of Arretine ware is often highly naturalistic in style, and is closely comparable with silver tableware of the same period, the designs on the Gaulish products, made by provincial artisans adopting Classical subjects, are intriguing for their expression of 'romanisation', the fusion of Classical and native cultural and artistic traditions.Many of the Gaulish manufacturing sites have been extensively excavated and studied. At La Graufesenque in southern Gaul, documentary evidence in the form of lists or tallies apparently fired with single kiln-loads, giving potters' names and numbers of pots have long been known, and they suggest very large loads of 25,000–30,000 vessels. Though not all the kilns at this, or other, manufacturing sites were so large, the excavation of the grand four (big kiln) at La Graufesenque, which was in use in the late 1st and early 2nd century, confirms the scale of the industry. It is a rectangular stone-built structure measuring 11.3 m. by 6.8 m. externally, with an original height estimated at 7 metres. With up to nine 'storeys' within (dismantled after each firing), formed of tile floors and vertical columns in the form of clay pipes or tubes, which also served to conduct the heat, it has been estimated that it was capable of firing 30,000–40,000 vessels at a time, at a temperature of around 1000 °C.[14]A 2005 work has shown that the slip is a matrix of mainly silicon and aluminium oxides, within which are suspended sub-microscopic crystals of haematite and corundum. The matrix itself does not contain any metallic ions, the haematite is substituted in aluminium and titanium while the corundum is substituted in iron. The two crystal populations are homogenously dispersed within the matrix. The colour of haematite depends on the crystal size. Large crystals of this mineral are black but as the size decreases to sub-micron the colour shifts to red. The fraction of aluminium has a similar effect. It was formerly thought that the difference between 'red' and 'black' samian was due to the presence (black) or absence (red) of reducing gases from the kiln and that the construction of the kiln was so arranged as to prevent the reducing gases from the fuel from coming into contact with the pottery. The presence of iron oxides in the clay/slip was thought to be reflected in the colour according to the oxidation state of the iron (Fe[III] for the red and Fe[II] for the black, the latter produced by the reducing gases coming into contact with the pottery during firing). It now appears as a result of this recent work that this is not the case and that the colour of the glossy slip is in fact due to no more than the crystal size of the minerals dispersed within the matrix glass.[15]","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campanian_ware_phiale_with_relief_decoration.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megarian_bowl.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic"},{"link_name":"Attic painted vases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-figure_pottery"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Etruria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruria"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Forerunners","text":"A Campanian ware phiale (libation bowl) with mould-made relief decoration. c. 300 BC.A black Megarian bowl, 2nd century BCArretine ware, in spite of its very distinctive appearance, was an integral part of the wider picture of fine ceramic tablewares in the Graeco-Roman world of the Hellenistic and early Roman period. That picture must itself be seen in relation to the luxury tablewares made of silver. Centuries before Italian terra sigillata was made, Attic painted vases, and later their regional variants made in Italy, involved the preparation of a very fine clay body covered with a slip that fired to a glossy surface without the need for any polishing or burnishing. Greek painted wares also involved the precise understanding and control of firing conditions to achieve the contrasts of black and red.[16]Glossy-slipped black pottery made in Etruria and Campania continued this technological tradition, though painted decoration gave way to simpler stamped motifs and in some cases, to applied motifs moulded in relief.[17] The tradition of decorating entire vessels in low relief was also well established in Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Arretine industry began to expand in the middle of the 1st century BC, and examples were imported into Italy. Relief-decorated cups, some in lead-glazed wares, were produced at several eastern centres, and undoubtedly played a part in the technical and stylistic evolution of decorated Arretine, but Megarian bowls, made chiefly in Greece and Asia Minor, are usually seen as the most direct inspiration.[18] These are small, hemispherical bowls without foot-rings, and their decoration is frequently very reminiscent of contemporary silver bowls, with formalised, radiating patterns of leaves and flowers.[19] The crisp and precisely profiled forms of the plain dishes and cups were also part of a natural evolution of taste and fashion in the Mediterranean world of the 1st century BC.","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arretine_ware_poin%C3%A7on.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Warren Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Cup"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"egg-and-tongue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg-and-tongue"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arretine_mould.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisa"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Po Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Valley"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Restoro d'Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restoro_d%27Arezzo"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Villani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Villani"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Haltern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltern"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Arretine ware","text":"An Arretine stamp used for impressing a mouldArretine ware began to be manufactured at and near Arezzo (Tuscany) a little before the middle of the 1st century BC. The industry expanded rapidly in a period when Roman political and military influence was spreading far beyond Italy: for the inhabitants of the first provinces of the Roman Empire in the reign of the Emperor Augustus (reg. 27 BC – AD 14), this tableware, with its precise forms, shiny surface, and, on the decorated vessels, its visual introduction to Classical art and mythology, must have deeply impressed some inhabitants of the new northern provinces of the Empire. Certainly it epitomised certain aspects of Roman taste and technical expertise. Pottery industries in the areas we now call north-east France and Belgium quickly began to copy the shapes of plain Arretine dishes and cups in the wares now known as Gallo-Belgic,[20] and in South and Central Gaul, it was not long before local potters also began to emulate the mould-made decoration and the glossy red slip itself.The most recognisable decorated Arretine form is Dragendorff 11, a large, deep goblet on a high pedestal base, closely resembling some silver table vessels of the same period, such as the Warren Cup. The iconography, too, tended to match the subjects and styles seen on silver plate, namely mythological and genre scenes, including erotic subjects, and small decorative details of swags, leafy wreaths and ovolo (egg-and-tongue) borders that may be compared with elements of Augustan architectural ornament. The deep form of the Dr.11 allowed the poinçons (stamps) used making the moulds of human and animal figures to be fairly large, often about 5–6 cm high, and the modelling is frequently very accomplished indeed, attracting the interest of modern art-historians as well as archaeologists. Major workshops, such as those of M.Perennius Tigranus, P. Cornelius and Cn. Ateius, stamped their products, and the names of the factory-owners and of the workers within the factories, which often appear on completed bowls and on plain wares, have been extensively studied, as have the forms of the vessels, and the details of their dating and distribution.[21]Mould for an Arretine Dr.11, manufactured in the workshop of P. CorneliusItalian sigillata was not made only at or near Arezzo itself: some of the important Arezzo businesses had branch factories in Pisa, the Po valley and at other Italian cities. By the beginning of the 1st century AD, some of them had set up branch factories in Gaul, for example at La Muette near Lyon in Central Gaul.[22] Nor were the classic wares of the Augustan period the only forms of terra sigillata made in Italy: later industries in the Po Valley and elsewhere continued the tradition.[23]In the Middle Ages, examples of the ware that were serendipitously discovered in digging foundations in Arezzo drew admiring attention as early as the 13th century, when Restoro d'Arezzo's massive encyclopedia included a chapter praising the refined Roman ware discovered in his native city, \"what is perhaps the first account of an aspect of ancient art to be written since classical times\".[24] The chronicler Giovanni Villani also mentioned the ware.[25]The first published study of Arretine ware was that of Fabroni in 1841,[26] and by the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German scholars in particular had made great advances in systematically studying and understanding both Arretine ware and the Gaulish samian that occurred on Roman military sites being excavated in Germany. Dragendorff's classification was expanded by other scholars, including S. Loeschcke in his study of the Italian sigillata excavated at the early Roman site of Haltern.[27] Research on Arretine ware has continued very actively throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, for example with the publication and revision of an inventory of the known potter's stamps (\"Oxé-Comfort-Kenrick\") and the development of a Conspectus of vessel forms, bringing earlier work on the respective topics up to date.[28] Catalogues of the punch motives and the workshops of Arretine Sigillata were published in 2004 and 2009, respectively,[29] and a catalogue on the known appliqué motifs appeared in 2024.[30] As with all ancient pottery studies, each generation asks new questions and applies new techniques (such as analysis of clays) in the attempt to find the answers.","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kom_in_terra_sigillata_met_reli%C3%ABfversiering,_50_tot_85_NC,_vindplaats-_Tongeren,_Kielenstraat,_1992,_houtlemen_ambachtswijk,_kuil,_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren,_TO92-017-921.jpg"},{"link_name":"La Graufesenque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Graufesenque"},{"link_name":"Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren, Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Roman_Museum,_Tongeren,_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Gaulish_samian_Dr_29_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Bram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram,_Aude"},{"link_name":"Montans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montans"},{"link_name":"Le Rozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Rozier"},{"link_name":"Banassac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banassac"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Vesuvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesuvius"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_South_Gaulish_samian_ware.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Claudius"},{"link_name":"Neronian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samian_ware_bowl_by_Mercato.JPG"},{"link_name":"beakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaker_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"}],"sub_title":"South Gaulish samian ware","text":"Terra sigillata bowl, produced in La Graufesenque, 50-85 A.D., found in Tongeren. Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren, BelgiumSouth Gaulish Dragendorff 29, late 1st century AD. British Museum, LondonSigillata vessels, both plain and decorated, were manufactured at several centres in southern France, including Bram, Montans, La Graufesenque, Le Rozier and Banassac,[31] from the late 1st century BC: of these, La Graufesenque, near Millau, was the principal producer and exporter. Although the establishment of sigillata potteries in Gaul may well have arisen initially to meet local demand and to undercut the prices of imported Italian goods, they became enormously successful in their own right, and by the later 1st century AD, South Gaulish samian was being exported not only to other provinces in the north-west of the Empire, but also to Italy and other regions of the Mediterranean, North Africa and even the eastern Empire. One of the finds in the ruins of Pompeii, destroyed by the eruption of Vesuvius in August AD 79, was a consignment of South Gaulish sigillata, still in its packing crate;[32] like all finds from the Vesuvian sites, this hoard of pottery is invaluable as dating evidence.South Gaulish plain forms, showing standardisation of size. Millau Museum, FranceSouth Gaulish samian typically has a redder slip and deeper pink fabric than Italian sigillata. The best slips, vivid red and of an almost mirror-like brilliance, were achieved during the Claudian and early Neronian periods (Claudius, reg. AD 41–54; Nero, reg. AD 54–68). At the same period, some workshops experimented briefly with a marbled red-and-yellow slip, a variant that never became generally popular.[33] Early production of plain forms in South Gaul initially followed the Italian models closely, and even the characteristic Arretine decorated form, Dragendorff 11, was made. But many new shapes quickly evolved, and by the second half of the 1st century AD, when Italian sigillata was no longer influential, South Gaulish samian had created its own characteristic repertoire of forms. The two principal decorated forms were Dragendorff 30, a deep, cylindrical bowl, and Dragendorff 29, a carinated ('keeled') shallow bowl with a marked angle, emphasised by a moulding, mid-way down the profile. The footring is low, and potters' stamps are usually bowl-maker's marks placed in the interior base, so that vessels made from the same, or parallel, moulds may bear different names. The rim of the 29, small and upright in early examples of the form, but much deeper and more everted by the 70s of the 1st century, is finished with rouletted decoration,[34] and the relief-decorated surfaces necessarily fall into two narrow zones. These were usually decorated with floral and foliate designs of wreaths and scrolls at first: the Dr.29 resting on its rim illustrated in the lead section of this article is an early example, less angular than the developed form of the 60s and 70s, with decoration consisting of simple, very elegant leaf-scrolls. Small human and animal figures, and more complex designs set out in separate panels, became more popular by the 70s of the 1st century. Larger human and animal figures could be used on the Dr.30 vessels, but while many of these have great charm, South Gaulish craftsmen never achieved, and perhaps never aspired to, the Classical naturalism of some of their Italian counterparts.South Gaulish bowl, Dr.37, from the late 1st century AD, with a stamp of the potter Mercato in the decoration. British MuseumIn the last two decades of the 1st century, the Dragendorff 37, a deep, rounded vessel with a plain upright rim, overtook the 29 in popularity. This simple shape remained the standard Gaulish samian relief-decorated form, from all Gaulish manufacturing regions, for more than a century. Small relief-decorated beakers such as forms Déchelette 67 and Knorr 78 were also made in South Gaul, as were occasional 'one-off' or very ambitious mould-made vessels, such as large thin-walled flagons and flasks.[35] But the mass of South Gaulish samian found on Roman sites of the 1st century AD consists of plain dishes, bowls and cups, especially Dr.18 (a shallow dish) and Dr.27 (a little cup with a distinctive double curve to the profile), many of which bear potters' name-stamps, and the large decorated forms 29, 30 and 37.A local industry inspired by Arretine and South Gaulish imports grew up in the Iberian provinces in the 1st century AD. Terra sigillata hispanica developed its own distinctive forms and designs, and continued in production into the late Roman period, the 4th and 5th centuries AD. It was not exported to other regions.","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Central_Gaulish_samian_Dr.30.JPG"},{"link_name":"Les Martres-de-Veyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Martres-de-Veyre"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ferrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand"},{"link_name":"Auvergne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auvergne_(province)"},{"link_name":"Augustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Augustus"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Mortaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortarium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_Central_Gaulish_samian_jar.JPG"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"barbotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbotine"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"Central Gaulish samian ware","text":"Central Gaulish Dr.30, stamped by DivixtusThe principal Central Gaulish samian potteries were situated at Lezoux and Les Martres-de-Veyre, not far from Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne. Production had already begun at Lezoux in the Augustan period (Augustus, reg. 27 BC–AD 14), but it was not until the reign of Trajan (AD 98–117), and the beginning of a decline in the South Gaulish export trade, that Central Gaulish samian ware became important outside its own region. Though it never achieved the extensive geographical distribution of the South Gaulish factories, in the provinces of Gaul and Britain, it was by far the most common type of fine tableware, plain and decorated, in use during the 2nd century AD. The quality of the ware and the slip is usually excellent, and some of the products of Les Martres-de-Veyre, in particular, are outstanding, with a lustrous slip and a very hard, dense body.[36] The surface colour tends towards a more orange-red hue than the typical South Gaulish slips.Vessel-forms that had been made in South Gaul continued to be produced, though as the decades passed, they evolved and changed with the normal shifts of fashion, and some new shapes were created, such as the plain bowl with a horizontal flange below the rim, Dr.38. Mortaria, food-preparation bowls with a gritted interior surface, were also made in Central Gaulish samian fabric in the second half of the 2nd century (Dr.45). There is a small sub-class of Central Gaulish samian ware with a glossy black slip, though the dividing line between black terra sigillata and other fine black-gloss wares, which were also manufactured in the area, is sometimes hazy. When a vessel is a classic samian form and decorated in relief in the style of a known samian potter, but finished with black slip rather than a red one, it may be classed as black samian.Central Gaulish samian jar with 'cut-glass' decorationThough the Central Gaulish forms continued and built upon the South Gaulish traditions, the decoration of the principal decorated forms, Dr.30 and Dr.37, was distinctive.[37] New human and animal figure-types appeared, generally modelled with greater realism and sophistication than those of La Graufesenque and other South Gaulish centres. Figure-types and decorative details have been classified, and can often be linked to specific workshops[38] Lezoux wares also included vases decorated with barbotine relief, with appliqué motifs, and a class usually referred to as 'cut-glass' decoration, with geometric patterns cut into the surface of the vessel before slipping and firing. Two standard 'plain' types made in considerable numbers in Central Gaul also included barbotine decoration, Dr.35 and 36, a matching cup and dish with a curved horizontal rim embellished with a stylised scroll of leaves in relief.During the second half of the 2nd century, some Lezoux workshops making relief-decorated bowls, above all that of Cinnamus, dominated the market with their large production.[39] The wares of Cinnamus, Paternus, Divixtus, Doeccus, Advocisus, Albucius and some others often included large, easily legible name-stamps incorporated into the decoration, clearly acting as brand-names or advertisements.[40] Though these vessels were very competently made, they are heavy and somewhat coarse in form and finish compared with earlier Gaulish samian ware.From the end of the 2nd century, the export of sigillata from Central Gaul rapidly, perhaps even abruptly, ceased. Pottery production continued, but in the 3rd century, it reverted to being a local industry.","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rheinzabern_samian_vase.JPG"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace"},{"link_name":"Saarland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_(river)"},{"link_name":"Luxeuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxeuil"},{"link_name":"La Madeleine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laneuveville-devant-Nancy"},{"link_name":"Lavoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavoye"},{"link_name":"Remagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remagen"},{"link_name":"Sinzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinzig"},{"link_name":"Rheinzabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinzabern"},{"link_name":"Speyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Argonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_of_Argonne"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"East Gaulish samian ware","text":"Rheinzabern barbotine-decorated vase, form Ludowici VMeThere were numerous potteries manufacturing terra sigillata in East Gaul, which included Alsace, the Saarland, and the Rhine and Mosel regions, but while the samian pottery from Luxeuil, La Madeleine, Chémery-Faulquemont, Lavoye, Remagen, Sinzig, Blickweiler and other sites is of interest and importance mainly to specialists, two sources stand out because their wares are often found outside their own immediate areas, namely Rheinzabern, near Speyer, and Trier.[41]The Trier potteries evidently began to make samian vessels around the beginning of the 2nd century AD, and were still active until the middle of the 3rd century. The styles and the potters have been divided by scholars into two main phases, Werkstatten I and II.[42] Some of the later mould-made Dr.37 bowls are of very poor quality, with crude decoration and careless finishing.The Rheinzabern kilns and their products have been studied since Wilhelm Ludowici (1855–1929) began to excavate there in 1901, and to publish his results in a series of detailed reports.[43] Rheinzabern produced both decorated and plain forms for around a century from the middle of the 2nd century. Some of the Dr.37 bowls, for example those with the workshop stamp of Ianus, bear comparison with Central Gaulish products of the same date: others are less successful. But the real strength of the Rheinzabern industry lay in its extensive production of good-quality samian cups, beakers, flagons and vases, many imaginatively decorated with barbotine designs or in the 'cut-glass' incised technique. Ludowici created his own type-series, which sometimes overlaps with those of other sigillata specialists. Ludowici's types use combinations of upper- and lower-case letters rather than simple numbers, the first letter referring to the general shape, such as 'T' for Teller (dish).In general, the products of the East Gaulish industries moved away from the early imperial Mediterranean tradition of intricately profiled dishes and cups, and ornamented bowls made in moulds, and converged with the later Roman local traditions of pottery-making in the northern provinces, using free-thrown, rounded forms and creating relief designs with freehand slip-trailing. Fashions in fine tablewares were changing. Some East Gaulish producers made bowls and cups decorated only with rouletted or stamped decoration, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries, Argonne ware, decorated with all-over patterns of small stamps, was made in the area east of Rheims and quite widely traded.[44] Argonne ware was essentially still a type of sigillata, and the most characteristic form is a small, sturdy Dr.37 bowl. Small, localised attempts to make conventional relief-decorated samian ware included a brief and unsuccessful venture at Colchester in Britain, apparently initiated by potters from the East Gaulish factories at Sinzig, a centre that was itself an offshoot of the Trier workshops.[45]","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Ephesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesos"},{"link_name":"Pergamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon"},{"link_name":"Çandarlı","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87andarl%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"eastern sigillata A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_sigillata_A"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"eastern sigillata B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_sigillata_B"},{"link_name":"Tralles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralles"},{"link_name":"eastern sigillata C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_sigillata_C"},{"link_name":"Pitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"eastern sigillata D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_sigillata_D"},{"link_name":"Pitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitane_(Aeolis)"},{"link_name":"Pergamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Phocaean red slip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocaean_red_slip"},{"link_name":"neutron activation analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Pamphylia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylia"},{"link_name":"Perge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perge"},{"link_name":"Aspendos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspendos"},{"link_name":"Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Sagalassos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagalassos"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Eastern sigillatas","text":"In the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, there had been several industries making fine red tablewares with smooth, glossy-slipped surfaces since about the middle of the 2nd century BC, well before the rise of the Italian sigillata workshops. By the 1st century BC, their forms often paralleled Arretine plain-ware shapes quite closely. There were evidently centres of production in Syria; in western Turkey, exported through Ephesos; Pergamon; Çandarlı, near Pergamon; and on Cyprus, but archaeologists often refer to eastern sigillata A from Northern Syria, eastern sigillata B from Tralles in Asia Minor, eastern sigillata C from ancient Pitane, and eastern sigillata D (or Cypriot sigillata) from Cyprus, as there is still much to be learnt about this material. While eastern sigillata C is known to come from Çandarli (ancient Pitane), there were likely other workshops in the wider region of Pergamon.[46] By the early 2nd century AD, when Gaulish samian was completely dominating the markets in the Northern provinces, the eastern sigillatas were themselves beginning to be displaced by the rising importance of African Red Slip wares in the Mediterranean and the Eastern Empire. In the fourth century AD, Phocaean red slip appears as a successor to Eastern sigillata C.In the 1980s two primary groups of Eastern Terra Sigillata in the Eastern Mediterranean basin were distinguished as ETS-I and ETS-II based on their chemical fingerprints as shown by analysis by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). ETS-I originated in Eastern Cyprus, whereas the ETS-II was probably made in Pamphylia, at Perge, Aspendos and Side. [47] However this classification has been criticized, and is not universally accepted. A potter's quarter at Sagalassos inland from the southern Turkish coast has been excavated since it was discovered in 1987, and its wares traced to many sites in the region. It was active from around 25 to 550 AD.[48]","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_African_Red_Slip.jpg"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Africa Proconsularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Byzacena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzacena"},{"link_name":"Numidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numidia"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:African_Red_Slip_vessels.JPG"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"}],"sub_title":"African red slip ware","text":"Late Roman African Red Slip dish, 4th century ADAfrican red slip ware (ARS) was the final development of terra sigillata.[49] While the products of the Italian and Gaulish red-gloss industries flourished and were exported from their places of manufacture for at most a century or two each, ARS production continued for more than 500 years. The centres of production were in the Roman provinces of Africa Proconsularis, Byzacena and Numidia; that is, modern Tunisia and part of eastern Algeria. From about the 4th century AD, competent copies of the fabric and forms were also made in several other regions, including Asia Minor, the eastern Mediterranean and Egypt. Over the long period of production, there was obviously much change and evolution in both forms and fabrics. Both Italian and Gaulish plain forms influenced ARS in the 1st and 2nd centuries (for example, Hayes Form 2, the cup or dish with an outcurved rim decorated with barbotine leaves, is a direct copy of the samian forms Dr.35 and 36, made in South and Central Gaul),[50] but over time a distinctive ARS repertoire developed.African Red Slip flagons and vases, 2nd-4th century ADThere was a wide range of dishes and bowls, many with rouletted or stamped decoration, and closed forms such as tall ovoid flagons with appliqué ornament (Hayes Form 171). The ambitious large rectangular dishes with relief decoration in the centre and on the wide rims (Hayes Form 56), were clearly inspired by decorated silver platters of the 4th century, which were made in rectangular and polygonal shapes as well as in the traditional circular form. Decorative motifs reflected not only the Graeco-Roman traditions of the Mediterranean, but eventually the rise of Christianity as well. There is a great variety of monogram crosses and plain crosses amongst the stamps.","title":"Roman red gloss pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_Gaulish_marbled_samian_cup_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samian_ware_cup_Dr.27.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dragendorff_38_Haselburg.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Terra_sigillata-Teller_in_Gie%C3%9Fen_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samian_Dr_11_copy.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_samian_ware_form_Dr_37.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_pottery_samian_form_Dr_30.jpg"}],"text":"South Gaulish cup, form Hofheim 8, with a marbled slip\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSouth Gaulish cup of form Dragendorff 27\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlanged bowl, Dr.38, with profile drawing\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGaulish Dr.36, with barbotine decoration on the rim\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfile drawing of form Dragendorff 11. 1st century BC–early 1st century AD\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfile drawing of form Dragendorff 37. 1st–3rd century AD\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tProfile drawing of form Dragendorff 30. 1st-2nd century AD","title":"Gallery of Roman terra sigillata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ceramic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_art"},{"link_name":"burnishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnishing_(pottery)"},{"link_name":"primitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_fired_pottery"},{"link_name":"Raku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raku_ware"},{"link_name":"glazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_glaze"},{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Patentamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Patent-_und_Markenamt"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"In contrast to the archaeological usage, in which the term terra sigillata refers to a whole class of pottery, in contemporary ceramic art, 'terra sigillata' describes only a watery refined slip used to facilitate the burnishing of raw clay surfaces to promote glossy surface effects in low fire techniques, including primitive and unglazed alternative western-style Raku firing. Terra sigillata is also used as a brushable decorative colourant medium in higher temperature glazed ceramic techniques.In 1906 the German potter Karl Fischer re-invented the method of making terra sigillata of Roman quality and obtained patent protection for this procedure at the Kaiserliche Patentamt in Berlin.[51]","title":"Modern pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay"},{"link_name":"deflocculant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deflocculant"},{"link_name":"sodium silicate or sodium hexametaphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_silicate_or_sodium_hexametaphosphate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"flocs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation"}],"sub_title":"Making modern terra sigillata","text":"Modern terra sigillata is made by allowing the clay particles to separate into layers by particle size. A deflocculant such as sodium silicate or sodium hexametaphosphate is often added to the watery clay/water slip mixture to facilitate separation of fine particle flocs or aggregates. For undisturbed deflocculated slip settling in a transparent container, these layers are usually visible within 24 hours. The top layer is water, the center layer is the terra sigillata and the bottom layer is the sludge. Siphoning off the middle layers of \"sig\" which contain the smallest clay particles, produces terra sigillata. The remaining larger clay-particle bottom layers are discarded.Terra sigillata is usually brushed or sprayed in thin layers onto dry or almost dry unfired ware. The ware is then burnished with a soft cloth before the water in the terra sigillata soaks into the porous body or with a hard, smooth-surfaced object . The burnished ware is fired, often to a lower temperature than normal bisque temperature of approximately 900 °C. Higher firing temperatures tend to remove the burnished effect because the clay particles start to recrystallize.","title":"Modern pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whitstable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitstable"},{"link_name":"Herne Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne_Bay,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canterbury-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rummel-53"}],"sub_title":"Reuse of Roman pottery","text":"Since the 18th century Samian ware pots have been found in sufficient numbers in the sea near Whitstable and Herne Bay that local people used them for cooking.[52][53]","title":"Modern pottery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medicinal clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_clay"},{"link_name":"Lemnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemnos"},{"link_name":"Artemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemis"},{"link_name":"Ottoman sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_sultan"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Strzegom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzegom"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NEJM-54"}],"text":"The oldest use for the term terra sigillata was for a medicinal clay from the island of Lemnos. The latter was called \"sealed\" because cakes of it were pressed together and stamped with the head of Artemis. Later, it bore the seal of the Ottoman sultan. This soil's particular mineral content was such that, in the Renaissance, it was seen as a proof against poisoning, as well as a general cure for any bodily impurities, and it was highly prized as a medicine and medicinal component.[citation needed]In 1580, a miner named Adreas Berthold traveled around Germany selling Silesian terra sigillata made from a special clay dug from the hills outside the town of Striga, now Strzegom, Poland, and processed into small tablets. He promoted it as a panacea effective against every type of poison and several diseases, including plague. Berthold invited authorities to test it themselves. In two cases, physicians, princes and town leaders conducted trials involving dogs who were either given poison followed by the antidote or poison alone; the dogs who got the antidote lived and the dogs who got the poison alone died. In 1581, a prince tested the antidote on a condemned criminal, who survived.[54]","title":"Medicinal earth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Gérard Morla, céramiste, réalise des copies de poteries sigillées moulées, pour les musées et les particuliers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110721015200/http://archeologie.pagesperso-orange.fr/experimental/morla.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archeologie.pagesperso-orange.fr/experimental/morla.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Gaimster, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gaimster"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/article_index/r/roman_pottery_terra_sigillata.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos"},{"link_name":"Chinese porcelain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_porcelain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"flagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Haltern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltern"},{"link_name":"Hofheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofheim,_Hesse"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Ettlinger, Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Ettlinger"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Simpson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0776-2984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0776-2984"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9061867223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9061867223"},{"link_name":"google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2NAAS5jBI-IC&pg=PA500&lpg=PA500"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Canterbury_52-0"},{"link_name":"\"Roman pottery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.canterbury.co.uk/museums/roman-museum/Roman-pottery.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rummel_53-0"},{"link_name":"\"Workshop Three: Research Partnerships\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160308182950/http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/archaeology/research/materials/samian/wks-three.aspx"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nottingham.ac.uk/archaeology/research/materials/samian/wks-three.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NEJM_54-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1056/NEJMp1605900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1605900"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27410921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27410921"}],"text":"^ See, for example, \"Gérard Morla, céramiste, réalise des copies de poteries sigillées moulées, pour les musées et les particuliers\". Gérard Morla (in French). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.\n\n^ King 1983, p.253 (definition) and pp. 183–186.\n\n^ Roberts, Paul, \"Mass-production of Roman Finewares\", in Freestone, Ian & Gaimster, David, (eds.) Pottery in the Making: World Ceramic Traditions, London, 1997, pp. 188–193\n\n^ Boardman, pp. 276-77\n\n^ King 1983, p.253. See also the British Museum\n\n^ The meaning and etymology of 'samian ware' is a somewhat complex matter, fully addressed in King 1980. There is ancient authority for the use of samia vasa to describe pottery with a polished surface in literary usage (Pliny, Nat. Hist. 35, 160), and the verb samiare, 'to polish' is probably connected. However, it would be unwise to exclude all possible historical associations with the island of Samos, though of course the pottery known as samian ware to present-day archaeologists has nothing to do with that region. The modern parallel of the English term 'china' may be an apt one: 'china' refers to a class of ceramic that no longer has any direct connection with the country, China, but it was originally developed as part of the European attempts to imitate imported Chinese porcelain in the 18th century. The parallel with 'china' is the reason why the late Professor Eric Birley favoured the use of a lower-case initial for 'samian'. (Birley pers.comm, 1960s, and see also Stanfield and Simpson 1958, p.xxxi, footnote 1).\n\n^ As both King and Boardman do in their main texts.\n\n^ Dragendorff 1895.\n\n^ Oswald & Pryce 1920 covers the main typologies of the early 20th century. Ettlinger 1990 is the current reference system for Arretine, and Hayes 1972 and 1980 for the late Roman material.\n\n^ Closed forms: shapes such as vases and flagons/jugs that cannot be made in a single mould because they have a swelling profile that tapers inwards from the point of greatest diameter. Some large flagons were made at La Graufesenque by making the lower and upper bowl-shaped portions in moulds, and then joining these and adding the neck. Obviously the open forms, namely bowls that could be formed in, and extracted from, a single mould, were quicker and simpler to make.\n\n^ Oswald, Felix & Pryce, T.D., An Introduction to the Study of terra sigillata, London, 1920\n\n^ e.g. Knorr 1919; Knorr 1952; Hermet 1934.\n\n^ The site reports on the German forts at Haltern and Hofheim in the early 20th century included form-classifications which are still in use for forms that were absent from Dragendorff's original list: Loeschcke 1909; Ritterling 1913\n\n^ Webster 1996, pp. 9–12 provides a useful summary. For a report on the grand four, see Vernhet 1981.\n\n^ Sciau, P. et al 2005, pp.006.5.1-6\n\n^ Noble 1965\n\n^ Hayes 1997, pp. 37-40\n\n^ Garbsch 1982, pp.30-33\n\n^ Hayes 1997, pp.40-41: Garbsch 1982, pp. 26-30\n\n^ Tyers 1996, pp.161–166\n\n^ Oxé-Comfort 1968 / 2000\n\n^ Ettlinger, Elisabeth: Die italische Produktion: Die klassische Zeit. In: Ettlinger et al. 1990, pp. 4–13; von Schnurbein, Siegmar: Die außeritalische Produktion. In: Ettlinger et al. 1990, pp. 17–24.\n\n^ The history of sigillata manufacture in Italy is succinctly summarised in Hayes 1997, pages 41–52.\n\n^ Weiss, Roberto, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:13 and note.\n\n^ Weiss 1973:13 note 4.\n\n^ Fabroni 1841\n\n^ Loeschcke 1909\n\n^ Oxé & Comfort 1968; Oxé & Comfort & Kenrick 2000; Ettlinger et al. 1990.\n\n^ Porten Palange 2004; Porten Palange 2009.\n\n^ Ohlenroth & Schmid 2024.\n\n^ See Tyers 1996, p. 106, fig.90 for a map of the Gaulish production sites\n\n^ Atkinson, D., \"A hoard of Samian ware from Pompeii\", Journal of Roman Studies 4 (1914), pp. 26–64\n\n^ Johns 1977, p. 12, Pl.II\n\n^ 'Rouletted' decoration: this is a regular, notched surface texture, created by using a tool with a toothed wheel (roulette) to impress the pattern on the bowl before the clay was hard. It is also possible that it was sometimes made by holding a blade-like tool against the vessel as it turned on the wheel, allowing the tool to judder against the surface of the clay.\n\n^ Examples of these may be found in Hermet's own type-sequence, Hermet 1934, Pl.4—5\n\n^ Johns 1977, p. 24: Tyers 1996, 113\n\n^ The basic study remains Stanfield & Simpson 1958 / 1990\n\n^ Many of the Central Gaulish types were first drawn and classified in Déchelette 1904. Oswald's classification (Oswald 1936–7) is much fuller, covering South, Central and East Gaulish types, but is marred by the poor quality of the drawings.\n\n^ Stanfield & Simpson 1958, pp. 263–271\n\n^ Johns 1977,pp.16–17\n\n^ For a good selection of examples, see Garbsch 1982, pp. 54–74\n\n^ Huld-Zetsche 1972; Huld-Zetsche 1993\n\n^ Ludowici 1927; Ricken 1942; Ricken & Fischer 1963\n\n^ Tyers 1996, pp. 136–7. The stamps have been classified in Chenet 1941 and Hübener 1968\n\n^ Tyers 1996. pp. 114–116; Hull 1963; Fischer 1969.\n\n^ The summary in Hayes 1997, pages 52–59 illustrates the main forms and describes the characteristics of wares.\n\n^ Gunneweg, J., 1980 Ph.D.Thesis, Hebrew University; Gunneweg, Perlman and Yellin, 1983, The Provenience, Typology and Chronology of Eastern Terra Sigillata of the Eastern Mediterranean, QEDEM 17, Jerusalem, Ahva Press\n\n^ Poblome, Jernen, \"The Ecology of Sagalassos (Southwest Turkey) Red Slip Ware\", in Archaeological and historical aspects of West-European societies: album amicorum André Van Doorselaer, Issue 8 of Acta archaeologica Lovaniensia: Monographiae, 1996, Ed. Marc Lodewijckx, Leuven University Press, ISSN 0776-2984, ISBN 9061867223, 9789061867227, google books\n\n^ Hayes 1972 and Hayes 1980 are the standard reference works: Hayes 1997, pp. 59–64 provides a succinct summary.\n\n^ Hayes 1972, p. 19–20.\n\n^ Patent No. 206 395, Class 80b, Group 23; according to: Heinl, Rudolf; Die Kunsttöpferfamilie Fischer aus Sulzbach, Sulzbach-Rosenberg 1984; Patents in the UK, France and the US are reported in the source, yet without patent-number\n\n^ \"Roman pottery\". Visit Canterbury. Canterbury City Council. Retrieved 15 December 2015.\n\n^ Rummel, Christoph. \"Workshop Three: Research Partnerships\". The University of Nottingham Department of Archaeology. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2015.\n\n^ Rankin, Alisha; Rivest, Justin (July 14, 2016). \"History of Clinical Trials: Medicine, Monopoly, and the Premodern State — Early Clinical Trials\". N Engl J Med. 375 (2): 106–109. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1605900. PMID 27410921.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hayes, John W. 1972. Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome.\nHayes, John W. 1997. Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.\nPeacock, D. P. S. 1982. Pottery In the Roman World: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. London: Longman.\nPeña, J. Theodore. 2007. Roman Pottery In the Archaeological Record. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.\nRobinson, Henry Schroder. 1959. Pottery of the Roman Period: Chronology. Princeton, NJ: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Roman red gloss terra sigillata bowl with relief decoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roemerhalle_Kreuznach_Sigillata.jpg/270px-Roemerhalle_Kreuznach_Sigillata.jpg"},{"image_text":"Terra sigillata beaker with barbotine decoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/TerraSigillataRGM.jpeg/270px-TerraSigillataRGM.jpeg"},{"image_text":"A decorated Arretine vase (Form Dragendorff 11) found at Neuss, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/201005151401_NE_CSM_Aretinische_TS.jpg/260px-201005151401_NE_CSM_Aretinische_TS.jpg"},{"image_text":"Profile drawing of form Dragendorff 29. 1st century AD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Roman_pottery_samian_form_Dr_29_edit.jpg/220px-Roman_pottery_samian_form_Dr_29_edit.jpg"},{"image_text":"The remains of the grand four (\"big kiln\") at La Graufesenque","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/La_Graufesenque_samian_kiln.jpg/270px-La_Graufesenque_samian_kiln.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Campanian ware phiale (libation bowl) with mould-made relief decoration. c. 300 BC.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Campanian_ware_phiale_with_relief_decoration.JPG/220px-Campanian_ware_phiale_with_relief_decoration.JPG"},{"image_text":"A black Megarian bowl, 2nd century BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Megarian_bowl.JPG/220px-Megarian_bowl.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Arretine stamp used for impressing a mould","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Arretine_ware_poin%C3%A7on.JPG/190px-Arretine_ware_poin%C3%A7on.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mould for an Arretine Dr.11, manufactured in the workshop of P. Cornelius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Arretine_mould.JPG/230px-Arretine_mould.JPG"},{"image_text":"Terra sigillata bowl, produced in La Graufesenque, 50-85 A.D., found in Tongeren. Gallo-Roman Museum, Tongeren, Belgium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kom_in_terra_sigillata_met_reli%C3%ABfversiering%2C_50_tot_85_NC%2C_vindplaats-_Tongeren%2C_Kielenstraat%2C_1992%2C_houtlemen_ambachtswijk%2C_kuil%2C_collectie_Gallo-Romeins_Museum_Tongeren%2C_TO92-017-921.jpg/270px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Gaulish Dragendorff 29, late 1st century AD. British Museum, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/South_Gaulish_samian_Dr_29_2.JPG/270px-South_Gaulish_samian_Dr_29_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"South Gaulish plain forms, showing standardisation of size. Millau Museum, France","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roman_pottery_South_Gaulish_samian_ware.jpg/250px-Roman_pottery_South_Gaulish_samian_ware.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Gaulish bowl, Dr.37, from the late 1st century AD, with a stamp of the potter Mercato in the decoration. British Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Samian_ware_bowl_by_Mercato.JPG/220px-Samian_ware_bowl_by_Mercato.JPG"},{"image_text":"Central Gaulish Dr.30, stamped by Divixtus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Central_Gaulish_samian_Dr.30.JPG/230px-Central_Gaulish_samian_Dr.30.JPG"},{"image_text":"Central Gaulish samian jar with 'cut-glass' decoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Roman_pottery_Central_Gaulish_samian_jar.JPG/230px-Roman_pottery_Central_Gaulish_samian_jar.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rheinzabern barbotine-decorated vase, form Ludowici VMe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Rheinzabern_samian_vase.JPG/220px-Rheinzabern_samian_vase.JPG"},{"image_text":"Late Roman African Red Slip dish, 4th century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Roman_pottery_African_Red_Slip.jpg/220px-Roman_pottery_African_Red_Slip.jpg"},{"image_text":"African Red Slip flagons and vases, 2nd-4th century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/African_Red_Slip_vessels.JPG/220px-African_Red_Slip_vessels.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Cimolian earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimolian_earth"}] | [{"reference":"\"Gérard Morla, céramiste, réalise des copies de poteries sigillées moulées, pour les musées et les particuliers\". Gérard Morla (in French). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015200/http://archeologie.pagesperso-orange.fr/experimental/morla.htm","url_text":"\"Gérard Morla, céramiste, réalise des copies de poteries sigillées moulées, pour les musées et les particuliers\""},{"url":"http://archeologie.pagesperso-orange.fr/experimental/morla.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Roman pottery\". Visit Canterbury. Canterbury City Council. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canterbury.co.uk/museums/roman-museum/Roman-pottery.aspx","url_text":"\"Roman pottery\""}]},{"reference":"Rummel, Christoph. \"Workshop Three: Research Partnerships\". The University of Nottingham Department of Archaeology. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Think_I_Love_You_Now_(I%27ve_Just_Started) | If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started) | ["1 Background and recording","2 Release, reception and chart performance","3 Track listing","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","5 References"] | 1970 single by Jody Miller"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)"Single by Jody Millerfrom the album Look at Mine B-side"Lookin' Out My Back Door"ReleasedNovember 1970 (1970-11)RecordedJune 1970 (1970-06)StudioColumbia, Nashville, TennesseeGenreCountrypolitanLength2:30LabelEpicSongwriter(s)Curly PutmanBilly SherrillProducer(s)Billy SherrillJody Miller singles chronology
"Look at Mine" (1970)
"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)" (1970)
"He's So Fine" (1971)
"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)" is a song originally recorded by American singer Jody Miller. Composed by Curly Putman and Billy Sherrill, it was released as a single on Epic Records in 1970. It reached the top 20 on the American country chart and the top 30 of the Canadian country chart. It received a positive response from Billboard magazine shortly after its release.
Background and recording
Although first a folk singer, Jody Miller had her first commercial success with the country pop 1965 single "Queen of the House". Although she had several more charting pop recordings during the sixties, Miller obtained greater success as a country artist during the 1970s. During the decade she worked alongside producer Billy Sherrill. His first album with Miller was 1970 disc Look at Mine. The album included her first pair of Epic singles, including "If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)". It was composed by Sherrill himself, along with Curly Putman. Sherrill produced the track at the Columbia Studio in Nashville in June 1970.
Release, reception and chart performance
"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)" was released by Epic Records in November 1970. It was backed on the B-side by a cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Lookin' Out My Back Door". It was distributed as a seven-inch vinyl single. Billboard described the song as a "powerful entry". The single peaked at number 19 on the American Billboard Hot Country Songs chart and number 29 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in 1970. It was Miller's second single to make the Billboard country top 20 and her second to chart on RPM country survey. The song set forth a series of commercially successful recordings for Miller on the country charts during the seventies.
Track listing
7" vinyl single
"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)" – 3:02
"Lookin' Out My Back Door" – 2:15
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)"
Chart (1970–1971)
Peakposition
Canada Country Tracks (RPM)
29
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)
19
References
^ ""If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)" by Jody Miller: Track Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ a b Brennan, Sandra. "Jody Miller Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ a b Adams, Greg. "Look at Mine: Jody Miller: Songs, reviews, credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ a b c Miller, Jody (November 1970). ""If You Think I Love You Now (I Just Started)"/"Lookin' Out My Back Door" (Seven-Inch Vinyl Single and Sleeve Information)". Epic Records. 5-10692.
^ "Spotlight Singles: Top 20 Country" (PDF). Billboard. December 5, 1970. p. 76. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
^ a b Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.
^ a b c "Search results for "Jody Miller" under Country Singles". RPM. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
^ "Jody Miller Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
vteJody MillerDiscographyStudio albums
Wednesday's Child Is Full of Woe (1963)
Queen of the House (1965)
Home of the Brave (1965)
Jody Miller Sings the Great Hits of Buck Owens (1966)
The Nashville Sound of Jody Miller (1968)
Look at Mine (1970)
He's So Fine (1971)
There's a Party Goin' On (1972)
Good News! (1973)
House of the Rising Sun (1974)
Country Girl (1975)
Will You Love Me Tomorrow? (1976)
Here's Jody Miller (1977)
Singles
"Queen of the House"
"Silver Threads and Golden Needles"
"Home of the Brave"
"Long Black Limousine"
"Look at Mine"
"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)"
"He's So Fine"
"Baby I'm Yours"
"Be My Baby"
"Let's All Go Down to the River" (with Johnny Paycheck)
"There's a Party Goin' On"
"To Know Him Is to Love Him"
"Good News"
"Darling, You Can Always Come Back Home"
"Don't Take It Away"
"When the New Wears Off Our Love"
"Lay a Little Lovin' on Me" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jody Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Miller"},{"link_name":"Curly Putman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curly_Putman"},{"link_name":"Billy Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sherrill"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"\"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\" is a song originally recorded by American singer Jody Miller. Composed by Curly Putman and Billy Sherrill, it was released as a single on Epic Records in 1970. It reached the top 20 on the American country chart and the top 30 of the Canadian country chart. It received a positive response from Billboard magazine shortly after its release.","title":"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"country pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_pop"},{"link_name":"Queen of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_the_House"},{"link_name":"Billy Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sherrill"},{"link_name":"Look at Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_at_Mine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusicbio-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_2-3"},{"link_name":"Columbia Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quonset_Hut_Studio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Single-4"}],"text":"Although first a folk singer, Jody Miller had her first commercial success with the country pop 1965 single \"Queen of the House\". Although she had several more charting pop recordings during the sixties, Miller obtained greater success as a country artist during the 1970s. During the decade she worked alongside producer Billy Sherrill. His first album with Miller was 1970 disc Look at Mine.[2] The album included her first pair of Epic singles, including \"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\".[3] It was composed by Sherrill himself, along with Curly Putman. Sherrill produced the track at the Columbia Studio in Nashville in June 1970.[4]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Creedence Clearwater Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creedence_Clearwater_Revival"},{"link_name":"Lookin' Out My Back Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookin%27_Out_My_Back_Door"},{"link_name":"seven-inch vinyl single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Single-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic_2-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Songs-6"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPM_Country_Songs-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Songs-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPM_Country_Songs-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusicbio-2"}],"text":"\"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\" was released by Epic Records in November 1970. It was backed on the B-side by a cover of Creedence Clearwater Revival's \"Lookin' Out My Back Door\". It was distributed as a seven-inch vinyl single.[4][3] Billboard described the song as a \"powerful entry\".[5] The single peaked at number 19 on the American Billboard Hot Country Songs chart[6] and number 29 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in 1970.[7] It was Miller's second single to make the Billboard country top 20[6] and her second to chart on RPM country survey.[7] The song set forth a series of commercially successful recordings for Miller on the country charts during the seventies.[2]","title":"Release, reception and chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Single-4"},{"link_name":"Lookin' Out My Back Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookin%27_Out_My_Back_Door"}],"text":"7\" vinyl single[4]\"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\" – 3:02\n\"Lookin' Out My Back Door\" – 2:15","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Weekly charts","title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"\"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\" by Jody Miller: Track Info\". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/if-you-think-i-love-you-now-ive-just-started-mt0033333818","url_text":"\"\"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\" by Jody Miller: Track Info\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Sandra. \"Jody Miller Biography\". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jody-miller-mn0000010015/biography","url_text":"\"Jody Miller Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Greg. \"Look at Mine: Jody Miller: Songs, reviews, credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/look-at-mine-mw0001069270","url_text":"\"Look at Mine: Jody Miller: Songs, reviews, credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jody (November 1970). \"\"If You Think I Love You Now (I Just Started)\"/\"Lookin' Out My Back Door\" (Seven-Inch Vinyl Single and Sleeve Information)\". Epic Records. 5-10692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookin%27_Out_My_Back_Door","url_text":"Lookin' Out My Back Door"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Records","url_text":"Epic Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Spotlight Singles: Top 20 Country\" (PDF). Billboard. December 5, 1970. p. 76. Retrieved 8 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1970/1970-12-05-Billboard-Page-0076.pdf#search=%22jody%20miller%20if%20you%20think%20i%20love%20you%20now%20single%20review%22","url_text":"\"Spotlight Singles: Top 20 Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 277. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89820-177-2","url_text":"978-0-89820-177-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Search results for \"Jody Miller\" under Country Singles\". RPM. Retrieved 15 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Jody+Miller&ChartEn=Country+Singles&","url_text":"\"Search results for \"Jody Miller\" under Country Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/song/if-you-think-i-love-you-now-ive-just-started-mt0033333818","external_links_name":"\"\"If You Think I Love You Now (I've Just Started)\" by Jody Miller: Track Info\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jody-miller-mn0000010015/biography","external_links_name":"\"Jody Miller Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/look-at-mine-mw0001069270","external_links_name":"\"Look at Mine: Jody Miller: Songs, reviews, credits\""},{"Link":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Billboard-Index/IDX/1970/1970-12-05-Billboard-Page-0076.pdf#search=%22jody%20miller%20if%20you%20think%20i%20love%20you%20now%20single%20review%22","external_links_name":"\"Spotlight Singles: Top 20 Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/list.aspx?OCRText=Jody+Miller&ChartEn=Country+Singles&","external_links_name":"\"Search results for \"Jody Miller\" under Country Singles\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jody-Miller/chart-history/CSI","external_links_name":"\"Jody Miller Chart History (Hot Country Songs)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unhitched | Unhitched | ["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Episodes","5 U.S. Nielsen ratings","6 References","7 External links"] | This article is about the television comedy. For the book by Richard Seymour, see Unhitched (book). For the film, see The Best Man (2005 film).
American TV series or program
UnhitchedCastGenreSitcomCreated byMike BernierChris PappasStarringCraig BierkoRashida JonesShaun MajumderJohnny SneedOpening theme"Hey" by GillmorComposerJohn NordstromCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6ProductionExecutive producersBobby FarrellyPeter FarrellyBrad JohnsonBradley ThomasMike SikowitzCamera setupSingle-cameraRunning time22 minutesProduction companiesWatson Pond ProductionsConundrum Entertainment20th Century Fox TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkFoxReleaseMarch 2 (2008-03-02) –March 30, 2008 (2008-03-30)
Unhitched (previously known as The Rules for Starting Over) is an American sitcom that aired as a mid-season replacement on Fox from March 2 to 30, 2008. The series was originally scheduled to premiere at 9:30 p.m. ET, but aired 30 minutes later due to the runover of NASCAR. The show was created by Mike Bernier and Chris Pappas. Bobby Farrelly, Peter Farrelly and Mike Sikowitz served as executive producers alongside Brad Johnson and Bradley Thomas, with Katy McCaffrey producing. The pilot was directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly. The show revolved around a group of newly single friends learning the lessons of starting over in their 30s.
On May 5, 2008, Fox cancelled the series after one season.
Plot summary
From the creatively fruitful minds of the Farrelly Brothers comes a single camera comedy, set in Boston, about a group of newly single friends learning the painful lessons of starting over in their 30s. They'd all love to get married and remarried, if they could just find their true loves. Jack "Gator" Gately is a charismatic, optimistic leader who never expected to be single again. But now that he is, he's determined to make the best of it. He's going to sift through all the bruised, damaged, occasionally psychotic fruit until he finds "the one." Joining Gator in bachelorhood redux is his party animal best friend Tommy. The founder and brewmaster of an upstart microbrewery, Tommy has a voracious appetite for food, beer and women. He falls in love easily and always disastrously, yet truly hopes his new love will be "the one." Dr. Freddy Sahgal has seen some pretty strange stuff during his years as a successful surgeon, but he's never seen any of it through the eyes of a single man. Probably the least equipped of the group to handle this unexpected life change is Dr. Freddy, who can execute a triple bypass in his sleep, but is all thumbs when it comes to the opposite sex. Rounding out the group is Kate, a smart, successful attorney who handled Gator and Freddy's divorces. Having just turned 30, Kate finds herself dumped after a seven-year engagement. She reluctantly joins the guys in negotiating the treacherous waters of dating. Kate owns the brownstone next to Gator's. Over time, this pair may find that "the one" is just a brick wall away.
Cast
Craig Bierko as Jack "Gator" Gately
Rashida Jones as Katherine "Kate" Frankola
Shaun Majumder as Dr. Frederick "Freddy" Sahgal
Johnny Sneed as Thomas "Tommy" Leegan
Production
Produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Conundrum Entertainment and Watson Pond Productions, the series was greenlit and given a six-episode order on May 11, 2007. The pilot aired on Foxtel in Australia in 2008, one day after its original airdate in the United States, and on Network Ten later in the year. It aired on FX in the United Kingdom. It also aired on TV6 in Sweden. The theme song for the show is a song called "Hey!" by the band Gillmor, and can be found on their Counting the Days album.
Episodes
#
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Production code
1"Pilot"Peter Farrelly & Bobby FarrellyStory by : Mike Bernier & Chris PappasTeleplay by : Mike Bernier & Chris Pappas & Kevin BarnettMarch 2, 2008 (2008-03-02)1ANL79
In the series premiere, Jack "Gator" Gately finds himself ill-prepared to re-enter the dating scene as a blind date goes bananas for him; his friend and neighbor Kate finds big things come in small packages when she dates an employee of the Boston Celtics; and Indian-born Dr. Freddy learns that love isn't cheap with the woman of your dreams.
2"Woman Marries Horse"John BlanchardStory by : Kevin BarnettTeleplay by : Chris Pappas & Mike BernierMarch 9, 2008 (2008-03-09)1ANL01
Gator is hung up on his new girlfriend's minor physical flaw, leading Tommy to take drastic measures. Freddy befriends a bouncer; Kate dates a musician whose talents are not what they seem.
3"Conjoined Twins Pitch No-Hitter"John BlanchardMike SikowitzMarch 16, 2008 (2008-03-16)1ANL02
Gator tries to relive his college drinking and glory days when he and Freddy meet two attractive Icelandic women. Kate drags Tommy to a children's birthday party when she learns her ex will be there.
4"Mardi Gras Croc Attack"Linda MendozaMike SikowitzMarch 23, 2008 (2008-03-23)1ANL05
Gator joins Kate's boxing gym only to be challenged by a woman in the ring, and Kate confronts a co-worker who lets it all hang out in the locker room. Freddy teaches Tommy tantric sex methods.
5"Yorkshire Terrier Sucked into the Internet"Arlene SanfordKristin NewmanMarch 23, 2008 (2008-03-23)1ANL03
Gator and Kate are both handicapped when Kate begins dating his new assistant. Freddy reconnects with his ex when he attempts online dating. Tommy finds love at jury duty.
6"Pole-Dancing Toddler"John BlanchardJonathan Green & Gabe MillerMarch 30, 2008 (2008-03-30)1ANL04
Gator woos his new neighbor, an animal rights extremist while Kate dates an exterminator. Tommy teaches Freddy how to drive.
U.S. Nielsen ratings
In the following summary, "rating" is the percentage of all households with televisions that tuned to the show, and "share" is the percentage of all televisions in use at that time that are tuned in. "18-49" is the percentage of all adults aged 18–49 tuned into the show. "Viewers" are the number of viewers, in million, watching at the time. "Rank" how well the show did compared to other TV shows aired that week.
#
Episode
Air Date
Timeslot
Rating
Share
18-49
Viewers
Weekly Rank
1
"Pilot"
March 2, 2008
10:00 P.M.
3.8
6
2.6/6 (#2)
5.77 (#4)
N/A
2
"Woman Marries Heart"
March 9, 2008
9:30 P.M.
3.2
5
2.6/6 (#2)
5.21 (#4)
#71
3
"Conjoined Twins Pitch No-Hitter"
March 16, 2008
9:30 P.M.
2.9
4
2.3/6 (#2)
4.43 (#4)
#75
4
"Mardi Gras Croc Attack"
March 23, 2008
8:30 P.M.
2.1
4
1.5/4 (#3)
3.21 (#4)
#75
5
"Yorkshire Terrier Sucked Into the Internet"
March 23, 2008
9:30 P.M.
2.0
3
1.5/4 (#4)
3.11 (#4)
#77
6
"Pole Dancing Toddler"
March 30, 2008
9:30 P.M.
2.6
4
2.1/5 (#3)
4.19 (#4)
#71
+ The premiere episode aired at 10pm due to a late-ending NASCAR race.
References
^ a b "The Rules for Starting Over at The Futon Critic".
^ Schneider, Michael (May 15, 2008). "Fox announces primetime slate". Variety.
^ FOX Announces Their 2008-09 Schedule. Who’s Been Cancelled? Archived 2008-07-20 at archive.today
^ Thilges, Sarah (2007-05-11). "FOX RENEWS 'DEATH' VOWS, PICKS UP SEXTET". The Futon Critic. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
^ Chai, Paul (2007-07-03). "Oz webs divvy up Fox skeins". Variety. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
^ C21Media:
External links
Unhitched at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unhitched (book)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unhitched_(book)"},{"link_name":"The Best Man (2005 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_Man_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"mid-season replacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-season_replacement"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Mike Bernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bernier"},{"link_name":"Bobby Farrelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Farrelly"},{"link_name":"Peter Farrelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Farrelly"},{"link_name":"producing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_producer"},{"link_name":"pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FUTON1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the television comedy. For the book by Richard Seymour, see Unhitched (book). For the film, see The Best Man (2005 film).American TV series or programUnhitched (previously known as The Rules for Starting Over) is an American sitcom that aired as a mid-season replacement on Fox from March 2 to 30, 2008. The series was originally scheduled to premiere at 9:30 p.m. ET, but aired 30 minutes later due to the runover of NASCAR. The show was created by Mike Bernier and Chris Pappas. Bobby Farrelly, Peter Farrelly and Mike Sikowitz served as executive producers alongside Brad Johnson and Bradley Thomas, with Katy McCaffrey producing. The pilot was directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly. The show revolved around a group of newly single friends learning the lessons of starting over in their 30s.[1]On May 5, 2008, Fox cancelled the series after one season.[2][3]","title":"Unhitched"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"party animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/party_animal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FUTON1-1"}],"text":"From the creatively fruitful minds of the Farrelly Brothers comes a single camera comedy, set in Boston, about a group of newly single friends learning the painful lessons of starting over in their 30s. They'd all love to get married and remarried, if they could just find their true loves. Jack \"Gator\" Gately is a charismatic, optimistic leader who never expected to be single again. But now that he is, he's determined to make the best of it. He's going to sift through all the bruised, damaged, occasionally psychotic fruit until he finds \"the one.\" Joining Gator in bachelorhood redux is his party animal best friend Tommy. The founder and brewmaster of an upstart microbrewery, Tommy has a voracious appetite for food, beer and women. He falls in love easily and always disastrously, yet truly hopes his new love will be \"the one.\" Dr. Freddy Sahgal has seen some pretty strange stuff during his years as a successful surgeon, but he's never seen any of it through the eyes of a single man. Probably the least equipped of the group to handle this unexpected life change is Dr. Freddy, who can execute a triple bypass in his sleep, but is all thumbs when it comes to the opposite sex. Rounding out the group is Kate, a smart, successful attorney who handled Gator and Freddy's divorces. Having just turned 30, Kate finds herself dumped after a seven-year engagement. She reluctantly joins the guys in negotiating the treacherous waters of dating. Kate owns the brownstone next to Gator's. Over time, this pair may find that \"the one\" is just a brick wall away.[1]","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig Bierko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Bierko"},{"link_name":"Rashida Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashida_Jones"},{"link_name":"Shaun Majumder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Majumder"}],"text":"Craig Bierko as Jack \"Gator\" Gately\nRashida Jones as Katherine \"Kate\" Frankola\nShaun Majumder as Dr. Frederick \"Freddy\" Sahgal\nJohnny Sneed as Thomas \"Tommy\" Leegan","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Century Fox Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox_Television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Foxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxtel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"TV6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV6_(Sweden)"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Produced by 20th Century Fox Television, Conundrum Entertainment and Watson Pond Productions, the series was greenlit and given a six-episode order on May 11, 2007.[4] The pilot aired on Foxtel in Australia in 2008, one day after its original airdate in the United States, and on Network Ten later in the year.[5] It aired on FX in the United Kingdom.[6] It also aired on TV6 in Sweden.[citation needed] The theme song for the show is a song called \"Hey!\" by the band Gillmor, and can be found on their Counting the Days album.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"},{"link_name":"share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings"}],"text":"In the following summary, \"rating\" is the percentage of all households with televisions that tuned to the show, and \"share\" is the percentage of all televisions in use at that time that are tuned in. \"18-49\" is the percentage of all adults aged 18–49 tuned into the show. \"Viewers\" are the number of viewers, in million, watching at the time. \"Rank\" how well the show did compared to other TV shows aired that week.+ The premiere episode aired at 10pm due to a late-ending NASCAR race.","title":"U.S. Nielsen ratings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Rules for Starting Over at The Futon Critic\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=rules_for_starting_over","url_text":"\"The Rules for Starting Over at The Futon Critic\""}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Michael (May 15, 2008). \"Fox announces primetime slate\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape | Zero Escape | ["1 Titles","1.1 Main games","1.2 Other media and appearances","2 Common elements","2.1 Gameplay","2.2 Plot and themes","3 Development","3.1 Writing","3.2 Puzzles","4 Localization","5 Reception","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | This article is about the series. For the first game in the series to be branded "Zero Escape", see Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward.
Video game seriesZero EscapeSeries logoGenre(s)Visual novel, adventure, escape the roomDeveloper(s)Spike Chunsoft, ChimePublisher(s)JP/WW: Spike ChunsoftNA/EU: Aksys GamesEU: Rising Star GamesArtist(s)Kinu NishimuraRui TomonoWriter(s)Kotaro UchikoshiComposer(s)Shinji HosoePlatform(s)Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, iOS, Windows, Xbox OneFirst releaseNine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine DoorsDecember 10, 2009Latest releaseZero Time DilemmaJune 28, 2016
Zero Escape, formerly released in Japan as Kyokugen Dasshutsu (Japanese: 極限脱出, lit. "Extreme Escape"), is a series of adventure games directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi. The first two entries in the series, Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors (2009) and Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (2012), were developed by Spike Chunsoft (formerly Chunsoft), while the third entry, Zero Time Dilemma (2016), was developed by Chime. Zero Escape is published by Spike Chunsoft in Japan, while Aksys Games and Rising Star Games have published the games for North America and Europe respectively.
Each game in the series follows a group of nine individuals, who are kidnapped and held captive by a person code-named "Zero", and are forced to play a game of life and death to escape. The gameplay is divided into two types of sections: Novel sections, where the story is presented, and Escape sections, where the player solves escape-the-room puzzles. In the first two games, the Novel sections are presented in a visual novel format, whereas the third uses animated cutscenes. The stories branch based on player choices, and include multiple endings.
In addition to Uchikoshi, the development team includes character designers Kinu Nishimura and Rui Tomono, and music composer Shinji Hosoe. The series was originally conceived when Chunsoft wanted Uchikoshi to write visual novels for a wider audience; he came up with the idea of combining the story with story-integrated puzzles. While Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors was initially planned as a stand-alone title, its success in the international market led to the development of two sequels, intended to be paired as a set; however, as both Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors and Virtue's Last Reward were commercial failures in Japan, the third game was put on hold in 2014, only to resume the development for Zero Time Dilemma the following year, due to fan demand and the hiatus becoming big news. Critics have been positive to the series, praising its narrative for being experimental and for pushing boundaries for what can be done with video game narratives.
Titles
Main games
Release timeline2009Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors201020112012Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward2013201420152016Zero Time Dilemma2017Zero Escape: The Nonary Games
The series consists of three video games. The first two games were released in English by Aksys Games in North America, and the second game was released in English in Europe by Rising Star Games. The third game was released by Aksys Games in both North America and Europe for consoles, and by Spike Chunsoft worldwide for Windows.
Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors is the first game in the series, developed by Chunsoft. It was released for the Nintendo DS on December 10, 2009, in Japan and on November 16, 2010, in North America, and for iOS on May 28, 2013, in Japan and internationally on March 17, 2014.
Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward is the second game in the series. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS and the PlayStation Vita on February 16, 2012, in Japan, on October 23 in North America, and on November 23 in Europe.
Zero Time Dilemma is the third game in the series. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS and the PlayStation Vita on June 28, 2016 in North America and Europe, and on June 30 in Japan. A Windows version was released worldwide on June 30. A PlayStation 4 version released in Japan in August 2017, while an Xbox One version released on August 30, 2022.
A bundle containing the first two games, titled Zero Escape: The Nonary Games, was released for Windows, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita in the West on March 24, 2017. In Japan, the Windows version launched on March 25 and the console versions on April 13 the same year. The European PlayStation Vita version was released on December 15. The Nonary Games was also released for Xbox One on March 22, 2022.
The updated version of Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors has separate Adventure and Novel modes; the Adventure mode presents the character interactions similar to the top screen of the original game, while Novel mode uses the additional narration from the bottom screen. Both modes have animated characters and voice acting. The updated version also includes a story flowchart, similar to the other two games in the series, to help players with getting to the game's true ending. However, it does not include the additional story content that was part of the iOS version. The final puzzle, however, is different. The new version of Virtue's Last Reward is primarily based on the original PlayStation Vita version, but corrects some typographic errors.
Other media and appearances
A novelization of the first game, titled Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Alterna, was written by Kenji Kuroda and published by Kodansha in Japan in two volumes in 2010. An original video animation based on the beginning of the second game was made by Gonzo; it has been dubbed and released in English by Aksys Games. An untitled Flash game was made for Virtue's Last Reward and made available on the official Japanese developer website. An artbook featuring art from the first two games was published by SB Creative in 2012 in Japan; an artbook for the third game was released as a pre-order bonus in Japan, and is sold separately in the West. Music albums with the soundtracks of the first two games were released by Super Sweep on December 23, 2009 and April 19, 2012. Aksys is also considering releasing merchandise based on the third game.
Aksys and Spike Chunsoft worked with the Japanese puzzle event studio SCRAP to create Real Zero Escape: Trust on Trial, a real-life room escape game based on the Zero Escape universe, which was held at SCRAP's studio in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles for several months, starting in April 2016. Players had to solve real-life escape-the-room puzzles in the spirit of the Zero Escape series within a limited amount of time.
Common elements
Gameplay
An Escape section in Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors. The player escapes rooms by solving puzzles, which involves finding and combining items.The gameplay of the series is divided into two types of segments: Novel sections – presented in a visual novel format in the first two games, and as animated cutscenes in the third – and Escape sections, which are escape-the-room scenarios. During the Novel sections, the player reads dialogue, occasionally inputting choices that change the course of the story. During the Escape sections, the player aims to find a way out of rooms by exploring the room and solving puzzles. The player can move around during these sections, and can pick up and combine items in order to open locks or get access to new items. Each room also includes more complex puzzles, such as sliding puzzles and mini-games, which can not be solved without finding clues in the room.
The games are non-linear: the first two games' stories branch depending on player choices, and lead to several different endings, with a final true ending that the player can only reach by playing through various different branches; the third game divides the story into chapters called "fragments", each representing a 90-minute period, which can be chosen from a "Floating Fragment" menu and played out of order. In the first game, the player has to start over from the beginning after completing each branch, replaying Escape sections; in the second game, the branches are represented by an interactive flowchart, allowing the player to jump to any point in the game that they have reached, and try different outcomes. This flowchart was also implemented in the iOS and The Nonary Games versions of the first game. In the third game, fragments are placed in a flowchart upon completion, indicating where they take place in the story.
Plot and themes
The three Zero Escape games are narratively linked, with events of Zero Time Dilemma occurring between 999 and Virtue's Last Reward. Each game in the series follows a group of nine people who get kidnapped by masked individuals who call themselves "Zero", and are locked inside a facility where they are forced to play a death game where the participants are locked inside rooms and have to solve puzzles in order to get out. In the first two games, the death game is referred to as the Nonary Game, while the one in the third game is called the Decision Game. The characters do not at first appear to have anything in common, but throughout the course of the games, it is revealed that each was chosen for a specific purpose, including connections to previous narrative elements from the other games in the series. The characters attempt to escape from the facility, to identify Zero, and to learn of Zero's goal.
The series has science fiction and horror elements, and philosophical and supernatural themes. A recurring theme is the concept of morphogenetic fields, which is explored in different ways in each game, and is the main theme of the first game. The second game focuses on game theory, specifically on the prisoner's dilemma. The third game's main theme is morality, and it is the game in the series with the largest focus on philosophy.
Development
The series is directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi.
The first two Zero Escape titles were developed by Chunsoft, while the third was developed by Chime. The series is directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi, with music by Shinji Hosoe. Character design was handled by Kinu Nishimura in the first two games, and by Rui Tomono in the third. The series was originally conceived when Chunsoft contacted Uchikoshi and asked him to write visual novels for them; they had found success in the genre, but wanted to create a new type of visual novels which could be received by a wider audience. Uchikoshi's idea for this was to combine puzzles with a story, in a way where puzzles are integrated into the story and includes clues, and need to be solved in order for the player to make progress. The inspiration for the first game was the question "where do mankind's inspirations come from?"; while researching it, Uchikoshi came across the theories of the English biochemist Rupert Sheldrake, and used them as the main theme. The game's setting was meant as a depiction of two of humanity's instinctive desires: the unconscious desire to return to one's mother's womb and shut oneself away, and the desire to escape and overcome one's current condition.
Uchikoshi had initially written 999 as a stand-alone game, but its positive reception led to its sequels' development. The tension present in its first sequel Virtue's Last Reward was deliberately toned down from that in 999, as the results of a survey indicated that some Japanese people had not bought 999 because it seemed "too scary". Uchikoshi stated that Zero Time Dilemma, the second sequel set to be released in 2016, will "tone it up" in response to feedback from players who praised the sense of fear present in 999. The two sequels were specifically intended to be "paired as a set": the second game has a cliffhanger ending, while Uchikoshi intends for the third game to resolve all mysteries left from the second game, as well as all introduced in the third game. While he intends for the series to be a trilogy with a story that ends on the third game, he is open to "new incidents arriving" if fans still request it.
While the first game performed well enough in the West for Spike Chunsoft to decide to develop a sequel, both games were commercial failures in Japan. Because of this, the third game, which had originally been mentioned in 2012, was not approved by the management at the company. In February 2014, the development was put on hold indefinitely. Uchikoshi examined the possibility of financing the development through the use of crowdfunding on a website like Kickstarter, but felt that the idea would not be persuasive enough for it to meet the goal; he also sought out opportunities with executives and investors. As a response to the news of the game's hiatus, fans of the series created Operation Bluebird, an online campaign to raise awareness of the series and support the development. In July 2015, the development of the third game had been resumed; the game being put on hold becoming big news, and fans being vocal about wanting a third game, was what led to the game being reevaluated. With the third game, the development team wanted to renew the series' image in Japan; to do this, they used the English series title, Zero Escape, instead of the Kyokugen Dasshutsu title that had been used for previous Japanese releases.
Writing
Among Uchikoshi's influences for the series are writers Kurt Vonnegut (left) and Isaac Asimov (right).
For Zero Escape, Uchikoshi conceived the storytelling as being gameplay; he said that while other games might consist of the player shooting people, with a story just there to enhance it, he thinks that the narrative of visual novels should be gameplay. As an example of this, the second game has players learn information and not being able to continue past certain points until they have input a solution; this was influenced by the 1994 video game Kamaitachi no Yoru, and was intended to make the story get "under the skin" of players, and allow the player and the player character to understand the game world in tandem, and progress together. Among other influences for the series were writers Isaac Asimov and Kurt Vonnegut; Uchikoshi felt that 90% of any creative work consists of pieces from others' works, and that the remaining 10% is creativity, with the result being worthwhile hinging on how well a writer can incorporate their influences with their own ideas.
Uchikoshi prioritized storylines over characters, and used the feeling of discomfort as the foundation of the narrative. He first came up with a setting, and then made characters along with the drama and stories behind them. After this, he decided on the core of the game's story, and created a flowchart based on it, which became the "bone structure of the story". According to Uchikoshi, it did not matter that the setups of the games were far-fetched, as long as their internal logic worked; he said that as long as the story is interesting and immersive, implausible situations feel plausible to the player. On the other hand, he felt that if he had specifically tried to make it more plausible, by forcing explanations that justify the situations, the story would become boring and the implausible would look even more implausible. Instead, he chose to rely on players' imagination, saying that players can make things seem plausible in ways he had not even imagined himself. One thing he did to make the stories more believable was adding concepts such as Schrödinger's cat, which he felt added flavor and kept players wondering whether a particular concept could be the main idea of the game; he felt that when players wonder that, it makes the story feel more real, as they create the game world in their minds.
After deciding on the story and the main character, he would balance the characters, in terms of genders, personalities, and ages represented; when making character personalities, he used the Enneagram of Personality as reference, which classifies people into nine groups; the decision to do this came from the importance of the number "9" in the storyline of 999. An important thing to him when making characters was to create a mystery behind them, to make players curious about who the characters are and what their pasts are like. Another important element was the use of misdirection: by deliberately making certain characters seem like bad people, he would aim to get players to focus on them more, making it more difficult for them to see who the "real bad guy" is. He aimed to not give the player characters strong personalities, in order to make it easier for players to empathize with them. He chose to have the games be played from a first person perspective as he felt it makes for "a stronger impact" and is more interesting than a third person perspective; it was also used to limit the information that is available to the player in a realistic way, as the player only knows what they experience or are told. Because the player characters in most games can die many times, Uchikoshi felt that video game characters' deaths may be taken lightly, which he saw as a weak point in games. To combat this, he focused on trying to get players to want to keep the story alive, rather than trying to keep the player character alive; as a result of wanting to keep the story going, players would also avoid the death of their character.
When writing the stories, he started with their twist endings, and then worked his way back from that. He designed the flow of the story by using a spreadsheet, and wrote prototypes of potential outcomes of the different scenarios in the game; after this, he matched it with the flowchart he had made, and came up with the details of each story. As he wrote each scene, he imagined what the player might be thinking as they play through it, and decided what to write based on it; this was one of the most important things to him when writing. A key element to Uchikoshi when writing the outcomes of player decisions is that the importance of the decision usually is much greater after the player has made it, with the consequences only being revealed later on as the player learns more information; this was to maintain the high suspense level, and to avoid situations where choices end up not actually mattering. One big challenge for him was to maintain player interest through all branches; he tried to have each branch develop differently, as to avoid repetition and fatigue, and keep the player motivated. While he came up with the set-up, the setting, and the characters on his own, he had a sub-writer helping him with writing the second game, and two sub-writers for the third game. They would help with brainstorming ideas and finding what does not work so well and how to improve scenarios.
Puzzles
The Escape sequences were made to appeal to the players' instinctive desires; Uchikoshi wanted the player to experience the instinctive pleasure of "I found it!". For the puzzles, Uchikoshi would think about the details within the overall story, and the gimmicks and props found in the game; after deciding on them, they were integrated with the puzzles. He would also use puzzle-related websites as reference. He did not handle puzzle design himself, instead leaving a lot of the direction to other staff, and checking it multiple times. Because of the puzzle–story integration, the development team tried to avoid situations where the player gets stuck due to being unable to solve a puzzle, by including hints that would appear if the player repeatedly clicked on items; as the player continues clicking, the hints get more obvious, to the point of almost revealing the solution outright. In the second game, a difficulty setting was added, with puzzles being easier to solve on lower settings.
While the first game was in 2D, the second game features 3D graphics; this change affected the puzzle creation, as the development team could choose to layer objects behind each other or have them all visible at once. As the second game was made with a worldwide release in mind, Japanese characters and references to Japanese culture were avoided in the puzzle design; the puzzles ended up using numbers a lot since they are internationally used symbols. For the iOS version of the first game, the puzzles were removed and replaced with new story sequences; this was done as the development team wanted to reach people who are not good at solving puzzles, or who do not play games at all and who might not have a game console. However, according to Uchikoshi, the staff felt that the game was incomplete without the puzzle sequences of the original version.
Localization
The series is localized by Aksys Games; Chunsoft was first introduced to Aksys through Spike, when Chunsoft was looking for a company that could publish the first game in the United States. During Aksys' evaluation period of it, many people at the company did not believe in the game and turned it down; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese, it was difficult for them to determine whether a game was good or not. Eventually, they decided to localize it, which was considered a big risk for the company. They worked by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese version, opting to make dialogue sound like what a native speaker would say rather than strictly adhering to the Japanese wording. Ben Bateman, the editor of the first two games' localizations, did this by looking at the writing from a wider view, examining it line by line or scene by scene, rather than word by word or sentence by sentence, and thinking about how to convey the same idea in English. Most parts of the games that include a joke in the localization also have a joke in the Japanese versions, but a different one; Bateman did try to make similar types of jokes with similar contents and ideas. He was given mostly free rein in what he could change or add to the writing, as long as it did not disrupt the plot.
The biggest challenge with localizing the series was to keep track of everything, as the games feature branching paths, and the characters learn different things in different branches, affecting word choices and attitudes. While a lot of this had been taken care of by Spike Chunsoft, many parts of the game required different word choices in English depending on if a character knew of a particular thing or not; in these cases, the localization team had to track the story backwards. During the projects, Aksys Games would do email correspondence with Spike Chunsoft, to make sure that they conveyed the message of the games as intended. The title Zero Escape was decided on during the localization of the second game, when the localization team wanted to create a "branding umbrella" for both games. They chose the title based on what they thought defines the first two games and is common to both of them, concluding that it was the character Zero and how both games involve "a dangerous escape"; the title also has the double meaning of "you have zero chance to escape". The title was later used as part of the Japanese title for Zero Time Dilemma, and replaced the previous Japanese title Kyokugen Dasshutsu for the re-release of Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors and Virtue's Last Reward.
For the first game, a big challenge was getting the localization done in time; Nobara Nakayama, the game's translator, worked on it for 30 days, and the editing process took two months. Because of this, Bateman had to do most of the work "on the fly". Nakayama had started playing the game prior to starting work on the localization, but did not finish playing it until she was more than halfway through translating it; after learning that the plot hinged on a Japanese pun, they had to halt the localization, discuss it with Uchikoshi, come up with a solution, and go through the whole game to make sure that it still made sense. The second game took around three months to translate and four months to edit. A big challenge in localizing it was catching the several subtle hints to the game's ending that appear throughout the story. Unlike the previous two Zero Escape titles, the North American version of the third game was produced alongside the Japanese version.
Reception
This section needs expansion with: more details about reception of games in the series following Virtue's Last Reward. You can help by adding to it. (June 2022)
Japanese and Western review scoresAs of October 21, 2017.
Game
Famitsu
Metacritic
Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors
36/40
82/100
Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward
34/40
88/100 (3DS)84/100 (Vita)
Zero Time Dilemma
32/40
81/100 (3DS)83/100 (Vita)80/100 (PS4)78/100 (Win)
Zero Escape: The Nonary Games
–
87/100 (PS4)86/100 (Win)83/100 (Vita)
The Zero Escape series has been positively received by critics, with the first two games in the series attaining perfect scores in reviews from various publications. Uchikoshi noted that the positive reception of 999 from international fans outside of Japan directly influenced the development of Virtue's Last Reward. Meanwhile, the series has been a commercial failure in Japan, with the first two games underperforming; in their respective debut years in Japan, the first game sold 27,762 copies, and the second sold 14,023 copies across Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita. As of July 2018, the series has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide.
Several critics have praised the series' stories: Andy Goergen of Nintendo World Report commented on how 999 "truly expands what narrative video games can be capable of", and Christian Nutt at Gamasutra said that Uchikoshi is "pushing the boundaries of what video game narrative can be". Tony Ponce of Destructoid called 999 "one of the greatest videogame tales ever told", and a great example of how engaging and powerful narratives in video games can be. Bob Mackey of 1UP.com featured 999 on a list of "must-play" Nintendo DS visual novels, citing its story and themes as being among the darkest on a Nintendo platform, and called Virtue's Last Reward "one of the biggest, boldest visual novels to ever hit America". Writers for Famitsu liked the tense story and the sense of accomplishment when solving puzzles in 999, and the intertwined story and flowchart system in Virtue's Last Reward. Jason Schreier of Kotaku included both 999 and Virtue's Last Reward on a list of "must-play" visual novels worth playing even for people who do not like anime tropes. Schreier also wrote for Wired, calling 999's narrative "innovative" and saying that he liked the game's ending and cast, but that he thought that some of the game's prose was "sloppy" and that there was no sense of real danger.
Reception of the games' puzzle sections has been more mixed. Virtue's Last Reward was featured on Gamasutra's and Game Developer's jointly created list of the ten best games of 2012 for having storytelling as gameplay rather than aside from gameplay. Schreier disliked having to repeat puzzles in each playthrough of 999. Mike Manson of Nintendo Life and John McCaroll of RPGFan found problems with the controls used in the puzzle sections of Virtue's Last Reward. Austin Boosinger of Adventure Gamers felt that while the puzzles in Virtue's Last Reward were thematically appropriate, he thought they were "relatively uninspired in their variety" and that not many of them were fun or engaging.
Notes
^ For the initial release of Virtue's Last Reward.
References
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^ Uchikoshi, Kotaro. "Q&A66". Aksys Games. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
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^ "Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors for DS Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
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^ "『極限脱出』の打越氏＆コザキユースケ氏が放つ完全新作ADV『AI: ソムニウム ファイル』がNintendo Switch/PS4/PCで発売決定". 2018-07-08 (in Japanese). Enterbrain. July 6, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
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^ Boosinger, Austin (December 17, 2012). "Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward REVIEW". Adventure Gamers. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
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Mages | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape:_Virtue%27s_Last_Reward"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"adventure games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"Kotaro Uchikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Uchikoshi"},{"link_name":"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Hours,_Nine_Persons,_Nine_Doors"},{"link_name":"Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape:_Virtue%27s_Last_Reward"},{"link_name":"Spike Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"Zero Time Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Time_Dilemma"},{"link_name":"Aksys Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games"},{"link_name":"Rising Star Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_Games"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"escape-the-room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape-the-room"},{"link_name":"visual novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"cutscenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"Kinu Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinu_Nishimura"},{"link_name":"Shinji Hosoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Hosoe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_999_Review-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up_999_interview-4"}],"text":"This article is about the series. For the first game in the series to be branded \"Zero Escape\", see Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward.Video game seriesZero Escape, formerly released in Japan as Kyokugen Dasshutsu (Japanese: 極限脱出, lit. \"Extreme Escape\"), is a series of adventure games directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi. The first two entries in the series, Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors (2009) and Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward (2012), were developed by Spike Chunsoft (formerly Chunsoft), while the third entry, Zero Time Dilemma (2016), was developed by Chime. Zero Escape is published by Spike Chunsoft in Japan, while Aksys Games and Rising Star Games have published the games for North America and Europe respectively.Each game in the series follows a group of nine individuals, who are kidnapped and held captive by a person code-named \"Zero\", and are forced to play a game of life and death to escape. The gameplay is divided into two types of sections: Novel sections, where the story is presented, and Escape sections, where the player solves escape-the-room puzzles. In the first two games, the Novel sections are presented in a visual novel format, whereas the third uses animated cutscenes. The stories branch based on player choices, and include multiple endings.In addition to Uchikoshi, the development team includes character designers Kinu Nishimura and Rui Tomono, and music composer Shinji Hosoe. The series was originally conceived when Chunsoft wanted Uchikoshi to write visual novels for a wider audience; he came up with the idea of combining the story with story-integrated puzzles. While Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors was initially planned as a stand-alone title, its success in the international market led to the development of two sequels, intended to be paired as a set; however, as both Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors and Virtue's Last Reward were commercial failures in Japan, the third game was put on hold in 2014, only to resume the development for Zero Time Dilemma the following year, due to fan demand and the hiatus becoming big news. Critics have been positive to the series, praising its narrative for being experimental and for pushing boundaries for what can be done with video game narratives.[1][2][3]","title":"Zero Escape"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZE3_Name-5"},{"link_name":"Aksys Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksys_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluebird_usgamer-6"},{"link_name":"Rising Star Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_Star_Games"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_europe-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZE3_Name-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gem_ztd_pc-8"},{"link_name":"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Hours,_Nine_Persons,_Nine_Doors"},{"link_name":"Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_famitsu-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_ios-12"},{"link_name":"Zero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Escape:_Virtue%27s_Last_Reward"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_3DS"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Vita"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlr_3ds_famitsu-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Zero Time Dilemma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Time_Dilemma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZE3_Name-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hcg_release-18"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gem_ztd_pc-8"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundling"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_nonary_release-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-na_ps4_release-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Xbox One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_One"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xbox_One-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_nonary_release-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-na_ps4_release-24"}],"sub_title":"Main games","text":"The series consists of three video games.[4] The first two games were released in English by Aksys Games in North America,[5] and the second game was released in English in Europe by Rising Star Games.[6] The third game was released by Aksys Games in both North America and Europe for consoles,[4] and by Spike Chunsoft worldwide for Windows.[7]Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors is the first game in the series, developed by Chunsoft. It was released for the Nintendo DS on December 10, 2009, in Japan and on November 16, 2010, in North America,[8][9] and for iOS on May 28, 2013, in Japan and internationally on March 17, 2014.[10][11]\nZero Escape: Virtue's Last Reward is the second game in the series. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS and the PlayStation Vita on February 16, 2012, in Japan,[12][13] on October 23 in North America, and on November 23 in Europe.[14][15]\nZero Time Dilemma is the third game in the series. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS and the PlayStation Vita on June 28, 2016 in North America and Europe,[4][16] and on June 30 in Japan.[17] A Windows version was released worldwide on June 30.[7][18] A PlayStation 4 version released in Japan in August 2017,[19] while an Xbox One version released on August 30, 2022.[20]A bundle containing the first two games, titled Zero Escape: The Nonary Games, was released for Windows, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita in the West on March 24, 2017.[21] In Japan, the Windows version launched on March 25 and the console versions on April 13 the same year.[22][23] The European PlayStation Vita version was released on December 15.[24] The Nonary Games was also released for Xbox One on March 22, 2022.[25][26]The updated version of Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors has separate Adventure and Novel modes; the Adventure mode presents the character interactions similar to the top screen of the original game, while Novel mode uses the additional narration from the bottom screen. Both modes have animated characters and voice acting. The updated version also includes a story flowchart, similar to the other two games in the series, to help players with getting to the game's true ending.[21] However, it does not include the additional story content that was part of the iOS version. The final puzzle, however, is different. The new version of Virtue's Last Reward is primarily based on the original PlayStation Vita version, but corrects some typographic errors.[23]","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"original video animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"Gonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzo_(company)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OVA-30"},{"link_name":"Flash game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_game"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flash_game-31"},{"link_name":"SB Creative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB_Creative"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aksys_ztd_momocon-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_ost-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlr_ost-35"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aksys_ztd_momocon-33"},{"link_name":"real-life room escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-life_room_escape"},{"link_name":"Little Tokyo in Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Tokyo,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Other media and appearances","text":"A novelization of the first game, titled Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Alterna, was written by Kenji Kuroda and published by Kodansha in Japan in two volumes in 2010.[27][28] An original video animation based on the beginning of the second game was made by Gonzo; it has been dubbed and released in English by Aksys Games.[29] An untitled Flash game was made for Virtue's Last Reward and made available on the official Japanese developer website.[30] An artbook featuring art from the first two games was published by SB Creative in 2012 in Japan;[31] an artbook for the third game was released as a pre-order bonus in Japan, and is sold separately in the West.[32] Music albums with the soundtracks of the first two games were released by Super Sweep on December 23, 2009 and April 19, 2012.[33][34] Aksys is also considering releasing merchandise based on the third game.[32]Aksys and Spike Chunsoft worked with the Japanese puzzle event studio SCRAP to create Real Zero Escape: Trust on Trial, a real-life room escape game based on the Zero Escape universe, which was held at SCRAP's studio in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles for several months, starting in April 2016. Players had to solve real-life escape-the-room puzzles in the spirit of the Zero Escape series within a limited amount of time.[35]","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:999_Screenshot.png"},{"link_name":"visual novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_novel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluebird_usgamer-6"},{"link_name":"cutscenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_everything_learned-37"},{"link_name":"escape-the-room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_the_room"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluebird_usgamer-6"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-38"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluebird_usgamer-6"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_vlr_review-39"},{"link_name":"sliding puzzles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliding_puzzle"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_vlr_review-39"},{"link_name":"non-linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_freaking_out-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_everything_learned-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-38"},{"link_name":"flowchart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowchart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_ios-12"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_everything_learned-37"}],"sub_title":"Gameplay","text":"An Escape section in Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors. The player escapes rooms by solving puzzles, which involves finding and combining items.The gameplay of the series is divided into two types of segments: Novel sections – presented in a visual novel format in the first two games,[5] and as animated cutscenes in the third[36] – and Escape sections, which are escape-the-room scenarios.[5] During the Novel sections, the player reads dialogue, occasionally inputting choices that change the course of the story.[37] During the Escape sections, the player aims to find a way out of rooms by exploring the room and solving puzzles.[5][38] The player can move around during these sections, and can pick up and combine items in order to open locks or get access to new items. Each room also includes more complex puzzles, such as sliding puzzles and mini-games, which can not be solved without finding clues in the room.[37][38]The games are non-linear: the first two games' stories branch depending on player choices, and lead to several different endings, with a final true ending that the player can only reach by playing through various different branches;[39] the third game divides the story into chapters called \"fragments\", each representing a 90-minute period, which can be chosen from a \"Floating Fragment\" menu and played out of order.[36] In the first game, the player has to start over from the beginning after completing each branch, replaying Escape sections;[37] in the second game, the branches are represented by an interactive flowchart, allowing the player to jump to any point in the game that they have reached, and try different outcomes.[2] This flowchart was also implemented in the iOS[11] and The Nonary Games versions of the first game. In the third game, fragments are placed in a flowchart upon completion, indicating where they take place in the story.[36]","title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gem_ztd_characters-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-38"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_fiction"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_freaking_out-40"},{"link_name":"morphogenetic fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphogenetic_field"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_suspenseful-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_philosophical_personal-43"},{"link_name":"game theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kotaku_freaking_out-40"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-44"}],"sub_title":"Plot and themes","text":"The three Zero Escape games are narratively linked, with events of Zero Time Dilemma occurring between 999 and Virtue's Last Reward. Each game in the series follows a group of nine people who get kidnapped by masked individuals who call themselves \"Zero\", and are locked inside a facility where they are forced to play a death game where the participants are locked inside rooms and have to solve puzzles in order to get out. In the first two games, the death game is referred to as the Nonary Game,[37] while the one in the third game is called the Decision Game.[40] The characters do not at first appear to have anything in common, but throughout the course of the games, it is revealed that each was chosen for a specific purpose, including connections to previous narrative elements from the other games in the series. The characters attempt to escape from the facility, to identify Zero, and to learn of Zero's goal.[37]The series has science fiction and horror elements, and philosophical and supernatural themes.[39] A recurring theme is the concept of morphogenetic fields, which is explored in different ways in each game,[41] and is the main theme of the first game.[42] The second game focuses on game theory, specifically on the prisoner's dilemma.[39] The third game's main theme is morality, and it is the game in the series with the largest focus on philosophy.[43]","title":"Common elements"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kotaro_Uchikoshi_at_Anime_Expo_2016,_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kotaro Uchikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Uchikoshi"},{"link_name":"Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_elevator-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPS_ZTD-46"},{"link_name":"Kotaro Uchikoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaro_Uchikoshi"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_elevator-45"},{"link_name":"Shinji Hosoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji_Hosoe"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_ost-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlr_ost-35"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu_participants-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_elevator-45"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu_participants-48"},{"link_name":"Chunsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunsoft"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_inside_genesis-49"},{"link_name":"Rupert Sheldrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_philosophical_personal-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_suspenseful-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-44"},{"link_name":"cliffhanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliffhanger"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zero_Escape_3_hiatus-50"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-44"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uchikoshi_twitter_1-51"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_philosophical-44"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zero_Escape_3_hiatus-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VLR_Sequel_1-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zero_Escape_3_hiatus-50"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"Kickstarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickstarter"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-escapist_on_hold-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluebird_kotaku-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluebird_gametrailers-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_ZE3-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panel_Discussion-57"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gematsu_participants-48"}],"text":"The series is directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi.The first two Zero Escape titles were developed by Chunsoft,[44] while the third was developed by Chime.[45] The series is directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi,[44] with music by Shinji Hosoe.[33][34][46][47] Character design was handled by Kinu Nishimura in the first two games,[44] and by Rui Tomono in the third.[47] The series was originally conceived when Chunsoft contacted Uchikoshi and asked him to write visual novels for them; they had found success in the genre, but wanted to create a new type of visual novels which could be received by a wider audience. Uchikoshi's idea for this was to combine puzzles with a story, in a way where puzzles are integrated into the story and includes clues, and need to be solved in order for the player to make progress.[48] The inspiration for the first game was the question \"where do mankind's inspirations come from?\"; while researching it, Uchikoshi came across the theories of the English biochemist Rupert Sheldrake, and used them as the main theme. The game's setting was meant as a depiction of two of humanity's instinctive desires: the unconscious desire to return to one's mother's womb and shut oneself away, and the desire to escape and overcome one's current condition.[42]Uchikoshi had initially written 999 as a stand-alone game, but its positive reception led to its sequels' development.[43] The tension present in its first sequel Virtue's Last Reward was deliberately toned down from that in 999, as the results of a survey indicated that some Japanese people had not bought 999 because it seemed \"too scary\". Uchikoshi stated that Zero Time Dilemma, the second sequel set to be released in 2016, will \"tone it up\" in response to feedback from players who praised the sense of fear present in 999.[41] The two sequels were specifically intended to be \"paired as a set\":[43] the second game has a cliffhanger ending,[49] while Uchikoshi intends for the third game to resolve all mysteries left from the second game, as well as all introduced in the third game.[43] While he intends for the series to be a trilogy with a story that ends on the third game,[43][50] he is open to \"new incidents arriving\" if fans still request it.[43]While the first game performed well enough in the West for Spike Chunsoft to decide to develop a sequel, both games were commercial failures in Japan. Because of this,[49] the third game, which had originally been mentioned in 2012,[51] was not approved by the management at the company.[49] In February 2014, the development was put on hold indefinitely. Uchikoshi examined the possibility of financing the development through the use of crowdfunding on a website like Kickstarter, but felt that the idea would not be persuasive enough for it to meet the goal; he also sought out opportunities with executives and investors.[52] As a response to the news of the game's hiatus, fans of the series created Operation Bluebird, an online campaign to raise awareness of the series and support the development.[53][54] In July 2015, the development of the third game had been resumed;[55] the game being put on hold becoming big news, and fans being vocal about wanting a third game, was what led to the game being reevaluated.[56] With the third game, the development team wanted to renew the series' image in Japan; to do this, they used the English series title, Zero Escape, instead of the Kyokugen Dasshutsu title that had been used for previous Japanese releases.[47]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kurt_Vonnegut_1972.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac.Asimov01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Kamaitachi no Yoru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaitachi_no_Yoru"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_intertwine-58"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Kurt Vonnegut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_uchikoshi_designing-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_rabbit_hole-61"},{"link_name":"Schrödinger's cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"Enneagram of Personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999qa_26_enneagram-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlrqa_66_enneagram-63"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_philosophical_personal-43"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_rabbit_hole-61"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_uchikoshi_designing-59"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"twist endings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twist"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann_interview-64"},{"link_name":"spreadsheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_inside_genesis-49"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panel_Discussion-57"}],"sub_title":"Writing","text":"Among Uchikoshi's influences for the series are writers Kurt Vonnegut (left) and Isaac Asimov (right).For Zero Escape, Uchikoshi conceived the storytelling as being gameplay; he said that while other games might consist of the player shooting people, with a story just there to enhance it, he thinks that the narrative of visual novels should be gameplay. As an example of this, the second game has players learn information and not being able to continue past certain points until they have input a solution; this was influenced by the 1994 video game Kamaitachi no Yoru, and was intended to make the story get \"under the skin\" of players, and allow the player and the player character to understand the game world in tandem, and progress together.[57] Among other influences for the series were writers Isaac Asimov and Kurt Vonnegut; Uchikoshi felt that 90% of any creative work consists of pieces from others' works, and that the remaining 10% is creativity, with the result being worthwhile hinging on how well a writer can incorporate their influences with their own ideas.[2]Uchikoshi prioritized storylines over characters,[58] and used the feeling of discomfort as the foundation of the narrative.[59] He first came up with a setting, and then made characters along with the drama and stories behind them. After this, he decided on the core of the game's story, and created a flowchart based on it, which became the \"bone structure of the story\".[60] According to Uchikoshi, it did not matter that the setups of the games were far-fetched, as long as their internal logic worked; he said that as long as the story is interesting and immersive, implausible situations feel plausible to the player. On the other hand, he felt that if he had specifically tried to make it more plausible, by forcing explanations that justify the situations, the story would become boring and the implausible would look even more implausible. Instead, he chose to rely on players' imagination, saying that players can make things seem plausible in ways he had not even imagined himself. One thing he did to make the stories more believable was adding concepts such as Schrödinger's cat, which he felt added flavor and kept players wondering whether a particular concept could be the main idea of the game; he felt that when players wonder that, it makes the story feel more real, as they create the game world in their minds.[2]After deciding on the story and the main character, he would balance the characters, in terms of genders, personalities, and ages represented; when making character personalities, he used the Enneagram of Personality as reference, which classifies people into nine groups;[61][62] the decision to do this came from the importance of the number \"9\" in the storyline of 999.[42] An important thing to him when making characters was to create a mystery behind them, to make players curious about who the characters are and what their pasts are like.[60] Another important element was the use of misdirection: by deliberately making certain characters seem like bad people, he would aim to get players to focus on them more, making it more difficult for them to see who the \"real bad guy\" is.[2] He aimed to not give the player characters strong personalities, in order to make it easier for players to empathize with them.[58] He chose to have the games be played from a first person perspective as he felt it makes for \"a stronger impact\" and is more interesting than a third person perspective; it was also used to limit the information that is available to the player in a realistic way, as the player only knows what they experience or are told. Because the player characters in most games can die many times, Uchikoshi felt that video game characters' deaths may be taken lightly, which he saw as a weak point in games. To combat this, he focused on trying to get players to want to keep the story alive, rather than trying to keep the player character alive; as a result of wanting to keep the story going, players would also avoid the death of their character.[2]When writing the stories, he started with their twist endings, and then worked his way back from that.[63] He designed the flow of the story by using a spreadsheet, and wrote prototypes of potential outcomes of the different scenarios in the game; after this, he matched it with the flowchart he had made, and came up with the details of each story.[2] As he wrote each scene, he imagined what the player might be thinking as they play through it, and decided what to write based on it; this was one of the most important things to him when writing.[48] A key element to Uchikoshi when writing the outcomes of player decisions is that the importance of the decision usually is much greater after the player has made it, with the consequences only being revealed later on as the player learns more information; this was to maintain the high suspense level, and to avoid situations where choices end up not actually mattering. One big challenge for him was to maintain player interest through all branches; he tried to have each branch develop differently, as to avoid repetition and fatigue, and keep the player motivated.[2] While he came up with the set-up, the setting, and the characters on his own, he had a sub-writer helping him with writing the second game, and two sub-writers for the third game. They would help with brainstorming ideas and finding what does not work so well and how to improve scenarios.[56]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_philosophical_personal-43"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ann_interview-64"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_philosophical_personal-43"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panel_Discussion-57"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usgamer_inside_genesis-49"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_rabbit_hole-61"},{"link_name":"Japanese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_writing_system"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_suspenseful-42"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Puzzles","text":"The Escape sequences were made to appeal to the players' instinctive desires; Uchikoshi wanted the player to experience the instinctive pleasure of \"I found it!\".[42] For the puzzles, Uchikoshi would think about the details within the overall story, and the gimmicks and props found in the game; after deciding on them, they were integrated with the puzzles.[63] He would also use puzzle-related websites as reference.[42] He did not handle puzzle design himself, instead leaving a lot of the direction to other staff, and checking it multiple times.[56] Because of the puzzle–story integration, the development team tried to avoid situations where the player gets stuck due to being unable to solve a puzzle, by including hints that would appear if the player repeatedly clicked on items; as the player continues clicking, the hints get more obvious, to the point of almost revealing the solution outright. In the second game, a difficulty setting was added, with puzzles being easier to solve on lower settings.[48]While the first game was in 2D, the second game features 3D graphics; this change affected the puzzle creation, as the development team could choose to layer objects behind each other or have them all visible at once.[60] As the second game was made with a worldwide release in mind, Japanese characters and references to Japanese culture were avoided in the puzzle design; the puzzles ended up using numbers a lot since they are internationally used symbols.[41] For the iOS version of the first game, the puzzles were removed and replaced with new story sequences; this was done as the development team wanted to reach people who are not good at solving puzzles, or who do not play games at all and who might not have a game console. However, according to Uchikoshi, the staff felt that the game was incomplete without the puzzle sequences of the original version.[64]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"localized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_localization"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technology_tell_interview-66"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(company)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siliconera_philosophical_personal-43"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technology_tell_interview-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technology_tell_interview-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technology_tell_interview-66"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN_ZE3-56"}],"text":"The series is localized by Aksys Games;[65] Chunsoft was first introduced to Aksys through Spike, when Chunsoft was looking for a company that could publish the first game in the United States.[42] During Aksys' evaluation period of it, many people at the company did not believe in the game and turned it down; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese, it was difficult for them to determine whether a game was good or not. Eventually, they decided to localize it, which was considered a big risk for the company. They worked by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese version, opting to make dialogue sound like what a native speaker would say rather than strictly adhering to the Japanese wording. Ben Bateman, the editor of the first two games' localizations, did this by looking at the writing from a wider view, examining it line by line or scene by scene, rather than word by word or sentence by sentence, and thinking about how to convey the same idea in English. Most parts of the games that include a joke in the localization also have a joke in the Japanese versions, but a different one; Bateman did try to make similar types of jokes with similar contents and ideas. He was given mostly free rein in what he could change or add to the writing, as long as it did not disrupt the plot.[65]The biggest challenge with localizing the series was to keep track of everything, as the games feature branching paths, and the characters learn different things in different branches, affecting word choices and attitudes. While a lot of this had been taken care of by Spike Chunsoft, many parts of the game required different word choices in English depending on if a character knew of a particular thing or not; in these cases, the localization team had to track the story backwards. During the projects, Aksys Games would do email correspondence with Spike Chunsoft, to make sure that they conveyed the message of the games as intended.[65] The title Zero Escape was decided on during the localization of the second game, when the localization team wanted to create a \"branding umbrella\" for both games. They chose the title based on what they thought defines the first two games and is common to both of them, concluding that it was the character Zero and how both games involve \"a dangerous escape\"; the title also has the double meaning of \"you have zero chance to escape\".[66] The title was later used as part of the Japanese title for Zero Time Dilemma,[67] and replaced the previous Japanese title Kyokugen Dasshutsu for the re-release of Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors and Virtue's Last Reward.[68]For the first game, a big challenge was getting the localization done in time; Nobara Nakayama, the game's translator, worked on it for 30 days, and the editing process took two months. Because of this, Bateman had to do most of the work \"on the fly\". Nakayama had started playing the game prior to starting work on the localization, but did not finish playing it until she was more than halfway through translating it; after learning that the plot hinged on a Japanese pun, they had to halt the localization, discuss it with Uchikoshi, come up with a solution, and go through the whole game to make sure that it still made sense. The second game took around three months to translate and four months to edit. A big challenge in localizing it was catching the several subtle hints to the game's ending that appear throughout the story.[65] Unlike the previous two Zero Escape titles, the North American version of the third game was produced alongside the Japanese version.[55]","title":"Localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Destructoid_999_Review-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hardcore_Gamer_999_Review-82"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panel_Discussion-57"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zero_Escape_3_hiatus-50"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NWR_999_Review-2"},{"link_name":"Gamasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamasutra_storytelling_secrets-3"},{"link_name":"Destructoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructoid"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destructoid_vlr_review-38"},{"link_name":"1UP.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up_999_interview-4"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1UP_VLR_Review-86"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-999_famitsu-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlr_3ds_famitsu-13"},{"link_name":"Jason Schreier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Schreier"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"tropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(website)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired_999-88"},{"link_name":"Gamasutra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra"},{"link_name":"Game Developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired_999-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"The Zero Escape series has been positively received by critics, with the first two games in the series attaining perfect scores in reviews from various publications.[80][81] Uchikoshi noted that the positive reception of 999 from international fans outside of Japan directly influenced the development of Virtue's Last Reward.[56] Meanwhile, the series has been a commercial failure in Japan, with the first two games underperforming;[49] in their respective debut years in Japan, the first game sold 27,762 copies,[82] and the second sold 14,023 copies across Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita.[83] As of July 2018, the series has sold over 500,000 copies worldwide.[84]Several critics have praised the series' stories: Andy Goergen of Nintendo World Report commented on how 999 \"truly expands what narrative video games can be capable of\",[1] and Christian Nutt at Gamasutra said that Uchikoshi is \"pushing the boundaries of what video game narrative can be\".[2] Tony Ponce of Destructoid called 999 \"one of the greatest videogame tales ever told\", and a great example of how engaging and powerful narratives in video games can be.[37] Bob Mackey of 1UP.com featured 999 on a list of \"must-play\" Nintendo DS visual novels, citing its story and themes as being among the darkest on a Nintendo platform,[3] and called Virtue's Last Reward \"one of the biggest, boldest visual novels to ever hit America\".[85] Writers for Famitsu liked the tense story and the sense of accomplishment when solving puzzles in 999,[8] and the intertwined story and flowchart system in Virtue's Last Reward.[12] Jason Schreier of Kotaku included both 999 and Virtue's Last Reward on a list of \"must-play\" visual novels worth playing even for people who do not like anime tropes.[86] Schreier also wrote for Wired, calling 999's narrative \"innovative\" and saying that he liked the game's ending and cast, but that he thought that some of the game's prose was \"sloppy\" and that there was no sense of real danger.[87]Reception of the games' puzzle sections has been more mixed. Virtue's Last Reward was featured on Gamasutra's and Game Developer's jointly created list of the ten best games of 2012 for having storytelling as gameplay rather than aside from gameplay.[88] Schreier disliked having to repeat puzzles in each playthrough of 999.[87] Mike Manson of Nintendo Life and John McCaroll of RPGFan found problems with the controls used in the puzzle sections of Virtue's Last Reward.[89][90] Austin Boosinger of Adventure Gamers felt that while the puzzles in Virtue's Last Reward were thematically appropriate, he thought they were \"relatively uninspired in their variety\" and that not many of them were fun or engaging.[91]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ For the initial release of Virtue's Last Reward.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"An Escape section in Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors. The player escapes rooms by solving puzzles, which involves finding and combining items.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/999_Screenshot.png/200px-999_Screenshot.png"},{"image_text":"The series is directed and written by Kotaro Uchikoshi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kotaro_Uchikoshi_at_Anime_Expo_2016%2C_cropped.jpg/180px-Kotaro_Uchikoshi_at_Anime_Expo_2016%2C_cropped.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Goergen, Andy (May 9, 2011). \"Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors Review -A horror-mystery so nice, you'll play it thrice, twice\". Nintendo World Report. NINWR, LLC. Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Meyer | John W. Meyer | ["1 Education and career","2 Research","3 Selected publications","4 Awards and recognition","5 References","6 External links"] | American sociologist and professor
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John Wilfred Meyer (born 1935) is a sociologist and emeritus professor at Stanford University. Beginning in the 1970s and continuing to the present day, Meyer has contributed fundamental ideas to the field of sociology, especially in the areas of education, organizations, and global and transnational sociology. He is best known for the development of the neo-institutional perspective on globalization, known as world society or World Polity Theory. In 2015, he became the recipient of American Sociological Association's highest honor - W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award.
Education and career
Meyer received his B.A. in Psychology from Goshen College, located in Goshen, Indiana in 1955; his M.A. in Sociology from the University of Colorado in 1957; and his Ph.D. in Sociology from Columbia University in 1965. Since 1966, he has been a professor at Stanford University (emeritus since 2001).
Research
Most mainstream sociological perspectives are realist in orientation, building explanations around concrete actors and particular interests. By contrast, the Meyerian perspective is phenomenologically oriented. It stresses the dependence of local social organization on institutionalized models and definitions, promulgated by professionals and associations to promote collective goods. The dependence involved is more than causal influence. In the Meyerian view, institutional environments constitute local structures – establishing and defining their core entities, purposes, and interrelationships. Enacted models thus are often decoupled from local circumstances.
Meyer initially developed the general perspective in the context of schooling. Departing from conventional views, Meyer envisioned schools as embodiments of collective myth and ceremonial administration, deeply bound to Modern narratives of progress and justice. His framework, developed with Francisco O. Ramirez and others, reveals the profound extent to which local school arrangements depend on broader social institutions to supply their form and function.
He next applied his ideas to the field of organizations. He helped pioneer the sociological new institutionalism, stressing the role of loose coupling in organizational behavior and the conditions under which the diffusion of practices takes place (e.g. Organizational Environments, with W. Richard Scott, Sage 1983). A primary contention is that formal organizations incorporate institutionalized practices and procedures in order to maintain legitimacy. Organizations that align with the myths supplied by their institutional environments increase their survival prospects, even when doing so costs them internal coherence.
The third area in which Meyer's work has had broad influence, and the area in which his ideas may finally have their most durable impact, is in the analysis of world society. In 1980, he coined the term "world polity" to describe the stateless character of the international system and distinguish a civil society approach to globalization from existing world-systems analysis. Meyer and coauthors John Boli, Francisco O. Ramirez, and George M. Thomas applied insights from his analyses of organizations to the global level, showing that even nation-states are constituted, shaped, and restructured by forces operating in their enveloping institutional environments. This line of work uniquely accounts for several peculiar features of global change that other perspectives fail to notice: structural isomorphism; rapid, worldwide change in the nature and purposes of states in regard to environmentalism, the status of women, etc.; the decoupling of national development plans and programs from specific local conditions; and so on. The development of this theoretical paradigm has motivated much of Meyer's later work. Accordingly, Meyer's earlier interests in schooling and organizations were subsequently explored in the context of world society, e.g. the influences of modern world practices on educational systems and their expansion over time.
Over the course of his career, Meyer has authored or co-authored more than 200 scholarly articles and books. In 2009, Georg Krücken and Gili S. Drori edited a retrospective of Meyer's work entitled World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer. Currently, he is studying the impact of the human rights regime worldwide, and the impact of global society on national states and societies.
Selected publications
1977. "The Effects of Education as an Institution." American Journal of Sociology 83: 55–77.
1977. "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony" (with Brian Rowan). American Journal of Sociology 83: 340–63.
1980. "The World Polity and the Authority of the Nation-State." In A. Bergesen (ed.), Studies of the Modern World-System. Academic Press: 109–37.
1984. "The Expansion of the State" (with George M. Thomas). Annual Review of Sociology 10: 461–82.
1985. "Explaining the Origins and Expansion of Mass Education" (with John Boli and Francisco O. Ramirez). Comparative Education Review 29: 145–68.
1992. "World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870-1970" (with Francisco O. Ramirez and Yasemin N. Soysal). Sociology of Education 65: 128–49.
1993. "Institutional Conditions for Diffusion" (with David Strang). Theory and Society 22: 487–511.
1997. "World Society and the Nation-State" (with John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez). American Journal of Sociology 103: 144–81.
2000. "The 'Actors' of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency" (with Ronald Jepperson). Sociological Theory 18: 100–20.
2002. "The Profusion of Individual Roles and Identities in the Post-War Period” (with David John Frank). Sociological Theory 20: 86-105.
2003. Science in the Modern World Polity: Institutionalization and Globalization (with Gili S. Drori, Francisco O. Ramirez, and Evan Schofer). Stanford University Press.
2006. Globalization and Organizations (with Gili S. Drori and Hokyu Hwang). Oxford University Press.
2006. "Scientization: Making a World Safe for Organizing" (with Gili S. Drori). In M.-L. Djelic and K. Sahlin-Andersson (eds.), Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation. Cambridge University Press.
2006. "Student Achievement and National Economic Growth" (with Francisco O. Ramirez, Xiaowei Luo, and Evan Schofer). American Journal of Education vol. 113.
2007. “University Expansion and the Knowledge Society” (with David John Frank). Theory and Society 36: 287–311.
2009. World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer (edited by Georg Krücken and Gili S. Drori). Oxford University Press.
2010. "World Society, Institutional Theories, and the Actor." Annual Review of Sociology 36: 1-20.
Awards and recognition
Meyer has won numerous awards based on his research and service. They include:
W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award from the American Sociological Association, 2015
Election to the National Academy of Education
Distinguished Career Award from the Global and Transnational Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association 2011
Honorary Doctorate of Sociology from the University of Lucerne 2007
Honorary Doctorate of Sociology from the University of Bielefeld 2006
Graduate Service Recognition Award, GSPB, Stanford University 2001
Honorary Doctorate of Economics from Stockholm School of Economics 1996
Waller Award for Lifetime Contributions to the Sociology of Education from the American Sociological Association's Sociology of Education Section 1995
References
^ Stanford University (2016) 'John Meyer | Department of Sociology'. https://sociology.stanford.edu/people/john-meyer
^ Stanford University (2009) FSI | CDDRL - CDDRL faculty team receives grant to study globalization, citizenship, and education.
^ Wimmer, Andreas (2021-05-01). "Domains of Diffusion: How Culture and Institutions Travel around the World and with What Consequences". American Journal of Sociology. 126 (6): 1389–1438. doi:10.1086/714273. ISSN 0002-9602. S2CID 235372380. Archived from the original on 2021-10-03. Retrieved 2021-10-03.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ Stanford University (2016) 'FSI - John Meyer'. http://fsi.stanford.edu/people/John_Meyer
^ 1977. "Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony" (with Brian Rowan). American Journal of Sociology 83: 340-63
^ 1980. "The World Polity and the Authority of the Nation-State." In A. Bergesen (ed.), Studies of the Modern World-System. Academic Press: 109-37.
^ 1997. "World Society and the Nation-State" (with John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez). American Journal of Sociology 103: 144-81.
^ Stanford University (2016) 'John W. Meyer'. https://explorecourses.stanford.edu/instructor/meyer
^ Stanford Comparative Sociology Workshop (2003) 'papers'. https://web.stanford.edu/group/csw/papers.html Archived 2017-07-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ "American Sociological Association: W.E.B. DuBois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award". Archived from the original on 2015-11-20. Retrieved 2015-11-23.
^ Stanford University (2015) 'John W. Meyer Receives the 2015 W.E.B. DuBois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award | Department of Sociology'. https://sociology.stanford.edu/news/john-w-meyer-receives-2015-web-dubois-career-distinguished-scholarship-award
^ "Honorary Doctorates - University of Lucerne". www.unilu.ch. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
^ Krücken, Georg; Leisering, Lutz (2006). "Laudation on Prof. em. John W. Meyer, Stanford University". Soziologie. 35 (4): 512–517. doi:10.1007/s11617-006-0090-z. S2CID 141513787.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to John W. Meyer.
http://cddrl.stanford.edu/people/johnmeyer/ Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
https://web.archive.org/web/20110928055412/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/staff/2169/John_Meyer-CV.pdf
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sociologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociologist"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Polity Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Polity_Theory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois_Career_of_Distinguished_Scholarship_Award"}],"text":"John Wilfred Meyer (born 1935) is a sociologist and emeritus professor at Stanford University.[1] Beginning in the 1970s and continuing to the present day, Meyer has contributed fundamental ideas to the field of sociology, especially in the areas of education, organizations, and global and transnational sociology. He is best known for the development of the neo-institutional perspective on globalization, known as world society or World Polity Theory.[2][3] In 2015, he became the recipient of American Sociological Association's highest honor - W.E.B. Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Award.","title":"John W. Meyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goshen College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen_College"},{"link_name":"Goshen, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshen,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"}],"text":"Meyer received his B.A. in Psychology from Goshen College, located in Goshen, Indiana in 1955; his M.A. in Sociology from the University of Colorado in 1957; and his Ph.D. in Sociology from Columbia University in 1965. Since 1966, he has been a professor at Stanford University (emeritus since 2001).","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"new institutionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_institutionalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"loose coupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_coupling"},{"link_name":"world polity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Polity_Theory"},{"link_name":"world-systems analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Georg Krücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kr%C3%BCcken"}],"text":"Most mainstream sociological perspectives are realist in orientation, building explanations around concrete actors and particular interests. By contrast, the Meyerian perspective is phenomenologically oriented. It stresses the dependence of local social organization on institutionalized models and definitions, promulgated by professionals and associations to promote collective goods. The dependence involved is more than causal influence. In the Meyerian view, institutional environments constitute local structures – establishing and defining their core entities, purposes, and interrelationships. Enacted models thus are often decoupled from local circumstances.[4]Meyer initially developed the general perspective in the context of schooling. Departing from conventional views, Meyer envisioned schools as embodiments of collective myth and ceremonial administration, deeply bound to Modern narratives of progress and justice. His framework, developed with Francisco O. Ramirez and others, reveals the profound extent to which local school arrangements depend on broader social institutions to supply their form and function.He next applied his ideas to the field of organizations. He helped pioneer the sociological new institutionalism,[5] stressing the role of loose coupling in organizational behavior and the conditions under which the diffusion of practices takes place (e.g. Organizational Environments, with W. Richard Scott, Sage 1983). A primary contention is that formal organizations incorporate institutionalized practices and procedures in order to maintain legitimacy. Organizations that align with the myths supplied by their institutional environments increase their survival prospects, even when doing so costs them internal coherence.The third area in which Meyer's work has had broad influence, and the area in which his ideas may finally have their most durable impact, is in the analysis of world society. In 1980, he coined the term \"world polity\" to describe the stateless character of the international system and distinguish a civil society approach to globalization from existing world-systems analysis.[6] Meyer and coauthors John Boli, Francisco O. Ramirez, and George M. Thomas applied insights from his analyses of organizations to the global level, showing that even nation-states are constituted, shaped, and restructured by forces operating in their enveloping institutional environments.[7] This line of work uniquely accounts for several peculiar features of global change that other perspectives fail to notice: structural isomorphism; rapid, worldwide change in the nature and purposes of states in regard to environmentalism, the status of women, etc.; the decoupling of national development plans and programs from specific local conditions; and so on. The development of this theoretical paradigm has motivated much of Meyer's later work. Accordingly, Meyer's earlier interests in schooling and organizations were subsequently explored in the context of world society, e.g. the influences of modern world practices on educational systems and their expansion over time.[8]Over the course of his career, Meyer has authored or co-authored more than 200 scholarly articles and books.[9] In 2009, Georg Krücken and Gili S. Drori edited a retrospective of Meyer's work entitled World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer. Currently, he is studying the impact of the human rights regime worldwide, and the impact of global society on national states and societies.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1977. \"The Effects of Education as an Institution.\" American Journal of Sociology 83: 55–77.\n1977. \"Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony\" (with Brian Rowan). American Journal of Sociology 83: 340–63.\n1980. \"The World Polity and the Authority of the Nation-State.\" In A. Bergesen (ed.), Studies of the Modern World-System. Academic Press: 109–37.\n1984. \"The Expansion of the State\" (with George M. Thomas). Annual Review of Sociology 10: 461–82.\n1985. \"Explaining the Origins and Expansion of Mass Education\" (with John Boli and Francisco O. Ramirez). Comparative Education Review 29: 145–68.\n1992. \"World Expansion of Mass Education, 1870-1970\" (with Francisco O. Ramirez and Yasemin N. Soysal). Sociology of Education 65: 128–49.\n1993. \"Institutional Conditions for Diffusion\" (with David Strang). Theory and Society 22: 487–511.\n1997. \"World Society and the Nation-State\" (with John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco O. Ramirez). American Journal of Sociology 103: 144–81.\n2000. \"The 'Actors' of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency\" (with Ronald Jepperson). Sociological Theory 18: 100–20.\n2002. \"The Profusion of Individual Roles and Identities in the Post-War Period” (with David John Frank). Sociological Theory 20: 86-105.\n2003. Science in the Modern World Polity: Institutionalization and Globalization (with Gili S. Drori, Francisco O. Ramirez, and Evan Schofer). Stanford University Press.\n2006. Globalization and Organizations (with Gili S. Drori and Hokyu Hwang). Oxford University Press.\n2006. \"Scientization: Making a World Safe for Organizing\" (with Gili S. Drori). In M.-L. Djelic and K. Sahlin-Andersson (eds.), Transnational Governance: Institutional Dynamics of Regulation. Cambridge University Press.\n2006. \"Student Achievement and National Economic Growth\" (with Francisco O. Ramirez, Xiaowei Luo, and Evan Schofer). American Journal of Education vol. 113.\n2007. “University Expansion and the Knowledge Society” (with David John Frank). Theory and Society 36: 287–311.\n2009. World Society: The Writings of John W. Meyer (edited by Georg Krücken and Gili S. Drori). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Bulgarians | Bulgars | ["1 Etymology and origin","2 History","2.1 Turkic migration","2.2 Old Great Bulgaria","2.3 Subsequent migrations","3 Society","3.1 Social structure","3.2 Religion","4 Language","4.1 Phonology","5 Ethnicity","6 Anthropology and genetics","7 Legacy","8 See also","9 Citations","10 General and cited sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"] | Turkic tribal confederation
Not to be confused with Bulgarians or Bulgarian Turks.
Bulgars led by Khan Krum pursue the Byzantines at the Battle of Versinikia (813)
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 5th-7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers believe that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia.
During their westward migration across the Eurasian Steppe, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other tribal groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis, including Iranic, Finno-Ugric, and Hunnic tribes. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, the Bulgar language of the Oghuric branch. They preserved the military titles, organization, and customs of Eurasian steppes as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra.
The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 7th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of Old Great Bulgaria c. 630–635, which was defeated by the Khazar Empire in 668 AD. In 681, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the Danubian Bulgaria – the First Bulgarian Empire, where the Bulgars became a political and military elite. They merged subsequently with established Byzantine populations, as well as with previously settled Slavic tribes, and were eventually Slavicized, thus becoming one of the ancestors of modern Bulgarians.
The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 7th century to the Volga River, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria; they preserved their identity well into the 13th century. The modern Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvash people claim to have originated from the Volga Bulgars.
Etymology and origin
The etymology of the ethnonym Bulgar is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD. Since the work of Tomaschek (1873), it is generally said to be derived from Proto-Turkic root *bulga- ("to stir", "to mix"; "to become mixed"), which with the consonant suffix -r implies a noun meaning "mixed".
Other scholars have added that bulğa might also imply "stir", "disturb", "confuse" and Talat Tekin interpreted bulgar as the verb form "mixing" (i.e. rather than the adjective "mixed"). Both Gyula Németh and Peter Benjamin Golden initially advocated the "mixed race" theory, but later, like Paul Pelliot, considered that "to incite", "rebel", or "to produce a state of disorder", i.e. the "disturbers", was a more likely etymology for migrating nomads.
According to Osman Karatay, if the "mixed" etymology relied on the westward migration of the Oğurs, meeting and merging with the Huns, north of the Black Sea, it was a faulty theory, since the Oghurs were documented in Europe as early as 463, while the Bulgars were not mentioned until 482 – an overly short time period for any such ethnogenesis to occur.
However, the "mixing" in question may have occurred before the Bulgars migrated from further east, and scholars such as Sanping Chen have noted analogous groups in Inner Asia, with phonologically similar names, who were frequently described in similar terms: during the 4th century, the Buluoji (Middle Chinese b'uo-lak-kiei), a component of the "Five Barbarian" groups in Ancient China, were portrayed as both a "mixed race" and "troublemakers". Peter A. Boodberg noted that the Buluoji in the Chinese sources were recorded as remnants of the Xiongnu confederation, and had strong Caucasian elements.
Another theory linking the Bulgars to a Turkic people of Inner Asia has been put forward by Boris Simeonov, who identified them with the Pugu (僕骨; buk/buok kwət; Buqut), a Tiele and/or Toquz Oguz tribe. The Pugu were mentioned in Chinese sources from 103 BC up to the 8th century AD, and later were situated among the eastern Tiele tribes, as one of the highest-ranking tribes after the Uyghurs.
According to the Chronicle by Michael the Syrian, which comprises several historical events of different age into one story, three mythical Scythian brothers set out on a journey from the mountain Imaon (Tian Shan) in Asia and reached the river Tanais (Don), the country of the Alans called Barsalia, which would be later inhabited by the Bulgars and the Pugurs (Puguraje).
The names Onoğur and Bulgar were linked by later Byzantine sources for reasons that are unclear.Tekin derived -gur from the Altaic suffix -gir. Generally, modern scholars consider the terms oğuz or oğur, as generic terms for Turkic tribal confederations, to be derived from Turkic *og/uq, meaning "kinship or being akin to". The terms initially were not the same, as oq/ogsiz meant "arrow", while oğul meant "offspring, child, son", oğuš/uğuš was "tribe, clan", and the verb oğša-/oqša meant "to be like, resemble".
There also appears to be an etymological association between the Bulgars and the preceding Kutrigur (Kuturgur > Quturğur > *Toqur(o)ğur < toqur; "nine" in Proto-Bulgar; toquz in Common Turkic) and Utigur (Uturgur > Uturğur < utur/otur; "thirty" in Proto-Bulgar; otuz in Common Turkic) – as 'Oğur (Oghur) tribes, with the ethnonym Bulgar as a "spreading" adjective. Golden considered the origin of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be obscure and their relationship to the Onogurs and Bulgars – who lived in similar areas at the same time – as unclear.
He noted, however, an implication that the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were related to the Šarağur (šara oğur, shara oghur; "white oğhurs"), and that according to Procopius these were Hunnish tribal unions, of partly Cimmerian descent. Karatay considered the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be two related, ancestral people, and prominent tribes in the later Bulgar union, but different from the Bulgars.
Among many other theories regarding the etymology of Bulgar, the following have also had limited support.
an Eastern Germanic root meaning "combative" (i.e. cognate with the Latin pugnax), according to D. Detschev;
the Latin burgaroi – a Roman term mercenaries stationed in burgi ("forts") on the limes (G. A. Keramopulos);
a reconstructed but unattested early Turkic term meaning "five oğhur", such as *bel-gur or *bil-gur (Zeki Velidi Togan).
History
Turkic migration
Further information: Turkic migration and HunsA 1926 painting depicting Kubrat (in center), ruler of Great Bulgaria.Part of a series on the
History of Bulgaria
Odrysian kingdom 460 BC – 46 AD
Roman times 46–681
Dark Ages c. 6th–7th cent.
Old Great Bulgaria 7th cent., 632–668
First Bulgarian Empire 681–1018
Christianization
Golden Age 896–927
Cometopuli dynasty 968–1018
Byzantine Bulgaria 1018–1185
Second Bulgarian Empire 1185–1396
Second Golden Age 1230–1241
Mongol invasion 1274–1300
Darman and Kudelin 1273–1291
Recovery and expansion 1300–1371
Fragmentation and fall 1371–1396
Vidin
Dobruja
Lovech
Ottoman Bulgaria 1396–1878
Resistance after 1413
National Revival 1762–1878
Early
Late
Establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate 1870
April Uprising 1876
Liberation War 1877–1878
Third Bulgarian State 1878–present
Serbo-Bulgarian War 1885
Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 1903
Balkan Wars 1912–1913
World War I 1915–1918
World War II 1941–1945
Communist era 1946–1990
Transition era since 1990
List of monarchs
Military history
Struggle for Macedonia 1893–1944
Main category Bulgaria portalvteThe origin of the early Bulgars is still unclear. Their homeland is believed to be situated in Kazakhstan and the North Caucasian steppes. Interaction with the Hunnic tribes, causing the migration, may have occurred there, but the Pontic–Caspian steppe seems a more likely location. Some scholars propose that the Bulgars may have been a branch or offshoot of the Huns or at least Huns seem to have been absorbed by the Onogur-Bulgars after Dengizich's death. Hyun Jin Kim however, argues that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the Kutrigur and Utigur Hunno-Bulgars. These conclusions remain a topic of ongoing debate and controversy among scholars.
The first clear mention and evidence of the Bulgars was in 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor Zeno (474–491) against the Ostrogoths. Anachronistic references about them can also be found in the 7th-century geography work Ashkharatsuyts by Anania Shirakatsi, where the Kup'i Bulgar, Duč'i Bulkar, Olxontor Błkar and immigrant Č'dar Bulkar tribes are mentioned as being in the North Caucasian-Kuban steppes. An obscure reference to Ziezi ex quo Vulgares, with Ziezi being an offspring of Biblical Shem, is in the Chronography of 354.
According to D. Dimitrov, the 5th-century History of Armenia by Movses Khorenatsi speaks about two migrations of the Bulgars, from Caucasus to Armenia. The first migration is mentioned in the association with the campaign of Armenian ruler Valarshak (probably Varazdat) to the lands "named Basen by the ancients... and which were afterwards populated by immigrants of the vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, after whose name they (the lands) were named Vanand".
The second migration took place during the time of the ruler Arshak III, when "great disturbances occurred in the range of the great Caucasus mountain, in the land of the Bulgars, many of whom migrated and came to our lands and settled south of Kokh". Both migrations are dated to the second half of the 4th century AD. The "disturbances" which caused them are believed to be the expansion of the Huns in the East-European steppes. Dimitrov recorded that the toponyms of the Bolha and Vorotan rivers, tributaries of the Aras river, are known as Bolgaru-chaj and Vanand-chaj, and could confirm the Bulgar settlement of Armenia.
Around 463 AD, the Akatziroi and other tribes that had been part of the Hunnic union were attacked by the Šarağurs, one of the first Oğuric Turkic tribes that entered the Ponto-Caspian steppes as the result of migrations set off in Inner Asia. According to Priscus, in 463 the representatives of Šarağur, Oğur and Onoğur came to the Emperor in Constantinople, and explained they had been driven out of their homeland by the Sabirs, who had been attacked by the Avars. This tangle of events indicates that the Oğuric tribes are related to the Ting-ling and Tiele people. It seems that Kutrigurs and Unigurs arrived with the initial waves of Oğuric peoples entering the Pontic steppes. The Bulgars were not mentioned in 463.
The account by Paul the Deacon in his History of the Lombards (8th century) says that at the beginning of the 5th century in the North-Western slopes of the Carpathians the Vulgares killed the Lombard king Agelmund. Scholars attribute this account to the Huns, Avars or some Bulgar groups were probably carried away by the Huns to the Central Europe. The Lombards, led by their new king Laimicho, rose up and defeated the Bulgars with great slaughter, gaining great booty and confidence as they "became bolder in undertaking the toils of war."
The defeated Bulgars then became subjects of the Lombards and later migrated in Italy with their king Alboin. When the army of Ostrogoth chieftain Theodoric Strabo grew to 30,000-men strong, it was felt as a menace to Byzantine Emperor Zeno, who somehow managed to convince the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths. The Bulgars were eventually defeated by Strabo in 480/481. In 486 and 488 they fought against the Goths again, first as allies of the Byzantium, according to Magnus Felix Ennodius, and later as allies of the Gepids, according to Paul the Deacon. However, when Theoderic the Great with Ostrogoths parted for Italy in 489, the Illyricum and Thrace were open for Bulgar raids.
In 493, according to Marcellinus Comes, they defeated and killed magister militum Julian. In 499, crossed Danube and reached Thrace where on the banks of the river Tzurta (considered a tributary of Maritsa) defeated 15,000 men strong Roman army led by magister militum Aristus. In 502, Bulgars again devastated Thrace as reportedly there were no Roman soldiers to oppose them. In 528–529 again invaded the region and defeated Roman generals Justin and Baduarius. However, Gothic general, Mundus, offered allegiance to the Emperor Justinian I (527–565) in 530, and managed to kill 5,000 Bulgars plundering Thrace. John Malalas recorded that in the battle was captured Bulgar warlord. In 535, magister militum Sittas defeated the Bulgar army at the river Yantra.
Ennodius, Jordanes and Procopius identified the Bulgars with the Huns in a 6th-century literary topos, in which Ennodius referred to a captured Bulgar horse as "equum Huniscum". In 505, the alleged 10,000 Hun horsemen in the Sabinian army, which was defeated by the Ostrogoths, are believed to be the Bulgars. In 515, Bulgar mercenaries were listed along with others from the Goths, Scythians and Hunnic tribes as part of the Vitalian army. In 539, two Hunnic "kinglets" defeated two Roman generals during the raid into Scythia Minor and Moesia.
A Roman army led by magister militum Ascum and Constantiolus intercepted and defeated them in Thrace, however, another raiding party ambushed and captured two Roman generals. In 539 and 540, Procopius reported a powerful Hunnic army crossed the Danube, devastated Illyricum and reached up to the Anastasian Wall. Such large distances covered in short time indicate they were horsemen.
Jordanes described, in his work Getica (551), the Pontic steppe beyond the Acatziri, above the Pontic Sea, as the habitat of the Bulgari, "whom the evils of our sins have made famous". In this region, the Hunni divided into two tribes: the Altziagiri (who trade and live next to Cherson) and Saviri, while the Hunuguri (believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the marten skin trade. In the Middle Ages, marten skin was used as a substitute for minted money.
The Syriac translation of Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor's Ecclesiastical History (c. 555) in Western Eurasia records:
The land Bazgun... extends up to the Caspian Gates and to the sea, which are in the Hunnish lands. Beyond the gates live the Burgars (Bulgars), who have their language, and are people pagan and barbarian. They have towns. And the Alans – they have five towns... Avnagur (Aunagur, considered Onoğurs) are people, who live in tents
Then he records 13 tribes, the wngwr (Onogur), wgr (Oğur), sbr (Sabir), bwrgr (Burğa, i.e. Bulgar), kwrtrgr (Kutriğurs), br (probably Vars, also known as the Avars), ksr (Kasr; possibly Akatziri), srwrgwr (Saragur), dyrmr (unknown), b'grsyq (Bagrasir, i.e. Barsil), kwls (unknown), bdl (probably Abdali), and ftlyt (Hephthalite) ... They are described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who "live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)".
Agathias (c. 579–582) wrote:
...all of them are called in general Scythians and Huns in particular according to their nation. Thus, some are Koutrigours or Outigours and yet others are Oultizurs and Bourougounds... the Oultizurs and Bourougounds were known up to the time of the Emperor Leo (457–474) and the Romans of that time and appeared to have been strong. We, however, in this day, neither know them, nor, I think, will we. Perhaps, they have perished or perhaps they have moved off to very far place.
According to D. Dimitrov, scholars partially managed to identify and locate the Bulgar groups mentioned in the Armenian Ashkharatsuyts. The Olxontor Błkar is one of the variations used for the Onoğurs Bulgars, while others could be related to the ancient river names, such as the Kup'i Bulgar and the Kuban (Kuphis). The Duč'i could read Kuchi Bulkar and as such could be related to the Dnieper (Kocho). However, the Č'dar Bulkar location is unclear. Dimitrov theorized that the differences in the Bulgar ethnonym could be due to the dialect differentiations in their language.
By the middle of the 6th century, the Bulgars momentarily fade from the sources and the Kutrigurs and Utigurs come to the front. Between 548 and 576, mostly due to Justinian I (527–565), through diplomatic persuasion and bribery the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were drawn into mutual warfare, decimating one another. In the end, the Kutrigurs were overwhelmed by the Avars, while the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turks.
The Oğurs and Onoğurs, in the 6th- and 7th-century sources, were mentioned mostly in connection with the Avar and Turk conquest of Western Eurasia. From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. Agathon (early 8th century) wrote about the nation of Onoğurs Bulğars. Nikephoros I (early 9th century) noted that Kubrat was the lord of the Onoğundurs; his contemporary Theophanes referred to them as Onoğundur–Bulğars.
Constantine VII (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves Onoğundurs. This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the Ashkharatsuyts, which refers to the Olxontor Błkar, and the 5th century History by Movses Khorenatsi, which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the Iġndr (*Uluġundur) of Ibn al-Kalbi (c. 820), the Vnndur (*Wunundur) of Hudud al-'Alam (982), the Wlndr (*Wulundur) of Al-Masudi (10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad Nándor Fejérvár, the nndr (*Nandur) of Gardīzī (11th century) and *Wununtur in the letter by the Khazar King Joseph. All the forms show the phonetic changes typical of later Oğuric (prothetic v-).
Scholars consider it unclear how this union came about, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged. During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation including the remnants of Onoğurs, Utigurs and Kutrigurs among others.
Old Great Bulgaria
Main article: Old Great Bulgaria
The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.
The Turk rule weakened sometime after 600, allowing the Avars to reestablish the control over the region. As the Western Turkic Khaganate declined, finally collapsing in the middle of the 7th century, it was against Avar rule that the Bulgars, recorded as Onoğundur–Bulğars, reappeared. They revolted under their leader Kubrat (c. 635), who seems to have been prepared by Heraclius (610–641) against the Sasanian–Avar alliance. With his uncle Organa in 619, Kubrat had been baptized in Constantinople. He founded the Old Great Bulgaria (Magna Bulgaria), also known as Onoğundur–Bulğars state, or Patria Onoguria in the Ravenna Cosmography.
Little is known about Kubrat's activities. It is considered that Onogur Bulgars remained the only steppe tribes in good relations with the Byzantines. His date of death is placed between 650 and 663 AD. According to Nikephoros I, Kubrat instructed his five sons to "never separate their place of dwelling from one another, so that by being in concordance with one another, their power might thrive".
Subsequent events proved Old Great Bulgaria to be only a loose tribal union, as there emerged a rivalry between the Khazars and the Bulgars over Turk patrimony and dominance in the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Some historians consider the war an extension of the Western Turks struggle, between the Nushibi tribes and Ashina clan, who led the Khazars, and the Duolu/Tu-lu tribes, which some scholars associated with the Dulo clan, from which Kubrat and many Bulgar rulers originated. The Khazars were ultimately victorious and parts of the Bulgar union broke up.
Subsequent migrations
Further information: Volga Bulgaria and First Bulgarian Empire
Map of the Bulgar necropolises on the Lower Danube (8–9 century AD.)
It is unclear whether the parting ways by brothers was caused by the internal conflicts or strong Khazar pressure. The latter is considered more likely. The Bulgars led by the first two brothers Batbayan and Kotrag remained in the Pontic steppe zone, where they were known as Black Bulgars by Byzantine and Rus sources, and became Khazar vassals. The Bulgars led by Kotrag migrated to the middle Volga region during the 7th and 9th centuries, where they founded Volga Bulgaria, with Bolghar as its capital.
According to Ahmad ibn Rustah (10th century), the Volga Bulgars were divided into three branches: "the first branch was called Bersula (Barsils), the second Esegel, and the third Bulgar". In 922 they accepted Islam as the official religion. They preserved their national identity well into the 13th century by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. They were eventually subdued by the Mongols in 1237. They gradually lost their identity after 1431 when their towns and region were captured by the Russians.
The third and most famous son, Asparukh, according to Nikephoros I:
crossed the river Danapros and Danastros, lived in the locale around the Ister, having occupied a place suitable for settlement, called in their language ογγλον (ogglon; Slav. o(n)gl, "angle", "corner"; Turk. agyl, "yard")... The people having been divided and scattered, the tribe of the Khazars, from within Berulia (Bessarabia), which neighbors with Sarmatia, attacked them with impunity. They overran all the lands lying behind the Pontos Euxeinos and penetrated to the sea. After this, having made Bayan a subject, they forced him to pay tribute.
Asparukh, according to the Pseudo–Zacharias Rhetor, "fled from the Khazars out of the Bulgarian mountains". In the Khazar ruler Joseph's letter is recorded "in the country in which I live, there formerly lived the Vununtur (< Vunundur < Onoğundur). Our ancestors, the Khazars warred with them. The Vununtur were more numerous, as numerous as the sand by the sea, but they could not withstand the Khazars. They left their country and fled... until they reached the river called Duna (Danube)".
This migration and the foundation of the Danube Bulgaria (the First Bulgarian Empire) is usually dated c. 681. The composition of the horde is unknown, and sources only mention tribal names Čakarar, Kubiar, Küriger, and clan names Dulo, Ukil/Vokil, Ermiyar, Ugain and Duar. The Onglos where Bulgars settled is considered northern Dobruja, secured to the West and North by Danube and its Delta, and bounded to the East by the Black Sea. They re-settled in North-Eastern Bulgaria, between Shumen and Varna, including Ludogorie plateau and southern Dobruja. The distribution of pre-Christian burial assemblages in Bulgaria and Romania is considered as the indication of the confines of the Bulgar settlement.The Bulgar migrations and settlements after the decline of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.In the Balkans they merged with the Slavs and other autochthonous Romance and Greek speaking population, like the Thracians and Vlachs, becoming a political and military elite. However, the influence of the pre-Slavic population had relatively little influence on the Slavs and Bulgars, indicating their population was reduced in previous centuries. The hinterlands of the Byzantine territory were for years occupied by many groups of Slavs. According to Theophanes, the Bulgars subjugated the so-called Seven Slavic tribes, of which the Severeis were re-settled from the pass of Beregaba or Veregava, most likely the Rish Pass of the Balkan Mountains, to the East, while the other six tribes to the Southern and Western regions as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars. Scholars consider that the absence of any source recording the Slavic resistance to the invasion was because it was in their interest to be liberated from the Byzantine taxation.Khan Krum defeats the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I in the battle of the Varbitsa Pass, Manasses ChronicleKhan Krum feasts with the skull cup of Nicephorus after the victory at the Varbitsa Pass, Manasses Chronicle
It is considered that the Slavic tribal organization was left intact, and paid tribute to the ruling Bulgars. According to Nikephoros I and Theophanes, an unnamed fourth brother, believed to be Kuber, "having crossed the river Ister, resides in Pannonia, which is now under the sway of the Avars, having made an alliance with the local peoples". Kuber later led a revolt against the Avars and with his people moved as far as the region of Thessaloniki in Greek Macedonia. The fifth brother, reported by Nikephoros I and Theophanes, "settling in the five Ravennate cities became a subject of the Romans". This brother is believed to be Alcek, who after a stay in Avar territory left and settled in Italy, in Sepino, Bojano and Isernia. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century.
Trade routes of the Black Sea region, 8th–11th centuries
The First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) had a significant political influence in the Balkans. In the time of Tervel (700–721) the Bulgars helped Byzantines two times, in 705 the Emperor Justinian II to regain his throne, and 717–718 defeating the Arabs during the siege of Constantinople. Sevar (738–753) was the last ruler from the Dulo clan, and the period until c. 768–772 was characterized by the Byzantino-Bulgar conflict and internal crisis. In the short period followed seven rulers from the Uokil and Ugain clan. Telerig (768–777) managed to establish a pacific policy with Byzantium, and restore imperial power.
Europe in 814
During the reign of Krum (803–814), the Empire doubled its size, including new lands in Macedonia and Serbia. He also successfully repelled the invading force of the Byzantines, as well defeated the Pannonian Avars where additionally extended the Empire size. In 865, during the reign of Khan Boris I (852–889), the Bulgars accepted Christianity as the official religion, and Eastern Orthodoxy in 879. The greatest expansion of the Empire and prosperity during the time of Simeon I (893–927) is considered as the Bulgarian Golden Age. However, from the time of Peter I (927–969) their power declined. The Hungarians, Kievan Rus' Slavs, as well Pechenegs and Cumans held many raids into their territory, and so weakened were eventually conquered in 1018 by the Byzantine Empire.
Society
The Madara Rider, an example of Bulgar art in Bulgaria, dated to the beginning of the 8th century
Bulgars had the typical culture of the nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, who migrated seasonally in pursuit of good pastures, as well attraction to economic and cultural interaction with sedentary societies. Being in contact with sedentary cultures, they began mastering the crafts of blacksmithing, pottery, and carpentry. The politically dominant tribe or clan usually gave its name to the tribal confederation. Such confederations were often encouraged by the Imperial powers, for whom it was easier to deal with one ruler than several tribal chieftains.
In nomadic society the tribes were political organizations based on kinship, with diffused power. Tribes developed according to the relation with sedentary states, and only managed to conquer them when had social cohesion. If the raiding by the nomads had negative effect on the economic development of the region it could significantly slow down their own social and cultural development. In a nomadic state the nomad and sedentary integration was limited, and usually had vassal tribute system.
When the Bulgars arrived in the Balkans their first generations probably still lived a nomadic life in yurts, but they quickly adopted the sunken-featured building of rectangular plan and sedentary or seasonal lifestyle of the Slavs and autochthonous population. The Bulgar and Slavic settlements cannot be distinguished other than by the type of biritual cemeteries.
Social structure
The symbol ıYı is associated with the Dulo clan and the Oghur Turkic groups as well as an Oghuz tribe Kayi
The Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of "inner" and "outer" tribes, governed by the ruling clan. They had many titles, and according to Steven Runciman the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague. Maenchen-Helfen theorized that the titles of the steppe peoples did not reflect the ethnicity of their bearers. According to Magnus Felix Ennodius, the Bulgars did not have nobility, yet their leaders and common men became noblemen on the battle field, indicating social mobility.
Tribute-paying sedentary vassals, such as the Slavs and Greek-speaking population, formed a substantial and important part of the khanate's maintenance.
Although it was not recorded on inscriptions, the title sampses is considered to be related to the royal court. The title tabare or iltabare, which derives from the old Turkish ältäbär, like sampses is not mentioned on inscriptions, but is related to the legates and ambassadors.
The Anastasius Bibliothecarius listed Bulgarian legates at the Council at Constantinople in 869–870. They were mentioned as Stasis, Cerbula, Sundica (vagantur=bagatur), Vestranna (iltabare), Praestizisunas (campsis), and Alexius Hunno (sampsi). The ruler title in Bulgar inscriptions was khan or kanasubigi. A counterpart of the Greek phrase ὁ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἄρχων (ho ek Theou archon) was also common in Bulgar inscriptions. The kavhan was the second most important title in the realm, seemingly chief official. Some Bulgar inscriptions, written in Greek and later in Slavonic, refer to the Bulgarian rulers respectively with the Greek title archon, or the Slavic titles knyaz and tsar.Reconstruction of the medieval landscape of Preslav
There are several possible interpretations for the ruler title, kana sybigi, mentioned in six inscriptions by the Khan Omurtag and two by Malamir. Among the proposed translations for sybigi or subigi are "lord of the army", from the reconstructed Turkic phrase syu-beg (army master) paralleling the attested Orkhon Turkic syubashi. Runciman and J. B. Bury considered ubige or uvege to be related to the Cuman-Turkic öweghü (high, glorious); "bright, luminous, heavenly"; and more recently "(ruler) from God", from the Indo-European *su- and baga-, i.e. *su-baga. Florin Curta noted the resemblance in the use of the kana sybigi with the Byzantine name and title basileus.The ruins of Pliska, the first capital of BulgariaMembers of the upper social class bore the title boila (later boyar). The nobility was divided onto small and great boilas. In the 10th century, there were three classes of boyars: the six great boilas, the outer boilas, and the inner boilas, while in the mid-9th century there were twelve great boyars. The great boilas occupied military and administrative offices in the state, as well the council where they gathered for decisions on important matters of state.
Bagaïns were the lesser class of the nobility, probably a military class which also participated in the council. The title bagatur, once as bogotor, is found in several instances within the inscriptions. It derives from Turkish bagadur (hero) and was a high military rank. The Bulgarian military commander who was defeated by the Croats in the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands (926) was called Alogobotur, which is actually a title comprised by alo (considered Turkic alp, alyp; chief) and bagatur.
There are several title associations with uncertain meaning, such as boila kavkhan, ičirgu boila, kana boila qolovur, bagatur bagain, biri bagain, setit bagain and ik bagain. Kolober (or qolovur), a rank title, is cited in two inscriptions, and it derives from the Turkish term for a guide, golaghuz. The title župan, also once as kopan in the inscriptions, was often mentioned together with the bearer's name. They were traditionally seen as Slavic chiefs. It seems to have meant "head of a clan-district", as among the South Slavs (Croats, Serbs) where it was more widely used, it meant "head of a tribe" with a high district and court function.
The title tarkhan probably represented a high military rank, similar to the Byzantine strategos, of the military governor of a province. The variations kalutarkan and buliastarkan are considered to be officers at the head of the tarkans. Curta interpreted the title zhupan tarqan as "tarqan of (all the) zhupans".
Religion
Very little is known about the religion of the Bulgars, but it is believed to have been monotheistic.
In Danube Bulgaria, Bulgar monarchs described themselves as a "ruler from God", indicating authority from a singular divine origin, and making appeals to the deity's omniscience. Presian's inscription from Philippi (837) states:When someone seeks the truth, God sees. And when someone lies, God sees that too. The Bulgars did many favors to the Christians (Byzantines), but the Christians forgot them. But God sees.
It is traditionally assumed that the God in question was the Turkic supreme sky deity, Tengri. In the Chinese transcription as zhenli, and Turkic as Tangara and Tengeri, it represents the oldest known Turco-Mongolian word. Tengri may have originated in the Xiongnu confederacy, which settled on the frontiers of China in the 2nd century BC. The confederacy probably had both pre-Turkic and pre-Mongolian ethnic elements. In modern Turkish, the word for god, Tanrı, derives from the same root.
Tengrism apparently engaged various shamanic practices. According to Mercia MacDermott, Tangra was the male deity connected with sky, light and the Sun. The cult incorporated Tangra's female equivalent and principle goddess, Umay, the deity of fertility. Their tamgha
, which can be frequently found in early medieval Bulgaria is associated with deity Tangra. However, its exact meaning and use remains unknown. The most sacred creatures to Tangra were horses and eagles, particularly white horses. Bronze amulets with representations of the Sun, horses and other animals were found at Bulgar archeological sites. This could explain the variety of Bulgars taboos, including those about animals.
Ravil Bukharaev believed that such an autocratic and monotheistic religion—henotheism, as seen in the report by Ahmad ibn Fadlan (10th century) about the Oghuz Turks, kindred to the Bulgars, made the acceptance of Islam more natural and easier in Volga Bulgaria:
If someone trouble befalls any of them or there happens any unlucky incident, they look out into the sky and summon: "Ber Tengre!". In the Turkish language, that means, "by the One and Only God!". Another mention of Tengri is on the severely damaged Greek inscription found on a presumed altar stone near Madara, tentatively deciphered as "Khan sybigi Omurtag, ruler from god...was...and made sacrifice to god Tangra...itchurgu boila...gold". An Ottoman manuscript recorded that the name of God, in Bulgarian, was "Tängri".
The Pliska rosette dated from the Tengristic period has seven fingers representing the Classical planets
A piece of ethnographic evidence which has been invoked to support the belief that the Bulgars worshipped Tengri/Tangra is the relative similarity of the name "Tengri" to "Tură", the name of the supreme deity of the traditional religion of the Chuvash people, who are traditionally regarded as descendants of the Volga Bulgars. Nevertheless, the Chuvash religion today is markedly different from Tengrism and can be described as a local form of polytheism, due to pagan beliefs of the Volga Finns, forest dwellers of Finno-Ugric origin who lived in their vicinity, with some elements borrowed from Islam.
Paganism was closely connected with the old clan system, and the remains of totemism and shamanism were preserved even after the crossing of Danube. The Shumen plate in the archaeological literature is often associated with shamanism. In the 9th century, it was recorded that before a battle the Bulgars "used to practice enchantments and jests and charms and certain auguries". Liutprand of Cremona reported that Baian, son of Simeon I (893–927), could through magicam transform into a wolf. Clement of Ohrid reported the worship of fire and water by the Bulgars, while in the 11th century Theophylact of Ohrid remembered that before the Christianization the Bulgars respected the Sun, Moon and the stars, and sacrificed dogs to them.
Allegedly, the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal. To this today Bulgarians still use the expression "he kills the dog" to mean "he gives the orders", a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra. Remains of dog and deer have been found in Bulgars graves, and it seems the wolf also had a special mythological significance. The Bulgars were bi-ritual, either cremating or burying their dead, and often interred them with personal objects (pottery, rarely weapons or dress), food, and sacred animals.
Because of the cult of the Sun, the Bulgars had a preference for the south. Their main buildings and shrines faced south, as well their yurts, which were usually entered from the south, although less often from the east. Excavations showed that Bulgars buried their dead on a north–south axis, with their heads to the north so that the deceased "faced" south. The Slavs practiced only cremation, the remains were placed in urns, and like the Bulgars, with the conversion to Christianity inhumed the dead on west–east axis. The only example of a mixed Bulgar-Slavic cemetery is in Istria near ancient Histria, on the coast of the Black Sea.
D. Dimitrov has argued that the Kuban Bulgars also adopted elements of Iranian religious beliefs. He noticed Iranian influences on the cult of the former Caucasian Huns capital Varachan (Balanjar), making a religious syncretism between the principal Turkic deity Tengri and the Iranian sun god Hvare. Dimitrov cited the work by V.A. Kuznetsov, who considered the resemblance between the layout of the Zoroastrian temples of fire and the Kuban Bulgar centre, Humarin citadel, situated 11 km to the north of the town Karachayevsk, where the pottery belonged to the Saltovo-Mayaki culture.
Kuznecov also found a connection in the plan of the Danube Bulgars sanctuaries at Pliska, Veliki Preslav, and Madara. The architectural similarities include two squares of ashlars inserted one into another, oriented towards the summer sunrise. One of these sites was transformed into a Christian church, which is taken as evidence that they served a religious function.
The view of the Parthian and Sasanian influence, which Franz Altheim also argued, is considered debatable, showing the cultural impact of the Iranian world on communities in the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Many scholars believe that the square shape, with the north–south and east–west axis of the Bulgar sacral monuments is very similar to those of Turkic khagans in Mongolia. However, that the Bulgar residence in Pliska and Palace of Omurtag were inspired by the Byzantine architecture is considered indisputable.
Christianity had already begun to penetrate, probably via their Slavic subjects, when it was adopted in the First Bulgarian Empire by Knyaz Boris I in 865 as a state religion. There was interest in Islam as well, seen in the book Answers to the Questions of the King of the Burgar addressed to him about Islam and Unity by the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833) for the Pontic/Bosporan Bulgars, while it was officially adopted in Volga Bulgaria as a state religion in 922.
Language
Main article: Bulgar language
The reconstructed copy of Chatalar Inscription by Khan Omurtag (815–831). It is written in Greek, and top two lines read: "Kanasubigi Omortag, in the land where he was born is archon by God. In the field of Pliska...".
The origin and language of the Bulgars has been the subject of debate since around the start of the 20th century. It is generally accepted that at least the Bulgar elite spoke a language that was a member of the Oghur branch of the Turkic language family, alongside the now extinct Khazar and the solitary survivor of these languages, Chuvash.
Although there is no direct evidence, a group of linguists believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect of Volga Bulgar while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct Oghur Turkic language. Some scholars suggest Hunnish had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages. However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.
According to P. Golden this association is apparent from the fragments of texts and isolated words and phrases preserved in inscriptions. In addition to language, their culture and state structure retain many Central Asian features.
Military and hierarchical terms such as khan/qan, kanasubigi, qapağan, tarkan, bagatur and boila appear to be of Turkic origin. The Bulgar calendar within the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans had a twelve-year animal cycle, similar to the one adopted by Turkic and Mongolic peoples from the Chinese, with animal names and numbers deciphered as Turkic. Tengri (in Bulgar Tangra/Tengre) was their supreme god.
Bulgar language persisted in Volga region until the 13th or 14th century. Volga Bulgars left some inscriptions in tombstones. There are few surviving inscriptions in the Volga Bulgar language, as the language was primarily an oral language and the Volga Bulgars did not develop a writing system until much later in their history. After converting to Islam, some of these inscriptions were written using Arabic letters while the use of the Orkhon script continued.
Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar
Volga Bulgar
Chuvash
Oghuric
one
بر (bir)
пӗр (pĕr)
*bīr
two
اک (eki)
иккӗ (ikkĕ)
*ẹki
three
وج (več)
виççӗ (viççĕ)
*üč
four
تُوات (tüvet)
тăваттă (tăvattă)
*tȫrt
five
بل (bel), بيال (biyel)
пиллӗк (pillĕk)
*bẹ̄ĺ(k)
six
اَلطِ (altï)
улттӑ (ulttă)
*altï
seven
جىَاتِ (cyeti)
ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ)
*yẹti
eight
ڛَكِڔ (sekir)
саккӑр (sakkăr)
*sekiŕ
nine
طُخِڔ (tuxïr)
тӑххӑр (tăhhăr)
*tokuŕ
ten
وان (van)
вуннӑ (vunnă)
*ōn
twenty
جِيِرم (ciyirim)
ҫирӗм (śirĕm)
*yẹgirmi
thirty
وطر (vutur)
вӑтӑр (văt̬ăr)
*otuŕ
forty
حرح (xïrïx)
хӗрӗх (hĕrĕh)
*kïrk
fifty
الو (ellü)
аллӑ (allă)
*ellig
hundred
جُور (cǖr)
ҫӗр (śĕr)
*yǖŕ
Mahmud al-Kashgari also provides some examples of Volga Bulgar words, poems, and phrases in his dictionary, along with their equivalents in other Turkic languages. However, Mahmud al-Kashgari himself wasn't a native speaker of Volga Bulgar. Despite its limitations, Mahmud al-Kashgari's work remains an important source of information about the Volga Bulgar language and its place within the broader Turkic language family.
Cases in Volga Bulgar
Case
Volga Bulgar
Examples in words
Genitive
-∅ or -(ı)n
اَغَان (ağā-n), يغقوُتن (yaquut-ın)
Accusative
-ne/na
مَسجِذڛَمنَ (mesčidsem-ne)
Dative-locative
-ran, -ren; -tan, -ten
ڊنيَاڔَان (dönyā-ran)
Third person possessive
-i, -ı; -si, -sı
هِيرِ (hīr-i), اِلغِجِڛِ (ılğıčı-sı)
Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar
Tenses and moods
Volga Bulgar
Examples in words
Past tense
-ti/tı, -ri/rı
وَلتِ (vel-ti)
Past tense 2
-ruvı/rüvi (<*-dugı), -tuvı/tüvi (<*-tugı)
كُوَجڔوُي (küveč-rüvi), بلطُوى (bal-tuvı)
Adjective form of verb
-an/en
طَنَان (tan-an), سَوَان (sev-en)
Adverb form of verb
-sa/se
بَرسَ (bar-sa)
Third person imperative
-tur/tür
طَنْطُرْ (tan-tur)
Danubian Bulgar inscriptions were written mostly in Greek or Cyrillic characters, most commonly in Greek or Graeco-Bulgar, others in the Kuban alphabet which is a variant of Orkhon script. they apparently have a sacral meaning. Inscriptions sometimes included Slavic terms, thus allowing scholars to identify some of the Bulgar glosses. Altheim argued that the runes were brought into Europe from Central Asia by the Huns, and were an adapted version of the old Sogdian alphabet in the Hunnic/Oghur Turkic language. The custom of stone engravings are considered to have Iranic, Turkic and Roman parallels. The Madara Rider resembles work of the Sasanian rock relief tradition, but its actual masonry tradition and cultural source is unknown.
The language of the Danubian Bulgars is also known from a small number of loanwords in the Old Bulgarian language, as well as terms occurring in Bulgar Greek-language inscriptions, contemporary Byzantine texts, and later Slavonic Old Bulgarian texts. Most of these words designate titles and other concepts concerning the affairs of state, including the official 12-year cyclic calendar (as used in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans). The language became extinct in Danubian Bulgaria in the ninth century as the Bulgar nobility became gradually Slavicized after the Old Bulgarian tongue was declared as official in 893.
Terms borrowed from Danube Bulgar by Old Church Slavonic
Danube Bulgar / Old Church Slavonic
Chuvash
Hungarian
Common Turkic
token, trace
БЕЛЕГ (beleg), БИЛЕГ (bileg)
палӑк (palăk)
bélyeg
*belgü
bracelet
БЕЛЬЧҮГ (bel'çug)
–
–
*bileçüg
pillow
ДОХЬТОРЬ (dox'tor')
ҫытар (śïtar)
–
*yogtu
image, icon
КАПЬ (kap')
кап (kap)
kép
*kēp
honour
САНЬ (san'), САМЬ (sam')
сум (sum)
szám
*sān
Phonology
Unlike Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash, d'ization is seen in the /j/ sounds at the beginning of words. Talât Tekin argues that this sound corresponds to the initial gy sound in Hungarian and is pronounced close to it.
Comparison of initial /j/
Danube Bulgar / Old Church Slavonic
Volga Bulgar
Chuvash
Common Turkic
snake
ДИЛОМЬ (dilom')
–
ҫӗлен (śílen)
*yï̄lan
pillow
ДОХЬТОРЬ (dox'tor')
–
ҫытар (śïtar)
*yogdu (Mongolian зогдор)
horse
ΔΥΑΝ (dwan)
–
–
*yunt
An ethnicity
ΔΟΥΑΡΗⲤ (dovaris)
يوارى (yuwāri)
–
–
seven
ЧИТ (çit)
جىَاتِ (čyeti)
ҫиччӗ (śiččĕ)
*yẹti
The Danubian Bulgars were unable to alter the predominantly Slavic character of Bulgaria, seen in the toponymy and names of the capitals Pliska and
Preslav. According to linguist and academician Albina G. Khayrullina-Valieva Bulgar language was the first fully proved Turkic language that came into direct contact with South Slavs who lived on the Balkan Peninsula at the end of the 5th century until the second half of the 7th century. They preserved their own native language and customs for about 200 years, but a bilingual period was recorded since the 9th century.
Golden argued that Bulgar Turkic almost disappeared with the transition to Christianity and Slavicisation in the middle of the 9th century. When the ruling class abandoned its native language and adopted Slavic, according to Jean W. Sedlar, it was so complete that no trace of Turkic speech patterns remained in Old Slavic texts. The Bulgarian Christian Church used the Slavic dialect from Macedonia.
Among Bulgarian academics, notably Petar Dobrev, a hypothesis linking the Bulgar language to the Iranic languages (especially Pamir) has been popular since the 1990s. Most proponents still assume an intermediate stance, proposing certain signs of Iranic influence on a Turkic substrate. The names Asparukh and Bezmer from the Nominalia list, for example, were established as being of Iranic origin.
Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the "Iranic hypothesis". According to Raymond Detrez, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated. Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin. According to authors:Anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of Turkic origin of the Proto-Bulgars. Alongside the ‘Iranian’ or ‘Aryan’ theory, there appeared arguments favouring an autochthonous origin. The ‘parahistoric’ theories, very often politically loaded and have almost nothing to do with objective scientific research in the field of Proto-Bulgarian Studies, could be summarized in several directions:...3)‘Aryan roots’ and the ‘enigmatic Eurasian homeland’. Meanwhile, another group of authors is looking eagerly for the supposed homeland of the ancient Bulgarians in the vast areas of Eurasia, perhaps by conscious or unconscious opposition to the pro-Western orientation of modern Bulgaria. At the same time, with little regard for consistency, they also oppose the Turkic theory, probably because this is in sharp contradiction with the anti-Turkish feelings shared by nationalistic circles.
Ethnicity
The jug golden medallion, from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, depicts a warrior with his captive. Experts cannot agree if this warrior represents a Khazar, Pannonian Avar, or Bulgar.
Due to the lack of definitive evidence, modern scholarship uses an ethnogenesis approach in explaining the Bulgars origin. More recent theories view the nomadic confederacies, such as the Bulgars, as the formation of several different cultural, political and linguistic entities that could dissolve as quickly as they formed, entailing a process of ethnogenesis.
According to Walter Pohl, the existential fate of the tribes and their confederations depended on their ability to adapt to an environment going through rapid changes, and to give this adaptation a credible meaning rooted in tradition and ritual. Slavs and Bulgars succeeded because their form of organization proved as stable and as flexible as necessary, while the Pannonian Avars failed in the end because their model could not respond to new conditions. Pohl wrote that members of society's lower strata did not feel themselves to be part of any large-scale ethnic group; the only distinct classes were within the armies and the ruling elite.
Recent studies consider ethnonyms closely related with warrior elites who ruled over a variety of heterogeneous groups. The groups adopted new ideology and name as political designation, while the elites claimed right to rule and royal descent through origin myths.
When the Turkic tribes began to enter into the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Post-Hunnic era, or as early as the 2nd century AD, their confederations incorporated an array of ethnic groups of newly joined Turkic, Caucasian, Iranian, and Finno-Ugric peoples. During their Western Eurasian migrations to the Balkans, they also came into contact with Armenian, Semitic, Slavic, Thracian and Anatolian Greek among other populations.
From the 6th to 8th centuries, distinctive Bulgar monuments of the Sivashovka type were built upon ruins of the late Sarmatian culture of the 2nd to 4th centuries AD, and the 6th century Penkovka culture of the Antes and Slavs. Early medieval Saltovo-Mayaki (an Alanic-based culture) settlements in the Crimea since the 8th century were destroyed by the Pechengs during the 10th century.
Although the older Iranian tribes were enveloped by the widespread Turkic migration into the Pontic–Caspian steppe, the following centuries saw a complete disappearance of both the Iranic and Turkic languages, indicating dominance of the Slavic language among the common people.
Anthropology and genetics
Khan Omurtag was the first Bulgar ruler known to have claimed divine origin, Madrid Skylitzes
According to a paleo-DNA study from 2019 which examined Medieval burials in the Carpathian Basin a closest connection was found between the Y-DNA of these nomadic people and the modern Volga Tatars. According to Hungarian archeogenetist Neparáczki Endre: "From all recent and archaic populations tested the Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population" and "a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible."
The paleoanthropological material from all sites in Volga region, Ukraine and Moldova attributed to the Bulgars testify complex ethno-cultural processes. The material shows the assimilation between the local population and the migrating newcomers. In all sites can be traced the anthropological type found in the Zlivka necropolis near the village of Ilichevki, the district of Donetsk, of brachiocranic Caucasoid with small East Asian admixtures but with Bulgar males being more Mongoloid than females.
Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic peoples and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations. Despite the morphological proximity, there is a visible impact of the local population, in the Volga region of Volga Finns and Cuman-Kipchaks, in Ukraine of Onogur-Khazars and Sarmatian-Alans, and in Moldova and Thrace of Seven Slavic tribes. The comparative analysis showed large morphological proximity between the medieval and modern population of the Volga region. The examined graves in Northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania showed different somatic types, including Caucasoid-Mediterranean and less often East Asian.
The pre-Christian burial customs in Bulgaria indicate diverse social, i.e. nomadic and sedentary, and cultural influences. In some necropolises specific to the Danube Bulgars, artificial deformation was found in 80% of the skulls. The Bulgars had a special type of shamanic "medicine-men" who performed trepanations of the skull, usually near the sagittal suture. This practice had a medical application, as well as a symbolic purpose; in two cases the patient had brain problems. According to Maenchen-Helfen and Rashev, the artificial deformation of skulls, and other types of burial artifacts in Bulgars graves, are similar to those of the Sarmatians, and Sarmatized Turks or Turkicized Sarmatians of the post-Hunnic graves in the Ukrainian steppe.
Legacy
In modern ethnic nationalism there is some "rivalry for the Bulgar legacy" (see Bulgarism). The Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvash people, are said to be descended from the Volga Bulgars, and there may have been ethnogenetic influences on the Hungarians (Magyars) and Karachay-Balkars also.
The President of the Bulgar National Congress, Gusman Khalilov appealed to the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of renaming the Tatars into Bulgars, but in 2010 he lost in court.
See also
Bulgar calendar
Bulgar language
Eurasian nomads
History of Bulgaria
Oghur languages
Turkic migration
Turkic tribal confederations
Citations
^ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106.
^ Gi︠u︡zelev, Vasil (1979). The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text. pp. 15, 33, 38.
^ a b c d e Golden 1992, p. 104.
^ a b c d Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066.
^ Golden 1992, p. 253, 256: " With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained." ... "The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ..."
^ McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521362924. The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.
^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 65–66, 68–69: "The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions." ... "It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations."
^ Brook 2006, p. 13: "Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together."
^ "Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria.
^ a b "Bulgar". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.
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^ Agyagási, K. (2020). "A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study". University of Debrecen. 3: 9. Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508
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^ D. Dimitrov (1987). "The Proto-Bulgarians in the Crimea in the VIII–IX cc.". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Gál, Szilárd Sándor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett (12 November 2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
^ Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (2018). "Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830.
^ a b c d Gerasimova M.M.; Rud' N.M.; Yablonsky L.T. (1987). Antropologiya antichnovo i srednevekovo naseleniya Vostochno i Yevropy . Moscow: Наука.
^ "ЯВЛЕНИЕ ИССКУСТВЕННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ЧЕРЕПА У ПРОТОБОЛГАР. ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ. (окончание)". www.iriston.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^ Suslova; et al. (October 2012). "HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 39 (5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. PMID 22520580. S2CID 20804610.
^ Mikheyev, Alexander (2019). "Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors". bioRxiv 10.1101/2019.12.15.876912. Given the common Turkic genetic background of the Bulgars and Khazars, these ethnicities may be difficult to tell apart either archaeologically or genetically.
^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 68–69.
^ D. Dimitrov (1987). "The Proto-Bulgarians north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 443.
^ Olson, Pappas, Pappas 1994, pp. 79–81, 84–87, 114–115.
^ "Татары — это не болгары". November 2000.
General and cited sources
Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish.
Runciman, Steven (1930). "§ Appendix V – Bulgar titles". A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: George Bell & Sons.
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John (1973), The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520015968
Tokarev, Sergei A. (1980). Mify narodov mira (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya.
Shnirelʹman, Viktor A. (1987). "The Rivalry for the Bulgar legacy". Who Gets the Past?: Competition for Ancestors Among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 9780801852213.
Fine, John V. Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472081493.
Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
Olson, James S.; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313274978.
Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674511736.
Croke, Brian (2001). Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198150015.
Karatay, Osman (2003). In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation. Ayse Demiral. ISBN 9789756467077.
Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139444088.
Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390.
Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438129181.
Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442203021.
Petkov, Kiril (2008). The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. Brill. ISBN 9789004168312.
Fiedler, Uwe (2008). "Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. pp. 151–236. ISBN 9789004163898.
Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831. Brill. ISBN 9789004206960. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.
Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812206289.
Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2015, retrieved 13 April 2015
Curta, Florin (2015). "Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans". In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89.
Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004). "Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1542): 941–647. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. PMID 15255049.
Karachanak, S.; Grugni, V.; Fornarino, S.; Nesheva, D.; Al-Zahery, N.; Battaglia, V.; Carrosa, C.; Yordanov, Y.; Torroni, A.; Galabov, A.; Toncheva, D.; Semino, O. (2015). "Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.
Zimonyi, István (1990). Klára Szõnyi-Sándor (ed.). The Origins of the Volga Bulghars. Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32.
Further reading
Angelov, Dimitŭr (1971). Образуване на българската народност (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, Vekove.
Beshevliev, Veselin (1981). "Прабългарски епиграфски паметници". promacedonia.org (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Издателство на Отечествения фронт.
Beshevliev, Veselin (1981). "Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments (images)". protobulgarians.com (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front.
Dobrev, Petăr (2001). Nepoznatata drevna Bălgarija (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ivan Vazov Publishers. ISBN 954-604-121-1.
Golden, Peter B. (2011). "Bulghārs". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Karatay, Osman. "The Bulgars in Transoxiana: Some Inferences from Early Islamic Sources." Migracijske i etničke teme 1–2 (2009): 69–88.
Stepanov, Tsvetelin (2010). The Bulgars and the Steppe Empire in the Early Middle Ages: The Problem of the Others. Brill. ISBN 9789004180017. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Sanping, Chen. "Some remarks on the Chinese 'Bulgar'" (PDF).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bulgars.
Bulgars—Encyclopædia Britannica Online
Arrival of the Bulgars—Encyclopædia Britannica Online
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Authority control databases: National
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They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers believe that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia.[4]During their westward migration across the Eurasian Steppe, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other tribal groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis, including Iranic, Finno-Ugric, and Hunnic tribes.[5][6][7][8][9][10] The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, the Bulgar language of the Oghuric branch.[11] They preserved the military titles, organization, and customs of Eurasian steppes[12] as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra.[13]The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 7th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of Old Great Bulgaria c. 630–635, which was defeated by the Khazar Empire in 668 AD. In 681, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the Danubian Bulgaria – the First Bulgarian Empire, where the Bulgars became a political and military elite. They merged subsequently with established Byzantine populations,[14][15] as well as with previously settled Slavic tribes, and were eventually Slavicized, thus becoming one of the ancestors of modern Bulgarians.[16]The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 7th century to the Volga River, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria; they preserved their identity well into the 13th century.[11] The modern Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvash people claim to have originated from the Volga Bulgars.[11][17][18]","title":"Bulgars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Bulgar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gurov-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103%E2%80%93104-20"},{"link_name":"Tomaschek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Tomaschek"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200324-21"},{"link_name":"Proto-Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic"},{"link_name":"bulga-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/bulga-"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200324,_27-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201296-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClauson1972337-27"},{"link_name":"Talat Tekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talat_Tekin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200324-21"},{"link_name":"Gyula Németh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_N%C3%A9meth_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Peter Benjamin Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden"},{"link_name":"Paul Pelliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Pelliot"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201297-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-26"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-3"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-26"},{"link_name":"Osman Karatay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osman_Karatay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oğurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghur_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200325-31"},{"link_name":"Sanping Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanping_Chen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inner Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Asia"},{"link_name":"Buluoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jie_people"},{"link_name":"Middle Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Five Barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Barbarians"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201292%E2%80%9395,_97-32"},{"link_name":"Peter A. Boodberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_A._Boodberg"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201283%E2%80%9390-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen201292%E2%80%9397-34"},{"link_name":"Boris Simeonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boris_Simeonov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tiele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people"},{"link_name":"Toquz Oguz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toquz_Oguz"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2012footnote_37-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"Uyghurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2012footnote_37-35"},{"link_name":"Michael the Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian"},{"link_name":"Scythian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Tian Shan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian_Shan"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Barsalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsils"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barsils-37"},{"link_name":"Onoğur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ono%C4%9Furs"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103-38"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-26"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Turkic tribal confederations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199296-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201296-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199296-40"},{"link_name":"Kutrigur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutrigur"},{"link_name":"Utigur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utigur"},{"link_name":"'Oğur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghur_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"further explanation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200324-21"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199299-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011140-43"},{"link_name":"Šarağur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragurs"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199297,_99-44"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"Cimmerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199299-42"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200324%E2%80%9329-45"},{"link_name":"Eastern Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384-28"},{"link_name":"limes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384-28"},{"link_name":"Zeki Velidi Togan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeki_Velidi_Togan"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200328-46"}],"text":"The etymology of the ethnonym Bulgar is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD.[19][20] Since the work of Tomaschek (1873),[21] it is generally said to be derived from Proto-Turkic root *bulga-[22] (\"to stir\", \"to mix\"; \"to become mixed\"), which with the consonant suffix -r implies a noun meaning \"mixed\".[23][24] \nOther scholars have added that bulğa might also imply \"stir\", \"disturb\", \"confuse\"[25][26][27] and Talat Tekin interpreted bulgar as the verb form \"mixing\" (i.e. rather than the adjective \"mixed\").[21] Both Gyula Németh and Peter Benjamin Golden initially advocated the \"mixed race\" theory, but later, like Paul Pelliot,[28] considered that \"to incite\", \"rebel\", or \"to produce a state of disorder\", i.e. the \"disturbers\",[29][30][3][26] was a more likely etymology for migrating nomads.[3][26]According to Osman Karatay, if the \"mixed\" etymology relied on the westward migration of the Oğurs, meeting and merging with the Huns, north of the Black Sea, it was a faulty theory, since the Oghurs were documented in Europe as early as 463, while the Bulgars were not mentioned until 482 – an overly short time period for any such ethnogenesis to occur.[31]However, the \"mixing\" in question may have occurred before the Bulgars migrated from further east, and scholars such as Sanping Chen have noted analogous groups in Inner Asia, with phonologically similar names, who were frequently described in similar terms: during the 4th century, the Buluoji (Middle Chinese b'uo-lak-kiei), a component of the \"Five Barbarian\" groups in Ancient China, were portrayed as both a \"mixed race\" and \"troublemakers\".[32] Peter A. Boodberg noted that the Buluoji in the Chinese sources were recorded as remnants of the Xiongnu confederation,[33] and had strong Caucasian elements.[34]Another theory linking the Bulgars to a Turkic people of Inner Asia has been put forward by Boris Simeonov, who identified them with the Pugu (僕骨; buk/buok kwət; Buqut), a Tiele and/or Toquz Oguz tribe.[35][36] The Pugu were mentioned in Chinese sources from 103 BC up to the 8th century AD,[36] and later were situated among the eastern Tiele tribes, as one of the highest-ranking tribes after the Uyghurs.[35]According to the Chronicle by Michael the Syrian, which comprises several historical events of different age into one story, three mythical Scythian brothers set out on a journey from the mountain Imaon (Tian Shan) in Asia and reached the river Tanais (Don), the country of the Alans called Barsalia, which would be later inhabited by the Bulgars and the Pugurs (Puguraje).[37]The names Onoğur and Bulgar were linked by later Byzantine sources for reasons that are unclear.[38][25][26]Tekin derived -gur from the Altaic suffix -gir.[39] Generally, modern scholars consider the terms oğuz or oğur, as generic terms for Turkic tribal confederations, to be derived from Turkic *og/uq, meaning \"kinship or being akin to\".[40] The terms initially were not the same, as oq/ogsiz meant \"arrow\",[41] while oğul meant \"offspring, child, son\", oğuš/uğuš was \"tribe, clan\", and the verb oğša-/oqša meant \"to be like, resemble\".[40]There also appears to be an etymological association between the Bulgars and the preceding Kutrigur (Kuturgur > Quturğur > *Toqur(o)ğur < toqur; \"nine\" in Proto-Bulgar; toquz in Common Turkic) and Utigur (Uturgur > Uturğur < utur/otur; \"thirty\" in Proto-Bulgar; otuz in Common Turkic) – as 'Oğur (Oghur) tribes, with the ethnonym Bulgar as a \"spreading\" adjective[vague][further explanation needed].[21] Golden considered the origin of the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be obscure and their relationship to the Onogurs and Bulgars – who lived in similar areas at the same time – as unclear.[42][43]He noted, however, an implication that the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were related to the Šarağur (šara oğur, shara oghur; \"white oğhurs\"),[44] and that according to Procopius these were Hunnish tribal unions, of partly Cimmerian descent.[42][36] Karatay considered the Kutrigurs and Utigurs to be two related, ancestral people, and prominent tribes in the later Bulgar union, but different from the Bulgars.[45]Among many other theories regarding the etymology of Bulgar, the following have also had limited support.an Eastern Germanic root meaning \"combative\" (i.e. cognate with the Latin pugnax), according to D. Detschev;[28]\nthe Latin burgaroi – a Roman term mercenaries stationed in burgi (\"forts\") on the limes (G. A. Keramopulos);[28]\na reconstructed but unattested early Turkic term meaning \"five oğhur\", such as *bel-gur or *bil-gur (Zeki Velidi Togan).[46]","title":"Etymology and origin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkic migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giudjenov_Kubrat_and_his_sons.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"North Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Pontic–Caspian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103-38"},{"link_name":"Dengizich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengizich"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973168-47"},{"link_name":"Hyun Jin Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyun_Jin_Kim"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Kutrigur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutrigurs"},{"link_name":"Utigur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utigurs"},{"link_name":"Hunno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Ostrogoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrogoths"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-3"},{"link_name":"Ashkharatsuyts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkharatsuyts"},{"link_name":"Anania Shirakatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anania_Shirakatsi"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103-38"},{"link_name":"Ziezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziezi"},{"link_name":"Shem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shem"},{"link_name":"Chronography of 354","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronography_of_354"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103-38"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"History of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Movses Khorenatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movses_Khorenatsi"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)"},{"link_name":"Valarshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahevuni"},{"link_name":"Varazdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varazdat"},{"link_name":"Vanand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanand"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arshak III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshak_III"},{"link_name":"Vorotan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorotan_(river)"},{"link_name":"Aras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_(river)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"Akatziroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatziroi"},{"link_name":"Ponto-Caspian steppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199292%E2%80%9393,_103-49"},{"link_name":"Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscus"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199292%E2%80%9393-50"},{"link_name":"Sabirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabir_people"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199292%E2%80%9393,_97-51"},{"link_name":"Ting-ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingling"},{"link_name":"Tiele people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199293%E2%80%9395-52"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199299-42"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"History of the Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Lombards"},{"link_name":"Carpathians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathians"},{"link_name":"Lombard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973127%E2%80%93129-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973127%E2%80%93129-54"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973127%E2%80%93129-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Alboin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Theodoric Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_Strabo"},{"link_name":"Emperor Zeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfram-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wolfram-58"},{"link_name":"Magnus Felix Ennodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Felix_Ennodius"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"Gepids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepids"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"Theoderic the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Illyricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracia"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200169-59"},{"link_name":"Marcellinus Comes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes"},{"link_name":"magister militum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_militum"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200169-59"},{"link_name":"Maritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritsa"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200153-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200123,_68-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201575-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200169-59"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201575-62"},{"link_name":"Justin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_(Moesia)"},{"link_name":"Baduarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baduarius_(Scythia)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200170-63"},{"link_name":"Mundus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundus_(general)"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroke200169-59"},{"link_name":"John Malalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malalas"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201575-62"},{"link_name":"Sittas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittas"},{"link_name":"Yantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yantra_(river)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201575-62"},{"link_name":"Jordanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanes"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"literary topos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_topos"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973164,_220-64"},{"link_name":"Sabinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabinianus_(consul_505)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973164-65"},{"link_name":"Vitalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalian_(general)"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973421-66"},{"link_name":"Scythia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia_Minor_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201575%E2%80%9376-67"},{"link_name":"Ascum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascum"},{"link_name":"Constantiolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantiolus"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201576-68"},{"link_name":"Anastasian Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasian_Wall"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201576-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta201576-68"},{"link_name":"Jordanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanes"},{"link_name":"Getica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getica"},{"link_name":"Cherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chersonesus"},{"link_name":"marten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marten"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973431-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199298-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992254-71"},{"link_name":"Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Zacharias_Rhetor"},{"link_name":"Caspian Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent"},{"link_name":"Onogur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onogurs"},{"link_name":"Sabir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabirs"},{"link_name":"Vars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"Akatziri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akatziri"},{"link_name":"Saragur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragur"},{"link_name":"Barsil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsils"},{"link_name":"Abdali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durrani"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199297-72"},{"link_name":"Agathias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathias"},{"link_name":"Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199298-70"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011144-73"},{"link_name":"Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_river"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992104-3"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992100-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992100%E2%80%93102-75"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Kubrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubrat"},{"link_name":"Theophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Constantine VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VII"},{"link_name":"Onoğundurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onogurs"},{"link_name":"Ibn al-Kalbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_Ibn_Al-Kalbi"},{"link_name":"Hudud al-'Alam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam"},{"link_name":"Al-Masudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masudi"},{"link_name":"Gardīzī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_Gard%C4%93z%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_Correspondence"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(Khazar)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992102-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992244-77"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011143-26"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992100,_103-78"}],"sub_title":"Turkic migration","text":"Further information: Turkic migration and HunsA 1926 painting depicting Kubrat (in center), ruler of Great Bulgaria.The origin of the early Bulgars is still unclear. Their homeland is believed to be situated in Kazakhstan and the North Caucasian steppes. Interaction with the Hunnic tribes, causing the migration, may have occurred there, but the Pontic–Caspian steppe seems a more likely location.[38] Some scholars propose that the Bulgars may have been a branch or offshoot of the Huns or at least Huns seem to have been absorbed by the Onogur-Bulgars after Dengizich's death.[47] Hyun Jin Kim however, argues that the Huns continued under Ernak, becoming the Kutrigur and Utigur Hunno-Bulgars.[48] These conclusions remain a topic of ongoing debate and controversy among scholars.The first clear mention and evidence of the Bulgars was in 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor Zeno (474–491) against the Ostrogoths.[3] Anachronistic references about them can also be found in the 7th-century geography work Ashkharatsuyts by Anania Shirakatsi, where the Kup'i Bulgar, Duč'i Bulkar, Olxontor Błkar and immigrant Č'dar Bulkar tribes are mentioned as being in the North Caucasian-Kuban steppes.[38] An obscure reference to Ziezi ex quo Vulgares, with Ziezi being an offspring of Biblical Shem, is in the Chronography of 354.[38][25]According to D. Dimitrov, the 5th-century History of Armenia by Movses Khorenatsi speaks about two migrations of the Bulgars, from Caucasus to Armenia. The first migration is mentioned in the association with the campaign of Armenian ruler Valarshak (probably Varazdat) to the lands \"named Basen by the ancients... and which were afterwards populated by immigrants of the vh' ndur Bulgar Vund, after whose name they (the lands) were named Vanand\".[citation needed]The second migration took place during the time of the ruler Arshak III, when \"great disturbances occurred in the range of the great Caucasus mountain, in the land of the Bulgars, many of whom migrated and came to our lands and settled south of Kokh\". Both migrations are dated to the second half of the 4th century AD. The \"disturbances\" which caused them are believed to be the expansion of the Huns in the East-European steppes. Dimitrov recorded that the toponyms of the Bolha and Vorotan rivers, tributaries of the Aras river, are known as Bolgaru-chaj and Vanand-chaj, and could confirm the Bulgar settlement of Armenia.[36]Around 463 AD, the Akatziroi and other tribes that had been part of the Hunnic union were attacked by the Šarağurs, one of the first Oğuric Turkic tribes that entered the Ponto-Caspian steppes as the result of migrations set off in Inner Asia.[49] According to Priscus, in 463 the representatives of Šarağur, Oğur and Onoğur came to the Emperor in Constantinople,[50] and explained they had been driven out of their homeland by the Sabirs, who had been attacked by the Avars.[51] This tangle of events indicates that the Oğuric tribes are related to the Ting-ling and Tiele people.[52] It seems that Kutrigurs and Unigurs arrived with the initial waves of Oğuric peoples entering the Pontic steppes.[42] The Bulgars were not mentioned in 463.[25]The account by Paul the Deacon in his History of the Lombards (8th century) says that at the beginning of the 5th century in the North-Western slopes of the Carpathians the Vulgares killed the Lombard king Agelmund.[36] Scholars attribute this account to the Huns,[53][54] Avars[54] or some Bulgar groups were probably carried away by the Huns to the Central Europe.[36][54] The Lombards, led by their new king Laimicho, rose up and defeated the Bulgars with great slaughter,[55] gaining great booty and confidence as they \"became bolder in undertaking the toils of war.\"[56]The defeated Bulgars then became subjects of the Lombards and later migrated in Italy with their king Alboin.[57] When the army of Ostrogoth chieftain Theodoric Strabo grew to 30,000-men strong, it was felt as a menace to Byzantine Emperor Zeno, who somehow managed to convince the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths.[58] The Bulgars were eventually defeated by Strabo in 480/481.[58] In 486 and 488 they fought against the Goths again, first as allies of the Byzantium, according to Magnus Felix Ennodius,[36] and later as allies of the Gepids, according to Paul the Deacon.[36] However, when Theoderic the Great with Ostrogoths parted for Italy in 489, the Illyricum and Thrace were open for Bulgar raids.[59]In 493, according to Marcellinus Comes, they defeated and killed magister militum Julian.[59] In 499, crossed Danube and reached Thrace where on the banks of the river Tzurta (considered a tributary of Maritsa[60]) defeated 15,000 men strong Roman army led by magister militum Aristus.[61][62] In 502, Bulgars again devastated Thrace as reportedly there were no Roman soldiers to oppose them.[59][62] In 528–529 again invaded the region and defeated Roman generals Justin and Baduarius.[63] However, Gothic general, Mundus, offered allegiance to the Emperor Justinian I (527–565) in 530, and managed to kill 5,000 Bulgars plundering Thrace.[59] John Malalas recorded that in the battle was captured Bulgar warlord.[62] In 535, magister militum Sittas defeated the Bulgar army at the river Yantra.[62]Ennodius, Jordanes and Procopius identified the Bulgars with the Huns in a 6th-century literary topos, in which Ennodius referred to a captured Bulgar horse as \"equum Huniscum\".[64] In 505, the alleged 10,000 Hun horsemen in the Sabinian army, which was defeated by the Ostrogoths, are believed to be the Bulgars.[65] In 515, Bulgar mercenaries were listed along with others from the Goths, Scythians and Hunnic tribes as part of the Vitalian army.[66] In 539, two Hunnic \"kinglets\" defeated two Roman generals during the raid into Scythia Minor and Moesia.[67]A Roman army led by magister militum Ascum and Constantiolus intercepted and defeated them in Thrace, however, another raiding party ambushed and captured two Roman generals.[68] In 539 and 540, Procopius reported a powerful Hunnic army crossed the Danube, devastated Illyricum and reached up to the Anastasian Wall.[68] Such large distances covered in short time indicate they were horsemen.[68]Jordanes described, in his work Getica (551), the Pontic steppe beyond the Acatziri, above the Pontic Sea, as the habitat of the Bulgari, \"whom the evils of our sins have made famous\". In this region, the Hunni divided into two tribes: the Altziagiri (who trade and live next to Cherson) and Saviri, while the Hunuguri (believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the marten skin trade.[36][69][70] In the Middle Ages, marten skin was used as a substitute for minted money.[71]The Syriac translation of Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor's Ecclesiastical History (c. 555) in Western Eurasia records:The land Bazgun... extends up to the Caspian Gates and to the sea, which are in the Hunnish lands. Beyond the gates live the Burgars (Bulgars), who have their language, and are people pagan and barbarian. They have towns. And the Alans – they have five towns... Avnagur (Aunagur, considered Onoğurs) are people, who live in tentsThen he records 13 tribes, the wngwr (Onogur), wgr (Oğur), sbr (Sabir), bwrgr (Burğa, i.e. Bulgar), kwrtrgr (Kutriğurs), br (probably Vars, also known as the Avars), ksr (Kasr; possibly Akatziri), srwrgwr (Saragur), dyrmr (unknown), b'grsyq (Bagrasir, i.e. Barsil), kwls (unknown), bdl (probably Abdali), and ftlyt (Hephthalite) ... They are described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who \"live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)\".[36][72]Agathias (c. 579–582) wrote:...all of them are called in general Scythians and Huns in particular according to their nation. Thus, some are Koutrigours or Outigours and yet others are Oultizurs and Bourougounds... the Oultizurs and Bourougounds were known up to the time of the Emperor Leo (457–474) and the Romans of that time and appeared to have been strong. We, however, in this day, neither know them, nor, I think, will we. Perhaps, they have perished or perhaps they have moved off to very far place.[70]According to D. Dimitrov, scholars partially managed to identify and locate the Bulgar groups mentioned in the Armenian Ashkharatsuyts. The Olxontor Błkar is one of the variations used for the Onoğurs Bulgars, while others could be related to the ancient river names,[73] such as the Kup'i Bulgar and the Kuban (Kuphis). The Duč'i could read Kuchi Bulkar and as such could be related to the Dnieper (Kocho). However, the Č'dar Bulkar location is unclear. Dimitrov theorized that the differences in the Bulgar ethnonym could be due to the dialect differentiations in their language.[36]By the middle of the 6th century, the Bulgars momentarily fade from the sources and the Kutrigurs and Utigurs come to the front.[3] Between 548 and 576, mostly due to Justinian I (527–565), through diplomatic persuasion and bribery the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were drawn into mutual warfare, decimating one another. In the end, the Kutrigurs were overwhelmed by the Avars, while the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turks.[74]The Oğurs and Onoğurs, in the 6th- and 7th-century sources, were mentioned mostly in connection with the Avar and Turk conquest of Western Eurasia.[75] From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. Agathon (early 8th century) wrote about the nation of Onoğurs Bulğars. Nikephoros I (early 9th century) noted that Kubrat was the lord of the Onoğundurs; his contemporary Theophanes referred to them as Onoğundur–Bulğars.Constantine VII (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves Onoğundurs. This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the Ashkharatsuyts, which refers to the Olxontor Błkar, and the 5th century History by Movses Khorenatsi, which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the Iġndr (*Uluġundur) of Ibn al-Kalbi (c. 820), the Vnndur (*Wunundur) of Hudud al-'Alam (982), the Wlndr (*Wulundur) of Al-Masudi (10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad Nándor Fejérvár, the nndr (*Nandur) of Gardīzī (11th century) and *Wununtur in the letter by the Khazar King Joseph. All the forms show the phonetic changes typical of later Oğuric (prothetic v-).[76]Scholars consider it unclear how this union came about, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged.[77][26] During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation including the remnants of Onoğurs, Utigurs and Kutrigurs among others.[78]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgarians_and_Slavs_VI-VII_century.png"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011144-73"},{"link_name":"Western Turkic Khaganate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992244-77"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-79"},{"link_name":"Kubrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubrat"},{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"Organa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organa"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992244%E2%80%93245-80"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011144-73"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great-81"},{"link_name":"Old Great Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152-82"},{"link_name":"Ravenna Cosmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011144-73"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152-82"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-79"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992236,_245-85"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-79"},{"link_name":"Ashina clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashina_tribe"},{"link_name":"Dulo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulo_clan"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992103,_236%E2%80%93237-86"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011144-73"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"}],"sub_title":"Old Great Bulgaria","text":"The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.The Turk rule weakened sometime after 600, allowing the Avars to reestablish the control over the region.[25][73] As the Western Turkic Khaganate declined, finally collapsing in the middle of the 7th century, it was against Avar rule that the Bulgars, recorded as Onoğundur–Bulğars, reappeared.[25][77][79] They revolted under their leader Kubrat (c. 635), who seems to have been prepared by Heraclius (610–641) against the Sasanian–Avar alliance. With his uncle Organa in 619, Kubrat had been baptized in Constantinople.[80][25][73][81] He founded the Old Great Bulgaria (Magna Bulgaria[82]), also known as Onoğundur–Bulğars state, or Patria Onoguria in the Ravenna Cosmography.[83][73][36]Little is known about Kubrat's activities. It is considered that Onogur Bulgars remained the only steppe tribes in good relations with the Byzantines.[82] His date of death is placed between 650 and 663 AD.[84] According to Nikephoros I, Kubrat instructed his five sons to \"never separate their place of dwelling from one another, so that by being in concordance with one another, their power might thrive\".[83][79]Subsequent events proved Old Great Bulgaria to be only a loose tribal union, as there emerged a rivalry between the Khazars and the Bulgars over Turk patrimony and dominance in the Pontic–Caspian steppe.[85][79] Some historians consider the war an extension of the Western Turks struggle, between the Nushibi tribes and Ashina clan, who led the Khazars, and the Duolu/Tu-lu tribes, which some scholars associated with the Dulo clan, from which Kubrat and many Bulgar rulers originated.[86][73] The Khazars were ultimately victorious and parts of the Bulgar union broke up.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Volga Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"First Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulgar_necropolises_on_lower_Danube.jpg"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-79"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-79"},{"link_name":"Batbayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batbayan"},{"link_name":"Kotrag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotrag"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245%E2%80%93246-87"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saltovo-88"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga"},{"link_name":"Volga Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Bolghar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolghar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saltovo-88"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Rustah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah"},{"link_name":"Esegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esegel"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barsils-37"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245,_253%E2%80%93258-89"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowersock,_Brown,_Grabar1999354-25"},{"link_name":"Mongol attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006107-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006107%E2%80%93108-91"},{"link_name":"Asparukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparukh_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992246-93"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992246-93"},{"link_name":"First Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992246-93"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145-79"},{"link_name":"Dulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulo"},{"link_name":"Ukil/Vokil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uokil"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992247-94"},{"link_name":"Dobruja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobruja"},{"link_name":"Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube_Delta"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008152-82"},{"link_name":"Shumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumen"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Ludogorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludogorie"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008154-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008154%E2%80%93156-96"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png"},{"link_name":"Thracians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians"},{"link_name":"Vlachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlachs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011145,_158,_196-15"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199168-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008154-95"},{"link_name":"Seven Slavic tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes"},{"link_name":"Severeis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severians"},{"link_name":"Rish Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rish_Pass"},{"link_name":"Balkan Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008154-95"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar201116-98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:52-manasses-chronicle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicephorus_I"},{"link_name":"battle of the Varbitsa Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska"},{"link_name":"Manasses Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Manasses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:51-manasses-chronicle_krum_crop.png"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199167%E2%80%9369-99"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008154-95"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006109-13"},{"link_name":"Kuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuber"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"link_name":"Ravennate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Alcek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcek"},{"link_name":"Sepino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepino"},{"link_name":"Bojano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojano"},{"link_name":"Isernia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isernia"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Varangian_routes.png"},{"link_name":"Tervel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tervel_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Justinian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_II"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992247%E2%80%93248-100"},{"link_name":"Sevar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevar_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992248-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992248-101"},{"link_name":"Telerig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telerig_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992248-101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_814.svg"},{"link_name":"Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992248-101"},{"link_name":"Boris I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"Simeon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age_of_medieval_Bulgarian_culture"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"Peter I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Pechenegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegs"},{"link_name":"Cumans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent migrations","text":"Further information: Volga Bulgaria and First Bulgarian EmpireMap of the Bulgar necropolises on the Lower Danube (8–9 century AD.)It is unclear whether the parting ways by brothers was caused by the internal conflicts or strong Khazar pressure.[83][79] The latter is considered more likely.[79] The Bulgars led by the first two brothers Batbayan and Kotrag remained in the Pontic steppe zone, where they were known as Black Bulgars by Byzantine and Rus sources, and became Khazar vassals.[87][25][88] The Bulgars led by Kotrag migrated to the middle Volga region during the 7th and 9th centuries, where they founded Volga Bulgaria, with Bolghar as its capital.[25][88]According to Ahmad ibn Rustah (10th century), the Volga Bulgars were divided into three branches: \"the first branch was called Bersula (Barsils), the second Esegel, and the third Bulgar\".[37] In 922 they accepted Islam as the official religion.[89][25] They preserved their national identity well into the 13th century by repelling the first Mongol attacks in 1223. They were eventually subdued by the Mongols in 1237.[90] They gradually lost their identity after 1431 when their towns and region were captured by the Russians.[91]The third and most famous son, Asparukh, according to Nikephoros I:crossed the river Danapros and Danastros, lived in the locale around the Ister, having occupied a place suitable for settlement, called in their language ογγλον (ogglon; Slav. o(n)gl, \"angle\", \"corner\"; Turk. agyl, \"yard\"[92])... The people having been divided and scattered, the tribe of the Khazars, from within Berulia (Bessarabia), which neighbors with Sarmatia, attacked them with impunity. They overran all the lands lying behind the Pontos Euxeinos and penetrated to the sea. After this, having made Bayan a subject, they forced him to pay tribute.[93]Asparukh, according to the Pseudo–Zacharias Rhetor, \"fled from the Khazars out of the Bulgarian mountains\". In the Khazar ruler Joseph's letter is recorded \"in the country in which I live, there formerly lived the Vununtur (< Vunundur < Onoğundur). Our ancestors, the Khazars warred with them. The Vununtur were more numerous, as numerous as the sand by the sea, but they could not withstand the Khazars. They left their country and fled... until they reached the river called Duna (Danube)\".[93]This migration and the foundation of the Danube Bulgaria (the First Bulgarian Empire) is usually dated c. 681.[93][79] The composition of the horde is unknown, and sources only mention tribal names Čakarar, Kubiar, Küriger, and clan names Dulo, Ukil/Vokil, Ermiyar, Ugain and Duar.[94] The Onglos where Bulgars settled is considered northern Dobruja, secured to the West and North by Danube and its Delta, and bounded to the East by the Black Sea.[82] They re-settled in North-Eastern Bulgaria, between Shumen and Varna, including Ludogorie plateau and southern Dobruja.[95] The distribution of pre-Christian burial assemblages in Bulgaria and Romania is considered as the indication of the confines of the Bulgar settlement.[96]The Bulgar migrations and settlements after the decline of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.In the Balkans they merged with the Slavs and other autochthonous Romance and Greek speaking population, like the Thracians and Vlachs,[14] becoming a political and military elite.[15] However, the influence of the pre-Slavic population had relatively little influence on the Slavs and Bulgars, indicating their population was reduced in previous centuries.[97] The hinterlands of the Byzantine territory were for years occupied by many groups of Slavs.[95] According to Theophanes, the Bulgars subjugated the so-called Seven Slavic tribes, of which the Severeis were re-settled from the pass of Beregaba or Veregava, most likely the Rish Pass of the Balkan Mountains, to the East, while the other six tribes to the Southern and Western regions as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars.[95] Scholars consider that the absence of any source recording the Slavic resistance to the invasion was because it was in their interest to be liberated from the Byzantine taxation.[98]Khan Krum defeats the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus I in the battle of the Varbitsa Pass, Manasses ChronicleKhan Krum feasts with the skull cup of Nicephorus after the victory at the Varbitsa Pass, Manasses ChronicleIt is considered that the Slavic tribal organization was left intact, and paid tribute to the ruling Bulgars.[99][95][13] According to Nikephoros I and Theophanes, an unnamed fourth brother, believed to be Kuber, \"having crossed the river Ister, resides in Pannonia, which is now under the sway of the Avars, having made an alliance with the local peoples\". Kuber later led a revolt against the Avars and with his people moved as far as the region of Thessaloniki in Greek Macedonia.[83] The fifth brother, reported by Nikephoros I and Theophanes, \"settling in the five Ravennate cities became a subject of the Romans\". This brother is believed to be Alcek, who after a stay in Avar territory left and settled in Italy, in Sepino, Bojano and Isernia. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century.[83]Trade routes of the Black Sea region, 8th–11th centuriesThe First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018) had a significant political influence in the Balkans. In the time of Tervel (700–721) the Bulgars helped Byzantines two times, in 705 the Emperor Justinian II to regain his throne, and 717–718 defeating the Arabs during the siege of Constantinople.[100] Sevar (738–753) was the last ruler from the Dulo clan, and the period until c. 768–772 was characterized by the Byzantino-Bulgar conflict and internal crisis.[101] In the short period followed seven rulers from the Uokil and Ugain clan.[101] Telerig (768–777) managed to establish a pacific policy with Byzantium, and restore imperial power.[101]Europe in 814During the reign of Krum (803–814), the Empire doubled its size, including new lands in Macedonia and Serbia.[14] He also successfully repelled the invading force of the Byzantines, as well defeated the Pannonian Avars where additionally extended the Empire size.[14][101] In 865, during the reign of Khan Boris I (852–889), the Bulgars accepted Christianity as the official religion, and Eastern Orthodoxy in 879.[14] The greatest expansion of the Empire and prosperity during the time of Simeon I (893–927) is considered as the Bulgarian Golden Age.[102][14] However, from the time of Peter I (927–969) their power declined. The Hungarians, Kievan Rus' Slavs, as well Pechenegs and Cumans held many raids into their territory,[14] and so weakened were eventually conquered in 1018 by the Byzantine Empire.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG"},{"link_name":"Madara Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madara_Rider"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden19925%E2%80%9310-103"},{"link_name":"blacksmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"carpentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great-81"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden19925%E2%80%936-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201154-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011118-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011118-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011118-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011118-106"},{"link_name":"yurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt"},{"link_name":"sunken-featured building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-house"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008201-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008200-108"}],"text":"The Madara Rider, an example of Bulgar art in Bulgaria, dated to the beginning of the 8th centuryBulgars had the typical culture of the nomadic equestrians of Central Asia, who migrated seasonally in pursuit of good pastures, as well attraction to economic and cultural interaction with sedentary societies.[103] Being in contact with sedentary cultures, they began mastering the crafts of blacksmithing, pottery, and carpentry.[81] The politically dominant tribe or clan usually gave its name to the tribal confederation.[104] Such confederations were often encouraged by the Imperial powers, for whom it was easier to deal with one ruler than several tribal chieftains.[105]In nomadic society the tribes were political organizations based on kinship, with diffused power.[106] Tribes developed according to the relation with sedentary states, and only managed to conquer them when had social cohesion.[106] If the raiding by the nomads had negative effect on the economic development of the region it could significantly slow down their own social and cultural development.[106] In a nomadic state the nomad and sedentary integration was limited, and usually had vassal tribute system.[106]When the Bulgars arrived in the Balkans their first generations probably still lived a nomadic life in yurts, but they quickly adopted the sunken-featured building of rectangular plan and sedentary or seasonal lifestyle of the Slavs and autochthonous population.[107] The Bulgar and Slavic settlements cannot be distinguished other than by the type of biritual cemeteries.[108]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simbol_of_dulo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dulo clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulo_clan"},{"link_name":"Oghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuric_languages"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Oghuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"Kayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201169%E2%80%9370-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201169-110"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930284-111"},{"link_name":"Maenchen-Helfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973383-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973199-113"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Origin-36"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201170-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930286-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930287-116"},{"link_name":"Anastasius Bibliothecarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_Bibliothecarius"},{"link_name":"Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Roman_Catholic)"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930288-117"},{"link_name":"khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khan_(title)"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201171-118"},{"link_name":"kanasubigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanasubigi"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930284-111"},{"link_name":"kavhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavhan"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930287-116"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20087,_12%E2%80%9313-121"},{"link_name":"Slavonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic"},{"link_name":"archon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archon"},{"link_name":"knyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"link_name":"tsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930284-111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_12.jpg"},{"link_name":"kana sybigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanasubigi"},{"link_name":"Omurtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Malamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malamir_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20088%E2%80%9312-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006162%E2%80%93163-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006162-124"},{"link_name":"Orkhon Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_language"},{"link_name":"syubashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba%C5%9Fi"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"J. B. Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bury"},{"link_name":"Cuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuman_language"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930284-111"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006162-124"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201172-126"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006162-124"},{"link_name":"baga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaga"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Florin Curta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta"},{"link_name":"basileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileus"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006163-128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pliska-svik.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliska"},{"link_name":"boila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boila"},{"link_name":"boyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyar"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20088-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar201159-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201174-131"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930284-111"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henning-132"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201174-131"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930284-111"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201173-133"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar201159-130"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201175-134"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201173-133"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20088-129"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201174-131"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"bagatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghatur"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov200810-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20088,_10,_34%E2%80%9335-137"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov200834%E2%80%9335-138"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov200834%E2%80%9335-138"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Bosnian Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Bulgarian_battle_of_926"},{"link_name":"Alogobotur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alogobotur"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"alp, alyp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al%C4%B1p&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201174-131"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov200810,_13-139"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"župan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDupan"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20089-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20089%E2%80%9310,_37%E2%80%9338,_448,_508-141"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov20089-140"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006164-142"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930285-135"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"tarkhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkhan"},{"link_name":"strategos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategos"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930286-115"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1930287-116"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006164-142"}],"sub_title":"Social structure","text":"The symbol ıYı is associated with the Dulo clan and the Oghur Turkic groups as well as an Oghuz tribe KayiThe Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of \"inner\" and \"outer\" tribes,[109] governed by the ruling clan.[110] They had many titles, and according to Steven Runciman the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague.[111] Maenchen-Helfen theorized that the titles of the steppe peoples did not reflect the ethnicity of their bearers.[112] According to Magnus Felix Ennodius, the Bulgars did not have nobility, yet their leaders and common men became noblemen on the battle field, indicating social mobility.[113][36]Tribute-paying sedentary vassals, such as the Slavs and Greek-speaking population, formed a substantial and important part of the khanate's maintenance.[114]Although it was not recorded on inscriptions, the title sampses is considered to be related to the royal court.[115] The title tabare or iltabare, which derives from the old Turkish ältäbär, like sampses is not mentioned on inscriptions, but is related to the legates and ambassadors.[116]The Anastasius Bibliothecarius listed Bulgarian legates at the Council at Constantinople in 869–870. They were mentioned as Stasis, Cerbula, Sundica (vagantur=bagatur), Vestranna (iltabare), Praestizisunas (campsis), and Alexius Hunno (sampsi).[117] The ruler title in Bulgar inscriptions was khan[118] or kanasubigi.[119] A counterpart of the Greek phrase ὁ ἐκ Θεοῦ ἄρχων (ho ek Theou archon) was also common in Bulgar inscriptions.[111] The kavhan was the second most important title in the realm,[116][120] seemingly chief official.[121] Some Bulgar inscriptions, written in Greek and later in Slavonic, refer to the Bulgarian rulers respectively with the Greek title archon, or the Slavic titles knyaz and tsar.[111]Reconstruction of the medieval landscape of PreslavThere are several possible interpretations for the ruler title, kana sybigi, mentioned in six inscriptions by the Khan Omurtag and two by Malamir.[122][123] Among the proposed translations for sybigi or subigi are \"lord of the army\",[124] from the reconstructed Turkic phrase syu-beg (army master) paralleling the attested Orkhon Turkic syubashi.[125] Runciman and J. B. Bury considered ubige or uvege to be related to the Cuman-Turkic öweghü (high, glorious);[111][120] \"bright, luminous, heavenly\";[124][126] and more recently \"(ruler) from God\",[124] from the Indo-European *su- and baga-, i.e. *su-baga.[127] Florin Curta noted the resemblance in the use of the kana sybigi with the Byzantine name and title basileus.[128]The ruins of Pliska, the first capital of BulgariaMembers of the upper social class bore the title boila (later boyar).[129] The nobility was divided onto small and great boilas.[130][131] In the 10th century, there were three classes of boyars: the six great boilas, the outer boilas, and the inner boilas,[111][120][132][131] while in the mid-9th century there were twelve great boyars.[111][120] The great boilas occupied military and administrative offices in the state,[133] as well the council where they gathered for decisions on important matters of state.[130][134][120]Bagaïns were the lesser class of the nobility,[133][129] probably a military class which also participated in the council.[135][131][120] The title bagatur, once as bogotor,[136] is found in several instances within the inscriptions.[137] It derives from Turkish bagadur (hero)[135][138] and was a high military rank.[135][138] The Bulgarian military commander who was defeated by the Croats in the Battle of the Bosnian Highlands (926) was called Alogobotur,[135] which is actually a title comprised by alo (considered Turkic alp, alyp; chief) and bagatur.[135]There are several title associations with uncertain meaning, such as boila kavkhan, ičirgu boila, kana boila qolovur, bagatur bagain, biri bagain, setit bagain and ik bagain.[131] Kolober (or qolovur), a rank title, is cited in two inscriptions,[139] and it derives from the Turkish term for a guide, golaghuz.[135][120] The title župan, also once as kopan[140] in the inscriptions, was often mentioned together with the bearer's name.[141][135] They were traditionally seen as Slavic chiefs.[140] It seems to have meant \"head of a clan-district\", as among the South Slavs (Croats, Serbs) where it was more widely used, it meant \"head of a tribe\" with a high district and court function.[142][135][120]The title tarkhan probably represented a high military rank, similar to the Byzantine strategos, of the military governor of a province.[115][120] The variations kalutarkan and buliastarkan are considered to be officers at the head of the tarkans.[116] Curta interpreted the title zhupan tarqan as \"tarqan of (all the) zhupans\".[142]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008207-144"},{"link_name":"monotheistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bury-120"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006161%E2%80%93162-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201184%E2%80%9386-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar2011141-147"},{"link_name":"omniscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973273-148"},{"link_name":"Presian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presian_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippi"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov200812%E2%80%9313-149"},{"link_name":"Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201184-150"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006161%E2%80%93162-145"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tengri-151"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tengri-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"Tengrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"Mercia MacDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia_MacDermott"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"Umay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umay"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"tamgha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamgha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khans_Dulo_of_Bulgaria.jpg"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008207-144"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201188-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008208-155"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"henotheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henotheism"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201183%E2%80%9384,_86-156"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Fadlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan"},{"link_name":"Oghuz Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_Turks"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islam-157"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islam-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirel%CA%B9man199630%E2%80%9331-158"},{"link_name":"altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201184-150"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetkov200811-159"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201184-150"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosette_from_Pliska.svg"},{"link_name":"Pliska rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliska_rosette"},{"link_name":"Tengristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengrism"},{"link_name":"Classical planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_planet"},{"link_name":"Chuvash people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_people"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETokarev1980-160"},{"link_name":"polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"Volga Finns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Finns"},{"link_name":"Finno-Ugric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islam-157"},{"link_name":"Paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992141-161"},{"link_name":"totemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totemism"},{"link_name":"shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201186%E2%80%9389-162"},{"link_name":"Shumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumen_Province"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008208-155"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973268-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201182-164"},{"link_name":"Liutprand of Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutprand_of_Cremona"},{"link_name":"Simeon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201188-154"},{"link_name":"Clement of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201183-165"},{"link_name":"Theophylact of Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophylact_of_Ohrid"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201180-166"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_in_folklore,_religion_and_mythology#Mongolian"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-4"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201166-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201167-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008157-169"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008157-169"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201167-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008157-169"},{"link_name":"yurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008157-169"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mercia-152"},{"link_name":"inhumed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumation"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008158-170"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria,_Constan%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"Histria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histria_(ancient_city)"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008159-171"},{"link_name":"Balanjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanjar"},{"link_name":"Hvare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvare-khshaeta"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitrov-172"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"Karachayevsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachayevsk"},{"link_name":"Saltovo-Mayaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitrov-172"},{"link_name":"Pliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliska"},{"link_name":"Veliki Preslav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_Preslav"},{"link_name":"Madara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madara_(village)"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitrov-172"},{"link_name":"ashlars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitrov-172"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dimitrov-172"},{"link_name":"Parthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Franz Altheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Altheim"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-4"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurta2006160-173"},{"link_name":"Palace of Omurtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Omurtag"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiedler2008196-174"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"Knyaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyaz"},{"link_name":"Boris I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_I"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992252-175"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Al-Ma'mun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Islam-157"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Very little is known about the religion of the Bulgars,[143][144] but it is believed to have been monotheistic.In Danube Bulgaria, Bulgar monarchs described themselves as a \"ruler from God\",[120][145][146] indicating authority from a singular divine origin,[147] and making appeals to the deity's omniscience.[148] Presian's inscription from Philippi (837) states:[149]When someone seeks the truth, God sees. And when someone lies, God sees that too. The Bulgars did many favors to the Christians (Byzantines), but the Christians forgot them. But God sees.It is traditionally assumed that the God in question was the Turkic supreme sky deity, Tengri.[150][145] In the Chinese transcription as zhenli, and Turkic as Tangara and Tengeri, it represents the oldest known Turco-Mongolian word.[151] Tengri may have originated in the Xiongnu confederacy, which settled on the frontiers of China in the 2nd century BC. The confederacy probably had both pre-Turkic and pre-Mongolian ethnic elements.[151] In modern Turkish, the word for god, Tanrı, derives from the same root.[152]Tengrism apparently engaged various shamanic practices.[143] According to Mercia MacDermott, Tangra was the male deity connected with sky, light and the Sun.[152] The cult incorporated Tangra's female equivalent and principle goddess, Umay, the deity of fertility.[153] Their tamgha \n, which can be frequently found in early medieval Bulgaria is associated with deity Tangra. However, its exact meaning and use remains unknown.[144] The most sacred creatures to Tangra were horses and eagles, particularly white horses.[152] Bronze amulets with representations of the Sun, horses and other animals were found at Bulgar archeological sites.[152][154][155] This could explain the variety of Bulgars taboos, including those about animals.[143]Ravil Bukharaev believed that such an autocratic and monotheistic religion—henotheism,[156] as seen in the report by Ahmad ibn Fadlan (10th century) about the Oghuz Turks, kindred to the Bulgars,[157] made the acceptance of Islam more natural and easier in Volga Bulgaria:[157][158]If someone trouble befalls any of them or there happens any unlucky incident, they look out into the sky and summon: \"Ber Tengre!\". In the Turkish language, that means, \"by the One and Only God!\".Another mention of Tengri is on the severely damaged Greek inscription found on a presumed altar stone near Madara,[150] tentatively deciphered as \"Khan sybigi Omurtag, ruler from god...was...and made sacrifice to god Tangra...itchurgu boila...gold\".[159] An Ottoman manuscript recorded that the name of God, in Bulgarian, was \"Tängri\".[150]The Pliska rosette dated from the Tengristic period has seven fingers representing the Classical planetsA piece of ethnographic evidence which has been invoked to support the belief that the Bulgars worshipped Tengri/Tangra is the relative similarity of the name \"Tengri\" to \"Tură\", the name of the supreme deity of the traditional religion of the Chuvash people, who are traditionally regarded as descendants of the Volga Bulgars.[160] Nevertheless, the Chuvash religion today is markedly different from Tengrism and can be described as a local form of polytheism, due to pagan beliefs of the Volga Finns, forest dwellers of Finno-Ugric origin who lived in their vicinity, with some elements borrowed from Islam.[157]Paganism was closely connected with the old clan system,[161] and the remains of totemism and shamanism were preserved even after the crossing of Danube.[152][162] The Shumen plate in the archaeological literature is often associated with shamanism.[155] In the 9th century, it was recorded that before a battle the Bulgars \"used to practice enchantments and jests and charms and certain auguries\".[163][164] Liutprand of Cremona reported that Baian, son of Simeon I (893–927), could through magicam transform into a wolf.[154] Clement of Ohrid reported the worship of fire and water by the Bulgars,[165] while in the 11th century Theophylact of Ohrid remembered that before the Christianization the Bulgars respected the Sun, Moon and the stars, and sacrificed dogs to them.[166]Allegedly, the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal. To this today Bulgarians still use the expression \"he kills the dog\" to mean \"he gives the orders\", a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra.[152] Remains of dog and deer have been found in Bulgars graves, and it seems the wolf also had a special mythological significance.[152][4] The Bulgars were bi-ritual,[167] either cremating or burying their dead,[168][169] and often interred them with personal objects (pottery, rarely weapons or dress[169]), food, and sacred animals.[152][168][169]Because of the cult of the Sun, the Bulgars had a preference for the south. Their main buildings and shrines faced south, as well their yurts, which were usually entered from the south, although less often from the east. Excavations showed that Bulgars buried their dead on a north–south axis,[169] with their heads to the north so that the deceased \"faced\" south.[152] The Slavs practiced only cremation, the remains were placed in urns, and like the Bulgars, with the conversion to Christianity inhumed the dead on west–east axis.[170] The only example of a mixed Bulgar-Slavic cemetery is in Istria near ancient Histria, on the coast of the Black Sea.[171]D. Dimitrov has argued that the Kuban Bulgars also adopted elements of Iranian religious beliefs. He noticed Iranian influences on the cult of the former Caucasian Huns capital Varachan (Balanjar), making a religious syncretism between the principal Turkic deity Tengri and the Iranian sun god Hvare.[172] Dimitrov cited the work by V.A. Kuznetsov, who considered the resemblance between the layout of the Zoroastrian temples of fire and the Kuban Bulgar centre, Humarin citadel, situated 11 km to the north of the town Karachayevsk, where the pottery belonged to the Saltovo-Mayaki culture.[172]Kuznecov also found a connection in the plan of the Danube Bulgars sanctuaries at Pliska, Veliki Preslav, and Madara.[172] The architectural similarities include two squares of ashlars inserted one into another, oriented towards the summer sunrise.[172] One of these sites was transformed into a Christian church, which is taken as evidence that they served a religious function.[172]The view of the Parthian and Sasanian influence, which Franz Altheim also argued, is considered debatable, showing the cultural impact of the Iranian world on communities in the Pontic–Caspian steppe.[4] Many scholars believe that the square shape, with the north–south and east–west axis of the Bulgar sacral monuments is very similar to those of Turkic khagans in Mongolia.[173] However, that the Bulgar residence in Pliska and Palace of Omurtag were inspired by the Byzantine architecture is considered indisputable.[174]Christianity had already begun to penetrate, probably via their Slavic subjects,[143] when it was adopted in the First Bulgarian Empire by Knyaz Boris I in 865 as a state religion.[175] There was interest in Islam as well, seen in the book Answers to the Questions of the King of the Burgar addressed to him about Islam and Unity by the Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (813–833) for the Pontic/Bosporan Bulgars,[143] while it was officially adopted in Volga Bulgaria as a state religion in 922.[157][176]","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Copy_of_Chatalar_Inscription.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chatalar Inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatalar_Inscription"},{"link_name":"Omurtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"language of the Bulgars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_language"},{"link_name":"Oghur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghur_languages"},{"link_name":"Turkic language family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"Khazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar_language"},{"link_name":"Chuvash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201166-167"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashev-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-185"},{"link_name":"Oghur Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuric_languages"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Hunnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_language"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199288,_89-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201166-167"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar201116-98"},{"link_name":"Bulgar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_calendar"},{"link_name":"Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_calendar"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"Tengri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992250-143"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Arabic letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Orkhon script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-196"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-196"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:34-195"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"link_name":"Kuban alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuban_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Orkhon script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Turkic_script"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201145-205"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201145-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar2011425-206"},{"link_name":"glosses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992245-83"},{"link_name":"Sogdian alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Hunnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_language"},{"link_name":"Oghur Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuric_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kim-4"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201145-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar2011425-206"},{"link_name":"Madara Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madara_Rider"},{"link_name":"Sasanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201145,_83-207"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"12-year cyclic calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_calendar"},{"link_name":"Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans"},{"link_name":"Slavicized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavicisation"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-209"}],"text":"The reconstructed copy of Chatalar Inscription by Khan Omurtag (815–831). It is written in Greek, and top two lines read: \"Kanasubigi Omortag, in the land where he was born is archon by God. In the field of Pliska...\".The origin and language of the Bulgars has been the subject of debate since around the start of the 20th century. It is generally accepted that at least the Bulgar elite spoke a language that was a member of the Oghur branch of the Turkic language family, alongside the now extinct Khazar and the solitary survivor of these languages, Chuvash.[167][177][178][179][180][181]Although there is no direct evidence, a group of linguists believe that Chuvash may be descendant from a dialect of Volga Bulgar[182][183][184][185] while others support the idea that Chuvash is another distinct Oghur Turkic language.[186] Some scholars suggest Hunnish had strong ties with Bulgar and to modern Chuvash[187] and refer to this extended grouping as separate Hunno-Bulgar languages.[188][189] However, such speculations are not based on proper linguistic evidence, since the language of the Huns is almost unknown except for a few attested words and personal names. Scholars generally consider Hunnish as unclassifiable.[190][191][192][193]According to P. Golden this association is apparent from the fragments of texts and isolated words and phrases preserved in inscriptions.[143][167] In addition to language, their culture and state structure retain many Central Asian features.[143]Military and hierarchical terms such as khan/qan, kanasubigi, qapağan, tarkan, bagatur and boila appear to be of Turkic origin.[143][98] The Bulgar calendar within the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans had a twelve-year animal cycle, similar to the one adopted by Turkic and Mongolic peoples from the Chinese, with animal names and numbers deciphered as Turkic.[143] Tengri (in Bulgar Tangra/Tengre) was their supreme god.[143]Bulgar language persisted in Volga region until the 13th or 14th century. Volga Bulgars left some inscriptions in tombstones. There are few surviving inscriptions in the Volga Bulgar language, as the language was primarily an oral language and the Volga Bulgars did not develop a writing system until much later in their history.[194] After converting to Islam, some of these inscriptions were written using Arabic letters while the use of the Orkhon script continued.Numbers and Vocabulary in Volga Bulgar[195][196][197][198][199][200][201]Mahmud al-Kashgari also provides some examples of Volga Bulgar words, poems, and phrases in his dictionary, along with their equivalents in other Turkic languages. However, Mahmud al-Kashgari himself wasn't a native speaker of Volga Bulgar. Despite its limitations, Mahmud al-Kashgari's work remains an important source of information about the Volga Bulgar language and its place within the broader Turkic language family.Cases in Volga Bulgar[196][195]Definition of verbs in Volga Bulgar[196][195]Danubian Bulgar inscriptions were written mostly in Greek or Cyrillic characters, most commonly in Greek or Graeco-Bulgar,[83] others in the Kuban alphabet which is a variant of Orkhon script.[205] they apparently have a sacral meaning.[205] Inscriptions sometimes included Slavic terms,[206] thus allowing scholars to identify some of the Bulgar glosses.[83] Altheim argued that the runes were brought into Europe from Central Asia by the Huns, and were an adapted version of the old Sogdian alphabet in the Hunnic/Oghur Turkic language.[4] The custom of stone engravings are considered to have Iranic, Turkic and Roman parallels.[205][206] The Madara Rider resembles work of the Sasanian rock relief tradition, but its actual masonry tradition and cultural source is unknown.[207]The language of the Danubian Bulgars is also known from a small number of loanwords in the Old Bulgarian language, as well as terms occurring in Bulgar Greek-language inscriptions, contemporary Byzantine texts,[208] and later Slavonic Old Bulgarian texts. Most of these words designate titles and other concepts concerning the affairs of state, including the official 12-year cyclic calendar (as used in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian Khans). The language became extinct in Danubian Bulgaria in the ninth century as the Bulgar nobility became gradually Slavicized after the Old Bulgarian tongue was declared as official in 893.Terms borrowed from Danube Bulgar by Old Church Slavonic[209]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talât Tekin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tal%C3%A2t_Tekin"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-209"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar2011424-210"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashev-178"},{"link_name":"Albina G. Khayrullina-Valieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albina_G._Khayrullina-Valieva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199169-212"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar2011424-210"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Henning-132"},{"link_name":"Slavicisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavicisation"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2011268-213"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedlar2011424-210"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006108-14"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESophoulis201166-167"},{"link_name":"Iranic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"Pamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamir_languages"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarachanak,_''et_al.''2013-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashev-178"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Asparukh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparukh_(name)"},{"link_name":"Nominalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973384,_443-221"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Raymond Detrez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Detrez"},{"link_name":"anti-Turkish sentiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Detrez-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-225"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-225"}],"sub_title":"Phonology","text":"Unlike Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash, d'ization is seen in the /j/ sounds at the beginning of words. Talât Tekin argues that this sound corresponds to the initial gy sound in Hungarian and is pronounced close to it.[209]Comparison of initial /j/[209]The Danubian Bulgars were unable to alter the predominantly Slavic character of Bulgaria,[210] seen in the toponymy and names of the capitals Pliska andPreslav.[178] According to linguist and academician Albina G. Khayrullina-Valieva Bulgar language was the first fully proved Turkic language that came into direct contact with South Slavs who lived on the Balkan Peninsula at the end of the 5th century until the second half of the 7th century.[211] They preserved their own native language and customs for about 200 years, but a bilingual period was recorded since the 9th century.[212][210][132]Golden argued that Bulgar Turkic almost disappeared with the transition to Christianity and Slavicisation in the middle of the 9th century.[213] When the ruling class abandoned its native language and adopted Slavic, according to Jean W. Sedlar, it was so complete that no trace of Turkic speech patterns remained in Old Slavic texts.[210] The Bulgarian Christian Church used the Slavic dialect from Macedonia.[14]Among Bulgarian academics, notably Petar Dobrev,[167] a hypothesis linking the Bulgar language to the Iranic languages (especially Pamir[214]) has been popular since the 1990s.[215][216][217][218] Most proponents still assume an intermediate stance, proposing certain signs of Iranic influence on a Turkic substrate.[178][219][220] The names Asparukh and Bezmer from the Nominalia list, for example, were established as being of Iranic origin.[221]Other Bulgarian scholars actively oppose the \"Iranic hypothesis\".[222][223] According to Raymond Detrez, the Iranian theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria and is ideologically motivated.[224] Since 1989, anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of the proto-Bulgars' Turkic origin. Alongside the Iranian or Aryan theory, there appeared arguments favoring an autochthonous origin.[225] According to authors:Anti-Turkish rhetoric is now reflected in the theories that challenge the thesis of Turkic origin of the Proto-Bulgars. Alongside the ‘Iranian’ or ‘Aryan’ theory, there appeared arguments favouring an autochthonous origin. The ‘parahistoric’ theories, very often politically loaded and have almost nothing to do with objective scientific research in the field of Proto-Bulgarian Studies, could be summarized in several directions:...3)‘Aryan roots’ and the ‘enigmatic Eurasian homeland’. Meanwhile, another group of authors is looking eagerly for the supposed homeland of the ancient Bulgarians in the vast areas of Eurasia, perhaps by conscious or unconscious opposition to the pro-Western orientation of modern Bulgaria. At the same time, with little regard for consistency, they also oppose the Turkic theory, probably because this is in sharp contradiction with the anti-Turkish feelings shared by nationalistic circles.[225]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_jug_with_golden_medallions.jpg"},{"link_name":"Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_of_Nagyszentmikl%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Khazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Avar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"ethnogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnogenesis#Historical_scholarship"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohl-226"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201155-227"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201155-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992392-228"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992392%E2%80%93398-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992383-230"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graves-231"},{"link_name":"Penkovka culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penkovka_culture"},{"link_name":"Antes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antes_people"},{"link_name":"Saltovo-Mayaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki"},{"link_name":"Alanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashev-178"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992261-232"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great-81"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saltovo-88"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashev-178"}],"text":"The jug golden medallion, from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, depicts a warrior with his captive. Experts cannot agree if this warrior represents a Khazar, Pannonian Avar, or Bulgar.Due to the lack of definitive evidence, modern scholarship uses an ethnogenesis approach in explaining the Bulgars origin. More recent theories view the nomadic confederacies, such as the Bulgars, as the formation of several different cultural, political and linguistic entities that could dissolve as quickly as they formed, entailing a process of ethnogenesis.According to Walter Pohl, the existential fate of the tribes and their confederations depended on their ability to adapt to an environment going through rapid changes, and to give this adaptation a credible meaning rooted in tradition and ritual. Slavs and Bulgars succeeded because their form of organization proved as stable and as flexible as necessary, while the Pannonian Avars failed in the end because their model could not respond to new conditions. Pohl wrote that members of society's lower strata did not feel themselves to be part of any large-scale ethnic group; the only distinct classes were within the armies and the ruling elite.[226]Recent studies consider ethnonyms closely related with warrior elites who ruled over a variety of heterogeneous groups.[227] The groups adopted new ideology and name as political designation, while the elites claimed right to rule and royal descent through origin myths.[227]When the Turkic tribes began to enter into the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Post-Hunnic era, or as early as the 2nd century AD,[228] their confederations incorporated an array of ethnic groups of newly joined Turkic, Caucasian, Iranian, and Finno-Ugric peoples.[229] During their Western Eurasian migrations to the Balkans, they also came into contact with Armenian, Semitic, Slavic, Thracian and Anatolian Greek among other populations.[230]From the 6th to 8th centuries, distinctive Bulgar monuments of the Sivashovka type were built upon ruins of the late Sarmatian culture of the 2nd to 4th centuries AD,[231] and the 6th century Penkovka culture of the Antes and Slavs. Early medieval Saltovo-Mayaki (an Alanic-based culture) settlements in the Crimea since the 8th century were destroyed by the Pechengs during the 10th century.[178][232][81][88][233]Although the older Iranian tribes were enveloped by the widespread Turkic migration into the Pontic–Caspian steppe, the following centuries saw a complete disappearance of both the Iranic and Turkic languages, indicating dominance of the Slavic language among the common people.[178]","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omurtag1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omurtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omurtag_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Madrid Skylitzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes"},{"link_name":"Volga Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Volga Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerasimova-236"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graves-231"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Caucasoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloid"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graves-231"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gerasimova-236"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB_Bulgars-10"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suslova-238"},{"link_name":"Volga Finns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Finns"},{"link_name":"Cuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumans"},{"link_name":"Kipchaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchaks"},{"link_name":"Onogur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onogurs"},{"link_name":"Khazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazars"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Alans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"Seven Slavic 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suture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittal_suture"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Maenchen-Helfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenchen-Helfen"},{"link_name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973443-242"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rashev-178"}],"text":"Khan Omurtag was the first Bulgar ruler known to have claimed divine origin, Madrid SkylitzesAccording to a paleo-DNA study from 2019 which examined Medieval burials in the Carpathian Basin a closest connection was found between the Y-DNA of these nomadic people and the modern Volga Tatars.[234] According to Hungarian archeogenetist Neparáczki Endre: \"From all recent and archaic populations tested the Volga Tatars show the smallest genetic distance to the entire Conqueror population\" and \"a direct genetic relation of the Conquerors to Onogur-Bulgar ancestors of these groups is very feasible.\"[235]The paleoanthropological material from all sites in Volga region, Ukraine and Moldova attributed to the Bulgars testify complex ethno-cultural processes.[236] The material shows the assimilation between the local population and the migrating newcomers.[231] In all sites can be traced the anthropological type found in the Zlivka necropolis near the village of Ilichevki, the district of Donetsk, of brachiocranic Caucasoid with small East Asian admixtures but with Bulgar males being more Mongoloid than females.[237][231][236]Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic peoples and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations.[10][238] Despite the morphological proximity, there is a visible impact of the local population, in the Volga region of Volga Finns and Cuman-Kipchaks, in Ukraine of Onogur-Khazars and Sarmatian-Alans, and in Moldova and Thrace of Seven Slavic tribes.[236][239] The comparative analysis showed large morphological proximity between the medieval and modern population of the Volga region.[236] The examined graves in Northern Bulgaria and Southern Romania showed different somatic types, including Caucasoid-Mediterranean and less often East Asian.[167]The pre-Christian burial customs in Bulgaria indicate diverse social, i.e. nomadic and sedentary, and cultural influences.[240] In some necropolises specific to the Danube Bulgars, artificial deformation was found in 80% of the skulls.[231] The Bulgars had a special type of shamanic \"medicine-men\" who performed trepanations of the skull, usually near the sagittal suture. This practice had a medical application, as well as a symbolic purpose; in two cases the patient had brain problems.[241] According to Maenchen-Helfen and Rashev, the artificial deformation of skulls, and other types of burial artifacts in Bulgars graves, are similar to those of the Sarmatians, and Sarmatized Turks or Turkicized Sarmatians of the post-Hunnic graves in the Ukrainian steppe.[242][178]","title":"Anthropology and genetics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethnic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Bulgarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarism"},{"link_name":"Volga Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Bashkirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkirs"},{"link_name":"Chuvash people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_people"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirel%CA%B9man199622%E2%80%9335-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_Jewish_khazars-18"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Karachay-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachays"},{"link_name":"Balkars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkars"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson,_Pappas,_Pappas199479%E2%80%9381,_84%E2%80%9387,_114%E2%80%93115-243"},{"link_name":"European Court of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"}],"text":"In modern ethnic nationalism there is some \"rivalry for the Bulgar legacy\" (see Bulgarism). The Volga Tatars, Bashkirs and Chuvash people, are said to be descended from the Volga Bulgars,[17][18] and there may have been ethnogenetic influences on the Hungarians (Magyars) and Karachay-Balkars also.[243]The President of the Bulgar National Congress, Gusman Khalilov appealed to the European Court of Human Rights on the issue of renaming the Tatars into Bulgars, but in 2010 he lost in court.[244]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaldman,_Mason2006106_1-0"},{"link_name":"Waldman, Mason 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWaldman,_Mason2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria 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ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ. (окончание)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iriston.com/nogbon/print.php?newsid=368"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Suslova_238-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-313X.2012.01117.x"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22520580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22520580"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"20804610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20804610"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-239"},{"link_name":"bioRxiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1101/2019.12.15.876912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1101%2F2019.12.15.876912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESophoulis201168%E2%80%9369_240-0"},{"link_name":"Sophoulis 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSophoulis2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-241"},{"link_name":"\"The Proto-Bulgarians north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg8.html"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaenchen-Helfen1973443_242-0"},{"link_name":"Maenchen-Helfen 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaenchen-Helfen1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson,_Pappas,_Pappas199479%E2%80%9381,_84%E2%80%9387,_114%E2%80%93115_243-0"},{"link_name":"Olson, Pappas, Pappas 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOlson,_Pappas,_Pappas1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-244"},{"link_name":"\"Татары — это не болгары\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kommersant.ru/doc/162137"}],"text":"^ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106.\n\n^ Gi︠u︡zelev, Vasil (1979). The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text. pp. 15, 33, 38.\n\n^ a b c d e Golden 1992, p. 104.\n\n^ a b c d Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 253, 256: \"[Pontic Bulgars] With their Avar and Türk political heritage, they assumed political leadership over an array of Turkic groups, Iranians and Finno-Ugric peoples, under the overlordship of the Khazars, whose vassals they remained.\" ... \"The Bulgars, whose Oguric ancestors ...\"\n\n^ McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521362924. The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 65–66, 68–69: \"The warriors who founded the Bulgar state in the Lower Danube region were culturally related to the nomads of Eurasia. Indeed, their language was Turkic, and more specifically Oğuric, as is apparent from the isolated words and phrases preserved in a number of inventory inscriptions.\" ... \"It is generally believed that during their migration to the Balkans, the Bulgars brought with them or swept along several other groups of Eurasian nomads whose exact ethnic and linguistic affinities are impossible to determine... Sarmato-Alanian origin... Slav or Slavicized sedentary populations.\"\n\n^ Brook 2006, p. 13: \"Thus, the Bulgars were actually a tribal confederation of multiple Hunnic, Turkic, and Iranian groups mixed together.\"\n\n^ \"Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ a b \"Bulgar\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.\n\n^ a b c Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106–107.\n\n^ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 108–109.\n\n^ a b Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 109.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 108.\n\n^ a b Golden 2011, p. 145, 158, 196.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, p. 151: \"...ethnic symbiosis between Slavic commoners and Bulgar elites of Turkic origin, who ultimately gave their name to the Slavic-speaking Bulgarians.\"\n\n^ a b Shnirelʹman 1996, p. 22–35.\n\n^ a b D. M. Dunlop (1967). The History of the Jewish khazars. New Jersey. p. 34.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Gurov, Dilian (March 2007). \"The Origins of the Bulgars\" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2015.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 103–104.\n\n^ a b c Karatay 2003, p. 24.\n\n^ bulga- in Starostin et al. \"Turkic Etymology\" Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages (2003). Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.\n\n^ Karatay 2003, p. 24, 27.\n\n^ Chen 2012, p. 96.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bowersock, Brown, Grabar 1999, p. 354.\n\n^ a b c d e Golden 2011, p. 143.\n\n^ Clauson 1972, p. 337.\n\n^ a b c Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 384.\n\n^ Chen 2012, p. 97.\n\n^ Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Brill. p. 369. ISBN 9789004254466.\n\n^ Karatay 2003, p. 25.\n\n^ Chen 2012, p. 92–95, 97.\n\n^ Chen 2012, pp. 83–90.\n\n^ Chen 2012, pp. 92–97.\n\n^ a b Golden 2012, footnote 37.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m D. Dimitrov (1987). \"Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b D. Dimitrov (1987). \"Sabirs, Barsils, Belendzheris, Khazars\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b c d Golden 1992, p. 103.\n\n^ Tekin, Talat, Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri (1987). Türk Dil Kurumu. p. 66\n\n^ a b Golden 1992, p. 96.\n\n^ Golden 2012, p. 96.\n\n^ a b c Golden 1992, p. 99.\n\n^ Golden 2011, p. 140.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 97, 99.\n\n^ Karatay 2003, p. 24–29.\n\n^ Karatay 2003, p. 28.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 168.\n\n^ Kim, Hyun Jin (18 April 2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. 2013: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-107-00906-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 92–93, 103.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 92–93.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 92–93, 97.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 93–95.\n\n^ Menghin, Wilfred (1985). Die Langobarden. Archäologie und Geschichte (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. p. 14. ISBN 9783806203646.\n\n^ a b c Maenchen-Helfen 1973, pp. 127–129.\n\n^ Hist. gentis Lang., Ch. XVII.\n\n^ PD, XVII.\n\n^ Peters, Edward (2003). History of the Lombards: Translated by William Dudley Foulke. University of Pennsylvania Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). History of the Goths. University of California Press. p. 276. ISBN 9780520069831.\n\n^ a b c d Croke 2001, p. 69.\n\n^ Croke 2001, p. 53.\n\n^ Croke 2001, pp. 23, 68.\n\n^ a b c d Curta 2015, p. 75.\n\n^ Croke 2001, p. 70.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, pp. 164, 220.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 164.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 421.\n\n^ Curta 2015, pp. 75–76.\n\n^ a b c Curta 2015, p. 76.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 431.\n\n^ a b Golden 1992, p. 98.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 254.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 97.\n\n^ a b c d e Golden 2011, p. 144.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 100.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 100–102.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 102.\n\n^ a b Golden 1992, p. 244.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 100, 103.\n\n^ a b c d e f Golden 2011, p. 145.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 244–245.\n\n^ a b c D. Dimitrov (1987). \"\"Old Great Bulgaria\"\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b c Fiedler 2008, p. 152.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Golden 1992, p. 245.\n\n^ Somogyi, Péter (2008). \"New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century\". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. p. 104. ISBN 9789004163898.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 236, 245.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 103, 236–237.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 245–246.\n\n^ a b c D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians and the Saltovo-Majack culture\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 245, 253–258.\n\n^ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 107.\n\n^ Waldman, Mason 2006, pp. 107–108.\n\n^ D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The migration of the Unogundur-Bulgars of Asparukh from the lands of Azov to the Lower Danube\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ a b c Golden 1992, p. 246.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 247.\n\n^ a b c d Fiedler 2008, p. 154.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, pp. 154–156.\n\n^ Fine 1991, p. 68.\n\n^ a b Sedlar 2011, p. 16.\n\n^ Fine 1991, pp. 67–69.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 247–248.\n\n^ a b c d Golden 1992, p. 248.\n\n^ Hart, Nancy. Bulgarian Art and Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2007.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 5–10.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 5–6.\n\n^ Golden 2011, p. 54.\n\n^ a b c d Golden 2011, p. 118.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, p. 201.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, p. 200.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 69–70.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 69.\n\n^ a b c d e f Runciman 1930, p. 284.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 383.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 199.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 70.\n\n^ a b Runciman 1930, p. 286.\n\n^ a b c Runciman 1930, p. 287.\n\n^ Runciman 1930, p. 288.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 71.\n\n^ Florin Curta, Roman Kovalev, “The” Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans ; [papers ... Presented in the Three Special Sessions at the 40th and 42nd Editions of the International Congress on Medieval Studies Held at Kalamazzo in 2005 and 2007], BRILL, 2008, p. 363, ISBN 9789004163898\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Bury, John B. (2015). A History of the Eastern Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN 9781108083218.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, pp. 7, 12–13.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, pp. 8–12.\n\n^ Curta 2006, pp. 162–163.\n\n^ a b c Curta 2006, p. 162.\n\n^ Beshevliev, Veselin (1981), Прабългарската обществена и държавна структура [Proto-Bulgarian public and state structure] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front, pp. 33–34\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 72.\n\n^ Stepanov, Tsvetelin (March 2001), \"The Bulgar title ΚΑΝΑΣΥΒΙΓΙ: reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, AD 822–836\", Early Medieval Europe, 10 (1): 1–19, doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00077, S2CID 154863640\n\n^ Curta 2006, p. 163.\n\n^ a b Petkov 2008, p. 8.\n\n^ a b Sedlar 2011, p. 59.\n\n^ a b c d Sophoulis 2011, p. 74.\n\n^ a b Henning, Joachim (2007). Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 618–619. ISBN 9783110183580.\n\n^ a b Sophoulis 2011, p. 73.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 75.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h Runciman 1930, p. 285.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, p. 10.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, pp. 8, 10, 34–35.\n\n^ a b Petkov 2008, pp. 34–35.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, pp. 10, 13.\n\n^ a b Petkov 2008, p. 9.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, pp. 9–10, 37–38, 448, 508.\n\n^ a b Curta 2006, p. 164.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Golden 1992, p. 250.\n\n^ a b Fiedler 2008, p. 207.\n\n^ a b Curta 2006, pp. 161–162.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 84–86.\n\n^ Sedlar 2011, p. 141.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 273.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, pp. 12–13.\n\n^ a b c Sophoulis 2011, p. 84.\n\n^ a b Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 315, 331. ISBN 9780226064567.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781853024856.\n\n^ Zhivkov, Boris (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. pp. 78, 80, 112. ISBN 9789004294486.\n\n^ a b Sophoulis 2011, p. 88.\n\n^ a b Fiedler 2008, p. 208.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 83–84, 86.\n\n^ a b c d Bukharaev, Ravil (2014). Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Routledge. pp. 80–82, 83. ISBN 9781136807930.\n\n^ Shnirelʹman 1996, pp. 30–31.\n\n^ Petkov 2008, p. 11.\n\n^ Tokarev 1980.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 141.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 86–89.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 268.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 82.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 83.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, p. 80.\n\n^ a b c d e Sophoulis 2011, p. 66.\n\n^ a b Sophoulis 2011, p. 67.\n\n^ a b c d Fiedler 2008, p. 157.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, p. 158.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, p. 159.\n\n^ a b c d e D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians east of the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Curta 2006, p. 160.\n\n^ Fiedler 2008, p. 196.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 252.\n\n^ Mako, Gerald (2011). \"The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered\". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi (18): 199–223.\n\n^ Detrez, Raymond (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29. ISBN 9789052012971.\n\n^ a b c d e f Rashev, Rasho (1992), \"On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians\", Studia Protobulgarica et Mediaevalia Europensia, Veliko Tarnovo: 23–33, archived from the original on 18 July 2012, retrieved 28 August 2006\n\n^ Petrov 1981: §A.II.1\n\n^ Angelov 1971: §II.2\n\n^ Runciman 1930: §I.1\n\n^ Agyagási, K. (2020). \"A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study\". University of Debrecen. 3: 9. Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508\n\n^ Marcantonio, Angela (2002). The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 167. ISBN 0-631-23170-6.\n\n^ Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 88. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.\n\n^ Clauson, Gerard (2002). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. ISBN 0-415-29772-9.\n\n^ Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 9781003243809. Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another.\n\n^ Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). \"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. IV (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 470. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41036005. The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut\n\n^ Archived, Article (1982). \"\"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan\" (pages 428, ..., 476), author: Omeljan Pritsak\". Ukrainian Studies. VI (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University: 430. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023. I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language.\n\n^ Ramer, Alexis Manaster. \"Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven\": 1 p. Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8. Retrieved 30 March 2024. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 88, 89.\n\n^ RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Central European University Press. p. 208. doi:10.7829/j.ctv280b77f. ISBN 978-963-386-572-9.\n\n^ Sinor, Denis (1997). Studies in medieval inner Asia. Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-86078-632-0.\n\n^ New Volga Bulgarian Inscriptions F. S. Hakimjanov\n\n^ a b c HAKIMZJANOV, F. S. “NEW VOLGA BULGARIAN INSCRIPTIONS.” Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, vol. 40, no. 1, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1986, pp. 173–77, [1].\n\n^ a b c Tekin, Talât (1988). Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. pp. 30–38. ISBN 978-9-751600-660.\n\n^ a b A Volga Bulgarıan Inscription From 1307 A. Róna-tas\n\n^ Unpublished Volga Bulgarian inscriptions A. H. Khalikov and J. G. Muhametshin\n\n^ \"Закиев М. З. Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар\". bulgarizdat.ru. Retrieved 24 August 2021.\n\n^ \"Category:Bulgar numerals – Wiktionary\". en.wiktionary.org. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.\n\n^ \"Proto-Turkic/History of Proto-Turkic language – Wikibooks, open books for an open world\". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 24 August 2021.\n\n^ \"Category:Bulgar numerals\". 20 June 2022.\n\n^ \"Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар\". 14 July 2022.\n\n^ \"Numbers in Chuvash\".\n\n^ a b c Sophoulis 2011, p. 45.\n\n^ a b Sedlar 2011, p. 425.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 45, 83.\n\n^ Rance, Philip,\"Photios and the Bulgar Language (τῶγα, tuğ)\" Byzantinoslavica 79 (2021) 41–58\n\n^ a b c Tekin, Talât (1987). Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri (in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.\n\n^ a b c Sedlar 2011, p. 424.\n\n^ Khayrullina-Valieva, Albina G. (31 March 2020). \"Turkic lexical elements in the Bulgarian language\". Litteraria Copernicana. 33 (1(33)/): 205–211. doi:10.12775/LC.2020.015. ISSN 2392-1617. S2CID 241146294.\n\n^ Fine 1991, p. 69.\n\n^ Golden 2011, p. 268.\n\n^ Karachanak, et al. 2013.\n\n^ Добрев, Петър, 1995. \"Езикът на Аспаруховите и Куберовите българи\" 1995\n\n^ Stamatov, Atanas (1997). \"ИЗВОРИ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ – І–ІІ ЧАСТ\". TEMPORA INCOGNITA НА РАННАТА БЪЛГАРСКА ИСТОРИЯ. MGU Sv. Ivan Rilski.\n\n^ Димитров, Божидар, 2005. 12 мита в българската история\n\n^ Милчева, Христина. Българите са с древно-ирански произход. Научна конференция \"Средновековна Рус, Волжка България и северното Черноморие в контекста на руските източни връзки\", Казан, Русия, 15.10.2007\n\n^ Бешевлиев, Веселин. Ирански елементи у първобългарите. Античное Общество, Труды Конференции по изучению проблем античности, стр. 237–247, Издательство \"Наука\", Москва 1967, АН СССР, Отделение Истории.\n\n^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (1985). \"Iranica Protobulgarica: Asparuch und Konsorten im Lichte der Iranischen Onomastik\". Linguistique Balkanique. XXVIII (l). Saarbrücken: Academie Bulgare des Sciences: 13–38.\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, pp. 384, 443.\n\n^ Йорданов, Стефан. Славяни, тюрки и индо-иранци в ранното средновековие: езикови проблеми на българския етногенезис. В: Българистични проучвания. 8. Актуални проблеми на българистиката и славистиката. Седма международна научна сесия. Велико Търново, 22–23 август 2001 г. Велико Търново, 2002, 275–295.\n\n^ Надпис № 21 от българското златно съкровище \"Наги Сент-Миклош\", студия от проф. д-р Иван Калчев Добрев от Сборник с материали от Научна конференция на ВА \"Г. С. Раковски\". София, 2005 г.\n\n^ Detrez, Raymond (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29. ISBN 9789052012971.\n\n^ a b Cristian Emilian Ghita, Claudia Florentina Dobre (2016). Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe. p. 142.\n\n^ Pohl, Walter (1998), \"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies\", in Lester K. Little; Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 13–24\n\n^ a b Golden 2011, p. 55.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 392.\n\n^ Golden 1992, pp. 392–398.\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 383.\n\n^ a b c d D. Dimitrov (1987). \"Pit graves, artificial skull deformation, Sarmatians, Northern Bactria\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Golden 1992, p. 261.\n\n^ D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians in the Crimea in the VIII–IX cc.\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Gál, Szilárd Sándor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett (12 November 2019). \"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin\". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.\n\n^ Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (2018). \"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians\". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830.\n\n^ a b c d Gerasimova M.M.; Rud' N.M.; Yablonsky L.T. (1987). Antropologiya antichnovo i srednevekovo naseleniya Vostochno i Yevropy [Anthropology of the Ancient and Middle Age Populations of Eastern Europe]. Moscow: Наука.\n\n^ \"ЯВЛЕНИЕ ИССКУСТВЕННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ЧЕРЕПА У ПРОТОБОЛГАР. ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ. (окончание)\". www.iriston.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.\n\n^ Suslova; et al. (October 2012). \"HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)\". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 39 (5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. PMID 22520580. S2CID 20804610.\n\n^ Mikheyev, Alexander (2019). \"Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors\". bioRxiv 10.1101/2019.12.15.876912. Given the common Turkic genetic background of the Bulgars and Khazars, these ethnicities may be difficult to tell apart either archaeologically or genetically.\n\n^ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 68–69.\n\n^ D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n\n^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973, p. 443.\n\n^ Olson, Pappas, Pappas 1994, pp. 79–81, 84–87, 114–115.\n\n^ \"Татары — это не болгары\". November 2000.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Runciman, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"\"§ Appendix V – Bulgar titles\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//macedonia.kroraina.com/en/sr/sr_app5.htm"},{"link_name":"George Bell & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen"},{"link_name":"The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780520015968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520015968"},{"link_name":"Tokarev, Sergei A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Aleksandrovich_Tokarev"},{"link_name":"\"The Rivalry for the Bulgar legacy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4iwHp8amsdEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780801852213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801852213"},{"link_name":"Fine, John V. 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Florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta"},{"link_name":"\"Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/12138833"},{"link_name":"\"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central 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Ancestry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590186"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2013PLoSO...856779K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...856779K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0056779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0056779"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3590186","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590186"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23483890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23483890"}],"text":"Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish.[ISBN missing]\nRunciman, Steven (1930). \"§ Appendix V – Bulgar titles\". A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: George Bell & Sons.\nMaenchen-Helfen, Otto John (1973), The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520015968\nTokarev, Sergei A. (1980). Mify narodov mira [Myths of the world's peoples] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya.\nShnirelʹman, Viktor A. (1987). \"The Rivalry for the Bulgar legacy\". Who Gets the Past?: Competition for Ancestors Among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 9780801852213.\nFine, John V. Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472081493.\nGolden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.\nOlson, James S.; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313274978.\nBowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674511736.\nCroke, Brian (2001). Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198150015.\nKaratay, Osman (2003). In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation. Ayse Demiral. ISBN 9789756467077.\nVásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139444088.\nCurta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390.\nWaldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438129181.\nBrook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442203021.\nPetkov, Kiril (2008). The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. Brill. ISBN 9789004168312.\nFiedler, Uwe (2008). \"Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research\". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. pp. 151–236. ISBN 9789004163898.\nSophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831. Brill. ISBN 9789004206960. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.\nSedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.\nGolden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.\nChen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812206289.\nGolden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2015, retrieved 13 April 2015\nCurta, Florin (2015). \"Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans\". In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89.\nLalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004). \"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1542): 941–647. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. PMID 15255049.\nKarachanak, S.; Grugni, V.; Fornarino, S.; Nesheva, D.; Al-Zahery, N.; Battaglia, V.; Carrosa, C.; Yordanov, Y.; Torroni, A.; Galabov, A.; Toncheva, D.; Semino, O. (2015). \"Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry\". PLOS ONE. 8 (3): e56779. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.\nZimonyi, István (1990). Klára Szõnyi-Sándor (ed.). The Origins of the Volga Bulghars. Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32.","title":"General and cited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Образуване на българската народност","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/index.html"},{"link_name":"Beshevliev, Veselin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Beshevliev"},{"link_name":"\"Прабългарски епиграфски паметници\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.promacedonia.org/vb/index.html"},{"link_name":"Beshevliev, Veselin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Beshevliev"},{"link_name":"\"Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments (images)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//protobulgarians.com/Statii%20ot%20drugi%20avtori/Veselin%20Beshevliev/Veselin%20Beshevliev%20-%20Proto-Bulgarian%20epigraphic%20monuments.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"954-604-121-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-604-121-1"},{"link_name":"\"Bulghārs\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/bulghars-COM_23726?s.num=98&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=80&s.q=caucasus"},{"link_name":"Krämer, Gudrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer"},{"link_name":"Rowson, Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1873-9830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830"},{"link_name":"The Bulgars and the Steppe Empire in the Early Middle Ages: The Problem of the Others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170730014536/http://www.brill.com/bulgars-and-steppe-empire-early-middle-ages"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789004180017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004180017"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.brill.com/bulgars-and-steppe-empire-early-middle-ages"},{"link_name":"\"Some remarks on the Chinese 'Bulgar'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//podhorski.com/main/assets/documents/Chinese_Bulgars.pdf"}],"text":"Angelov, Dimitŭr (1971). Образуване на българската народност (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, Vekove.\nBeshevliev, Veselin (1981). \"Прабългарски епиграфски паметници\". promacedonia.org (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Издателство на Отечествения фронт.\nBeshevliev, Veselin (1981). \"Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments (images)\". protobulgarians.com (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front.\nDobrev, Petăr (2001). Nepoznatata drevna Bălgarija [The Unknown Ancient Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ivan Vazov Publishers. ISBN 954-604-121-1.\nGolden, Peter B. (2011). \"Bulghārs\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.\nKaratay, Osman. \"The Bulgars in Transoxiana: Some Inferences from Early Islamic Sources.\" Migracijske i etničke teme 1–2 (2009): 69–88.\nStepanov, Tsvetelin (2010). The Bulgars and the Steppe Empire in the Early Middle Ages: The Problem of the Others. Brill. ISBN 9789004180017. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2015.\nSanping, Chen. \"Some remarks on the Chinese 'Bulgar'\" (PDF).","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Bulgars led by Khan Krum pursue the Byzantines at the Battle of Versinikia (813)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/53-manasses-chronicle.jpg/300px-53-manasses-chronicle.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 1926 painting depicting Kubrat (in center), ruler of Great Bulgaria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Giudjenov_Kubrat_and_his_sons.jpg/261px-Giudjenov_Kubrat_and_his_sons.jpg"},{"image_text":"The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Bulgarians_and_Slavs_VI-VII_century.png/300px-Bulgarians_and_Slavs_VI-VII_century.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the Bulgar necropolises on the Lower Danube (8–9 century AD.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bulgar_necropolises_on_lower_Danube.jpg/300px-Bulgar_necropolises_on_lower_Danube.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bulgar migrations and settlements after the decline of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png/220px-Old_Great_Bulgaria_and_migration_of_Bulgarians.png"},{"image_text":"Trade routes of the Black Sea region, 8th–11th centuries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Varangian_routes.png/300px-Varangian_routes.png"},{"image_text":"Europe in 814","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/220px-Europe_814.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Madara Rider, an example of Bulgar art in Bulgaria, dated to the beginning of the 8th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG/300px-JE%C5%B9DZIEC_Z_MADARY.JPG"},{"image_text":"The symbol ıYı is associated with the Dulo clan and the Oghur Turkic groups as well as an Oghuz tribe Kayi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Simbol_of_dulo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of the medieval landscape of Preslav","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_12.jpg/220px-Museums_in_Veliki_Preslav_12.jpg"},{"image_text":"The ruins of Pliska, the first capital of Bulgaria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pliska-svik.jpg/220px-Pliska-svik.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pliska rosette dated from the Tengristic period has seven fingers representing the Classical planets","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rosette_from_Pliska.svg/220px-Rosette_from_Pliska.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The reconstructed copy of Chatalar Inscription by Khan Omurtag (815–831). It is written in Greek, and top two lines read: \"Kanasubigi Omortag, in the land where he was born is archon by God. In the field of Pliska...\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Copy_of_Chatalar_Inscription.jpg/220px-Copy_of_Chatalar_Inscription.jpg"},{"image_text":"The jug golden medallion, from the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós, depicts a warrior with his captive. Experts cannot agree if this warrior represents a Khazar, Pannonian Avar, or Bulgar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_jug_with_golden_medallions.jpg/220px-A_jug_with_golden_medallions.jpg"},{"image_text":"Khan Omurtag was the first Bulgar ruler known to have claimed divine origin, Madrid Skylitzes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Omurtag1.jpg/220px-Omurtag1.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/AdrianopleConquest.jpg/320px-AdrianopleConquest.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg/100px-Ivan_ALexander_and_his_family_Tetraevangelia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Saint Theodor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/100px-St._Theodor.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Bulgar calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_calendar"},{"title":"Bulgar language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_language"},{"title":"Eurasian nomads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nomads"},{"title":"History of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria"},{"title":"Oghur languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghur_languages"},{"title":"Turkic migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration"},{"title":"Turkic tribal confederations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations"}] | [{"reference":"Gi︠u︡zelev, Vasil (1979). The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text. pp. 15, 33, 38.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7lhpAAAAMAAJ&q=Proto-Bulgarians","url_text":"The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text"}]},{"reference":"Hyun Jin Kim (2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC","url_text":"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107009066","url_text":"9781107009066"}]},{"reference":"McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521362924. The exact ethnic origins of the Danubian Bulgars is controversial. It is in any case most probable that they had enveloped groupings of diverse origins during their migration westwards across the Eurasian steppes, and they undoubtedly spoke a form of Turkic as their main language. The Bulgars long retained many of the customs, military tactics, titles and emblems of a nomadic people of the steppes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick","url_text":"McKitterick, Rosamond"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC","url_text":"The New Cambridge Medieval History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521362924","url_text":"9780521362924"}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015. The name Bulgaria comes from the Bulgars, a people who are still a matter of academic dispute with respect to their origin (Turkic or Indo-European) as well as to their influence on the ethnic mixture and the language of present-day Bulgaria.","urls":[{"url":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84090/Bulgaria/42718/Sport-and-recreation#toc42721","url_text":"\"Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc."}]},{"reference":"\"Bulgar\". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 3 June 2015. Although many scholars, including linguists, had posited that the Bulgars were derived from a Turkic tribe of Central Asia (perhaps with Iranian elements), modern genetic research points to an affiliation with western Eurasian populations.","urls":[{"url":"http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/84067/Bulgar","url_text":"\"Bulgar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc."}]},{"reference":"D. M. Dunlop (1967). The History of the Jewish khazars. New Jersey. p. 34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gurov, Dilian (March 2007). \"The Origins of the Bulgars\" (PDF). p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084810/https://www.nada.kth.se/~dilian/bulgars.pdf","url_text":"\"The Origins of the Bulgars\""},{"url":"https://www.nada.kth.se/~dilian/bulgars.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leif Inge Ree Petersen (2013). Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam. Brill. p. 369. ISBN 9789004254466.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BRGaAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States (400–800 AD): Byzantium, the West and Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004254466","url_text":"9789004254466"}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg1a.htm","url_text":"\"Bulgars, Unogundurs, Onogurs, Utigurs, Kutrigurs\""}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"Sabirs, Barsils, Belendzheris, Khazars\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg1b.htm","url_text":"\"Sabirs, Barsils, Belendzheris, Khazars\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Hyun Jin (18 April 2013). The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe. 2013: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-107-00906-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC","url_text":"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00906-6","url_text":"978-1-107-00906-6"}]},{"reference":"Menghin, Wilfred (1985). Die Langobarden. Archäologie und Geschichte (in German). Stuttgart: Theiss. p. 14. ISBN 9783806203646.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783806203646","url_text":"9783806203646"}]},{"reference":"Peters, Edward (2003). History of the Lombards: Translated by William Dudley Foulke. University of Pennsylvania Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wolfram, Herwig; Dunlap, Thomas J. (1990). History of the Goths. University of California Press. p. 276. ISBN 9780520069831.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram","url_text":"Wolfram, Herwig"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xsQxcJvaLjAC","url_text":"History of the Goths"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520069831","url_text":"9780520069831"}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"\"Old Great Bulgaria\"\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg5.htm","url_text":"\"\"Old Great Bulgaria\"\""}]},{"reference":"Somogyi, Péter (2008). \"New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century\". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. p. 104. ISBN 9789004163898.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C","url_text":"\"New remarks on the flow of Byzantine coins in Avaria and Walachia during the second half of the seventh century\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163898","url_text":"9789004163898"}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians and the Saltovo-Majack culture\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg5.htm","url_text":"\"The Proto-Bulgarians and the Saltovo-Majack culture\""}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The migration of the Unogundur-Bulgars of Asparukh from the lands of Azov to the Lower Danube\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/P_bulg10.html","url_text":"\"The migration of the Unogundur-Bulgars of Asparukh from the lands of Azov to the Lower Danube\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Nancy. Bulgarian Art and Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (PDF). University of Texas at Austin. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 3 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810191242/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/creees/content/outreach/fulbright/final_projects/hart.pdf","url_text":"Bulgarian Art and Culture: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin","url_text":"University of Texas at Austin"},{"url":"http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/creees/content/outreach/fulbright/final_projects/hart.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bury, John B. (2015). A History of the Eastern Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN 9781108083218.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bury","url_text":"Bury, John B."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vL-wBgAAQBAJ","url_text":"A History of the Eastern Roman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108083218","url_text":"9781108083218"}]},{"reference":"Beshevliev, Veselin (1981), Прабългарската обществена и държавна структура [Proto-Bulgarian public and state structure] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front, pp. 33–34","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Beshevliev","url_text":"Beshevliev, Veselin"},{"url":"http://www.promacedonia.org/vb/vb_5.html","url_text":"Прабългарската обществена и държавна структура"}]},{"reference":"Stepanov, Tsvetelin (March 2001), \"The Bulgar title ΚΑΝΑΣΥΒΙΓΙ: reconstructing the notions of divine kingship in Bulgaria, AD 822–836\", Early Medieval Europe, 10 (1): 1–19, doi:10.1111/1468-0254.00077, S2CID 154863640","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0254.00077","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0254.00077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154863640","url_text":"154863640"}]},{"reference":"Henning, Joachim (2007). Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 618–619. ISBN 9783110183580.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3oCI8BVxcB8C","url_text":"Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110183580","url_text":"9783110183580"}]},{"reference":"Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. pp. 315, 331. ISBN 9780226064567.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Bonnefoy","url_text":"Bonnefoy, Yves"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Doniger","url_text":"Doniger, Wendy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r4I-FsZCzJEC","url_text":"Asian Mythologies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226064567","url_text":"9780226064567"}]},{"reference":"MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781853024856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia_MacDermott","url_text":"MacDermott, Mercia"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC","url_text":"Bulgarian Folk Customs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Kingsley_Publishers","url_text":"Jessica Kingsley Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853024856","url_text":"9781853024856"}]},{"reference":"Zhivkov, Boris (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. pp. 78, 80, 112. ISBN 9789004294486.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004294486","url_text":"9789004294486"}]},{"reference":"Bukharaev, Ravil (2014). Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons. Routledge. pp. 80–82, 83. ISBN 9781136807930.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vIy3AwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136807930","url_text":"9781136807930"}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians east of the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg7.htm","url_text":"\"The Proto-Bulgarians east of the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\""}]},{"reference":"Mako, Gerald (2011). \"The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered\". Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi (18): 199–223.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Detrez, Raymond (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29. ISBN 9789052012971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Detrez","url_text":"Detrez, Raymond"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C","url_text":"Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052012971","url_text":"9789052012971"}]},{"reference":"Rashev, Rasho (1992), \"On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians\", Studia Protobulgarica et Mediaevalia Europensia, Veliko Tarnovo: 23–33, archived from the original on 18 July 2012, retrieved 28 August 2006","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120718213232/http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/rashev.html","url_text":"\"On the origin of the Proto-Bulgarians\""},{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/rashev.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Agyagási, K. (2020). \"A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study\". University of Debrecen. 3: 9. Modern Chuvash is the only descendant language of the Ogur branch.The ancestors of its speakers left the Khazar Empire in the 8th century and migrated to the region at the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers, where they founded the Volga Bulgarian Empire in the 10th century. In the central Volga region three Volga Bulgarian dialects developed, and Chuvash is the descendant of the 3rd dialect of Volga Bulgarian (Agyagási 2019: 160–183). Sources refer to it as a separate language beginning with 1508","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338899820","url_text":"\"A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study\""}]},{"reference":"Marcantonio, Angela (2002). The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 167. ISBN 0-631-23170-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA167","url_text":"The Uralic language family: facts, myths and statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6","url_text":"0-631-23170-6"}]},{"reference":"Price, Glanville (2000). Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 88. ISBN 0-631-22039-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=29BAeKHwvuoC&pg=PA88","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the languages of Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22039-9","url_text":"0-631-22039-9"}]},{"reference":"Clauson, Gerard (2002). Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics. Taylor & Francis. p. 38. ISBN 0-415-29772-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uJ-7yFXRpiYC&pg=PA38","url_text":"Studies in Turkic and Mongolic linguistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29772-9","url_text":"0-415-29772-9"}]},{"reference":"Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á, eds. (2021). The Turkic Languages. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 9781003243809. Another Turkic people in the Volga area are the Chuvash, who, like the Tatars, regard themselves as descendants of the Volga Bulghars in the historical and cultural sense. It is clear that Chuvash belongs to the Oghur branch of Turkic, as the language of the Volga Bulghars did, but no direct evidence for diachronic development between the two has been established. As there were several distinct Oghur languages in the Middle Ages, Volga Bulghar could represent one of these and Chuvash another.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003243809/turkic-languages-lars-johanson-%C3%A9va-csat%C3%B3","url_text":"The Turkic Languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003243809","url_text":"10.4324/9781003243809"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003243809","url_text":"9781003243809"}]},{"reference":"Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). \"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan\". Harvard Ukrainian Studies. IV (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute: 470. ISSN 0363-5570. JSTOR 41036005. The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak","url_text":"Pritsak, Omeljan"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036005","url_text":"\"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Research_Institute","url_text":"Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0363-5570","url_text":"0363-5570"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036005","url_text":"41036005"}]},{"reference":"Archived, Article (1982). \"\"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan\" (pages 428, ..., 476), author: Omeljan Pritsak\". Ukrainian Studies. VI (4). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University: 430. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023. I was able to establish a Danube- Bulgarian nominative- suffix /A/ from the consonant stems. Recalling that Danube- Bulgarian was a Hunnic language.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230423151254/https://www.academia.edu/88411462","url_text":"\"\"The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan\" (pages 428, ..., 476), author: Omeljan Pritsak\""},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/88411462","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ramer, Alexis Manaster. \"Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven\": 1 p. Granberg's suggestion that we should revive the term Hunno-Bulgar may well became that replacement — once it is clear that Hunnic and Bulgar were closely related and perhaps even the same language.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/41975042","url_text":"\"Proto-Bulgarian/Danube Bulgar/Hunno-Bulgar Bekven\""}]},{"reference":"Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages. Oxford University Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/book/41762/chapter-abstract/354239965?redirectedFrom=fulltext&login=false","url_text":"Chuvash and the Bulgharic Languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8","url_text":"978-0-19-880462-8"}]},{"reference":"RÓNA-TAS, ANDRÁS (1 March 1999). Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages. Central European University Press. p. 208. doi:10.7829/j.ctv280b77f. ISBN 978-963-386-572-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.7829/j.ctv280b77f","url_text":"Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7829%2Fj.ctv280b77f","url_text":"10.7829/j.ctv280b77f"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-386-572-9","url_text":"978-963-386-572-9"}]},{"reference":"Sinor, Denis (1997). Studies in medieval inner Asia. Collected studies series. Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-86078-632-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-632-0","url_text":"978-0-86078-632-0"}]},{"reference":"Tekin, Talât (1988). Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. pp. 30–38. ISBN 978-9-751600-660.","urls":[{"url":"http://kutuphane.akmb.gov.tr/opac/details?id=46293&materialType=BK&query=Volga+Bulgar+Kitabeleri+ve+Volga+Bulgarcas%C4%B1","url_text":"Volga Bulgar kitabeleri ve Volga Bulgarcası"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-751600-660","url_text":"978-9-751600-660"}]},{"reference":"\"Закиев М. З. Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар\". bulgarizdat.ru. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bulgarizdat.ru/index.php/book1/article1-1","url_text":"\"Закиев М. З. Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар\""}]},{"reference":"\"Category:Bulgar numerals – Wiktionary\". en.wiktionary.org. 31 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bulgar_numerals","url_text":"\"Category:Bulgar numerals – Wiktionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proto-Turkic/History of Proto-Turkic language – Wikibooks, open books for an open world\". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 24 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Proto-Turkic/History_of_Proto-Turkic_language","url_text":"\"Proto-Turkic/History of Proto-Turkic language – Wikibooks, open books for an open world\""}]},{"reference":"\"Category:Bulgar numerals\". 20 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Bulgar_numerals","url_text":"\"Category:Bulgar numerals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар\". 14 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://bulgarizdat.ru/index.php/book1/article1-1","url_text":"\"Лингвоэтнические особенности волжских булгар — главного этнического корня татар\""}]},{"reference":"\"Numbers in Chuvash\".","urls":[{"url":"https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/chuvash.htm","url_text":"\"Numbers in Chuvash\""}]},{"reference":"Tekin, Talât (1987). Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri (in Turkish). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.","urls":[{"url":"http://kutuphane.akmb.gov.tr/opac/details?id=42364&materialType=BK&query=%22tekin%2C+talat%22","url_text":"Tuna Bulgarları ve Dilleri"}]},{"reference":"Khayrullina-Valieva, Albina G. (31 March 2020). \"Turkic lexical elements in the Bulgarian language\". Litteraria Copernicana. 33 (1(33)/): 205–211. doi:10.12775/LC.2020.015. ISSN 2392-1617. S2CID 241146294.","urls":[{"url":"https://apcz.umk.pl/LC/article/view/LC.2020.015","url_text":"\"Turkic lexical elements in the Bulgarian language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12775%2FLC.2020.015","url_text":"10.12775/LC.2020.015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2392-1617","url_text":"2392-1617"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241146294","url_text":"241146294"}]},{"reference":"Stamatov, Atanas (1997). \"ИЗВОРИ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ – І–ІІ ЧАСТ\". TEMPORA INCOGNITA НА РАННАТА БЪЛГАРСКА ИСТОРИЯ. MGU Sv. Ivan Rilski.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.protobulgarians.com/kniga_Atstamatov.htm","url_text":"\"ИЗВОРИ И ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИИ – І–ІІ ЧАСТ\""}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Rüdiger (1985). \"Iranica Protobulgarica: Asparuch und Konsorten im Lichte der Iranischen Onomastik\". Linguistique Balkanique. XXVIII (l). Saarbrücken: Academie Bulgare des Sciences: 13–38.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken","url_text":"Saarbrücken"}]},{"reference":"Detrez, Raymond (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29. ISBN 9789052012971.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Detrez","url_text":"Detrez, Raymond"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C","url_text":"Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052012971","url_text":"9789052012971"}]},{"reference":"Cristian Emilian Ghita, Claudia Florentina Dobre (2016). Quest for a Suitable Past: Myths and Memory in Central and Eastern Europe. p. 142.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pohl, Walter (1998), \"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies\", in Lester K. Little; Barbara H. Rosenwein (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings, Blackwell Publishers, pp. 13–24","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Pohl","url_text":"Pohl, Walter"},{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html","url_text":"\"Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies\""}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"Pit graves, artificial skull deformation, Sarmatians, Northern Bactria\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg2a.htm","url_text":"\"Pit graves, artificial skull deformation, Sarmatians, Northern Bactria\""}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians in the Crimea in the VIII–IX cc.\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg9.html","url_text":"\"The Proto-Bulgarians in the Crimea in the VIII–IX cc.\""}]},{"reference":"Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Maár, Kitti; Nagy, István; Latinovics, Dóra; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Molnár, Erika; Marcsik, Antónia; Balogh, Csilla; Lőrinczy, Gábor; Gál, Szilárd Sándor; Tomka, Péter; Kovacsóczy, Bernadett (12 November 2019). \"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin\". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379","url_text":"\"Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...916569N","url_text":"2019NatSR...916569N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-53105-5","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322","url_text":"2045-2322"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6851379","url_text":"6851379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719606","url_text":"31719606"}]},{"reference":"Neparáczki, Endre; Maróti, Zoltán; Kalmár, Tibor; Kocsy, Klaudia; Maár, Kitti; Bihari, Péter; Nagy, István; Fóthi, Erzsébet; Pap, Ildikó; Kustár, Ágnes; Pálfi, György; Raskó, István; Zink, Albert; Török, Tibor (2018). \"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians\". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0205920. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305920N. bioRxiv 10.1101/250688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205920. PMC 6193700. PMID 30335830.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700","url_text":"\"Mitogenomic data indicate admixture components of Central-Inner Asian and Srubnaya origin in the conquering Hungarians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1305920N","url_text":"2018PLoSO..1305920N"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)","url_text":"bioRxiv"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F250688","url_text":"10.1101/250688"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0205920","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0205920"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6193700","url_text":"6193700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30335830","url_text":"30335830"}]},{"reference":"Gerasimova M.M.; Rud' N.M.; Yablonsky L.T. (1987). Antropologiya antichnovo i srednevekovo naseleniya Vostochno i Yevropy [Anthropology of the Ancient and Middle Age Populations of Eastern Europe]. Moscow: Наука.","urls":[{"url":"https://xn--80ad7bbk5c.xn--p1ai/ru/content/antropologiya-antichnogo-i-srednevekovogo-naseleniya-vostochnoy-evropy","url_text":"Antropologiya antichnovo i srednevekovo naseleniya Vostochno i Yevropy"}]},{"reference":"\"ЯВЛЕНИЕ ИССКУСТВЕННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ЧЕРЕПА У ПРОТОБОЛГАР. ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ. (окончание)\". www.iriston.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iriston.com/nogbon/print.php?newsid=368","url_text":"\"ЯВЛЕНИЕ ИССКУСТВЕННОЙ ДЕФОРМАЦИИ ЧЕРЕПА У ПРОТОБОЛГАР. ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И ЗНАЧЕНИЕ. (окончание)\""}]},{"reference":"Suslova; et al. (October 2012). \"HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals)\". International Journal of Immunogenetics. 39 (5). Blackwell Publishing Ltd: 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x. PMID 22520580. S2CID 20804610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1744-313X.2012.01117.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22520580","url_text":"22520580"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20804610","url_text":"20804610"}]},{"reference":"Mikheyev, Alexander (2019). \"Diverse genetic origins of medieval steppe nomad conquerors\". bioRxiv 10.1101/2019.12.15.876912. Given the common Turkic genetic background of the Bulgars and Khazars, these ethnicities may be difficult to tell apart either archaeologically or genetically.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)","url_text":"bioRxiv"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2019.12.15.876912","url_text":"10.1101/2019.12.15.876912"}]},{"reference":"D. Dimitrov (1987). \"The Proto-Bulgarians north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/p_bulgar/p_bulg8.html","url_text":"\"The Proto-Bulgarians north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov in the VIII–IX cc.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Татары — это не болгары\". November 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/162137","url_text":"\"Татары — это не болгары\""}]},{"reference":"Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Runciman, Steven (1930). \"§ Appendix V – Bulgar titles\". A history of the First Bulgarian Empire. London: George Bell & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman","url_text":"Runciman, Steven"},{"url":"http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/sr/sr_app5.htm","url_text":"\"§ Appendix V – Bulgar titles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons","url_text":"George Bell & Sons"}]},{"reference":"Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John (1973), The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture, University of California Press, ISBN 9780520015968","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_J._Maenchen-Helfen","url_text":"Maenchen-Helfen, Otto John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CrUdgzSICxcC","url_text":"The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520015968","url_text":"9780520015968"}]},{"reference":"Tokarev, Sergei A. (1980). Mify narodov mira [Myths of the world's peoples] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moscow: Sovetskaya Entsiklopediya.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Aleksandrovich_Tokarev","url_text":"Tokarev, Sergei A."}]},{"reference":"Shnirelʹman, Viktor A. (1987). \"The Rivalry for the Bulgar legacy\". Who Gets the Past?: Competition for Ancestors Among Non-Russian Intellectuals in Russia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press. ISBN 9780801852213.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4iwHp8amsdEC","url_text":"\"The Rivalry for the Bulgar legacy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801852213","url_text":"9780801852213"}]},{"reference":"Fine, John V. Antwerp (1991). The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472081493.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John V. Antwerp"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0NBxG9Id58C","url_text":"The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472081493","url_text":"9780472081493"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden","url_text":"Golden, Peter Benjamin"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12545004","url_text":"An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden","url_text":"Wiesbaden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrassowitz_Verlag","url_text":"Otto Harrassowitz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447032742","url_text":"9783447032742"}]},{"reference":"Olson, James S.; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994). An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313274978.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_S._Olson","url_text":"Olson, James S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC","url_text":"An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313274978","url_text":"9780313274978"}]},{"reference":"Bowersock, Glen; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674511736.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Bowersock","url_text":"Bowersock, Glen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)","url_text":"Brown, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_Grabar","url_text":"Grabar, Oleg"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe","url_text":"Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674511736","url_text":"9780674511736"}]},{"reference":"Croke, Brian (2001). Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198150015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ep6U-meRt00C","url_text":"Count Marcellinus and His Chronicle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198150015","url_text":"9780198150015"}]},{"reference":"Karatay, Osman (2003). In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation. Ayse Demiral. ISBN 9789756467077.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_Qu1ywX0-wC","url_text":"In Search of the Lost Tribe: The Origins and Making of the Croatian Nation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789756467077","url_text":"9789756467077"}]},{"reference":"Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139444088.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJWyg97IggC","url_text":"Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139444088","url_text":"9781139444088"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815390.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt","url_text":"Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521815390","url_text":"9780521815390"}]},{"reference":"Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 9781438129181.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC","url_text":"Encyclopedia of European Peoples"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438129181","url_text":"9781438129181"}]},{"reference":"Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 1442203021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC","url_text":"The Jews of Khazaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield","url_text":"Rowman & Littlefield Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1442203021","url_text":"1442203021"}]},{"reference":"Petkov, Kiril (2008). The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture. Brill. ISBN 9789004168312.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tjPEtxSOuYgC","url_text":"The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century: The Records of a Bygone Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004168312","url_text":"9789004168312"}]},{"reference":"Fiedler, Uwe (2008). \"Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research\". In Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (eds.). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. pp. 151–236. ISBN 9789004163898.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C","url_text":"\"Bulgars in the Lower Danube region: A survey of the archaeological evidence and of the state of current research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004163898","url_text":"9789004163898"}]},{"reference":"Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831. Brill. ISBN 9789004206960. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518083412/https://books.google.hr/books?id=EbIyAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004206960","url_text":"9789004206960"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EbIyAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC","url_text":"East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295800646","url_text":"9780295800646"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden","url_text":"Golden, Peter B."},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/9609971","url_text":"Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789732721520","url_text":"9789732721520"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Sanping (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812206289.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC","url_text":"Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812206289","url_text":"978-0812206289"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2015, retrieved 13 April 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden","url_text":"Golden, Peter B."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023615/http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf","url_text":"Oq and Oğur~Oğuz*"},{"url":"http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2015). \"Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans\". In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/12138833","url_text":"\"Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans\""}]},{"reference":"Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004). \"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient Central Asians\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1542): 941–647. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698. PMC 1691686. 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Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856779K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056779. PMC 3590186. PMID 23483890.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590186","url_text":"\"Y-Chromosome Diversity in Modern Bulgarians: New Clues about Their Ancestry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...856779K","url_text":"2013PLoSO...856779K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0056779","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0056779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3590186","url_text":"3590186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23483890","url_text":"23483890"}]},{"reference":"Zimonyi, István (1990). Klára Szõnyi-Sándor (ed.). The Origins of the Volga Bulghars. Studia Uralo-Altaica, 32.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Angelov, Dimitŭr (1971). Образуване на българската народност (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Nauka i Izkustvo, Vekove.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kroraina.com/knigi/da/index.html","url_text":"Образуване на българската народност"}]},{"reference":"Beshevliev, Veselin (1981). \"Прабългарски епиграфски паметници\". promacedonia.org (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Издателство на Отечествения фронт.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Beshevliev","url_text":"Beshevliev, Veselin"},{"url":"http://www.promacedonia.org/vb/index.html","url_text":"\"Прабългарски епиграфски паметници\""}]},{"reference":"Beshevliev, Veselin (1981). \"Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments (images)\". protobulgarians.com (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Izd. na Otech. front.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veselin_Beshevliev","url_text":"Beshevliev, Veselin"},{"url":"http://protobulgarians.com/Statii%20ot%20drugi%20avtori/Veselin%20Beshevliev/Veselin%20Beshevliev%20-%20Proto-Bulgarian%20epigraphic%20monuments.htm","url_text":"\"Proto-Bulgarian Epigraphic Monuments (images)\""}]},{"reference":"Dobrev, Petăr (2001). Nepoznatata drevna Bălgarija [The Unknown Ancient Bulgaria] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Ivan Vazov Publishers. ISBN 954-604-121-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-604-121-1","url_text":"954-604-121-1"}]},{"reference":"Golden, Peter B. (2011). \"Bulghārs\". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sm8900/Drafts/Persecutions_and_war_crimes_of_the_Nazis | User talk:Sm8900/Drafts/Persecutions and war crimes of the Nazis | ["1 Notes"] | Notes
this is a page for any notes. ---Sm8900★ 🌎 05:17, 4 May 2020 (UTC) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sm8900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Sm8900"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"this is a page for any notes. ---Sm8900★ 🌎 05:17, 4 May 2020 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Sm8900/Drafts/Persecutions and war crimes of the Nazis"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe%27s_imperial-pigeon | Zoe's imperial pigeon | ["1 References"] | Species of bird
Zoe's imperial pigeon
Ducula zoeae
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Columbiformes
Family:
Columbidae
Genus:
Ducula
Species:
D. zoeae
Binomial name
Ducula zoeae(Desmarest, 1826)
Zoe's imperial pigeon or Zoe imperial pigeon (Ducula zoeae), also known as the banded imperial pigeon, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae.
It is found in New Guinea.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.
It is named after Zoë Lesson (fl. 1810), the wife of French ornithologist René-Primevère Lesson, who described it.
References
^ BirdLife International (2016). "Ducula zoeae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691775A93324450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691775A93324450.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 414, s.v. zoeae.
Taxon identifiersDucula zoeae
Wikidata: Q942526
Wikispecies: Ducula zoeae
ADW: Ducula_zoeae
Avibase: 7656697AE9697607
BirdLife: 22691775
BOW: zoeimp1
CoL: 6DPCF
eBird: zoeimp1
GBIF: 2496022
iNaturalist: 3198
IRMNG: 10589929
ITIS: 177393
IUCN: 22691775
NCBI: 187116
Open Tree of Life: 506102
Xeno-canto: Ducula-zoeae
This Columbiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Columbidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtropical_or_tropical_moist_lowland_forest"},{"link_name":"mangrove forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_forest"},{"link_name":"montane forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montane_forest"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"René-Primevère Lesson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Zoe's imperial pigeon or Zoe imperial pigeon (Ducula zoeae), also known as the banded imperial pigeon, is a species of bird in the family Columbidae.\nIt is found in New Guinea.\nIts natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical mangrove forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.It is named after Zoë Lesson (fl. 1810), the wife of French ornithologist René-Primevère Lesson, who described it.[2]","title":"Zoe's imperial pigeon"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2016). \"Ducula zoeae\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22691775A93324450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691775A93324450.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22691775/93324450","url_text":"\"Ducula zoeae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691775A93324450.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691775A93324450.en"}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 414, s.v. zoeae.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n414","url_text":"414"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22691775/93324450","external_links_name":"\"Ducula zoeae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691775A93324450.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691775A93324450.en"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","external_links_name":"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n414","external_links_name":"414"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ducula_zoeae/","external_links_name":"Ducula_zoeae"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=7656697AE9697607","external_links_name":"7656697AE9697607"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22691775","external_links_name":"22691775"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/zoeimp1","external_links_name":"zoeimp1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6DPCF","external_links_name":"6DPCF"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/zoeimp1","external_links_name":"zoeimp1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2496022","external_links_name":"2496022"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/3198","external_links_name":"3198"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10589929","external_links_name":"10589929"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177393","external_links_name":"177393"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22691775","external_links_name":"22691775"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=187116","external_links_name":"187116"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=506102","external_links_name":"506102"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Ducula-zoeae","external_links_name":"Ducula-zoeae"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoe%27s_imperial_pigeon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan%E2%80%93Jinan_railway | Handan–Jinan railway | ["1 Rail connections","2 References"] | Rail line in People's Republic of China
The Handan–Jinan railway or Hanji railway (simplified Chinese: 邯济铁路; traditional Chinese: 邯濟鐵路; pinyin: Hánjì tiělù) is a railway between Handan in Hebei and Jinan in Shandong Province in northern China. The single railway is 231.76 miles (372.98 km) in length and was built from 1996 to 1999 to carry coal from Shanxi Province.
When the Hanji Line began operation in 2000, it had a designed annual transport capacity of 20 million tons of goods a year. The line completed 21.56 million tons in 2001 and since 2003 has exceeded 30 million tons transported each year. The line is operated by Hanji Railway Company Limited, a state-owned joint-stock company based in Liaocheng with the Ministry of Railways, Shandong Province and Hebei Province as shareholders. In 2003, the line generated Y600 million profit. In 2008, planning began for a second track and electrification of the line, which would increase annual carrying capacity to 80-100 million tons.
On 10 December 2014 the section between Handan and Liaocheng began being used for long-distance passenger trains. This was the first time passenger services had operated on the line.
Rail connections
Handan: Beijing–Guangzhou railway, Handan–Changzhi railway
Liaocheng: Beijing–Kowloon railway
Jinan: Beijing–Shanghai railway
References
Railways portal
^ a b c d e f (Chinese) "邯郸经济发展纪事"《中原商报》 Archived 2012-04-25 at the Wayback Machine 2009-08-20
^ a b "Industry Reviews China Railways". Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
^ "邯济铁路启用客运功能 首开石家庄至烟台和杭州列车". 邯郸晚报. 2014-12-10. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2022-09-10. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"邯","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%82%AF"},{"link_name":"濟","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BF%9F"},{"link_name":"鐵","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%90%B5"},{"link_name":"路","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway"},{"link_name":"Handan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan"},{"link_name":"Shandong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"northern China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_China"},{"link_name":"Shanxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indrev-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indrev-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"},{"link_name":"Liaocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaocheng"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Handan–Jinan railway or Hanji railway (simplified Chinese: 邯济铁路; traditional Chinese: 邯濟鐵路; pinyin: Hánjì tiělù) is a railway between Handan in Hebei and Jinan in Shandong Province in northern China. The single railway is 231.76 miles (372.98 km) in length and was built from 1996 to 1999 to carry coal from Shanxi Province.[1][2]When the Hanji Line began operation in 2000,[1] it had a designed annual transport capacity of 20 million tons of goods a year.[2] The line completed 21.56 million tons in 2001 and since 2003 has exceeded 30 million tons transported each year.[1] The line is operated by Hanji Railway Company Limited, a state-owned joint-stock company based in Liaocheng with the Ministry of Railways, Shandong Province and Hebei Province as shareholders.[1] In 2003, the line generated Y600 million profit.[1] In 2008, planning began for a second track and electrification of the line, which would increase annual carrying capacity to 80-100 million tons.[1]On 10 December 2014 the section between Handan and Liaocheng began being used for long-distance passenger trains. This was the first time passenger services had operated on the line.[3]","title":"Handan–Jinan railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Guangzhou railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Guangzhou_railway"},{"link_name":"Handan–Changzhi railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handan%E2%80%93Changzhi_railway"},{"link_name":"Liaocheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaocheng"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Kowloon railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_railway"},{"link_name":"Jinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinan"},{"link_name":"Beijing–Shanghai railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Shanghai_railway"}],"text":"Handan: Beijing–Guangzhou railway, Handan–Changzhi railway\nLiaocheng: Beijing–Kowloon railway\nJinan: Beijing–Shanghai railway","title":"Rail connections"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Industry Reviews China Railways\". Archived from the original on 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090307150530/http://www.chinadetail.com/Business/IndustryReviewsChinaRailways.php","url_text":"\"Industry Reviews China Railways\""},{"url":"http://www.chinadetail.com/Business/IndustryReviewsChinaRailways.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"邯济铁路启用客运功能 首开石家庄至烟台和杭州列车\". 邯郸晚报. 2014-12-10. Archived from the original on 2017-02-15. Retrieved 2022-09-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025603/http://handan.hebnews.cn/2014-12/10/content_4379173.htm","url_text":"\"邯济铁路启用客运功能 首开石家庄至烟台和杭州列车\""},{"url":"http://handan.hebnews.cn/2014-12/10/content_4379173.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.hdol.cn/hdolhd/09guoqing/newsCt.asp?NewsInfoID=20","external_links_name":"\"邯郸经济发展纪事\"《中原商报》"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425073259/http://www.hdol.cn/hdolhd/09guoqing/newsCt.asp?NewsInfoID=20","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090307150530/http://www.chinadetail.com/Business/IndustryReviewsChinaRailways.php","external_links_name":"\"Industry Reviews China Railways\""},{"Link":"http://www.chinadetail.com/Business/IndustryReviewsChinaRailways.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215025603/http://handan.hebnews.cn/2014-12/10/content_4379173.htm","external_links_name":"\"邯济铁路启用客运功能 首开石家庄至烟台和杭州列车\""},{"Link":"http://handan.hebnews.cn/2014-12/10/content_4379173.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(1992_film) | Poison Ivy (1992 film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","5 Sequels","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | 1992 film by Katt Shea
Poison IvyTheatrical release posterDirected byKatt SheaScreenplay by
Andy Ruben
Katt Shea
Story byMelissa GoddardProduced byAndy RubenStarring
Tom Skerritt
Sara Gilbert
Cheryl Ladd
Drew Barrymore
CinematographyPhedon PapamichaelEdited byGina MittelmanMusic byDavid Michael FrankProductioncompanyMG EntertainmentDistributed byNew Line CinemaRelease dates
January 21, 1992 (1992-01-21) (Sundance)
May 8, 1992 (1992-05-08) (United States)
Running time88 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$3 millionBox office$1.8 million
Poison Ivy is a 1992 American erotic thriller film directed by Katt Shea. It stars Drew Barrymore, Sara Gilbert, Tom Skerritt and Cheryl Ladd. The original music score is composed by David Michael Frank. The film was shot in Los Angeles.
It premiered at Sundance on January 21, 1992, where it was nominated for the Grand Jury prize of Best Film. Although it did not fare very well at the box office, grossing $1,829,804 with its limited theatrical release to 20 movie theaters, the film received favorable word-of-mouth, and became a success on cable and video in the mid-1990s. It has since gained status as a cult film, and is the first installment in a Poison Ivy film series that includes three direct-to-video sequels.
Plot
Sylvie Cooper is a student at an expensive private school. On the day she first meets Ivy, a poor street-smart girl, she witnesses her mercy-killing a badly wounded dog.
When they next meet, Sylvie's father Darryl comes to pick her up, Ivy asks for a ride, and he reluctantly agrees. She sits in the front with him, puts her feet on the dashboard and deliberately shows him her legs by allowing her mini-skirt to fall back onto her hips, which Darryl notices.
A few weeks later, Sylvie invites Ivy home. She explains that Darryl adopted her and that her biological father is African-American. Sylvie also admits she once tried to kill herself. They meet Sylvie's sickly mother, Georgie, whom Ivy wins over by talking about her scholarship and helping her unblock her oxygen tank.
Soon after, as both of Sylvie's parents enjoy Ivy's company, Ivy practically moves in. The girls share clothes and Sylvie's bed. As they have similar figures, Georgie lends Ivy some of her clothes.
Darryl throws a party at the house to improve his failing career, and enlists Sylvie to help him. However, Ivy ensures that she must work on the night of the party, so she can assist Darryl. After the party, she dances with him in the kitchen and they embrace. Georgie walks in on them and storms upstairs.
Ivy apologizes, claiming that Darryl was under stress and she was only comforting him. Georgie believes her, accepts a glass of champagne drugged with sleeping pills, and falls asleep. Ivy sits on the bed next to her and begins to massage Darryl's crotch with her foot. It is implied that he performs oral sex on her and she climaxes.
Over the next few days, Ivy continues changing her appearance, wearing Georgie's clothing more often. Sylvie becomes increasingly irritated with Ivy's growing presence in her family. Her anger reaches a breaking point when even her dog chooses Ivy over her, which is because Ivy has dog treats in her pockets.
Sylvie skips school to spend some time alone. Darryl picks Ivy up and drives them into the forest, where they drink and have sex.
The next morning, Georgie plays the cassette tape Sylvie made for her and walks out onto her balcony. Ivy walks up behind her, talks to her and without warning, pushes her off the balcony to her death. As Georgie is known to be mentally ill, and has threatened to commit suicide previously, Ivy is not suspected.
A few weeks later, Ivy talks Sylvie into taking out her mother's sports car. When Sylvie becomes suspicious of her involvement in Georgie's death, Ivy crashes the car, then moves the unconscious Sylvie into the driver's seat.
In the hospital, Sylvie hallucinates that her mother visits her, inspiring her to return home to save her father from Ivy. When she arrives there is a raging storm, so she hurries inside, experiencing hallucinations the whole way. Once inside, she sees Darryl and Ivy having sex, and flees.
As Darryl hurries out to look for Sylvie, Ivy follows him. Accidentally showing the bruising on her chest from the steering wheel, revealing that she was behind the wheel, she claims that it was to protect him. As Darryl drives off to find Sylvie, Ivy goes up to Georgie's old room. Playing the tape Sylvie made for Georgie, she wears Georgie's robe and walks out to the balcony.
Sylvie sees Ivy and, because of her head injury, believes that it is her mother so makes her way to the balcony. Sylvie tells Georgie that she loves her and Georgie says she loves her too. When they kiss, Ivy begins to use her tongue, which breaks Sylvie out of her hallucination.
Ivy says Georgie wanted to die and now the three of them can be a family. Sylvie rejects her delusion, pushing her over the balcony. Ivy grabs onto her necklace in an attempt to take her with her, but she fails. As the chain breaks, a screaming Ivy falls to her death alone. Darryl returns to see Ivy's corpse on the ground with Sylvie above.
The film ends with Sylvie narrating that she still loves and misses "her", following the parallel between Ivy and Georgie.
Cast
Sara Gilbert as Sylvie Cooper
Drew Barrymore as Ivy
Tom Skerritt as Darryl Cooper
Cheryl Ladd as Georgie Cooper
Alan Stock as Bob
Jeanne Sakata as Isabelle
E. J. Moore as Kid
J. B. Quon as Another Kid
Michael Goldner as Man in Car
Charley Hayward as Tiny
Time Winters as Old Man
Billy Kane as James
Tony Ervolina as Man on Screen
Mary Gordon Murray as M.D.
Leonardo DiCaprio as Guy
Production
Producers Melissa Goddard and Peter Morgan brought the original idea to New Line. The studio then hired Katt Shea who had made a number of movies for Roger Corman; according to head of production Sara Risher, the studio wanted "a teenage Fatal Attraction".
The film developed greatly from this premise. There were three different drafts of the script and four different endings. According to Shea, the original ending had Ivy getting away with her crimes and hitch-hiking along a road. However, New Line insisted that Ivy be punished and made her shoot a new ending where Ivy died. New Line then wanted Shea to revive the character for sequels which the director refused to do; Shea now says she regrets the decision.
Shea says that she never regarded Ivy as villainous, but rather as a tragic character who just wants to be loved. She credits this for the film's popularity.
Reception
Critical response
The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival where, according to The New York Times, viewers were "either enraptured or insulted". At the Seattle International Festival of Women Directors it was perceived to be politically incorrect. Shea stated:
I always told New Line it was going to be different from what they thought. I'm out to prove it's possible to make a film that's really artistic, that's an honest expression that comes from me and that can still be commercial. I told them I can only make movies for myself. I just know that if I really love it there's going to be a market for it.
On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 39% rating based on 33 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, "An unpleasant thriller that lacks the self-awareness to dilute its sordid undertones, Poison Ivy is liable to give audiences a rash." On Metacritic it has a score of 51 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Variety wrote: "Suicide, hints of lesbianism, murder, staged accidents and every other applicable melodramatic contrivance is dragged in. Unfortunate thesps take it all very seriously, while technical aspects are emptily polished."
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2.5 out of 4 and wrote "Here the casting is so wrong that nothing quite works."
Janet Maslin of the The New York Times wrote: "Katt Shea, who directed and co-wrote "Poison Ivy," displays a gleeful enthusiasm for the B-movie genre to which her film essentially belongs, as well as a grasp of the form's more delicate possibilities. "Poison Ivy" never resorts to overt malice when something more quietly sinister will do."
The character Ivy was ranked at number six on the list of the top 26 "bad girls" of all time by Entertainment Weekly.
Sequels
Main articles: Poison Ivy II: Lily, Poison Ivy: The New Seduction, and Poison Ivy: The Secret Society
Poison Ivy spawned three sequels: Poison Ivy II: Lily in 1996, Poison Ivy: The New Seduction in 1997 and Poison Ivy: The Secret Society in 2008.
See also
The Crush (1993 film)
References
^ "Poison Ivy". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
^ Hicks, Chris (January 21, 1992). "'Hopfrog' Adaptation Heads Lineup". Deseret News.
^ "Tom Skerritt: An American Cinematheque Tribute". American Cinematheque. September 23, 2021.
^ a b c LAURIE HALPERN BENENSON (May 3, 1992). "How 'Poison Ivy' Got Its Sting: The studio wanted a teen-age 'Fatal Attraction.' Katt Shea's movie may be more than that. 'Poison Ivy': Art or Exploitation?". New York Times. p. 70.
^ a b Katt Shea on Poison Ivy at Trailers from Hell
^ "Poison Ivy (1992)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
^ "Poison Ivy". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
^ "MOVIE REVIEW : 'Ivy': Family Itchin' for Trouble". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ Variety Staff (1 January 1992). "Poison Ivy". Variety.
^ Ebert, Roger (1992). "Poison Ivy movie review & film summary (1992)". Chicago Sun-Times.
^ Janet Maslin (8 May 1992). "Review/Film; She Joins a Family and Leaves It Well and Truly Wrecked". The New York Times.
^ Bernardin, Marc (29 June 2008). "Lethal Ladies: 26 Best Big-Screen Bad Girls". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Poison Ivy (1992 film).
Poison Ivy at IMDb
Poison Ivy at AllMovie
Poison Ivy at Box Office Mojo
Poison Ivy at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Poison Ivy at the TCM Movie Database
vtePoison IvyFilms
Poison Ivy
Poison Ivy II: Lily
Poison Ivy: The New Seduction
Poison Ivy: The Secret Society
vteFilms directed by Katt Shea
Stripped to Kill (1987)
Stripped to Kill II: Live Girls (1989)
Dance of the Damned (1989)
Streets (1990)
Poison Ivy (1992)
Last Exit to Earth (1996)
The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999)
Sharing the Secret (2000)
Sanctuary (2001)
Nancy Drew and the Hidden Staircase (2019)
Rescued by Ruby (2022) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"erotic thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_thriller"},{"link_name":"Katt Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katt_Shea"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Sara Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Tom Skerritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Skerritt"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Ladd"},{"link_name":"Sundance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"box office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video"},{"link_name":"cult film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Poison Ivy film series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(film_series)"}],"text":"Poison Ivy is a 1992 American erotic thriller film directed by Katt Shea. It stars Drew Barrymore, Sara Gilbert, Tom Skerritt and Cheryl Ladd. The original music score is composed by David Michael Frank. The film was shot in Los Angeles.It premiered at Sundance on January 21, 1992, where it was nominated for the Grand Jury prize of Best Film.[2] Although it did not fare very well at the box office, grossing $1,829,804 with its limited theatrical release to 20 movie theaters, the film received favorable word-of-mouth, and became a success on cable and video in the mid-1990s. It has since gained status as a cult film,[3] and is the first installment in a Poison Ivy film series that includes three direct-to-video sequels.","title":"Poison Ivy (1992 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"street-smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-how"},{"link_name":"sex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse"}],"text":"Sylvie Cooper is a student at an expensive private school. On the day she first meets Ivy, a poor street-smart girl, she witnesses her mercy-killing a badly wounded dog.When they next meet, Sylvie's father Darryl comes to pick her up, Ivy asks for a ride, and he reluctantly agrees. She sits in the front with him, puts her feet on the dashboard and deliberately shows him her legs by allowing her mini-skirt to fall back onto her hips, which Darryl notices.A few weeks later, Sylvie invites Ivy home. She explains that Darryl adopted her and that her biological father is African-American. Sylvie also admits she once tried to kill herself. They meet Sylvie's sickly mother, Georgie, whom Ivy wins over by talking about her scholarship and helping her unblock her oxygen tank.Soon after, as both of Sylvie's parents enjoy Ivy's company, Ivy practically moves in. The girls share clothes and Sylvie's bed. As they have similar figures, Georgie lends Ivy some of her clothes.Darryl throws a party at the house to improve his failing career, and enlists Sylvie to help him. However, Ivy ensures that she must work on the night of the party, so she can assist Darryl. After the party, she dances with him in the kitchen and they embrace. Georgie walks in on them and storms upstairs.Ivy apologizes, claiming that Darryl was under stress and she was only comforting him. Georgie believes her, accepts a glass of champagne drugged with sleeping pills, and falls asleep. Ivy sits on the bed next to her and begins to massage Darryl's crotch with her foot. It is implied that he performs oral sex on her and she climaxes.Over the next few days, Ivy continues changing her appearance, wearing Georgie's clothing more often. Sylvie becomes increasingly irritated with Ivy's growing presence in her family. Her anger reaches a breaking point when even her dog chooses Ivy over her, which is because Ivy has dog treats in her pockets.Sylvie skips school to spend some time alone. Darryl picks Ivy up and drives them into the forest, where they drink and have sex.The next morning, Georgie plays the cassette tape Sylvie made for her and walks out onto her balcony. Ivy walks up behind her, talks to her and without warning, pushes her off the balcony to her death. As Georgie is known to be mentally ill, and has threatened to commit suicide previously, Ivy is not suspected.A few weeks later, Ivy talks Sylvie into taking out her mother's sports car. When Sylvie becomes suspicious of her involvement in Georgie's death, Ivy crashes the car, then moves the unconscious Sylvie into the driver's seat.In the hospital, Sylvie hallucinates that her mother visits her, inspiring her to return home to save her father from Ivy. When she arrives there is a raging storm, so she hurries inside, experiencing hallucinations the whole way. Once inside, she sees Darryl and Ivy having sex, and flees.As Darryl hurries out to look for Sylvie, Ivy follows him. Accidentally showing the bruising on her chest from the steering wheel, revealing that she was behind the wheel, she claims that it was to protect him. As Darryl drives off to find Sylvie, Ivy goes up to Georgie's old room. Playing the tape Sylvie made for Georgie, she wears Georgie's robe and walks out to the balcony.Sylvie sees Ivy and, because of her head injury, believes that it is her mother so makes her way to the balcony. Sylvie tells Georgie that she loves her and Georgie says she loves her too. When they kiss, Ivy begins to use her tongue, which breaks Sylvie out of her hallucination.Ivy says Georgie wanted to die and now the three of them can be a family. Sylvie rejects her delusion, pushing her over the balcony. Ivy grabs onto her necklace in an attempt to take her with her, but she fails. As the chain breaks, a screaming Ivy falls to her death alone. Darryl returns to see Ivy's corpse on the ground with Sylvie above.The film ends with Sylvie narrating that she still loves and misses \"her\", following the parallel between Ivy and Georgie.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sara Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Drew Barrymore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Barrymore"},{"link_name":"Tom Skerritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Skerritt"},{"link_name":"Cheryl Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Ladd"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Sakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Sakata"},{"link_name":"Mary Gordon Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gordon_Murray"},{"link_name":"Leonardo DiCaprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio"}],"text":"Sara Gilbert as Sylvie Cooper\nDrew Barrymore as Ivy\nTom Skerritt as Darryl Cooper\nCheryl Ladd as Georgie Cooper\nAlan Stock as Bob\nJeanne Sakata as Isabelle\nE. J. Moore as Kid\nJ. B. Quon as Another Kid\nMichael Goldner as Man in Car\nCharley Hayward as Tiny\nTime Winters as Old Man\nBilly Kane as James\nTony Ervolina as Man on Screen\nMary Gordon Murray as M.D.\nLeonardo DiCaprio as Guy","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Katt Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katt_Shea"},{"link_name":"Roger Corman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Corman"},{"link_name":"Fatal Attraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatal_Attraction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivy_two-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivy_two-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shea-5"}],"text":"Producers Melissa Goddard and Peter Morgan brought the original idea to New Line. The studio then hired Katt Shea who had made a number of movies for Roger Corman; according to head of production Sara Risher, the studio wanted \"a teenage Fatal Attraction\".[4]The film developed greatly from this premise. There were three different drafts of the script and four different endings.[4] According to Shea, the original ending had Ivy getting away with her crimes and hitch-hiking along a road. However, New Line insisted that Ivy be punished and made her shoot a new ending where Ivy died. New Line then wanted Shea to revive the character for sequels which the director refused to do; Shea now says she regrets the decision.[5]Shea says that she never regarded Ivy as villainous, but rather as a tragic character who just wants to be loved. She credits this for the film's popularity.[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"politically incorrect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politically_incorrect"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ivy_two-4"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"lesbianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbianism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Janet Maslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Maslin"},{"link_name":"B-movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_movie"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The film debuted at the Sundance Film Festival where, according to The New York Times, viewers were \"either enraptured or insulted\". At the Seattle International Festival of Women Directors it was perceived to be politically incorrect. Shea stated:[4]I always told New Line it was going to be different from what they thought. I'm out to prove it's possible to make a film that's really artistic, that's an honest expression that comes from me and that can still be commercial. I told them I can only make movies for myself. I just know that if I really love it there's going to be a market for it.On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 39% rating based on 33 reviews. The site's critics consensus reads, \"An unpleasant thriller that lacks the self-awareness to dilute its sordid undertones, Poison Ivy is liable to give audiences a rash.\"[6] On Metacritic it has a score of 51 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[7][8]Variety wrote: \"Suicide, hints of lesbianism, murder, staged accidents and every other applicable melodramatic contrivance is dragged in. Unfortunate thesps take it all very seriously, while technical aspects are emptily polished.\"[9]\nRoger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 2.5 out of 4 and wrote \"Here the casting is so wrong that nothing quite works.\"[10]Janet Maslin of the The New York Times wrote: \"Katt Shea, who directed and co-wrote \"Poison Ivy,\" displays a gleeful enthusiasm for the B-movie genre to which her film essentially belongs, as well as a grasp of the form's more delicate possibilities. \"Poison Ivy\" never resorts to overt malice when something more quietly sinister will do.\"[11]The character Ivy was ranked at number six on the list of the top 26 \"bad girls\" of all time by Entertainment Weekly.[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Poison Ivy spawned three sequels: Poison Ivy II: Lily in 1996, Poison Ivy: The New Seduction in 1997 and Poison Ivy: The Secret Society in 2008.","title":"Sequels"}] | [] | [{"title":"The Crush (1993 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crush_(1993_film)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Poison Ivy\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0105156/","url_text":"\"Poison Ivy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Hicks, Chris (January 21, 1992). \"'Hopfrog' Adaptation Heads Lineup\". Deseret News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deseret.com/1992/1/21/18963426/hopfrog-adaptation-heads-lineup/","url_text":"\"'Hopfrog' Adaptation Heads Lineup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deseret_News","url_text":"Deseret News"}]},{"reference":"\"Tom Skerritt: An American Cinematheque Tribute\". American Cinematheque. September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americancinematheque.com/series/tom-skerritt-an-american-cinematheque-tribute/","url_text":"\"Tom Skerritt: An American Cinematheque Tribute\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cinematheque","url_text":"American Cinematheque"}]},{"reference":"LAURIE HALPERN BENENSON (May 3, 1992). \"How 'Poison Ivy' Got Its Sting: The studio wanted a teen-age 'Fatal Attraction.' Katt Shea's movie may be more than that. 'Poison Ivy': Art or Exploitation?\". New York Times. p. 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Poison Ivy (1992)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1039642_poison_ivy","url_text":"\"Poison Ivy (1992)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Poison Ivy\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/poison-ivy","url_text":"\"Poison Ivy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"MOVIE REVIEW : 'Ivy': Family Itchin' for Trouble\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-08/entertainment/ca-1620_1_poison-ivy","url_text":"\"MOVIE REVIEW : 'Ivy': Family Itchin' for Trouble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Variety Staff (1 January 1992). \"Poison Ivy\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/1991/film/reviews/poison-ivy-1200429282/","url_text":"\"Poison Ivy\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (1992). \"Poison Ivy movie review & film summary (1992)\". Chicago Sun-Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/poison-ivy-1992","url_text":"\"Poison Ivy movie review & film summary (1992)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"Janet Maslin (8 May 1992). \"Review/Film; She Joins a Family and Leaves It Well and Truly Wrecked\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/08/movies/review-film-she-joins-a-family-and-leaves-it-well-and-truly-wrecked.html","url_text":"\"Review/Film; She Joins a Family and Leaves It Well and Truly Wrecked\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bernardin, Marc (29 June 2008). \"Lethal Ladies: 26 Best Big-Screen Bad Girls\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130721180209/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20194359_5,00.html","url_text":"\"Lethal Ladies: 26 Best Big-Screen Bad Girls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20194359_5,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0105156/","external_links_name":"\"Poison Ivy\""},{"Link":"https://www.deseret.com/1992/1/21/18963426/hopfrog-adaptation-heads-lineup/","external_links_name":"\"'Hopfrog' Adaptation Heads Lineup\""},{"Link":"https://www.americancinematheque.com/series/tom-skerritt-an-american-cinematheque-tribute/","external_links_name":"\"Tom Skerritt: An American Cinematheque Tribute\""},{"Link":"http://trailersfromhell.com/poison-ivy/","external_links_name":"Katt Shea on Poison Ivy"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1039642_poison_ivy","external_links_name":"\"Poison Ivy (1992)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/poison-ivy","external_links_name":"\"Poison Ivy\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-08/entertainment/ca-1620_1_poison-ivy","external_links_name":"\"MOVIE REVIEW : 'Ivy': Family Itchin' for Trouble\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/1991/film/reviews/poison-ivy-1200429282/","external_links_name":"\"Poison Ivy\""},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/poison-ivy-1992","external_links_name":"\"Poison Ivy movie review & film summary (1992)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/08/movies/review-film-she-joins-a-family-and-leaves-it-well-and-truly-wrecked.html","external_links_name":"\"Review/Film; She Joins a Family and Leaves It Well and Truly Wrecked\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130721180209/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20194359_5,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Lethal Ladies: 26 Best Big-Screen Bad Girls\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20194359_5,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105156/","external_links_name":"Poison Ivy"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v38567","external_links_name":"Poison Ivy"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=poisonivy.htm","external_links_name":"Poison Ivy"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/59361","external_links_name":"Poison Ivy"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/18101/enwp","external_links_name":"Poison Ivy"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoidal_thread_form | Trapezoidal thread form | ["1 Acme thread characteristics","2 Metric trapezoidal thread characteristics","3 Other trapezoidal threads","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"] | Screw thread profiles with trapezoidal outlines
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Metric trapezoid thread, TR-40×7.
A male Acme thread
Trapezoidal thread forms are screw thread profiles with trapezoidal outlines. They are the most common forms used for leadscrews (power screws). They offer high strength and ease of manufacture. They are typically found where large loads are required, as in a vise or the leadscrew of a lathe. Standardized variations include multiple-start threads, left-hand threads, and self-centering threads (which are less likely to bind under lateral forces).
The original trapezoidal thread form, and still probably the one most commonly encountered worldwide, with a 29° thread angle, is the Acme thread form (/ˈækmiː/ AK-mee). The Acme thread was developed in 1894 as a profile well suited to power screws that has various advantages over the square thread, which had been the form of choice until then. It is easier to cut with either single-point threading or die than the square thread is (because the latter's shape requires tool bit or die tooth geometry that is poorly suited to cutting). It wears better than a square thread (because the wear can be compensated for) and is stronger than a comparably sized square thread. It allows smoother engagement of the half nuts on a lathe leadscrew than a square thread. It is one of the strongest symmetric thread profiles; however, for loads in only one direction, such as vises, the asymmetric buttress thread profile can bear greater loads.
The trapezoidal metric thread form is similar to the Acme thread form, except the thread angle is 30°. It is codified by DIN 103. While metric screw threads are more prevalent worldwide than imperial threads for triangular thread forms, the imperially sized Acme threads predominate in the trapezoidal thread form.
Acme thread characteristics
Basic Acme thread profile
The Acme thread form has a 29° thread angle with a thread height half of the pitch; the apex (or crest) and valley (or root) are flat. This shape is easier to machine (faster cutting, longer tool life) than a square thread. The tooth shape also has a wider base which means it is stronger (thus, the screw can carry a greater load) than a similarly sized square thread. This thread form also allows for the use of a split nut, which can compensate for nut wear.
The line of General Purpose (GP) Acme threads (ASME/ANSI B1.5-1997) are not designed to sustain external radial loads and both the nut and bolt are, ideally, independently supported (the nut by a linear guide and the screw by shaft bearings). This is due to the need to avoid "wedging" of the thread flanks when subjected to radial loads, which would contribute substantially to friction forces and thread wear. However, there is a Centralizing Acme-thread standard (also specified in ASME/ANSI B1.5-1997) which caters to applications where the threads are not radially supported, where the roots and crests of opposing threads are designed to come into contact before the flanks do under radial loads. This adds the requirement that the sum of the allowances (clearances) and tolerances on the major diameters of nut and bolt be less than the sum of the allowances on the pitch diameters (PD). The drawback is that for a given amount of end play (axial clearance due solely to PD clearances), closer tolerances and a cleaner work environment are necessitated in the application of a Centralizing Acme thread.
Compared to square threads, disadvantages of the Acme thread form are lower efficiency due to higher friction and some radial load on the nut (angular offset from square).
When created before 1895, Acme screw threads were intended to replace square threads and a variety of threads of other forms used chiefly for the purpose of traversing on machines, tools, etc. Acme screw threads are now extensively used for a variety of purposes. Long-length Acme threads are used for controlled movements on machine tools, testing machines, jacks, aircraft flaps, and conveyors. Short-length threads are used on valve stems, hose connectors, bonnets on pressure cylinders, steering mechanisms, and camera lens movement.
The thread form shown in the figure (Basic ACME thread profile) is called "basic". The actual thread heights on both the internal (nut) and external (bolt) threads differ from P/2 by allowances (or clearances):
A minimum root-crest clearance of 0.01 in (0.25 mm) (diametral) between opposing threads with 10 tpi (threads-per-inch) or fewer, and 0.005 in (0.13 mm) for finer pitches. (This is also true for the minor diameters of the Centralizing Acme thread, though not its major diameters, where the allowance is made less than the PD allowance.)
A PD allowance, which makes the PD smaller than "basic" in the case of the GP and external Centralizing Acme threads, but greater in the case of the internal Centralizing Acme thread.
The net effect is that the minimum thread heights are greater than "basic" for internal and external GP threads and for external Centralizing threads, and the maximum height for internal Centralizing Acme threads is shorter than "basic". The maximum diameter (within tolerance) at the crest of the external threads (called the max. major diameter of external thread) is that of the basic thread form and equals the "nominal diameter", D, stated in the screw's designation. The minimum diameter (within tolerance) at the crest of the internal thread (called the min. minor diameter of internal thread) is that of the basic thread form and equals the nominal diameter minus twice the basic thread height (i.e. D − P).
There is also a "Stub Acme" thread standard, identical in all respects to the one just described except for the height of the basic thread being 0.3P.
Standard Acme thread pitches for diameters in Imperial and US customary units
Nominal diameter (in)
Thread pitch (in)
Thread density (in−1)
1⁄4
1⁄16
16
5⁄16
1⁄14
14
3⁄8
1⁄12
12
1⁄2
1⁄10
10
5⁄8
1⁄8
8
3⁄4, 7⁄8
1⁄6
6
1, 1+1⁄4
1⁄5
5
1+1⁄2, 1+3⁄4, 2
1⁄4
4
2+1⁄2
1⁄3
3
3
1⁄2
2
Metric trapezoidal thread characteristics
A thread pitch gauge with metric Tr 30 threads (30 mm diameter, 6 mm pitch, tolerance class 7e).
In case of the trapezoidal thread form the angle is 30° instead of 29°. All dimensions are in millimeters.
Trapezoidal threads are defined as follows by ISO standards:
Tr 60×9
where Tr designates a trapezoidal thread, 60 is the nominal diameter in millimeters, and 9 is the pitch in millimeters. When there is no suffix it is a single start thread. If there is a suffix then the value after the multiplication sign is the lead and the value in the parentheses is the pitch. For example:
Tr 60×18(P9)LH
would denote two starts, as the lead divided by the pitch is two. The "LH" denotes a left hand thread.
Standard trapezoidal thread pitches for metric diameters
Nominal diameter (mm)
Thread pitch (mm)
10
2
12
3
14, 16
4
24, 28
5
32, 36
6
40, 44
7
48, 52
8
60
9
70, 80
10
90, 100
12
Other trapezoidal threads
For maintaining air conditioning systems using R134a gas, a non standard "ACME" thread is specified for gas canisters.
Thread pitch for R134a gas canisters
Nominal diameter (in)
Thread pitch (in)
Thread density (in−1)
1⁄2
1⁄16
16
See also
Buttress thread
Leadscrew
Ball screw
Notes
^ See:
Simpson, John and Proffitt, Michael, ed.s, "acme", Oxford English Dictionary: Additions Series, vol. 3 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 10.
The Acme thread was proposed by Albert Man Powell, then president of the Powell Planer Co. of Worcester, Massachusetts. See:
Powell, A.M. (24 January 1895) "The proposed new screw thread," American Machinist, 18 (4) : 66.
Powell, A.M. (24 January 1895) "A new screw thread," American Machinist, 18 (4) : 69–71.
For a brief biography of Albert Man Powell (with photograph), see: Rice, Franklin P., The Worcester of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-Eight: Fifty Years a City (Worcester, Massachusetts: F.S. Blanchard & Co.,1899),pp. 150–151.
The name "Acme thread" was proposed by A. W. Handy (1845 October 7 (Bristol, Rhode Island) – 1915 August 27 (Malden, Massachusetts)), who was then a sales representative of the Acme Machinery Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, which made various machine tools. See: (Editorial staff) (3 January 1895) "A proposed new standard screw thread," American Machinist, 18 (1) : 1–2.
References
^ Bhandari 2007, pp. 202–204
^ Oberg 1908, p. 30.
^ Jones 1964, pp. 176–177.
^ a b Bhandari 2007, p. 204
^ a b c Trapezoidal coarse thread
^ a b c Trapezoidal fine thread
^ Machinery's Handbook 1996, p. 1703
^ Bhandari 2007, pp. 203–204
^ American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1997), ASME B1.5 - 1997 Acme Screw Threads, ASME Press, ISBN 0-7918-2482-9.
^ Shigley, Mischke & Budynas 2003, p. 400
^ a b Bhandari 2007, p. 205
^ "Unique Fittings & Label Colors for MVAC Refrigerants". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
Bibliography
Bhandari, V B (2007), Design of Machine Elements, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-061141-2.
Flather, John Joseph (1895), Rope-driving: a treatise on the transmission of power by means of fibrous ropes, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, LCCN 06034155.
Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (1996), Green, Robert E.; McCauley, Christopher J. (eds.), Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-2575-2, OCLC 473691581.
Jones, Franklin D. (1964), Machine shop training course, vol. 1 (5th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-1039-0, OCLC 661244.
Oberg, Erik (1908), Handbook of small tools: comprising threading tools, taps, dies, cutters, drills, and reamers, together with a complete treatise on screw-thread systems, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Co-edition, 1908, Chapman & Hall, London.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
Shigley, Joseph E.; Mischke, Charles R.; Budynas, Richard Gordon (2003), Mechanical Engineering Design (7th ed.), McGraw Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-252036-1.
External links
Standard Acme threads
Nominal dimension for trapezoidal thread profiles
Trapezoidal coarse thread
Trapezoidal fine thread
Stub ACME Thread Sizes and Data Chart
ASME: Acme Screw Threads B1.5-1997
Manufacturer of trapezoidal screws
Metric Trapezoidal Threads
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Welding | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trapetsg%C3%A4nga.png"},{"link_name":"Metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_System_of_Units"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acme_thread.jpg"},{"link_name":"male","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners"},{"link_name":"screw thread profiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Form"},{"link_name":"trapezoidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoid"},{"link_name":"leadscrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrew"},{"link_name":"vise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vise_(tool)"},{"link_name":"lathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe_(metal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"multiple-start threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Lead,_pitch,_and_starts"},{"link_name":"left-hand threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Gender"},{"link_name":"/ˈækmiː/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"AK-mee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"square thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_thread_form"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"single-point threading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)#Single-point_threading"},{"link_name":"die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_and_die"},{"link_name":"tool bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_bit"},{"link_name":"half nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_nut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oberg1908p30-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones1964pp176-177-4"},{"link_name":"buttress thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_thread"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhandari204-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trap-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trap1-7"},{"link_name":"DIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green1996p1703-8"}],"text":"Metric trapezoid thread, TR-40×7.A male Acme threadTrapezoidal thread forms are screw thread profiles with trapezoidal outlines. They are the most common forms used for leadscrews (power screws). They offer high strength and ease of manufacture. They are typically found where large loads are required, as in a vise or the leadscrew of a lathe.[1] Standardized variations include multiple-start threads, left-hand threads, and self-centering threads (which are less likely to bind under lateral forces).The original trapezoidal thread form, and still probably the one most commonly encountered worldwide, with a 29° thread angle, is the Acme thread form (/ˈækmiː/ AK-mee). The Acme thread was developed in 1894 as a profile well suited to power screws that has various advantages over the square thread,[note 1] which had been the form of choice until then. It is easier to cut with either single-point threading or die than the square thread is (because the latter's shape requires tool bit or die tooth geometry that is poorly suited to cutting). It wears better than a square thread (because the wear can be compensated for) and is stronger than a comparably sized square thread. It allows smoother engagement of the half nuts on a lathe leadscrew than a square thread.[2][3] It is one of the strongest symmetric thread profiles; however, for loads in only one direction, such as vises, the asymmetric buttress thread profile can bear greater loads.The trapezoidal metric thread form is similar to the Acme thread form, except the thread angle is 30°.[4][5][6] It is codified by DIN 103.[7] While metric screw threads are more prevalent worldwide than imperial threads for triangular thread forms, the imperially sized Acme threads predominate in the trapezoidal thread form.","title":"Trapezoidal thread form"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acme_thread.svg"},{"link_name":"thread angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_angle"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Lead,_pitch,_and_starts"},{"link_name":"split nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_nut"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"major diameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Design"},{"link_name":"pitch diameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Design"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhandari204-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"minor diameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_thread#Design"}],"text":"Basic Acme thread profileThe Acme thread form has a 29° thread angle with a thread height half of the pitch; the apex (or crest) and valley (or root) are flat. This shape is easier to machine (faster cutting, longer tool life) than a square thread. The tooth shape also has a wider base which means it is stronger (thus, the screw can carry a greater load) than a similarly sized square thread. This thread form also allows for the use of a split nut, which can compensate for nut wear.[8]The line of General Purpose (GP) Acme threads (ASME/ANSI B1.5-1997) are not designed to sustain external radial loads and both the nut and bolt are, ideally, independently supported (the nut by a linear guide and the screw by shaft bearings). This is due to the need to avoid \"wedging\" of the thread flanks when subjected to radial loads, which would contribute substantially to friction forces and thread wear. However, there is a Centralizing Acme-thread standard (also specified in ASME/ANSI B1.5-1997) which caters to applications where the threads are not radially supported, where the roots and crests of opposing threads are designed to come into contact before the flanks do under radial loads. This adds the requirement that the sum of the allowances (clearances) and tolerances on the major diameters of nut and bolt be less than the sum of the allowances on the pitch diameters (PD). The drawback is that for a given amount of end play (axial clearance due solely to PD clearances), closer tolerances and a cleaner work environment are necessitated in the application of a Centralizing Acme thread.Compared to square threads, disadvantages of the Acme thread form are lower efficiency due to higher friction and some radial load on the nut (angular offset from square).[4]When created before 1895, Acme screw threads were intended to replace square threads and a variety of threads of other forms used chiefly for the purpose of traversing on machines, tools, etc. Acme screw threads are now extensively used for a variety of purposes. Long-length Acme threads are used for controlled movements on machine tools, testing machines, jacks, aircraft flaps, and conveyors. Short-length threads are used on valve stems, hose connectors, bonnets on pressure cylinders, steering mechanisms, and camera lens movement.[9]The thread form shown in the figure (Basic ACME thread profile) is called \"basic\". The actual thread heights on both the internal (nut) and external (bolt) threads differ from P/2 by allowances (or clearances):A minimum root-crest clearance of 0.01 in (0.25 mm) (diametral) between opposing threads with 10 tpi (threads-per-inch) or fewer, and 0.005 in (0.13 mm) for finer pitches. (This is also true for the minor diameters of the Centralizing Acme thread, though not its major diameters, where the allowance is made less than the PD allowance.)\nA PD allowance, which makes the PD smaller than \"basic\" in the case of the GP and external Centralizing Acme threads, but greater in the case of the internal Centralizing Acme thread.The net effect is that the minimum thread heights are greater than \"basic\" for internal and external GP threads and for external Centralizing threads, and the maximum height for internal Centralizing Acme threads is shorter than \"basic\". The maximum diameter (within tolerance) at the crest of the external threads (called the max. major diameter of external thread) is that of the basic thread form and equals the \"nominal diameter\", D, stated in the screw's designation. The minimum diameter (within tolerance) at the crest of the internal thread (called the min. minor diameter of internal thread) is that of the basic thread form and equals the nominal diameter minus twice the basic thread height (i.e. D − P).There is also a \"Stub Acme\" thread standard, identical in all respects to the one just described except for the height of the basic thread being 0.3P.","title":"Acme thread characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Not_Go_Ring.JPG"},{"link_name":"thread pitch gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_pitch_gauge"},{"link_name":"pitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_pitch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trap-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trap1-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trap-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trap1-7"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bhandari205-12"}],"text":"A thread pitch gauge with metric Tr 30 threads (30 mm diameter, 6 mm pitch, tolerance class 7e).In case of the trapezoidal thread form the angle is 30° instead of 29°.[5][6] All dimensions are in millimeters.[5][6]Trapezoidal threads are defined as follows by ISO standards:Tr 60×9where Tr designates a trapezoidal thread, 60 is the nominal diameter in millimeters, and 9 is the pitch in millimeters. When there is no suffix it is a single start thread. If there is a suffix then the value after the multiplication sign is the lead and the value in the parentheses is the pitch. For example:Tr 60×18(P9)LHwould denote two starts, as the lead divided by the pitch is two. The \"LH\" denotes a left hand thread.[11]","title":"Metric trapezoidal thread characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"R134a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R134a"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"For maintaining air conditioning systems using R134a gas, a non standard \"ACME\" thread is specified for gas canisters.[12]","title":"Other trapezoidal threads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"p. 10.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PR1"},{"link_name":"\"The proposed new screw thread,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435063039879;view=1up;seq=52;size=150"},{"link_name":"\"A new screw thread,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435063039879;view=1up;seq=55;size=150"},{"link_name":"pp. 150–151.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/worcesterofeight00rice#page/150/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"\"A proposed new standard screw thread,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435063039879;view=1up;seq=13;size=150"}],"text":"^ See:\nSimpson, John and Proffitt, Michael, ed.s, \"acme\", Oxford English Dictionary: Additions Series, vol. 3 (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 10.\nThe Acme thread was proposed by Albert Man Powell, then president of the Powell Planer Co. of Worcester, Massachusetts. See:\nPowell, A.M. (24 January 1895) \"The proposed new screw thread,\" American Machinist, 18 (4) : 66.\nPowell, A.M. (24 January 1895) \"A new screw thread,\" American Machinist, 18 (4) : 69–71.\nFor a brief biography of Albert Man Powell (with photograph), see: Rice, Franklin P., The Worcester of Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-Eight: Fifty Years a City (Worcester, Massachusetts: F.S. Blanchard & Co.,1899),pp. 150–151.\nThe name \"Acme thread\" was proposed by A. W. [Albert Ward] Handy (1845 October 7 (Bristol, Rhode Island) – 1915 August 27 (Malden, Massachusetts)), who was then a sales representative of the Acme Machinery Co. of Cleveland, Ohio, which made various machine tools. See: (Editorial staff) (3 January 1895) \"A proposed new standard screw thread,\" American Machinist, 18 (1) : 1–2.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Design of Machine Elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=f5Eit2FZe_cC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-061141-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-061141-2"},{"link_name":"Rope-driving: a treatise on the transmission of power by means of fibrous ropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hQ9IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"06034155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/06034155"},{"link_name":"Machinery's Handbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook"},{"link_name":"Industrial Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8311-2575-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2575-2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"473691581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/473691581"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8311-1039-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1039-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"661244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/661244"},{"link_name":"Handbook of small tools: comprising threading tools, taps, dies, cutters, drills, and reamers, together with a complete treatise on screw-thread systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=nplKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Engineering Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=j8xscqTxWUgC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-252036-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-252036-1"}],"text":"Bhandari, V B (2007), Design of Machine Elements, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-061141-2.\nFlather, John Joseph (1895), Rope-driving: a treatise on the transmission of power by means of fibrous ropes, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, LCCN 06034155.\nOberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (1996), Green, Robert E.; McCauley, Christopher J. (eds.), Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-2575-2, OCLC 473691581.\nJones, Franklin D. (1964), Machine shop training course, vol. 1 (5th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-1039-0, OCLC 661244.\nOberg, Erik (1908), Handbook of small tools: comprising threading tools, taps, dies, cutters, drills, and reamers, together with a complete treatise on screw-thread systems, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Co-edition, 1908, Chapman & Hall, London.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\nShigley, Joseph E.; Mischke, Charles R.; Budynas, Richard Gordon (2003), Mechanical Engineering Design (7th ed.), McGraw Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-252036-1.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Metric trapezoid thread, TR-40×7.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Trapetsg%C3%A4nga.png/220px-Trapetsg%C3%A4nga.png"},{"image_text":"A male Acme thread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Acme_thread.jpg/220px-Acme_thread.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basic Acme thread profile","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Acme_thread.svg/250px-Acme_thread.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A thread pitch gauge with metric Tr 30 threads (30 mm diameter, 6 mm pitch, tolerance class 7e).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Not_Go_Ring.JPG/220px-Not_Go_Ring.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Buttress thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress_thread"},{"title":"Leadscrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadscrew"},{"title":"Ball screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_screw"}] | [{"reference":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1997), ASME B1.5 - 1997 Acme Screw Threads, ASME Press, ISBN 0-7918-2482-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers","url_text":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7918-2482-9","url_text":"0-7918-2482-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Unique Fittings & Label Colors for MVAC Refrigerants\". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 7 January 2016. Retrieved 10 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epa.gov/mvac/unique-fittings-label-colors-mvac-refrigerants","url_text":"\"Unique Fittings & Label Colors for MVAC Refrigerants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency","url_text":"United States Environmental Protection Agency"}]},{"reference":"Bhandari, V B (2007), Design of Machine Elements, Tata McGraw-Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-061141-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f5Eit2FZe_cC","url_text":"Design of Machine Elements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-061141-2","url_text":"978-0-07-061141-2"}]},{"reference":"Flather, John Joseph (1895), Rope-driving: a treatise on the transmission of power by means of fibrous ropes, New York: J. Wiley & Sons, LCCN 06034155.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ9IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1","url_text":"Rope-driving: a treatise on the transmission of power by means of fibrous ropes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/06034155","url_text":"06034155"}]},{"reference":"Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L.; Ryffel, Henry H. (1996), Green, Robert E.; McCauley, Christopher J. (eds.), Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-2575-2, OCLC 473691581.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinery%27s_Handbook","url_text":"Machinery's Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Press","url_text":"Industrial Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-2575-2","url_text":"978-0-8311-2575-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/473691581","url_text":"473691581"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Franklin D. (1964), Machine shop training course, vol. 1 (5th ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 978-0-8311-1039-0, OCLC 661244.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8311-1039-0","url_text":"978-0-8311-1039-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/661244","url_text":"661244"}]},{"reference":"Oberg, Erik (1908), Handbook of small tools: comprising threading tools, taps, dies, cutters, drills, and reamers, together with a complete treatise on screw-thread systems, New York: John Wiley & Sons. Co-edition, 1908, Chapman & Hall, London.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nplKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29","url_text":"Handbook of small tools: comprising threading tools, taps, dies, cutters, drills, and reamers, together with a complete treatise on screw-thread systems"}]},{"reference":"Shigley, Joseph E.; Mischke, Charles R.; Budynas, Richard Gordon (2003), Mechanical Engineering Design (7th ed.), McGraw Hill, ISBN 978-0-07-252036-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j8xscqTxWUgC","url_text":"Mechanical Engineering Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-252036-1","url_text":"978-0-07-252036-1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gUGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PR1","external_links_name":"p. 10."},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435063039879;view=1up;seq=52;size=150","external_links_name":"\"The proposed new screw thread,\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435063039879;view=1up;seq=55;size=150","external_links_name":"\"A new screw thread,\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/worcesterofeight00rice#page/150/mode/2up","external_links_name":"pp. 150–151."},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435063039879;view=1up;seq=13;size=150","external_links_name":"\"A proposed new standard screw thread,\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nplKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"p. 30"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DFP7cLe3VIUC&pg=PA176","external_links_name":"pp. 176–177"},{"Link":"http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/trapezoidal-coarse-thread.html","external_links_name":"Trapezoidal coarse thread"},{"Link":"http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/trapezoidal-fine-thread.html","external_links_name":"Trapezoidal fine thread"},{"Link":"https://www.epa.gov/mvac/unique-fittings-label-colors-mvac-refrigerants","external_links_name":"\"Unique Fittings & Label Colors for MVAC Refrigerants\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f5Eit2FZe_cC","external_links_name":"Design of Machine Elements"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hQ9IAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"Rope-driving: a treatise on the transmission of power by means of fibrous ropes"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/06034155","external_links_name":"06034155"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/473691581","external_links_name":"473691581"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/661244","external_links_name":"661244"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nplKAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29","external_links_name":"Handbook of small tools: comprising threading tools, taps, dies, cutters, drills, and reamers, together with a complete treatise on screw-thread systems"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j8xscqTxWUgC","external_links_name":"Mechanical Engineering Design"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170318005519/http://www.diracdelta.co.uk:80/science/source/a/c/acme%20thread/source.html","external_links_name":"Standard Acme threads"},{"Link":"http://www.bornemann-gewindetechnik.de/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Trapezoidal-thread-EN.pdf","external_links_name":"Nominal dimension for trapezoidal thread profiles"},{"Link":"http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/trapezoidal-coarse-thread.html","external_links_name":"Trapezoidal coarse thread"},{"Link":"http://www.gewinde-normen.de/en/trapezoidal-fine-thread.html","external_links_name":"Trapezoidal fine thread"},{"Link":"http://www.engineersedge.com/hardware/acme-stub-thread.htm","external_links_name":"Stub ACME Thread Sizes and Data Chart"},{"Link":"https://www.asme.org/products/codes-standards/b15-1997-acme-screw-threads","external_links_name":"ASME: Acme Screw Threads B1.5-1997"},{"Link":"https://www.technobg.com/en/trapezoidal-screw-threads-din-103","external_links_name":"Manufacturer of trapezoidal screws"},{"Link":"https://www.threadspecification.com/tr/","external_links_name":"Metric Trapezoidal Threads"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_law | Indigenous Australian customary law | ["1 Background and description","1.1 Capital punishment","2 Recognition by the colonial legal system","3 Land rights","4 Regional examples","4.1 Arnhem Land","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading"] | Indigenous Australian customary law refers to the legal systems and practices uniquely belonging to Indigenous Australians of Australia, that is, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
Background and description
Indigenous peoples of Australia comprise two groups with very different histories, ethnicities and customs: Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. Torres Strait Islanders are "strictly monogamous mostly church-married". The most notable customary practice differing from usual practice among non-Indigenous Australians is that of adoption, known as kupai omasker, by members of the extended family or friends. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to.
Most studies have looked exclusively at Aboriginal law and lore, with regard to personal and social customs.
Aboriginal customary law developed over time from accepted moral and social norms within Indigenous societies. They regulate human behaviour, mandate specific sanctions for non-compliance, and connect people with the land and with each other, through a system of relationships.
Indigenous customary law is not uniform across Australia, and systems differ greatly between language groups, clans, and regions.
Within some Aboriginal Australian communities, the words "law" and "lore" are words used to differentiate between the Indigenous and post-colonial legal systems. The word "law" is taken to refer to the legal system introduced during the European colonisation of Australia, whereas the word "lore" is used to refer to the Indigenous customary system. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship, and community.
Aboriginal customary lore is intertwined with cultural customs, practices, and stories from the Dreamtime. Customs are passed on through the generations by means of cultural works such as songlines, stories and dance. Those cultural works are passed on by oral tradition. A report by the Australian Government in 1986 did not find any codified versions of Indigenous customary lore, but acknowledged that the existing knowledge of Indigenous Australian traditions may be sufficient to be considered as such.
Capital punishment
Before the arrival of Europeans, death sentences were carried out under Aboriginal customary law, either directly or through sorcery. In some cases the condemned could be denied mortuary rites.
Recognition by the colonial legal system
Customary law has not otherwise been relevant to the development of Australian common law by courts.
Legislative bodies since the late-twentieth century have investigated the concept of incorporating Indigenous laws more formally into post-colonial legal systems. Reports by the Australian Law Reform Commission and the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia have discussed the desirability of recognising customary law in matters involving Aboriginal Australians. In the Northern Territory, some statutes and courts make explicit reference to customary law where useful in identifying relationships and social expectations. These changes have sometimes been controversial, especially in cases where customary law is imprecise or infringes upon human rights.
On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the Torres Strait Islander practice of traditional adoptions (kupai omasker), which was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.
Land rights
Further information: Indigenous land rights in Australia
European settlers in Australia assumed the legal fiction of Australia as terra nullius during the period of colonisation. For that reason, lore was explicitly ignored by Australian courts, both during and after the colonial era.
In 1992, post-colonial law recognised Indigenous lore as giving rise to a valid legal claim in the Mabo decision, in which the legal fiction of terra nullius was discarded. While the court found that the crown held radical title over all land in Australia (including land subject to Indigenous legal claims), the High Court held that it would recognise customary legal rights to land; if and only if those legal rights had been maintained continuously since settlement, and not displaced by an inconsistent grant in title to another person (such as a grant in freehold). Indigenous customary claims to land are regulated by the Native Title Act 1993.
Regional examples
Arnhem Land
Further information: Australian Aboriginal culture § Arnhem Land
Madayin is the customary law of the Yolngu people, which embodies the rights and responsibilities of the owners of the law, or citizens (rom watangu walal, or simply rom). As well as the objects that symbolise the law, oral rules, names and song cycles, and the sacred places that are used to maintain, develop and provide education in the law. Rom and its accompanying ceremonies are concepts and practices shared by the neighbouring Anbarra people, also in Arnhem Land.
See also
Australia portal
Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty
Customary law in South Africa
Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship
References
^ a b Australian Law Reform Commission (1986). The Position of Torres Strait Islanders and South Sea Islanders. Consideration of whether Aboriginal customary laws should be recognised in Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2021. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Rigby, Mark (4 June 2020). "Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ a b Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (February 2006). Project 94 - Aboriginal Customary Laws. Quality Press. p. 7. ISBN 1-74035-056-1.
^ a b c Australian Law Reform Commission (12 June 1986). "24. The Proof of Aboriginal Customary Laws". Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws. ALRC Report 31. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
^ "The Law and the Lore". Working with Indigenous Australians. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ "Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31): 21. Aboriginal Customary Laws and Sentencing: Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment': 500. Traditional Punishments or Responses". www.alrc.gov.au. Australian Law Reform Commission. 8 August 2010. paragraph 500. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
^ Traditional Aboriginal Law and Punishment Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine – Part V – Aboriginal Customary Law and the Criminal Justice System, Law Reform Commission of Western Australia – Aboriginal Customary Laws Discussion Paper
^ Community Welfare Act 1983 (NT) s 69; Sentencing Amendment (Aboriginal Customary Law) Act 2004 (NT) s 4.
^ Walker v New South Wales HCA 64, (1994) 182 CLR 45 (16 December 1994), High Court (Australia).
^ Coe v Commonwealth HCA 42, High Court (Australia).
^ "High Court rejects customary law defence in sexual abuse case". The World Today (ABC Radio). 19 May 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
^ Rigby, Mark (16 July 2020). "Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
^ "'Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices". SBS News. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
^ "About Yolngu". Nhulunbuy Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
^ Long, Andrew Stawowczyk (1995), "1 transparency : col. ; 5.5 x 5.5 cm.", , Collection of photographs taken at opening of 'It's about friendship' - Rom, a ceremony from Arnhem Land exhibition at the National Library of Australia, Canberra, 5 January 1995., nla.obj-147351861, retrieved 29 January 2020 – via Trove
^ "ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Blurb of 1986 book by Stephen Wild. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2020. The first ROM ceremony, a 'ritual of diplomacy', performed outside Arnhem Land was held when the Anbarra people..presented a Rom to AIATSIS in 1982.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Further reading
"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31)". Australian Government. Australian Law Reform Commission. 11 June 1986.
"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'". Australian Government. Australian Law Reform Commission. 18 August 2010.
Morphy, Howard (2003). "Cross-cultural categories, Yolngu science and local discourses". Living Knowledge. Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, The Australian National University – via ANU. " Yolngu assert that they have their own law (rom) in a number of different contexts... In many of these cases Yolngu law is at marked variance with Australian law... Until recently, in many areas of Australian law, such as tax law and family law, Yolngu, de facto, sat outside the everyday operation of the Australian legal system." | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Indigenous Australian customary law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"Torres Strait Islanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander"},{"link_name":"kupai omasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupai_omasker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alrc1986tsi-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alrc1986tsi-1"},{"link_name":"moral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"social norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_norms"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrcwa_2005_7-3"},{"link_name":"language groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alrc_1986_24-4"},{"link_name":"European colonisation of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-working-5"},{"link_name":"Dreamtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamtime"},{"link_name":"songlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songline"},{"link_name":"oral tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_tradition"},{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alrc_1986_24-4"}],"text":"Indigenous peoples of Australia comprise two groups with very different histories, ethnicities and customs: Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders. Torres Strait Islanders are \"strictly monogamous [and] mostly church-married\". The most notable customary practice differing from usual practice among non-Indigenous Australians is that of adoption, known as kupai omasker, by members of the extended family[1] or friends. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to.[2]Most studies have looked exclusively at Aboriginal law and lore, with regard to personal and social customs.[1]Aboriginal customary law developed over time from accepted moral and social norms within Indigenous societies. They regulate human behaviour, mandate specific sanctions for non-compliance, and connect people with the land and with each other, through a system of relationships.[3]Indigenous customary law is not uniform across Australia, and systems differ greatly between language groups, clans, and regions.[4]Within some Aboriginal Australian communities, the words \"law\" and \"lore\" are words used to differentiate between the Indigenous and post-colonial legal systems. The word \"law\" is taken to refer to the legal system introduced during the European colonisation of Australia, whereas the word \"lore\" is used to refer to the Indigenous customary system. Learned from childhood, lore dictates the rules on how to interact with the land, kinship, and community.[5]Aboriginal customary lore is intertwined with cultural customs, practices, and stories from the Dreamtime. Customs are passed on through the generations by means of cultural works such as songlines, stories and dance. Those cultural works are passed on by oral tradition. A report by the Australian Government in 1986 did not find any codified versions of Indigenous customary lore, but acknowledged that the existing knowledge of Indigenous Australian traditions may be sufficient to be considered as such.[4]","title":"Background and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"death sentences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"sorcery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALRC31-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Capital punishment","text":"Before the arrival of Europeans, death sentences were carried out under Aboriginal customary law, either directly or through sorcery.[6] In some cases the condemned could be denied mortuary rites.[7]","title":"Background and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Australian Law Reform Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alrc_1986_24-4"},{"link_name":"Law Reform Commission of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Reform_Commission_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lrcwa_2005_7-3"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Customary law has not otherwise been relevant to the development of Australian common law by courts.[citation needed]Legislative bodies since the late-twentieth century have investigated the concept of incorporating Indigenous laws more formally into post-colonial legal systems. Reports by the Australian Law Reform Commission[4] and the Law Reform Commission of Western Australia[3] have discussed the desirability of recognising customary law in matters involving Aboriginal Australians. In the Northern Territory, some statutes and courts make explicit reference to customary law where useful in identifying relationships and social expectations.[8] These changes have sometimes been controversial,[9][10] especially in cases where customary law is imprecise or infringes upon human rights.[11]On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the Torres Strait Islander practice of traditional adoptions (kupai omasker),[12] which was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 (\"For Our Children's Children\") on 8 September 2020.[13]","title":"Recognition by the colonial legal system"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indigenous land rights in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"European settlers in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"terra nullius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_nullius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mabo decision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)"},{"link_name":"radical title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_title"},{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(law)"},{"link_name":"Native Title Act 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Title_Act_1993"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: Indigenous land rights in AustraliaEuropean settlers in Australia assumed the legal fiction of Australia as terra nullius during the period of colonisation. For that reason, lore was explicitly ignored by Australian courts, both during and after the colonial era.[citation needed]In 1992, post-colonial law recognised Indigenous lore as giving rise to a valid legal claim in the Mabo decision, in which the legal fiction of terra nullius was discarded. While the court found that the crown held radical title over all land in Australia (including land subject to Indigenous legal claims), the High Court held that it would recognise customary legal rights to land; if and only if those legal rights had been maintained continuously since settlement, and not displaced by an inconsistent grant in title to another person (such as a grant in freehold). Indigenous customary claims to land are regulated by the Native Title Act 1993.[citation needed]","title":"Land rights"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regional examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal culture § Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_culture#Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Madayin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madayin"},{"link_name":"Yolngu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhulunbuy-14"},{"link_name":"Anbarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burarra_people"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aiatsisrom-16"}],"sub_title":"Arnhem Land","text":"Further information: Australian Aboriginal culture § Arnhem LandMadayin is the customary law of the Yolngu people, which embodies the rights and responsibilities of the owners of the law, or citizens (rom watangu walal, or simply rom). As well as the objects that symbolise the law, oral rules, names and song cycles, and the sacred places that are used to maintain, develop and provide education in the law.[14] Rom and its accompanying ceremonies are concepts and practices shared by the neighbouring Anbarra people, also in Arnhem Land.[15][16]","title":"Regional examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/"},{"link_name":"\"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/21-aboriginal-customary-laws-and-sentencing/aboriginal-customary-laws-and-the-notion-of-punishment/"},{"link_name":"Morphy, Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morphy"},{"link_name":"\"Cross-cultural categories, Yolngu science and local discourses\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//livingknowledge.anu.edu.au/html/background/discussions/morphy_yolnguscience.htm"}],"text":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31)\". Australian Government. Australian Law Reform Commission. 11 June 1986.\n\"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'\". Australian Government. Australian Law Reform Commission. 18 August 2010.\nMorphy, Howard (2003). \"Cross-cultural categories, Yolngu science and local discourses\". Living Knowledge. Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, The Australian National University – via ANU. \" Yolngu assert that they have their own law (rom) in a number of different contexts... In many of these cases Yolngu law is at marked variance with Australian law... Until recently, in many areas of Australian law, such as tax law and family law, Yolngu, de facto, sat outside the everyday operation of the Australian legal system.\"","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Australian Aboriginal Sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Sovereignty"},{"title":"Customary law in South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customary_law_in_South_Africa"},{"title":"Indigenous Australian traditional custodianship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_traditional_custodianship"}] | [{"reference":"Australian Law Reform Commission (1986). The Position of Torres Strait Islanders and South Sea Islanders. Consideration of whether Aboriginal customary laws should be recognised in Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission","url_text":"Australian Law Reform Commission"},{"url":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/7-the-scope-of-the-report/the-position-of-torres-strait-islanders-and-south-sea-islanders/","url_text":"The Position of Torres Strait Islanders and South Sea Islanders"}]},{"reference":"Rigby, Mark (4 June 2020). \"Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/torres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption/12319446","url_text":"\"Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Law Reform Commission of Western Australia (February 2006). Project 94 - Aboriginal Customary Laws. Quality Press. p. 7. ISBN 1-74035-056-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Reform_Commission_of_Western_Australia","url_text":"Law Reform Commission of Western Australia"},{"url":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/project-94-aboriginal-customary-laws","url_text":"Project 94 - Aboriginal Customary Laws"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74035-056-1","url_text":"1-74035-056-1"}]},{"reference":"Australian Law Reform Commission (12 June 1986). \"24. The Proof of Aboriginal Customary Laws\". Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws. ALRC Report 31. Retrieved 30 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission","url_text":"Australian Law Reform Commission"},{"url":"http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/24.%20The%20Proof%20of%20Aboriginal%20Customary%20Laws/proof-aboriginal-customary-laws-australian-e","url_text":"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws"}]},{"reference":"\"The Law and the Lore\". Working with Indigenous Australians. 19 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info/content/Culture_4_The_Law_and_the_Lore.html","url_text":"\"The Law and the Lore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31): 21. Aboriginal Customary Laws and Sentencing: Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment': 500. Traditional Punishments or Responses\". www.alrc.gov.au. Australian Law Reform Commission. 8 August 2010. paragraph 500. Retrieved 16 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/21-aboriginal-customary-laws-and-sentencing/aboriginal-customary-laws-and-the-notion-of-punishment/","url_text":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31): 21. Aboriginal Customary Laws and Sentencing: Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment': 500. Traditional Punishments or Responses\""}]},{"reference":"\"High Court rejects customary law defence in sexual abuse case\". The World Today (ABC Radio). 19 May 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1642802.htm","url_text":"\"High Court rejects customary law defence in sexual abuse case\""}]},{"reference":"Rigby, Mark (16 July 2020). \"Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 16 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/torres-adoption-practices-legislation-introduced-parliament/12461488","url_text":"\"Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices\". SBS News. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/historic-moment-queensland-now-recognises-traditional-torres-strait-islander-adoption-practices/739947a1-06f4-4d22-832f-39828e8e70c1","url_text":"\"'Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Yolngu\". Nhulunbuy Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200220095326/http://ncl.net.au:80/play/about-yolngu/","url_text":"\"About Yolngu\""},{"url":"http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Long, Andrew Stawowczyk (1995), \"1 transparency : col. ; 5.5 x 5.5 cm.\", [Portrait of unidentified Anbarra people performing Rom ceremony...], Collection of photographs taken at opening of 'It's about friendship' - Rom, a ceremony from Arnhem Land exhibition at the National Library of Australia, Canberra, 5 January 1995., nla.obj-147351861, retrieved 29 January 2020 – via Trove","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-147351861","url_text":"[Portrait of unidentified Anbarra people performing Rom ceremony...]"}]},{"reference":"\"ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy\". Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. Blurb of 1986 book by Stephen Wild. 20 January 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2020. The first ROM ceremony, a 'ritual of diplomacy', performed outside Arnhem Land was held when the Anbarra people..presented a Rom to AIATSIS in 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/rom-aboriginal-ritual-democracy/paperback","url_text":"\"ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31)\". Australian Government. Australian Law Reform Commission. 11 June 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/","url_text":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'\". Australian Government. Australian Law Reform Commission. 18 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/21-aboriginal-customary-laws-and-sentencing/aboriginal-customary-laws-and-the-notion-of-punishment/","url_text":"\"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'\""}]},{"reference":"Morphy, Howard (2003). \"Cross-cultural categories, Yolngu science and local discourses\". Living Knowledge. Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, The Australian National University – via ANU.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morphy","url_text":"Morphy, Howard"},{"url":"http://livingknowledge.anu.edu.au/html/background/discussions/morphy_yolnguscience.htm","url_text":"\"Cross-cultural categories, Yolngu science and local discourses\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/7-the-scope-of-the-report/the-position-of-torres-strait-islanders-and-south-sea-islanders/","external_links_name":"The Position of Torres Strait Islanders and South Sea Islanders"},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-05/torres-strait-concern-no-time-to-recognise-traditional-adoption/12319446","external_links_name":"\"Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions\""},{"Link":"https://www.wa.gov.au/government/publications/project-94-aboriginal-customary-laws","external_links_name":"Project 94 - Aboriginal Customary Laws"},{"Link":"http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/24.%20The%20Proof%20of%20Aboriginal%20Customary%20Laws/proof-aboriginal-customary-laws-australian-e","external_links_name":"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws"},{"Link":"http://www.workingwithindigenousaustralians.info/content/Culture_4_The_Law_and_the_Lore.html","external_links_name":"\"The Law and the Lore\""},{"Link":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/21-aboriginal-customary-laws-and-sentencing/aboriginal-customary-laws-and-the-notion-of-punishment/","external_links_name":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31): 21. Aboriginal Customary Laws and Sentencing: Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment': 500. Traditional Punishments or Responses\""},{"Link":"http://www.lrc.justice.wa.gov.au/2publications/reports/ACL/DP/Part_05B.pdf","external_links_name":"Traditional Aboriginal Law and Punishment"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306120333/http://www.lrc.justice.wa.gov.au/2publications/reports/ACL/DP/Part_05B.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/consol_act/cwa208/s69.html","external_links_name":"s 69"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nt/num_act/sacla20041o2005484/s4.html","external_links_name":"s 4"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1994/64.html","external_links_name":"[1994] HCA 64"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1993/42.html","external_links_name":"[1993] HCA 42"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1642802.htm","external_links_name":"\"High Court rejects customary law defence in sexual abuse case\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-07-16/torres-adoption-practices-legislation-introduced-parliament/12461488","external_links_name":"\"Torres Strait Islander adoption practices bill introduced to Queensland Parliament\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbs.com.au/news/historic-moment-queensland-now-recognises-traditional-torres-strait-islander-adoption-practices/739947a1-06f4-4d22-832f-39828e8e70c1","external_links_name":"\"'Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200220095326/http://ncl.net.au:80/play/about-yolngu/","external_links_name":"\"About Yolngu\""},{"Link":"http://ncl.net.au/play/about-yolngu/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-147351861","external_links_name":"[Portrait of unidentified Anbarra people performing Rom ceremony...]"},{"Link":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/publications/products/rom-aboriginal-ritual-democracy/paperback","external_links_name":"\"ROM: An Aboriginal ritual of democracy\""},{"Link":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/","external_links_name":"\"Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws (ALRC Report 31)\""},{"Link":"https://www.alrc.gov.au/publication/recognition-of-aboriginal-customary-laws-alrc-report-31/21-aboriginal-customary-laws-and-sentencing/aboriginal-customary-laws-and-the-notion-of-punishment/","external_links_name":"\"Aboriginal Customary Laws and the Notion of 'Punishment'\""},{"Link":"http://livingknowledge.anu.edu.au/html/background/discussions/morphy_yolnguscience.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cross-cultural categories, Yolngu science and local discourses\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_and_skin_structure_infection | Skin and skin structure infection | ["1 Types","2 Diagnosis","3 Treatment","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"] | Skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), or acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs), are infections of skin and associated soft tissues (such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes). Historically, the pathogen involved has most frequently been a bacterial species—always, since redescription of SSSIs as ABSSSIs—and as such, these infections require treatment by antibiotics.
Types
Until 2008, a distinction was made between two types: complicated SSSIs (cSSSIs) and uncomplicated SSSIs (uSSSIs), which had different regulatory approval requirements. Uncomplicated SSSIs included "simple abscesses, impetiginous lesions, furuncles, and cellulitis." Complicated SSSIs included "infections either involving deeper soft tissue or requiring significant surgical intervention, such as infected ulcers, burns, and major abscesses or a significant underlying disease state that complicates the response to treatment." The FDA further noted that "uperficial infections or abscesses in an anatomical site, such as the rectal area, where the risk of anaerobic or Gram-negative pathogen involvement is higher, considered complicated infections." The uncomplicated category (uSSSI) is most frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, whereas the complicated category (cSSSI) might also be caused by a number of other pathogens. As of 2013, the pathogen involved in cases of cSSSI were known about 40% of the time.
Diagnosis
As of 2014, physicians were reported as generally not culturing to identify the infecting bacterial pathogen during diagnosis of SSSIs
Treatment
Common treatment is empirical, with choice of an antibiotic agent based on presenting symptoms and location, and further followup based on trial and error. To achieve efficacy against SSSIs, physicians most often use broad-spectrum antibiotics, a practice contributing to increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, a trend related to the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine in general. The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is evident in MRSA species commonly involved in SSSIs, which worsen prognoses and limit treatment options. For less severe infections, microbiologic evaluation using tissue culture has been demonstrated to have high utility in guiding management decisions.
There is no evidence to support or oppose the use of Chinese herbal medicines in treating SSTIs.
See also
List of cutaneous conditions
Linezolid
Tedizolid
References
^ SSTI is the preferred description of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), see Stevens, D. L.; Bisno, A. L.; Chambers, H. F.; Dellinger, E. P.; Goldstein, E. J. C.; Gorbach, S. L.; Hirschmann, J. V.; Kaplan, S. L.; Montoya, J. G.; Wade, J. C. (18 June 2014). "Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (2): e10–e52. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.
^ The U.S. Food and Drug Administration began referring to this category of infection as acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSI) in 2008. See "Guidance for Industry Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Aug 2010.
^ Rosen, T (2005). "Update on treating uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 4 (6 Suppl): s9–14. PMID 16300224.
^ a b c d e f "Guidance for Industry - Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. October 2013. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
^ a b c Xia, Fan Di; Song, Philip; Joyce, Cara; Mostaghimi, Arash (2017). "The Utility of Microbiological Studies in Diagnosis and Management of Suspected Dermatological Infection". JAMA Dermatology. 153 (11): 1190–1192. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3057. PMC 5817467. PMID 28854298.
^ Wang, Yun Fei; Que, Hua Fa; Wang, Yong-Jun; Cui, Xue Jun (2014-07-25). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.). "Chinese herbal medicines for treating skin and soft-tissue infections". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (7): CD010619. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010619.pub2. PMC 8078588. PMID 25061914.
Further reading
Lee, Su Young; Kuti, Joseph L.; Nicolau, David P. (September 1, 2005). "Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance". Surgical Infections. 6 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1089/sur.2005.6.283. PMID 16201938 – via liebertpub.com (Atypon). | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Skin and skin structure infection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013DFDA-4"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"abscesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess"},{"link_name":"impetiginous lesions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impetigo"},{"link_name":"furuncles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furuncle"},{"link_name":"cellulitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulitis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013DFDA-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013DFDA-4"},{"link_name":"Gram-negative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram-negative"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013DFDA-4"},{"link_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"Streptococcus pyogenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013DFDA-4"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013DFDA-4"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"Until 2008, a distinction was made between two types: complicated SSSIs (cSSSIs) and uncomplicated SSSIs (uSSSIs),[3] which had different regulatory approval requirements.[4][needs update] Uncomplicated SSSIs included \"simple abscesses, impetiginous lesions, furuncles, and cellulitis.\"[4] Complicated SSSIs included \"infections either involving deeper soft tissue or requiring significant surgical intervention, such as infected ulcers, burns, and major abscesses or a significant underlying disease state that complicates the response to treatment.\"[4] The FDA further noted that \"[s]uperficial infections or abscesses in an anatomical site, such as the rectal area, where the risk of anaerobic or Gram-negative pathogen involvement is higher, [were also] considered complicated infections.\"[4] The uncomplicated category (uSSSI) is most frequently caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, whereas the complicated category (cSSSI) might also be caused by a number of other pathogens.[4][verification needed] As of 2013, the pathogen involved in cases of cSSSI were known about 40% of the time.[4][needs update][verification needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"culturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiological_culture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014JAMADerm-5"}],"text":"As of 2014, physicians were reported as generally not culturing to identify the infecting bacterial pathogen during diagnosis of SSSIs[5]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"empirical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiric_therapy"},{"link_name":"trial and error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_and_error"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014JAMADerm-5"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014JAMADerm-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Common treatment is empirical, with choice of an antibiotic agent based on presenting symptoms and location, and further followup based on trial and error.[5][verification needed] To achieve efficacy against SSSIs, physicians most often use broad-spectrum antibiotics,[citation needed] a practice contributing to increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance,[citation needed] a trend related to the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine in general.[citation needed] The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is evident in MRSA species commonly involved in SSSIs, which worsen prognoses and limit treatment options.[citation needed] For less severe infections, microbiologic evaluation using tissue culture has been demonstrated to have high utility in guiding management decisions.[5]There is no evidence to support or oppose the use of Chinese herbal medicines in treating SSTIs.[6]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/sur.2005.6.283"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1089/sur.2005.6.283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1089%2Fsur.2005.6.283"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16201938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201938"}],"text":"Lee, Su Young; Kuti, Joseph L.; Nicolau, David P. (September 1, 2005). \"Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance\". Surgical Infections. 6 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1089/sur.2005.6.283. PMID 16201938 – via liebertpub.com (Atypon).","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of cutaneous conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions"},{"title":"Linezolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linezolid"},{"title":"Tedizolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedizolid"}] | [{"reference":"Stevens, D. L.; Bisno, A. L.; Chambers, H. F.; Dellinger, E. P.; Goldstein, E. J. C.; Gorbach, S. L.; Hirschmann, J. V.; Kaplan, S. L.; Montoya, J. G.; Wade, J. C. (18 June 2014). \"Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America\". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 59 (2): e10–e52. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu296. PMID 24947530.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Gorbach","url_text":"Gorbach, S. L."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciu296","url_text":"10.1093/cid/ciu296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24947530","url_text":"24947530"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidance for Industry Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment\" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. Aug 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071185.pdf","url_text":"\"Guidance for Industry Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration","url_text":"Food and Drug Administration"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, T (2005). \"Update on treating uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections\". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 4 (6 Suppl): s9–14. PMID 16300224.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16300224","url_text":"16300224"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidance for Industry - Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment\" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. October 2013. 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PMID 28854298.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817467","url_text":"\"The Utility of Microbiological Studies in Diagnosis and Management of Suspected Dermatological Infection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2017.3057","url_text":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3057"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817467","url_text":"5817467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28854298","url_text":"28854298"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Yun Fei; Que, Hua Fa; Wang, Yong-Jun; Cui, Xue Jun (2014-07-25). Cochrane Wounds Group (ed.). \"Chinese herbal medicines for treating skin and soft-tissue infections\". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (7): CD010619. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010619.pub2. PMC 8078588. PMID 25061914.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8078588","url_text":"\"Chinese herbal medicines for treating skin and soft-tissue infections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010619.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14651858.CD010619.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8078588","url_text":"8078588"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061914","url_text":"25061914"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Su Young; Kuti, Joseph L.; Nicolau, David P. (September 1, 2005). \"Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance\". Surgical Infections. 6 (3): 283–295. doi:10.1089/sur.2005.6.283. PMID 16201938 – via liebertpub.com (Atypon).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/sur.2005.6.283","url_text":"\"Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fsur.2005.6.283","url_text":"10.1089/sur.2005.6.283"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201938","url_text":"16201938"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciu296","external_links_name":"10.1093/cid/ciu296"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24947530","external_links_name":"24947530"},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071185.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guidance for Industry Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16300224","external_links_name":"16300224"},{"Link":"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm071185.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Guidance for Industry - Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Developing Drugs for Treatment\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817467","external_links_name":"\"The Utility of Microbiological Studies in Diagnosis and Management of Suspected Dermatological Infection\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamadermatol.2017.3057","external_links_name":"10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3057"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5817467","external_links_name":"5817467"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28854298","external_links_name":"28854298"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8078588","external_links_name":"\"Chinese herbal medicines for treating skin and soft-tissue infections\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010619.pub2","external_links_name":"10.1002/14651858.CD010619.pub2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8078588","external_links_name":"8078588"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25061914","external_links_name":"25061914"},{"Link":"https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/sur.2005.6.283","external_links_name":"\"Antimicrobial Management of Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections in the Era of Emerging Resistance\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fsur.2005.6.283","external_links_name":"10.1089/sur.2005.6.283"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201938","external_links_name":"16201938"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Lusa | Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 | ["1 Background","2 Before Eurovision","2.1 Festival da Canção 1998","3 At Eurovision","3.1 Voting","4 References"] | Eurovision Song Contest 1998Country PortugalNational selectionSelection processFestival da Canção 1998Selection date(s)7 March 1998Selected entrantAlma LusaSelected song"Se eu te pudesse abracar"Selected songwriter(s)José CidFinals performanceFinal result12th, 36 pointsPortugal in the Eurovision Song Contest
◄1997 •
1998
• 1999►
Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 with the song "Se eu te pudesse abraçar" written by José Cid. The song was performed by the group Alma Lusa. Songwriter José Cid represented Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 with the song "Um grande, grande amor" which placed seventh in the competition. The Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) organised the national final Festival da Canção 1998 in order to select the Portuguese entry for the 1998 contest in Birmingham, United Kingdom. The competition took place on 7 March 1998 where "Se eu te pudesse abraçar" performed by Alma Lusa emerged as the winner following the votes from a five-member jury panel.
Portugal competed in the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 9 May 1998. Performing during the show in position 14, Portugal placed twelfth out of the 25 participating countries, scoring 36 points.
Background
Main article: Portugal in the Eurovision Song ContestPrior to the 1998 contest, Portugal had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirty-three times since its first entry in 1964. The nation's highest placing in the contest was sixth, which they achieved in 1996 with the song "O meu coração não tem cor" performed by Lúcia Moniz. Portugal's least successful result has been last place, which they have achieved on three occasions, most recently in 1997 with the song "Antes do adeus" performed by Célia Lawson. Portugal has also received nul points on two occasions; in 1964 and 1997.
The Portuguese national broadcaster, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP), broadcasts the event within Portugal and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. The broadcaster has traditionally selected the Portuguese entry for the Eurovision Song Contest via the music competition Festival da Canção, with an exception in 1988 when the Portuguese entry was internally selected. The broadcaster organized Festival da Canção 1998 in order to select the 1998 Portuguese entry.
Before Eurovision
Festival da Canção 1998
Festival da Canção 1998 was the 35th edition of Festival da Canção that selected Portugal's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. Eight entries, selected from 29 submissions received through the Portuguese Phonographic Association, the Independent Phonographic Association and individual composers invited by RTP, competed in the competition which took place at the Teatro São Luiz in Lisbon on 7 March 1998, hosted by Carlos Ribeiro and former Eurovision Song Contest entrant Lúcia Moniz, who represented Portugal in the 1996 contest, and broadcast on RTP1 and RTP Internacional. The winner, "Se eu te pudesse abraçar" performed by Alma Lusa, was selected based on the votes of a jury panel. The jury that voted consisted of Maria do Rosário Domingues, João Filipe Barbosa, Nuno Galopim, Paulo de Carvalho and Sara Tavares. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, among the artists which performed as the interval act included Portuguese Eurovision 1985 entrant Adelaide Ferreira and Portuguese Eurovision 1993 entrant Anabela.
Alma Lusa were a short-lived Portuguese musical group, set up specifically to participate in Festival da Canção 1998. The group consisted of vocalist Inês Santos and musicians José Cid, Carlos Jesus, Henrique Lopes, Carlos Ferreirinha and Pedro Soares; Cid represented Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980.
Final – 7 March 1998
Draw
Artist
Song
Songwriter(s)
Points
Place
1
Sofia Barbosa
"Uma lua em cada mão"
José Fanha, Jorge Quintela
29
3
2
Carlos Evora
"Saudade que eu sou"
José Fanha, João Balucio
25
5
3
Teresa Radamanto
"Só o mar ficou"
Nuno Gomes dos Santos, João Mota Oliveira
32
2
4
Ana Isabel
"O encanto da sereia"
José Fanha, Eduaro Paes Mamede
27
4
5
Ana Ritta
"Basta só um olhar"
Carlos Soares, José Orlando
8
7
6
Janot
"Aqui ou além"
Pedro Malaquias, Janot, Carlos Maria de Carvalho
7
8
7
Axel
"Só à tua espera"
Carlos Soares, Jorge do Carmo, Fernando Correia Martins
17
6
8
Alma Lusa
"Se eu te pudesse abraçar"
José Cid
50
1
Detailed Jury Votes
Draw
Song
M. Domingues
J. Barbosa
N. Galopim
P. de Carvalho
S. Tavares
Total
1
"Uma lua em cada mão"
8
4
4
5
8
29
2
"Saudade que eu sou"
6
5
3
6
5
25
3
"Só o mar ficou"
4
8
6
8
6
32
4
"O encanto da sereia"
5
6
8
4
4
27
5
"Basta só um olhar"
2
1
2
2
1
8
6
"Aqui ou além"
1
2
1
1
2
7
7
"Só à tua espera"
3
3
5
3
3
17
8
"Se eu te pudesse abraçar"
10
10
10
10
10
50
At Eurovision
According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the eight countries which had obtained the lowest average number of points over the last five contests competed in the final on 9 May 1998. On 13 November 1997, an allocation draw was held which determined the running order and Portugal was set to perform in position 14, following the entry from Ireland and before the entry from Romania. The day before the contest, Portugal was considered by bookmakers to be the twelfth most likely country to win the competition. The Portuguese conductor at the contest was Mike Sergeant, and Portugal finished in twelfth place with 36 points.
In Portugal, the show was broadcast on RTP1 and RTP Internacional with commentary by Rui Unas. The Portuguese spokesperson, who announced the top 12-point score awarded by the Portuguese televote, was 1996 contest entrant Lúcia Moniz.
Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Portugal and awarded by Portugal in the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Israel in the contest.
Points awarded to Portugal
Score
Country
12 points
10 points
France
8 points
7 points
6 points
Spain Turkey
5 points
4 points
Macedonia
3 points
2 points
Cyprus Israel Malta Slovakia
1 point
Belgium Greece
Points awarded by Portugal
Score
Country
12 points
Israel
10 points
Germany
8 points
Belgium
7 points
Netherlands
6 points
United Kingdom
5 points
Malta
4 points
Cyprus
3 points
Norway
2 points
Croatia
1 point
Ireland
References
^ "Portugal Country Profile". EBU. Retrieved 20 November 2014.
^ "OGAE Portugal - FC 2007 a 1997". www.ogaeportugal.pt. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
^ "Parabéns Festival da Canção – Hoje recuamos a 1998". Festivais da Canção (in Portuguese). 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
^ "Portugal 1998". mylittleworld.nfshost.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
^ "PORTUGUESE NATIONAL FINAL 1998".
^ "RTP 50 anos". museu.rtp.pt. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
^ Alma Lusa at Diggiloo.net
^ "Birmingham to stage Eurovision". The Irish Times. 9 August 1997. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ Jones, David (13 November 1997). Eurovision Song Contest winner Katrina and compere Terry Wogan. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Alamy. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
^ "The bookies' favourites". BBC News. 8 May 1998. Archived from the original on 1 November 2002. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ "Final of Birmingham 1998". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
^ "Programmes TV – Samedi 9 mai" . TV8 (in French). Zofingen, Switzerland: Ringier. 7 May 1998. pp. 20–25. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.
^ "Programa da televisão" . A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese). 7 May 1998. p. 8. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ Costa, Nelson (12 April 2014). "Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas e Mastiksoul em 'Dança do Campeão'" . escportugal.pt. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
^ a b "Results of the Final of Birmingham 1998". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
vtePortugal in the Eurovision Song ContestFestival da CançãoParticipation
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2014
2015
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Artists
2B
Alma Lusa
Os Amigos
Anabela
Leonor Andrade
Filipa Azevedo
Rui Bandeira
The Black Mamba
Manuela Bravo
António Calvário
Carlos do Carmo
Paulo de Carvalho
José Cid
Tó Cruz
Da Vinci
Dina
Doce
Dora
Elisa
Vânia Fernandes
Adelaide Ferreira
Flor-de-Lis
Armando Gama
Gemini
Rita Guerra
Maria Guinot
Homens da Luta
Madalena Iglésias
Iolanda
Célia Lawson
Maro
Carlos Mendes
Duarte Mendes
Mimicat
Lúcia Moniz
MTM
Eduardo Nascimento
Nevada
Nonstop
Nucha
Simone de Oliveira
Conan Osíris
Carlos Paião
Cláudia Pascoal
Dulce Pontes
Sabrina
Salvador Sobral
Filipa Sousa
Suzy
Sara Tavares
Tonicha
Fernando Tordo
Sofia Vitória
Songs
"Ai coração"
"Amar"
"Amar pelos dois"
"Amor d'água fresca"
"Antes do adeus"
"Baunilha e chocolate"
"Bem bom"
"Chamar a música"
"A cidade (até ser dia)"
"Coisas de nada"
"Como tudo começou"
"Conquistador"
"Dai li dou"
"Dança comigo"
"Deixa-me sonhar"
"Desfolhada portuguesa"
"E depois do adeus"
"Ele e ela"
"Esta balada que te dou"
"A festa da vida"
"Uma flor de verde pinho"
"Foi magia"
"Um grande, grande amor"
"Grito"
"Há dias assim"
"Há sempre alguém"
"Há um mar que nos separa"
"O jardim"
"Love Is on My Side"
"Lusitana paixão"
"A luta é alegria"
"Madrugada"
"Medo de sentir"
"Menina do alto da serra"
"O meu coração não tem cor"
"Não sejas mau para mim"
"Neste barco à vela"
"Oração"
"Penso em ti, eu sei"
"Playback"
"Portugal no coração"
"Quero ser tua"
"Saudade, saudade"
"Se eu te pudesse abraçar"
"Senhora do mar (negras águas)"
"Silêncio e tanta gente"
"Só sei ser feliz assim"
"Sobe, sobe, balão sobe"
"Sol de inverno"
"Telemóveis"
"Todas as ruas do amor"
"Tourada"
"O vento mudou"
"Verão"
"Vida minha"
"Voltarei"
Note: Entries scored out signify where Portugal did not compete
vteEurovision Song Contest 1998Countries
Belgium
Croatia
Cyprus
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Israel
Macedonia
Malta
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
Artists
Alma Lusa
Charlie
Chiara
Mélanie Cohl
Dana International
Danijela
Edea
Edsilia
Lars A. Fredriksen
Gunvor
Michael Hajiyanni
Katarína Hasprová
Mikel Herzog
Guildo Horn
Imaani
Vlado Janevski
Jill Johnson
Marie Line
Dawn Martin
Mălina Olinescu
Vili Resnik
Sixteen
Thalassa
Koit Toome
Tüzmen
Songs
"A holnap már nem lesz szomorú"
"Aava"
"Alltid sommer"
"Dis oui"
"Diva"
"Eu cred"
"Genesis"
"Guildo hat euch lieb!"
"Hemel en aarde"
"Is Always Over Now?"
"Kärleken är"
"Lass ihn"
"Mere lapsed"
"Mia krifi evaisthisia"
"Modlitba"
"Naj bogovi slišijo"
"Ne zori, zoro"
"Neka mi ne svane"
"The One That I Love"
"Où aller"
"¿Qué voy a hacer sin ti?"
"Se eu te pudesse abraçar"
"To takie proste"
"Unutamazsın"
"Where Are You?" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"José Cid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cid"},{"link_name":"Alma Lusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Lusa"},{"link_name":"Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"Um grande, grande amor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um_grande,_grande_amor"},{"link_name":"Rádio e Televisão de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Festival da Canção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"}],"text":"Portugal participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 with the song \"Se eu te pudesse abraçar\" written by José Cid. The song was performed by the group Alma Lusa. Songwriter José Cid represented Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980 with the song \"Um grande, grande amor\" which placed seventh in the competition. The Portuguese broadcaster Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP) organised the national final Festival da Canção 1998 in order to select the Portuguese entry for the 1998 contest in Birmingham, United Kingdom. The competition took place on 7 March 1998 where \"Se eu te pudesse abraçar\" performed by Alma Lusa emerged as the winner following the votes from a five-member jury panel.Portugal competed in the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 9 May 1998. Performing during the show in position 14, Portugal placed twelfth out of the 25 participating countries, scoring 36 points.","title":"Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1998"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1996"},{"link_name":"Lúcia Moniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcia_Moniz"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997"},{"link_name":"nul points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nul_points"},{"link_name":"Rádio e Televisão de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Festival da Canção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Prior to the 1998 contest, Portugal had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirty-three times since its first entry in 1964.[1] The nation's highest placing in the contest was sixth, which they achieved in 1996 with the song \"O meu coração não tem cor\" performed by Lúcia Moniz. Portugal's least successful result has been last place, which they have achieved on three occasions, most recently in 1997 with the song \"Antes do adeus\" performed by Célia Lawson. Portugal has also received nul points on two occasions; in 1964 and 1997.The Portuguese national broadcaster, Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP), broadcasts the event within Portugal and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. The broadcaster has traditionally selected the Portuguese entry for the Eurovision Song Contest via the music competition Festival da Canção, with an exception in 1988 when the Portuguese entry was internally selected. The broadcaster organized Festival da Canção 1998 in order to select the 1998 Portuguese entry.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Before Eurovision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Festival da Canção","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Phonographic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"Teatro São Luiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_S%C3%A3o_Luiz"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Lúcia Moniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcia_Moniz"},{"link_name":"Portugal in the 1996 contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1996"},{"link_name":"RTP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP1"},{"link_name":"RTP Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP_Internacional"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alma Lusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Lusa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Paulo de Carvalho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_de_Carvalho"},{"link_name":"Sara Tavares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Tavares"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Eurovision 1985 entrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1985"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Ferreira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Ferreira"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Eurovision 1993 entrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993"},{"link_name":"Anabela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabela_Braz_Pires"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"José Cid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cid"},{"link_name":"Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Festival da Canção 1998","text":"Festival da Canção 1998 was the 35th edition of Festival da Canção that selected Portugal's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 1998. Eight entries, selected from 29 submissions received through the Portuguese Phonographic Association, the Independent Phonographic Association and individual composers invited by RTP, competed in the competition which took place at the Teatro São Luiz in Lisbon on 7 March 1998, hosted by Carlos Ribeiro and former Eurovision Song Contest entrant Lúcia Moniz, who represented Portugal in the 1996 contest, and broadcast on RTP1 and RTP Internacional.[3][4] The winner, \"Se eu te pudesse abraçar\" performed by Alma Lusa, was selected based on the votes of a jury panel.[5] The jury that voted consisted of Maria do Rosário Domingues, João Filipe Barbosa, Nuno Galopim, Paulo de Carvalho and Sara Tavares. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, among the artists which performed as the interval act included Portuguese Eurovision 1985 entrant Adelaide Ferreira and Portuguese Eurovision 1993 entrant Anabela.[6]Alma Lusa were a short-lived Portuguese musical group, set up specifically to participate in Festival da Canção 1998. The group consisted of vocalist Inês Santos and musicians José Cid, Carlos Jesus, Henrique Lopes, Carlos Ferreirinha and Pedro Soares; Cid represented Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest 1980.[7]","title":"Before Eurovision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"bookmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookmaker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mike Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"RTP1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP1"},{"link_name":"RTP Internacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTP_Internacional"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TV8-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1996 contest entrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1996"},{"link_name":"Lúcia Moniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAcia_Moniz"}],"text":"According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the eight countries which had obtained the lowest average number of points over the last five contests competed in the final on 9 May 1998. On 13 November 1997, an allocation draw was held which determined the running order and Portugal was set to perform in position 14, following the entry from Ireland and before the entry from Romania.[8][9] The day before the contest, Portugal was considered by bookmakers to be the twelfth most likely country to win the competition.[10] The Portuguese conductor at the contest was Mike Sergeant, and Portugal finished in twelfth place with 36 points.[11]In Portugal, the show was broadcast on RTP1 and RTP Internacional with commentary by Rui Unas.[12][13][14] The Portuguese spokesperson, who announced the top 12-point score awarded by the Portuguese televote, was 1996 contest entrant Lúcia Moniz.","title":"At Eurovision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1998detailed-15"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1998detailed-15"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998"}],"sub_title":"Voting","text":"Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Portugal and awarded by Portugal in the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Israel in the contest.Points awarded to Portugal[15]\n\n\nScore\n\nCountry\n\n\n12 points\n\n\n\n\n10 points\n\n France\n\n\n8 points\n\n\n\n\n7 points\n\n\n\n\n6 points\n\n Spain Turkey\n\n\n5 points\n\n\n\n\n4 points\n\n Macedonia\n\n\n3 points\n\n\n\n\n2 points\n\n Cyprus Israel Malta Slovakia\n\n\n1 point\n\n Belgium Greece\n\n\n\n\n\nPoints awarded by Portugal[15]\n\n\nScore\n\nCountry\n\n\n12 points\n\n Israel\n\n\n10 points\n\n Germany\n\n\n8 points\n\n Belgium\n\n\n7 points\n\n Netherlands\n\n\n6 points\n\n United Kingdom\n\n\n5 points\n\n Malta\n\n\n4 points\n\n Cyprus\n\n\n3 points\n\n Norway\n\n\n2 points\n\n Croatia\n\n\n1 point\n\n Ireland","title":"At Eurovision"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Portugal Country Profile\". EBU. Retrieved 20 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-country/country?country=20","url_text":"\"Portugal Country Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union","url_text":"EBU"}]},{"reference":"\"OGAE Portugal - FC 2007 a 1997\". www.ogaeportugal.pt. Retrieved 2023-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ogaeportugal.pt/festival-cancao/festival-cancao-historia-4","url_text":"\"OGAE Portugal - FC 2007 a 1997\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parabéns Festival da Canção – Hoje recuamos a 1998\". Festivais da Canção (in Portuguese). 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2023-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://festivaiscancao.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/parabens-festival-da-cancao-hoje-recuamos-a-1998/","url_text":"\"Parabéns Festival da Canção – Hoje recuamos a 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portugal 1998\". mylittleworld.nfshost.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://mylittleworld.nfshost.com/edb/portug98.htm","url_text":"\"Portugal 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"PORTUGUESE NATIONAL FINAL 1998\".","urls":[{"url":"http://natfinals.50webs.com/90s_00s/Portugal1998.html","url_text":"\"PORTUGUESE NATIONAL FINAL 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"RTP 50 anos\". museu.rtp.pt. Retrieved 2023-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://museu.rtp.pt/livro/50Anos/Livro/DecadaDe90/RTPAfricaEExpo98NoCaminhoDasNovasTecnologias/Pag30/default.htm","url_text":"\"RTP 50 anos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birmingham to stage Eurovision\". The Irish Times. 9 August 1997. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/birmingham-to-stage-eurovision-1.95446","url_text":"\"Birmingham to stage Eurovision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times","url_text":"The Irish Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509203812/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/birmingham-to-stage-eurovision-1.95446?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fbirmingham-to-stage-eurovision-1.95446","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jones, David (13 November 1997). Eurovision Song Contest winner Katrina and compere Terry Wogan[...]. Birmingham, United Kingdom: Alamy. Retrieved 24 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/eurovision-song-contest-winner-katrina-and-compere-terry-wogan-during-todays-thursday-draw-for-next-years-contest-at-the-nia-birmingham-great-britain-was-drawn-to-perform-16th-of-the-25-competing-countries-in-the-contest-which-is-to-be-held-at-the-nia-on-the-9th-of-may-picture-david-jonespa-image380457023.html","url_text":"Eurovision Song Contest winner Katrina and compere Terry Wogan[...]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamy","url_text":"Alamy"}]},{"reference":"\"The bookies' favourites\". BBC News. 8 May 1998. Archived from the original on 1 November 2002. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/eurovision/89453.stm","url_text":"\"The bookies' favourites\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021101084938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/eurovision/89453.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Final of Birmingham 1998\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final","url_text":"\"Final of Birmingham 1998\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413070124/https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Programmes TV – Samedi 9 mai\" [TV programmes – Saturday 9 May]. TV8 (in French). Zofingen, Switzerland: Ringier. 7 May 1998. pp. 20–25. Retrieved 19 June 2022 – via Scriptorium Digital Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://scriptorium.bcu-lausanne.ch/zoom/323870/view?page=11&p=verso&tool=info&view=0,0,4846,3351","url_text":"\"Programmes TV – Samedi 9 mai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zofingen","url_text":"Zofingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringier","url_text":"Ringier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium_Digital_Library","url_text":"Scriptorium Digital Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Programa da televisão\" [Television programme]. A Comarca de Arganil (in Portuguese). 7 May 1998. p. 8. Retrieved 29 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acomarcadearganil.cm-arganil.pt/a-comarca-de-arganil-10718/","url_text":"\"Programa da televisão\""}]},{"reference":"Costa, Nelson (12 April 2014). \"Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas e Mastiksoul em 'Dança do Campeão'\" [Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas and Mastiksoul in 'Dança do Campeão']. escportugal.pt. Retrieved 21 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.escportugal.pt/2014/04/video-luciana-abreu-rui-unas-e.html","url_text":"\"Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas e Mastiksoul em 'Dança do Campeão'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Results of the Final of Birmingham 1998\". European Broadcasting Union. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final/results/portugal","url_text":"\"Results of the Final of Birmingham 1998\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413191143/https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final/results/portugal","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.eurovision.tv/page/history/by-country/country?country=20","external_links_name":"\"Portugal Country Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.ogaeportugal.pt/festival-cancao/festival-cancao-historia-4","external_links_name":"\"OGAE Portugal - FC 2007 a 1997\""},{"Link":"https://festivaiscancao.wordpress.com/2015/05/28/parabens-festival-da-cancao-hoje-recuamos-a-1998/","external_links_name":"\"Parabéns Festival da Canção – Hoje recuamos a 1998\""},{"Link":"http://mylittleworld.nfshost.com/edb/portug98.htm","external_links_name":"\"Portugal 1998\""},{"Link":"http://natfinals.50webs.com/90s_00s/Portugal1998.html","external_links_name":"\"PORTUGUESE NATIONAL FINAL 1998\""},{"Link":"https://museu.rtp.pt/livro/50Anos/Livro/DecadaDe90/RTPAfricaEExpo98NoCaminhoDasNovasTecnologias/Pag30/default.htm","external_links_name":"\"RTP 50 anos\""},{"Link":"http://www.diggiloo.net/?info.1998pt","external_links_name":"Alma Lusa at Diggiloo.net"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/birmingham-to-stage-eurovision-1.95446","external_links_name":"\"Birmingham to stage Eurovision\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210509203812/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/birmingham-to-stage-eurovision-1.95446?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fbirmingham-to-stage-eurovision-1.95446","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.alamy.com/eurovision-song-contest-winner-katrina-and-compere-terry-wogan-during-todays-thursday-draw-for-next-years-contest-at-the-nia-birmingham-great-britain-was-drawn-to-perform-16th-of-the-25-competing-countries-in-the-contest-which-is-to-be-held-at-the-nia-on-the-9th-of-may-picture-david-jonespa-image380457023.html","external_links_name":"Eurovision Song Contest winner Katrina and compere Terry Wogan[...]"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/eurovision/89453.stm","external_links_name":"\"The bookies' favourites\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021101084938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/05/98/eurovision/89453.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final","external_links_name":"\"Final of Birmingham 1998\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413070124/https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://scriptorium.bcu-lausanne.ch/zoom/323870/view?page=11&p=verso&tool=info&view=0,0,4846,3351","external_links_name":"\"Programmes TV – Samedi 9 mai\""},{"Link":"https://www.acomarcadearganil.cm-arganil.pt/a-comarca-de-arganil-10718/","external_links_name":"\"Programa da televisão\""},{"Link":"https://www.escportugal.pt/2014/04/video-luciana-abreu-rui-unas-e.html","external_links_name":"\"Luciana Abreu, Rui Unas e Mastiksoul em 'Dança do Campeão'\""},{"Link":"https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final/results/portugal","external_links_name":"\"Results of the Final of Birmingham 1998\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413191143/https://eurovision.tv/event/birmingham-1998/final/results/portugal","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Laich | Katherine Laich | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 References"] | Former president of the American Library Association
Katherine LaichPresident of the American Library AssociationIn office1972–1973Preceded byKeith DomsSucceeded byJean E. Lowrie
Personal detailsBorn(1910-01-24)January 24, 1910DiedNovember 16, 1992(1992-11-16) (aged 82)NationalityAmericanEducationWilson CollegeUniversity of Southern CaliforniaOccupationLibrarian
Katherine Laich (January 24, 1910 – November 16, 1992) was a prominent librarian and leader in the profession. She served as president of the American Library Association from 1972 to 1973.
Education
Laich earned her undergraduate degree from Wilson College in 1930 and her Library Science degree from the University of Southern California in 1942.
Career
She spent much of her career as a librarian at the University of Southern California.
References
^ "ALA's Past Presidents". American Library Association. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ "Laich, Katherine (1910-1992)". American Library Association Archives. University of Illinois. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ Ash, Ed., Lee; Uhlendorf, Ed., B.A. (1970). A Biographical Directory of Librarians in the United States and Canada (Fifth ed.). Chicago, IL: American Library Association. p. 622.
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded byKeith Doms
President of the American Library Association 1972–1973
Succeeded byJean E. Lowrie
vtePresidents of the American Library Association
Winsor
Poole
Cutter
Crunden
Dewey
Green
Linderfelt
Fletcher
Dewey
Larned
H. M. Utley
Dana
Brett
Winsor
Putnam
Lane
Thwaites
Carr
Billings
Hosmer
Putnam
Richardson
Hill
Andrews
Bostwick
Gould
Hodges
J. I. Wyer
Elmendorf
Legler
Anderson
Wellman
Plummer
W. L. Brown
Montgomery
Bishop
Hadley
Tyler
Root
G.B. Utley
Jennings
Meyer
Belden
Locke
Roden
Eastman
Keogh
Strohm
Rathbone
Lydenberg
Countryman
Compton
Wilson
M. G. Wyer
Craver
Ferguson
Munn
Culver
C. H. Brown
Metcalf
Warren
Vitz
Ulveling
Rothrock
Rice
McDiarmid
Lord
Graham
Fyan
Downs
Ludington
Mumford
Richards
Shaw
Morsch
Greenaway
Powell
Spain
Morton
Bryan
Wagman
Castagna
Vosper
Gaver
Mohrhardt
McDonough
Dix
Bradshaw
Doms
Laich
Lowrie
Holley
Martin
Jones
Moon
Shank
Galvin
Sullivan
Stone
Nemeyer
Sheldon
Josey
Lynch
Minudri
Chisholm
Summers
Berger
Dougherty
Schuman
Miller
Franklin
Curley
Turock
Somerville
Ford
Symons
Long
Kranich
Berry
Freedman
Hayden
Brey-Casiano
Gorman
Burger
Roy
Rettig
Alire
Stevens
Raphael
Sullivan
Stripling
Young
Feldman
Todaro
Neal
Garcia-Febo
W. K. Brown
Jefferson
Wong
Pelayo-Lozada
Drabinski
Hohl
This article about a person involved with library and information science is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"librarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Librarian"},{"link_name":"American Library Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Library_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Katherine Laich (January 24, 1910 – November 16, 1992) was a prominent librarian and leader in the profession. She served as president of the American Library Association from 1972 to 1973.[1]","title":"Katherine Laich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_College_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"}],"text":"Laich earned her undergraduate degree from Wilson College in 1930 and her Library Science degree from the University of Southern California in 1942.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"She spent much of her career as a librarian at the University of Southern California.[2][3]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ALA's Past Presidents\". American Library Association. 2007-11-20. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/aboutala/history/past","url_text":"\"ALA's Past Presidents\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laich, Katherine (1910-1992)\". American Library Association Archives. University of Illinois. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.library.illinois.edu/alaarchon/?p=creators/creator&id=4059","url_text":"\"Laich, Katherine (1910-1992)\""}]},{"reference":"Ash, Ed., Lee; Uhlendorf, Ed., B.A. (1970). A Biographical Directory of Librarians in the United States and Canada (Fifth ed.). Chicago, IL: American Library Association. p. 622.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ala.org/aboutala/history/past","external_links_name":"\"ALA's Past Presidents\""},{"Link":"http://archives.library.illinois.edu/alaarchon/?p=creators/creator&id=4059","external_links_name":"\"Laich, Katherine (1910-1992)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katherine_Laich&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84rip%C3%A4ev | Äripäev | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 59°25′1.15″N 24°44′29.32″E / 59.4169861°N 24.7414778°E / 59.4169861; 24.7414778Estonian newspaper
ÄripäevTypeDailyFormatBerlinerOwner(s)Bonnier GroupPublisherAS ÄripäevEditor-in-chiefMeelis MandelManaging editorIgor RõtovFounded1989 (1989)LanguageEstonianCeased publication22 December 2022 (print)HeadquartersTallinn, EstoniaISSN1406-2585Websitewww.aripaev.ee
Äripäev (Estonian for "Business Day") is an Estonian financial newspaper in tabloid format. It was founded in 1989 by Dagens Industri, a leading Swedish financial newspaper. The first issue of Äripäev was published on 9 October 1989. Until May 1992 Äripäev was published once a week, until February 1996 three times a week. Since 1996 Äripäev has been published five times a week. The paper ceased publications in 22 December 2022 and transition to online.
The newspaper belongs to AS Äripäev, which is owned by the Swedish family-owned media group Bonnier.
English-language section is called Baltic Business News (BBN). And this section is cooperation of three economic newspapers from Baltic states: Äripäev (Estonia), Dienas Bizness (Latvia) and Verslo žinios (Lithuania).
References
^ a b Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-85743-186-5.
^ "Ilmus viimane Äripäev, ka teised lehed kolivad aina rohkem veebi". ERR (in Estonian). 15 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
^ "Baltic Business News tuli, nägi ja võitis". Äripäev. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
External links
Official website (in Estonian)
Business news from Baltic States (in English)
vteBonnierMagazinesBonnierCorporation
Boating
Conceive
Cycle World
Field & Stream
Flying
Marlin
Motorcyclist
Outdoor Life
Popular Photography
Popular Science
Salt Water Sportsman
Saveur
Science Illustrated
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Working Mother
Yachting
BonnierPublications
Allt om Historia
Bo Bedre
FHM (Norway)
Idényt
National Geographic
Penge og Privatøkonomi
Populär Historia
Illustrerad Vetenskap
BonnierTidskrifter
Glamour (Sweden)
Kamratposten
Mama
Miljöaktuellt
Nya Affärer
Teknikens Värld
Veckans Affärer
Veckorevyn
BooksBonnier MediaDeutschland
arsEdition
Carlsen
Piper (Westend)
Bonnierförlagen
Albert Bonniers förlag
Wahlström & Widstrand
Other
Cappelen Damm (50%)
Tammi
Film
SF Studios
SF Film Finland
SF Anytime
Newspapers
Dagens Nyheter
Expressen
Helsingborgs Dagblad
Sydsvenskan
Business press
Äripäev
Børsen
Dagens industri
Delovõje Vedomosti
Delovoy Peterburg
Finance
Puls Biznesu
59°25′1.15″N 24°44′29.32″E / 59.4169861°N 24.7414778°E / 59.4169861; 24.7414778
This Estonian newspaper-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"newspaper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eur-1"},{"link_name":"Dagens Industri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Industri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eur-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AS Äripäev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AS_%C3%84rip%C3%A4ev&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonnier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Group"},{"link_name":"Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"Dienas Bizness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dienas_Bizness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Verslo žinios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslo_%C5%BEinios"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arip%C3%A4ev.ee-3"}],"text":"Estonian newspaperÄripäev (Estonian for \"Business Day\") is an Estonian financial newspaper in tabloid format. It was founded in 1989[1] by Dagens Industri, a leading Swedish financial newspaper. The first issue of Äripäev was published on 9 October 1989. Until May 1992 Äripäev was published once a week, until February 1996 three times a week. Since 1996 Äripäev has been published five times a week.[1] The paper ceased publications in 22 December 2022 and transition to online.[2]The newspaper belongs to AS Äripäev, which is owned by the Swedish family-owned media group Bonnier.English-language section is called Baltic Business News (BBN). And this section is cooperation of three economic newspapers from Baltic states: Äripäev (Estonia), Dienas Bizness (Latvia) and Verslo žinios (Lithuania).[3]","title":"Äripäev"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004. Psychology Press. 2003. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-85743-186-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5J_gAU8c9NIC&pg=PA263","url_text":"Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-186-5","url_text":"978-1-85743-186-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Ilmus viimane Äripäev, ka teised lehed kolivad aina rohkem veebi\". ERR (in Estonian). 15 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.err.ee/1608829042/ilmus-viimane-aripaev-ka-teised-lehed-kolivad-aina-rohkem-veebi","url_text":"\"Ilmus viimane Äripäev, ka teised lehed kolivad aina rohkem veebi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baltic Business News tuli, nägi ja võitis\". Äripäev. Retrieved 17 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aripaev.ee/uudised/2002/12/23/baltic-business-news-tuli-nagi-ja-voitis","url_text":"\"Baltic Business News tuli, nägi ja võitis\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%84rip%C3%A4ev¶ms=59_25_1.15_N_24_44_29.32_E_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°25′1.15″N 24°44′29.32″E / 59.4169861°N 24.7414778°E / 59.4169861; 24.7414778"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1406-2585","external_links_name":"1406-2585"},{"Link":"https://www.aripaev.ee/","external_links_name":"www.aripaev.ee"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5J_gAU8c9NIC&pg=PA263","external_links_name":"Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004"},{"Link":"https://www.err.ee/1608829042/ilmus-viimane-aripaev-ka-teised-lehed-kolivad-aina-rohkem-veebi","external_links_name":"\"Ilmus viimane Äripäev, ka teised lehed kolivad aina rohkem veebi\""},{"Link":"https://www.aripaev.ee/uudised/2002/12/23/baltic-business-news-tuli-nagi-ja-voitis","external_links_name":"\"Baltic Business News tuli, nägi ja võitis\""},{"Link":"http://www.ap3.ee/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.bbn.ee/","external_links_name":"Business news from Baltic States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%84rip%C3%A4ev¶ms=59_25_1.15_N_24_44_29.32_E_region:EE","external_links_name":"59°25′1.15″N 24°44′29.32″E / 59.4169861°N 24.7414778°E / 59.4169861; 24.7414778"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%84rip%C3%A4ev&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulterella | Coulterella | ["1 References"] | Genus of flowering plants
Coulterella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Subfamily:
Asteroideae
Tribe:
Tageteae
Subtribe:
Varillinae
Genus:
CoulterellaVasey & Rose
Species:
C. capitata
Binomial name
Coulterella capitataVasey & Rose
Synonyms
Coulterella vaseyi Rose ex O.Hoffm.
Coulterella capitata is a species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is the only species of genus Coulterella. Coulterella was placed in the monotypic subtribe Coulterellinae, but is now included in Varillinae.
Coulterella capitata is endemic to the State of Baja California Sur in northwestern Mexico.
References
^ Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist Archived 2014-11-15 at archive.today
^ Vasey, George S. & Rose, Joseph Nelson. 1890. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1(3): 71 in English
^ Vasey, George S. & Rose, Joseph Nelson. 1890. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1(3): Plate 1 line drawing of Coulterella capitata
^ Tropicos, Coulterella Vasey & Rose
^ "Varillinae B.L.Turner & A.M.Powell". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-04-20.
^ Shreve, F. & I. L. Wiggins. 1964. Vegetation and Flora of the Sonoran Desert 2 vols. Stanford University Press, Stanford
Taxon identifiersCoulterella
Wikidata: Q17420550
Wikispecies: Coulterella (Asteraceae)
CoL: 62NKM
GBIF: 3117281
GRIN: 3006
IPNI: 14304-1
IRMNG: 1283526
NCBI: 41557
Open Tree of Life: 591410
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296970-2
WFO: wfo-4000009498
WoRMS: 1076069
Coulterella capitata
Wikidata: Q3696041
CoL: YZJW
GBIF: 5394884
iNaturalist: 288521
IPNI: 67199-2
NCBI: 41558
Open Tree of Life: 591401
Plant List: gcc-93478
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:67199-2
Tropicos: 50144325
WFO: wfo-0000132642
WoRMS: 1100598
This Tageteae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"daisy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteraceae"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Varillinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varillinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Varillinae-5"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Coulterella capitata is a species of flowering plants in the daisy family. It is the only species of genus Coulterella.[2][3][4] Coulterella was placed in the monotypic subtribe Coulterellinae, but is now included in Varillinae.[5]\nCoulterella capitata is endemic to the State of Baja California Sur in northwestern Mexico.[6]","title":"Coulterella"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Varillinae B.L.Turner & A.M.Powell\". Global Compositae Database. Compositae Working Group (CWG). Retrieved 2022-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.compositae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1075178","url_text":"\"Varillinae B.L.Turner & A.M.Powell\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=3b430006-a00e-4c68-8b85-8ad5d7b1c733","external_links_name":"Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141115210423/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=3b430006-a00e-4c68-8b85-8ad5d7b1c733","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/368655#page/82/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Vasey, George S. & Rose, Joseph Nelson. 1890. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1(3): 71"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/368655#page/81/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Vasey, George S. & Rose, Joseph Nelson. 1890. Contributions from the United States National Herbarium 1(3): Plate 1"},{"Link":"http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40015397","external_links_name":"Tropicos, Coulterella Vasey & Rose"},{"Link":"https://www.compositae.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1075178","external_links_name":"\"Varillinae B.L.Turner & A.M.Powell\""},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/62NKM","external_links_name":"62NKM"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3117281","external_links_name":"3117281"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=3006","external_links_name":"3006"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/14304-1","external_links_name":"14304-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1283526","external_links_name":"1283526"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=41557","external_links_name":"41557"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=591410","external_links_name":"591410"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A296970-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:296970-2"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000009498","external_links_name":"wfo-4000009498"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1076069","external_links_name":"1076069"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/YZJW","external_links_name":"YZJW"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5394884","external_links_name":"5394884"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/288521","external_links_name":"288521"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/67199-2","external_links_name":"67199-2"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=41558","external_links_name":"41558"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=591401","external_links_name":"591401"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-93478","external_links_name":"gcc-93478"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A67199-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:67199-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50144325","external_links_name":"50144325"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000132642","external_links_name":"wfo-0000132642"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1100598","external_links_name":"1100598"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coulterella&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Egyptian_Navy | List of ships of the Egyptian Navy | ["1 Current and future ships","1.1 Submarines (8)","1.2 Helicopter Carrier (2)","1.3 Frigates (17)","1.4 Corvettes (3)","1.5 Fast Attack Craft (31)","1.6 Submarine chasers (8)","1.7 Patrol vessels(23)","1.8 Mine warfare vessels (17)","1.9 Landing crafts (15)","1.10 Support ships (6)","1.11 Fuel tankers (8)","1.12 Tugboats (7)","1.13 Miscellaneous vessels","2 Egyptian Coast Guard","2.1 Patrol boats","2.2 Patrol crafts","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This is a list of Egyptian Navy ships including all ships of the Egyptian Navy as well as its predecessors.
The Egyptian Navy is the largest navy in the Middle East and Africa. Since 2013, the Egyptian Navy made a modernization project in which new vessels were acquired from western sources such as the United States, Germany, Italy and France.
Current and future ships
Submarines (8)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Type 209(1400) class
Germany
Attack submarine
4 active
1,600 tons
Type 033 submarine
China
Attack submarine
4 active
1,475 tons surfaced
1,830 tons submerged
Helicopter Carrier (2)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Gamal Abdel Nasser
(Mistral-class)
France
Landing helicopter dock (LHD)
2 active
21,500 tons
Frigates (17)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Tahya Misr
(FREMM)
France
Multi-purpose & Guided missile frigate
1 active
6,000 tons
Al-Galala(FREMM)
Italy
Multi-purpose frigate
2 active
6,700 tons
Al-Fateh
(Gowind 2500)
France Egypt
Multi-purpose & Guided missile frigate
4 active
2,500 tons
Al-Aziz
(MEKO A200)
Germany
Egypt
Multi-purpose & Guided missile frigate
4 active
3,700 tons
Alexandria
(Oliver Hazard Perry)
United States
Multi-purpose & Guided missile frigate
4 active
4,200 tons
Damyat(Knox)
United States
Guided missile frigate
2 active
4,130 tons
Corvettes (3)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Abu Qir
(Descubierta-class)
Spain
Multi-purpose corvette
2 active
1,482 tonnes
Shabab Misr
(Pohang-class)
South Korea
ASW corvette
1 active
1,220 tonnes
Fast Attack Craft (31)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ezzat(Ambassador Mk III)
United States Singapore
Fast missile craft
4 active
600 tonnes
Project 12418
(Tarantul-class)
Russia
Fast missile craft
1 active
550 tonnes
October class
Egypt
Missile boat
6 active
82 tonnes
Osa class
Soviet Union
Missile boat
8 active
235 tonnes
Ramadan class
United Kingdom
Missile boat
6 active
317 tonnes
Tiger-class
West Germany
Missile boat
1 active
265 tonnes
Shanghai II-class
People's Republic of China
Gunboat
4 active
135 tonnes
Submarine chasers (8)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Note
Hainan-class submarine chaser
People's Republic of China
Anti-submarine vessel
8
430 tonnes
Al Nour (430)
Armament:
Two twin 57 mm AA guns
Two twin 23 mm AA guns
Two triple 12.75-inch (324 mm) torpedo tubes
Four BU-1200 anti-submarine rocket launchers
Two depth-charge mortars
Two depth-charge racks
Mines
Al Hadi (433)
Al Hakeem (436)
Al Wakeel (439)
Al Kdar (442)
Al Samad (445)
Al Salam (448)
Al Rafe (451)
Patrol vessels(23)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Cyclone class
United States
Fast patrol craft
3 active
Type-024
(Hegu class)
China
Fast patrol boat
4 active
2 in reserve
Shershen class
Soviet Union
Torpedo boat
4 active
Kaan 20 class
Turkey
Fast patrol boat
6 active
Project 205
(Osa II class)
Soviet Union
Finland
Patrol boat
4 active
Mine warfare vessels (17)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Note
Assiot
(T43-class minesweeper)
Soviet Union
Minesweeper
3
460 tonnes
Gharbia (501)
Armament:
Two twin 30 mm AA guns
Ten mines
Daqahlia (507)
Baharia (510)
Sinai (513)
Assuit (516)
Aswan
(Yurka-class minesweeper)
Soviet Union
Minesweeper
4
569 tonnes
Giza (530)
Armament:
Two twin 37 mm AA guns
Four twin 12.7 mm machine guns
Two depth-charge mortars
Mines
Aswan (533)
Qena (536)
Sohag (539)
Dhat Al Sawari-class
United States
—
Minehunter
3
203 tonnes
Dhat Al Sawari
Armament:
Two 12.7 mm machineguns
Navarine
Al Burullus
Al Siddiq
(Osprey-class minehunter)
United States
Minehunter
2
904 tonnes
Al Farouk (534)
The vessels are to receive in-country modernization and technical Support, including the supply of new L3 Machinery Control Systems. Armament:
Two 12.7 mm machine guns
Al Seddiq (521)
Safaga-class
United States
—
Survey vessel
2
165 tonnes
Safaga
—
Abu El Ghosn
Landing crafts (15)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Note
Vydra-class landing ship
Soviet Union
Landing craft mechinized
9
600 tonnes
330
Armament:
Two twin 40 mm AA guns
332
334
336
338
340
342
344
346
EDA-R-class landing craft
France
Landing craft tank
2
300 tonnes
GN 011
Armament:
two 12.7 mm machine guns
two 7.62 mm machine guns.
AS 021
CTM-NG-class landing craft
France
Landing craft mechinized
4
GN 012
150 tonnes
GN 013
AS 022
AS 023
Support ships (6)
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Note
Fort Rosalie-class replenishment ship
United Kingdom
Replenishment ship
2
23,482 tonnes
Abu Simbel (233)
Armament:
- 2 Phalanx CIWS 20 mm automatic cannon for close combat
- 2 20 mm cannon
- 4 7.62 mm machine guns
Luxor
Lüneburg-class replenishment ship
Type 701E
Germany
Replenishment ship
1
3,680 tonnes
Shalatin (230)
Armament:
Two 40 mm 70-caliber Bofors AA
Westerwald-class transport ship
Germany
Ammunition ship
1
3,469 tonnes
Halayib (231)
—
Poluchat-II-class torpedo retriever
Soviet Union
—
Torpedo retriever
2
95 tonnes
—
—
Fuel tankers (8)
Class
Origin
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Toplivo II-class tanker
Soviet Union
Coastaltanker
8
1,200 tonnes
Maryut (211)
Al Furat (212)
Al Nil (213)
Ekdu (214)
Atbarah (215)
Aida 3 (216)
Al Manzalla (217)
Al Burulus (218)
Tugboats (7)
Class
Origin
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Okhtenskiy-class oceangoing tug
Egypt
Tugboat
5
940 tonnes
El Max (103)
El Agamy (105)
El Kantara (107)
El Dekheila (109)
El Eskandarany (111)
Natick-class harbor tug
United States Egypt
Tugboat
2
560 tonnes
—
—
Miscellaneous vessels
Class
Origin
Image
Type
Quantity
Combat displacement
Ships
Note
Black Swan-class sloop
United Kingdom
Training ship
1
1,490 tonnes
Tariq (F931)
Armament:
6 × QF 4 in (102 mm) Mk XVI AA guns (3 × 2)
4 × 2-pounder AA pom-pom
4 × 0.5-inch (12.7 mm) AA machine guns (original)
12 × 20 mm Oerlikon AA (6 × 2) (modified)
Depth charges 40 (110 modified)
Intisar training ship
—
Training ship
1
1,000 tonnes
—
—
Z-class destroyer
United Kingdom
Training ship
1
2,570 tonnes
ex-Al Fateh, ex HMS Zenith (R95)
Harbour training vessel. Name transferred to first Gowind-class corvette September 2017; report did not specify ship was decommissioned.
El Kousseir yacht
—
—
Presidential yacht
1
500 tonnes
—
—
El Mahrousa super yacht
United Kingdom
Presidential yacht
1
3,762 tonnes
El Mahrousa
—
Egyptian Coast Guard
The Egyptian Coast Guard is responsible for the onshore protection of public installations near the coast and the patrol of coastal waters to prevent smuggling.
Patrol boats
22 Timsah I/II class
12 Sea Spectre PB Mk III class
9 Swiftships class
6 MV70 class
5 P-6 (Project 183) class
3 Textron class
Patrol crafts
25 Swiftships 26m class
16 SR.N6 class
9 Type 83 class
6 Crestitalia class
12 Spectre class
12 Peterson class
5 Nisr class
29 DC-30 class
3 of 6 MRTP-20 Yonka Onuk MRTP-20 class
See also
List of ships of the line of Egypt
List of Egyptian sail frigates
References
^ GDC (2021-05-03). "Why Egypt Intensifying Its Military Modernization, Training And Exercises In MENA Regions". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
^ "Oliver Hazard Perry Class Guided Missile Frigate - Naval Technology". www.naval-technology.com. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
^ GDC (2020-06-15). "Italy approves the sale of two Fincantieri FREMM frigates for Egyptian Navy". Global Defense Corp. Retrieved 2021-07-16.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al Military Balance 2024. IISS. 2024. ISBN 978-1032780047.
^ "Egyptian Navy In-Country Technical Assistance and Support".
^ "L3 Maritime Systems Wins Contract to Provide Machinery Control Systems for Egyptian Minehunters".
^ "Project 106 class".
^ a b "Le premier catamaran de débarquement égyptien rejoint Saint-Nazaire". 18 April 2016.
^ McGrath, Rebecca (18 July 2022). "Ex-navy ship towed across River Mersey for renaming". Wirral Globe. Warrington. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
^ "قائد القوات البحرية: أحدث لنشات الصواريخ تنضم للخدمة 2013.. وبناء غواصتين من الجيل المتقدم بألمانيا - بوابة الأهرام". Retrieved 2014-06-05.
^ "First Turkish Interceptor Delivered To Egyptian Navy |". 14 December 2011. Retrieved 2014-06-05.
External links
https://books.google.com/books?id=TJunjRvplU4C&dq=st802+radar&pg=PA173
https://books.google.com/books?id=TEmPseAGX_sC&dq=Toplivo+II+class+tanker&pg=PA140
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093053/http://119.63.205.89/~baird/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=262%3Aswiftships-to-build-25-fast-patrol-craft-for-egyptian-navy&catid=73&Itemid=65
http://www.thebahrainconspiracy.com/the-military-ships.php
http://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/netherlands-submarine-import-and-export-behavior/
http://www.hazegray.org/worldnav/africa/egypt.htm#2
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/egypt/navy-equipment.htm
http://combatfleetoftheworld.blogspot.com/
http://wiki.baloogancampaign.com/index.php/DataShip?DB=DB3000 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-naval-technology.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Egyptian Navy is the largest navy in the Middle East and Africa.[1] Since 2013, the Egyptian Navy made a modernization project in which new vessels were acquired from western sources such as the United States, Germany, Italy and France.[2][3]","title":"List of ships of the Egyptian Navy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Submarines (8)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Helicopter Carrier (2)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Frigates (17)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Corvettes (3)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fast Attack Craft (31)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Submarine chasers (8)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Patrol vessels(23)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mine warfare vessels (17)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Landing crafts (15)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Support ships (6)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fuel tankers (8)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tugboats (7)","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Miscellaneous vessels","title":"Current and future ships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Egyptian Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Coast_Guard"}],"text":"The Egyptian Coast Guard is responsible for the onshore protection of public installations near the coast and the patrol of coastal waters to prevent smuggling.","title":"Egyptian Coast Guard"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Patrol boats","text":"22 Timsah I/II class\n12 Sea Spectre PB Mk III class\n9 Swiftships class\n6 MV70 class\n5 P-6 (Project 183) class\n3 Textron class","title":"Egyptian Coast Guard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yonka Onuk MRTP-20 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151119101611/http://www.yonca-onuk.com/productList.php/?p=79"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Patrol crafts","text":"25 Swiftships 26m class\n16 SR.N6 class\n9 Type 83 class\n6 Crestitalia class\n12 Spectre class\n12 Peterson class\n5 Nisr class\n29 DC-30 class\n3 of 6 MRTP-20 Yonka Onuk MRTP-20 class[10][11]","title":"Egyptian Coast Guard"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/USS_McCandless_%28FF-1084%29.jpg/220px-USS_McCandless_%28FF-1084%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of ships of the line of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Egypt"},{"title":"List of Egyptian sail frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_sail_frigates"}] | [{"reference":"GDC (2021-05-03). \"Why Egypt Intensifying Its Military Modernization, Training And Exercises In MENA Regions\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_29 | Route nationale 29 | ["1 Route","2 References"] | Road in France
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Route nationale 29" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020)
The Route nationale 29 is a highway in Normandy and Picardy, northeast France. It connects the city port of Le Havre with Amiens, Saint-Quentin and the Belgian frontier. Most of the route has been superseded by the A29 autoroute.
Route
The road starts 52 km to the east of Le Havre at Sainte-Marie-des-Champs near Yvetot at a junction with the D 6015 (former N 14). The road (now numbered D 929 heads east crossing the A29 autoroute. It passes the town of Yerville and at Tôtes has a junction with the N 27. The road continues east until Saint-Saëns where a road joins the A 28. The old road is now numbered the D 929 and passes through the town and Forêt d’Eawy. The road joins the old N 28 (now D 928) and heads into the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray.
North east of Neufchâtel the former N 29 recommences-s at a junction with the A29 autoroute and D 928. Thereafter the road is numbered the D 929 until the town of Aumale where it becomes the D 1029. The road by-passes to the north of the town of Poix-de-Picardie and then turns north-east into the city of Amiens.
The road leaves Amiens to the south-east along the Avre valley before turning east in a long straight road through Villers-Bretonneux and close to a 1st World War memorial to the Australian Army. The road crosses the A1 autoroute at Estrées-Deniécourt. It then passes the old N 17 (now D 1017) and the Canal de la Somme. The road passes more war cemeteries before entering the town of Saint-Quentin over the A26 autoroute. Between Amiens and Longueau, it was the former N 35 and between Longueau and Saint-Quentin, the former N 336.
The road continues over the Somme (still numbered the D 1029) and is now also numbered E 44. The roads cross the Canal de la Sambre à l’Oise. It turns north-east to the town of Guise crossing the River Oise. The road crosses the Forêt du Nouvion before entering the town of La Capelle and a junction with the D 1043 and N 2 close to the frontier with Belgium. Between Saint-Quentin and La Capelle, the road was numbered N 30 before.
At its creation, the N 29 had a different itinary east of Amiens. It was heading to Albert and Bapaume (now as D 929). Then it was heading to Cambrai (now as D 930 in Pas-de-Calais and as D 630 in Nord). Then, to Bouchain, Valenciennes and to the Belgian border (now still as D 630).
References
^ A29 autoroute in Saratlas
vteRoutes nationales (main trunk roads) of France
N 1
N 2
N 3
N 4
N 5
N 6
N 7
N 8
N 9
N 10
N 11
N 12
N 13
N 14
N 15
N 16
N 17
N 18
N 19
N 20
N 21
N 22
N 23
N 24
N 25
N 26
N 27
N 28
N 29
N 30
N 43
N 52
N 79
N 98
N 104
N 138
N 154
N 177
N 202 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"Picardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne"},{"link_name":"A29 autoroute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A29_autoroute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Route nationale 29 is a highway in Normandy and Picardy, northeast France. It connects the city port of Le Havre with Amiens, Saint-Quentin and the Belgian frontier. Most of the route has been superseded by the A29 autoroute.[1]","title":"Route nationale 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sainte-Marie-des-Champs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainte-Marie-des-Champs"},{"link_name":"Yvetot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvetot"},{"link_name":"D 6015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_15"},{"link_name":"N 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_14"},{"link_name":"A29 autoroute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A29_autoroute"},{"link_name":"Yerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerville"},{"link_name":"Tôtes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4tes"},{"link_name":"N 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_27"},{"link_name":"Saint-Saëns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sa%C3%ABns"},{"link_name":"A 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A28_autoroute"},{"link_name":"N 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_28"},{"link_name":"Neufchâtel-en-Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neufch%C3%A2tel-en-Bray"},{"link_name":"A29 autoroute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A29_autoroute"},{"link_name":"D 928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_28"},{"link_name":"Aumale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumale"},{"link_name":"Poix-de-Picardie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poix-de-Picardie"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Avre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avre_(Somme)"},{"link_name":"Villers-Bretonneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux"},{"link_name":"A1 autoroute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_autoroute"},{"link_name":"Estrées-Deniécourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estr%C3%A9es-Deni%C3%A9court"},{"link_name":"N 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_17"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne"},{"link_name":"A26 autoroute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A26_autoroute"},{"link_name":"Longueau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longueau"},{"link_name":"N 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_nationale_35&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N 336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_nationale_336&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E 44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_route_E44"},{"link_name":"Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guise"},{"link_name":"Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oise_(river)"},{"link_name":"La Capelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Capelle"},{"link_name":"D 1043","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_nationale_39&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_2"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"N 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_nationale_30"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Bapaume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapaume"},{"link_name":"Cambrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrai"},{"link_name":"Pas-de-Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(French_department)"},{"link_name":"Bouchain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouchain"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"}],"text":"The road starts 52 km to the east of Le Havre at Sainte-Marie-des-Champs near Yvetot at a junction with the D 6015 (former N 14). The road (now numbered D 929 heads east crossing the A29 autoroute. It passes the town of Yerville and at Tôtes has a junction with the N 27. The road continues east until Saint-Saëns where a road joins the A 28. The old road is now numbered the D 929 and passes through the town and Forêt d’Eawy. The road joins the old N 28 (now D 928) and heads into the town of Neufchâtel-en-Bray.North east of Neufchâtel the former N 29 recommences-s at a junction with the A29 autoroute and D 928. Thereafter the road is numbered the D 929 until the town of Aumale where it becomes the D 1029. The road by-passes to the north of the town of Poix-de-Picardie and then turns north-east into the city of Amiens.The road leaves Amiens to the south-east along the Avre valley before turning east in a long straight road through Villers-Bretonneux and close to a 1st World War memorial to the Australian Army. The road crosses the A1 autoroute at Estrées-Deniécourt. It then passes the old N 17 (now D 1017) and the Canal de la Somme. The road passes more war cemeteries before entering the town of Saint-Quentin over the A26 autoroute. Between Amiens and Longueau, it was the former N 35 and between Longueau and Saint-Quentin, the former N 336.The road continues over the Somme (still numbered the D 1029) and is now also numbered E 44. The roads cross the Canal de la Sambre à l’Oise. It turns north-east to the town of Guise crossing the River Oise. The road crosses the Forêt du Nouvion before entering the town of La Capelle and a junction with the D 1043 and N 2 close to the frontier with Belgium. Between Saint-Quentin and La Capelle, the road was numbered N 30 before.At its creation, the N 29 had a different itinary east of Amiens. It was heading to Albert and Bapaume (now as D 929). Then it was heading to Cambrai (now as D 930 in Pas-de-Calais and as D 630 in Nord). Then, to Bouchain, Valenciennes and to the Belgian border (now still as D 630).","title":"Route"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Route_nationale_29&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Route+nationale+29%22","external_links_name":"\"Route nationale 29\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Route+nationale+29%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Route+nationale+29%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Route+nationale+29%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Route+nationale+29%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Route+nationale+29%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://saratlas.free.fr/index.php?page=autoroute&route=a29&lang=en","external_links_name":"A29 autoroute in Saratlas"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnogenus | Ichnotaxon | ["1 Naming","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Taxon based on the fossilized work of an organism
The ichnogenus Thalassinoides: burrow fossil produced by crustaceans from the Middle Jurassic, Makhtesh Qatan, southern Israel
An ichnotaxon (plural ichnotaxa) is "a taxon based on the fossilized work of an organism", i.e. the non-human equivalent of an artifact. Ichnotaxon comes from the Ancient Greek ἴχνος (íchnos) meaning "track" and English taxon, itself derived from Ancient Greek τάξις (táxis) meaning "ordering".
Ichnotaxa are names used to identify and distinguish morphologically distinctive ichnofossils, more commonly known as trace fossils (fossil records of lifeforms' movement, rather than of the lifeforms themselves). They are assigned genus and species ranks by ichnologists, much like organisms in Linnaean taxonomy. These are known as ichnogenera and ichnospecies, respectively. "Ichnogenus" and "ichnospecies" are commonly abbreviated as "igen." and "isp.". The binomial names of ichnospecies and their genera are to be written in italics.
Most researchers classify trace fossils only as far as the ichnogenus rank, based upon trace fossils that resemble each other in morphology but have subtle differences. Some authors have constructed detailed hierarchies up to ichnosuperclass, recognizing such fine detail as to identify ichnosuperorder and ichnoinfraclass, but such attempts are controversial.
Naming
Due to the chaotic nature of trace fossil classification, several ichnogenera hold names normally affiliated with animal body fossils or plant fossils. For example, many ichnogenera are named with the suffix -phycus due to misidentification as algae.
Edward Hitchcock was the first to use the now common -ichnus suffix in 1858, with Cochlichnus.
History
Due to trace fossils' history of being difficult to classify, there have been several attempts to enforce consistency in the naming of ichnotaxa.
The first edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, published in 1961, ruled that names of taxa published after 1930 should be 'accompanied by a statement that purports to give characters differentiating the taxon'. This had the effect that names for most trace fossil taxa published after 1930 were unavailable under the code. This restriction was removed for ichnotaxa in the third edition of the code, published in 1985.
See also
Bird ichnology
Trace fossil classification
Glossary of scientific naming
References
^ Definition of 'ichno' at dictionary.com.
^ a b Häntzschel, Walter (1975). Moore, Raymond C. (ed.). Miscellanea: Supplement 1, Trace Fossils and Problematica. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813730271.
^ Bromley, R. G. (1996). "Ichnotaxonomy and classification". Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780412614804.
^ Donovan, Stephen K., ed. (28 March 1994). The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-94843-8.
External links
Comments on the draft proposal to amend the Code with respect to trace fossils
Trace Fossils - Kansas University Catalogue of Ichnotaxa | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThalassinoidesIsrael.JPG"},{"link_name":"Thalassinoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassinoides"},{"link_name":"burrow fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrow_fossil"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Makhtesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhtesh"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"artifact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"ἴχνος","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%B4%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taxon#English"},{"link_name":"τάξις","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"morphologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"ichnofossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"fossil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"lifeforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeform"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"ichnologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichnologist"},{"link_name":"Linnaean taxonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy"},{"link_name":"italics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italics"}],"text":"The ichnogenus Thalassinoides: burrow fossil produced by crustaceans from the Middle Jurassic, Makhtesh Qatan, southern IsraelAn ichnotaxon (plural ichnotaxa) is \"a taxon based on the fossilized work of an organism\", i.e. the non-human equivalent of an artifact. Ichnotaxon comes from the Ancient Greek ἴχνος (íchnos) meaning \"track\" and English taxon, itself derived from Ancient Greek τάξις (táxis) meaning \"ordering\".[1]Ichnotaxa are names used to identify and distinguish morphologically distinctive ichnofossils, more commonly known as trace fossils (fossil records of lifeforms' movement, rather than of the lifeforms themselves). They are assigned genus and species ranks by ichnologists, much like organisms in Linnaean taxonomy. These are known as ichnogenera and ichnospecies, respectively. \"Ichnogenus\" and \"ichnospecies\" are commonly abbreviated as \"igen.\" and \"isp.\". The binomial names of ichnospecies and their genera are to be written in italics.Most researchers classify trace fossils only as far as the ichnogenus rank, based upon trace fossils that resemble each other in morphology but have subtle differences. Some authors have constructed detailed hierarchies up to ichnosuperclass, recognizing such fine detail as to identify ichnosuperorder and ichnoinfraclass, but such attempts are controversial.","title":"Ichnotaxon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreatiseSupp1-2"},{"link_name":"Edward Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Cochlichnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cochlichnus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TreatiseSupp1-2"}],"text":"Due to the chaotic nature of trace fossil classification, several ichnogenera hold names normally affiliated with animal body fossils or plant fossils. For example, many ichnogenera are named with the suffix -phycus due to misidentification as algae.[2]Edward Hitchcock was the first to use the now common -ichnus suffix in 1858, with Cochlichnus.[2]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Code of Zoological Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"unavailable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unavailable_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bromley-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donovan-4"}],"text":"Due to trace fossils' history of being difficult to classify, there have been several attempts to enforce consistency in the naming of ichnotaxa.The first edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, published in 1961, ruled that names of taxa published after 1930 should be 'accompanied by a statement that purports to give characters differentiating the taxon'. This had the effect that names for most trace fossil taxa published after 1930 were unavailable under the code. This restriction was removed for ichnotaxa in the third edition of the code, published in 1985.[3][4]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"The ichnogenus Thalassinoides: burrow fossil produced by crustaceans from the Middle Jurassic, Makhtesh Qatan, southern Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/ThalassinoidesIsrael.JPG/220px-ThalassinoidesIsrael.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Bird ichnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_ichnology"},{"title":"Trace fossil classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil_classification"},{"title":"Glossary of scientific naming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming"}] | [{"reference":"Häntzschel, Walter (1975). Moore, Raymond C. (ed.). Miscellanea: Supplement 1, Trace Fossils and Problematica. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Geological Society of America. ISBN 9780813730271.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H%C3%A4ntzschel","url_text":"Häntzschel, Walter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813730271","url_text":"9780813730271"}]},{"reference":"Bromley, R. G. (1996). \"Ichnotaxonomy and classification\". Trace Fossils: Biology, Taphonomy and Applications. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 162–163. ISBN 9780412614804.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_WT68toEmQkC&pg=PA162","url_text":"\"Ichnotaxonomy and classification\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412614804","url_text":"9780412614804"}]},{"reference":"Donovan, Stephen K., ed. (28 March 1994). The Palaeobiology of Trace Fossils. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-94843-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-94843-8","url_text":"0-471-94843-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ichno","external_links_name":"'ichno'"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_WT68toEmQkC&pg=PA162","external_links_name":"\"Ichnotaxonomy and classification\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070316073952/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iczn/BZNMarch2004comments.htm","external_links_name":"Comments on the draft proposal to amend the Code with respect to trace fossils"},{"Link":"https://ichnology.ku.edu/tracefossils.html","external_links_name":"Trace Fossils"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_of_Sulzbach | Hedwig of Sulzbach | ["1 Early life","2 First marriage","3 Second marriage","4 Death","5 Issue","6 References and sources","7 Footnotes"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hedwig of Sulzbach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Marie Hedwig Auguste of the Palatinate-SulzbachBorn(1650-04-15)15 April 1650SulzbachDied23 November 1681(1681-11-23) (aged 31)HamburgBuriedWhite Castle at OstrovNoble familyHouse of WittelsbachSpouse(s)Sigismund Francis, Archduke of AustriaJulius Francis, Duke of Saxe-LauenburgIssueDetailAnna Maria Franziska, Grand Duchess of TuscanySybille, Margravine of Baden-BadenFatherChristian August, Count Palatine of SulzbachMotherAmalie of Nassau-Siegen
Marie Hedwig Auguste of Sulzbach (German: Marie Hedwig Auguste von Sulzbach; born: 15 April 1650 in Sulzbach; died: 23 November 1681 in Hamburg) was a Countess Palatine of Sulzbach by birth and by marriage, Archduchess of Austria and by her second marriage, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg.
Early life
Hedwig was a daughter of the Duke and Count Palatine Christian August of Sulzbach (1622–1708) from his marriage to Countess Amalie of Nassau-Siegen (1613–1669), daughter of Count John VII of Nassau-Siegen.
First marriage
She was married on 3 June 1665 per cura in the court chapel of Sulzbach to Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria-Tyrol (1630–1665), who after his brother's unexpected death had resigned from his ecclesiastical positions in order to marry. The marriage was never consummated: while travelling to meet his bride, the Archduke fell seriously ill and died in Innsbruck twelve days after the marriage.
Second marriage
Hedwig's second marriage, in Sulzbach on 9 April 1668, was with Duke Julius Francis of Saxe-Lauenburg (1641–1689). Her father had a memorial stone erected in the Sulzbach parish church to commemorate the event. Hedwig had been assured an annual income of 20000guilders at her first marriage; Julius Francis made a deal with the imperial court, in which Hedwig would receive a lump sum instead.
Death
Hedwig died in 1681 and was buried in the White Castle at Ostrov (German: Schlackenwerth).
Issue
Hedwig from her second marriage had the following children:
Anna Maria Theresia (1670–1671)
Anna Maria Franziska (1672–1741)
married firstly in 1690 Count Palatine Philip William of Neuburg (1668–1693)
married secondly 1697 Grand Duke Gian Gastone de' Medici of Tuscany (1671–1737)
Sybille (1675–1733)
married in 1690 Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden (1655–1707)
References and sources
Theologische Quartalschrift, vol. 50, H. Laupp, 1868, p. 106 Digitized
Johann Samuel Ersch: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, section 2 part 28, J. f. Gleditsch, 1851, p. 363
Footnotes
^ Georg Hager, Georg Lill: Bezirksamt Sulzbach, vol 19, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1982, p. 94
vteRoyal consorts of AustriaHouse of Babenberg
Richardis of Sualafeldgau
Glismod of West-Saxony
Frozza Orseolo
Adelaide of Eilenburg
Swanhilde of Ungarnmark
Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg
Maria of Perg
Agnes of Waiblingen
Maria of Bohemia
Gertrude of Süpplingenburg
Theodora Komnene
Helena of Hungary
Theodora Angelina
Agnes of Merania
Interregnum
Kunigunda of Halych
House of HabsburgAustria
Gertrude of Hohenberg
Elisabeth of Carinthia
Blanche of France
Elizabeth Richeza of Poland
Isabella of Aragon
Catherine of Savoy
Joanna of Pfirt
Elizabeth of Bavaria
Anne of Bohemia
Catherine of Bohemia
Viridis Visconti
Elisabeth of Bohemia
Beatrice of Nuremberg
Joanna Sophia of Bavaria
Elizabeth of Luxembourg
Eleanor of Portugal
Bianca Maria Sforza
Isabella of Portugal
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
Maria of Austria
Anna of Tyrol
Eleonora Gonzaga
Maria Anna of Spain
Maria Leopoldine of Austria
Eleonora Gonzaga
Claudia de' Medici
Anna de' Medici
Hedwig of Sulzbach
Margaret Theresa of Spain
Claudia Felicitas of Austria
Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Maria Josepha of Bavaria
Maria Luisa of Spain
Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
Caroline Augusta of Bavaria
Maria Anna of Savoy
Elisabeth of Bavaria
Zita of Bourbon-Parma
House of HabsburgStyria, Carinthia, Carniola
Viridis Visconti
Joanna II of Naples
Catherine of Burgundy
Margaret of Pomerania
Cymburgis of Masovia
Eleanor of Portugal
Mechthild of the Palatinate
Bianca Maria Sforza
Isabella of Portugal
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
Maria Anna of Bavaria
Maria Anna of Bavaria
House of HabsburgTyrol
Catherine of Bohemia
Viridis Visconti
Joanna II of Naples
Elisabeth of the Palatinate
Anna of Brunswick
Eleanor of Scotland
Catherine of Saxony
Anne of Brittany
Bianca Maria Sforza
Isabella of Portugal
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
Anna Juliana Gonzaga
Anna of Tyrol
Eleonora Gonzaga
Claudia de' Medici
Anna de' Medici
Hedwig of Sulzbach
Margaret Theresa of Spain
Claudia Felicitas of Austria
Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
vteAustrian archduchesses by marriageLater generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished and outlawed in 1919.1st generation
Eleanor of Portugal
Mechthild of the Palatinate
Eleanor of Scotland
Catherine of Saxony
2nd generation
Mary, Duchess of Burgundy
Anne, Duchess of Brittany
Bianca Maria Sforza
3rd generation
Joanna, Queen of Castile
4th generation
Infanta Isabella of Portugal
Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
5th generation
Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal*
Mary I of England*
Infanta Maria of Spain^
Anna Juliana Gonzaga
Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
6th generation
Archduchess Anna of Austria^
Isabella Clara Eugenia^
Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria
Eleonora Gonzaga
Claudia de' Medici
7th generation
Princess Elisabeth of France*
Infanta Maria Ana of Spain^
Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria^
Eleonora Gonzaga
Anna de' Medici
Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach
8th generation
Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain^
Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria^
Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg
9th generation
Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
10th generation
None
11th generation
Princess Isabella of Parma**
Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria**
Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain**
Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa**
12th generation
Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg**
Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily**
Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily**
Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg**
Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia**
Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym**
Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg**
Princess Elisabeth of Savoy**
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy
13th generation
Princess Sophie of Bavaria
Princess Maria Anna of Saxony**
Princess Hildegard of Bavaria
Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria^
Princess Clotilde of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria, Duchess of Modena
14th generation
Princess Charlotte of Belgium
Princess Margaretha of Saxony
Princess Maria Annunciata of the Two Sicilies
Infanta Maria Theresa of Portugal
Princess Anna of Saxony**
Princess Maria Immaculata of the Two Sicilies**
Princess Isabella of Croÿ
Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria^
Princess Auguste Maria of Bavaria
15th generation
Princess Stéphanie of Belgium
Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony
Princess Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies**
Princess Blanca of Bourbon**
Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria^**
16th generation
Princess Zita of Parma
Princess Ileana of Romania**
Princess Rosemary of Salm-Salm**
Princess Maria of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg
17th generation
Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen
Princess Margherita of Savoy
Princess Yolande of Ligne
Laetitia d'Arenberg**
18th generation
Freiin Francesca Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva
Duchess Eilika of Oldenburg
Princess Astrid of Belgium
Princess Marie Astrid of Luxembourg
*also an infanta of Spain by marriage; **also a princess of Tuscany by marriage; ^also an archduchess of Austria in her own right
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzbach-Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Countess Palatine of Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate-Sulzbach"},{"link_name":"Archduchess of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke"},{"link_name":"Saxe-Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg"}],"text":"Marie Hedwig Auguste of Sulzbach (German: Marie Hedwig Auguste von Sulzbach; born: 15 April 1650 in Sulzbach; died: 23 November 1681 in Hamburg) was a Countess Palatine of Sulzbach by birth and by marriage, Archduchess of Austria and by her second marriage, Duchess of Saxe-Lauenburg.","title":"Hedwig of Sulzbach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian August of Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_August,_Count_Palatine_of_Sulzbach"},{"link_name":"Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau-Siegen"},{"link_name":"John VII of Nassau-Siegen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_VII,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen"}],"text":"Hedwig was a daughter of the Duke and Count Palatine Christian August of Sulzbach (1622–1708) from his marriage to Countess Amalie of Nassau-Siegen (1613–1669), daughter of Count John VII of Nassau-Siegen.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"per cura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_marriage"},{"link_name":"Sigismund Francis of Austria-Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_Francis,_Archduke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Innsbruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innsbruck"}],"text":"She was married on 3 June 1665 per cura in the court chapel of Sulzbach to Archduke Sigismund Francis of Austria-Tyrol (1630–1665), who after his brother's unexpected death had resigned from his ecclesiastical positions in order to marry. The marriage was never consummated: while travelling to meet his bride, the Archduke fell seriously ill and died in Innsbruck twelve days after the marriage.","title":"First marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulzbach-Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Julius Francis of Saxe-Lauenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hedwig's second marriage, in Sulzbach on 9 April 1668, was with Duke Julius Francis of Saxe-Lauenburg (1641–1689). Her father had a memorial stone erected in the Sulzbach parish church to commemorate the event.[1] Hedwig had been assured an annual income of 20000guilders at her first marriage; Julius Francis made a deal with the imperial court, in which Hedwig would receive a lump sum instead.","title":"Second marriage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ostrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrov_(Karlovy_Vary_District)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"Hedwig died in 1681 and was buried in the White Castle at Ostrov (German: Schlackenwerth).","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anna Maria Franziska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Maria_Franziska_of_Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Philip William of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_William_August,_Count_Palatine_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Gian Gastone de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Sybille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Sibylle_of_Saxe-Lauenburg"},{"link_name":"Louis William of Baden-Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_William,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden"}],"text":"Hedwig from her second marriage had the following children:Anna Maria Theresia (1670–1671)\nAnna Maria Franziska (1672–1741)married firstly in 1690 Count Palatine Philip William of Neuburg (1668–1693)\nmarried secondly 1697 Grand Duke Gian Gastone de' Medici of Tuscany (1671–1737)Sybille (1675–1733)married in 1690 Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden (1655–1707)","title":"Issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Digitized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V1IEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106"}],"text":"Theologische Quartalschrift, vol. 50, H. Laupp, 1868, p. 106 Digitized\nJohann Samuel Ersch: Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste, section 2 part 28, J. f. Gleditsch, 1851, p. 363","title":"References and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Consorts_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Consorts_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consorts_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Royal consorts of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Austrian_consorts"},{"link_name":"House of Babenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Babenberg"},{"link_name":"Richardis of Sualafeldgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardis_of_Sualafeldgau"},{"link_name":"Glismod of West-Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalbert,_Margrave_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Frozza Orseolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozza_Orseolo"},{"link_name":"Adelaide of Eilenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Eilenburg"},{"link_name":"Swanhilde of Ungarnmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanhilde_of_Ungarnmark"},{"link_name":"Ida of Formbach-Ratelnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_of_Formbach-Ratelnberg"},{"link_name":"Maria of Perg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maria_of_Perg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Waiblingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Waiblingen"},{"link_name":"Maria of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Gertrude of Süpplingenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_S%C3%BCpplingenburg"},{"link_name":"Theodora Komnene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_Komnene,_Duchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Helena of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Hungary,_Duchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Theodora Angelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_Angelina"},{"link_name":"Agnes of Merania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_of_Merania_(1215%E2%80%931263)"},{"link_name":"Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interregnum"},{"link_name":"Kunigunda of Halych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunigunda_of_Halych"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Gertrude of Hohenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_of_Hohenberg"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Carinthia,_Queen_of_the_Romans"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Duchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Richeza of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Richeza_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Aragon,_Queen_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I,_Duke_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Joanna of Pfirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Pfirt"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bavaria,_Duchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia,_Duchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Viridis Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bohemia_(1358%E2%80%931373)"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"Joanna Sophia of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_Sophia_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Maria of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Anna of Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Maria Leopoldine of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1630%E2%80%931686)"},{"link_name":"Claudia de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Anna de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hedwig of Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Margaret Theresa of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Claudia Felicitas of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalie_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Maria Josepha of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Maria Luisa of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ludovika_of_Austria-Este"},{"link_name":"Caroline Augusta of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Zita of Bourbon-Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zita_of_Bourbon-Parma"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Viridis Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Joanna II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_of_Pomerania,_Duchess_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cymburgis of Masovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymburgis_of_Masovia"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Mechthild of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechthild_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(born_1551)"},{"link_name":"Maria Anna of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(born_1574)"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Viridis Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viridis_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Joanna II of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_II_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elisabeth_of_the_Palatinate,_Duchess_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anna of Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_of_Brunswick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Saxony,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Anne of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Anna Juliana Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Juliana_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Anna of Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)"},{"link_name":"Claudia de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Anna de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Hedwig of Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Margaret Theresa of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Claudia Felicitas of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_archduchesses_by_marriage"},{"link_name":"Austrian archduchesses by marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke#Other_dynastic_Habsburg_use"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Portugal,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Mechthild of the Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechthild_of_the_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Catherine of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Saxony,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Mary, Duchess of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Anne, Duchess of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Bianca Maria Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bianca_Maria_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Joanna, Queen of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Infanta Isabella of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Anne of Bohemia and Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia_and_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Manuela,_Princess_of_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Mary I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress"},{"link_name":"Anna Juliana Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Juliana_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(born_1551)"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Anna of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Isabella Clara Eugenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia"},{"link_name":"Duchess Maria Anna of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(born_1574)"},{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1598%E2%80%931655)"},{"link_name":"Claudia de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Ana of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Leopoldine_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Eleonora Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonora_Gonzaga_(1630%E2%80%931686)"},{"link_name":"Anna de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_de%27_Medici,_Archduchess_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Countess Palatine Hedwig of Sulzbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Infanta Margaret Theresa of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Archduchess Claudia Felicitas of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Felicitas_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Countess Palatine Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleonore_Magdalene_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Princess Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick-Lüneburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmine_Amalie_of_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Christine_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel"},{"link_name":"Princess Isabella of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Isabella_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Josepha_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_d%27Este,_Duchess_of_Massa"},{"link_name":"Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Elisabeth_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Princess Luisa of Naples and Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Luisa_of_Naples_and_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Princess Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Henrietta_of_Nassau-Weilburg"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Alexandra_Pavlovna_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Hermine_of_Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym"},{"link_name":"Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Maria_Dorothea_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Princess Elisabeth of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Beatrice_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Princess Sophie of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sophie_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Princess Maria Anna of 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Tulun | Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Tulun | ["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"] | Damascene scholar (1475–1546)
Index page of an autograph manuscript of Ibn Ṭūlūn's al-Aḥādīth al-masmūʿa fī dūr al-qurʾān biDimashq wa-ḍawāḥīhā
Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Aḥmad ibn Ṭūlūn al-Ṣāliḥī al-Dimashḳī al-Ḥanafī (1475 – 9 August 1546) was a Damascene scholar of ḥadīth (traditions) and fiqh (jurisprudence) of the Ḥanafī school. He is best known today for his autobiography and his historical writings, which covers the contemporary Ottoman conquest of Mamlūk Egypt.
Life
Ibn Ṭūlūn was born in al-Ṣāliḥiyya, a suburb of Damascus, in 1475. On his father's side, he could trace his ancestry back to a mamlūk, Khumārwayh ibn Ṭūlūn. His mother, Azdān, was from Anatolia, either a Turk or a Greek. She died of bubonic plague while he was a child.
In 1484, Ibn Ṭūlūn received a scholarship to study fiqh at the Māridāniyya madrasa. He received an ijāza (authorization to teach) from al-Suyūṭī. He spent his life teaching and writing. In old age, he declined the positions of khaṭīb of the Umayyad Mosque and Ḥanafī muftī of Damascus. He never married and had no children. He died in Damascus on 9 August 1546.
Works
Ibn Ṭūlūn wrote an autobiography, al-Fulk al-mashḥūn fī aḥwāl Muḥammad ibn Ṭūlūn, in which he lists all the scholars he studied with, all the books he ever read and all of his writings. He gives 750 titles to his name, although these range from short pamphlets to long multi-volume works. Less than 100 of his works are preserved. The History of the Arabic Written Tradition knows of 75, but the library of Aḥmad Taymūr in Cairo may have contained 100 uncatalogued manuscripts of Ibn Ṭūlūn. As of 2004, only 25 of his works have been printed.
Notes
^ a b c d e Brinner 1971.
^ Conermann 2004, p. 115.
^ Conermann 2004, p. 120.
^ a b Conermann 2004, p. 121.
^ Conermann 2004, pp. 121–122.
Bibliography
Brinner, William M. (1971). "Ibn Ṭūlūn". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 957–958. OCLC 495469525.
Conermann, Stephan (2004). "Ibn Ṭūlūn (d. 955/1548): Life and Works". Mamlūk Studies Review. 8 (1): 115–139.
Laoust, Henri (1952). Les gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamelouks et les premiers Ottomans (1156–1741): Traduction des annales d'Ibn Tulun ('Histoires des Gouverneurs Turcs de Damas') et d'Ibn Gum'a ('Histoires des Pachas et des Cadis de Damas'). Institut français d'études arabes de Damas.
Miura, Toru (2016). Dynamism in the Urban Society of Damascus: The Ṣāliḥiyya Quarter from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Centuries. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004304437.
Wollina, Torsten. "Tracing Ibn Ṭūlūn's Autograph Corpus, with Emphasis on the 19th–20th Centuries". Journal of Islamic Manuscripts. 9 (2–3): 308–340. doi:10.1163/1878464X-00902012.
Authority control databases International
FAST
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WorldCat
National
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France
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Germany
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People
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Other
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He never married and had no children.[1] He died in Damascus on 9 August 1546.[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConermann2004121-4"},{"link_name":"History of the Arabic Written Tradition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_Written_Tradition"},{"link_name":"Aḥmad Taymūr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Taymour"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConermann2004121-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConermann2004121%E2%80%93122-5"}],"text":"Ibn Ṭūlūn wrote an autobiography, al-Fulk al-mashḥūn fī aḥwāl Muḥammad ibn Ṭūlūn, in which he lists all the scholars he studied with, all the books he ever read and all of his writings.[1] He gives 750 titles to his name, although these range from short pamphlets to long multi-volume works.[1][4] Less than 100 of his works are preserved. The History of the Arabic Written Tradition knows of 75, but the library of Aḥmad Taymūr in Cairo may have contained 100 uncatalogued manuscripts of Ibn Ṭūlūn.[4] As of 2004, only 25 of his works have been printed.[5]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinner1971_1-4"},{"link_name":"Brinner 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrinner1971"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConermann2004115_2-0"},{"link_name":"Conermann 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConermann2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConermann2004120_3-0"},{"link_name":"Conermann 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConermann2004"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConermann2004121_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConermann2004121_4-1"},{"link_name":"Conermann 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConermann2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConermann2004121%E2%80%93122_5-0"},{"link_name":"Conermann 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFConermann2004"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Brinner 1971.\n\n^ Conermann 2004, p. 115.\n\n^ Conermann 2004, p. 120.\n\n^ a b Conermann 2004, p. 121.\n\n^ Conermann 2004, pp. 121–122.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Ibn Ṭūlūn\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0344"},{"link_name":"Lewis, B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Ménage, V. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Louis_M%C3%A9nage"},{"link_name":"Pellat, Ch.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat"},{"link_name":"Schacht, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"495469525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525"},{"link_name":"\"Ibn Ṭūlūn (d. 955/1548): Life and Works\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//knowledge.uchicago.edu/record/1093"},{"link_name":"Laoust, Henri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Laoust"},{"link_name":"Institut français d'études arabes de Damas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_d%27%C3%A9tudes_arabes_de_Damas"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/9789004304437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004304437"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/1878464X-00902012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F1878464X-00902012"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55875033#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/150015/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000118529824"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/169676740"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVY8HDFCjwTrvrM3rDv3"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90594818"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150028534"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150028534"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/102373310"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272002805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85052231"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/nl02xjd63zkv35d"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074557130"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102373310.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/073249998"}],"text":"Brinner, William M. (1971). \"Ibn Ṭūlūn\". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 957–958. OCLC 495469525.\nConermann, Stephan (2004). \"Ibn Ṭūlūn (d. 955/1548): Life and Works\". Mamlūk Studies Review. 8 (1): 115–139.\nLaoust, Henri (1952). Les gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamelouks et les premiers Ottomans (1156–1741): Traduction des annales d'Ibn Tulun ('Histoires des Gouverneurs Turcs de Damas') et d'Ibn Gum'a ('Histoires des Pachas et des Cadis de Damas'). Institut français d'études arabes de Damas.\nMiura, Toru (2016). Dynamism in the Urban Society of Damascus: The Ṣāliḥiyya Quarter from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Centuries. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004304437.\nWollina, Torsten. \"Tracing Ibn Ṭūlūn's Autograph Corpus, with Emphasis on the 19th–20th Centuries\". Journal of Islamic Manuscripts. 9 (2–3): 308–340. doi:10.1163/1878464X-00902012.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nNetherlands\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Index page of an autograph manuscript of Ibn Ṭūlūn's al-Aḥādīth al-masmūʿa fī dūr al-qurʾān biDimashq wa-ḍawāḥīhā","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fa/Muhammad_ibn_Tulun%27s_handwriting.png/220px-Muhammad_ibn_Tulun%27s_handwriting.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Brinner, William M. (1971). \"Ibn Ṭūlūn\". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 957–958. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noviodunum | Battle of Noviodunum | ["1 Sources"] | Battle of NoviodunumDate369LocationNoviodunum, Moesia(modern-day Romania)Result
Roman victoryBelligerents
Roman Empire
ThervingiCommanders and leaders
Valens
AthanaricStrength
Unknown
UnknownCasualties and losses
Unknown
Unknown
vteWarfare between Romans and Germanic peoplesCimbrian War (113 BC – 101 BC)
Noreia
Burdigala
Arausio
Aquae Sextiae
Vercellae
Gallic Wars (58 BC – 57 BC)
Vosges
Sabis
Clades Lolliana (16 BC)
Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
Arbalo
Lupia River
Teutoburg Forest
Pontes Longi
Idistaviso
Angrivarian Wall
Marcomannic Wars (166–180) (participating Roman units)
Carnuntum
Roman campaigns in Germania during the 230s
Harzhorn
Gothic invasion of the Balkans (250–251)
Nicopolis ad Istrum
Beroe
Philippopolis
Abritus
Gothic invasion of the Balkans (254)
Thessalonica
Thermopylae
Gothic invasion of the Balkans (267–268)
Naissus
Roman–Alemannic Wars
Mediolanum
Lake Benacus
Placentia
Fano
Pavia
Lingones
Vindonissa
Durocortorum
Argentoratum
Solicinium
Campi Cannini
Gothic War (367–369)
Noviodunum
Gothic War (376–382)
Marcianople
Ad Salices
Dibaltum
Adrianople
Adrianople Siege
Constantinople
Thessalonica
Visigothic Wars
Pollentia
Verona
Florence
Faesulae
Rome (410)
Massilia
1st Arelate
2nd Arelate
Narbonne
Toulouse
Châlons
3rd Arelate
Orleans
Déols
4th Arelate
Vandalic Wars
Rhine
Nervasos Mountains
Tarraco
Hippo Regius
Carthage
Rome (455)
Agrigentum
Corsica
Garigliano
Cartagena
Cape Bon
Anglo-Saxon Wars
Groans of the Britons
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Treason of the Long Knives
Wippedesfleot
Mercredesburne
Mons Badonicus
Dyrham
Woden's Burg
Raith
Vandalic War (533–534)
Ad Decimum
Tricamarum
Gothic War (535–554)
Panormus
Naples (536)
Rome (537–538)
Treviso
Verona
Faventia
Mucellium
Naples (542–543)
Rome (546)
Rome (549–550)
Sena Gallica
Taginae
Mons Lactarius
The Battle of Noviodunum was fought in 369 between the Roman Empire and the Thervingi at Noviodunum, Moesia, modern-day Romania. At this time, the leader of the Thervingi, Athanaric was threatening northern Greece. Having repulsed the invaders at Daphne, Emperor Valens secured a decisive victory against Athanaric at Noviodunum. In September 369, Athanaric accepted an advantageous treaty with Valens, but peace between the Goths and the Romans would turn short-lived.
Sources
Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313335389.
This article about a battle or war of Ancient Roman history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Germanic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Warfare between Romans and Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Cimbrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbrian_War"},{"link_name":"Noreia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noreia"},{"link_name":"Burdigala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala"},{"link_name":"Arausio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio"},{"link_name":"Aquae 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Siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(378)"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Constantinople_(378)"},{"link_name":"Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(380)"},{"link_name":"Pollentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pollentia"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(402)"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Florence_(405)"},{"link_name":"Faesulae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Faesulae_(406)"},{"link_name":"Rome (410)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)"},{"link_name":"Massilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Massilia_(413)"},{"link_name":"1st Arelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Arles_(425)"},{"link_name":"2nd Arelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(435)"},{"link_name":"Narbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narbonne_(436)"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(439)"},{"link_name":"Châlons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains"},{"link_name":"3rd Arelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arelate"},{"link_name":"Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orleans_(463)"},{"link_name":"Déols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%A9ols"},{"link_name":"4th Arelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arles_(471)"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Nervasos Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nervasos_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tarraco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarraco"},{"link_name":"Hippo Regius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Hippo_Regius"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Carthage_(439)"},{"link_name":"Rome (455)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(455)"},{"link_name":"Agrigentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum_(456)"},{"link_name":"Corsica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corsica"},{"link_name":"Garigliano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano_(457)"},{"link_name":"Cartagena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(461)"},{"link_name":"Cape Bon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(468)"},{"link_name":"Groans of the Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Treason of the Long Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives"},{"link_name":"Wippedesfleot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot"},{"link_name":"Mercredesburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mercredesburne"},{"link_name":"Mons Badonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"Dyrham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham"},{"link_name":"Woden's Burg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Woden%27s_Burg_(592)"},{"link_name":"Raith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raith"},{"link_name":"Vandalic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandalic_War"},{"link_name":"Ad Decimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ad_Decimum"},{"link_name":"Tricamarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tricamarum"},{"link_name":"Gothic War (535–554)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)"},{"link_name":"Panormus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Panormus"},{"link_name":"Naples (536)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(536)"},{"link_name":"Rome (537–538)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%93538)"},{"link_name":"Treviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Treviso"},{"link_name":"Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"Faventia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Faventia"},{"link_name":"Mucellium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mucellium"},{"link_name":"Naples (542–543)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Naples_(542%E2%80%93543)"},{"link_name":"Rome (546)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(546)"},{"link_name":"Rome (549–550)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(549%E2%80%93550)"},{"link_name":"Sena Gallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sena_Gallica_(551)"},{"link_name":"Taginae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taginae"},{"link_name":"Mons Lactarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Lactarius"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Thervingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thervingi"},{"link_name":"Noviodunum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noviodunum_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Moesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moesia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Athanaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanaric"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Daphne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantiana_Daphne"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_emperor"},{"link_name":"Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"}],"text":"vteWarfare between Romans and Germanic peoplesCimbrian War (113 BC – 101 BC)\nNoreia\nBurdigala\nArausio\nAquae Sextiae\nVercellae\nGallic Wars (58 BC – 57 BC)\n\nVosges\nSabis\nClades Lolliana (16 BC)\nRoman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)\n\nArbalo\nLupia River\nTeutoburg Forest\nPontes Longi\nIdistaviso\nAngrivarian Wall\nMarcomannic Wars (166–180) (participating Roman units)\n\nCarnuntum\nRoman campaigns in Germania during the 230s\n\nHarzhorn\nGothic invasion of the Balkans (250–251)\n\nNicopolis ad Istrum\nBeroe\nPhilippopolis\nAbritus\nGothic invasion of the Balkans (254)\n\nThessalonica\nThermopylae\nGothic invasion of the Balkans (267–268)\n\nNaissus\nRoman–Alemannic Wars\n\nMediolanum\nLake Benacus\nPlacentia\nFano\nPavia\nLingones\nVindonissa\nDurocortorum\nArgentoratum\nSolicinium\nCampi Cannini\nGothic War (367–369)\n\nNoviodunum\nGothic War (376–382)\n\nMarcianople\nAd Salices\nDibaltum\nAdrianople\nAdrianople Siege\nConstantinople\nThessalonica\nVisigothic Wars\n\nPollentia\nVerona\nFlorence\nFaesulae\nRome (410)\nMassilia\n1st Arelate\n2nd Arelate\nNarbonne\nToulouse\nChâlons\n3rd Arelate\nOrleans\nDéols\n4th Arelate\nVandalic Wars\n\nRhine\nNervasos Mountains\nTarraco\nHippo Regius\nCarthage\nRome (455)\nAgrigentum\nCorsica\nGarigliano\nCartagena\nCape Bon\nAnglo-Saxon Wars\n\nGroans of the Britons\nAnglo-Saxon settlement of Britain\nTreason of the Long Knives\nWippedesfleot\nMercredesburne\nMons Badonicus\nDyrham\nWoden's Burg\nRaith\nVandalic War (533–534)\n\nAd Decimum\nTricamarum\nGothic War (535–554)\n\nPanormus\nNaples (536)\nRome (537–538)\nTreviso\nVerona\nFaventia\nMucellium\nNaples (542–543)\nRome (546)\nRome (549–550)\nSena Gallica\nTaginae\nMons LactariusThe Battle of Noviodunum was fought in 369 between the Roman Empire and the Thervingi at Noviodunum, Moesia, modern-day Romania. At this time, the leader of the Thervingi, Athanaric was threatening northern Greece. Having repulsed the invaders at Daphne, Emperor Valens secured a decisive victory against Athanaric at Noviodunum. In September 369, Athanaric accepted an advantageous treaty with Valens, but peace between the Goths and the Romans would turn short-lived.","title":"Battle of Noviodunum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC"},{"link_name":"Greenwood Publishing Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0313335389","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313335389"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladii.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Noviodunum&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:AncientRome-battle-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:AncientRome-battle-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AncientRome-battle-stub"}],"text":"Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313335389.This article about a battle or war of Ancient Roman history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313335389.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC","url_text":"Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Greenwood Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313335389","url_text":"978-0313335389"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Noviodunum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Automatic_Message | The Automatic Message | ["1 Literature"] | The Automatic Message (1933) (Le Message Automatique) was one of André Breton's significant theoretical works about automatism. The essay was first published in the magazine Minotaure, No. 3-4, (Paris) 1933.
In 1997 it became the title of a compilation of surrealist writing of André Breton, Paul Éluard and Philippe Soupault, amongst others. The book includes two vital “automatic” texts of surrealism.
Breton's prefatory essay The Automatic Message relates the technique to the underlying concepts and aesthetic of surrealism.
The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques) (1919) by Breton and Soupault, was the first work of literary surrealism and one of the foundations of modern European thought and writing. The Automatic Message contains the authorised translation by the poet David Gascoyne, who was himself a member of the group and a friend of both authors.
The Immaculate Conception (1930) traces the interior and exterior life of man from Conception and Intra-Uterine Life to Death and The Original Judgement, and includes a section with a series of “simulations” of various types of mental instability.
Literature
André Breton, The Automatic Message. In: The Message. Art and Occultism. Ed. by Claudia Dichter, Hans Günter Golinski, Michael Krajewski, Zander. Walther König: Cologne 2007, p. 33-55, ISBN 978-3-86560-342-5. (singular illustrated translation of Breton's Essay)
Breton, André; Eluard, Paul; Soupault, Philippe (2001). The Automatic Message, the Magnetic Fields, the Immaculate Conception. UK: Atlas Press. ISBN 0-947757-99-6.
vteAndré BretonFiction
If You Please
Les Champs magnétiques
Nadja
Non-fiction
Surrealist Manifesto
Un Cadavre
The Automatic Message
Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art
Manifestoes of Surrealism
Magazines
Littérature
La Révolution surréaliste
Le Surréalisme au service de la revolution
Minotaure
Edited
Anthology of Black Humor
Related
Jacqueline Lamba (wife)
Elisa Breton (wife)
This article about an art-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surrealist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"André Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"Paul Éluard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard"},{"link_name":"Philippe Soupault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Soupault"},{"link_name":"aesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Champs_Magn%C3%A9tiques"},{"link_name":"David Gascoyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gascoyne"}],"text":"In 1997 it became the title of a compilation of surrealist writing of André Breton, Paul Éluard and Philippe Soupault, amongst others. The book includes two vital “automatic” texts of surrealism.Breton's prefatory essay The Automatic Message relates the technique to the underlying concepts and aesthetic of surrealism.The Magnetic Fields (Les Champs Magnétiques) (1919) by Breton and Soupault, was the first work of literary surrealism and one of the foundations of modern European thought and writing. The Automatic Message contains the authorised translation by the poet David Gascoyne, who was himself a member of the group and a friend of both authors.The Immaculate Conception (1930) traces the interior and exterior life of man from Conception and Intra-Uterine Life to Death and The Original Judgement, and includes a section with a series of “simulations” of various types of mental instability.","title":"The Automatic Message"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-86560-342-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86560-342-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-947757-99-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947757-99-6"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"André Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"If You Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_You_Please"},{"link_name":"Les Champs magnétiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Champs_magn%C3%A9tiques"},{"link_name":"Nadja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadja_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Surrealist Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Un Cadavre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Cadavre"},{"link_name":"The Automatic Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Manifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_for_an_Independent_Revolutionary_Art"},{"link_name":"Manifestoes of Surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifestoes_of_Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Littérature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature"},{"link_name":"La Révolution surréaliste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution_surr%C3%A9aliste"},{"link_name":"Le Surréalisme au service de la revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Surrealisme_au_service_de_la_revolution"},{"link_name":"Minotaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minotaure"},{"link_name":"Anthology of Black Humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_of_Black_Humor"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Lamba (wife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Lamba"},{"link_name":"Elisa Breton (wife)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisa_Breton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_080.jpg"},{"link_name":"art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Automatic_Message&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Art-book-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Art-book-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art-book-stub"}],"text":"André Breton, The Automatic Message. In: The Message. Art and Occultism. Ed. by Claudia Dichter, Hans Günter Golinski, Michael Krajewski, Zander. Walther König: Cologne 2007, p. 33-55, ISBN 978-3-86560-342-5. (singular illustrated translation of Breton's Essay)Breton, André; Eluard, Paul; Soupault, Philippe (2001). The Automatic Message, the Magnetic Fields, the Immaculate Conception. UK: Atlas Press. ISBN 0-947757-99-6.vteAndré BretonFiction\nIf You Please\nLes Champs magnétiques\nNadja\nNon-fiction\nSurrealist Manifesto\nUn Cadavre\nThe Automatic Message\nManifesto for an Independent Revolutionary Art\nManifestoes of Surrealism\nMagazines\nLittérature\nLa Révolution surréaliste\nLe Surréalisme au service de la revolution\nMinotaure\nEdited\nAnthology of Black Humor\nRelated\nJacqueline Lamba (wife)\nElisa Breton (wife)This article about an art-related book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Literature"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Automatic_Message&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance_(House) | Acceptance (House) | ["1 Plot","2 Music","3 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Acceptance" House – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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1st episode of the 2nd season of House
"Acceptance"House episodeEpisode no.Season 2Episode 1Directed byDan AttiasWritten byRussel Friend & Garrett LernerOriginal air dateSeptember 13, 2005 (2005-09-13)Episode chronology
← Previous"Love Hurts"
Next →"Autopsy"
House season 2List of episodes
"Acceptance" is the first episode of the second season of House, written by Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner and directed by Dan Attias. House and his team have to diagnose and cure a death row inmate. The episode aired on Fox on September 13, 2005.
Plot
A death row inmate, Clarence, starts having mysterious hallucinations, he was seeing all the people he killed in the past, and his heart malfunctioned. His heart starts pumping air instead of blood and he has trouble breathing. House discovers that he had fluid in his lungs. House likes the mystery and wanted to admit him to the hospital immediately before it is too late. As Clarence was a dangerous criminal, they have to clear a whole floor to examine and treat him. House got Stacy to get a court order. Cuddy is not in favor of this plan and wants him out as soon as he gets better. They have to send him back to death row as soon as he got better to receive his death penalty. House is killing him by curing him.
The team realizes that the inmate has much acid in his blood and speculates he was taking drugs. The reason for the delay was the doctors not testing for the drug. It was unexpected. House sends Chase back to prison to inspect the cell Clarence was sleeping in, in order to find the cause of all the acid by deduction: toner solvent. House tricks Clarence to a whisky slammer session to displace hepatic metabolism of the deadly cocktail.
Meanwhile, Cameron feels that the hospital is spending money on Clarence unnecessarily because he is going to die no matter what the outcome is. She wants House to focus on those who really need help. House refuses, leaving Cameron to deal with it herself. Cameron treats a woman with terminal cancer on her own. She sees a friend in her and shows sympathy toward her, because she is alone. Clarence sees Foreman's tattoo and wonders how he went from a gang to wearing a white coat. Hemorrhagic ischemic enterocolitic ulcerative rupture, or mucosal integrity compromise in the large intestine linked to the phaeochromocytoma, erupts as sudden onset anal haemorrhage during spasmodic fit. Clarence is subject to extended MRI imaging despite significant pain from contraindication (subdermal inking) in the hunt for the tumour. Clarence is diagnosed with phaeochromocytoma, it is surgically removed and he is then sent back to death row to receive his death penalty.
Rivalry is shown between House and Stacy when they start working together, but toward the end of the episode they start to accept each other as co-workers.
Music
This episode features the Jeff Buckley cover of Hallelujah.vteHouseCharactersMain
Gregory House
Lisa Cuddy
James Wilson
Eric Foreman
Robert Chase
Allison Cameron
Thirteen (Remy Hadley)
Chris Taub
Lawrence Kutner
Martha Masters
Chi Park
Recurring
Stacy Warner
Michael Tritter
EpisodesSeason 1
"Pilot"
"Paternity"
"Love Hurts"
"Three Stories"
Season 2
"Acceptance"
"Autopsy"
"Humpty Dumpty"
"Spin"
"Hunting"
"The Mistake"
"Deception"
"Failure to Communicate"
"Need to Know"
"Clueless"
"All In"
"House vs. God"
"Who's Your Daddy?"
"No Reason"
Season 3
"Informed Consent"
"Lines in the Sand"
"Son of Coma Guy"
"Finding Judas"
"Half-Wit"
"Fetal Position"
Season 4
"Mirror Mirror"
"Whatever It Takes"
"Ugly"
"Frozen"
"No More Mr. Nice Guy"
"Living the Dream"
"House's Head"
"Wilson's Heart"
Season 5
"Not Cancer"
"Lucky Thirteen"
"Last Resort"
"Here Kitty"
"Locked In"
"Simple Explanation"
"Both Sides Now"
Season 6
"Broken"
"Epic Fail"
"Known Unknowns"
"Ignorance Is Bliss"
"Wilson"
"The Down Low"
"Remorse"
"5 to 9"
"Knight Fall"
"The Choice"
"Baggage"
"Help Me"
Season 7
"Selfish"
"Unwritten"
"Unplanned Parenthood"
"Office Politics"
"A Pox on Our House"
"Small Sacrifices"
"Larger than Life"
"Carrot or Stick"
"Two Stories"
"Bombshells"
"Out of the Chute"
"Fall from Grace"
"The Dig"
"Changes"
"The Fix"
"Moving On"
Season 8
"Twenty Vicodin"
"Transplant"
"Charity Case"
"Risky Business"
"The Confession"
"Parents"
"Dead & Buried"
"Perils of Paranoia"
"Runaways"
"Nobody's Fault"
"Chase"
"Man of the House"
"Love Is Blind"
"Blowing the Whistle"
"Gut Check"
"We Need the Eggs"
"Body & Soul"
"The C-Word"
"Post Mortem"
"Holding On"
"Everybody Dies"
Related
Cast list
Accolades
Soundtrack
Nurse Jeffrey
Doctor Tyrsa
Doctor Richter
Hekimoğlu
Category
References
^ "Film and TV Appearances". Jeff Buckley. Retrieved 2023-11-02. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_2"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_House"},{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"}],"text":"1st episode of the 2nd season of House\"Acceptance\" is the first episode of the second season of House, written by Russel Friend & Garrett Lerner and directed by Dan Attias. House and his team have to diagnose and cure a death row inmate. The episode aired on Fox on September 13, 2005.","title":"Acceptance (House)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinations"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Cameron"},{"link_name":"terminal cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_cancer"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRI"},{"link_name":"phaeochromocytoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeochromocytoma"}],"text":"A death row inmate, Clarence, starts having mysterious hallucinations, he was seeing all the people he killed in the past, and his heart malfunctioned. His heart starts pumping air instead of blood and he has trouble breathing. House discovers that he had fluid in his lungs. House likes the mystery and wanted to admit him to the hospital immediately before it is too late. As Clarence was a dangerous criminal, they have to clear a whole floor to examine and treat him. House got Stacy to get a court order. Cuddy is not in favor of this plan and wants him out as soon as he gets better. They have to send him back to death row as soon as he got better to receive his death penalty. House is killing him by curing him.The team realizes that the inmate has much acid in his blood and speculates he was taking drugs. The reason for the delay was the doctors not testing for the drug. It was unexpected. House sends Chase back to prison to inspect the cell Clarence was sleeping in, in order to find the cause of all the acid by deduction: toner solvent. House tricks Clarence to a whisky slammer session to displace hepatic metabolism of the deadly cocktail.Meanwhile, Cameron feels that the hospital is spending money on Clarence unnecessarily because he is going to die no matter what the outcome is. She wants House to focus on those who really need help. House refuses, leaving Cameron to deal with it herself. Cameron treats a woman with terminal cancer on her own. She sees a friend in her and shows sympathy toward her, because she is alone. Clarence sees Foreman's tattoo and wonders how he went from a gang to wearing a white coat. Hemorrhagic ischemic enterocolitic ulcerative rupture, or mucosal integrity compromise in the large intestine linked to the phaeochromocytoma, erupts as sudden onset anal haemorrhage during spasmodic fit. Clarence is subject to extended MRI imaging despite significant pain from contraindication (subdermal inking) in the hunt for the tumour. Clarence is diagnosed with phaeochromocytoma, it is surgically removed and he is then sent back to death row to receive his death penalty.Rivalry is shown between House and Stacy when they start working together, but toward the end of the episode they start to accept each other as co-workers.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Jeff Buckley cover of Hallelujah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallelujah_(Leonard_Cohen_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_House_characters"},{"link_name":"Gregory House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_House"},{"link_name":"Lisa Cuddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Cuddy"},{"link_name":"James Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_(House)"},{"link_name":"Eric Foreman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Foreman"},{"link_name":"Robert Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Chase"},{"link_name":"Allison Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Thirteen (Remy Hadley)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_(House)"},{"link_name":"Chris Taub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Taub"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Kutner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kutner_(House)"},{"link_name":"Martha Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Masters_(House)"},{"link_name":"Chi Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Park"},{"link_name":"Stacy Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacy_Warner"},{"link_name":"Michael Tritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tritter"},{"link_name":"Episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_House_episodes"},{"link_name":"Season 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_1"},{"link_name":"Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(House)"},{"link_name":"Paternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternity_(House)"},{"link_name":"Love Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Hurts_(House)"},{"link_name":"Three Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Stories_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_2"},{"link_name":"Acceptance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Autopsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autopsy_(House)"},{"link_name":"Humpty Dumpty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty_(House)"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(House)"},{"link_name":"Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_(House)"},{"link_name":"The Mistake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mistake_(House)"},{"link_name":"Deception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception_(House)"},{"link_name":"Failure to Communicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_Communicate"},{"link_name":"Need to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_to_Know_(House)"},{"link_name":"Clueless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clueless_(House)"},{"link_name":"All In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_In_(House)"},{"link_name":"House vs. God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_vs._God"},{"link_name":"Who's Your Daddy?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Your_Daddy%3F_(House)"},{"link_name":"No Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Reason_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_3"},{"link_name":"Informed Consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_Consent_(House)"},{"link_name":"Lines in the Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lines_in_the_Sand_(House)"},{"link_name":"Son of Coma Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Coma_Guy"},{"link_name":"Finding Judas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finding_Judas"},{"link_name":"Half-Wit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Wit"},{"link_name":"Fetal Position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_Position_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_4"},{"link_name":"Mirror Mirror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_Mirror_(House)"},{"link_name":"Whatever It Takes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whatever_It_Takes_(House)"},{"link_name":"Ugly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_(House)"},{"link_name":"Frozen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_(House)"},{"link_name":"No More Mr. Nice Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Mr._Nice_Guy_(House)"},{"link_name":"Living the Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_the_Dream_(House)"},{"link_name":"House's Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%27s_Head"},{"link_name":"Wilson's Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%27s_Heart_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_5"},{"link_name":"Not Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Cancer"},{"link_name":"Lucky Thirteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Thirteen_(House)"},{"link_name":"Last Resort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Resort_(House)"},{"link_name":"Here Kitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Kitty"},{"link_name":"Locked In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked_In_(House)"},{"link_name":"Simple Explanation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Explanation"},{"link_name":"Both Sides Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Both_Sides_Now_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_6"},{"link_name":"Broken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_(House)"},{"link_name":"Epic Fail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Fail_(House)"},{"link_name":"Known Unknowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known_Unknowns"},{"link_name":"Ignorance Is Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorance_Is_Bliss_(House)"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_(House_episode)"},{"link_name":"The Down Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Down_Low"},{"link_name":"Remorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorse_(House)"},{"link_name":"5 to 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_to_9"},{"link_name":"Knight Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Fall"},{"link_name":"The Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Choice_(House)"},{"link_name":"Baggage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggage_(House)"},{"link_name":"Help Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_Me_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_7"},{"link_name":"Selfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfish_(House)"},{"link_name":"Unwritten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unwritten_(House)"},{"link_name":"Unplanned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unplanned_Parenthood_(House)"},{"link_name":"Office Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Politics_(House)"},{"link_name":"A Pox on Our House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Pox_on_Our_House"},{"link_name":"Small Sacrifices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Sacrifices_(House)"},{"link_name":"Larger than Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larger_than_Life_(House)"},{"link_name":"Carrot or Stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrot_or_Stick"},{"link_name":"Two Stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Stories_(House)"},{"link_name":"Bombshells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombshells_(House)"},{"link_name":"Out of the Chute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_the_Chute"},{"link_name":"Fall from Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_from_Grace_(House)"},{"link_name":"The Dig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dig_(House)"},{"link_name":"Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changes_(House)"},{"link_name":"The Fix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fix_(House)"},{"link_name":"Moving On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_On_(House)"},{"link_name":"Season 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_season_8"},{"link_name":"Twenty Vicodin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Vicodin"},{"link_name":"Transplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transplant_(House)"},{"link_name":"Charity Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Case"},{"link_name":"Risky Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risky_Business_(House)"},{"link_name":"The Confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confession_(House)"},{"link_name":"Parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_(House)"},{"link_name":"Dead & Buried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_%26_Buried_(House)"},{"link_name":"Perils of Paranoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perils_of_Paranoia"},{"link_name":"Runaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaways_(House)"},{"link_name":"Nobody's Fault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s_Fault_(House)"},{"link_name":"Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_(House_episode)"},{"link_name":"Man of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_House_(House)"},{"link_name":"Love Is Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_(House)"},{"link_name":"Blowing the Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_the_Whistle"},{"link_name":"Gut Check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_Check"},{"link_name":"We Need the Eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Need_the_Eggs"},{"link_name":"Body & Soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_%26_Soul_(House)"},{"link_name":"The C-Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_C-Word_(House)"},{"link_name":"Post Mortem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Mortem_(House)"},{"link_name":"Holding On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_On_(House)"},{"link_name":"Everybody Dies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everybody_Dies_(House)"},{"link_name":"Cast list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_House_cast_members"},{"link_name":"Accolades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_House"},{"link_name":"Soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_M.D._Original_Television_Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Nurse Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse_Jeffrey"},{"link_name":"Doctor Tyrsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0"},{"link_name":"Doctor Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Richter"},{"link_name":"Hekimoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hekimo%C4%9Flu_(dizi,_2019)"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:House_(TV_series)"}],"text":"This episode features the Jeff Buckley cover of Hallelujah.[1]vteHouseCharactersMain\nGregory House\nLisa Cuddy\nJames Wilson\nEric Foreman\nRobert Chase\nAllison Cameron\nThirteen (Remy Hadley)\nChris Taub\nLawrence Kutner\nMartha Masters\nChi Park\nRecurring\nStacy Warner\nMichael Tritter\nEpisodesSeason 1\n\"Pilot\"\n\"Paternity\"\n\"Love Hurts\"\n\"Three Stories\"\nSeason 2\n\"Acceptance\"\n\"Autopsy\"\n\"Humpty Dumpty\"\n\"Spin\"\n\"Hunting\"\n\"The Mistake\"\n\"Deception\"\n\"Failure to Communicate\"\n\"Need to Know\"\n\"Clueless\"\n\"All In\"\n\"House vs. God\"\n\"Who's Your Daddy?\"\n\"No Reason\"\nSeason 3\n\"Informed Consent\"\n\"Lines in the Sand\"\n\"Son of Coma Guy\"\n\"Finding Judas\"\n\"Half-Wit\"\n\"Fetal Position\"\nSeason 4\n\"Mirror Mirror\"\n\"Whatever It Takes\"\n\"Ugly\"\n\"Frozen\"\n\"No More Mr. Nice Guy\"\n\"Living the Dream\"\n\"House's Head\"\n\"Wilson's Heart\"\nSeason 5\n\"Not Cancer\"\n\"Lucky Thirteen\"\n\"Last Resort\"\n\"Here Kitty\"\n\"Locked In\"\n\"Simple Explanation\"\n\"Both Sides Now\"\nSeason 6\n\"Broken\"\n\"Epic Fail\"\n\"Known Unknowns\"\n\"Ignorance Is Bliss\"\n\"Wilson\"\n\"The Down Low\"\n\"Remorse\"\n\"5 to 9\"\n\"Knight Fall\"\n\"The Choice\"\n\"Baggage\"\n\"Help Me\"\nSeason 7\n\"Selfish\"\n\"Unwritten\"\n\"Unplanned Parenthood\"\n\"Office Politics\"\n\"A Pox on Our House\"\n\"Small Sacrifices\"\n\"Larger than Life\"\n\"Carrot or Stick\"\n\"Two Stories\"\n\"Bombshells\"\n\"Out of the Chute\"\n\"Fall from Grace\"\n\"The Dig\"\n\"Changes\"\n\"The Fix\"\n\"Moving On\"\nSeason 8\n\"Twenty Vicodin\"\n\"Transplant\"\n\"Charity Case\"\n\"Risky Business\"\n\"The Confession\"\n\"Parents\"\n\"Dead & Buried\"\n\"Perils of Paranoia\"\n\"Runaways\"\n\"Nobody's Fault\"\n\"Chase\"\n\"Man of the House\"\n\"Love Is Blind\"\n\"Blowing the Whistle\"\n\"Gut Check\"\n\"We Need the Eggs\"\n\"Body & Soul\"\n\"The C-Word\"\n\"Post Mortem\"\n\"Holding On\"\n\"Everybody Dies\"\nRelated\nCast list\nAccolades\nSoundtrack\nNurse Jeffrey\nDoctor Tyrsa\nDoctor Richter\nHekimoğlu\n\n 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva | First presidency of Lula da Silva | ["1 Letter to the Brazilian people","2 Inaugurations","3 Internal policy","3.1 Economy","4 Foreign affairs","4.1 Cuba","4.2 Iran","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Bibliography"] | Government of the 35th president of Brazil
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First presidency of Lula da Silva1 January 2003 – 1 January 2011Vice PresidentJosé AlencarCabinetSee listPartyWorkers'Election20022006SeatPalácio do Planalto← Fernando H. CardosoDilma Rousseff →
Standard of the president
This article is part of a series aboutLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Personal life
Early life
Education and work
Political positions
Honours
35th President of Brazil
Presidency
Cabinet
Inaugurations
First
Second
Social and Economic policy
Zero Hunger
Family Allowance
School Voucher
Growth Acceleration Program
Foreign and Military policy
Foundation of G4, G20, BRICS, CELAC and UNASUR
United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
Submarine Development Program
39th President of Brazil
Presidency
Transition
Inauguration
Cabinet
Trips
Ambassadors
2023 Brazilian Congress attack
2023 China visit
2023 South American summit
2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit
2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods
Scandals and controversies
Mensalão
Operation Car Wash
Prison
Free Lula movement
Presidential elections
1989
1994
1998
2002
2006
2022 (Campaign)
Media gallery
vte
The First presidency of Lula da Silva corresponds to the period in Brazilian political history that began with the inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as President on January 1, 2003, in his fourth candidacy for this office and after defeating the PSDB candidate, José Serra, with 61.27% of the valid votes in a second round. Lula was the first former worker to become president of Brazil, and he governed the country for two consecutive terms (2003 until 2007
, and from 2007 until 2011). In October 2006, Lula was reelected to the presidency, defeating the PSDB candidate Geraldo Alckmin in the second round, obtaining more than 60% of the valid votes against 39.17% for his opponent. His term in office ended on January 1, 2011. Lula's government ended with record approval from the population, with more than 80% positive ratings.
Its main hallmarks were the maintenance of economic stability, the resumption of the country's growth, and the reduction of poverty and social inequality. His first presidency registered the highest average GDP growth in two decades, around 4.1%, and total growth was 32.62%. Per capita income grew 23.05%, with an average of 2.8%. The growth was driven by the rise in commodity prices, domestic demand, helped by programs like Bolsa Família and the reduction in international interest rates. Despite economic growth, productivity has not increased along with it. Lula took office with inflation at 12.53% and delivered at 5.90%.
One of Lula's campaign platforms was the need for constitutional reforms. A relevant reform that took place during Lula's government was the approval of Constitutional Amendment 45, in 2004, which became known as the "Judiciary Reform".
His first presidency was also notable for the country's quest to host major sporting events. The 2007 Pan-American Games took place during his mandate. So did the choice of Brazil to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. The decisions generated controversy about the losses and legacies of each event.
In 2009, the penultimate year of the Lula administration, an annual study conducted by the NGO Transparency International reported that Brazil ranked 75th in a ranking of 180 countries on perceived corruption. The study gave Brazil a score of 3.7, which indicates corruption problems, according to the entity. Brazil got worse in the ranking between 2002 (score 4.0, 45th in the ranking) and 2009 (score 3.7, 75th in the ranking), having dropped 30 places. In 2008, the Democracy Index, elaborated annually by the British magazine The Economist, ranked Brazil as the 41st most democratic country in the world.
Letter to the Brazilian people
Still during the election campaign, Lula wrote the "Letter to the Brazilian people" where he assured that in case of his victory his party, the Workers', would respect national and international contracts. The letter was read on June 22, 2002 during a meeting about the party's government program.
Inaugurations
Alongside his vice-president José Alencar, Lula walks up the ramp of the Planalto Palace at the inauguration ceremony for his second term.
Main articles: First inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and Second inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office on January 1, 2003, having been elected president in 2002. He was the second Brazilian president to take office on this date, the third president elected since the end of the military dictatorship, and the first socialist-oriented former worker to assume the Presidency of Brazil.
The inauguration for Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's second term as president of the Federative Republic of Brazil took place on January 1, 2007. He was sworn in again with the vice-president, José Alencar. The ceremony began shortly after 4pm in the plenary of the National Congress in Brasilia and was presided over by then Senate President Renan Calheiros. As in the inauguration of the first mandate, the reelected president and vice-president read and signed the term of office, and then the national anthem was played by the Marine Band.
Internal policy
Economy
Henrique Meirelles, president of Central Bank since the start of Lula's presidency.
Lula was elected in a difficult economic context, and his administration began by following the economic policy of the previous government, FHC. To this end, he nominated Henrique Meirelles, a federal deputy elected by the PSDB of Goiás in 2002, to head the Brazilian Central Bank, sending a strong signal to the market - especially the international market, where Meirelles is well known for having been the president of Bank Boston - that there would be no abrupt changes in the conduct of economic policy in his government. He appointed Antônio Palocci, a sanitarian physician and former mayor of Ribeirão Preto, a member of the Workers' Party, as Minister of Finance. After repeated accusations against Palocci by the media, in the case known as "Scandal of the breach of the bank secrecy of Francenildo, the bank teller" , Palocci resigned (on August 27, 2009, the STF dismissed the accusation against Palocci). His replacement was the economist and university professor Guido Mantega, who took over the ministry on March 27, 2006.
The Lula administration was characterized by low inflation, which was under control, reduction in unemployment and constant records in the balance of trade. During President Lula's administration there was a record production in the automobile industry in 2005, the largest real growth in the minimum wage and reduction of the Gini coefficient.
In 2010, Alan Mulally, Ford's global president, stated that thanks to the incentive programs of Lula's government, it was possible for the country to effectively come out of the world crisis. During the crisis the GDP retraction was only 0.2%, showing a better result than the major economies of the world.
The economic growth was driven by the commodities boom, the reduction in international interest rates, and the increase in domestic consumption, supported by the increase in the minimum wage and income transfer programs such as Bolsa Família.
Foreign affairs
Lula and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, 2003
Lula with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, 2005
Lula with Iranian president Ahmadinejad, 2009
Lula meeting with Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei, 2010
Lula and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, 2005
In 1979, Lula was asked in an interview which historical figures he admired most. He answered: Gandhi, Che Guevara, and Mao Zedong. Upon being asked to give additional examples, he added Hitler, Castro, and Ayatollah Khomeini, saying: "I admire in a man the fire to want to do something, and then his going out to try to do it."
Leading a large agricultural state, Lula generally opposed and criticized farm subsidies, and this position has been seen as one of the reasons for the walkout of developing nations and subsequent collapse of the Cancún World Trade Organization talks in 2003 over G8 agricultural subsidies. Brazil played a role in negotiations regarding internal conflicts in Venezuela and Colombia, and made efforts to strengthen Mercosur. During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade increased dramatically, changing from deficits to several surpluses after 2003. In 2004, the surplus was US$29 billion, due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil also provided UN peace-keeping troops and led a peace-keeping mission in Haiti.
According to The Economist of 2 March 2006, Lula had a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue, a leader adept at reconciling opposites. As a result, he befriended both Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and U.S. President George W. Bush. Former Finance Minister, and current advisor, Delfim Netto, said: "Lula is the ultimate pragmatist".
He travelled to more than 80 countries during his presidency. A goal of Lula's foreign policy was for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. In this he was unsuccessful.
Cuba
Lula and Cuban president Fidel Castro were longtime friends. Under Lula, Brazil provided money and corporate support to Cuba. The state-controlled Brazilian oil company Petrobras studied the possibility of drilling for oil off of Cuba, while the Odebrecht construction firm headed a revamp of the Cuban port of Mariel into the island's main commercial port. Brazil's state-run Brazilian Development Bank gave $300 million to Odebrecht to build new roads, rail lines, wharves, and warehouses at Mariel. Brazil also offered Cuba up to $1 billion in credit lines to pay for Brazilian goods and services.
Iran
In 2009, Lula warmly hosted Iranian president Ahmadinejad, who made a controversial visit to Iran. Some demonstrators expressed displeasure over Ahmadinejad's positions on human rights and his denial of the Holocaust.
In May 2010, Lula and Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan negotiated a preliminary fuel swap agreement with the Iranian government on uranium enrichment, that ultimately failed. The preliminary agreement that they presented to the United Nations was at odds with what the International Atomic Energy Agency and other countries viewed as necessary actions to stop Iran from obtaining weapons grade materials. And within hours of signing the agreement, Iran did an about-face and announced that it would continue to enrich some uranium. The UN Security Council ultimately rejected it when permanent member country representatives argued that “the swap proposal negotiated by Brazil and Turkey would leave Iran with enough material to make a nuclear weapon,” and that “Iran intends to continue a new program of enriching uranium to a higher level.” Moisés Naím, editor in chief of Foreign Policy magazine and former Minister of Trade in Venezuela, said "Lula is a political giant, but morally he has been a deep disappointment." In 2010, in addition, Brazilians largely disagreed with Lula as to how to handle Iran and Iran's nuclear weapons program. While Lula opposed additional international economic sanctions against Iran, of the 85% of Brazilians who opposed Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, two-thirds approved of tighter international sanctions on Iran to try to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons.
See also
Second presidency of Lula da Silva
Lulism
Politics of Brazil
Workers' Party (Brazil)
List of scandals in Brazil
References
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Bibliography
Barbosa, Igor Palma (2020). "A alta das commodities agrícolas e o estabelecimento do milagrinho na economia brasileira do governo Lula". Revista Conjuntura Global (in Brazilian Portuguese). 9 (2): 155. doi:10.5380/cg.v9i2.75712. S2CID 234522921.
Biancarelli, André M. (2014). "A Era Lula e sua questão econômica principal: crescimento, mercado interno e distribuição de renda". Revista do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros (in Brazilian Portuguese) (58): 263. doi:10.11606/issn.2316-901X.v0i58p263-288.
vtePresidents of BrazilOld Republic(1889–1930)
Deodoro da Fonseca (1889–1891) ¤
Floriano Peixoto (1891–1894)
Prudente de Morais (1894–1898)
Campos Sales (1898–1902)
Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906)
Afonso Pena (1906–1909) †
Nilo Peçanha (1909–1910)
Hermes da Fonseca (1910–1914)
Venceslau Brás (1914–1918)
Rodrigues Alves (never took office)
Delfim Moreira (1918–1919) ‡
Epitácio Pessoa (1919–1922)
Artur Bernardes (1922–1926)
Washington Luís (1926–1930) ×
Júlio Prestes (never took office)
Second Republic(1930–37)
Military Junta (Tasso Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto) (1930)
Getúlio Vargas (1930–1937) ×
Estado Novo(1937–46)
Getúlio Vargas (1937–1945)
José Linhares (1945–1946)
Populist Republic(1946–64)
Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946–1951)
Getúlio Vargas (1951–1954) †
Café Filho (1954–1955)
Carlos Luz (1955)
Nereu Ramos (1955–1956)
Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961)
Jânio Quadros (1961) ¤
Ranieri Mazzilli (1961)
João Goulart (1961–1964) ×
Military dictatorship(1964–85)
Ranieri Mazzilli (1964)
Castelo Branco (1964–1967)
Costa e Silva (1967–1969) †
Pedro Aleixo (posthumous)
Military Junta (1969)
Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969–1974)
Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979)
João Figueiredo (1979–1985)
New Republic(1985–present)
Tancredo Neves (never took office)
José Sarney (1985–1990)
Collor de Mello (1990–1992) ¤
Itamar Franco (1992–1995)
Fernando H. Cardoso (1995–2003)
Lula da Silva (2003–2011)
Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016) +
Michel Temer (2016–2019)
Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2023)
Lula da Silva (2023–present)
End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × Coup d'état or self-coup; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached
Category
List | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"José Serra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Serra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Geraldo Alckmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldo_Alckmin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosa2020155-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiancarelli2014275-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2007 Pan-American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Pan-American_Games"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Transparency International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International"},{"link_name":"perceived corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Democracy Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy_Index"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"The First presidency of Lula da Silva corresponds to the period in Brazilian political history that began with the inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as President on January 1, 2003, in his fourth candidacy for this office and after defeating the PSDB candidate, José Serra, with 61.27% of the valid votes in a second round.[2] Lula was the first former worker to become president of Brazil, and he governed the country for two consecutive terms (2003 until 2007\n, and from 2007 until 2011).[3] In October 2006, Lula was reelected to the presidency, defeating the PSDB candidate Geraldo Alckmin in the second round, obtaining more than 60% of the valid votes against 39.17% for his opponent.[4] His term in office ended on January 1, 2011. Lula's government ended with record approval from the population, with more than 80% positive ratings.[5][6][7]Its main hallmarks were the maintenance of economic stability, the resumption of the country's growth, and the reduction of poverty and social inequality.[8] His first presidency registered the highest average GDP growth in two decades, around 4.1%, and total growth was 32.62%. Per capita income grew 23.05%, with an average of 2.8%.[9] The growth was driven by the rise in commodity prices, domestic demand, helped by programs like Bolsa Família and the reduction in international interest rates.[10][11][12] Despite economic growth, productivity has not increased along with it.[13] Lula took office with inflation at 12.53% and delivered at 5.90%.[14]One of Lula's campaign platforms was the need for constitutional reforms.[15] A relevant reform that took place during Lula's government was the approval of Constitutional Amendment 45, in 2004, which became known as the \"Judiciary Reform\".[16]His first presidency was also notable for the country's quest to host major sporting events. The 2007 Pan-American Games took place during his mandate. So did the choice of Brazil to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. The decisions generated controversy about the losses[17][18][19] and legacies of each event.[20][21][22]In 2009, the penultimate year of the Lula administration, an annual study conducted by the NGO Transparency International reported that Brazil ranked 75th in a ranking of 180 countries on perceived corruption. The study gave Brazil a score of 3.7, which indicates corruption problems, according to the entity.[23] Brazil got worse in the ranking between 2002 (score 4.0, 45th in the ranking) and 2009 (score 3.7, 75th in the ranking), having dropped 30 places.[24] In 2008, the Democracy Index, elaborated annually by the British magazine The Economist, ranked Brazil as the 41st most democratic country in the world.[25]","title":"First presidency of Lula da Silva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Letter to the Brazilian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_ao_povo_brasileiro"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-26"}],"text":"Still during the election campaign, Lula wrote the \"Letter to the Brazilian people\" where he assured that in case of his victory his party, the Workers', would respect national and international contracts. The letter was read on June 22, 2002 during a meeting about the party's government program.[26]","title":"Letter to the Brazilian people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lula%27s_presidential_inauguration,_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"José Alencar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alencar"},{"link_name":"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"José Alencar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Alencar"},{"link_name":"Renan Calheiros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renan_Calheiros"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"Alongside his vice-president José Alencar, Lula walks up the ramp of the Planalto Palace at the inauguration ceremony for his second term.Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took office on January 1, 2003, having been elected president in 2002. He was the second Brazilian president to take office on this date, the third president elected since the end of the military dictatorship, and the first socialist-oriented former worker to assume the Presidency of Brazil.[27][28]The inauguration for Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's second term as president of the Federative Republic of Brazil took place on January 1, 2007. He was sworn in again with the vice-president, José Alencar. The ceremony began shortly after 4pm in the plenary of the National Congress in Brasilia and was presided over by then Senate President Renan Calheiros. As in the inauguration of the first mandate, the reelected president and vice-president read and signed the term of office, and then the national anthem was played by the Marine Band.[29]","title":"Inaugurations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Internal policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henrique_Meirelles_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Latin_America_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henrique Meirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Meirelles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiancarelli2014275-12"},{"link_name":"FHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Henrique Meirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_Meirelles"},{"link_name":"PSDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSDB"},{"link_name":"Goiás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Central Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bank Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BankBoston"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Antônio Palocci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Palocci"},{"link_name":"Ribeirão Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeir%C3%A3o_Preto"},{"link_name":"\"Scandal of the breach of the bank secrecy of Francenildo, the bank teller\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scandal_of_the_breach_of_Francenildo_Costa%27s_bank_secrecy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esc%C3%A2ndalo_da_quebra_do_sigilo_banc%C3%A1rio_do_caseiro_Francenildo_Costa"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Guido Mantega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Mantega"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globo_El.-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"minimum wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gini coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gini_coefficient"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiancarelli2014276-36"},{"link_name":"Alan Mulally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Mulally"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Globo_El.-33"},{"link_name":"commodities boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbosa2020155-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiancarelli2014275-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"Henrique Meirelles, president of Central Bank since the start of Lula's presidency.Lula was elected in a difficult economic context,[12] and his administration began by following the economic policy of the previous government, FHC.[30] To this end, he nominated Henrique Meirelles, a federal deputy elected by the PSDB of Goiás in 2002, to head the Brazilian Central Bank, sending a strong signal to the market - especially the international market, where Meirelles is well known for having been the president of Bank Boston - that there would be no abrupt changes in the conduct of economic policy in his government.[31] He appointed Antônio Palocci, a sanitarian physician and former mayor of Ribeirão Preto, a member of the Workers' Party, as Minister of Finance. After repeated accusations against Palocci by the media, in the case known as \"Scandal of the breach of the bank secrecy of Francenildo, the bank teller\" [pt], Palocci resigned (on August 27, 2009, the STF dismissed the accusation against Palocci).[32] His replacement was the economist and university professor Guido Mantega, who took over the ministry on March 27, 2006.The Lula administration was characterized by low inflation, which was under control,[33] reduction in unemployment and constant records in the balance of trade.[34] During President Lula's administration there was a record production in the automobile industry in 2005, the largest real growth in the minimum wage[35] and reduction of the Gini coefficient.[36]In 2010, Alan Mulally, Ford's global president, stated that thanks to the incentive programs of Lula's government, it was possible for the country to effectively come out of the world crisis.[37] During the crisis the GDP retraction was only 0.2%, showing a better result than the major economies of the world.[33]The economic growth was driven by the commodities boom, the reduction in international interest rates, and the increase in domestic consumption, supported by the increase in the minimum wage and income transfer programs such as Bolsa Família.[10][12][11]","title":"Internal policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FIDEL_NA_POSSE_DO_LULA_EM_2003.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"President of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ahmadinejad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadinejad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lula_Khamenei_Teer%C3%A3_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supreme leader of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_leader_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ali Khamenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chavez_e_Lula.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez"},{"link_name":"Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Che Guevara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che_Guevara"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto28-38"},{"link_name":"Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler"},{"link_name":"Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"Ayatollah Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto28-38"},{"link_name":"World Trade Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization"},{"link_name":"G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G8"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-40"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ft-41"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Finance Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Minister"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al_jaz-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-al_jaz-45"}],"text":"Lula and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, 2003Lula with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, 2005Lula with Iranian president Ahmadinejad, 2009Lula meeting with Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei, 2010Lula and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, 2005In 1979, Lula was asked in an interview which historical figures he admired most. He answered: Gandhi, Che Guevara, and Mao Zedong.[38] Upon being asked to give additional examples, he added Hitler, Castro, and Ayatollah Khomeini, saying: \"I admire in a man the fire to want to do something, and then his going out to try to do it.\"[39][38]Leading a large agricultural state, Lula generally opposed and criticized farm subsidies, and this position has been seen as one of the reasons for the walkout of developing nations and subsequent collapse of the Cancún World Trade Organization talks in 2003 over G8 agricultural subsidies.[40] Brazil played a role in negotiations regarding internal conflicts in Venezuela and Colombia, and made efforts to strengthen Mercosur.[41] During the Lula administration, Brazilian foreign trade increased dramatically, changing from deficits to several surpluses after 2003. In 2004, the surplus was US$29 billion, due to a substantial increase in global demand for commodities. Brazil also provided UN peace-keeping troops and led a peace-keeping mission in Haiti.[42]According to The Economist of 2 March 2006, Lula had a pragmatic foreign policy, seeing himself as a negotiator, not an ideologue, a leader adept at reconciling opposites. As a result, he befriended both Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez and U.S. President George W. Bush.[43] Former Finance Minister, and current advisor, Delfim Netto, said: \"Lula is the ultimate pragmatist\".[44]He travelled to more than 80 countries during his presidency.[45] A goal of Lula's foreign policy was for the country to gain a seat as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. In this he was unsuccessful.[45]","title":"Foreign affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-49"},{"link_name":"Petrobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrobras"},{"link_name":"Odebrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odebrecht"},{"link_name":"Mariel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariel,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-50"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Development Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Development_Bank"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-49"},{"link_name":"credit lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_credit"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-50"}],"sub_title":"Cuba","text":"Lula and Cuban president Fidel Castro were longtime friends.[46][47] Under Lula, Brazil provided money and corporate support to Cuba.[48][49] The state-controlled Brazilian oil company Petrobras studied the possibility of drilling for oil off of Cuba, while the Odebrecht construction firm headed a revamp of the Cuban port of Mariel into the island's main commercial port.[49][50] Brazil's state-run Brazilian Development Bank gave $300 million to Odebrecht to build new roads, rail lines, wharves, and warehouses at Mariel.[49] Brazil also offered Cuba up to $1 billion in credit lines to pay for Brazilian goods and services.[50]","title":"Foreign affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmadinejad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadinejad"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"uranium enrichment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_enrichment"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto19-54"},{"link_name":"International Atomic Energy Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"},{"link_name":"weapons grade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapons_grade"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto19-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto20-55"},{"link_name":"UN Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto19-54"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Moisés Naím","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_Na%C3%ADm"},{"link_name":"Foreign Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto10-57"}],"sub_title":"Iran","text":"In 2009, Lula warmly hosted Iranian president Ahmadinejad, who made a controversial visit to Iran.[51][52] Some demonstrators expressed displeasure over Ahmadinejad's positions on human rights and his denial of the Holocaust.[53]In May 2010, Lula and Turkey's prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan negotiated a preliminary fuel swap agreement with the Iranian government on uranium enrichment, that ultimately failed.[54] The preliminary agreement that they presented to the United Nations was at odds with what the International Atomic Energy Agency and other countries viewed as necessary actions to stop Iran from obtaining weapons grade materials.[54] And within hours of signing the agreement, Iran did an about-face and announced that it would continue to enrich some uranium.[55] The UN Security Council ultimately rejected it when permanent member country representatives argued that “the swap proposal negotiated by Brazil and Turkey would leave Iran with enough material to make a nuclear weapon,” and that “Iran intends to continue a new program of enriching uranium to a higher level.”[54][56] Moisés Naím, editor in chief of Foreign Policy magazine and former Minister of Trade in Venezuela, said \"Lula is a political giant, but morally he has been a deep disappointment.\" In 2010, in addition, Brazilians largely disagreed with Lula as to how to handle Iran and Iran's nuclear weapons program.[57] While Lula opposed additional international economic sanctions against Iran, of the 85% of Brazilians who opposed Iran acquiring nuclear weapons, two-thirds approved of tighter international sanctions on Iran to try to prevent it from developing nuclear weapons.[57]","title":"Foreign affairs"}] | [{"image_text":"Alongside his vice-president José Alencar, Lula walks up the ramp of the Planalto Palace at the inauguration ceremony for his second term.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lula%27s_presidential_inauguration%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Lula%27s_presidential_inauguration%2C_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Henrique Meirelles, president of Central Bank since the start of Lula's presidency.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Henrique_Meirelles_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Latin_America_2011.jpg/170px-Henrique_Meirelles_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Latin_America_2011.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lula and Cuban leader Fidel Castro, 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/FIDEL_NA_POSSE_DO_LULA_EM_2003.jpg/220px-FIDEL_NA_POSSE_DO_LULA_EM_2003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lula with President of Russia Vladimir Putin, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Vladimir_Putin_with_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_with_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lula with Iranian president Ahmadinejad, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_2009.jpg/220px-Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lula meeting with Supreme leader of Iran Ali Khamenei, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Lula_Khamenei_Teer%C3%A3_2010.jpg/220px-Lula_Khamenei_Teer%C3%A3_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lula and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Chavez_e_Lula.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Second presidency of Lula da Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva"},{"title":"Lulism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulism"},{"title":"Politics of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil"},{"title":"Workers' Party (Brazil)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)"},{"title":"List of scandals in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_scandals_in_Brazil"}] | [{"reference":"\"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Resumo do Governo)\". Retrieved 2023-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biblioteca.presidencia.gov.br/presidencia/ex-presidentes/luiz-inacio-lula-da-silva","url_text":"\"Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Resumo do Governo)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Raio-X das eleições\". UOL Eleições 2010 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-05-27. Retrieved 2011-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://eleicoes.uol.com.br/2010/raio-x/2/presidente/votacao-por-estado/","url_text":"\"Raio-X das eleições\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universo_Online","url_text":"UOL"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110527041323/http://eleicoes.uol.com.br/2010/raio-x/2/presidente/votacao-por-estado/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Após três eleições, Lula chega à Presidência da República\". Folha poder (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2002-10-27. Archived from the original on 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u41521.shtml","url_text":"\"Após três eleições, Lula chega à Presidência da República\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121022184332/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/brasil/ult96u41521.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Com 100% das urnas apuradas, Lula é reeleito com 60,83%\". Terra notícias (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-10-30. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2011-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes2006/interna/0,,OI1219634-EI6652,00.html","url_text":"\"Com 100% das urnas apuradas, Lula é reeleito com 60,83%\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(company)","url_text":"Terra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120117200940/http://noticias.terra.com.br/eleicoes2006/interna/0,,OI1219634-EI6652,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde, mostra CNI-Ibope\". Correio Braziliense (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-16. Archived from the original on 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2011-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2010/12/16/interna_politica,228039/lula-encerra-governo-com-aprovacao-recorde-mostra-cni-ibope.shtml","url_text":"\"Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde, mostra CNI-Ibope\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correio_Braziliense","url_text":"Correio Braziliense"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072350/https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/politica/2010/12/16/interna_politica,228039/lula-encerra-governo-com-aprovacao-recorde-mostra-cni-ibope.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aprovação de Lula chega a 83%, diz Datafolha\". R7 Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-19. Archived from the original on 2010-12-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222180946/http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/aprovacao-de-lula-chega-a-83-diz-datafolha-20101219.html","url_text":"\"Aprovação de Lula chega a 83%, diz Datafolha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R7.com","url_text":"R7"},{"url":"http://noticias.r7.com/brasil/noticias/aprovacao-de-lula-chega-a-83-diz-datafolha-20101219.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lula encerra governo com aprovação recorde de 87% da população\". R7 Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2010-12-29. Archived from the original on 2011-01-10. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotta_del_Ninfeo | Grotta del Ninfeo | ["1 Terrace of Temenite Hill","2 Depiction by Jean Hoüel","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°03′35″N 15°17′37″E / 37.059604°N 15.293694°E / 37.059604; 15.29369437°03′35″N 15°17′37″E / 37.059604°N 15.293694°E / 37.059604; 15.293694
Grotta del NinfeoLa Grotta del NinfeoLocationSiracusa, ItalyRegionSicilyTypeNymphaeum, MouseionPart ofGreek Theatre of SyracuseHistoryPeriodsHellenistic & RomanCulturesAncient SicilySatellite ofAncient SyracuseManagementComune of Siracusa
Main article: Greek Theatre of Syracuse
The Grotta del Ninfeo is an artificial cavity in the rock of Temenite Hill (named after the Greek temenos, "sacred precinct") located in the Archaeological park of Neapolis in Syracuse.
Terrace of Temenite Hill
The grotta is located near the highest part of the little rocky relief, on a rectangular terrace which verges on the Greek theatre and opens at the centre of a stone wall where a closed portico in the form of an "L" was once found. At the entrance there were statues dedicated to the Muses, three of which (dated to the 2nd century BC) are still preserved and are on display at the Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi. The fountain is dedicated to the Ancient Greek cult of the nymphs, nature goddesses. The name nymphaeum for a monumental, decorated fountain derives from this.
The Syracusan nymphaeum is thought to have been the ancient location of the Mouseion (the sanctuary of the Muses), seat of the artistic guild, where the Syracusan actors gathered before descending into the theatre to put on comedies and tragedies in the time of Epicharmus and Aeschylus.
Regarding the Grotta del Ninfeo, the Syracusan Giuseppe Politi wrote in the nineteenth century:
There, with squared niches of various dimensions on all sides for votive tables and epitaphs, and further cells for catacombs, was a corridor in the living rock which we call the Sepulchral street and a large grotto opens at one point, with vestiges on the outside of triglyphs and with two aqueducts at the bottom, one vertically perpendicular to the other, encounter an artificial crack in the rock. This grotta is perennially supplied with water by one of these, on account of which it is called the Grotta dell'acqua. It may have originally been for the use of the victorious Ephebes of the Academy of Music just like the one that Pausanias says was at the Theatre of Athens. Alternatively, perhaps more likely, a nymphaeum, i.e. a grotto decorated with many statues of the nymphs, with water sports, as the name suggests.— Giuseppe Politi, Siracusa pei viaggiatori 1835
The grotto has a vaulted ceiling and inside it there is a rectangular tub in which the water collects before cascading from a cavity located at the bottom of the rock wall. Next to the entrance, there are some votive aedicula which were used for hero cults (Pinakes). To the east of the Grotta del Ninfeo, the last watermill from the Spanish period remains visible even today. It took water from the grotta and redirected it into the theatre after using it to mill grain. From nymphaeum, one continues to the Via dei Sepolcri and from there to the summit of the hill, where there are other Graeco-Roman monuments.
The Grotta del ninfeo as painted by Houel
The water that flows into the Grotta derives from two separate aqueducts, both of Greek date; one is called the Acquedotto del Ninfeo (Nymphaeum Aqueduct) after the Grotta, while the other is the Galermi Aqueduct.
Depiction by Jean Hoüel
During one of his trips to Syracuse in the second half of the 1700s, the painter Jean-Pierre Houël depicted the Grotta del Ninfeo as he found it. The gouache shows a much deeper grotta than today, with water descending towards the theatre, where the mills were installed. In the grotta, some women are busy making cloth.
Gallery
The final steps of the Greek theatre, the Casetta dei mugnai and the cavity of the Grotta del Ninfeo in the distance
Image of the Temenite terrace from inside one of its cavities
The votive aediculae in the rock wall of the hill near the nympaeum
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimphaeum (Syracuse).
History portalItaly portal
Nymphaeum
References
^ Sicilia, Touring Editore, 1989, pag. 596
^ Giuseppe Politi, Siracusa pei viaggiatori, ovvero Descrizione storica, artistica,topografica delle attuali antichità di Ortigia, Acradina, Tica, Napoli ,ed Epipoli, che componevano l'antica Siracusa, 1835
^ Giuseppe Bellafiore, La civiltà artistica della Sicilia dalla preistoria ad oggi, F. Le Monnier, 1963
^ a b "Area archeologica - Regione Siciliana Assessorato Beni culturali".
^ Francesca Gringeri Pantano. Jean Houel, Voyage a Siracusa. Palermo: Sellerio editore.
External links
Grotta del Ninfeo - IbmsNet
assindustria - Grotta del Ninfeo - Siracusa
Canale Galermi - Archeologia Siracusa - Antoniorandazzo.it
Parco Archeologico della Neapolis - Grotta del Ninfeo
Siracusa - Parco archeologico della Neapoli - Grotta del Ninfeo - Sevaistre, Eugène
Neàpolis Siracusa - Maridelsud Archived 2014-01-29 at the Wayback Machine
vteArchaeological sites in SicilyProvince of Agrigento
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VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"37°03′35″N 15°17′37″E / 37.059604°N 15.293694°E / 37.059604; 15.293694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grotta_del_Ninfeo¶ms=37.059604_N_15.293694_E_"},{"link_name":"Neapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neapolis_(Syracuse)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy"}],"text":"37°03′35″N 15°17′37″E / 37.059604°N 15.293694°E / 37.059604; 15.293694The Grotta del Ninfeo is an artificial cavity in the rock of Temenite Hill (named after the Greek temenos, \"sacred precinct\") located in the Archaeological park of Neapolis in Syracuse.","title":"Grotta del Ninfeo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Theatre_of_Syracuse"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Muses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Museo archeologico regionale Paolo Orsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_archeologico_regionale_Paolo_Orsi"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"nymphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymph"},{"link_name":"nymphaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeum"},{"link_name":"comedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_comedy"},{"link_name":"tragedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_tragedy"},{"link_name":"Epicharmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epicharmus_of_Cos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aeschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeschylus"},{"link_name":"triglyphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyph"},{"link_name":"Ephebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephebes"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"vaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"aedicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedicula"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermill"},{"link_name":"Spanish period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Via dei Sepolcri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Via_dei_Sepolcri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ninfeo_Houel.jpg"},{"link_name":"aqueducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notauno-4"},{"link_name":"Galermi Aqueduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galermi_Aqueduct"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-notauno-4"}],"text":"The grotta is located near the highest part of the little rocky relief, on a rectangular terrace which verges on the Greek theatre and opens at the centre of a stone wall where a closed portico in the form of an \"L\" was once found. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_L%27Aquila | List of mayors of L'Aquila | ["1 Overview","2 1266–1946","3 Italian Republic (since 1946)","3.1 City Council election (1946–1994)","3.2 Direct election (since 1994)","4 See also","5 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Mayor of L'AquilaSindaco dell'AquilaIncumbentPierluigi Biondi (Brothers of Italy)since 29 June 2017AppointerPopular electionTerm length5 years, renewable onceFormation1861WebsiteOfficial website
The Mayor of L'Aquila is an elected politician who, along with the L'Aquila City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of L'Aquila in Abruzzo, Italy, capital city of the region. The current Mayor is Pierluigi Biondi from the far-right party Brothers of Italy, who took office on 28 June 2017.
Overview
According to the Italian Constitution, the Mayor of L'Aquila is member of the City Council.
The Mayor is elected by the population of L'Aquila, who also elects the members of the City Council, controlling the Mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.
Since 1994 the Mayor is elected directly by L'Aquila's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.
1266–1946
Further information: it:Sindaci dell'Aquila
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2018)
Italian Republic (since 1946)
City Council election (1946–1994)
Until 1994, the Mayor of L'Aquila was elected by the City's Council.
Mayor
Term start
Term end
Party
1
Carlo Chiarizia
1 June 1946
14 May 1948
Italian Communist Party
2
Cesare Di Palma
14 May 1948
25 May 1950
Christian Democracy
3
Antonio Rainaldi
25 May 1950
12 July 1951
Italian Republican Party
4
Angelo Colagrande
12 July 1951
14 July 1956
Italian Liberal Party
5
Federico Trecco
14 July 1956
25 February 1961
Christian Democracy
6
Amedeo Cervelli
25 February 1961
27 February 1961
Christian Democracy
7
Felice Natellis
27 February 1961
18 March 1961
Christian Democracy
8
Francesco Gaudieri
18 March 1961
12 March 1965
Christian Democracy
9
Umberto Albano
12 March 1965
7 October 1966
Christian Democracy
10
Tullio De Rubeis
7 October 1966
14 January 1970
Christian Democracy
11
Giovanni De Santis
14 January 1970
25 April 1970
Christian Democracy
(10)
Tullio De Rubeis
21 October 1970
9 September 1975
Christian Democracy
12
Ubaldo Lopardi
9 September 1975
27 August 1980
Italian Democratic Socialist Party
(10)
Tullio De Rubeis
27 August 1980
12 October 1985
Christian Democracy
13
Romeo Ricciuti
12 October 1985
24 October 1985
Christian Democracy
14
Enzo Lombardi
24 October 1985
13 January 1992
Christian Democracy
15
Maria Luisa Baldoni
13 January 1992
28 February 1993
Christian Democracy
16
Giuseppe Placidi
28 February 1993
25 October 1993
Christian Democracy
Direct election (since 1994)
Since 1994, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of L'Aquila is chosen by direct election.
Mayor
Term start
Term end
Party
17
Antonio Carmine Centi
12 June 1994
7 June 1998
Democratic Party of the Left
18
Biagio Tempesta
7 June 1998
28 May 2002
Forza Italia
28 May 2002
29 May 2007
19
Massimo Cialente
29 May 2007
22 May 2012
Democratic Party
22 May 2012
28 June 2017
20
Pierluigi Biondi
28 June 2017
20 June 2022
Brothers of Italy
20 June 2022
Incumbent
See also
Timeline of L'Aquila
References
^ "Da CasaPound a Berlusconi. Il neo sindaco Pierluigi Biondi e il modello L'Aquila: "Da qui inizia il nuovo centrodestra"". La Repubblica. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
vte Mayors of provincial capitals of Italy
Agrigento
Francesco Miccichè (centre-right)
Alessandria
Giorgio Abonante (PD)
Ancona
Daniele Silvetti (FI)
Andria
Giovanna Bruno (PD)
Arezzo
Alessandro Ghinelli (centre-right)
Ascoli Piceno
Marco Fioravanti (FdI)
Asti
Maurizio Rasero (FI)
Avellino
Gianluca Festa (I)
Barletta
Cosimo Cannito (centre-right)
Belluno
Oscar De Pellegrin (centre-right)
Benevento
Clemente Mastella (NC)
Bergamo
Elena Carnevali (PD)
Biella
Marzio Olivero (FdI)
Bolzano
Renzo Caramaschi (PD)
Brescia
Laura Castelletti (centre-left)
Brindisi
Giuseppe Marchionna (centre-right)
Caltanissetta
Roberto Gambino (M5S)
Campobasso
Roberto Gravina (M5S)
Carbonia
Pietro Morittu (PD)
Caserta
Carlo Marino (PD)
Catanzaro
Nicola Fiorita (centre-left)
Chieti
Diego Ferrara (PD)
Como
Alessandro Rapinese (I)
Cosenza
Franz Caruso (PSI)
Cremona
Gianluca Galimberti (PD)
Crotone
Vincenzo Voce (I)
Cuneo
Patrizia Manassero (PD)
Enna
Maurizio Dipietro (IV)
Fermo
Paolo Calcinaro (I)
Ferrara
Alan Fabbri (LN)
Foggia
Maria Aida Episcopo (centre-left)
Forlì
Gian Luca Zattini (LN)
Frosinone
Riccardo Mastrangeli (FI)
Gorizia
Rodolfo Ziberna (FI)
Grosseto
Antonfrancesco Vivarelli Colonna (centre-right)
Imperia
Claudio Scajola (centre-right)
Isernia
Piero Castrataro (centre-left)
La Spezia
Pierluigi Peracchini (CI)
L'Aquila
Pierluigi Biondi (FdI)
Latina
Matilde Celentano (FdI)
Lecce
Carlo Salvemini (centre-left)
Lecco
Mauro Gattinoni (centre-left)
Livorno
Luca Salvetti (centre-left)
Lodi
Andrea Furegato (PD)
Lucca
Mario Pardini (centre-right)
Macerata
Sandro Parcaroli (LN)
Mantua
Mattia Palazzi (PD)
Massa
Francesco Persiani (LN)
Matera
Domenico Bennardi (M5S)
Modena
Massimo Mezzetti (PD)
Monza
Paolo Pilotto (PD)
Novara
Alessandro Canelli (LN)
Nuoro
Andrea Soddu (I)
Oristano
Massimiliano Sanna (RS)
Padua
Sergio Giordani (centre-left)
Parma
Michele Guerra (IC)
Pavia
Michele Lissia (PD)
Perugia
Andrea Romizi (FI)
Pesaro
Andrea Biancani (PD)
Pescara
Carlo Masci (FI)
Piacenza
Katia Tarasconi (PD)
Pisa
Michele Conti (LN)
Pistoia
Alessandro Tomasi (FdI)
Pordenone
Alessandro Ciriani (centre-right)
Potenza
Mario Guarente (LN)
Prato
Ilaria Bugetti (PD)
Ragusa
Giuseppe Cassì (I)
Ravenna
Michele De Pascale (PD)
Reggio Emilia
Marco Massari (PD)
Rieti
Daniele Sinibaldi (FdI)
Rimini
Jamil Sadegholvaad (PD)
Rovigo
Edoardo Gaffeo (centre-left)
Salerno
Vincenzo Napoli (PD)
Sassari
Giuseppe Mascia (PD)
Savona
Marco Russo (PD)
Siena
Nicoletta Fabio (centre-right)
Sondrio
Marco Scaramellini (LN)
Syracuse
Francesco Italia (Az)
Taranto
Rinaldo Melucci (I)
Teramo
Gianguido D'Alberto (centre-left)
Terni
Stefano Bandecchi (AP)
Trani
Amedeo Bottaro (PD)
Trapani
Giacomo Tranchida (PD)
Trento
Franco Ianeselli (centre-left)
Treviso
Mario Conte (LN)
Trieste
Roberto Dipiazza (FI)
Udine
Alberto Felice De Toni (centre-left)
Varese
Davide Galimberti (PD)
Verbania
Silvia Marchionini (PD)
Vercelli
Andrea Corsaro (FI)
Verona
Damiano Tommasi (centre-left)
Vibo Valentia
Maria Limardo (centre-right)
Vicenza
Giacomo Possamai (PD)
Viterbo
Chiara Frontini (I)
vte Mayors of regional capitals of Italy
Ancona
Daniele Silvetti (FI)
Aosta
Gianni Nuti (centre-left)
Bari
Antonio Decaro (PD)
Bologna
Matteo Lepore (PD)
Cagliari
Massimo Zedda (PP)
Campobasso
Roberto Gravina (M5S)
Catanzaro
Sergio Abramo (CI)
Florence
Dario Nardella (PD)
Genoa
Marco Bucci (centre-right)
L'Aquila
Pierluigi Biondi (FdI)
Milan
Giuseppe Sala (centre-left)
Naples
Gaetano Manfredi (centre-left)
Palermo
Roberto Lagalla (UdC)
Perugia
Andrea Romizi (FI)
Potenza
Mario Guarente (LN)
Rome
Roberto Gualtieri (PD)
Turin
Stefano Lo Russo (PD)
Trento
Franco Ianeselli (centre-left)
Trieste
Roberto Dipiazza (FI)
Venice
Luigi Brugnaro (CI) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"L'Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Aquila"},{"link_name":"Abruzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abruzzo"},{"link_name":"Pierluigi Biondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierluigi_Biondi"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right"},{"link_name":"Brothers of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Mayor of L'Aquila is an elected politician who, along with the L'Aquila City Council, is accountable for the strategic government of L'Aquila in Abruzzo, Italy, capital city of the region. 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The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.Since 1994 the Mayor is elected directly by L'Aquila's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. 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Il neo sindaco Pierluigi Biondi e il modello L'Aquila: \"Da qui inizia il nuovo centrodestra\"\". La Repubblica. 28 June 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2017/06/28/news/pierluigi_biondi_l_aquila-169354795/","url_text":"\"Da CasaPound a Berlusconi. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_Allowance_Rebate_System | Car Allowance Rebate System | ["1 Legislative history","2 Eligibility criteria","2.1 Last-minute car ineligibility","3 Credit","4 Engine disablement and scrappage criteria","5 Tracking VINs to avoid fraud","6 Program participation and history","7 Impact","7.1 Economic effects","7.2 Environmental effects","7.3 Vehicle safety effects","7.4 Charities and scrap value","7.5 Exotic cars under the program","8 Ending the program","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | US federal incentives program for consumer fuel efficiency boosts
"C.A.R.S." redirects here. For other uses, see cars (disambiguation).
Program logo
The Toyota Corolla was the program's top seller according to U.S. DoT
The Ford Explorer 4WD was the program's top trade-in according to the U.S. DoT
The Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS), colloquially known as "cash for clunkers", was a $3 billion U.S. federal scrappage program intended to provide economic incentives to U.S. residents to purchase a new, more fuel-efficient vehicle when trading in a less fuel-efficient vehicle. The program was promoted as a post-recession stimulus program to boost auto sales (which had declined due to the effects of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, leading to the Great Recession and 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis) while putting more fuel-efficient vehicles on the roadways.
The program officially started on July 1, 2009, the processing of claims began July 24, and the program ended on August 24, 2009, as the appropriated funds were exhausted, having scrapped 677,081 vehicles. The deadline for dealers to submit applications was August 25. According to estimates of the Department of Transportation, the initial $1 billion appropriated for the system was exhausted by July 30, 2009, well before the anticipated end date of November 1, 2009, due to very high demand. In response, Congress approved an additional $2 billion.
Legislative history
Economist Alan Blinder helped popularize the idea of a scrappage program and the moniker "cash for clunkers" with his July 2008 op-ed piece in The New York Times. Blinder argued that a cash-for-clunkers program would have a tripartite purpose of helping the environment, stimulating the economy, and reducing economic inequality.
Jack Hidary of Smart Transportation and Bracken Hendricks of the Center for American Progress co-wrote a paper that was distributed to congressional offices in November 2008 describing the multiple benefits of a cash-for-clunkers program.
The House approved creating a cash-for-clunkers program with the 298 to 119 passage of the CARS Act ("Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act", H.R. 1550). The House bill, sponsored by Rep. Betty Sutton (D-Ohio), allowed consumers to trade-in vehicles with a combined fuel economy of 18 or less for new, more efficient vehicles. In the Senate, Debbie Stabenow (D-Michigan), and Sam Brownback (R-Kansas) sponsored a bill very similar to the House's.
An alternative bill proposed by Dianne Feinstein (D-California), Susan Collins (R-Maine), and Chuck Schumer (D-New York) would have had a greater focus on increasing fuel economy. Proponents argued that the alternative bill would lead to 32% more efficiency improvements than the House-Stabenow-Brownback version of the program. The alternative bill would have required that the trade-in vehicle have a fuel economy rating of 17 mpg‑US (14 L/100 km; 20 mpg‑imp) or less and offered a three-tiered voucher system ranging from $2,500 for a new car that is 7 mpg‑US (8.4 mpg‑imp) more efficient than a trade-in to $4,500 for one that is 13 mpg‑US (16 mpg‑imp) more efficient. Mileage improvement requirements would be less for light and heavy-duty trucks. Pre-1999 work trucks would be eligible for the $2,500 voucher regardless of mileage improvements. The alternative bill also gave a $1,000 voucher for the purchase of a more efficient used car; the House bill completely excluded used vehicles.
In the Senate, the cash-for-clunkers legislation was inserted into a larger war supplemental funding bill. Dissenting Senators raised a point of order under Rule 28, prohibiting inserting provisions not previously passed by either house into conference reports. The rule was overridden with 60 votes, despite some senators, including Sam Brownback, being uncomfortable with a last-minute change that called for the bill's funding to come from "deficit spending" rather than from the stimulus package that was initially agreed upon. The larger funding bill passed by a vote of 91–5 in the Senate.
The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 was signed into law with the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Program (C.A.R.S.) as Title XIII. The program received an initial allocation of $1 billion (out of the $4 billion estimated cost) funded by the U.S. government and the program's length was July 1 – November 1. It was implemented by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which had 30 days from the approval of the bill to post all program details online.
In response to the U.S. Department of Transportation's estimate that the $1 billion appropriated for the system was almost exhausted by July 30, 2009, due to very high demand, Congress approved an additional $2 billion for the program with the explicit support of the Obama administration. On July 31, 2009, the House of Representatives approved the extra $2 billion for the program, and the Senate approved the extension on August 6, defeating all six amendments presented. President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 7, and the appropriation was exhausted by August 24, 2009.
Eligibility criteria
Vehicle must be less than 25 years old on the trade-in date.
Only the purchase or 5-year minimum lease of new vehicles qualify.
Generally, trade-in vehicles must get a weighted combined average rating of 18 or fewer miles per gallon (some very large pickup trucks and cargo vans have different requirements).
Trade-in vehicles must be registered and insured continuously for the full year preceding the trade-in.
Trade-in vehicles must be in driveable condition.
The program requires the scrapping of the eligible trade-in vehicle and that the dealer discloses to the customer an estimate of the scrap value of the trade-in. The scrap value, however minimal, will be in addition to the rebate, and not in place of the rebate.
The new car bought under the plan must have a suggested retail price of no more than $45,000, and for passenger automobiles, the new vehicle must have a combined fuel economy value of at least 22 mpg‑US (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg‑imp).
Last-minute car ineligibility
According to USA Today, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revised its mileage estimate list just before the start of the Car Allowance Rebate System program.
For example, the 1991 Dodge Grand Caravan is listed below as ineligible because the 1991 Dodge Grand Caravan with a 4-cylinder engine has an EPA combined mileage of 19 and is not eligible; however, the V6 3.3 L and 3.8 L engines in these vehicles have EPA combined mileage of 18 and thus are eligible. The changes made some of the following cars with specific engine configurations ineligible:
Ineligible cars
1987 Alfa Romeo GTV
1987 Alfa Romeo Milano
1987 BMW 5 Series
1987 Chevrolet S10 Blazer 2WD
1987 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan/Ram Van 2WD
1987 Dodge Shadow
1987 Ford Aerostar Van
1987 Ford LTD Crown Victoria
1987 Ford LTD Crown Victoria Wagon
1987 GMC S15 Jimmy 2WD
1987 Lincoln Continental
1987 Lincoln Mark VII
1987 Lincoln Town Car
1987 Mercury Grand Marquis
1987 Mercury Grand Marquis Wagon
1987 Plymouth Sundance
1987 Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager 2WD
1987 Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager 2WD
1987 Porsche 944
1987 Toyota Truck 4WD
1988 Mazda 929
1988 Peugeot 505 Sedan
1988 Peugeot 505 Sedan
1988 Toyota 4Runner 4WD
1989 Mazda 929
1989 Peugeot 505 Sedan
1989 Porsche 911 Carrera
1990 Audi 80 Quattro
1990 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan/Ram Van 2WD
1990 Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager 2WD
1990 Saab 9000
1990 Toyota 1-Ton Truck 2WD
1990 Toyota Truck 2WD
1991 Audi 80 Quattro
1991 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan 2WD
1991 Dodge Ram 50 Pickup 2WD
1991 Lexus ES 250
1991 Mitsubishi Truck 2WD
1991 Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager 2WD
1991 Toyota Camry
1991 Toyota Camry Wagon
1992 Acura NSX
1992 Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan 2WD
1992 Dodge Ram 50 Pickup 2WD
1992 Jeep Cherokee 4WD
1992 Jeep Comanche Pickup 4WD
1992 Mitsubishi Truck 2WD
1992 Plymouth Voyager/Grand Voyager 2WD
1992 Saab 900
1992 Saab 900
1993 Dodge Ram 50 Pickup 2WD
1993 Dodge Stealth
1993 Jeep Comanche Pickup 2WD
1993 Mitsubishi 3000 GT
1993 Mitsubishi Truck 2WD
1993 Toyota Camry
1993 Toyota Camry Wagon
1994 Mazda B2300/B3000/B4000 Pickup 2WD
1994 Mazda MPV
1994 Mitsubishi Diamante Wagon
1994 Volkswagen Corrado SLC
1995 Kia Sportage 2WD
1995 Mazda MPV
1995 Toyota Tacoma 2WD
1996 Jeep Cherokee 2WD
1996 Nissan Truck 2WD
1996 Toyota Supra
1996 Volkswagen Jetta GLX
1997 Chrysler Concorde
1997 Chrysler New Yorker/LHS
1997 Dodge Intrepid
1997 Eagle Vision
1997 Kia Sportage 4WD
1997 Mercedes-Benz C3 AMG
1997 Nissan Truck 2WD
1997 Toyota Supra
1997 Toyota T100 2WD
1997 Volkswagen Jetta GLX
The EPA "gave no reason its ratings were inaccurate or why some went up", according to USA Today. Karl Brauer, editor-in-chief of Edmunds.com, said, "It's unfortunate that consumers who had been researching and planning to trade in their vehicle ... are now left in the dust". "Consumers acting in good faith should not be penalized for undisclosed and last-minute changes made by the
government", Kevin Smith, Edmunds.com editorial director, said in a statement.
The U.S. Department of Transportation ruled that deals involving cash-for-clunkers trade-ins based on old EPA mileage numbers and consummated before July 24 would be honored, but that deals consummated after July 24 on vehicles that became ineligible as clunkers due to mileage rating changes would not be honored.
Credit
Depending on the type of car purchased and "the difference in fuel economy between the purchased vehicle and the trade-in vehicle", the amount of the credit given in the form of vouchers to eligible customers is either $3,500 or $4,500. New car dealers will be able to reduce the purchase price by the amount of the voucher for which that the customer is eligible.
Engine disablement and scrappage criteria
A disabled and marked "Cash for Clunker" Toyota Previa trade-in
"Death Row" of traded in SUVS and trucks under Cash for Clunkers
Dodge Caravan turned in for Cash for Clunkers (note paper placard on dash)
The program outlined a procedure to ensure that vehicles traded-in under "cash for clunkers" will not be resold by dealers by destructively disabling the engine (and thus also precluding the possibility that any mechanical engine components might be salvaged to be used in the repair of any other vehicles):
The motor oil is drained and replaced with a sodium silicate solution.
The engine is started and run until the solution becomes glass-like when heated, causing the engine's internal bearings to abrade and ultimately seize.
The salvage or scrap facility that acquires the vehicle cannot sell the engine, cylinder heads, or a "rolling chassis" from the scrap vehicle. The salvage or scrap facility can sell any other component (including the transmission and axles) from the scrap vehicle separately and may dismantle and warehouse the parts.
The "hull" of the vehicle must be crushed within 180 days. Cut off or unbolted front-end assemblies may be saved and sold later, as well as the "top and back" of pickup cabs.
The outlined procedure described running the engine at 2,000 RPM "should disable the engine within a few minutes"; if not, then the engine should be allowed to cool off before repeating the procedure. Hazards associated with the intentional overheating and destruction of the engine include rupturing the radiator and hot water/steam, motor oil ejection, toxic fumes, and fire.
By completely disabling the engine, the CARS program avoided recycling schemes such as encountered in Germany, where authorities found that an estimated 50,000 scrapped vehicles were exported to Africa and Eastern Europe, where newer, safer cars of the type being destroyed in the West are prohibitively expensive. In contrast with the U.S. program, the German program only required dealers to drop off the scrapped vehicles at junkyards, thus allowing the illegal exports.
Auto recyclers and dismantlers criticized the U.S. program due to the requirement that the engine be disabled to prevent re-use of the car. To auto recyclers, a car's engine is considered the most valuable part of a junked car. Some recyclers refused to participate in the program, as well, due to the limited profit potential of junking a vehicle brought in under CARS.
Tracking VINs to avoid fraud
After Hurricane Katrina, vehicles that were declared total losses in one state were transferred to other states and resold to unsuspecting consumers with clean titles, a process known as title washing. The federal government used a few strategies to avoid a similar situation occurring with vehicles from the CARS program, where “clunkers” would be illegally retitled and resold to consumers.
One involved the National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS), a federal program originally set up in 1992 to help deter vehicle theft. The CARS program required recyclers to report the Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) and the status of “clunker” to the NMVTIS. The searchable database would then provide that information to consumers, for a fee.
The federal government also partnered with providers of VIN-based vehicle history reports, such as CARFAX. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) submitted the VINs from the 700,000+ “clunkers” to CARFAX and other vehicle history providers. NHTSA and CARFAX also used the information to create a free “clunker check service,” which allowed a user to submit a VIN and determine immediately if it had been reported as a salvage vehicle.
Program participation and history
Auto Observer said there was one major technological glitch in the program. "Government officials said the public site for customers and the site for dealer sign-ups were on the same server, which became overloaded. The site was taken down while the two functions supposedly were separated and put on two different servers", Auto Observer reported. Dealers also had difficulty getting paperwork processed. Given the uncertainty of being paid, dealers decided to wait on destroying the old cars.
By July 29, $150 million of the $1 billion had already gone to new purchases. Dealers have had a higher volume of potential customers, partly because of other incentives offered by the manufacturers and the sellers. Some dealers believed the increase was only temporary. However, many people who visited car dealers found out their cars were not eligible and bought cars anyway. The majority of people who were able to participate were buying new vehicles, anyway, and their trade-in value rose significantly.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported 23,000 participating dealers. Stabenow said 40,000 cars had been sold and another 200,000 sales had yet to be completed. Sutton chief of staff Nichole Francis Reynolds said, "The program has spent $150 million and has another $800 million to $850 million in (pending) obligations. ... This is one of those programs you can really see working". Rep. Candice Miller (R-Mich.) said, "It has exceeded everyone's expectations". Miller and Sutton wanted to spend a total of $4 billion on the program. Bailey Wood, legislative director of the National Auto Dealers Association, said, "Obviously the program has been an immense success in stimulating automotive sales".
By July 30, 2009, due to very high demand, the $1 billion appropriated for the system was exhausted, well before the anticipated end date of November 1, 2009. The House of Representatives appropriated another $2 billion to the program on July 31, with the Senate adding its approval a week later. President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 7, and government officials expected that the additional funds will be exhausted by Labor Day.
On August 3, the DoT reported from a sample of 120,000 rebate applications already processed, that "the average gas mileage of cars being bought was 28.3 miles per gallon, for SUVs 21.9 miles per gallon, and for trucks, 16.3 miles per gallon, all significantly higher than required to get a rebate". Senator Susan M. Collins said that "vehicles being purchased under the program would go an average of 9.6 more miles per gallon than those being turned in, which she said was a 61 percent improvement".
The DoT also reported that "Ford, G.M. and Chrysler supplied 47 percent of the new vehicles, slightly more than their overall share of the market, which is 45 percent". Detroit's Big Three automakers said the demand peak that occurred in the final week of July left their inventories of unsold vehicles at the lowest levels in many years, but such windfall could hurt sales of some popular models in August. Ford sales went up in the United States for the first time since 2007, while GM and Chrysler at least improved by slowing their decline.
After the first week of the program, the Department of Transportation reported that the average fuel efficiency of trade-ins was 15.8 mpg‑US (14.9 L/100 km; 19.0 mpg‑imp), compared to 25.4 mpg‑US (9.3 L/100 km; 30.5 mpg‑imp) for the new cars purchased to replace them, translating to a 61% fuel efficiency improvement. The DoT also commented that the program participants were downsizing, rather than making one-for-one replacements, and turning in their old trucks and SUVs for new small sedans, as 83% of the trade-ins were trucks, and 60% of new purchases were cars. As of 3 August 2009, the top trade-in was the Ford Explorer 4WD and the top selling car was the Ford Focus. However, according to an analysis carried out by Edmunds based on a sample of transactions between July 24 to July 31 (the first week of the program), the Ford Escape crossover SUV was the actual best seller while the Ford Focus ranked in second place, when the tallying is done grouping different versions of the same vehicle together. As of August 21, the Department of Transportation reported that the downsizing trend continued, with the Toyota Corolla ranking as the top seller after four weeks of the program, followed by the Honda Civic, and the Ford Focus, and the Ford Explorer 4WD continued as the top trade-in.
According to USDoT, at the end of the program Toyota accounted for 19.4% of sales, followed by General Motors with 17.6%, Ford with 14.4%, Honda with 13.0%, and Nissan with 8.7%.
Top 10 trade-ins and replacements - Official U.S. DoT ranking at the end of the program
Top trade-ins
Top sellers
Ranking
Vehicle
Ranking
Vehicle
Ranking
Vehicle
CombinedCity/Hwymileage(mpg)
Ranking
Vehicle
CombinedCity/Hwymileage(mpg)
1
Ford Explorer 4WD
6
Jeep Cherokee 4WD
1
Toyota Corolla
25-30
6
Nissan Versa
N/A
2
Ford F-150 pickup 2WD
7
Chevrolet Blazer 4WD
2
Honda Civic
24-42
7
Toyota Prius
46
3
Jeep Grand Cherokee 4WD
8
Chevrolet C 1500 pickup 2WD
3
Toyota Camry
23-34
8
Honda Accord
N/A
4
Ford Explorer 2WD
9
Ford F-150 pickup 4WD
4
Ford Focus
27-28
9
Honda Fit
29-31
5
Dodge Caravan/Grand Caravan
10
Ford Windstar minivan
5
Hyundai Elantra
26-28
10
Ford Escape FWD
20-32
Sources: Final ranking by the U.S. Department of Transportation reported on August 26, 2009. Fuel economy by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
The following table tabulates top replacements under the CARS program based on information submitted for rebates. Each vehicle model combines all drivetrains, hybrids and year models, which was tabulated separately in the U.S. Department of Transportation ranking.
Top 10 replacements ranking According to data submitted to CARS, as of September 9, 2009(aggregating different versions and year models of the same vehicle together)
Ranking
Vehicle
Ranking
Vehicle
1
Toyota Corolla
6
Chevrolet Silverado pickup
2
Honda Civic
7
Nissan Versa
3
Toyota Camry
8
Ford F-150 pickup
4
Ford Focus
9
Honda Accord
5
Hyundai Elantra
10
Nissan Altima
Source: CARS New Model Vehicles, Sept. 9, 2009, As submitted, not necessarily reviewed or approved
Impact
Millions of dollars on car sales per month. The red line averages the sales for the month of the clunkers program and the month after.
Economic effects
The Economists' Voice reported in 2009 that for each vehicle trade, the program had a net cost of approximately $2,000, with total costs outweighing all benefits by $1.4 billion. Edmunds reported that Cash for Clunkers cost US taxpayers $24,000 per vehicle sold, that nearly 690,000 vehicles were sold, and that only 125,000 of vehicle sales were incremental. Edmunds CEO concluded that without Cash for Clunkers, auto sales would have been even better.
A 2012 study published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics found that the Cash for Clunkers program "induced the purchase of an additional 370,000 cars in July and August 2009" but also found "strong evidence of reversal" (counties with higher participation in the program had fewer car sales in the ten months following the end of the program, offsetting most of the initial gains). The researchers found "no evidence of an effect on employment, house prices, or household default rates in cities with higher exposure to the program."
Conversely, a separate 2012 study published in Economics Bulletin had different findings. Using a reduced form demand model, the study authors concluded that the Cash for Clunkers program increased light vehicle sales in July and August 2009 by between 450,000 and 710,000 vehicles, and rejected "a 'Cash for Clunkers' associated decline in automobile sales in the months immediately following the termination of the program."
A 2013 study in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management concluded that of the 680,000 transactions that took place under Cash for Clunkers, the program increased new vehicle sales by about 370,000 in July and August 2008, "implying that approximately 45 percent of the spending went to consumers who would have purchased a new vehicle anyway," and that "Our results cannot reject the hypothesis that there is little or no gain in sales beyond 2009." A 2020 study found that the program "caused roughly 500,000 purchases during the program period."
A 2013 Brookings Institution study found that the Cash for Clunkers program resulted in a modest short-run stimulus effect (specifically, an increase in vehicle production, GDP, and job creation), but that "the implied cost per job created was much higher than alternative fiscal stimulus policies" and "these small stimulus effects do not account for the depletion of the capital stock that resulted from the destruction of used vehicles." The study authors noted that "consumers who participated in the CARS program did not decrease other measures of consumption to do so."
A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal found that the program, intended to increase consumer spending, reduced total new vehicle spending by $5 billion. The researchers found that because tax incentives could only be used on fuel-efficient vehicles, and because fuel-efficient vehicles tended to be less expensive than other vehicles, the program shifted purchases to less expensive cars and reduced overall consumer spending.
Environmental effects
A 2009 study by researchers at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute evaluated the effects of the program on the average fuel economy considering a baseline without the existence of the program, since there was already a trend for buying vehicles with higher fuel economy due to the high gasoline prices of 2007 and 2008, and the economic crisis of 2008. The study found that the program improved the average fuel economy of all vehicles purchased by 0.6 mpg in July 2009 and by 0.7 mpg in August 2009.
A 2010 study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters reported on the findings of a life-cycle assessment study of the CARS program. The researchers found that CARS prevented 4.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, representing an estimated 0.4% of the annual U.S. emissions from light-duty vehicles.
A 2013 study published in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management concluded that the program reduced carbon emissions by between 9 million tons and 28.2 million tons, "implying a cost per ton ranging from $92 to $288 even after accounting for reduced criteria pollutants."
A 2013 Brookings Institution study found that "the CARS program led to a slight improvement in fuel economy and some reduction in carbon emissions. The cost per ton of carbon dioxide reduced from the program suggests that the program was not a cost-effective way to reduce emissions, although was more cost-effective than some other environmental policies, such as the tax subsidy for electric vehicles or the tax credit for ethanol."
A 2011 report by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy noted that while vehicles purchased under the CARS program led to modest fuel economy gains—the average participant in the program purchased a vehicle with a fuel economy "2.4 miles per gallon (mpg) higher than the market as a whole and 2.9 mpg higher than they would have otherwise purchased"—Congress has missed an opportunity to push for further fuel-economy gains. ACEEE wrote that "by setting more demanding eligibility requirements for the vehicles purchased, lawmakers could have increased the fuel economy benefits of the program while preserving its stimulative effect on the economy."
Vehicle safety effects
A spokesman for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration pointed out the newer cars purchased under the program were "considerably safer" than the older cars they replaced. Consumer Reports noted that the program prompted consumers to replace older cars without electronic stability control, side curtain airbags, and tire pressure monitoring systems with more modern cars that included these safety features.
Charities and scrap value
Charitable organizations bemoaned the program, noting the lack of repairable cars for charity purposes, and a source of revenue to fund programs. A collection of charities, under the umbrella of Pete Palmer's Vehicle Donation Processing Center, reported a 7.5% decline in car donations in the month the Car Allowance Rebate System debuted.
Part of the Car Allowance Rebate System bill made buyers eligible for the scrap value of the car along with the rebate, with the dealers taking in $50 of the value and to share the rest of the value to the buyer. While some dealers and Car Dealer Associations have argued that buyers were not entitled to the scrap value of the car, advocacy groups and states' Attorneys General argued that the law made it clear that buyers were entitled to the scrap value of the car. Some dealers have claimed that they did pass on the scrap value of the car to buyers.
Exotic cars under the program
Jalopnik reviewed the lists published by the NHTSA and found numerous cars crushed under the program that had book values far exceeding the rebates offered by the government. Among some of the cars whose book value was worth more than government rebates included models ranging from the GMC Typhoon to the Bentley Continental R. However, a further review noted that many cars that were thought of as being crushed under the program were improperly recorded and/or swapped for other car models or trims. Some exotic/collectible vehicles were scrapped under the program included a Maserati Biturbo with 18,140 miles, a GMC Syclone, which was removed from scrappage in the program by a group of car enthusiasts a GMC Typhoon, an Isuzu Vehicross, a La Forza SUV, a TVR 280i, and various Ford Mustang, Ford Taurus SHO, Chevrolet Camaro, and Chevrolet Corvette models, among other cars.
Ending the program
On August 20, 2009, Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood announced that the program would end at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Monday, August 24. After the announcement, several dealers decided to stop participating in the program after Saturday, August 22, due to the difficulties in processing their reimbursements through the government web site where the paperwork must be filed.
Secretary Ray LaHood also commented that "it been a thrill to be part of the best economic news story in America", in a news conference regarding the announcement on August 20. As of early August 25, the DoT reported 665,000 dealer transactions corresponding to $2.77 billion in rebates.
In October 2011, former Obama administration economic advisor Austan Goolsbee stated that "the administration misjudged how quickly the country could recover from the economic damage of the 2008 economic collapse" and now knowing that it has "proved a longer, tougher ride than we thought at the time", he would not have created this short-run program to stimulate the economy, but "he supports the overall stimulus program, which he claims warded off a depression."
At the end of the program, decade old data was retrieved from the cars.gov website with which vehicles were destroyed. The data had vehicle year, make with model, and car frequency counts showing the various vehicles scrapped as cars and trucks meeting the guidelines. Out of the 677,081 vehicles that were destroyed, there were several domestic models that ranked in the top 10. The following table provides the actual rankings of vehicles that were claimed for destruction in the program:
Top 10 Car Allowance Rebate System (Cars For Clunkers)
Rank
Year Range
Vehicles
Number
1
1995-2003
Ford Explorer/Mercury Mountaineer
46,676
2
1996-2000
Chrysler/Dodge/Plymouth minivans
23,998
3
1993-1998
Jeep Grand Cherokee
20,844
4
1992-1997
Ford F-150
20,222
5
1984-2001
Jeep Cherokee
18,329
6
1988-2002
GM C/K pickup
17,202
7
1995-2005
Chevrolet Blazer
15,668
8
1999-2003
Ford Windstar
12,157
9
1991-1994
Ford Explorer
11,612
10
1994-2001
Dodge Ram 1500
8,103
See also
Parable of the broken window
Scrappage program
Transport and the environment
Portals: United States Politics Economics Cars
References
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^ "Toyota Corolla still Cash for Clunkers top seller". Yahoo Finance. Associated Press. August 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2008.
^ Cheap Cars in USA. Trending Car Models of 2023.Carsooze Editor Moiz Ahad Saggu. JUne 19, 2023
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External links
"Official CARS webpage (archived)". Archived from the original on 26 December 2009. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
Gayer, Ted; Parker, Emily (October 31, 2013). "The Car Allowance Rebate System: Evaluation and Lessons for the Future (policy brief)" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2013. Retrieved March 3, 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cars (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US-CarAllowanceRebateSystem-Logo.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:09_Toyota_Corolla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toyota Corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla"},{"link_name":"U.S. DoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoTfinal-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1999-01_Ford_Explorer_Eddie_Bauer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ford Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Explorer"},{"link_name":"4WD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"U.S. DoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoTfinal-1"},{"link_name":"billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000000000_(number)"},{"link_name":"U.S. federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"scrappage program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrappage_program"},{"link_name":"2007–2008 financial crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"Great Recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Recession"},{"link_name":"2008–2010 automotive industry crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%932010_automotive_industry_crisis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0820-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN0820-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0801-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP0801-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suspended-8"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0801-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP0801-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC0806-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0807-10"}],"text":"\"C.A.R.S.\" redirects here. For other uses, see cars (disambiguation).Program logoThe Toyota Corolla was the program's top seller according to U.S. DoT[1]The Ford Explorer 4WD was the program's top trade-in according to the U.S. DoT[1]The Car Allowance Rebate System (CARS), colloquially known as \"cash for clunkers\", was a $3 billion U.S. federal scrappage program intended to provide economic incentives to U.S. residents to purchase a new, more fuel-efficient vehicle when trading in a less fuel-efficient vehicle. The program was promoted as a post-recession stimulus program to boost auto sales (which had declined due to the effects of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, leading to the Great Recession and 2008–2010 automotive industry crisis) while putting more fuel-efficient vehicles on the roadways.The program officially started on July 1, 2009, the processing of claims began July 24,[2] and the program ended on August 24, 2009, as the appropriated funds were exhausted, having scrapped 677,081 vehicles.[3][4] The deadline for dealers to submit applications was August 25.[5] According to estimates of the Department of Transportation, the initial $1 billion appropriated for the system was exhausted by July 30, 2009, well before the anticipated end date of November 1, 2009, due to very high demand.[6][7][8] In response, Congress approved an additional $2 billion.[6][7][9][10]","title":"Car Allowance Rebate System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan Blinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Blinder"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"economic inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Jack Hidary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hidary"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Betty Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Debbie Stabenow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Sam Brownback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Brownback"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"Dianne Feinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Susan Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Collins"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cashforclunkersnews.com-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cashforclunkersnews.com-14"},{"link_name":"Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplemental_Appropriations_Act,_2009"},{"link_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0801-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP0801-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suspended-8"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC0806-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0801-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP0801-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNBC-17"},{"link_name":"amendments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendments"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC0806-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0807-10"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0820-3"}],"text":"Economist Alan Blinder helped popularize the idea of a scrappage program and the moniker \"cash for clunkers\" with his July 2008 op-ed piece in The New York Times. Blinder argued that a cash-for-clunkers program would have a tripartite purpose of helping the environment, stimulating the economy, and reducing economic inequality.[11]Jack Hidary of Smart Transportation and Bracken Hendricks of the Center for American Progress co-wrote a paper that was distributed to congressional offices in November 2008 describing the multiple benefits of a cash-for-clunkers program.[12]The House approved creating a cash-for-clunkers program with the 298 to 119 passage of the CARS Act (\"Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act\", H.R. 1550). The House bill, sponsored by Rep. Betty Sutton (D-Ohio), allowed consumers to trade-in vehicles with a combined fuel economy of 18 or less for new, more efficient vehicles.[13] In the Senate, Debbie Stabenow (D-Michigan), and Sam Brownback (R-Kansas) sponsored a bill very similar to the House's.An alternative bill proposed by Dianne Feinstein (D-California), Susan Collins (R-Maine), and Chuck Schumer (D-New York) would have had a greater focus on increasing fuel economy. Proponents argued that the alternative bill would lead to 32% more efficiency improvements than the House-Stabenow-Brownback version of the program. The alternative bill would have required that the trade-in vehicle have a fuel economy rating of 17 mpg‑US (14 L/100 km; 20 mpg‑imp) or less and offered a three-tiered voucher system ranging from $2,500 for a new car that is 7 mpg‑US (8.4 mpg‑imp) more efficient than a trade-in to $4,500 for one that is 13 mpg‑US (16 mpg‑imp) more efficient. Mileage improvement requirements would be less for light and heavy-duty trucks. Pre-1999 work trucks would be eligible for the $2,500 voucher regardless of mileage improvements. The alternative bill also gave a $1,000 voucher for the purchase of a more efficient used car; the House bill completely excluded used vehicles.[14]In the Senate, the cash-for-clunkers legislation was inserted into a larger war supplemental funding bill. Dissenting Senators raised a point of order under Rule 28,[15] prohibiting inserting provisions not previously passed by either house into conference reports. The rule was overridden with 60 votes, despite some senators, including Sam Brownback, being uncomfortable with a last-minute change that called for the bill's funding to come from \"deficit spending\" rather than from the stimulus package that was initially agreed upon. The larger funding bill passed by a vote of 91–5 in the Senate.[14]The Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2009 was signed into law with the Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Program (C.A.R.S.) as Title XIII. The program received an initial allocation of $1 billion (out of the $4 billion estimated cost) funded by the U.S. government and the program's length was July 1 – November 1. It was implemented by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which had 30 days from the approval of the bill to post all program details online.[16]In response to the U.S. Department of Transportation's estimate that the $1 billion appropriated for the system was almost exhausted by July 30, 2009, due to very high demand,[6][7][8] Congress approved an additional $2 billion for the program with the explicit support of the Obama administration.[9][17] On July 31, 2009, the House of Representatives approved the extra $2 billion for the program,[6][7][17] and the Senate approved the extension on August 6, defeating all six amendments presented.[9][10] President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 7, and the appropriation was exhausted by August 24, 2009.[3]","title":"Legislative history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lease"},{"link_name":"pickup trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truck"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Vehicle must be less than 25 years old on the trade-in date.\nOnly the purchase or 5-year minimum lease of new vehicles qualify.\nGenerally, trade-in vehicles must get a weighted combined average rating of 18 or fewer miles per gallon (some very large pickup trucks and cargo vans have different requirements).\nTrade-in vehicles must be registered and insured continuously for the full year preceding the trade-in.\nTrade-in vehicles must be in driveable condition.\nThe program requires the scrapping of the eligible trade-in vehicle and that the dealer discloses to the customer an estimate of the scrap value of the trade-in. The scrap value, however minimal, will be in addition to the rebate, and not in place of the rebate.\nThe new car bought under the plan must have a suggested retail price of no more than $45,000, and for passenger automobiles, the new vehicle must have a combined fuel economy value of at least 22 mpg‑US (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg‑imp).[18]","title":"Eligibility criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndGlitch-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Last-minute car ineligibility","text":"According to USA Today, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revised its mileage estimate list just before the start of the Car Allowance Rebate System program.[19]For example, the 1991 Dodge Grand Caravan is listed below as ineligible because the 1991 Dodge Grand Caravan with a 4-cylinder engine has an EPA combined mileage of 19 and is not eligible; however, the V6 3.3 L and 3.8 L engines in these vehicles have EPA combined mileage of 18 and thus are eligible. The changes made some of the following cars with specific engine configurations ineligible:[19]The EPA \"gave no reason its ratings were inaccurate or why some went up\", according to USA Today.[20] Karl Brauer, editor-in-chief of Edmunds.com, said, \"It's unfortunate that consumers who had been researching and planning to trade in their vehicle ... are now left in the dust\".[21] \"Consumers acting in good faith should not be penalized for undisclosed and last-minute changes made by the\ngovernment\", Kevin Smith, Edmunds.com editorial director, said in a statement.[22]The U.S. Department of Transportation ruled that deals involving cash-for-clunkers trade-ins based on old EPA mileage numbers and consummated before July 24 would be honored, but that deals consummated after July 24 on vehicles that became ineligible as clunkers due to mileage rating changes would not be honored.[23]","title":"Eligibility criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Depending on the type of car purchased and \"the difference in fuel economy between the purchased vehicle and the trade-in vehicle\", the amount of the credit given in the form of vouchers to eligible customers is either $3,500 or $4,500.[24] New car dealers will be able to reduce the purchase price by the amount of the voucher for which that the customer is eligible.","title":"Credit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cash_for_Clunkers_a_disabled_turn-in_Toyota_Previa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toyota Previa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Previa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cash_for_Clunkers_-_Death_Row.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cash_for_Clunkers_-_Dodge_Caravan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dodge Caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Caravan"},{"link_name":"motor oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil"},{"link_name":"sodium silicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicate"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-helliker-25"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTGer-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTGer-26"},{"link_name":"Auto recyclers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_recycling"},{"link_name":"dismantlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_yard"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrappers-27"}],"text":"A disabled and marked \"Cash for Clunker\" Toyota Previa trade-in\"Death Row\" of traded in SUVS and trucks under Cash for ClunkersDodge Caravan turned in for Cash for Clunkers (note paper placard on dash)The program outlined a procedure to ensure that vehicles traded-in under \"cash for clunkers\" will not be resold by dealers by destructively disabling the engine (and thus also precluding the possibility that any mechanical engine components might be salvaged to be used in the repair of any other vehicles):The motor oil is drained and replaced with a sodium silicate solution.\nThe engine is started and run until the solution becomes glass-like when heated, causing the engine's internal bearings to abrade and ultimately seize.[25]\nThe salvage or scrap facility that acquires the vehicle cannot sell the engine, cylinder heads, or a \"rolling chassis\" from the scrap vehicle. The salvage or scrap facility can sell any other component (including the transmission and axles) from the scrap vehicle separately and may dismantle and warehouse the parts.\nThe \"hull\" of the vehicle must be crushed within 180 days. Cut off or unbolted front-end assemblies may be saved and sold later, as well as the \"top and back\" of pickup cabs.The outlined procedure described running the engine at 2,000 RPM \"should disable the engine within a few minutes\"; if not, then the engine should be allowed to cool off before repeating the procedure. Hazards associated with the intentional overheating and destruction of the engine include rupturing the radiator and hot water/steam, motor oil ejection, toxic fumes, and fire.By completely disabling the engine, the CARS program avoided recycling schemes such as encountered in Germany, where authorities found that an estimated 50,000 scrapped vehicles were exported to Africa and Eastern Europe, where newer, safer cars of the type being destroyed in the West are prohibitively expensive.[26] In contrast with the U.S. program, the German program only required dealers to drop off the scrapped vehicles at junkyards, thus allowing the illegal exports.[26]Auto recyclers and dismantlers criticized the U.S. program due to the requirement that the engine be disabled to prevent re-use of the car. To auto recyclers, a car's engine is considered the most valuable part of a junked car. Some recyclers refused to participate in the program, as well, due to the limited profit potential of junking a vehicle brought in under CARS.[27]","title":"Engine disablement and scrappage criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Vehicle Identification Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_identification_number"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"CARFAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfax_(company)"},{"link_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"After Hurricane Katrina, vehicles that were declared total losses in one state were transferred to other states and resold to unsuspecting consumers with clean titles, a process known as title washing.[28][29] The federal government used a few strategies to avoid a similar situation occurring with vehicles from the CARS program, where “clunkers” would be illegally retitled and resold to consumers.One involved the National Motor Vehicle Title Information System (NMVTIS), a federal program originally set up in 1992 to help deter vehicle theft.[30] The CARS program required recyclers to report the Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) and the status of “clunker” to the NMVTIS.[31] The searchable database would then provide that information to consumers, for a fee.[32]The federal government also partnered with providers of VIN-based vehicle history reports, such as CARFAX. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) submitted the VINs from the 700,000+ “clunkers” to CARFAX and other vehicle history providers.[33][34] NHTSA and CARFAX also used the information to create a free “clunker check service,” which allowed a user to submit a VIN and determine immediately if it had been reported as a salvage vehicle.[35]","title":"Tracking VINs to avoid fraud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"became overloaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack#Unintentional_denial-of-service"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2ndGlitch-20"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2b-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"Candice Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Miller"},{"link_name":"National Auto Dealers Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Auto_Dealers_Association"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suspended-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0801-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP0801-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-suspended-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0801-6"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2b-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Labor Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_Day"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0807-10"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0803-40"},{"link_name":"Susan M. Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_M._Collins"},{"link_name":"Detroit's Big Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0803-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"fuel efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTstats-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Economist0408-43"},{"link_name":"downsizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downsize_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0803-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTstats-42"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Car_Allowance_Rebate_System&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Ford Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Explorer"},{"link_name":"4WD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Automotive-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTRank-45"},{"link_name":"Ford Focus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Focus_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTstats-42"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTRank-45"},{"link_name":"Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmunds.com"},{"link_name":"Ford Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape"},{"link_name":"crossover SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossover_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNNRank2-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdmundsRank-47"},{"link_name":"Toyota Corolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla"},{"link_name":"Honda Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic"},{"link_name":"Ford Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Explorer"},{"link_name":"4WD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-YahooRank-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BS-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RankingAug21-50"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoTfinal-1"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0827-51"}],"text":"Auto Observer said there was one major technological glitch in the program. \"Government officials said the public site for customers and the site for dealer sign-ups were on the same server, which became overloaded. The site was taken down [the night of July 24, 2009] while the two functions supposedly were separated and put on two different servers\", Auto Observer reported.[20] Dealers also had difficulty getting paperwork processed. Given the uncertainty of being paid, dealers decided to wait on destroying the old cars.[36]By July 29, $150 million of the $1 billion had already gone to new purchases. Dealers have had a higher volume of potential customers, partly because of other incentives offered by the manufacturers and the sellers.[37] Some dealers believed the increase was only temporary. However, many people who visited car dealers found out their cars were not eligible and bought cars anyway. The majority of people who were able to participate were buying new vehicles, anyway, and their trade-in value rose significantly.[38]The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration reported 23,000 participating dealers. Stabenow said 40,000 cars had been sold and another 200,000 sales had yet to be completed. Sutton chief of staff Nichole Francis Reynolds said, \"The program has spent $150 million and has another $800 million to $850 million in (pending) obligations. ... This is one of those programs you can really see working\". Rep. Candice Miller (R-Mich.) said, \"It has exceeded everyone's expectations\". Miller and Sutton wanted to spend a total of $4 billion on the program. Bailey Wood, legislative director of the National Auto Dealers Association, said, \"Obviously the program has been an immense success in stimulating automotive sales\".[8]By July 30, 2009, due to very high demand, the $1 billion appropriated for the system was exhausted, well before the anticipated end date of November 1, 2009.[6][7][8] The House of Representatives appropriated another $2 billion to the program on July 31,[6][36] with the Senate adding its approval a week later.[39] President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 7, and government officials expected that the additional funds will be exhausted by Labor Day.[10]On August 3, the DoT reported from a sample of 120,000 rebate applications already processed, that \"the average gas mileage of cars being bought was 28.3 miles per gallon, for SUVs 21.9 miles per gallon, and for trucks, 16.3 miles per gallon, all significantly higher than required to get a rebate\".[40] Senator Susan M. Collins said that \"vehicles being purchased under the program would go an average of 9.6 more miles per gallon than those being turned in, which she said was a 61 percent improvement\".The DoT also reported that \"Ford, G.M. and Chrysler supplied 47 percent of the new vehicles, slightly more than their overall share of the market, which is 45 percent\". Detroit's Big Three automakers said the demand peak that occurred in the final week of July left their inventories of unsold vehicles at the lowest levels in many years, but such windfall could hurt sales of some popular models in August.[40] Ford sales went up in the United States for the first time since 2007, while GM and Chrysler at least improved by slowing their decline.[41]After the first week of the program, the Department of Transportation reported that the average fuel efficiency of trade-ins was 15.8 mpg‑US (14.9 L/100 km; 19.0 mpg‑imp), compared to 25.4 mpg‑US (9.3 L/100 km; 30.5 mpg‑imp) for the new cars purchased to replace them, translating to a 61% fuel efficiency improvement.[42][43] The DoT also commented that the program participants were downsizing, rather than making one-for-one replacements, and turning in their old trucks and SUVs for new small sedans,[40] as 83% of the trade-ins were trucks, and 60% of new purchases were cars.[42] As of 3 August 2009[update], the top trade-in was the Ford Explorer 4WD[44][45] and the top selling car was the Ford Focus.[42][45] However, according to an analysis carried out by Edmunds based on a sample of transactions between July 24 to July 31 (the first week of the program), the Ford Escape crossover SUV was the actual best seller while the Ford Focus ranked in second place, when the tallying is done grouping different versions of the same vehicle together.[46][47] As of August 21, the Department of Transportation reported that the downsizing trend continued, with the Toyota Corolla ranking as the top seller after four weeks of the program, followed by the Honda Civic, and the Ford Focus, and the Ford Explorer 4WD continued as the top trade-in.[48][49][50]According to USDoT, at the end of the program Toyota accounted for 19.4% of sales, followed by General Motors with 17.6%, Ford with 14.4%, Honda with 13.0%, and Nissan with 8.7%.[1][51]The following table tabulates top replacements under the CARS program based on information submitted for rebates. Each vehicle model combines all drivetrains, hybrids and year models, which was tabulated separately in the U.S. Department of Transportation ranking.","title":"Program participation and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cash-for-clunckers-chart.png"}],"text":"Millions of dollars on car sales per month. The red line averages the sales for the month of the clunkers program and the month after.","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Economists' Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economists%27_Voice"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be_press-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freep-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Quarterly Journal of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mian-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mian-58"},{"link_name":"Economics Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"reduced form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_form"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Economics_and_Management"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrookingsInstitution-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrookingsInstitution-62"},{"link_name":"consumer spending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_spending"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Economic effects","text":"The Economists' Voice reported in 2009 that for each vehicle trade, the program had a net cost of approximately $2,000, with total costs outweighing all benefits by $1.4 billion.[55][56] Edmunds reported that Cash for Clunkers cost US taxpayers $24,000 per vehicle sold, that nearly 690,000 vehicles were sold, and that only 125,000 of vehicle sales were incremental. Edmunds CEO concluded that without Cash for Clunkers, auto sales would have been even better.[57]A 2012 study published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics found that the Cash for Clunkers program \"induced the purchase of an additional 370,000 cars in July and August 2009\" but also found \"strong evidence of reversal\" (counties with higher participation in the program had fewer car sales in the ten months following the end of the program, offsetting most of the initial gains).[58] The researchers found \"no evidence of an effect on employment, house prices, or household default rates in cities with higher exposure to the program.\"[58]Conversely, a separate 2012 study published in Economics Bulletin had different findings. Using a reduced form demand model, the study authors concluded that the Cash for Clunkers program increased light vehicle sales in July and August 2009 by between 450,000 and 710,000 vehicles, and rejected \"a 'Cash for Clunkers' associated decline in automobile sales in the months immediately following the termination of the program.\"[59]A 2013 study in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management concluded that of the 680,000 transactions that took place under Cash for Clunkers, the program increased new vehicle sales by about 370,000 in July and August 2008, \"implying that approximately 45 percent of the spending went to consumers who would have purchased a new vehicle anyway,\" and that \"Our results cannot reject the hypothesis that there is little or no gain in sales beyond 2009.\"[60] A 2020 study found that the program \"caused roughly 500,000 purchases during the program period.\"[61]A 2013 Brookings Institution study found that the Cash for Clunkers program resulted in a modest short-run stimulus effect (specifically, an increase in vehicle production, GDP, and job creation), but that \"the implied cost per job created was much higher than alternative fiscal stimulus policies\" and \"these small stimulus effects do not account for the depletion of the capital stock that resulted from the destruction of used vehicles.\"[62] The study authors noted that \"consumers who participated in the CARS program did not decrease other measures of consumption to do so.\"[62]A 2017 study in the American Economic Journal found that the program, intended to increase consumer spending, reduced total new vehicle spending by $5 billion. The researchers found that because tax incentives could only be used on fuel-efficient vehicles, and because fuel-efficient vehicles tended to be less expensive than other vehicles, the program shifted purchases to less expensive cars and reduced overall consumer spending.[63]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"fuel economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles"},{"link_name":"high gasoline prices of 2007 and 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Oil_Crisis"},{"link_name":"economic crisis of 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UoM-64"},{"link_name":"Environmental Research Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Research_Letters"},{"link_name":"life-cycle assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Economics_and_Management"},{"link_name":"carbon emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_emissions"},{"link_name":"criteria pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criteria_air_pollutants"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Li-60"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"tax subsidy for electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_incentives_for_plug-in_electric_vehicles"},{"link_name":"tax credit for ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrookingsInstitution-62"},{"link_name":"American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Council_for_an_Energy-Efficient_Economy"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Foster-66"}],"sub_title":"Environmental effects","text":"A 2009 study by researchers at the University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute evaluated the effects of the program on the average fuel economy considering a baseline without the existence of the program, since there was already a trend for buying vehicles with higher fuel economy due to the high gasoline prices of 2007 and 2008, and the economic crisis of 2008. The study found that the program improved the average fuel economy of all vehicles purchased by 0.6 mpg in July 2009 and by 0.7 mpg in August 2009.[64]A 2010 study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters reported on the findings of a life-cycle assessment study of the CARS program. The researchers found that CARS prevented 4.4 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions, representing an estimated 0.4% of the annual U.S. emissions from light-duty vehicles.[65]A 2013 study published in the Journal of Environmental Economics and Management concluded that the program reduced carbon emissions by between 9 million tons and 28.2 million tons, \"implying a cost per ton ranging from $92 to $288 even after accounting for reduced criteria pollutants.\"[60]A 2013 Brookings Institution study found that \"the CARS program led to a slight improvement in fuel economy and some reduction in carbon emissions. The cost per ton of carbon dioxide reduced from the program suggests that the program was not a cost-effective way to reduce emissions, although was more cost-effective than some other environmental policies, such as the tax subsidy for electric vehicles or the tax credit for ethanol.\"[62]A 2011 report by the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy noted that while vehicles purchased under the CARS program led to modest fuel economy gains—the average participant in the program purchased a vehicle with a fuel economy \"2.4 miles per gallon (mpg) higher than the market as a whole and 2.9 mpg higher than they would have otherwise purchased\"—Congress has missed an opportunity to push for further fuel-economy gains.[66] ACEEE wrote that \"by setting more demanding eligibility requirements for the vehicles purchased, lawmakers could have increased the fuel economy benefits of the program while preserving its stimulative effect on the economy.\"[66]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Consumer Reports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Reports"},{"link_name":"electronic stability control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_stability_control"},{"link_name":"side curtain airbags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_curtain_airbag"},{"link_name":"tire pressure monitoring systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_pressure_monitoring_systems"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Vehicle safety effects","text":"A spokesman for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration pointed out the newer cars purchased under the program were \"considerably safer\" than the older cars they replaced.[67] Consumer Reports noted that the program prompted consumers to replace older cars without electronic stability control, side curtain airbags, and tire pressure monitoring systems with more modern cars that included these safety features.[68][69]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charitable organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Pete Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_%22Pete%22_Palmer,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Charities and scrap value","text":"Charitable organizations bemoaned the program, noting the lack of repairable cars for charity purposes, and a source of revenue to fund programs.[70] A collection of charities, under the umbrella of Pete Palmer's Vehicle Donation Processing Center, reported a 7.5% decline in car donations in the month the Car Allowance Rebate System debuted.[71]Part of the Car Allowance Rebate System bill made buyers eligible for the scrap value of the car along with the rebate, with the dealers taking in $50 of the value and to share the rest of the value to the buyer. While some dealers and Car Dealer Associations have argued that buyers were not entitled to the scrap value of the car, advocacy groups and states' Attorneys General argued that the law made it clear that buyers were entitled to the scrap value of the car. Some dealers have claimed that they did pass on the scrap value of the car to buyers.[72]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jalopnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalopnik"},{"link_name":"GMC Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"Bentley Continental R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bentley_Continental_R"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JalopnikExoticClunkers1-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JalopnikExoticClunkers2-74"},{"link_name":"Maserati Biturbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maserati_Biturbo"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"GMC Syclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Syclone"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmcpedia.org-77"},{"link_name":"GMC Typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Typhoon"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gmcpedia.org-77"},{"link_name":"Isuzu Vehicross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzu_Vehicross"},{"link_name":"La Forza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Forza"},{"link_name":"SUV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUV"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JalopnikExoticClunkers2-74"},{"link_name":"TVR 280i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVR_280i"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JalopnikExoticClunkers2-74"},{"link_name":"Ford Mustang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Mustang"},{"link_name":"Ford Taurus SHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Taurus_SHO"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Camaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Camaro"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet Corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Exotic cars under the program","text":"Jalopnik reviewed the lists published by the NHTSA and found numerous cars crushed under the program that had book values far exceeding the rebates offered by the government. Among some of the cars whose book value was worth more than government rebates included models ranging from the GMC Typhoon to the Bentley Continental R.[73] However, a further review noted that many cars that were thought of as being crushed under the program were improperly recorded and/or swapped for other car models or trims.[74] Some exotic/collectible vehicles were scrapped under the program included a Maserati Biturbo with 18,140 miles,[75] a GMC Syclone,[76] which was removed from scrappage in the program by a group of car enthusiasts [77] a GMC Typhoon,[77] an Isuzu Vehicross, a La Forza SUV,[74] a TVR 280i,[74] and various Ford Mustang, Ford Taurus SHO, Chevrolet Camaro, and Chevrolet Corvette models, among other cars.[78]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Ray LaHood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_LaHood"},{"link_name":"Eastern Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT0820-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN0820-4"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoT0820-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP0825-81"},{"link_name":"Obama administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obama_administration"},{"link_name":"Austan Goolsbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"text":"On August 20, 2009, Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood announced that the program would end at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on Monday, August 24.[3][4] After the announcement, several dealers decided to stop participating in the program after Saturday, August 22, due to the difficulties in processing their reimbursements through the government web site where the paperwork must be filed.[79]Secretary Ray LaHood also commented that \"it [had] been a thrill to be part of the best economic news story in America\", in a news conference regarding the announcement on August 20.[80] As of early August 25, the DoT reported 665,000 dealer transactions corresponding to $2.77 billion in rebates.[81]In October 2011, former Obama administration economic advisor Austan Goolsbee stated that \"the administration misjudged how quickly the country could recover from the economic damage of the 2008 economic collapse\" and now knowing that it has \"proved a longer, tougher ride than we thought at the time\", he would not have created this short-run program to stimulate the economy, but \"he supports the overall stimulus program, which he claims warded off a depression.\"[82]At the end of the program, decade old data was retrieved from the cars.gov website with which vehicles were destroyed. The data had vehicle year, make with model, and car frequency counts showing the various vehicles scrapped as cars and trucks meeting the guidelines. Out of the 677,081 vehicles that were destroyed, there were several domestic models that ranked in the top 10. The following table provides the actual rankings of vehicles that were claimed for destruction in the program:[83]","title":"Ending the program"}] | [{"image_text":"Program logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/US-CarAllowanceRebateSystem-Logo.svg/220px-US-CarAllowanceRebateSystem-Logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Toyota Corolla was the program's top seller according to U.S. DoT[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/09_Toyota_Corolla.jpg/220px-09_Toyota_Corolla.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ford Explorer 4WD was the program's top trade-in according to the U.S. DoT[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1999-01_Ford_Explorer_Eddie_Bauer.jpg/220px-1999-01_Ford_Explorer_Eddie_Bauer.jpg"},{"image_text":"A disabled and marked \"Cash for Clunker\" Toyota Previa trade-in","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cash_for_Clunkers_a_disabled_turn-in_Toyota_Previa.jpg/220px-Cash_for_Clunkers_a_disabled_turn-in_Toyota_Previa.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Death Row\" of traded in SUVS and trucks under Cash for Clunkers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cash_for_Clunkers_-_Death_Row.JPG/220px-Cash_for_Clunkers_-_Death_Row.JPG"},{"image_text":"Dodge Caravan turned in for Cash for Clunkers (note paper placard on dash)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cash_for_Clunkers_-_Dodge_Caravan.JPG/220px-Cash_for_Clunkers_-_Dodge_Caravan.JPG"},{"image_text":"Millions of dollars on car sales per month. The red line averages the sales for the month of the clunkers program and the month after.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cash-for-clunckers-chart.png/400px-Cash-for-clunckers-chart.png"}] | [{"title":"Parable of the broken window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window"},{"title":"Scrappage program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrappage_program"},{"title":"Transport and the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_and_the_environment"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg"},{"title":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Economics"},{"title":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cars"}] | [{"reference":"\"Cash for Clunkers Wraps up with Nearly 700,000 car sales and increased fuel efficiency, U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood declares program \"wildly successful\"\" (PDF) (Press release). U.S. Department of Transportation. August 26, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091007021106/http://www.cars.gov/files/08.26%20Press%20Release.pdf","url_text":"\"Cash for Clunkers Wraps up with Nearly 700,000 car sales and increased fuel efficiency, U.S. Transportation Secretary LaHood declares program \"wildly successful\"\""},{"url":"http://www.cars.gov/files/08.26%20Press%20Release.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Car Allowance Rebate System: What is the Car Allowance Rebate System?\". U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091226080857/http://www.cars.gov/","url_text":"\"Car Allowance Rebate System: What is the Car Allowance Rebate System?\""},{"url":"http://www.cars.gov/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bunkley, Nick (August 20, 2009). \"Government Will End Clunker Program Early\". The New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/business/21clunkers.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=cash%20for%20clunkers&st=cse","url_text":"\"Government Will End Clunker Program Early\""}]},{"reference":"Valdes, Peter (August 20, 2009). \"Cash for clunkers program to end Monday\". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved August 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2009/08/20/autos/cash_for_clunkers_end/index.htm?postversion=2009082016","url_text":"\"Cash for clunkers program to end Monday\""}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Andrea (August 24, 2009). \"Dealers Get More Time on 'Clunker' Rebates\". The New York Times. 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Retrieved June 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/27/business/27view.html?ex=1374811200&en=a19470300b516a2f&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink","url_text":"\"A Modest Proposal: Eco-Friendly Stimulus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cash for Clunkers\". Americanprogressaction.org. November 20, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americanprogressaction.org/issues/2008/cash_for_clunkers.html","url_text":"\"Cash for Clunkers\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R.2751: Consumer Assistance to Recycle and Save Act - U.S. Congress - Library of Congress\". Library of Congress. March 17, 2009. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. 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Cash for Clunkers, Household Liquidity, and Aggregate Demand\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fpol.20170122","external_links_name":"10.1257/pol.20170122"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F135267","external_links_name":"1721.1/135267"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7731","external_links_name":"1945-7731"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22514147","external_links_name":"22514147"},{"Link":"https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/cash_for_clunkers_evaluation_paper_gayer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cash for Clunkers: An Evaluation of the Car Allowance Rebate System\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fapp.20150172","external_links_name":"\"Cash for Corollas: When Stimulus Reduces Spending\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fapp.20150172","external_links_name":"10.1257/app.20150172"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F199360","external_links_name":"1969.1/199360"},{"Link":"http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64025/1/102323.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Effect of the \"Cash for Clunkers\" Program on the Overall Fuel Economy of Purchased New Vehicles Report No. UMTRI-2009-34\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F5%2F4%2F044003","external_links_name":"\"The impact of 'Cash for Clunkers' on greenhouse gas emissions: a life cycle perspective\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ERL.....5d4003L","external_links_name":"2010ERL.....5d4003L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F5%2F4%2F044003","external_links_name":"10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044003"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F85437","external_links_name":"2027.42/85437"},{"Link":"https://aceee.org/research-report/t112","external_links_name":"Research Report T112: Cash for Clunkers: A Missed Opportunity for Fuel Economy Gains"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142456/https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090804/ap_on_re_us/us_cash_for_clunkers_pollution","external_links_name":"\"'Cash for clunkers' effect on pollution? 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Cars that might have been donated for tax breaks instead turned in to dealerships\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/01/02/seeking_more_cash_for_their_clunkers/?page=full","external_links_name":"\"Seeking more cash for their clunkers\""},{"Link":"https://jalopnik.com/5365954/ten-most-exotic-cars-destroyed-by-cash-for-clunkers/gallery/","external_links_name":"\"Ten Most Exotic Cars Destroyed By Cash For Clunkers\""},{"Link":"https://jalopnik.com/exclusive-jalopnik-audit-of-clunked-exotics-finds-initi-5454090","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive Jalopnik Audit Of Clunked Exotics Finds Initial News Reports False\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquisitr.com/33524/colorado-man-turns-in-a-maserati-biturbo-for-the-cash-for-clunkers-program/","external_links_name":"\"Colorado man turns in a Maserati BiTurbo for the Cash for Clunkers Program\""},{"Link":"https://jalopnik.com/morons-clunkerize-rare-gmc-syclone-super-truck-5462441","external_links_name":"\"Morons Clunkerize Rare GMC Syclone Super Truck\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084621/http://www.gmcpedia.org/save-a-syclone-from-cash-for-clunkers","external_links_name":"\"Save a Syclone from Cash for Clunkers\""},{"Link":"https://jalopnik.com/make-the-pain-stop-corvette-gets-clunked-5337431","external_links_name":"\"Make The Pain Stop! Corvette Gets Clunked\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/22/us/22dealers.html","external_links_name":"\"Last-Minute ' lunker' Car Traders May Be Too Late\""},{"Link":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0809/26304.html","external_links_name":"\"Secretary LaHood Announces Wind Down to Hugely Popular CARS Program\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130123015823/http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=143930","external_links_name":"\"Dealers hope for payment as Clunkers program ends\""},{"Link":"http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/story.aspx?storyid=143930","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1011/66447.html","external_links_name":"\"Austan Goolsbee flunks 'cash for clunkers'\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedrive.com/news/heres-the-full-list-of-all-677081-cars-killed-in-cash-for-clunkers","external_links_name":"\"We Found the Full List of All 677,081 Cars Killed in Cash for Clunkers\""},{"Link":"http://www.cars.gov/","external_links_name":"\"Official CARS webpage (archived)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091226080857/http://www.cars.gov/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102181942/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/10/cash%20for%20clunkers%20evaluation%20gayer/cash_for_clunkers_evaluation_policy_brief_gayer.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Car Allowance Rebate System: Evaluation and Lessons for the Future (policy brief)\""},{"Link":"http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2013/10/cash%20for%20clunkers%20evaluation%20gayer/cash_for_clunkers_evaluation_policy_brief_gayer.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Armored_Division_(United_States) | 25th Armored Division (United States) | ["1 World War II","2 Composition","3 In popular culture","4 References"] | 25th Armored Division25th Armored Division shoulder sleeve insigniaActiveOperation QuicksilverCountryUSABranchUnited States ArmyTypeArmored divisionRolediversion phantom formationMilitary unit
U.S. Armored Divisions
Previous Next 20th Armored Division (Inactive) 27th Armored Division (Inactive)
The US 25th Armored Division was a 'phantom division' created in 1944 as part of Fortitude South II to replace the real US 5th Armored Division when that unit was deployed to Normandy.
World War II
As depicted to the Germans the division was formed at Pine Camp, New York in 1941, but did not deploy to England until June 1944 when it joined US XXXIII Corps, US 14th Army. The division was initially based around a headquarters at Wincanton, in Somerset, but moved to the vicinity of East Dereham in Norfolk in July 1944.
In the deception invasion plan for the Pas de Calais, it would have formed with the British 58th Infantry Division the second wave of the invasion, landing on the US 17th Infantry Division beachhead.
In the aftermath of Fortitude South II it was depicted as moving to the area around Tidworth Camp in Hampshire during August 1944 where, during September 1944 it was transferred to the command of US XXXVII Corps. The division was disposed of by announcing that it had departed the United Kingdom via Southampton in October 1944 along with the other units of the US XXXVII Corps.
Composition
In addition to the usual divisional support units the 25th Armored Division was composed of:
72nd Tank Battalion
73rd Tank Battalion
74th Tank Battalion
498th Armored Infantry Battalion
499th Armored Infantry Battalion
500th Armored Infantry Battalion
In popular culture
In the 1988 techno-thriller "Sword Point" by Harold Coyle, the 25th Armored Division is the designation given to one of the formations mobilized to counter a Soviet invasion of Iran.
References
Footnotes
^ (Hesketh 1999, p. 244)
^ a b c d e (Holt 2005, p. 905)
^ (Hesketh 1999, p. 418)
^ (Coyle 1988, p. xv)
Bibliography
Coyle, Harold (1988). Sword Point. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-85294-9.
Hesketh, Roger (1999). Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign. St Ermine. ISBN 0-316-85172-8.
Holt, Thaddeus (2005). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. Phoenix. ISBN 0-753-81-917-1.
vteAllied military deception in World War IIDeception planning'A' Force
Dudley Clarke
Victor Jones
London Controlling Section
John Bevan
Dennis Wheatley
Ronald Wingate
Ops (B)
Noel Wild
Roger Fleetwood-Hesketh
List of Ops (B) staff
D Division
Peter Fleming
Soviet military deception
CamouflageMiddle East Cmd Camouflage Directorate
Geoffrey Barkas
Tony Ayrton
Hugh Cott
Peter Proud
Steven Sykes
Ghost Army
Louis Dalton Porter
Ellsworth Kelly
David Slepian
Bill Blass
Art Kane
George Vander Sluis
Other
Ernest Townsend
Jasper Maskelyne
more
Operational unitsR Force
David Strangeways
OtherBeach JumpersDecoys
Paradummy
Starfish site
Double-Cross SystemTwenty CommitteeJohn Cecil MastermanDouble agents
Johnny Jebsen (Artist)
Juan Pujol García (Garbo)
Roman Czerniawski (Brutus)
Roger Grosjean (Fido)
Günther Schütz (Rainbow)
Arthur Owens (Snow)
Gösta Caroli (Summer)
Wulf Schmidt (Tate)
Nathalie Sergueiew (Treasure)
Dušan Popov (Tricycle)
Werner von Janowski (Watchdog)
Eddie Chapman (Zig-Zag)
Josef Jakobs
Mutt and Jeff
Fictional units
Allied
American
British
OperationsBodyguard
Copperhead
D-Day naval deceptions
Ferdinand
Fortitude
Graffham
Ironside
Titanic
Quicksilver
Zeppelin
Other
Accumulator
Barclay
Bertram
Boardman
Cascade
Chettyford
Cockade
Forfar
Hardboiled
Mincemeat
Pastel
Scherhorn
Span
Books
Bodyguard of Lies
British Intelligence in the Second World War (Vol. 5)
The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortitude South II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fortitude"},{"link_name":"US 5th Armored Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Armored_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Overlord"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hesketh1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt-2"}],"text":"Military unitThe US 25th Armored Division was a 'phantom division' created in 1944 as part of Fortitude South II to replace the real US 5th Armored Division when that unit was deployed to Normandy.[1][2]","title":"25th Armored Division (United States)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pine Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Drum"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"US XXXIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXIII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"US 14th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Wincanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincanton"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"East Dereham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereham"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt-2"},{"link_name":"58th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_(2/1st_London)_Division"},{"link_name":"17th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hesketh2-3"},{"link_name":"Tidworth Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidworth_Camp"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"US XXXVII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXXVII_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt-2"}],"text":"As depicted to the Germans the division was formed at Pine Camp, New York in 1941, but did not deploy to England until June 1944 when it joined US XXXIII Corps, US 14th Army. 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The division was disposed of by announcing that it had departed the United Kingdom via Southampton in October 1944 along with the other units of the US XXXVII Corps.[2]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holt-2"}],"text":"In addition to the usual divisional support units the 25th Armored Division was composed of:[2]72nd Tank Battalion\n73rd Tank Battalion\n74th Tank Battalion\n498th Armored Infantry Battalion\n499th Armored Infantry Battalion\n500th Armored Infantry Battalion","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"techno-thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-thriller"},{"link_name":"Harold Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coyle-4"}],"text":"In the 1988 techno-thriller \"Sword Point\" by Harold Coyle, the 25th Armored Division is the designation given to one of the formations mobilized to counter a Soviet invasion of Iran.[4]","title":"In popular culture"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Coyle, Harold (1988). Sword Point. Pocket Books. ISBN 0-671-85294-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-85294-9","url_text":"0-671-85294-9"}]},{"reference":"Hesketh, Roger (1999). Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign. St Ermine. ISBN 0-316-85172-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fleetwood-Hesketh","url_text":"Hesketh, Roger"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-85172-8","url_text":"0-316-85172-8"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Thaddeus (2005). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. Phoenix. ISBN 0-753-81-917-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-753-81-917-1","url_text":"0-753-81-917-1"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Valdivielso | José Valdivielso | ["1 Sources"] | Cuban baseball player (born 1934)
For the Argentine football (soccer) player, see José Valdivieso.
Baseball player
José ValdivielsoShortstopBorn: (1934-05-22) May 22, 1934 (age 90)Matanzas, CubaBatted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJune 21, 1955, for the Washington SenatorsLast MLB appearanceSeptember 30, 1961, for the Minnesota TwinsMLB statisticsBatting average.219Home runs9Runs batted in85
Teams
Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins (1955–1956, 1959–1961)
José Martinez de Valdivielso (born José Martinez de Valdivielso López, May 22, 1934) is a Cuban-born former professional baseball player. A shortstop, he appeared in 401 games over all or part of five seasons in Major League Baseball, between 1955 and 1961, for the Washington Senators and their later incarnation, the Minnesota Twins. The native of Matanzas threw and batted right-handed; he was listed as 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and 175 pounds (79 kg).
In 1960, the team's sixtieth and last season in Washington, Valdivielso was the Senators' most-used shortstop, starting in 92 games and playing a career-high 117 contests. But by late September he had lost his starting job to Zoilo Versalles, a 20-year-old fellow countryman.
Valdivielso's professional career extended through the 1964 season. All told, he collected 213 hits in the majors, with 26 doubles and eight triples to go along with his nine home runs.
Sources
Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet
This biographical article relating to a Cuban baseball shortstop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Valdivieso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Valdivieso"},{"link_name":"Cuban-born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_player"},{"link_name":"shortstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Matanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanzas"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Zoilo Versalles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoilo_Versalles"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"}],"text":"For the Argentine football (soccer) player, see José Valdivieso.Baseball playerJosé Martinez de Valdivielso (born José Martinez de Valdivielso López, May 22, 1934) is a Cuban-born former professional baseball player. A shortstop, he appeared in 401 games over all or part of five seasons in Major League Baseball, between 1955 and 1961, for the Washington Senators and their later incarnation, the Minnesota Twins. The native of Matanzas threw and batted right-handed; he was listed as 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and 175 pounds (79 kg).In 1960, the team's sixtieth and last season in Washington, Valdivielso was the Senators' most-used shortstop, starting in 92 games and playing a career-high 117 contests. But by late September he had lost his starting job to Zoilo Versalles, a 20-year-old fellow countryman.Valdivielso's professional career extended through the 1964 season. All told, he collected 213 hits in the majors, with 26 doubles and eight triples to go along with his nine home runs.","title":"José Valdivielso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baseball Reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/players/v/valdijo01.shtml"},{"link_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=valdiv001jos"},{"link_name":"Retrosheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/V/Pvaldj102.htm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baseball_(crop).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Valdivielso&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cuba-baseball-shortstop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cuba-baseball-shortstop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cuba-baseball-shortstop-stub"}],"text":"Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or RetrosheetThis biographical article relating to a Cuban baseball shortstop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/v/valdijo01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=valdiv001jos","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/V/Pvaldj102.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Valdivielso&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemaes_Bay_F.C. | Cemaes Bay F.C. | ["1 History","2 Current squad","3 Honours","4 References"] | Coordinates: 53°24′25″N 4°27′18″W / 53.40682°N 4.45506°W / 53.40682; -4.45506Association football club in Wales
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cemaes Bay F.C." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Football clubCemaes BayFull nameCemaes Bay Football ClubNickname(s)BayFounded1976GroundSchool Lane, Cemaes BayChairmanT. V. HughesManagerDarren ThomasLeagueNorth Wales Coast West Premier Division2023–24North Wales Coast West Premier Division, 5th of 15
Home colours
Away colours
Cemaes Bay Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Pêl-droed Bae Cemaes) is a football team playing in the North Wales Coast West Football League Division One (part of the Welsh football league system). Between 1995 and 1998 the club played in the League of Wales.
History
A football team is recorded in Cemaes Bay as far back as 1870 and a team of that name played in the Anglesey League between the years 1948 and 1955.
The current Cemaes Bay Football Club was not formed until 1976 and joined the Anglesey League for the 1976–77 season.
The club used the facilities at the nearby Wylfa Nuclear Power Station, playing briefly at a ground next to the Gadlys Hotel in 1980, then returning to Wylfa. The club's present School Lane ground was developed in time for the club to enter the Anglesey League and the League of Wales in 1995. At the end of the 1990/91 season, they were elected to the Welsh Alliance, the former Welsh League (North).
In the 1991–92 season Cemaes Bay won the Cookson Cup, beating Llangefni Town 1–0. They retained the Cup in 1992–93, beating Bangor City's reserve side 5–0. Cemaes Bay also won the Welsh Alliance championship title and gained another promotion to the Cymru Alliance. In 1994–95 a run of 25 league matches without defeat made Cemaes Bay the Cymru Alliance league winners and they were promoted to the League of Wales.
At the end of 1997 the club's main financial backer resigned and they also lost several key players. Cemaes Ynys Mon struggled for the remainder of the 1997–98 season and were relegated to the Cymru Alliance. They regularly challenged at the top of the table for the next four seasons, but in 2004–05 were relegated to the Welsh Alliance and in 2005–06 dropped to the Gwynedd League. In March 2018 Cemaes Bay temporarily became inactive having resigned from the Welsh Alliance League during the season before rejoining the Anglesey League in time for the 2018–19 season.
The club were chosen to host several games during the 2019 Inter Games Football Tournament.
Current squad
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
GK
WAL
Dan Jones
—
DF
WAL
Dylan Jones
—
DF
WAL
Shane Pell
—
DF
ENG
Sam Carter
—
DF
WAL
Rhys Lloyd
—
DF
WAL
Nick Owen
—
DF
WAL
Sion Rowlands
—
MF
WAL
Sam Aspinall
—
MF
WAL
Daniel Bull
—
MF
WAL
Ashley Edwards
—
MF
WAL
Ryan Folksman
No.
Pos.
Nation
Player
—
MF
WAL
Liam Griffiths
—
MF
WAL
Thomas Higgott
—
MF
WAL
Mathew O'Hara
—
MF
WAL
Luke McKittrick
—
MF
WAL
Huw Torr
—
MF
WAL
Keenan Downey
—
MF
WAL
Chris Hughes
—
MF
WAL
Tam Morton
—
FW
WAL
Oliver Hall
—
FW
WAL
Steven Whittaker (captain)
Honours
Cymru Alliance – Champions (1): 1994–95
Welsh Alliance League – Champions (1): 1992–93
Cookson Cup – Winners (2): 1991–92, 1992–93
Elias Cup - Winners - 2013–14
Megan Cup - Winners - 2014–15
Dargie Cup - Winners 2014–15
Anglesey League - Winners - 2019–20
NWCFA Junior Cup – Winners (1): 2021–22
References
^ a b c d Club History, Pitchero.com
^ Honours List, Pitchero.com
^ Jones, Dave (30 May 2022). "Monday night North Wales football results". Grassroots North Wales. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
vteNorth Wales Coast Football League2023–24 clubs - East Premier Division
Abergele
Bro Cernyw
Cerrigydrudion
Kinmel Bay
Llandudno Junction
Llandyrnog United
Llanfairfechan Town
Llansannan
Meliden
Mochdre Sports
NFA
Penmaenmawr Phoenix
Rhuddlan Town
2023–24 clubs - West Premier Division
Aberffraw
Amlwch Town
Cemaes Bay
Glantraeth
Gwalchmai
Llanberis
Llannerch-Y-Medd
Llanrug United
Menai Bridge Tigers
Mynydd Llandegai
Nefyn United
Penrhyndeudraeth
Pentraeth
Talysarn Celts
Trearddur Bay
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53°24′25″N 4°27′18″W / 53.40682°N 4.45506°W / 53.40682; -4.45506 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"North Wales Coast West Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_West_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Welsh football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"League of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Wales"}],"text":"Association football club in WalesFootball clubCemaes Bay Football Club (Welsh: Clwb Pêl-droed Bae Cemaes) is a football team playing in the North Wales Coast West Football League Division One (part of the Welsh football league system). Between 1995 and 1998 the club played in the League of Wales.","title":"Cemaes Bay F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchero-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchero-1"},{"link_name":"Wylfa Nuclear Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wylfa_Nuclear_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchero-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchero-1"},{"link_name":"2019 Inter Games Football Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Inter_Games_Football_Tournament"}],"text":"A football team is recorded in Cemaes Bay as far back as 1870 and a team of that name played in the Anglesey League between the years 1948 and 1955.[1]The current Cemaes Bay Football Club was not formed until 1976 and joined the Anglesey League for the 1976–77 season.[1]The club used the facilities at the nearby Wylfa Nuclear Power Station, playing briefly at a ground next to the Gadlys Hotel in 1980, then returning to Wylfa. The club's present School Lane ground was developed in time for the club to enter the Anglesey League and the League of Wales in 1995. At the end of the 1990/91 season, they were elected to the Welsh Alliance, the former Welsh League (North).[1]In the 1991–92 season Cemaes Bay won the Cookson Cup, beating Llangefni Town 1–0. They retained the Cup in 1992–93, beating Bangor City's reserve side 5–0. Cemaes Bay also won the Welsh Alliance championship title and gained another promotion to the Cymru Alliance. In 1994–95 a run of 25 league matches without defeat made Cemaes Bay the Cymru Alliance league winners and they were promoted to the League of Wales.[1]At the end of 1997 the club's main financial backer resigned and they also lost several key players. Cemaes Ynys Mon struggled for the remainder of the 1997–98 season and were relegated to the Cymru Alliance. They regularly challenged at the top of the table for the next four seasons, but in 2004–05 were relegated to the Welsh Alliance and in 2005–06 dropped to the Gwynedd League. In March 2018 Cemaes Bay temporarily became inactive having resigned from the Welsh Alliance League during the season before rejoining the Anglesey League in time for the 2018–19 season.The club were chosen to host several games during the 2019 Inter Games Football Tournament.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanoil_Porumbaru | Emanoil Porumbaru | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Romanian politician
Emanoil PorumbaruMinister of Foreign Affairs of RomaniaIn office4 January 1914 – 7 December 1916MonarchsCarol I of RomaniaFerdinand I of RomaniaPreceded byTitu MaiorescuSucceeded byIon I. C. BrătianuPresident of the Senate of RomaniaIn office9 December 1916 – 25 April 1918MonarchFerdinand I of RomaniaPreceded byBasile M. MissirSucceeded byDimitrie Dobrescu
Personal detailsBorn1845 (1845)Bucharest, WallachiaDied11 October 1921(1921-10-11) (aged 75–76)Bucharest, Kingdom of Romania
Emanoil Porumbaru (1845 – 11 October 1921) was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 4 January 1914 until 7 December 1916 under the reign of Romanian kings Carol I and Ferdinand, and as President of the Senate of Romania from 9 December 1916 until 25 April 1918.
He died on 11 October 1921 in Bucharest. A street in Sector 1 of Bucharest is named after Porumbaru.
See also
Foreign relations of Romania
References
^ Profile of Emanuel Porumbaru
^ "Index Pi-Py".
^ Uhlig, Ralph (1988). Die Interparlamentarische Union 1889–1914. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 669. ISBN 978-3-515-05095-1. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
^ "Photo from May 9, 1914". Retrieved 2010-09-03.
^ "Comisia de Supraveghere a Asigurarilor" . Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-03.
vteForeign Ministers of RomaniaUnited PrincipalitiesPrincipality of Romania
Arsache
Cantacuzino
I. G. Ghica
Rosetti-Bălănescu
Papadopol-Calimah
I. Ghica
Mavrogheni
Știrbei
Ș. Golescu
Teriachiu
Ș. Golescu
N. Golescu
D. Ghica
Kogălniceanu*
Calimachi-Catargiu
A. Golescu
Carp
Calimachi-Catargiu
Costa-Foru
Boerescu
Ion Bălăceanu
Cornea
Kogălniceanu
Ionescu
Câmpineanu*
Kogălniceanu
Câmpineanu
Boerescu
Kingdom of Romania
Boerescu
D. Brătianu
Stătescu
Sturdza
Câmpineanu
Ion C. Brătianu*
Pherekyde
Carp
A. Lahovary
Esarcu
A. Lahovary
Sturdza
Stoicescu
Aurelian*
Sturdza
Ioan Lahovary
Marghiloman
Sturdza
Ion I. C. Brătianu
Sturdza*
Iacob Lahovary
Ioan Lahovary
Sturdza
Ion I. C. Brătianu
Djuvara
Maiorescu
Porumbaru
Ion I. C. Brătianu
Averescu*
Arion
Coandă
Ion I. C. Brătianu
Văitoianu*
Mișu
Vaida-Voevod
Zamfirescu
Ionescu
Derussi
Duca
Mitilineu
Știrbey*
Ion I. C. Brătianu
Titulescu
Mironescu
Mihalache
Argetoianu*
D. Ghika
Vaida-Voevod
Titulescu
Tătărescu*
Titulescu
V. Antonescu
Micescu
Tătărescu*
Petrescu-Comnen
Gafencu
Gigurtu
Argetoianu
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Stoian
Romania since 1989
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Severin
Pleșu
Roman
Geoană
Ungureanu
Popescu-Tăriceanu*
Cioroianu
Comănescu
Diaconescu
Predoiu*
Baconschi
Diaconescu
Marga
Corlățean
Meleșcanu
Aurescu
Comănescu
Meleșcanu
Mănescu
Aurescu
Obdobescu
* denotes interim
vtePresidents of the Senate of RomaniaCorpul Ponderator(Moderating Body)1864–1866
Nifon Rusailă
Senat1866–1940
Nifon Rusailă
Ștefan Golescu
Nicolae Golescu
Alexandru Plagino
Nifon Rusailă
Calinic Miclescu
Constantin Bosianu
Dimitrie Ghica
Ion Emanoil Florescu
Nicolae Crețulescu
Ion Emanoil Florescu
Constantin Boerescu
Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
Dimitrie Ghica
Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza
Eugeniu Stătescu
Nicolae Gane
Constantin Boerescu
Eugeniu Stătescu
Petre S. Aurelian
Constantin Boerescu
Petre S. Aurelian
Constantin Budișteanu
Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino
Theodor Rosetti
Ion Lahovari
Basile M. Missir
Emanoil Porumbaru
Dimitrie Dobrescu
Paul Bujor
Constantin Coandă
Mihail Pherekyde
Constantin I. Nicolaescu
Constantin Coandă
Constantin I. Nicolaescu
Traian Bratu
Mihail Sadoveanu
Neculai Costăchescu
Leonte Moldovan
Constantin Dimitriu-Dovlecel
Alexandru Lapedatu
Nicolae Iorga
Constantin Argetoianu
Senatsince 1990
Alexandru Bârlădeanu
Oliviu Gherman
Petre Roman
Mircea Ionescu-Quintus
Nicolae Văcăroiu
Doru-Ioan Tǎrǎcilǎ*
Ilie Sârbu
Mircea Geoană
Petru Filip*
Vasile Blaga
Crin Antonescu
Cristian Dumitrescu*
Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
Șerban Valeca*
Teodor Meleșcanu
Titus Corlățean*
Robert Cazanciuc*
Anca Dragu
Florin Cîțu
Alina Gorghiu*
^* ad interim (acting)
Authority control databases International
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This article about a Romanian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Romanian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Carol I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"President of the Senate of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Sector 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_1_(Bucharest)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Emanoil Porumbaru (1845 – 11 October 1921)[1][2] was a Romanian politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 4 January 1914 until 7 December 1916 under the reign of Romanian kings Carol I and Ferdinand,[3][4] and as President of the Senate of Romania from 9 December 1916 until 25 April 1918.He died on 11 October 1921 in Bucharest. A street in Sector 1 of Bucharest is named after Porumbaru.[5]","title":"Emanoil Porumbaru"}] | [] | [{"title":"Foreign relations of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania"}] | [{"reference":"\"Index Pi-Py\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rulers.org/indexp3.html","url_text":"\"Index Pi-Py\""}]},{"reference":"Uhlig, Ralph (1988). Die Interparlamentarische Union 1889–1914. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 669. ISBN 978-3-515-05095-1. Retrieved 2010-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw_rkPBKpe0C&q=Emanuel+Porumbaru+minister&pg=PA699","url_text":"Die Interparlamentarische Union 1889–1914"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05095-1","url_text":"978-3-515-05095-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Photo from May 9, 1914\". Retrieved 2010-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://vaisamar.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"Photo from May 9, 1914\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comisia de Supraveghere a Asigurarilor\" [Insurance Supervisory Commission]. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062728/http://www.legestart.ro/Decizia-113361-2006-interzicerea-temporara-desfasurarii-activitatii-broker-asigurare-Societatii-Comerciale-Medins-2002-Romania-Broker-asigurare-S-R-L-(MjA5NTU4).htm","url_text":"\"Comisia de Supraveghere a Asigurarilor\""},{"url":"http://www.legestart.ro/Decizia-113361-2006-interzicerea-temporara-desfasurarii-activitatii-broker-asigurare-Societatii-Comerciale-Medins-2002-Romania-Broker-asigurare-S-R-L-(MjA5NTU4).htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kocsAQAAIAAJ&q=Emanoil+Porumbaru+1845","external_links_name":"Profile of Emanuel Porumbaru"},{"Link":"https://www.rulers.org/indexp3.html","external_links_name":"\"Index Pi-Py\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw_rkPBKpe0C&q=Emanuel+Porumbaru+minister&pg=PA699","external_links_name":"Die Interparlamentarische Union 1889–1914"},{"Link":"http://vaisamar.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"Photo from May 9, 1914\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007062728/http://www.legestart.ro/Decizia-113361-2006-interzicerea-temporara-desfasurarii-activitatii-broker-asigurare-Societatii-Comerciale-Medins-2002-Romania-Broker-asigurare-S-R-L-(MjA5NTU4).htm","external_links_name":"\"Comisia de Supraveghere a Asigurarilor\""},{"Link":"http://www.legestart.ro/Decizia-113361-2006-interzicerea-temporara-desfasurarii-activitatii-broker-asigurare-Societatii-Comerciale-Medins-2002-Romania-Broker-asigurare-S-R-L-(MjA5NTU4).htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000450958217","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316737419","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf8tcYMkKWd88xJhmqJDq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16060959c","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16060959c","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1114765619","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emanoil_Porumbaru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emanoil_Porumbaru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Laurenzi | Carlo Laurenzi | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"] | Italian Cardinal
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
His EminenceCarlo LaurenziPrefect Emeritus of the Congregation for RitesChurchRoman Catholic ChurchAppointed14 March 1889Term ended3 October 1889PredecessorAngelo BianchiSuccessorGaetano Aloisi MasellaOther post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Anastasia (1884-93)OrdersOrdination23 September 1843Consecration24 June 1877by Gioacchino PecciCreated cardinal13 December 1880 ("in pectore")10 November 1884 (revealed)by Pope Leo XIIIRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBornCarlo Laurenzi(1821-01-12)12 January 1821Perugia, Papal StatesDied2 November 1893(1893-11-02) (aged 72)Rome, Kingdom of ItalyBuriedCampo VeranoParentsFrancesco LaurenziGeltrude MezzanottePrevious post(s)Titular Bishop of Amathus in Palæstina (1877-79)Auxiliary Bishop of Perugia (1877-84)Camerlengo of the College of Cardinals (1889)Alma materUniversity of PerugiaCoat of arms
Styles ofCarlo LaurenziReference styleHis EminenceSpoken styleYour EminenceInformal styleCardinalSeenone
Carlo Laurenzi (12 January 1821 – 2 November 1893) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1889 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1884.
Biography
Carlo Laurenzi was born in Perugia, and studied at the University of Perugia, from where he obtained his doctorates in theology (1 December 1843) and in canon and civil law (17 January 1845).
He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 September 1843, and finished his studies in 1845. Laurenzi was later made a canon of the cathedral chapter of Perugia in June 1846, the pro-vicar general of Perugia in February 1847, and a Privy Chamberlain supernumerary of His Holiness in 1853. He also served as President of the Theological College at his alma mater of the University of Perugia, and became a canon archpriest in 1857.
On 22 June 1877, Laurenzi was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Perugia and Titular Bishop of Amathus in Palaestina by Pope Pius IX, receiving his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Gioacchino Pecci, the future Pope Leo XIII. He was later named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 13 March 1878, Auditor Sanctissimi on 15 May 1879, and Assessor of the Sacred Congregation of the Supreme Roman and Universal Inquisition on 30 March 1882.
Pope Leo secretly (in pectore) elevated him to the College of Cardinals in the consistory of 13 December 1880, eventually publishing him as cardinal priest of Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino on 10 November 1884. Laurenzi was appointed Secretary of Memorials of His Holiness on 25 April 1885, and served as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 11 February to 30 December 1889. On 14 March of that same year, he was made prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites.
Laurenzi died in Rome, at age 74. He lay in state in his cardinalatial church before being buried at the chapel of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in the Campo Verano cemetery.
References
External links
Catholic-Hierarchy
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byLuigi Oreglia di Santo Stefano
Cardinal Priest of Santa Anastasia 1884–1893
Succeeded byAndrea Carlo Ferrari
Preceded byAngelo Bianchi
Prefect of the Congregation for Rites 1889
Succeeded byCamillo Mazzella, SJ
Preceded byLucido Parocchi
Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals 1889
Succeeded byPaul Melchers
Portals: Biography Catholicism Italy
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Vatican | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Rites"},{"link_name":"cardinalate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"}],"text":"Carlo Laurenzi (12 January 1821 – 2 November 1893) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites from 1889 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1884.","title":"Carlo Laurenzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perugia"},{"link_name":"University of Perugia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Perugia"},{"link_name":"doctorates in theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"canon and civil law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_and_Civil_Law"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrate"},{"link_name":"vicar general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar_general"},{"link_name":"Privy Chamberlain supernumerary of His Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(education)"},{"link_name":"Theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"alma mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_mater"},{"link_name":"archpriest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archpriest"},{"link_name":"Auxiliary Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop"},{"link_name":"Titular Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_bishop"},{"link_name":"Amathus in Palaestina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amathus,_Transjordan"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"episcopal consecration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Gioacchino Pecci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII"},{"link_name":"Assistant at the Pontifical Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_at_the_Pontifical_Throne"},{"link_name":"Auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Sacred Congregation of the Supreme Roman and Universal Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"in pectore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_pectore"},{"link_name":"College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"consistory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_consistory"},{"link_name":"cardinal priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_priest"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Anastasia_al_Palatino"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Memorials of His Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinus_(Roman_Catholic_Church)"},{"link_name":"Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camerlengo_of_the_Sacred_College_of_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Sacred Congregation of Rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Rites"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"cardinalatial church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titulus_(Roman_Catholic)"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Evangelization_of_Peoples"},{"link_name":"Campo Verano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Verano"}],"text":"Carlo Laurenzi was born in Perugia, and studied at the University of Perugia, from where he obtained his doctorates in theology (1 December 1843) and in canon and civil law (17 January 1845).He was ordained to the priesthood on 23 September 1843, and finished his studies in 1845. Laurenzi was later made a canon of the cathedral chapter of Perugia in June 1846, the pro-vicar general of Perugia in February 1847, and a Privy Chamberlain supernumerary of His Holiness in 1853. He also served as President of the Theological College at his alma mater of the University of Perugia, and became a canon archpriest in 1857.On 22 June 1877, Laurenzi was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Perugia and Titular Bishop of Amathus in Palaestina by Pope Pius IX, receiving his episcopal consecration from Cardinal Gioacchino Pecci, the future Pope Leo XIII. He was later named an Assistant at the Pontifical Throne on 13 March 1878, Auditor Sanctissimi on 15 May 1879, and Assessor of the Sacred Congregation of the Supreme Roman and Universal Inquisition on 30 March 1882.Pope Leo secretly (in pectore) elevated him to the College of Cardinals in the consistory of 13 December 1880, eventually publishing him as cardinal priest of Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino on 10 November 1884. Laurenzi was appointed Secretary of Memorials of His Holiness on 25 April 1885, and served as Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals from 11 February to 30 December 1889. On 14 March of that same year, he was made prefect of the Sacred Congregation of Rites.Laurenzi died in Rome, at age 74. He lay in state in his cardinalatial church before being buried at the chapel of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in the Campo Verano cemetery.","title":"Biography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/blaur.html","external_links_name":"Catholic-Hierarchy"},{"Link":"http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1880.htm#Laurenzi","external_links_name":"Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/89149602","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/206565","external_links_name":"Vatican"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Hotels | Design Hotels | ["1 History","2 Accommodation","3 References","4 External links"] | Design HotelsCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryHospitalityFounded1993 (1993)HeadquartersBerlin, GermanyNumber of locations300+ (2024)ServicesHotelsSalesMarketingPublic RelationsParentMarriott InternationalWebsitedesignhotels.com
Design Hotels is a hotel brand and hospitality consulting company owned by Marriott International and headquartered in Berlin, Germany. It is formed of privately owned and operated hotels.
History
Design Hotels was founded in 1993 as a California Corporation, Design Hotels Inc. by J. Peter Schweitzer and Claus Sendlinger. Claus was a part-owner (with Hans Peter Knodler and Oliver Jamitzky) of German full-service travel agency CO-ORDINATES GmbH, based in Augsburg. The two firms, and several others, consolidated in 1998 under the holding company lebensart.net GmbH, subsequently known as lebensart Global Networks AG in 1999. The holding company went public in Germany on Dec. 10, 1999.
In 2000 lebensart Global Networks AG, with Daniel Adams as the CFO raised sufficient capital to transfer trading from the over-the-counter (OTC) markets to the Börse München. In 2001 the firm re-branded itself as Design Hotels with 23 initial member hotels. That same year the firm completed the corporate merger of wholly owned subsidiaries ResExpress, Inc., Younger Direct Marketing, Inc., and lebensart technology, Inc. The company began trading under the name lebensart technology Arizona, Inc., with headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona. In 2004, after several relocations of its headquarters from Arizona, California, to New York City, the firm settled its headquarters in its current location in Berlin, Germany, under the name Design Hotels AG.
In 2011, Starwood Hotels & Resorts acquired 72% ownership of Design Hotels AG. Following the merger of Starwood Hotels & Resorts and Marriott International, the latter acquired 100% of Design Hotels GmbH.
Accommodation
While there are over 300 members of Design Hotels worldwide, only a select few have decided to participate in the Marriott Bonvoy loyalty program. The following table lists hotels that have officially become a part of Marriott International.
NorthAmerica
Europe
Middle E.& Africa
Asia &Pacific
CaribbeanLatin Am.
Total
2019
Properties
1
3
4
Rooms
248
542
790
2020
Properties
5
7
12
Rooms
853
799
1,652
2021
Properties
9
7
3
19
Rooms
1,313
796
266
2,375
2022
Properties
10
26
6
2
6
50
Rooms
1,385
2,123
619
581
146
4,854
2023
Properties
11
65
8
10
17
111
Rooms
1,605
4,782
750
1,172
393
8,702
References
^ a b designhotes.com - About retrieved 24 April 2024
^ "Marriott To Take Full Control Of Design Hotels". One Mile at a Time. October 24, 2020.
^ "2019 Annual Report". www.marriott.gcs-web.com. p. 6.
^ "2020 Annual Report". www.marriott.gcs-web.com. p. 8.
^ "2021 Annual Report". www.marriott.gcs-web.com. p. 6.
^ "2022 Annual Report". www.marriott.gcs-web.com. p. 6.
^ "2023 Annual Report". www.marriott.gcs-web.com. p. 6.
External links
Media related to Design Hotels at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
vteMarriott InternationalPeople
J. Willard Marriott (founder)
Bill Marriott (Chairman & CEO)
Luxury
Ritz-Carlton
St. Regis
EDITION Hotels
The Luxury Collection
Bulgari Hotels & Resorts
W Hotels
JW Marriott
Full service
Marriott Hotels & Resorts
Sheraton
Delta
Le Méridien
Westin
Autograph Collection
Design Hotels
Renaissance
Tribute Portfolio
Gaylord Hotels
Protea Hotels
AC Hotels
Aloft
MOXY Hotels
Focused serviceShort-term lodging
Courtyard
Fairfield
Four Points by Sheraton
SpringHill Suites
Extended-stay lodging
Marriott Executive Apartments
Residence Inn
TownePlace Suites
Element Hotels
Vacation ownership
Marriott Vacation Club
Grand Residence Club
Ritz-Carlton Destination Club
Related
List of Marriott hotels
2018 Marriott Hotels strike
Marriott Bonvoy
Marriott Vacations Worldwide
Hotels portal
Marriott Corporation (1929–1993)
Marriott International (1992–)
vteHotel chainsAccor
Luxury
Banyan Tree
Fairmont
Orient Express
Raffles
Sofitel
Premium
Grand Mercure
MGallery
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Swissôtel
Midscale
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Novotel
Suite Novotel
Economy
HotelF1
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Styles
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HYDE
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Executive Residency
GLō
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Vīb
SureStay
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BTG Homeinns
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Motel 168
Choice Hotels
Ascend Collection
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Comfort
Country Inn & Suites
Econo Lodge
Everhome Suites
MainStay Suites
Park Plaza / Park Inn
Quality Inn
Radisson
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Rodeway Inn
Sleep Inn
Suburban Studios
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Global Hotel Alliance
Anantara
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The Doyle Collection
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Fauchon Hospitality
GLO
Kempinski
The Leela
Marco Polo
Niccolo
Nikki Beach
Oaks
Outrigger
Pan Pacific
Sukhothai
Sun International
Tivoli
hihotels
Downtowner Inns
Master Host Inns
Passport Inns
Red Carpet Inn
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Hilton
canopy
Conrad
Curio Collection
DoubleTree
Embassy Suites
Graduate
Hampton
Hilton Garden Inn
Hilton Grand Vacations
Hilton
Home2 Suites
Homewood Suites
tru
Waldorf Astoria
HuazhuDeutsche Hospitality
Zleep
Hyatt
Alila
ALG
Andaz
Destination
Grand Hyatt
Hyatt
Hyatt Centric
Hyatt House
Hyatt Place
Hyatt Regency
Hyatt Zilara / Hyatt Ziva
JdV by Hyatt
Park Hyatt
Unbound Collection
Graduate
IHG
ANA
Avid
Candlewood Suites
Crowne Plaza
Even
Holiday Inn
Holiday Inn Express
Hotel Indigo
InterContinental
Kimpton
Regent
Staybridge Suites
Indian Hotels Company (IHCL)
Ginger
Taj
Vivanta
ITC Hotels
Fortune
ITC
WelcomHotels
Jinjiang
7 Days Inn
Jin Jiang Hotels
Jinjiang Inn
Louvre Hotels
Metropolo
Vienna
Radisson (outside North America)
PPHE Hotel Group
Rezidor Hotel Group
Marriott (list)
Luxury
Bulgari
EDITION
JW Marriott
The Luxury Collection
Ritz-Carlton
St. Regis
W
Premium
Autograph Collection
Delta
Design
Gaylord
Le Méridien
Marriott
Conference Centers
Executive Apartments
Golf
Marriott Vacation Club
Grand Residences
Renaissance
Sheraton
Tribute
Westin
Select
AC
Aloft
Courtyard
Element
Fairfield
Four Points
Moxy
Protea
Residence Inn
SpringHill
TownePlace
Okura Nikko
Hotel JAL
Nikko
Okura
Shangri-La
Kerry
Shangri-La
Traders
SonestaRed Lion Hotels
Americas Best Value Inns
Canadas Best Value Inns
GuestHouse
Hotel RL
Knights Inn
Red Lion Hotels
Red Lion Inn & Suites
Settle Inn
3 Palms Hotels & Resorts
America's Best Inns
Country Hearth Inns & Suites
Jameson Inn
Lexington Hotels & Inns
Wyndham
AmericInn
Baymont
Days Inn
Dolce
Hawthorn
Howard Johnson's
La Quinta
Microtel
Ramada
Super 8
Travelodge
TRYP
Wingate
Wyndham
Wyndham Garden
Wyndham Grand
Others
A&O
Ace
Aerowisata
Aitken Spence
Aman
Amaya
APA
Coast
Apex
Aqua-Aston
Archipelago
The Ascott Limited
Azerai
Azimut
Bahia Principe
B&B
Beaches
Belmond
Budget Host
Budget Suites of America
Cachet
Canad Inns
Canalta
Carlton
Center Parcs Europe
Center Parcs UK and Ireland
Ceylon
Cheval Blanc
Cinnamon
citizenM
Citrus
Club Med
Club Quarters
Cobblestone
COMO
Continental
Cordis / Langham
Corinthia
Couples
Dalata
Dan
Dedica Anthology
Disney Experiences
Dorsett
Drury
Dusit
easyHotel
ExecuStay
Extended Stay America
Fiesta Inn
Four Seasons
Go
Grecotel
Hard Rock / Reverb
Hoshino
Hotel Sogo
Iberostar
InTown Suites / Uptown Suites
Isrotel
Jetwing
Symphony
Jumeirah
Kuriftu
The Leading Hotels of the World
lemon tree
Loews
Lotte
Magnuson
Mamaison
Mandarin Oriental
Margaritaville / Camp Margaritaville / Compass Hotels / St. Somewhere
Masters Inn
Meliá
MGM Resorts
Millennium & Copthorne
Minor Hotels
Miyako
Montage
Motel 6 / Studio 6
Motel One
NH
Oberoi
Trident
Oetker Collection
Omni
OYO Rooms
Pan Pacific
Paradores
The Peninsula
Penta Hotels
Pestana
Pousadas de Portugal
Preferred
Premier Inn
Prime Plaza
Prince
QT
Red Planet
Red Roof Inn / Red Roof Plus / The Red Collection / HomeTowne Studios
Relais & Châteaux
RIU
Rocco Forte
Rosewood
Rotana
Royal Orchid
Rydges
Sahid
Sandals
Beaches
Sandman
Santika Indonesia
Scandic
Seda
Serena
Sonder
Soneva
Standard
Starhotels
Summit
Sutton Place
Swiss-Belhotel
Thistle
Thon
Toyoko Inn
Travelodge UK
Trump
Tune
Virgin
Warwick
Yotel
Defunct
Adam's Mark
Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts
Allegro Resorts
AmeriHost Inn
AmeriSuites
Capital Bars
Crest
Cross Country Inn
Denizen
Esso Motor Hotel
Exel Inn
Forte
Four Pillars
Fred Harvey
Friendship Inn
Gran Dorado
Great Southern
Hiway House
The Hotel Collection
Imperial 400
Jack Tar
Jurys Inn
Nickelodeon Resorts by Marriott
Parliament House Motor Inn
Patio
Promus
Real
Royal Inns of America
Shoney's Inn
Starwood
Statler
Summerfield Suites
Susse Chalet
Swallow
Tage Inn
United Hotels Company of America
Vantage Hospitality
Wilson World
Category
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marriott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"}],"text":"Design Hotels is a hotel brand and hospitality consulting company owned by Marriott International and headquartered in Berlin, Germany. It is formed of privately owned and operated hotels.[1]","title":"Design Hotels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Starwood Hotels & Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"Marriott International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_International"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Design Hotels was founded in 1993 as a California Corporation, Design Hotels Inc. by J. Peter Schweitzer and Claus Sendlinger. Claus was a part-owner (with Hans Peter Knodler and Oliver Jamitzky) of German full-service travel agency CO-ORDINATES GmbH, based in Augsburg. The two firms, and several others, consolidated in 1998 under the holding company lebensart.net GmbH, subsequently known as lebensart Global Networks AG in 1999. The holding company went public in Germany on Dec. 10, 1999.[citation needed]In 2000 lebensart Global Networks AG, with Daniel Adams as the CFO raised sufficient capital to transfer trading from the over-the-counter (OTC) markets to the Börse München. In 2001 the firm re-branded itself as Design Hotels with 23 initial member hotels. That same year the firm completed the corporate merger of wholly owned subsidiaries ResExpress, Inc., Younger Direct Marketing, Inc., and lebensart technology, Inc. The company began trading under the name lebensart technology Arizona, Inc., with headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona. In 2004, after several relocations of its headquarters from Arizona, California, to New York City, the firm settled its headquarters in its current location in Berlin, Germany, under the name Design Hotels AG.[citation needed]In 2011, Starwood Hotels & Resorts acquired 72% ownership of Design Hotels AG. Following the merger of Starwood Hotels & Resorts and Marriott International, the latter acquired 100% of Design Hotels GmbH.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"While there are over 300 members of Design Hotels worldwide, only a select few have decided to participate in the Marriott Bonvoy loyalty program.[2] The following table lists hotels that have officially become a part of Marriott International.","title":"Accommodation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Marriott To Take Full Control Of Design Hotels\". One Mile at a Time. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Laxton | James Laxton | ["1 Feature films","1.1 Moonlight","1.2 If Beale Street Could Talk","2 Filmography","2.1 Short film","2.2 Feature film","2.3 Television","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"] | American cinematographer
James LaxtonAlma materFlorida State University (BFA)OccupationCinematographerYears active2003–presentParentAggie Guerard Rodgers (mother)
James Laxton is an American cinematographer who is best known for his collaborations with filmmaker Barry Jenkins, specifically his work on Jenkins' 2016 film Moonlight, for which he won an Independent Spirit Award and received an Academy Award nomination.
Laxton began his career at Florida State University, where he met Jenkins. They collaborated on numerous films, including the critically acclaimed 2016 film Moonlight. After graduating, Laxton entered the industry by assisting the camera department on features and shorts, including projects from directors such as David Nordstrom, David Parker, and Cole Schreiber.
In childhood, Laxton accompanied his mother, a noted costume designer, to film sets. He reported being inspired by the rhythm of chaos and calm on the movie set, which played a significant role in his decision to enter the industry.
Feature films
Moonlight
Laxton's most critically acclaimed credit is the 2016 film Moonlight, directed by Barry Jenkins. The film explores themes of sexuality in a harsh urban environment. A relatively low budget of 1.5 million dollars forced Laxton to forgo equipment such as underwater camera gear and search for innovative cinematographic solutions.
If Beale Street Could Talk
This 2018 film was also a Jenkins collaboration. The film features a tragic love story set in 1970s New York City, between Clementine "Tish" Rivers (played by KiKi Layne) and wood artist Alonzo "Fonny" Hunt (played by Stephan James). The two struggle against racism, sexual harassment and assault, and a false rape accusation. The film is based on a novel by James Baldwin, and uses a non-linear structure.
In discussing the success of the movie, which has been described as "trading docu-realism for crafted visual poetry of the highest level," Laxton and Jenkins accredited their years-long process of conversation and collaboration.
Filmography
Short film
Year
Title
Director
2003
My Josephine
Barry Jenkins
Little Brown Boy
2005
The Unseen Kind-Hearted Beast
Amy Seimetz
2009
A Young Couple
Barry Jenkins
2010
Eggshells for Soil
Megan Boone
2012
Rest
Cole Schreiber
Mission Chinese
David ParkerCole Schreiber
2013
Fête des Pets
Nicholas Jasenovec
Sarah Silverman's Perfect Night
Liam Lynch
2014
Lemonade War
Ramin Bahrani
2015
Welcome to the Last Bookstore
Chad Howitt
2016
Bernie Sanders Is the One for Me
Andrew Deyoung
2019
Squarespace: Dream It
Spike Jonze
2021
Reebok's Reconnect
Jonas Lindstroem
Feature film
Year
Title
Director
Notes
2008
Medicine for Melancholy
Barry Jenkins
2010
The Violent Kind
The Butcher Brothers
The Myth of the American Sleepover
David Robert Mitchell
Karma
Adivi Sesh
2010
The Last Buffalo Hunt
Lee Anne Schmitt
Sawdust City
David Nordstrom
2012
California Solo
Marshall Lewy
For a Good Time, Call...
Jamie Travis
Leave Me Like You Found Me
Adele Romanski
The Murder of Hi Good
Lee Lynch
2013
Bad Milo
Jacob Vaughan
The Moment
Jane Weinstock
Dealin' with Idiots
Jeff Garlin
Adult World
Scott Coffey
Tradition Is a Temple: The Modern Masters of New Orleans
Darren Hoffman
2014
Camp X-Ray
Peter Sattler
Tusk
Kevin Smith
2016
Yoga Hosers
Holidays
Nicholas McCarthy
Segment – "Easter", also with Bridger Nielson and Shaheen Seth
The Black Jacket
Ryan Simon
Moonlight
Barry Jenkins
Youth
Brett Marty
2017
Anything
Timothy McNeil
2018
If Beale Street Could Talk
Barry Jenkins
2024
Mufasa: The Lion King
Filming
Television
Year
Title
Director
Notes
2011
Futurestates
Barry Jenkins
1 episode – Remigration
2013
You and Your Fucking Coffee
Henry Phillips
2 episodes
2014
Rubberhead
Dean Fleischer-Camp
TV movie (segment – "Knickers")
2016
Garfunkel and Oates: Trying to Be Special
Jeremy KonnerRiki Lindhome
TV movie
2018
Here and Now
Alan Ball
Episode: "Eleven Eleven"
2019
Black Monday
Evan GoldbergSeth Rogen
Episode: "365"
2021
The Underground Railroad
Barry Jenkins
Miniseries
Awards and nominations
Year
Title
Awards/Nominations
2008
Medicine for Melancholy
Nominated – Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography
2016
Moonlight
Independent Spirit Award for Best CinematographyLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best CinematographyNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best CinematographySan Francisco Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography Nominated – Academy Award for Best CinematographyNominated – ASC Award for Outstanding CinematographyNominated – Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best CinematographyNominated – Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best CinematographyNominated – San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best CinematographyNominated – St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Award for Best CinematographyNominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography
2018
If Beale Street Could Talk
Nominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography
References
^ "Producer's Corner: Adele Romanski — The Myth of the American Sleepover by Serena Donadoni". Women and Hollywood. July 25, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2022.
^ "A One-Camera Show: DP James Laxton on Moonlight". filmmakermagazine.com. 18 November 2016.
^ Pressberg, Matt (24 January 2017). "Oscar Nominee Reactions: Meryl Streep Sends GIF, Jeff Bridges Says 'Woo Hoo!'". www.thewrap.com. The Wrap. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ Friedman, Illya. "James Laxton, ASC on Best Picture winner Moonlight and If Beale Street Could Talk: working with Barry Jenkins and Kevin Smith, his early career and influences." The Cinematography Podcast, Hot Rod Cameras/Spotify, 01-08-2020, https://open.spotify.com/episode/4IM2SrtOAFpblygqBx6Kke.
^ Moonlight, retrieved 2020-04-12
^ "James Laxton, ASC on Best Picture winner Moonlight and If Beale Street Could Talk: working with Barry Jenkins and Kevin Smith, his early career and influences". Google Podcasts. The Cinematography Podcast. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
^ O'Falt, Chris (2019-01-09). "If James Baldwin Made Films: How DP James Laxton Translated the Bold Imagery of 'Beale Street'". IndieWire. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
^ "Huppert, 'Moonlight,' 'La La Land' Honored by NYFCC and LAFCA". Backstage.com. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
External links
James Laxton at IMDb
Awards for James Laxton
vteBlack Reel Award for Outstanding Cinematography
James Laxton (2019)
Tat Radcliffe (2020)
Marcell Rev (2021)
Bruno Delbonnel (2022)
Hoyte van Hoytema (2023)
Jomo Fray (2024)
vteIndependent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography
Toyomichi Kurita (1985)
Robert Richardson (1986)
Haskell Wexler (1987)
Sven Nykvist (1988)
Robert Yeoman (1989)
Frederick Elmes (1990)
Walt Lloyd (1991)
Frederick Elmes (1992)
Lisa Rinzler (1993)
John Thomas (1994)
Declan Quinn (1995)
Roger Deakins (1996)
Declan Quinn (1997)
Maryse Alberti (1998)
Lisa Rinzler (1999)
Matthew Libatique (2000)
Peter Deming (2001)
Edward Lachman (2002)
Declan Quinn (2003)
Éric Gautier (2004)
Robert Elswit (2005)
Guillermo Navarro (2006)
Janusz Kamiński (2007)
Maryse Alberti (2008)
Roger Deakins (2009)
Matthew Libatique (2010)
Guillaume Schiffman (2011)
Ben Richardson (2012)
Sean Bobbitt (2013)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2014)
Edward Lachman (2015)
James Laxton (2016)
Sayombhu Mukdeeprom (2017)
Sayombhu Mukdeeprom (2018)
Jarin Blaschke (2019)
Joshua James Richards (2020)
Eduard Grau (2021)
Florian Hoffmeister (2022)
Eigil Bryld (2023)
vteLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography1975–2000
John Alcott (1975)
Haskell Wexler (1976)
Douglas Slocombe (1977)
Néstor Almendros (1978)
Caleb Deschanel (1979)
Ghislain Cloquet and Geoffrey Unsworth (1980)
Vittorio Storaro (1981)
Jordan Cronenweth (1982)
Sven Nykvist (1983)
Chris Menges (1984)
David Watkin (1985)
Chris Menges (1986)
Vittorio Storaro (1987)
Henri Alekan (1988)
Michael Ballhaus (1989)
Michael Ballhaus (1990)
Roger Deakins (1991)
Zhao Fei (1992)
Stuart Dryburgh / Janusz Kamiński (1993)
Stefan Czapsky (1994)
Lü Yue (1995)
Chris Menges / John Seale (1996)
Dante Spinotti (1997)
Janusz Kamiński (1998)
Dante Spinotti (1999)
Peter Pau (2000)
2001–present
Roger Deakins (2001)
Edward Lachman (2002)
Eduardo Serra (2003)
Dion Beebe and Paul Cameron (2004)
Robert Elswit (2005)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2006)
Janusz Kamiński (2007)
Yu Lik-wai (2008)
Christian Berger (2009)
Matthew Libatique (2010)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2011)
Roger Deakins (2012)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2013)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2014)
John Seale (2015)
James Laxton (2016)
Dan Laustsen (2017)
Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
Claire Mathon (2019)
Shabier Kirchner (2020)
Ari Wegner (2021)
Michał Dymek (2022)
Robbie Ryan (2023)
vteNational Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography1967–2000
Haskell Wexler (1967)
William A. Fraker (1968)
Lucien Ballard (1969)
Néstor Almendros (1970)
Vittorio Storaro (1971)
Sven Nykvist (1972)
Vilmos Zsigmond (1973)
Gordon Willis (1974)
John Alcott (1975)
Haskell Wexler (1976)
Thomas Mauch (1977)
Néstor Almendros (1978)
Caleb Deschanel (1979)
Michael Chapman (1980)
Gordon Willis (1981)
Philippe Rousselot (1982)
Hiro Narita (1983)
Chris Menges (1984)
Takao Saito, Masaharu Ueda, and Asakazu Nakai (1985)
Frederick Elmes (1986)
Philippe Rousselot (1987)
Henri Alekan (1988)
Michael Ballhaus (1989)
Peter Suschitzky (1990)
Roger Deakins (1991)
Zhao Fei (1992)
Janusz Kamiński (1993)
Stefan Czapsky (1994)
Tak Fujimoto (1995)
Robby Müller (1996)
Roger Deakins (1997)
John Toll (1998)
Conrad L. Hall (1999)
Agnès Godard (2000)
2001–present
Christopher Doyle and Pin Bing Lee (2001)
Edward Lachman (2002)
Russell Boyd (2003)
Xiaoding Zhao (2004)
Christopher Doyle, Lai Yiu Fai, and Kwan Pun Leung (2005)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2006)
Robert Elswit (2007)
Anthony Dod Mantle (2008)
Christian Berger (2009)
Roger Deakins (2010)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2011)
Mihai Mălaimare Jr. (2012)
Bruno Delbonnel (2013)
Dick Pope (2014)
Edward Lachman (2015)
James Laxton (2016)
Roger Deakins (2017)
Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
Claire Mathon (2019)
Joshua James Richards (2020)
Andrew Droz Palermo (2021)
Michał Dymek (2022)
Rodrigo Prieto (2023)
vteNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematographer1980–1999
Ghislain Cloquet and Geoffrey Unsworth (1980)
David Watkin (1981)
Néstor Almendros (1982)
Gordon Willis (1983)
Chris Menges (1984)
David Watkin (1985)
Tony Pierce-Roberts (1986)
Vittorio Storaro (1987)
Henri Alekan (1988)
Ernest R. Dickerson (1989)
Vittorio Storaro (1990)
Roger Deakins (1991)
Jean Lépin (1992)
Janusz Kamiński (1993)
Stefan Czapsky (1994)
Lü Yue (1995)
Robby Müller (1996)
Roger Deakins (1997)
John Toll (1998)
Freddie Francis (1999)
2000–2019
Peter Pau (2000)
Christopher Doyle and Pin Bing Lee (2001)
Edward Lachman (2002)
Harris Savides (2003)
Christopher Doyle (2004)
Christopher Doyle and Lai Yiu-fai and Kwan Pun Leung (2005)
Guillermo Navarro (2006)
Robert Elswit (2007)
Anthony Dod Mantle (2008)
Christian Berger (2009)
Matthew Libatique (2010)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2011)
Greig Fraser (2012)
Bruno Delbonnel (2013)
Darius Khondji (2014)
Edward Lachman (2015)
James Laxton (2016)
Rachel Morrison (2017)
Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
Claire Mathon (2019)
2020–present
Shabier Kirchner (2020)
Janusz Kamiński (2021)
Claudio Miranda (2022)
Hoyte van Hoytema (2023)
vteSan Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cinematography
Wally Pfister (2008)
Roger Deakins (2009)
Matthew Libatique (2010)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2011)
Claudio Miranda (2012)
Emmanuel Lubezki (2013)
Łukasz Żal and Ryszard Lenczewski (2014)
John Seale (2015)
James Laxton (2016)
Roger Deakins (2017)
Alfonso Cuarón (2018)
Roger Deakins (2019)
Christopher Blauvelt (2020)
Bruno Delbonnel (2021)
Florian Hoffmeister (2022)
Hoyte van Hoytema (2023)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
Israel
United States
Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barry Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Moonlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_(2016_film)"},{"link_name":"Independent Spirit Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Spirit_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Florida State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"James Laxton is an American cinematographer who is best known for his collaborations with filmmaker Barry Jenkins, specifically his work on Jenkins' 2016 film Moonlight, for which he won an Independent Spirit Award and received an Academy Award nomination.[2][3]Laxton began his career at Florida State University, where he met Jenkins. They collaborated on numerous films, including the critically acclaimed 2016 film Moonlight. After graduating, Laxton entered the industry by assisting the camera department on features and shorts, including projects from directors such as David Nordstrom, David Parker, and Cole Schreiber.In childhood, Laxton accompanied his mother, a noted costume designer, to film sets. He reported being inspired by the rhythm of chaos and calm on the movie set, which played a significant role in his decision to enter the industry.[4]","title":"James Laxton"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Feature films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Moonlight","text":"Laxton's most critically acclaimed credit is the 2016 film Moonlight, directed by Barry Jenkins. The film explores themes of sexuality in a harsh urban environment. A relatively low budget of 1.5 million dollars[5] forced Laxton to forgo equipment such as underwater camera gear and search for innovative cinematographic solutions.[6]","title":"Feature films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KiKi Layne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KiKi_Layne"},{"link_name":"Stephan James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_James_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"If Beale Street Could Talk","text":"This 2018 film was also a Jenkins collaboration. The film features a tragic love story set in 1970s New York City, between Clementine \"Tish\" Rivers (played by KiKi Layne) and wood artist Alonzo \"Fonny\" Hunt (played by Stephan James). The two struggle against racism, sexual harassment and assault, and a false rape accusation. The film is based on a novel by James Baldwin, and uses a non-linear structure.In discussing the success of the movie, which has been described as \"trading docu-realism for crafted visual poetry of the highest level,\"[7] Laxton and Jenkins accredited their years-long process of conversation and collaboration.","title":"Feature films"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Short film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Feature film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Producer's Corner: Adele Romanski — The Myth of the American Sleepover by Serena Donadoni\". Women and Hollywood. July 25, 2011. Retrieved April 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://womenandhollywood.com/producers-corner-adele-romanski-the-myth-of-the-american-sleepover-by-serena-donadoni-7f1bfcfa2358/","url_text":"\"Producer's Corner: Adele Romanski — The Myth of the American Sleepover by Serena Donadoni\""}]},{"reference":"\"A One-Camera Show: DP James Laxton on Moonlight\". filmmakermagazine.com. 18 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://filmmakermagazine.com/100603-a-one-camera-show-dp-james-laxton-on-moonlight/","url_text":"\"A One-Camera Show: DP James Laxton on Moonlight\""}]},{"reference":"Pressberg, Matt (24 January 2017). \"Oscar Nominee Reactions: Meryl Streep Sends GIF, Jeff Bridges Says 'Woo Hoo!'\". www.thewrap.com. The Wrap. Retrieved 27 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewrap.com/oscar-nominee-reactions-jeff-bridges-meryl-streep-gif/","url_text":"\"Oscar Nominee Reactions: Meryl Streep Sends GIF, Jeff Bridges Says 'Woo Hoo!'\""}]},{"reference":"Moonlight, retrieved 2020-04-12","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4975722/","url_text":"Moonlight"}]},{"reference":"\"James Laxton, ASC on Best Picture winner Moonlight and If Beale Street Could Talk: working with Barry Jenkins and Kevin Smith, his early career and influences\". Google Podcasts. The Cinematography Podcast. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsk3b_interacting_protein | Gsk3b interacting protein | ["1 Function","2 References","3 Further reading"] | Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
GSKIPAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes1SGOIdentifiersAliasesGSKIP, C14orf129, HSPC210, GSK3B interacting proteinExternal IDsOMIM: 616605; MGI: 1914037; HomoloGene: 9522; GeneCards: GSKIP; OMA:GSKIP - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 14 (human)Band14q32.2Start96,363,452 bpEnd96,387,288 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 12 (mouse)Band12|12 EStart105,651,088 bpEnd105,669,282 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed insecondary oocytemucosa of ileumjejunal mucosamucosa of colonpalpebral conjunctivamucosa of sigmoid colonpancreatic epithelial celloral cavitygingival epitheliumendothelial cellTop expressed inotolith organutriclesubstantia nigraPaneth cellRegion I of hippocampus properarcuate nucleussciatic nervehandRostral migratory streamventromedial nucleusMore reference expression dataBioGPSn/aGene ontologyMolecular function
protein binding
protein kinase inhibitor activity
beta-catenin binding
protein kinase A regulatory subunit binding
protein kinase A binding
protein kinase binding
Cellular component
cytoplasm
nucleus
Biological process
negative regulation of protein kinase activity
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress
positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway
regulation of Wnt signaling pathway
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez5152766787EnsemblENSG00000100744ENSMUSG00000044715UniProtQ9P0R6Q8BGR8RefSeq (mRNA)NM_016472NM_001271904NM_001271905NM_001271906NM_178613RefSeq (protein)NP_001258833NP_001258834NP_001258835NP_057556NP_848728Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 96.36 – 96.39 MbChr 12: 105.65 – 105.67 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
GSK3B interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GSKIP gene.
Function
This gene encodes a protein that is involved as a negative regulator of GSK3-beta in the Wnt signaling pathway. The encoded protein may play a role in the retinoic acid signaling pathway by regulating the functional interactions between GSK3-beta, beta-catenin and cyclin D1, and it regulates the beta-catenin/N-cadherin pool. The encoded protein contains a GSK3-beta interacting domain (GID) in its C-terminus, which is similar to the GID of Axin. The protein also contains an evolutionarily conserved RII-binding domain, which facilitates binding with protein kinase-A and GSK3-beta, enabling its role as an A-kinase anchoring protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100744 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000044715 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^
"Entrez Gene: GSK3B interacting protein". Retrieved 2016-12-05.
Further reading
Chou HY, Howng SL, Cheng TS, Hsiao YL, Lieu AS, Loh JK, Hwang SL, Lin CC, Hsu CM, Wang C, Lee CI, Lu PJ, Chou CK, Huang CY, Hong YR (2006). "GSKIP is homologous to the Axin GSK3beta interaction domain and functions as a negative regulator of GSK3beta". Biochemistry. 45 (38): 11379–89. doi:10.1021/bi061147r. PMID 16981698.
Tang XN, Lo CW, Chuang YC, Chen CT, Sun YC, Hong YR, Yang CN (2011). "Prediction of the binding mode between GSK3β and a peptide derived from GSKIP using molecular dynamics simulation". Biopolymers. 95 (7): 461–71. doi:10.1002/bip.21603. PMID 21328310.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
This article on a gene on human chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-5"}],"text":"GSK3B interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GSKIP gene.\n[5]","title":"Gsk3b interacting protein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"negative regulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulator_gene"},{"link_name":"GSK3-beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSK3B"},{"link_name":"Wnt signaling pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway"},{"link_name":"retinoic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoic_acid"},{"link_name":"beta-catenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-catenin"},{"link_name":"cyclin D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_D1"},{"link_name":"N-cadherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDH2"},{"link_name":"C-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"evolutionarily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"protein kinase-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"A-kinase anchoring protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-kinase-anchoring_protein"},{"link_name":"Alternatively spliced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_splicing"}],"text":"This gene encodes a protein that is involved as a negative regulator of GSK3-beta in the Wnt signaling pathway. The encoded protein may play a role in the retinoic acid signaling pathway by regulating the functional interactions between GSK3-beta, beta-catenin and cyclin D1, and it regulates the beta-catenin/N-cadherin pool. The encoded protein contains a GSK3-beta interacting domain (GID) in its C-terminus, which is similar to the GID of Axin. The protein also contains an evolutionarily conserved RII-binding domain, which facilitates binding with protein kinase-A and GSK3-beta, enabling its role as an A-kinase anchoring protein. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed for this gene.","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/bi061147r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi061147r"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16981698","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16981698"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/bip.21603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.21603"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21328310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21328310"},{"link_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_stub.png"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"chromosome 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_14"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gsk3b_interacting_protein&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Gene-14-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Gene-14-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gene-14-stub"}],"text":"Chou HY, Howng SL, Cheng TS, Hsiao YL, Lieu AS, Loh JK, Hwang SL, Lin CC, Hsu CM, Wang C, Lee CI, Lu PJ, Chou CK, Huang CY, Hong YR (2006). \"GSKIP is homologous to the Axin GSK3beta interaction domain and functions as a negative regulator of GSK3beta\". Biochemistry. 45 (38): 11379–89. doi:10.1021/bi061147r. PMID 16981698.\nTang XN, Lo CW, Chuang YC, Chen CT, Sun YC, Hong YR, Yang CN (2011). \"Prediction of the binding mode between GSK3β and a peptide derived from GSKIP using molecular dynamics simulation\". Biopolymers. 95 (7): 461–71. doi:10.1002/bip.21603. PMID 21328310.This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.This article on a gene on human chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=51527","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=66787","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: GSK3B interacting protein\". Retrieved 2016-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/51527","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: GSK3B interacting protein\""}]},{"reference":"Chou HY, Howng SL, Cheng TS, Hsiao YL, Lieu AS, Loh JK, Hwang SL, Lin CC, Hsu CM, Wang C, Lee CI, Lu PJ, Chou CK, Huang CY, Hong YR (2006). \"GSKIP is homologous to the Axin GSK3beta interaction domain and functions as a negative regulator of GSK3beta\". Biochemistry. 45 (38): 11379–89. doi:10.1021/bi061147r. PMID 16981698.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi061147r","url_text":"10.1021/bi061147r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16981698","url_text":"16981698"}]},{"reference":"Tang XN, Lo CW, Chuang YC, Chen CT, Sun YC, Hong YR, Yang CN (2011). \"Prediction of the binding mode between GSK3β and a peptide derived from GSKIP using molecular dynamics simulation\". Biopolymers. 95 (7): 461–71. doi:10.1002/bip.21603. PMID 21328310.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.21603","url_text":"10.1002/bip.21603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21328310","url_text":"21328310"}]}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Amateur_Golf_Ranking | World Amateur Golf Ranking | ["1 Chronology of men's world number ones","2 Chronology of women's world number ones","3 Elite events","3.1 Men","3.2 Women","4 References","5 External links"] | The World Amateur Golf Ranking for men was introduced by The R&A, the governing body of the sport of golf outside the United States and Mexico, on 23 January 2007. It is based on the results of over 2,600 amateur tournaments per year (and amateurs participating in certain professional events) and is updated each Wednesday. Rankings are based on the players' average performances in counting events over a rolling period. This period was 52 weeks initially but was gradually expanded during 2016 to 104 weeks, similar to those of the Official World Golf Ranking.
Like the Official World Golf Ranking for male professional golfers, the amateur ranking was initiated by The R&A to provide a more reliable means of selecting an appropriate field for one of its tournaments. The professional ranking was initially used to help set the field for The Open Championship and the amateur ranking plays a role in selecting the field for The Amateur Championship, which was previously selected mainly on the basis of national handicap systems. Other tournament organisers will be able to use the rankings to select players if they so wish.
The first set of rankings featured over 1,000 players from 46 countries and was headed by the 2006 U.S. Amateur champion, Richie Ramsay of Scotland.
In February 2011, the United States Golf Association (USGA) endorsed the rankings and announced it would use them for an exemption category in all their men's amateur championships, including the U.S. Amateur, beginning in 2011.
The women's rankings were started in February 2011. Japan's Mitsuki Katahira was the first number one. American Rose Zhang holds the record for most weeks at the top of the rankings with 142 weeks.
Only three male and two female golfers have ever held the No. 1-ranking as both an amateur and a professional. The first to do so was Rory McIlroy, who was 17 years, 9 months and 2 days when he became the No. 1 amateur and 22 years and 10 months when he first became the world No. 1 professional. Jordan Spieth was the second to accomplish this feat, he was 18 years, 10 months and 24 days when he topped the amateur rankings and 22 years and 20 days when he reached No. 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking. Jon Rahm, who was ranked no. 1 for 60 weeks, became professional world no. 1 in July 2020. Lydia Ko was the first player to accomplish this feat in the female ranking. She was only 14 years and 3 days and held the ranking for a record 130 consecutive weeks, and she was a mere 17 years, 9 months and 9 days when she first reached the pinnacle of the Women's World Golf Rankings (WWGR). Atthaya Thitikul held the amateur No. 1 for 12 weeks in 2019–2020 and topped the WWGR on 31 October 2022.
Chronology of men's world number ones
#
Player
Country
First week
Last week
Weeks
Total weeks
1
Richie Ramsay
Scotland
23 Jan 2007
30 Jan 2007
2
2
2
Rory McIlroy
Northern Ireland
6 Feb 2007
6 Feb 2007
1
1
3
Jamie Moul
England
13 Feb 2007
30 May 2007
17
–
4
Jamie Lovemark
United States
6 Jun 2007
6 Jun 2007
1
–
Jamie Moul (2)
England
13 Jun 2007
13 Jun 2007
1
18
Jamie Lovemark (2)
United States
20 Jun 2007
3 Aug 2007
7
8
5
Rickie Fowler
United States
7 Aug 2007
21 Aug 2007
3
–
6
Colt Knost
United States
29 Aug 2007
24 Sep 2007
5
5
Rickie Fowler (2)
United States
5 Oct 2007
27 Feb 2008
22
–
7
Danny Willett
England
5 Mar 2008
21 May 2008
12
12
Rickie Fowler (3)
United States
28 May 2008
25 Jun 2008
5
–
8
Michael Thompson
United States
2 Jul 2008
2 Jul 2008
1
1
Rickie Fowler (4)
United States
9 Jul 2008
13 Aug 2008
6
36
9
Danny Lee
New Zealand
20 Aug 2008
15 Apr 2009
34
34
10
Scott Arnold
Australia
23 Apr 2009
20 May 2009
5
5
11
Morgan Hoffmann
United States
27 May 2009
10 Jun 2009
2
2
12
Nick Taylor
Canada
17 Jun 2009
28 Oct 2009
20
20
13
Victor Dubuisson
France
4 Nov 2009
23 Dec 2009
8
8
14
Matteo Manassero
Italy
30 Dec 2009
28 Apr 2010
18
18
15
Peter Uihlein
United States
5 May 2010
16 Jun 2010
7
–
16
Jin Jeong
South Korea
23 Jun 2010
30 Jun 2010
2
–
Peter Uihlein (2)
United States
7 Jul 2010
21 Jul 2010
3
–
Jin Jeong (2)
South Korea
28 Jul 2010
11 Aug 2010
3
5
Peter Uihlein (3)
United States
18 Aug 2010
22 Dec 2010
19
–
17
David Chung
United States
29 Dec 2010
5 Jan 2011
2
2
Peter Uihlein (4)
United States
12 Jan 2011
16 Mar 2011
10
–
18
Patrick Cantlay
United States
23 Mar 2011
23 Mar 2011
1
–
Peter Uihlein (5)
United States
30 Mar 2011
1 Jun 2011
10
49
Patrick Cantlay (2)
United States
8 Jun 2011
13 Jun 2012
54
55
19
Jordan Spieth
United States
20 Jun 2012
18 Jul 2012
5
5
20
Chris Williams
United States
25 Jul 2012
25 Jul 2012
1
–
21
Hideki Matsuyama
Japan
1 Aug 2012
1 Aug 2012
1
1
Chris Williams (2)
United States
8 Aug 2012
12 Jun 2013
45
46
22
Brady Watt
Australia
19 Jun 2013
19 Jun 2013
1
1
23
Pan Cheng-tsung
Chinese Taipei
26 Jun 2013
14 Aug 2013
8
8
24
Matt Fitzpatrick
England
21 Aug 2013
16 Oct 2013
9
–
25
Cory Whitsett
United States
23 Oct 2013
27 Nov 2013
6
6
Matt Fitzpatrick (2)
England
4 Dec 2013
19 Feb 2014
12
21
26
Patrick Rodgers
United States
26 Feb 2014
11 Jun 2014
16
16
27
Ollie Schniederjans
United States
18 Jun 2014
25 Mar 2015
41
41
28
Jon Rahm
Spain
1 Apr 2015
16 Sep 2015
25
–
29
Maverick McNealy
United States
23 Sep 2015
21 Oct 2015
5
–
Jon Rahm (2)
Spain
28 Oct 2015
22 Jun 2016
35
60
Maverick McNealy (2)
United States
29 Jun 2016
8 Mar 2017
37
–
30
Curtis Luck
Australia
15 Mar 2017
15 Mar 2017
1
–
Maverick McNealy (3)
United States
22 Mar 2017
22 Mar 2017
1
–
Curtis Luck (2)
Australia
29 Mar 2017
12 Apr 2017
3
4
Maverick McNealy (4)
United States
19 Apr 2017
10 May 2017
4
47
31
Joaquín Niemann
Chile
17 May 2017
11 Apr 2018
48
48
32
Braden Thornberry
United States
18 Apr 2018
25 Apr 2018
2
–
33
Collin Morikawa
United States
2 May 2018
16 May 2018
3
3
34
Doug Ghim
United States
23 May 2018
20 Jun 2018
5
5
Braden Thornberry (2)
United States
27 Jun 2018
10 Oct 2018
16
18
35
Justin Suh
United States
17 Oct 2018
10 Apr 2019
26
26
36
Viktor Hovland
Norway
17 Apr 2019
19 Jun 2019
10
10
37
Cole Hammer
United States
26 Jun 2019
21 Aug 2019
9
–
38
Takumi Kanaya
Japan
28 Aug 2019
28 Aug 2019
1
–
Cole Hammer (2)
United States
4 Sep 2019
18 Sep 2019
3
12
Takumi Kanaya (2)
Japan
25 Sep 2019
30 Sep 2020
54
55
39
Ricky Castillo
United States
7 Oct 2020
4 Nov 2020
5
5
40
Davis Thompson
United States
11 Nov 2020
11 Nov 2020
1
–
41
Kevin Yu
Chinese Taipei
18 Nov 2020
18 Nov 2020
1
1
42
Keita Nakajima
Japan
25 Nov 2020
17 Feb 2021
13
–
Davis Thompson (2)
United States
24 Feb 2021
7 Apr 2021
7
8
43
Pierceson Coody
United States
14 Apr 2021
14 Apr 2021
1
1
Keita Nakajima (2)
Japan
21 Apr 2021
14 Sep 2022
74
87^
44
Ludvig Åberg
Sweden
21 Sep 2022
21 Sep 2022
1
–
45
Taiga Semikawa
Japan
28 Sep 2022
26 Oct 2022
5
5
Ludvig Åberg (2)
Sweden
2 Nov 2022
8 Feb 2023
15
–
46
Gordon Sargent
United States
15 Feb 2023
22 Feb 2023
2
–
Ludvig Åberg (3)
Sweden
1 Mar 2023
15 Mar 2023
3
–
Gordon Sargent (2)
United States
22 Mar 2023
29 Mar 2023
2
–
Ludvig Åberg (4)
Sweden
5 Apr 2023
7 Jun 2023
10
29
Gordon Sargent (3)
United States
14 Jun 2023
13 Sep 2023
14
–
47
Christo Lamprecht
South Africa
20 Sep 2023
27 Sep 2023
2
–
Gordon Sargent (4)
United States
4 Oct 2023
4 Oct 2023
1
–
Christo Lamprecht (2)
South Africa
11 Oct 2023
18 Oct 2023
2
–
Gordon Sargent (5)
United States
25 Oct 2023
1 Nov 2023
2
–
Christo Lamprecht (3)
South Africa
8 Nov 2023
29 Nov 2023
4
–
Gordon Sargent (6)
United States
6 Dec 2023
17 Jan 2024
7
–
48
Nick Dunlap
United States
24 Jan 2024
31 Jan 2024
2
2
Christo Lamprecht (4)
South Africa
7 Feb 2024
7 Feb 2024
1
–
Gordon Sargent (7)
United States
14 Feb 2024
21 Feb 2024
2
–
Christo Lamprecht (5)
South Africa
28 Feb 2024
10 Apr 2024
7
–
Gordon Sargent (8)
United States
17 Apr 2024
17 Apr 2024
1
–
Christo Lamprecht (6)
South Africa
24 Apr 2024
29 May 2024
6
22
Gordon Sargent (9)
United States
5 Jun 2024
12 Jun 2024
2
33
Key
^
Record
Chronology of women's world number ones
#
Player
Country
First week
Last week
Weeks
Total weeks
1
Mitsuki Katahira
Japan
16 Feb 2011
2 Mar 2011
3
–
2
Cecilia Cho
New Zealand
9 Mar 2011
9 Mar 2011
1
1
Mitsuki Katahira (2)
Japan
16 Mar 2011
20 Apr 2011
6
9
3
Lydia Ko
New Zealand
27 Apr 2011
16 Oct 2013
130
130
4
Su-Hyun Oh
Australia
23 Oct 2013
23 Oct 2013
1
–
5
Alison Lee
United States
30 Oct 2013
20 Nov 2013
4
–
Su-Hyun Oh (2)
Australia
27 Nov 2013
27 Nov 2013
1
2
Alison Lee (2)
United States
4 Dec 2013
19 Feb 2014
12
16
6
Minjee Lee
Australia
26 Feb 2014
3 Sep 2014
28
28
7
Brooke Henderson
Canada
10 Sep 2014
17 Dec 2014
15
15
8
Céline Boutier
France
24 Dec 2014
1 Apr 2015
15
15
9
Andrea Lee
United States
8 Apr 2015
6 May 2015
5
–
10
Leona Maguire
Ireland
13 May 2015
4 May 2016
52
–
11
Hannah O'Sullivan
United States
11 May 2016
27 Jul 2016
12
12
Leona Maguire (2)
Ireland
3 Aug 2016
28 Feb 2018
83
135
12
Lilia Kha-Tu Vu
United States
7 Mar 2018
4 Jul 2018
18
–
13
Jennifer Kupcho
United States
11 Jul 2018
25 Jul 2018
3
–
Lilia Kha-Tu Vu (2)
United States
1 Aug 2018
1 Aug 2018
1
–
Jennifer Kupcho (2)
United States
8 Aug 2018
24 Oct 2018
12
–
Lilia Kha-Tu Vu (3)
United States
31 Oct 2018
16 Jan 2019
12
31
Jennifer Kupcho (3)
United States
23 Jan 2019
29 May 2019
19
34
Andrea Lee (2)
United States
5 Jun 2019
5 Jun 2019
1
–
14
Frida Kinhult
Sweden
12 Jun 2019
12 Jun 2019
1
–
Andrea Lee (3)
United States
19 Jun 2019
19 Jun 2019
1
–
15
Atthaya Thitikul
Thailand
26 Jun 2019
26 Jun 2019
1
–
Frida Kinhult (2)
Sweden
3 Jul 2019
7 Aug 2019
6
7
Andrea Lee (4)
United States
14 Aug 2019
16 Oct 2019
10
17
Atthaya Thitikul (2)
Thailand
23 Oct 2019
1 Jan 2020
11
12
16
Pauline Roussin-Bouchard
France
8 Jan 2020
26 Aug 2020
34
34
17
Yu-Chiang Hou
Chinese Taipei
2 Sep 2020
9 Sep 2020
2
2
18
Rose Zhang
United States
16 Sep 2020
31 May 2023
142
142^
19
Ingrid Lindblad
Sweden
7 Jun 2023
5 Jun 2024
53
53
20
Lottie Woad
England
12 Jun 2024
12 Jun 2024
1
1
Key
^
Record
Elite events
Prior to 2020, events were ranked in eight categories: Elite, A, B, C, D, E, F or G. The Elite events are listed below. The calculation of the ranking changed in 2020 and there are no longer any categories.
Men
The Amateur Championship
European Amateur
U.S. Amateur
Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship
Eisenhower Trophy
NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships (beginning in 2016)
Women
The Women's Amateur Championship
European Ladies Amateur Championship
U.S. Women's Amateur
NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championships
Women's Amateur Asia-Pacific (beginning in 2018)
Espirito Santo Trophy
References
^ a b "Notice Regarding 2016 Amendments". WAGR. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
^ "The R&A, USGA Commence World Amateur Golf Ranking Partnership". USGA. 5 February 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011.
^ "The R&A to launch Women's World Amateur Golf Ranking". The R&A. 31 January 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ "Harvey breaks Law, while Boineau wins at home". The R&A. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
^ "Power Method FAQs – Will there still be Elite events?". WAGR. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
External links
Official website
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Water polo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"The Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"handicap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_(golf)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"Richie Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"United States Golf Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Golf_Association"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mitsuki Katahira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuki_Katahira"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rose Zhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Zhang"},{"link_name":"Rory McIlroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rory_McIlroy"},{"link_name":"Jordan Spieth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Spieth"},{"link_name":"Official World Golf Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Number_One_male_golfers"},{"link_name":"Jon Rahm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Rahm"},{"link_name":"Lydia Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia_Ko"},{"link_name":"Women's World Golf Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_World_Golf_Rankings"},{"link_name":"Atthaya Thitikul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atthaya_Thitikul"}],"text":"Like the Official World Golf Ranking for male professional golfers, the amateur ranking was initiated by The R&A to provide a more reliable means of selecting an appropriate field for one of its tournaments. The professional ranking was initially used to help set the field for The Open Championship and the amateur ranking plays a role in selecting the field for The Amateur Championship, which was previously selected mainly on the basis of national handicap systems. Other tournament organisers will be able to use the rankings to select players if they so wish.The first set of rankings featured over 1,000 players from 46 countries and was headed by the 2006 U.S. Amateur champion, Richie Ramsay of Scotland.In February 2011, the United States Golf Association (USGA) endorsed the rankings and announced it would use them for an exemption category in all their men's amateur championships, including the U.S. Amateur, beginning in 2011.[2]The women's rankings were started in February 2011.[3] Japan's Mitsuki Katahira was the first number one.[4] American Rose Zhang holds the record for most weeks at the top of the rankings with 142 weeks.Only three male and two female golfers have ever held the No. 1-ranking as both an amateur and a professional. The first to do so was Rory McIlroy, who was 17 years, 9 months and 2 days when he became the No. 1 amateur and 22 years and 10 months when he first became the world No. 1 professional. Jordan Spieth was the second to accomplish this feat, he was 18 years, 10 months and 24 days when he topped the amateur rankings and 22 years and 20 days when he reached No. 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking. Jon Rahm, who was ranked no. 1 for 60 weeks, became professional world no. 1 in July 2020. Lydia Ko was the first player to accomplish this feat in the female ranking. She was only 14 years and 3 days and held the ranking for a record 130 consecutive weeks, and she was a mere 17 years, 9 months and 9 days when she first reached the pinnacle of the Women's World Golf Rankings (WWGR). Atthaya Thitikul held the amateur No. 1 for 12 weeks in 2019–2020 and topped the WWGR on 31 October 2022.","title":"World Amateur Golf Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key","title":"Chronology of men's world number ones"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key","title":"Chronology of women's world number ones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Prior to 2020, events were ranked in eight categories: Elite, A, B, C, D, E, F or G. The Elite events are listed below. The calculation of the ranking changed in 2020 and there are no longer any categories.[5]","title":"Elite events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Amateur"},{"link_name":"U.S. Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Amateur"},{"link_name":"Asia-Pacific Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"Eisenhower Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower_Trophy"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Golf_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016changes-1"}],"sub_title":"Men","text":"The Amateur Championship\nEuropean Amateur\nU.S. Amateur\nAsia-Pacific Amateur Championship\nEisenhower Trophy\nNCAA Division I Men's Golf Championships (beginning in 2016)[1]","title":"Elite events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Women's Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Women%27s_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"European Ladies Amateur Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Ladies_Amateur_Championship"},{"link_name":"U.S. Women's Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Women%27s_Amateur"},{"link_name":"NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Golf_Championships"},{"link_name":"Women's Amateur Asia-Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Amateur_Asia-Pacific"},{"link_name":"Espirito Santo Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espirito_Santo_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"The Women's Amateur Championship\nEuropean Ladies Amateur Championship\nU.S. Women's Amateur\nNCAA Division I Women's Golf Championships\nWomen's Amateur Asia-Pacific (beginning in 2018)\nEspirito Santo Trophy","title":"Elite events"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Notice Regarding 2016 Amendments\". 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Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.randa.org/en/WAGR/News/News-Archive/2011/January/The-RA-to-launch-Womens-World-Amateur-Golf-Ranking.aspx","url_text":"\"The R&A to launch Women's World Amateur Golf Ranking\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_R%26A","url_text":"The R&A"}]},{"reference":"\"Harvey breaks Law, while Boineau wins at home\". The R&A. 16 February 2011. Retrieved 6 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.randa.org/en/WAGR/News/News-Archive/2011/February/Week-7-2011.aspx","url_text":"\"Harvey breaks Law, while Boineau wins at home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_R%26A","url_text":"The R&A"}]},{"reference":"\"Power Method FAQs – Will there still be Elite events?\". WAGR. Retrieved 29 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wagr.com/power-method-faqs","url_text":"\"Power Method FAQs – Will there still be Elite events?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.wagr.com/en/News/2016/February/Notice%20Regarding%202016%20Amendments.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Notice Regarding 2016 Amendments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110304082710/http://www.usga.org/news/2011/February/R-A,-USGA-Commence-WAGR-Partnership/","external_links_name":"\"The R&A, USGA Commence World Amateur Golf Ranking Partnership\""},{"Link":"http://www.usga.org/news/2011/February/R-A,-USGA-Commence-WAGR-Partnership/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.randa.org/en/WAGR/News/News-Archive/2011/January/The-RA-to-launch-Womens-World-Amateur-Golf-Ranking.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The R&A to launch Women's World Amateur Golf Ranking\""},{"Link":"http://www.randa.org/en/WAGR/News/News-Archive/2011/February/Week-7-2011.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Harvey breaks Law, while Boineau wins at home\""},{"Link":"https://www.wagr.com/power-method-faqs","external_links_name":"\"Power Method FAQs – Will there still be Elite events?\""},{"Link":"https://www.wagr.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Control_Committee | People's Control Commission | ["1 Chairmen","2 See also","3 References"] | The People's Control was a semi-civic, semi-governmental organisation in the Soviet Union with the purpose of putting under scrutiny the activities of government, local administrations and enterprises. It traces its roots back to Rabkrin (the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate), established in 1920.
When Joseph Stalin rose to power, he merged Rabkrin with the CPSU Party Control Committee, only to un-merge them in the 1930s. Nikita Khrushchev, seeking to emulate the Bolsheviks but as part of his de-Stalinization efforts, merged them again and created the Committee of Party-State Control of the Central Committee of the CPSU and of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, putting the ambitious Alexander Shelepin in charge. In 1965, Leonid Brezhnev and the collective leadership around him separated them once more to restrain Shelepin's ambitions.
The 1979 USSR Law on People's Control established committees of people's control in each Soviet republic under the supervision of the central Committee of People's Control. These committees had the authority to audit government and economic administration records. Officials found guilty of illegalities could be publicly reprimanded, fined for damages, or referred to the procurator for prosecution. In the late 1980s, the committees of people's control were an invaluable instrument in Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts at reform and perestroika.
The committees of people's control extended throughout the Soviet Union. In 1989, of the more than 10 million citizens who served on these organs, 95 percent were volunteers. General meetings of work collectives at every enterprise and office elected the committees for tenures of two and one-half years. The chairman of the Committee of People's Control and a professional staff served for five years. The chairman sat on the USSR Council of Ministers.
Chairmen
Alexander Shelepin (...-1965)
Pavel Kovanov
Gennady Voronov (1971-)
Alexey Shkolnikov (1974-)
Sergey Manyakin (1987-)
Gennady Kolbin (1989-)
See also
Central Auditing Commission
References
^ a b A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former), section "Committees of People's Control"
Adams, Jan S. (1978). "Institutional Change in the 1970s: The Case of the USSR People's Control Committee." Slavic Review 37(3):457 - 472.
Adams, Jan S. (1989). "USSR People's Control Committee and Perestroika." Radio Liberty Report on the USSR 1(4):1 - 3.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.
vteAll-Union Government of the Soviet UnionAll-Union
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Non-Ferrous Metallurgy
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Construction in the Eastern Regions
Construction in the Far East and Transbaikal Regions
Construction in the Northern and Western Regions
Construction in the Southern Regions
Construction in the Urals and West Siberian Regions
State Committeesand commissions
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Cinematography
Construction
Defense
Defense Technology
Flight Safety
Fuel Industry
Labour and Social Issues
Logistics
People's Control
Prices
Publishing
Metallurgy
State of Emergency
Science and Technology
Standards and Product Quality Management
State Planning
State Security
Chairmen
Statistics
Television and Radio
Timber and Paper Industry
Transport Construction | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"CPSU Party Control Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPSU_Party_Control_Committee"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"de-Stalinization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-Stalinization"},{"link_name":"Alexander Shelepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR"},{"link_name":"Soviet republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gorbachev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev"},{"link_name":"perestroika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perestroika"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc-1"},{"link_name":"USSR Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_Council_of_Ministers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc-1"}],"text":"When Joseph Stalin rose to power, he merged Rabkrin with the CPSU Party Control Committee, only to un-merge them in the 1930s. Nikita Khrushchev, seeking to emulate the Bolsheviks but as part of his de-Stalinization efforts, merged them again and created the Committee of Party-State Control of the Central Committee of the CPSU and of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, putting the ambitious Alexander Shelepin in charge. In 1965, Leonid Brezhnev and the collective leadership around him separated them once more to restrain Shelepin's ambitions.The 1979 USSR Law on People's Control established committees of people's control in each Soviet republic under the supervision of the central Committee of People's Control. These committees had the authority to audit government and economic administration records. Officials found guilty of illegalities could be publicly reprimanded, fined for damages, or referred to the procurator for prosecution. In the late 1980s, the committees of people's control were an invaluable instrument in Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts at reform and perestroika.[1]The committees of people's control extended throughout the Soviet Union. In 1989, of the more than 10 million citizens who served on these organs, 95 percent were volunteers. General meetings of work collectives at every enterprise and office elected the committees for tenures of two and one-half years. The chairman of the Committee of People's Control and a professional staff served for five years. The chairman sat on the USSR Council of Ministers.[1]","title":"People's Control Commission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Shelepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shelepin"},{"link_name":"Pavel Kovanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Kovanov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gennady Voronov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Voronov"},{"link_name":"Alexey Shkolnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexey_Shkolnikov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sergey Manyakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Manyakin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gennady Kolbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Kolbin"}],"text":"Alexander Shelepin (...-1965)\nPavel Kovanov\nGennady Voronov (1971-)\nAlexey Shkolnikov (1974-)\nSergey Manyakin (1987-)\nGennady Kolbin (1989-)","title":"Chairmen"}] | [] | [{"title":"Central Auditing Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sutoc.html","external_links_name":"A Country Study: Soviet Union (Former), section \"Committees of People's Control\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/","external_links_name":"Country Studies"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Happy_Vagabonds | The Happy Vagabonds | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1929 film
The Happy VagabondsDirected byJacob Fleck Luise FleckWritten byMax Ehrlich Ida Jenbach Bobby E. LüthgeProduced byLiddy HegewaldStarringGeorg Alexander Lotte Lorring Ernö VerebesCinematographyEduard HoeschProductioncompanyHegewald FilmDistributed byHegewald FilmRelease date
1929 (1929)
CountryGermanyLanguagesSilent German intertitles
The Happy Vagabonds (German:Die lustigen Vagabunden) is a 1929 German silent film directed by Jacob Fleck and Luise Fleck and starring Georg Alexander, Lotte Lorring and Ernö Verebes.
The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil.
Cast
Georg Alexander as Fürst Adolar Gilka
Lotte Lorring as Tütü, Revuestar
Ernö Verebes as August Fliederbusch, Landstreicher
Truus Van Aalten as Bertha, seine Weggenossin
Gyula Szőreghy as Lajos von Geletnecky
Adolphe Engers as Alois Gradwohl, Wirt
Hilde Maroff as Anna, seine Tochter
Leo Peukert as Ferdinand Niggerl, Hotelbesitzer
Willi Forst as Roland, Richter
Hermann Picha as Kampl, Gerichtsdiener
Karl Falkenberg
References
^ Bock & Bergfelder p.129
Bibliography
Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.
External links
The Happy Vagabonds at IMDb
This article related to a German silent film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"Jacob Fleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Fleck"},{"link_name":"Luise Fleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Fleck"},{"link_name":"Georg Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Lotte Lorring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Lorring"},{"link_name":"Ernö Verebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C3%B6_Verebes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"art direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_direction"},{"link_name":"Jacek Rotmil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Rotmil"}],"text":"The Happy Vagabonds (German:Die lustigen Vagabunden) is a 1929 German silent film directed by Jacob Fleck and Luise Fleck and starring Georg Alexander, Lotte Lorring and Ernö Verebes.[1]The film's art direction was by Jacek Rotmil.","title":"The Happy Vagabonds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Lotte Lorring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Lorring"},{"link_name":"Ernö Verebes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C3%B6_Verebes"},{"link_name":"Truus Van Aalten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truus_Van_Aalten"},{"link_name":"Gyula Szőreghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Sz%C5%91reghy"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Engers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Engers"},{"link_name":"Hilde Maroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilde_Maroff"},{"link_name":"Leo Peukert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Peukert"},{"link_name":"Willi Forst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Forst"},{"link_name":"Hermann Picha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Picha"},{"link_name":"Karl Falkenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Falkenberg"}],"text":"Georg Alexander as Fürst Adolar Gilka\nLotte Lorring as Tütü, Revuestar\nErnö Verebes as August Fliederbusch, Landstreicher\nTruus Van Aalten as Bertha, seine Weggenossin\nGyula Szőreghy as Lajos von Geletnecky\nAdolphe Engers as Alois Gradwohl, Wirt\nHilde Maroff as Anna, seine Tochter\nLeo Peukert as Ferdinand Niggerl, Hotelbesitzer\nWilli Forst as Roland, Richter\nHermann Picha as Kampl, Gerichtsdiener\nKarl Falkenberg","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0129212/","external_links_name":"The Happy Vagabonds"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Happy_Vagabonds&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha_Cha_Cohen | Cha Cha Cohen | ["1 References","2 External links"] | British band
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Cha Cha Cohen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Cha Cha Cohen was a band formed in 1994 by three members of The Wedding Present — Keith Gregory, Paul Dorrington and Simon Smith. After recruiting singer Jacqui Cohen (AKA Jaqi Dulany) from The Dustdevils they released a single, "Sparky's Note", on Hemiola Records.
In 1996 they released their first record on Chemikal Underground Records and in 1998 released a self-titled album when keyboard player Alan Thomas joining the group.
In 1999 Paul Dorrington left and was replaced by Tanya Mellot. Their last album All Artists Are Criminals was released in 2001, after which Gregory and his now wife, Cohen emigrated to Australia and effectively broke up the group. The Guardian compared the music on this album to The Fall and gave it four stars out of five.
References
^ Costa, Maddy (27 September 2002). "Cha Cha Cohen: All Artists Are Criminals". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
External links
Cha Cha Cohen at AllMusic
vteThe Wedding Present
David Gedge
Jon Stewart
Chris Hardwick
Melanie Howard
Darren Belk
Paul Dorrington
Simon Smith
Peter Solowka
Studio albums
George Best
Bizarro
Seamonsters
Watusi
Saturnalia
Take Fountain
El Rey
Valentina
Going, Going...
EPs
Mini
Compilations
Tommy
Ukrainian John Peel Sessions
Hit Parade 1
Hit Parade 2
Search for Paradise: Singles 2004–5
The Complete Peel Sessions 1986–2004
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Discography
Cha Cha Cohen
Cinerama
The Popguns
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Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on an English band or musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article on a United Kingdom pop music band is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wedding Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wedding_Present"},{"link_name":"Keith Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keith_Gregory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Dorrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Dorrington"},{"link_name":"Simon Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Smith_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"The Dustdevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dustdevils"},{"link_name":"Chemikal Underground Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemikal_Underground_Records"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Cha Cha Cohen was a band formed in 1994 by three members of The Wedding Present — Keith Gregory, Paul Dorrington and Simon Smith. After recruiting singer Jacqui Cohen (AKA Jaqi Dulany) from The Dustdevils they released a single, \"Sparky's Note\", on Hemiola Records.In 1996 they released their first record on Chemikal Underground Records and in 1998 released a self-titled album when keyboard player Alan Thomas joining the group.In 1999 Paul Dorrington left and was replaced by Tanya Mellot. Their last album All Artists Are Criminals was released in 2001, after which Gregory and his now wife, Cohen emigrated to Australia and effectively broke up the group. The Guardian compared the music on this album to The Fall and gave it four stars out of five.[1]","title":"Cha Cha Cohen"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Costa, Maddy (27 September 2002). \"Cha Cha Cohen: All Artists Are Criminals\". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/27/popandrock.artsfeatures3","url_text":"\"Cha Cha Cohen: All Artists Are Criminals\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cha+Cha+Cohen%22","external_links_name":"\"Cha Cha Cohen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cha+Cha+Cohen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cha+Cha+Cohen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cha+Cha+Cohen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cha+Cha+Cohen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cha+Cha+Cohen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2002/sep/27/popandrock.artsfeatures3","external_links_name":"\"Cha Cha Cohen: All Artists Are Criminals\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p482753","external_links_name":"Cha Cha Cohen"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cb1c9ef1-f8e3-44c1-a99a-3cc474a9373a","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cha_Cha_Cohen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cha_Cha_Cohen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deansgrange_Cemetery | Dean's Grange Cemetery | ["1 History","2 Notable burials","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°17′N 6°10′W / 53.283°N 6.167°W / 53.283; -6.167Cemetery in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, Ireland
Dean's Grange CemeteryCeltic cross in Deans Grange CemeteryDetailsEstablished1865LocationDean's Grange Road, Deansgrange, Dún Laoghaire–RathdownCountryRepublic of IrelandTypeChristianSize28.3 ha (70 acres)No. of interments150,000+Find a GraveDean's Grange Cemetery
Dean's Grange Cemetery (Irish: Reilig Ghráinseach an Déin; also spelled Deansgrange) is situated in the suburban area of Deansgrange in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, County Dublin, Ireland. Since it first opened in 1865, over 150,000 people have been buried there. It is, together with Glasnevin and Mount Jerome, one of the largest cemeteries in the Dublin area, occupying 70 acres (28 ha).
History
The main walkway dividing the North (Catholic) and South (Protestant) sections
Easter Rising 1916 memorial, Deansgrange Cemetery.
The Burial Act of 1855 resulted in the closure of many of the older churchyards in Dublin and its environs due to overcrowding. This drove the need to find new lands for cemeteries.
The initial cemetery consisted of just 8 acres (3.2 ha) bought by the Rathdown Union from Rev. John Beatty. The price agreed was £200 which Rev. Beatty set as being equivalent to twenty years rent. A committee was formed to run the new cemetery and on 20 November 1861 Sir George Hobson, chairman of the Guardians of the Rural Districts of the Union, signed the deeds establishing the new cemetery. The new committee set about appointing Matthew Betham as the chairman and Joseph Cope as the office clerk of administrative duties and the building of the new cemetery.
The cemetery was laid out with just two sections, North for Catholic and South for Protestant religions as well as separate chapels for both. It also consisted of a Gate Lodge (Registrar's house) and yew trees lining the main walkways. The buildings were constructed by Matthew Gahan, whose name can be seen on the metal doors to the vaults under each chapel.
The first burial in the new cemetery was on 28 January 1865, when Anastasia Carey was buried near the Catholic chapel. There were four grave types to be chosen by the families.
1st Class located adjacent to the main pathways and considered the most prominent and most expensive.
2nd Class located adjacent to the smaller pathways and expensive.
3rd Class surrounded by other plots where payment was required within five years. Failure to pay resulted in the grave reverting to the Burial Board for reuse.
4th Class on loan and reverted to the Burial Board for reuse after a number of years.
Since the opening of the cemetery two sections were added, South West and West, and the North section was extended. From the 1930s more land was bought and new sections were created and named after different saints bringing the total number of sections to 16.
In 1984 a sister cemetery was opened south of Shankill village called Shanganagh Cemetery and occupying 50 acres (200,000 m2). By the late 1980s, the cemetery was running out of space and it was decided to stop selling new grave spaces. However, recent proposals around 2008 will see a small number of improvements and spaces made available.
The gate lodge was lived in by the registrar until the late 1990s when it was vacated.
Today Dean's Grange Cemetery is administered by Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.
Notable burials
John McCormack (1884–1945), world-famous tenor
Interred in the cemetery are people from notable events in local and Irish history.
The 15 local men of the Kingstown Lifeboat Disaster in 1895 who crewed a rescue boat involved in an attempt to rescue the Palme.
The Angels plot used from 1905 to 1989 to bury children. It is estimated that 750 children are buried here. Cemetery staff renovated the plot around 2008.
During the 1916 Easter Rising, the cemetery saw the burial of about 50 people connected to the rising. They were either innocent civilian victims, members of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, or British Army soldiers. There is a plot with 6 people buried and the rest are buried by their respective families.
RMS Leinster was torpedoed by a German submarine 12 miles (19 km) from Dún Laoghaire in 1918. Eleven known victims are buried in the cemetery.
United Kingdom armed services casualties of the 1916 rising and the Leinster sinking are among the 75 Commonwealth service personnel of World War I who are buried in this cemetery, as are 27 from World War II, whose graves are registered and maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Also interred at Deans Grange:
Todd Andrews (1901–1985), Irish Republican political and military activist, later civil servant
Mona Baptiste (1928–1993), singer
Louie Bennett (1870–1956), suffragette, trade unionist, journalist and writer
Richard Irvine Best (1872–1959), Celtic scholar
Jasper Brett (1895–1917), Irish rugby international and Royal Dublin Fusiliers officer
Francis Browning (1868–1916), cricketer and President of the Irish Rugby Football Union
Joseph Campbell (1879–1944), poet
Kathleen Clarke (1878–1972), Irish republican Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil TD and Senator and widow of the Irish revolutionary Thomas J. Clarke
John A. Costello (1891–1976), Taoiseach and Fine Gael politician.
Rickard Deasy (1812–1883), lawyer and judge; Member of Parliament for County Cork
Denis Devlin (1908–1959), poet
John Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921), Scottish inventor of the pneumatic tyre
Reginald Dunne (died 1922), Irish republican
Frank Fahy (1880–1953), Teachta Dála (TD) and Ceann Comhairle (speaker), buried alongside his wife Anna Fahy
Barry Fitzgerald (1888–1961), actor
Alice Stopford Green (1847–1929), historian
John Edward Healy (1872–1934), longest serving editor of the Irish Times (1907–34)
Augustine Henry (1857–1930), botanist
Seosamh Laoide (1865–1939), scholar and a major figure in Conradh na Gaeilge.
Seán Lemass (1899–1971), Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil politician
Kathleen Lynn (1874–1955), suffragette, member of the Irish Citizen Army and TD for Dublin County
Donagh MacDonagh (1912–1968), writer and judge
John McCormack (1884–1945), tenor; papal count
F. J. McCormick (1889–1947), actor
Joseph McGrath (1887–1966), politician and a founder of the Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake
Anew McMaster (1891–1962), actor-manager
Brinsley MacNamara (1890–1963), author of The Valley of the Squinting Windows
John D. J. Moore (1910–1988), US Ambassador to Ireland (1969–75), interred next to his wife and a daughter
Dermot Morgan (1952–1998), comedian and actor
Delia Murphy (1902–1971), singer and collector of Irish ballads
John Gardiner Nutting (1852–1918), baronet of St. Helen's, Booterstown
Séamas Ó Maoileoin (1893–1959), Irish War of Independence veteran
Brian Ó Nualláin (literary name Flann O'Brien; 1911–1966), novelist
Leon Ó Broin (1902–1990), writer
Frank O'Connor (1903–1966), writer, pseudonym of Michael O'Donovan
Sinéad O'Connor (1966-2023), singer/songwriter and political activist
Milo O'Shea (1926–2013), actor
Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha (1883–1964), writer and teacher of Gaeilge
Joseph O'Sullivan (died 1922), Irish republican
John Howard Parnell (1846–1923), politician and older brother to Charles Stewart Parnell
John Talbot Power, 3rd Baronet of Edermine (1845–1901) of Leopardstown Park; grandson of the founder of Power's Distillery, Dublin
Noel Purcell (1900–1985), actor
Senator William Quirke (1896–1955), Fianna Fáil politician, businessman and IRA leader in Tipperary (Irish War of Independence, Irish Civil War)
Arthur Shields (1896–1970), actor Brother of Barry Fitzgerald
Elizabeth Mary Troy (1914–2011), obstetrician
Ernest Walton (1903–1995), physicist and Nobel Laureate
Joseph Edward Woodall (1896–1962), winner of the Victoria Cross
Michael "Sonny" Murphy, from Kilnaboy, County Clare who represented Ireland at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic games.
There are also many members of Roman Catholic religious orders buried here such as the Congregation of Christian Brothers, Daughters of the Cross, Holy Ghost Fathers, Irish Vincentians, the Little Sisters of the Assumption and the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Igoe, Vivien (2001). "Dublin Burial Grounds & Graveyards", Wolfhound Press, p. 76, ISBN 0863278728
^ a b c d e f Moran, Jamie (2009). "Dean's Grange Cemetery: Stories from beyond the grave", Chuil Aoibhinn Publications, pp. 11–25 Overview, ISBN 978-0956172907
^ a b c d e f Moran, Jamie (2009). "Dean's Grange Cemetery: Stories from beyond the grave", Chuil Aoibhinn Publications, pp. 26–204 Notable, ISBN 978-0956172907
^ CWGC Cemetery Report.
^ Record: Jasper Brett, cwgc.org; accessed 30 April 2017.
^ "The Editors". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
^ "John Moore, ex-ambassador to Ireland, dies". The Indianapolis Star. 13 September 1988. Retrieved 29 April 2017 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Mrs. Moore Dies; Ambassador's Wife". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. 24 January 1975. Retrieved 26 April 2017 – via newspapers.com.
^ Sinéad O'Connor's final resting place is a peaceful plot in south Dublin
^ Profile: William Quirke, irishtimes.com; accessed 30 August 2016.
External links
Dublin Cemeteries
Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council website
Burial records for Deans Grange and Shanganagh cemeteries
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
53°17′N 6°10′W / 53.283°N 6.167°W / 53.283; -6.167 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"Deansgrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deansgrange"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Glasnevin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasnevin_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Mount Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jerome_Cemetery"}],"text":"Cemetery in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, IrelandDean's Grange Cemetery (Irish: Reilig Ghráinseach an Déin; also spelled Deansgrange) is situated in the suburban area of Deansgrange in Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, County Dublin, Ireland. Since it first opened in 1865, over 150,000 people have been buried there. It is, together with Glasnevin and Mount Jerome, one of the largest cemeteries in the Dublin area, occupying 70 acres (28 ha).","title":"Dean's Grange Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dean%27s_Grange_Cemetery_Main_Walkway.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_overview-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_overview-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_overview-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_overview-2"},{"link_name":"Shankill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankill,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Shanganagh Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanganagh_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_overview-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_overview-2"}],"text":"The main walkway dividing the North (Catholic) and South (Protestant) sectionsEaster Rising 1916 memorial, Deansgrange Cemetery.The Burial Act of 1855 resulted in the closure of many of the older churchyards in Dublin and its environs due to overcrowding. This drove the need to find new lands for cemeteries.[1]The initial cemetery consisted of just 8 acres (3.2 ha) bought by the Rathdown Union from Rev. John Beatty. The price agreed was £200 which Rev. Beatty set as being equivalent to twenty years rent. A committee was formed to run the new cemetery and on 20 November 1861 Sir George Hobson, chairman of the Guardians of the Rural Districts of the Union, signed the deeds establishing the new cemetery. The new committee set about appointing Matthew Betham as the chairman and Joseph Cope as the office clerk of administrative duties and the building of the new cemetery.[2]The cemetery was laid out with just two sections, North for Catholic and South for Protestant religions as well as separate chapels for both. It also consisted of a Gate Lodge (Registrar's house) and yew trees lining the main walkways. The buildings were constructed by Matthew Gahan, whose name can be seen on the metal doors to the vaults under each chapel.[2]The first burial in the new cemetery was on 28 January 1865, when Anastasia Carey was buried near the Catholic chapel. There were four grave types to be chosen by the families.[2]1st Class located adjacent to the main pathways and considered the most prominent and most expensive.\n2nd Class located adjacent to the smaller pathways and expensive.\n3rd Class surrounded by other plots where payment was required within five years. Failure to pay resulted in the grave reverting to the Burial Board for reuse.\n4th Class on loan and reverted to the Burial Board for reuse after a number of years.Since the opening of the cemetery two sections were added, South West and West, and the North section was extended. From the 1930s more land was bought and new sections were created and named after different saints bringing the total number of sections to 16.[2]In 1984 a sister cemetery was opened south of Shankill village called Shanganagh Cemetery and occupying 50 acres (200,000 m2). By the late 1980s, the cemetery was running out of space and it was decided to stop selling new grave spaces. However, recent proposals around 2008 will see a small number of improvements and spaces made available.[2]The gate lodge was lived in by the registrar until the late 1990s when it was vacated.[2]Today Dean's Grange Cemetery is administered by Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_mccormack_grave.JPG"},{"link_name":"John McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormack_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"Kingstown Lifeboat Disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingstown_Lifeboat_Disaster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_notable-3"},{"link_name":"Easter Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rising"},{"link_name":"Irish Volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Irish Citizen Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_notable-3"},{"link_name":"RMS Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Leinster"},{"link_name":"Dún Laoghaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_notable-3"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth War Graves Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc-4"},{"link_name":"Todd Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Mona Baptiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Baptiste"},{"link_name":"Louie Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Bennett"},{"link_name":"Richard Irvine Best","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Irvine_Best"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Jasper Brett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Brett"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Royal Dublin Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dublin_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc2-5"},{"link_name":"Francis Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Browning"},{"link_name":"Irish Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Joseph Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"TD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Clarke"},{"link_name":"John A. Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Costello"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_notable-3"},{"link_name":"Rickard Deasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickard_Deasy"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Denis Devlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Devlin"},{"link_name":"John Boyd Dunlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Boyd_Dunlop"},{"link_name":"Reginald Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Dunne"},{"link_name":"Frank Fahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fahy_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Teachta Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"Ceann Comhairle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle"},{"link_name":"Anna Fahy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Fahy"},{"link_name":"Barry Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Alice Stopford Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Stopford_Green"},{"link_name":"John Edward Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"Irish Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Augustine Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_Henry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Seosamh Laoide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seosamh_Laoide"},{"link_name":"Conradh na Gaeilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradh_na_Gaeilge"},{"link_name":"Seán Lemass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass"},{"link_name":"Taoiseach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoiseach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_notable-3"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Irish Citizen Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army"},{"link_name":"Dublin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_County_(D%C3%A1il_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Donagh MacDonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donagh_MacDonagh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"John McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormack_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"F. J. McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._J._McCormick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph McGrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McGrath_(Irish_politician)"},{"link_name":"Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Hospitals%27_Sweepstake"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Anew McMaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anew_McMaster"},{"link_name":"actor-manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor-manager"},{"link_name":"Brinsley MacNamara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinsley_MacNamara"},{"link_name":"The Valley of the Squinting Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valley_of_the_Squinting_Windows"},{"link_name":"John D. J. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._J._Moore"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dermot Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermot_Morgan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgcjm_notable-3"},{"link_name":"Delia Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delia_Murphy"},{"link_name":"John Gardiner Nutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutting_Baronets"},{"link_name":"St. Helen's, Booterstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helen%27s,_Booterstown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Séamas Ó Maoileoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_%C3%93_Maoileoin"},{"link_name":"Brian Ó Nualláin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_O%27Nolan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Leon Ó Broin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_%C3%93_Broin"},{"link_name":"Frank O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Sinéad O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Milo O'Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_O%27Shea"},{"link_name":"Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_%C3%93_Siochfhradha"},{"link_name":"Gaeilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeilge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"John Howard Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard_Parnell"},{"link_name":"Charles Stewart Parnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"John Talbot Power, 3rd Baronet of Edermine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Baronets"},{"link_name":"Power's Distillery, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_(whiskey)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Noel Purcell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Purcell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"William Quirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Quirke"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Irish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Arthur Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Shields"},{"link_name":"Barry Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Mary Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Mary_Troy"},{"link_name":"Ernest Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Walton"},{"link_name":"Nobel Laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Laureate"},{"link_name":"Joseph Edward Woodall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Woodall"},{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"},{"link_name":"Michael \"Sonny\" Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Murphy"},{"link_name":"1932 Los Angeles Olympic games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Cross"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Fathers"},{"link_name":"Irish Vincentians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul"},{"link_name":"Little Sisters of the Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Assumption"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbgg-1"}],"text":"John McCormack (1884–1945), world-famous tenorInterred in the cemetery are people from notable events in local and Irish history.The 15 local men of the Kingstown Lifeboat Disaster in 1895 who crewed a rescue boat involved in an attempt to rescue the Palme.[1]\nThe Angels plot used from 1905 to 1989 to bury children. It is estimated that 750 children are buried here. Cemetery staff renovated the plot around 2008.[3]\nDuring the 1916 Easter Rising, the cemetery saw the burial of about 50 people connected to the rising. They were either innocent civilian victims, members of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, or British Army soldiers. There is a plot with 6 people buried and the rest are buried by their respective families.[3]\nRMS Leinster was torpedoed by a German submarine 12 miles (19 km) from Dún Laoghaire in 1918. Eleven known victims are buried in the cemetery.[3]United Kingdom armed services casualties of the 1916 rising and the Leinster sinking are among the 75 Commonwealth service personnel of World War I who are buried in this cemetery, as are 27 from World War II, whose graves are registered and maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.[4]Also interred at Deans Grange:Todd Andrews (1901–1985), Irish Republican political and military activist, later civil servant\nMona Baptiste (1928–1993), singer\nLouie Bennett (1870–1956), suffragette, trade unionist, journalist and writer\nRichard Irvine Best (1872–1959), Celtic scholar[1]\nJasper Brett (1895–1917), Irish rugby international and Royal Dublin Fusiliers officer[5]\nFrancis Browning (1868–1916), cricketer and President of the Irish Rugby Football Union\nJoseph Campbell (1879–1944), poet\nKathleen Clarke (1878–1972), Irish republican Sinn Féin and Fianna Fáil TD and Senator and widow of the Irish revolutionary Thomas J. Clarke\nJohn A. Costello (1891–1976), Taoiseach and Fine Gael politician.[3]\nRickard Deasy (1812–1883), lawyer and judge; Member of Parliament for County Cork\nDenis Devlin (1908–1959), poet\nJohn Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921), Scottish inventor of the pneumatic tyre\nReginald Dunne (died 1922), Irish republican\nFrank Fahy (1880–1953), Teachta Dála (TD) and Ceann Comhairle (speaker), buried alongside his wife Anna Fahy\nBarry Fitzgerald (1888–1961), actor[1]\nAlice Stopford Green (1847–1929), historian\nJohn Edward Healy (1872–1934), longest serving editor of the Irish Times (1907–34)[6]\nAugustine Henry (1857–1930), botanist[1]\nSeosamh Laoide (1865–1939), scholar and a major figure in Conradh na Gaeilge.\nSeán Lemass (1899–1971), Taoiseach and Fianna Fáil politician[3]\nKathleen Lynn (1874–1955), suffragette, member of the Irish Citizen Army and TD for Dublin County\nDonagh MacDonagh (1912–1968), writer and judge[1]\nJohn McCormack (1884–1945), tenor; papal count[1]\nF. J. McCormick (1889–1947), actor[1]\nJoseph McGrath (1887–1966), politician and a founder of the Irish Hospitals' Sweepstake[1]\nAnew McMaster (1891–1962), actor-manager\nBrinsley MacNamara (1890–1963), author of The Valley of the Squinting Windows\nJohn D. J. Moore (1910–1988), US Ambassador to Ireland (1969–75), interred next to his wife and a daughter[7][8]\nDermot Morgan (1952–1998), comedian and actor[3]\nDelia Murphy (1902–1971), singer and collector of Irish ballads\nJohn Gardiner Nutting (1852–1918), baronet of St. Helen's, Booterstown[1]\nSéamas Ó Maoileoin (1893–1959), Irish War of Independence veteran\nBrian Ó Nualláin (literary name Flann O'Brien; 1911–1966), novelist[1]\nLeon Ó Broin (1902–1990), writer\nFrank O'Connor (1903–1966), writer, pseudonym of Michael O'Donovan[1]\nSinéad O'Connor (1966-2023), singer/songwriter and political activist[9]\nMilo O'Shea (1926–2013), actor\nPádraig Ó Siochfhradha (1883–1964), writer and teacher of Gaeilge[1]\nJoseph O'Sullivan (died 1922), Irish republican\nJohn Howard Parnell (1846–1923), politician and older brother to Charles Stewart Parnell[1]\nJohn Talbot Power, 3rd Baronet of Edermine (1845–1901) of Leopardstown Park; grandson of the founder of Power's Distillery, Dublin[1]\nNoel Purcell (1900–1985), actor[1]\nSenator William Quirke (1896–1955), Fianna Fáil politician, businessman and IRA leader in Tipperary (Irish War of Independence, Irish Civil War)[1][10]\nArthur Shields (1896–1970), actor Brother of Barry Fitzgerald\nElizabeth Mary Troy (1914–2011), obstetrician\nErnest Walton (1903–1995), physicist and Nobel Laureate\nJoseph Edward Woodall (1896–1962), winner of the Victoria Cross[1]\nMichael \"Sonny\" Murphy, from Kilnaboy, County Clare who represented Ireland at the 1932 Los Angeles Olympic games.There are also many members of Roman Catholic religious orders buried here such as the Congregation of Christian Brothers, Daughters of the Cross, Holy Ghost Fathers, Irish Vincentians, the Little Sisters of the Assumption and the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart.[1]","title":"Notable burials"}] | [{"image_text":"The main walkway dividing the North (Catholic) and South (Protestant) sections","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dean%27s_Grange_Cemetery_Main_Walkway.JPG/220px-Dean%27s_Grange_Cemetery_Main_Walkway.JPG"},{"image_text":"Easter Rising 1916 memorial, Deansgrange Cemetery.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg/220px-Easter_Rising_memorial_Deansgrange.jpg"},{"image_text":"John McCormack (1884–1945), world-famous tenor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/John_mccormack_grave.JPG/220px-John_mccormack_grave.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"The Editors\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irishtimes.com/archive/the-editors","url_text":"\"The Editors\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Moore, ex-ambassador to Ireland, dies\". The Indianapolis Star. 13 September 1988. Retrieved 29 April 2017 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10645446/john_moore_burial_location","url_text":"\"John Moore, ex-ambassador to Ireland, dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star","url_text":"The Indianapolis Star"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. Moore Dies; Ambassador's Wife\". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. 24 January 1975. Retrieved 26 April 2017 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10574202/mary_foote_moore_obit","url_text":"\"Mrs. Moore Dies; Ambassador's Wife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut","url_text":"Hartford, Connecticut"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dean%27s_Grange_Cemetery¶ms=53_17_N_6_10_W_region:IE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°17′N 6°10′W / 53.283°N 6.167°W / 53.283; -6.167"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/2233946","external_links_name":"Dean's Grange Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/91203/DEAN'S%20GRANGE%20CEMETERY","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/75229427/BRETT,%20JASPER%20THOMAS","external_links_name":"Record: Jasper Brett"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/archive/the-editors","external_links_name":"\"The Editors\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10645446/john_moore_burial_location","external_links_name":"\"John Moore, ex-ambassador to Ireland, dies\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/10574202/mary_foote_moore_obit","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Moore Dies; Ambassador's Wife\""},{"Link":"https://extra.ie/2023/08/10/news/irish-news/sinead-oconnor-final-resting-place","external_links_name":"Sinéad O'Connor's final resting place is a peaceful plot in south Dublin"},{"Link":"http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1955/0309/Pg005.html#Ar00508:7029C57509E36B9A236EBA38742C69772C836D69DF71A9FD6F3A2271BA376ADB656D6B7A682B776ABB8C749B85772B9B749BEF76AC04770BEF777C046BCC3A6E6C4F701D1F72AD34","external_links_name":"Profile: William Quirke"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091104170526/http://www.dublin.ie/cemeteries/?pageID=4&siteID=872","external_links_name":"Dublin Cemeteries"},{"Link":"http://www.dlrcoco.ie/","external_links_name":"Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown County Council website"},{"Link":"https://dlrcc.discovereverafter.com/","external_links_name":"Burial records for Deans Grange and Shanganagh cemeteries"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315945412","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015063600","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dean%27s_Grange_Cemetery¶ms=53_17_N_6_10_W_region:IE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°17′N 6°10′W / 53.283°N 6.167°W / 53.283; -6.167"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Algerino | Jimmy Algerino | ["1 Titles","2 References","3 External links"] | French footballer
Jimmy AlgerinoPersonal informationFull name
Jimmy AlgerinoDate of birth
(1971-10-28) 28 October 1971 (age 52)Place of birth
Toulouse, FrancePosition(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1990–1991
Chamois Niortais
15
(0)1991–1992
Monaco
3
(0)1992–1993
SAS Épinal
33
(1)1993–1996
Châteauroux
104
(4)1996–2001
Paris Saint-Germain
128
(7)2001
Venezia
8
(0)2001–2002
Sochaux
11
(0)2002–2004
Châteauroux
32
(2)2004–2005
Legnano
4
(0)Total
338
(14)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Jimmy Algerino (born 28 October 1971) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender.
Born into a family of Italian immigrants in Toulouse, Algerino grew up in the Empalot district, next to the Stadium Municipal.
He most notably played for Paris Saint-Germain for five seasons followed by a short spell in Italy at S.S.C. Venezia.
Titles
European Supercup: 1996 runner-up
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final 1997 runner-up
Coupe de France: 1998
Coupe de la Ligue: 1998
Trophée des Champions: 1998
Coupe de France: 2004 runner-up
References
^ Monaco rocked by French Cup defeat, CNN International, March 17, 2004
^ "Algérino écrit l'autre légende de Jimmy - L'Humanité". humanite.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-08.
^ "Lens – PSG 0-1, 30/07/98, Trophée des Champions 98-99". archivesparisfootball.wordpress.com. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
External links
Jimmy Algerino at L'Équipe Football (in French)
Jimmy Algerino profile
This biographical article related to association football in France, about a defender born in the 1970s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"Stadium Municipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_de_Toulouse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"S.S.C. Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Venezia"}],"text":"Jimmy Algerino (born 28 October 1971) is a French former professional footballer who played as a defender.[1]Born into a family of Italian immigrants in Toulouse, Algerino grew up in the Empalot district, next to the Stadium Municipal.[2]He most notably played for Paris Saint-Germain for five seasons followed by a short spell in Italy at S.S.C. Venezia.","title":"Jimmy Algerino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Supercup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup_Final_1997"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"},{"link_name":"Coupe de la Ligue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_la_Ligue"},{"link_name":"Trophée des Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troph%C3%A9e_des_Champions"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Troph%C3%A9e_des_Champions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Coupe de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupe_de_France"}],"text":"European Supercup: 1996 runner-up\nUEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final 1997 runner-up\nCoupe de France: 1998\nCoupe de la Ligue: 1998\nTrophée des Champions: 1998[3]\nCoupe de France: 2004 runner-up","title":"Titles"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Monaco rocked by French Cup defeat, CNN International, March 17, 2004","urls":[{"url":"http://edition.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/03/17/france.cup/","url_text":"Monaco rocked by French Cup defeat"}]},{"reference":"\"Algérino écrit l'autre légende de Jimmy - L'Humanité\". humanite.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/algerino-ecrit-lautre-legende-de-jimmy","url_text":"\"Algérino écrit l'autre légende de Jimmy - L'Humanité\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lens – PSG 0-1, 30/07/98, Trophée des Champions 98-99\". archivesparisfootball.wordpress.com. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivesparisfootball.wordpress.com/2014/07/27/lens-psg-0-1-300798-trophee-des-champions-98-99/","url_text":"\"Lens – PSG 0-1, 30/07/98, Trophée des Champions 98-99\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/03/17/france.cup/","external_links_name":"Monaco rocked by French Cup defeat"},{"Link":"https://www.humanite.fr/-/-/algerino-ecrit-lautre-legende-de-jimmy","external_links_name":"\"Algérino écrit l'autre légende de Jimmy - L'Humanité\""},{"Link":"https://archivesparisfootball.wordpress.com/2014/07/27/lens-psg-0-1-300798-trophee-des-champions-98-99/","external_links_name":"\"Lens – PSG 0-1, 30/07/98, Trophée des Champions 98-99\""},{"Link":"https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/FootballFicheJoueur2527.html","external_links_name":"Jimmy Algerino"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090803100810/http://www.chamoisfc79.fr/visiteur/historique/ex_joueur.php?id_joueur=3","external_links_name":"Jimmy Algerino profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Algerino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Child_(1947_film) | The Lost Child (1947 film) | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1947 Mexican filmThe Lost ChildDirected byHumberto Gómez LanderoWritten byHumberto Gómez Landero Octavio NovaroProduced byJesús GrovasStarringGermán Valdés Marcelo Chávez Emilia GuiúCinematographyVíctor HerreraEdited byJosé W. BustosMusic byArmando RosalesProductioncompanyAS FilmsRelease date
26 September 1947 (1947-09-26)
Running time110 minutesCountryMexicoLanguageSpanish
The Lost Child (Spanish:El niño perdido) is a 1947 Mexican comedy film directed and co-written by Humberto Gómez Landero and starring Germán Valdés, Marcelo Chávez and Emilia Guiú.
Cast
Germán Valdés as Agustín peón Torre y Rey; Tincito
Marcelo Chávez as Pioquinto Chumacero; Quintín Caballero
Miguel Arenas as Don Jacobo Peón
Luis G. Barreiro as Ataúlfo
Ramiro Gamboa as Voz de narrador (voice)
Conchita Gentil Arcos as Pita Torre
Jesús Graña as Don Chucho, coreógrafo
Maruja Grifell as Pura Torre
Emilia Guiú as Estrella / Petra
Lupe Inclán as Segunda, nana
Ramón G. Larrea as Dueño de cabaret
Raúl Lechuga as Empresario
Manuel Noriega as Don Pepe
Humberto Rodríguez as Humberto, mesero
Aurora Ruiz as Severiana, sirvienta
María Valdealde as Espectadora teatro
References
^ Monsiváis & Kraniauskas p.113
Bibliography
Carlos Monsiváis & John Kraniauskas. Mexican Postcards. Verso, 1997.
External links
The Lost Child at IMDb
This article related to a Mexican film of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Humberto Gómez Landero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_G%C3%B3mez_Landero"},{"link_name":"Germán Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Emilia Guiú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Gui%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Lost Child (Spanish:El niño perdido) is a 1947 Mexican comedy film directed and co-written by Humberto Gómez Landero and starring Germán Valdés, Marcelo Chávez and Emilia Guiú.[1]","title":"The Lost Child (1947 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germán Valdés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Marcelo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"Miguel Arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Arenas"},{"link_name":"Luis G. Barreiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_G._Barreiro"},{"link_name":"Conchita Gentil Arcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchita_Gentil_Arcos"},{"link_name":"Maruja Grifell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruja_Grifell"},{"link_name":"Emilia Guiú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Gui%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Lupe Inclán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupe_Incl%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Manuel Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega_(actor)"}],"text":"Germán Valdés as Agustín peón Torre y Rey; Tincito\nMarcelo Chávez as Pioquinto Chumacero; Quintín Caballero\nMiguel Arenas as Don Jacobo Peón\nLuis G. Barreiro as Ataúlfo\nRamiro Gamboa as Voz de narrador (voice)\nConchita Gentil Arcos as Pita Torre\nJesús Graña as Don Chucho, coreógrafo\nMaruja Grifell as Pura Torre\nEmilia Guiú as Estrella / Petra\nLupe Inclán as Segunda, nana\nRamón G. Larrea as Dueño de cabaret\nRaúl Lechuga as Empresario\nManuel Noriega as Don Pepe\nHumberto Rodríguez as Humberto, mesero\nAurora Ruiz as Severiana, sirvienta\nMaría Valdealde as Espectadora teatro","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carlos Monsiváis & John Kraniauskas. Mexican Postcards. Verso, 1997.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039662/","external_links_name":"The Lost Child"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lost_Child_(1947_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Mason | Rachel Mason | ["1 Early life and education","2 Performance art works","3 Sculpture","4 Musical works","5 Films","6 Personal life","7 External links","8 References"] | American artist
Rachel MasonBornLos Angeles, California, U.S.Known forPerformance, sculpture, music, filmSpouseBuck Angel
Rachel Mason is an American filmmaker whose work includes performance art, music, films and multimedia projects.
Early life and education
Mason was born in Los Angeles, California, to Karen and Barry Mason. She has an older brother, Micah, and a younger brother, Josh. Her mother was initially a journalist and her father worked as a special effects engineer in the film industry. When her parents got into financial difficulties in the mid-1970s, they got jobs distributing porn magnate Larry Flynt's Hustler magazine as well as gay porn publications. In 1982, Mason's parents took over the gay porn bookshop Circus of Books in West Hollywood, without telling their children what they did for a living. They also produced gay porn videos, starring Jeff Stryker.
Mason attended Wonderland Avenue Elementary School, Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies (LACES) and Cleveland High School in Reseda. Mason received a BFA in art from UCLA and an MFA from Yale University. In New York she worked as an assistant to video and performance artist Joan Jonas.
Performance art works
Rachel Mason's Real Time performance of Trump's Inaugural Speech, January 20, 2017
On January 20, 2017, Mason's character FutureClown performed a live streamed lip-synch Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions of President Trump's inaugural address as he was delivering it on national television. In 2013, FutureClown lip-synched a full 13 hour filibuster speech delivered by Senator Rand Paul.
Rachel Mason, Wall, 2001
Mason's earliest works included performances and centered around the body and architecture. As an undergraduate, Mason scaled the eight-story (now demolished) UCLA art building dressed as her fictional character, Terrestrial Being. This piece represents one of a series of performances for video focused on this character.
Rachel Mason and dancers at Park Avenue Armory
Between 2004 and 2010, Mason staged performances where she transformed into political leaders singing selections of works from her two Songs of the Ambassadors albums. Ranging from Manuel Noriega to Saddam Hussein. For the research into these songs, Mason conducted interviews with Ramsey Clark, former U.S. Attorney General who provided insight into some of the political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein, Manuel Noriega, with whom she struck up a correspondence from his prison cell in Florida.
Her performances often included dancers and collaborations with musicians and guest artists. Performances occurred at the Park Avenue Armory (New York), Museum of Contemporary Art in Detroit (MOCAD), JMOCA in Los Angeles (Justin Hansch's Museum of Contemporary Art), and Kunsthalle Zürich.
Sculpture
Kissing President Bush, by Rachel Mason
While a student at Yale University, she created Kissing President Bush which was featured on the cover of the New York Times Art Section during the Republican National Convention held in New York, in 2004. In this sculptural work, the artist depicts herself kissing President George W. Bush.
Between 2006 and 2010, Mason created a collectible set of porcelain figurines of the various political figures involved in conflicts during her lifetime. In each conflict she included herself as an imagined ambassador.
In 2014, Mason created an exhibition of polymer clay doll sculptures with mirrored bodies, of female identified artists. The series, Starseeds, was presented first at Envoy Enterprises gallery in New York and then LTD Gallery in Los Angeles.
Musical works
In 2016, Mason released Das Ram, an album of eight synth based pop songs on the Los Angeles label, Cleopatra Records.
In 2013, the soundtrack to her film The Lives of Hamilton Fish was released as an album of 21 songs.
In 2012, Mason released an album with her band Little Band of Sailors which featured an original album cover made by John Baldessari, her mentor and teacher.
Mason released two albums of songs whose lyrics imagine being inside the minds of various political leaders. These albums, called The Ambassadors, Vol. I and Vol. II include songs written in collaboration with guest writers, artists and musicians including Josephine Foster, Jennifer Herrema, John Knuth, Julian Hoeber, Emory Holmes III, Sarah Lehrer-Graiwer. Mason performed at art institutions, and which entailed costume changes where she morphed into leaders such as Saddam Hussein, Mobutu Sese Seko, Deng Xiaoping, and Jimmy Carter.
Films
Her debut feature film The Lives of Hamilton Fish is a musical art film with no dialogue. Mason often performed the entire soundtrack live in front of an audience while touring the film to museums and festivals. The film's story is based on a true coincidence Mason discovered. Two obituaries of two men, both named Hamilton Fish, were printed on the front page of a newspaper from January 16, 1936. Hamilton Fish (aka Albert Fish) had been a serial killer while Hamilton Fish II had been a statesman. The latter was a descendant of 18th century politician Alexander Hamilton, who was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr; a large part of the film was shot on location at the Morris–Jumel Mansion where Burr once lived. The film also portrays one of the first known psychics, The White Crow, aka Leonora Piper.
The Lives of Hamilton Fish premiered at London's Raindance Film Festival in 2015, and Mason performed with the film as a live performance at museums including LACMA, Art in General, Henry Art Gallery, Corcoran Gallery, Albany Institute of History and Art, The Horse Hospital (London), Pineapple Underground Film Festival (Hong Kong), and Night Gallery (Los Angeles).
Mason's 2019 documentary feature film Circus of Books was acquired by Netflix and executive produced by Ryan Murphy. It is based on the story of the historic gay landmark Circus of Books, a book and magazine store that her parents ran from 1982 until 2019. The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2019 and was the opening night gala presentation at the 2019 Outfest film festival. It was available for streaming on Netflix on April 22, 2020.
"Rachel's art is fluid — it's always easing in and out of different forms. She is a songwriter and performer; she's an actress, of a sort, who performs as if channeling the poetic inner souls of controversial leaders like Fidel Castro and Manuel Noriega." -- Claudine Ise
her latest documentary A Update on Family which centered on family vloggers Myka and James Stauffer controversy
Personal life
Rachel Mason is bisexual. She is married to transsexual porn star Buck Angel, and has one son from a previous relationship.
External links
Official website
References
^ a b c d e f Muhammad, Jaja (December 11, 2019). "Our parents ran a secret gay porn empire". Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "BBC World Service - Outlook, Our parents' secret gay porn empire". BBC. November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "Rachel Mason". Rachel Mason. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ Miranda, Carolina (January 20, 2017). "The L.A. artist who lip-synced Donald Trump's inauguration speech as a clown". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
^ Murphy, Tim (July 25, 2013). "After Hours | The Filibuster, As Performed by a Scary Clown". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
^ "Performance Artist Rachel Mason Discusses Her Many Faces". www.culturedmag.com. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ Mason, Rachel (2016). "The Ramsey Clark Interviews". No. 2016, Summer. ArtFCity. ArtFCity. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
^ Enrico (March 13, 2008). "Rachel Mason / Performance at Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland". No. 2008. Vernissage.tv. Venissage. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
^ Yood, James (May 2009). "Rachel Mason Exhibition Review". No. May 2009. Artforum. Artforum.
^ Frank, Priscilla (February 25, 2014). "Artist Sculpts Doll Versions Of Her Female Heroes, From Louise Bourgeois To Beyonce". Magazine. No. February 2014. Huffington Post. Huffington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2014.
^ Cotner, David (April 21, 2017). "Was That A Good Revelation?". No. Spring 2017. L.A.Record. L.A. Record. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ "VICE Exclusive: Listen to the Soundtrack of Rachel Mason's 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'". Vice. May 1, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ Ise, Claudine (September 26, 2011). "Introducing Rachel Mason". Art21.
^ "The Ambassadors II, by Rachel Mason". Rachel Mason. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ O'Neill-Butler, Lauren. "Rachel Mason". artforum.com. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ Wise, Damon (October 2, 2015). "Raindance- Rachel Mason on Making the Leap from Art to Film". review. No. October 2015. Variety Magazine. Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
^ "The Cannibal and the Statesman: Rachel Mason Performs Her Karaoke Rock-Opera Film". Observer. June 4, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ a b Wise, Damon (October 2, 2015). "Raindance – Rachel Mason on Making the Jump from Art to Film with 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A 'Strange In-Between' of a Rock Opera, Music Video, Art Piece". Bedford + Bowery. July 21, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ Gorce, Tammy La (2015). "The Film 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish' Is About a Politician and a Criminal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ Duelund, Theis (June 23, 2015). "Murder Ballad Musical The Lives of Hamilton Fish Screens at LACMA Tonight Los Angeles Magazine". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "Rachel Mason: The Lives of Hamilton Fish - Henry Art Gallery". henryart.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A Film Song by Rachel Mason - Albany Institute of History and Art". www.albanyinstitute.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "Interview: Rachel Mason". Echoes And Dust. August 7, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ Kroll, Justin (April 25, 2019). "Netflix Acquires Tribeca Doc 'Circus of Books,' Exec Produced by Ryan Murphy". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "Preserving WeHo's Circus of Books: A Documentary by Its Owners' Daughter". WEHOville. June 23, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ "Circus of Books". Tribeca Film Festival. 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ Dry, Jude (April 26, 2019). "'Circus of Books' Review: A Perfect Portrait of Mom and Pop's Gay Porn Shop". IndieWire. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ Uhlich, Keith (April 29, 2019). "'Circus of Books': Film Review | Tribeca 2019". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "Opening Night Gala: Circus of Books". Outfest. 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ Debruge, Peter (July 23, 2019). "Film Review: 'Circus of Books'". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
^ "Circus of Books | Netflix Official Site". www.netflix.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
^ "Center Field | Characters, Not Caricatures: The Multifarious Art of Rachel Mason | Art21 Magazine". Art21 Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2017.
^ "Director Rachel Mason Talks New Series on Family Vlogging and Status of 'Rust' Documentary". The Hollywood Reporter.
^ "Myka Stauffer, YouTuber who 're-homed' her adopted son, is subject of new documentary". The Independent.
^ a b Cooper, Michael (April 27, 2020). "Time For Tea: Circus of Books' Rachel Mason Talks About her Family's Landmark LGBTQ Business - LA Weekly". www.laweekly.com. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
United States | [{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Rachel Mason is an American filmmaker whose work includes performance art, music, films and multimedia projects.","title":"Rachel Mason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"Larry Flynt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Flynt"},{"link_name":"Hustler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustler_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Circus of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_of_Books"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"Jeff Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Stryker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Wonderland Avenue Elementary School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonderland_Avenue_Elementary_School"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Center_for_Enriched_Studies"},{"link_name":"Cleveland High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_High_School_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Reseda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseda,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Joan Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Jonas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mason was born in Los Angeles, California, to Karen and Barry Mason.[1] She has an older brother, Micah, and a younger brother, Josh.[1] Her mother was initially a journalist and her father worked as a special effects engineer in the film industry.[1] When her parents got into financial difficulties in the mid-1970s, they got jobs distributing porn magnate Larry Flynt's Hustler magazine as well as gay porn publications. In 1982, Mason's parents took over the gay porn bookshop Circus of Books in West Hollywood, without telling their children what they did for a living.[1] They also produced gay porn videos, starring Jeff Stryker.[2]Mason attended Wonderland Avenue Elementary School, Los Angeles Center for Enriched Studies (LACES) and Cleveland High School in Reseda. Mason received a BFA in art from UCLA and an MFA from Yale University. 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As an undergraduate, Mason scaled the eight-story (now demolished) UCLA art building dressed as her fictional character, Terrestrial Being. This piece represents one of a series of performances for video focused on this character.[6]Rachel Mason and dancers at Park Avenue ArmoryBetween 2004 and 2010, Mason staged performances where she transformed into political leaders singing selections of works from her two Songs of the Ambassadors albums. Ranging from Manuel Noriega to Saddam Hussein. For the research into these songs, Mason conducted interviews with Ramsey Clark, former U.S. Attorney General who provided insight into some of the political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein, Manuel Noriega, with whom she struck up a correspondence from his prison cell in Florida.[7]Her performances often included dancers and collaborations with musicians and guest artists. 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Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rachel_Mason_Ambassadors.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"polymer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer"},{"link_name":"Envoy Enterprises gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envoy_enterprises"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kissing President Bush, by Rachel MasonWhile a student at Yale University, she created Kissing President Bush which was featured on the cover of the New York Times Art Section during the Republican National Convention held in New York, in 2004. In this sculptural work, the artist depicts herself kissing President George W. Bush.Between 2006 and 2010, Mason created a collectible set of porcelain figurines of the various political figures involved in conflicts during her lifetime. In each conflict she included herself as an imagined ambassador.[9]In 2014, Mason created an exhibition of polymer clay doll sculptures with mirrored bodies, of female identified artists. The series, Starseeds, was presented first at Envoy Enterprises gallery in New York and then LTD Gallery in Los Angeles.[10]","title":"Sculpture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleopatra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Baldessari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baldessari"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Josephine Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Foster"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Herrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Herrema"},{"link_name":"John Knuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Knuth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julian Hoeber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Hoeber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emory Holmes III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emory_Holmes_III&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarah Lehrer-Graiwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Lehrer-Graiwer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Mobutu Sese Seko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko"},{"link_name":"Deng Xiaoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In 2016, Mason released Das Ram, an album of eight synth based pop songs on the Los Angeles label, Cleopatra Records.[11]In 2013, the soundtrack to her film The Lives of Hamilton Fish was released as an album of 21 songs.[12]In 2012, Mason released an album with her band Little Band of Sailors which featured an original album cover made by John Baldessari, her mentor and teacher.[13]Mason released two albums of songs whose lyrics imagine being inside the minds of various political leaders. These albums, called The Ambassadors, Vol. I and Vol. II[14] include songs written in collaboration with guest writers, artists and musicians including Josephine Foster, Jennifer Herrema, John Knuth, Julian Hoeber, Emory Holmes III, Sarah Lehrer-Graiwer. Mason performed at art institutions, and which entailed costume changes where she morphed into leaders such as Saddam Hussein, Mobutu Sese Seko, Deng Xiaoping, and Jimmy Carter.[15]","title":"Musical works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Albert Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Fish"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Fish II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_II"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-18"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"Morris–Jumel Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris%E2%80%93Jumel_Mansion"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Leonora Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_Piper"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Raindance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raindance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety-18"},{"link_name":"LACMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LACMA"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Art in General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_General"},{"link_name":"Henry Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Corcoran Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corcoran_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Albany Institute of History and Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Institute_of_History_and_Art"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"The Horse Hospital (London)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"documentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Circus of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_of_Books_(film)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Circus of Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus_of_Books"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"Tribeca Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DryIW-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UhlichTHR-29"},{"link_name":"Outfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfest"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Debruge-31"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Claudine Ise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claudine_Ise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Her debut feature film The Lives of Hamilton Fish is a musical art film with no dialogue. Mason often performed the entire soundtrack live in front of an audience while touring the film to museums and festivals. The film's story is based on a true coincidence Mason discovered.[16] Two obituaries of two men, both named Hamilton Fish, were printed on the front page of a newspaper from January 16, 1936.[17] Hamilton Fish (aka Albert Fish) had been a serial killer while Hamilton Fish II had been a statesman. The latter was a descendant of 18th century politician Alexander Hamilton,[18] who was killed in a duel by Aaron Burr; a large part of the film was shot on location at the Morris–Jumel Mansion where Burr once lived.[19] The film also portrays one of the first known psychics, The White Crow, aka Leonora Piper.[20]The Lives of Hamilton Fish premiered at London's Raindance Film Festival in 2015,[18] and Mason performed with the film as a live performance at museums including LACMA,[21] Art in General, Henry Art Gallery,[22] Corcoran Gallery, Albany Institute of History and Art,[23] The Horse Hospital (London), Pineapple Underground Film Festival (Hong Kong), and Night Gallery (Los Angeles).[24]Mason's 2019 documentary feature film Circus of Books was acquired by Netflix and executive produced by Ryan Murphy.[25] It is based on the story of the historic gay landmark Circus of Books, a book and magazine store that her parents ran from 1982 until 2019.[26][1] The film had its world premiere at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 26, 2019[27][28][29] and was the opening night gala presentation at the 2019 Outfest film festival.[30][31] It was available for streaming on Netflix on April 22, 2020.[1][32]\"Rachel's art is fluid — it's always easing in and out of different forms. She is a songwriter and performer; she's an actress, of a sort, who performs as if channeling the poetic inner souls of controversial leaders like Fidel Castro and Manuel Noriega.\" -- Claudine Ise[33]her latest documentary A Update on Family which centered on family vloggers Myka and James Stauffer controversy [34][35]","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-36"},{"link_name":"Buck Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Angel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-36"}],"text":"Rachel Mason is bisexual.[36] She is married to transsexual porn star Buck Angel, and has one son from a previous relationship.[36]","title":"Personal life"}] | [{"image_text":"Rachel Mason's Real Time performance of Trump's Inaugural Speech, January 20, 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Trump_FutureClown_Inaugural.jpg/220px-Trump_FutureClown_Inaugural.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rachel Mason, Wall, 2001","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rachel_Mason%2C_Wall%2C_2001.jpg/220px-Rachel_Mason%2C_Wall%2C_2001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rachel Mason and dancers at Park Avenue Armory","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Rachel_Mason_at_Park_Avenue_Armory.jpg/220px-Rachel_Mason_at_Park_Avenue_Armory.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kissing President Bush, by Rachel Mason","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kissing_President_Bush.jpg/220px-Kissing_President_Bush.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Rachel_Mason_Ambassadors.jpg/220px-Rachel_Mason_Ambassadors.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Muhammad, Jaja (December 11, 2019). \"Our parents ran a secret gay porn empire\". Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-50662998","url_text":"\"Our parents ran a secret gay porn empire\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC World Service - Outlook, Our parents' secret gay porn empire\". BBC. November 20, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07vkbjr","url_text":"\"BBC World Service - Outlook, Our parents' secret gay porn empire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Mason\". Rachel Mason. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rachelmasonart.com/bio","url_text":"\"Rachel Mason\""}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Carolina (January 20, 2017). \"The L.A. artist who lip-synced Donald Trump's inauguration speech as a clown\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-the-l-a-artist-who-lip-synched-donald-1484947085-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"The L.A. artist who lip-synced Donald Trump's inauguration speech as a clown\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Tim (July 25, 2013). \"After Hours | The Filibuster, As Performed by a Scary Clown\". New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved July 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/after-hours-the-filibuster-as-performed-by-a-scary-clown/","url_text":"\"After Hours | The Filibuster, As Performed by a Scary Clown\""}]},{"reference":"\"Performance Artist Rachel Mason Discusses Her Many Faces\". www.culturedmag.com. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.culturedmag.com/rachel-mason-studio-visit/","url_text":"\"Performance Artist Rachel Mason Discusses Her Many Faces\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Rachel (2016). \"The Ramsey Clark Interviews\". No. 2016, Summer. ArtFCity. ArtFCity. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://artfcity.com/2016/06/02/the-ramsey-clark-interviews-defending-saddam-hussein/","url_text":"\"The Ramsey Clark Interviews\""}]},{"reference":"Enrico (March 13, 2008). \"Rachel Mason / Performance at Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland\". No. 2008. Vernissage.tv. Venissage. Retrieved March 13, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://vernissage.tv/2008/03/13/rachel-mason-performance-at-kunsthalle-zurich-switzerland/","url_text":"\"Rachel Mason / Performance at Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland\""}]},{"reference":"Yood, James (May 2009). \"Rachel Mason Exhibition Review\". No. May 2009. Artforum. Artforum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200905/rachel-mason-40998","url_text":"\"Rachel Mason Exhibition Review\""}]},{"reference":"Frank, Priscilla (February 25, 2014). \"Artist Sculpts Doll Versions Of Her Female Heroes, From Louise Bourgeois To Beyonce\". Magazine. No. February 2014. Huffington Post. Huffington Post. Retrieved February 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/25/rachel-mason-starseeds_n_4848540.html","url_text":"\"Artist Sculpts Doll Versions Of Her Female Heroes, From Louise Bourgeois To Beyonce\""}]},{"reference":"Cotner, David (April 21, 2017). \"Was That A Good Revelation?\". No. Spring 2017. L.A.Record. L.A. Record. Retrieved April 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://larecord.com/archive/2017/04/21/rachel-mason-interview-das-ram-cleopatra-records","url_text":"\"Was That A Good Revelation?\""}]},{"reference":"\"VICE Exclusive: Listen to the Soundtrack of Rachel Mason's 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'\". Vice. May 1, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xd78b3/vice-exclusive-rachel-mason-album-premiere-111","url_text":"\"VICE Exclusive: Listen to the Soundtrack of Rachel Mason's 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'\""}]},{"reference":"Ise, Claudine (September 26, 2011). \"Introducing Rachel Mason\". Art21.","urls":[{"url":"http://magazine.art21.org/2011/09/26/new-guest-blogger-rachel-mason/#.XBNO4c9KiRs","url_text":"\"Introducing Rachel Mason\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ambassadors II, by Rachel Mason\". Rachel Mason. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://rachelmason.bandcamp.com/album/the-ambassadors-ii","url_text":"\"The Ambassadors II, by Rachel Mason\""}]},{"reference":"O'Neill-Butler, Lauren. \"Rachel Mason\". artforum.com. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artforum.com/words/id=27512","url_text":"\"Rachel Mason\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Damon (October 2, 2015). \"Raindance- Rachel Mason on Making the Leap from Art to Film\". review. No. October 2015. Variety Magazine. Variety. Retrieved October 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/film/global/raindance-rachel-mason-on-making-the-jump-from-art-to-film-with-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-1201608749/","url_text":"\"Raindance- Rachel Mason on Making the Leap from Art to Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Cannibal and the Statesman: Rachel Mason Performs Her Karaoke Rock-Opera Film\". Observer. June 4, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://observer.com/2014/06/the-cannibal-and-the-statesman-rachel-mason-performs-her-karaoke-rock-opera-film/","url_text":"\"The Cannibal and the Statesman: Rachel Mason Performs Her Karaoke Rock-Opera Film\""}]},{"reference":"Wise, Damon (October 2, 2015). \"Raindance – Rachel Mason on Making the Jump from Art to Film with 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'\". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2015/film/global/raindance-rachel-mason-on-making-the-jump-from-art-to-film-with-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-1201608749/","url_text":"\"Raindance – Rachel Mason on Making the Jump from Art to Film with 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A 'Strange In-Between' of a Rock Opera, Music Video, Art Piece\". Bedford + Bowery. July 21, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bedfordandbowery.com/2015/07/the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-a-strange-in-between-of-a-rock-opera-music-video-art-piece/","url_text":"\"The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A 'Strange In-Between' of a Rock Opera, Music Video, Art Piece\""}]},{"reference":"Gorce, Tammy La (2015). \"The Film 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish' Is About a Politician and a Criminal\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/nyregion/the-film-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-is-about-a-politician-and-a-criminal.html","url_text":"\"The Film 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish' Is About a Politician and a Criminal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Duelund, Theis (June 23, 2015). \"Murder Ballad Musical The Lives of Hamilton Fish Screens at LACMA Tonight Los Angeles Magazine\". Los Angeles Magazine. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-is-a-murder-ballad-musical/","url_text":"\"Murder Ballad Musical The Lives of Hamilton Fish Screens at LACMA Tonight Los Angeles Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Mason: The Lives of Hamilton Fish - Henry Art Gallery\". henryart.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://henryart.org/programs/rachel-mason-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish","url_text":"\"Rachel Mason: The Lives of Hamilton Fish - Henry Art Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A Film Song by Rachel Mason - Albany Institute of History and Art\". www.albanyinstitute.org. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albanyinstitute.org/event/product/FILM-AND-PERFORMANCE-The-Lives-of-Hamilton-Fish-A-Film-Song-by-Rachel-Mason.html","url_text":"\"The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A Film Song by Rachel Mason - Albany Institute of History and Art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Rachel Mason\". Echoes And Dust. August 7, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echoesanddust.com/2016/08/interview-rachel-mason/","url_text":"\"Interview: Rachel Mason\""}]},{"reference":"Kroll, Justin (April 25, 2019). \"Netflix Acquires Tribeca Doc 'Circus of Books,' Exec Produced by Ryan Murphy\". Variety. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/news/circus-of-books-netflix-ryan-murphy-1203197915/","url_text":"\"Netflix Acquires Tribeca Doc 'Circus of Books,' Exec Produced by Ryan Murphy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preserving WeHo's Circus of Books: A Documentary by Its Owners' Daughter\". WEHOville. June 23, 2017. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wehoville.com/2017/06/22/preserving-wehos-circus-books-documentary-owners-daughter/","url_text":"\"Preserving WeHo's Circus of Books: A Documentary by Its Owners' Daughter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Circus of Books\". Tribeca Film Festival. 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribecafilm.com/filmguide/circus-of-books-2019","url_text":"\"Circus of Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival","url_text":"Tribeca Film Festival"}]},{"reference":"Dry, Jude (April 26, 2019). \"'Circus of Books' Review: A Perfect Portrait of Mom and Pop's Gay Porn Shop\". IndieWire. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2019/04/circus-of-books-review-gay-porn-documentary-netflix-1202128594/","url_text":"\"'Circus of Books' Review: A Perfect Portrait of Mom and Pop's Gay Porn Shop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"}]},{"reference":"Uhlich, Keith (April 29, 2019). \"'Circus of Books': Film Review | Tribeca 2019\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/circus-books-review-1205448","url_text":"\"'Circus of Books': Film Review | Tribeca 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Opening Night Gala: Circus of Books\". Outfest. 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival.outfest.org/2019/movies/circus-of-books/","url_text":"\"Opening Night Gala: Circus of Books\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfest","url_text":"Outfest"}]},{"reference":"Debruge, Peter (July 23, 2019). \"Film Review: 'Circus of Books'\". Variety. Retrieved November 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/circus-of-books-review-1203277535/","url_text":"\"Film Review: 'Circus of Books'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"Circus of Books | Netflix Official Site\". www.netflix.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/title/81011569","url_text":"\"Circus of Books | Netflix Official Site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center Field | Characters, Not Caricatures: The Multifarious Art of Rachel Mason | Art21 Magazine\". Art21 Magazine. Retrieved November 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://magazine.art21.org/2011/02/22/center-field-characters-not-caricatures-the-multifarious-art-of-rachel-mason/#.WhIHNbQ-eRs","url_text":"\"Center Field | Characters, Not Caricatures: The Multifarious Art of Rachel Mason | Art21 Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Director Rachel Mason Talks New Series on Family Vlogging and Status of 'Rust' Documentary\". The Hollywood Reporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/stauffer-family-documentary-director-vlogging-regulations-1235915206/","url_text":"\"Director Rachel Mason Talks New Series on Family Vlogging and Status of 'Rust' Documentary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myka Stauffer, YouTuber who 're-homed' her adopted son, is subject of new documentary\". The Independent.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/myka-stauffer-huxley-documentary-autistic-son-b2555733.html","url_text":"\"Myka Stauffer, YouTuber who 're-homed' her adopted son, is subject of new documentary\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Michael (April 27, 2020). \"Time For Tea: Circus of Books' Rachel Mason Talks About her Family's Landmark LGBTQ Business - LA Weekly\". www.laweekly.com. Retrieved June 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laweekly.com/time-for-tea-circus-of-books-rachel-mason-talks-about-her-familys-landmark-lgbtq-business/","url_text":"\"Time For Tea: Circus of Books' Rachel Mason Talks About her Family's Landmark LGBTQ Business - LA Weekly\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.futureclown.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-50662998","external_links_name":"\"Our parents ran a secret gay porn empire\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07vkbjr","external_links_name":"\"BBC World Service - Outlook, Our parents' secret gay porn empire\""},{"Link":"https://www.rachelmasonart.com/bio","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Mason\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-the-l-a-artist-who-lip-synched-donald-1484947085-htmlstory.html","external_links_name":"\"The L.A. artist who lip-synced Donald Trump's inauguration speech as a clown\""},{"Link":"https://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/after-hours-the-filibuster-as-performed-by-a-scary-clown/","external_links_name":"\"After Hours | The Filibuster, As Performed by a Scary Clown\""},{"Link":"http://www.culturedmag.com/rachel-mason-studio-visit/","external_links_name":"\"Performance Artist Rachel Mason Discusses Her Many Faces\""},{"Link":"http://artfcity.com/2016/06/02/the-ramsey-clark-interviews-defending-saddam-hussein/","external_links_name":"\"The Ramsey Clark Interviews\""},{"Link":"https://vernissage.tv/2008/03/13/rachel-mason-performance-at-kunsthalle-zurich-switzerland/","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Mason / Performance at Kunsthalle Zürich, Switzerland\""},{"Link":"https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200905/rachel-mason-40998","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Mason Exhibition Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/25/rachel-mason-starseeds_n_4848540.html","external_links_name":"\"Artist Sculpts Doll Versions Of Her Female Heroes, From Louise Bourgeois To Beyonce\""},{"Link":"http://larecord.com/archive/2017/04/21/rachel-mason-interview-das-ram-cleopatra-records","external_links_name":"\"Was That A Good Revelation?\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xd78b3/vice-exclusive-rachel-mason-album-premiere-111","external_links_name":"\"VICE Exclusive: Listen to the Soundtrack of Rachel Mason's 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'\""},{"Link":"http://magazine.art21.org/2011/09/26/new-guest-blogger-rachel-mason/#.XBNO4c9KiRs","external_links_name":"\"Introducing Rachel Mason\""},{"Link":"https://rachelmason.bandcamp.com/album/the-ambassadors-ii","external_links_name":"\"The Ambassadors II, by Rachel Mason\""},{"Link":"https://www.artforum.com/words/id=27512","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Mason\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/film/global/raindance-rachel-mason-on-making-the-jump-from-art-to-film-with-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-1201608749/","external_links_name":"\"Raindance- Rachel Mason on Making the Leap from Art to Film\""},{"Link":"https://observer.com/2014/06/the-cannibal-and-the-statesman-rachel-mason-performs-her-karaoke-rock-opera-film/","external_links_name":"\"The Cannibal and the Statesman: Rachel Mason Performs Her Karaoke Rock-Opera Film\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2015/film/global/raindance-rachel-mason-on-making-the-jump-from-art-to-film-with-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-1201608749/","external_links_name":"\"Raindance – Rachel Mason on Making the Jump from Art to Film with 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish'\""},{"Link":"https://bedfordandbowery.com/2015/07/the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-a-strange-in-between-of-a-rock-opera-music-video-art-piece/","external_links_name":"\"The Lives of Hamilton Fish: A 'Strange In-Between' of a Rock Opera, Music Video, Art Piece\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/18/nyregion/the-film-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-is-about-a-politician-and-a-criminal.html","external_links_name":"\"The Film 'The Lives of Hamilton Fish' Is About a Politician and a Criminal\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.lamag.com/culturefiles/the-lives-of-hamilton-fish-is-a-murder-ballad-musical/","external_links_name":"\"Murder Ballad Musical The Lives of Hamilton Fish Screens at LACMA Tonight Los Angeles Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://henryart.org/programs/rachel-mason-the-lives-of-hamilton-fish","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Mason: The Lives of Hamilton Fish - 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LA Weekly\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/300351161","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1111689539","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013045196","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningerum | Ningerum | ["1 Climate","2 See also","3 References"] | Place in Western Province, Papua New GuineaNingerumNingerum township from spaceNingerumLocation within Papua New GuineaCoordinates: 5°40′S 141°8′E / 5.667°S 141.133°E / -5.667; 141.133CountryPapua New GuineaProvinceWestern ProvinceDistrictNorth FlyLLGNiingerum RuralElevation90 m (300 ft)Population (2006 est) • Total5,000 • Rank26thLanguages • Main languagesTok Pisin, English • Traditional languageNinggerumTime zoneUTC+10 (AEST)ClimateAf
Ningerum is a small town on the Kiunga-Tabubil Highway, about equidistant between the two centres of Kiunga and Tabubil. Ningerum is the seat of the Ningerum Rural LLG, which was the second most populous LLG in the North Fly District of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea during the 2000 census. The town is served by Ningerum Airport.
The township itself has a population of roughly 5000 people, a few regional stores and an airport. The Ningerum is also the name for the people inhabiting this region who are noted for their therapeutic knowledge.
Climate
Ningerum has a very wet tropical rainforest climate (Af) with very heavy to extremely heavy rainfall year-round.
Climate data for Ningerum
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
31.4(88.5)
31.1(88.0)
31.2(88.2)
31.2(88.2)
30.8(87.4)
29.8(85.6)
29.1(84.4)
29.7(85.5)
30.2(86.4)
31.1(88.0)
31.9(89.4)
31.6(88.9)
30.8(87.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)
27.0(80.6)
26.7(80.1)
26.8(80.2)
26.9(80.4)
26.8(80.2)
26.0(78.8)
25.5(77.9)
25.8(78.4)
26.0(78.8)
26.6(79.9)
27.2(81.0)
27.2(81.0)
26.5(79.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
22.6(72.7)
22.4(72.3)
22.5(72.5)
22.6(72.7)
22.8(73.0)
22.3(72.1)
22.0(71.6)
21.9(71.4)
21.9(71.4)
22.1(71.8)
22.5(72.5)
22.8(73.0)
22.4(72.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
470(18.5)
444(17.5)
581(22.9)
502(19.8)
716(28.2)
632(24.9)
616(24.3)
618(24.3)
522(20.6)
460(18.1)
320(12.6)
442(17.4)
6,323(249.1)
Source: Climate-Data.org
See also
Ningerum Rural LLG
References
^ Welsch, RL (1985). "The distribution of therapeutic knowledge in Ningerum: implications for primary health care and the use of aid posts". P N G Med J. 28: 205–10. PMID 3866447.
^ "Climate: Ningerum". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
This Western Province geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiunga-Tabubil Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiunga-Tabubil_Highway"},{"link_name":"Kiunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiunga,_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Tabubil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabubil,_Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"North Fly District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fly_District,_Western_Province"},{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)"},{"link_name":"Ningerum Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ningerum_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ningerum is a small town on the Kiunga-Tabubil Highway, about equidistant between the two centres of Kiunga and Tabubil. Ningerum is the seat of the Ningerum Rural LLG, which was the second most populous LLG in the North Fly District of the Western Province of Papua New Guinea during the 2000 census. The town is served by Ningerum Airport.The township itself has a population of roughly 5000 people, a few regional stores and an airport. The Ningerum is also the name for the people inhabiting this region who are noted for their therapeutic knowledge.[1]","title":"Ningerum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ningerum has a very wet tropical rainforest climate (Af) with very heavy to extremely heavy rainfall year-round.Climate data for Ningerum\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n29.8(85.6)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n31.1(88.0)\n\n31.9(89.4)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n26.8(80.2)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n25.5(77.9)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n26.5(79.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n22.1(71.8)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n22.8(73.0)\n\n22.4(72.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n470(18.5)\n\n444(17.5)\n\n581(22.9)\n\n502(19.8)\n\n716(28.2)\n\n632(24.9)\n\n616(24.3)\n\n618(24.3)\n\n522(20.6)\n\n460(18.1)\n\n320(12.6)\n\n442(17.4)\n\n6,323(249.1)\n\n\nSource: Climate-Data.org[2]","title":"Climate"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ningerum Rural LLG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningerum_Rural_LLG"}] | [{"reference":"Welsch, RL (1985). \"The distribution of therapeutic knowledge in Ningerum: implications for primary health care and the use of aid posts\". P N G Med J. 28: 205–10. PMID 3866447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3866447","url_text":"3866447"}]},{"reference":"\"Climate: Ningerum\". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved July 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/141970/","url_text":"\"Climate: Ningerum\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ningerum¶ms=5_40_S_141_8_E_region:PG_type:city(5000)","external_links_name":"5°40′S 141°8′E / 5.667°S 141.133°E / -5.667; 141.133"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3866447","external_links_name":"3866447"},{"Link":"https://en.climate-data.org/location/141970/","external_links_name":"\"Climate: Ningerum\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ningerum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_2020s | List of sovereign states in the 2020s | [] | Of All The Countries In The 2020s
This is a list of sovereign states in the 2020s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 2020 and the present day. It contains 210 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 195 widely recognized sovereign states, two associated states, and 13 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de jure constituents of other powers by the general international community.
Contents
Members or observers of the United Nations
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
Y
Z
Non-UN members or observers
Other entities
See also
Notes
Members or observers of the United Nations
Name and capital city
Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
A
AfghanistanCapital: Kabul
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto ruling government since 15 August 2021)
Widely-recognized UN member state. The United Nations continued to recognize the exiled government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan as the de jure legitimate government (from 15 August 2021).
Albania – Republic of Albania Capital: Tirana
Widely recognized UN member state.
Algeria – People's Democratic Republic of Algeria Capital: Algiers
Widely recognized UN member state.
Andorra – Principality of Andorra Capital: Andorra la Vella
Widely recognized UN member state. The President of France and Bishop of Urgell were ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra. The defense of Andorra was the responsibility of France and Spain.
Angola – Republic of Angola Capital: Luanda
Widely recognized UN member state.
Antigua and Barbuda Capital: St. John's
Widely recognized UN member state and a Commonwealth realm. Antigua and Barbuda had two dependencies, Barbuda and Redonda.
Argentina – Argentine Republic Capital: Buenos Aires
Widely recognized UN member state. Argentina was a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city. It had a claim over Argentine Antarctica, which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty. It also claimed the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, both of which were British overseas territories.
Armenia – Republic of Armenia Capital: Yerevan
Widely recognized UN member state.
Australia – Commonwealth of Australia Capital: Canberra
Widely recognized UN member state and a Commonwealth realm. Australia was a federation of six states and three territories. It had sovereignty over the following external territories:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Australian Antarctic Territory (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Coral Sea Islands
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Norfolk Island
Austria – Republic of Austria Capital: Vienna
Widely recognized UN member state and an EU member. Austria was a federation of nine states.
Azerbaijan – Republic of Azerbaijan Capital: Baku
Widely recognized UN member state. Azerbaijan had one autonomous republic, Nakhchivan. It included the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, where a partially recognized breakaway republic had declared independence (to 1 January 2024).
B
The Bahamas – Commonwealth of the Bahamas Capital: Nassau
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Bahrain – Kingdom of Bahrain Capital: Manama
Widely recognized UN member state.
Bangladesh – People's Republic of Bangladesh Capital: Dhaka
Widely recognized UN member state.
Barbados Capital: Bridgetown
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm until 30 November 2021, when it became a republic.
Belarus – Republic of Belarus Capital: Minsk
Widely recognized UN member state.
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium Capital: Brussels
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. Belgium was a federation of three communities and three regions.
Belize Capital: Belmopan
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Benin – Republic of Benin Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (seat of government)
Widely recognized UN member state.
Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan Capital: Thimphu
Widely recognized UN member state.
Bolivia – Plurinational State of Bolivia Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)
Widely recognized UN member state.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Capital: Sarajevo
Widely recognized UN member state. Bosnia and Herzegovina was a federation of two constituent entities: the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was itself a federation of ten cantons, and Republika Srpska.
Botswana – Republic of Botswana Capital: Gaborone
Widely recognized UN member state.
Brazil – Federative Republic of Brazil Capital: Brasília
Widely recognized UN member state. Brazil was a federation of 26 states and one federal district.
Brunei – Nation of Brunei, Abode of Peace Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Widely recognized UN member state. Brunei claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia).
Bulgaria – Republic of Bulgaria Capital: Sofia
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Burkina Faso Capital: Ouagadougou
Widely recognized UN member state.
Burma → Myanmar
Burundi – Republic of Burundi Capital: Gitega
Widely recognized UN member state.
C
Cambodia – Kingdom of Cambodia Capital: Phnom Penh
Widely recognized UN member state.
Cameroon – Republic of Cameroon Capital: Yaoundé
Widely recognized UN member state.
Canada Capital: Ottawa
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm; Canada was a federation of ten provinces and three territories.
Cape Verde – Republic of Cabo Verde Capital: Praia
Widely recognized UN member state.
Central African Republic Capital: Bangui
Widely recognized UN member state.
Chad – Republic of Chad Capital: N'Djamena
Widely recognized UN member state.
Chile – Republic of Chile Capital: Santiago
Widely recognized UN member state; Chile had two special territories, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands. It had a claim over Chilean Antarctic Territory, although it was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
China – People's Republic of China Capital: Beijing
Widely recognized UN member state. The People's Republic of China had 22 provinces, four direct controlled municipalities and five autonomous regions: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet. Additionally, it had sovereignty over two special administrative regions:
Hong Kong
Macau
The People's Republic of China claimed Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island and the Vereker Banks, and Itu Aba, all of which were governed by the Republic of China. It also claimed the Paracel Islands (disputed by the Republic of China and Vietnam), the Spratly Islands (disputed by the Republic of China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei), and South Tibet (controlled by India). The People's Republic of China administered Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract, which were within the disputed region of Kashmir.
Colombia – Republic of Colombia Capital: Bogotá
Widely recognized UN member state; Colombia administered Serranilla Bank and claimed Bajo Nuevo Bank (disputed by Nicaragua and the United States).
Comoros – Union of the Comoros Capital: Moroni
Widely recognized UN member state. The Comoros was a federation of three islands autonomous islands: Grande Comore, Mohéli, and Anjouan. Comoros also claimed sovereignty over the French region of Mayotte and the Glorioso Islands. Comoros also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and France).
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Capital: Kinshasa
Widely recognized UN member state.
Congo, Republic of the Capital: Brazzaville
Widely recognized UN member state.
Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica Capital: San José
Widely recognized UN member state.
Côte d'Ivoire → Ivory Coast
Croatia – Republic of Croatia Capital: Zagreb
Widely recognized UN member state and an EU member.
Cuba – Republic of Cuba Capital: Havana
Widely recognized UN member state. The Cuban region of Guantánamo Bay was under the control of the United States.
Cyprus – Republic of Cyprus Capital: Nicosia
Widely recognized UN member state; EU member. The northeastern part of the island was the de facto independent state of Northern Cyprus, which was recognized only by Turkey.
Czech Republic Capital: Prague
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
D
Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark Capital: Copenhagen
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. The Kingdom of Denmark also included two autonomous countries:
Greenland
Faroe Islands
Djibouti – Republic of Djibouti Capital: Djibouti
Widely recognized UN member state.
Dominica – Commonwealth of Dominica Capital: Roseau
Widely recognized UN member state.
Dominican Republic Capital: Santo Domingo
Widely recognized UN member state.
E
East Timor – Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Capital: Dili
Widely recognized UN member state.
Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador Capital: Quito
Widely recognized UN member state.
Egypt – Arab Republic of Egypt Capital: Cairo
Widely recognized UN member state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador Capital: San Salvador
Widely recognized UN member state.
Equatorial Guinea – Republic of Equatorial Guinea Capital: Malabo
Widely recognized UN member state.
Eritrea – State of Eritrea Capital: Asmara
Widely recognized UN member state.
Estonia – Republic of Estonia Capital: Tallinn
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Eswatini – Kingdom of EswatiniCapital: Mbabane (administrative), Lobamba (royal and legislative)
Widely recognized UN member state.
Ethiopia – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Capital: Addis Ababa
Widely recognized UN member state. Ethiopia was a federation of nine regions and two chartered cities.
F
Fiji – Republic of Fiji Capital: Suva
Widely recognized UN member state. Fiji had an autonomous dependency, Rotuma.
Finland – Republic of Finland Capital: Helsinki
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. Finland had a neutral and demilitarised region:
Åland
→ France – French Republic Capital: Paris
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. France included five overseas departments: French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte and Réunion. It also had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
Clipperton Island
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (including a claim to Adélie Land which was suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.)
New Caledonia
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (district of Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean):
Bassas da India (disputed by Madagascar)
Europa Island (disputed by Madagascar)
Glorioso Islands (disputed by Madagascar and Comoros)
Juan de Nova Island (disputed by Madagascar)
Tromelin Island (disputed by Mauritius)
Wallis and Futuna
France also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Madagascar and the Comoros).
G
Gabon – Gabonese Republic Capital: Libreville
Widely recognized UN member state.
The Gambia – Republic of the Gambia Capital: Banjul
Widely recognized UN member state.
Georgia Capital: Tbilisi
Widely recognized UN member state. Georgia had two autonomous regions, Adjara and Abkhazia; the latter was home to a de facto independent state. Georgia also included the disputed region of South Ossetia, where a partially-recognized breakaway republic had declared independence.
Germany – Federal Republic of Germany Capital: Berlin
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. Germany was a federation of sixteen states.
Ghana – Republic of Ghana Capital: Accra
Widely recognized UN member state.
Greece – Hellenic Republic Capital: Athens
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. Greece had sovereignty over Mount Athos, an autonomous monastic state that was jointly governed by the multi-national "Holy Community" on the mountain and the Civil Governor appointed by the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and spiritually under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Grenada Capital: St. George's
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Grenada had one autonomous dependency, Carriacou and Petite Martinique.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala Capital: Guatemala City
Widely recognized UN member state.
Guinea – Republic of Guinea Capital: Conakry
Widely recognized UN member state.
Guinea-Bissau – Republic of Guinea-Bissau Capital: Bissau
Widely recognized UN member state.
Guyana – Co-operative Republic of Guyana Capital: Georgetown
Widely recognized UN member state.
H
Haiti – Republic of Haiti Capital: Port-au-Prince
Widely recognized UN member state. Haiti claimed the uninhabited U.S. possession of Navassa Island.
Holy See → Vatican City
→ Honduras – Republic of Honduras Capital: Tegucigalpa
Widely recognized UN member state.
Hungary Capital: Budapest
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
I
Iceland – Republic of Iceland Capital: Reykjavík
Widely recognized UN member state.
India – Republic of India Capital: New Delhi
Widely recognized UN member state. India was a federation of twenty-eight states and nine union territories. Indian sovereignty over South Tibet was disputed by China. India administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
Indonesia – Republic of Indonesia Capital: Jakarta
Widely recognized UN member state. Indonesia had five special provinces: Aceh, Jakarta, Papua, West Papua, and Yogyakarta.
Iran – Islamic Republic of Iran Capital: Tehran
Widely recognized UN member state.
Iraq – Republic of Iraq Capital: Baghdad
Widely recognized UN member state. Iraq was constitutionally designated as a federation of autonomous regions, but only one region (Iraqi Kurdistan) had been established.
Ireland Capital: Dublin
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Israel – State of Israel Capital: Jerusalem
Widely recognized UN member state. Israel occupied East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank. These areas were not generally recognized as being part of Israel.
Italy – Italian Republic Capital: Rome
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. Italy had 5 autonomous regions, Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily, and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Ivory Coast – Republic of Côte d'IvoireCapital: Yamoussoukro (official), Abidjan (seat of government)
Widely recognized UN member state.
J
Jamaica Capital: Kingston
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Japan Capital: Tokyo
Widely recognized UN member state. Its claim over the Liancourt Rocks was disputed by North Korea and South Korea. Its claim over Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, and the Habomai Islands was disputed by Russia.
Jordan – Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Capital: Amman
Widely recognized UN member state.
K
Kazakhstan – Republic of KazakhstanCapital: Nur-Sultan (renamed Astana in 2022)
Widely recognized UN member state.
Kenya – Republic of Kenya Capital: Nairobi
Widely recognized UN member state.
Kiribati – Republic of Kiribati Capital: South Tarawa
Widely recognized UN member state.
Korea, North – Democratic People's Republic of Korea Capital: Pyongyang
Widely recognized UN member state. It claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea and its claim over the Liancourt Rocks was disputed by South Korea and Japan.
Korea, South – Republic of Korea Capital: Seoul
Widely recognized UN member state. South Korea had one autonomous region, Jeju. It claimed to be the sole legitimate government of Korea and its claim over the Liancourt Rocks was disputed by North Korea and Japan.
Kuwait – State of Kuwait Capital: Kuwait City
Widely recognized UN member state.
→ Kyrgyzstan – Kyrgyz Republic Capital: Bishkek
Widely-recognized UN member state.
L
Laos – Lao People's Democratic Republic Capital: Vientiane
Widely recognized UN member state.
Latvia – Republic of Latvia Capital: Riga
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Lebanon – Lebanese Republic Capital: Beirut
Widely recognized UN member state.
Lesotho – Kingdom of Lesotho Capital: Maseru
Widely recognized UN member state.
Liberia – Republic of Liberia Capital: Monrovia
Widely recognized UN member state.
Libya – State of Libya Capital: Tripoli, Libya
Widely recognized UN member state.
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein Capital: Vaduz
Widely recognized UN member state. The defense of Liechtenstein was the responsibility of Switzerland.
Lithuania – Republic of Lithuania Capital: Vilnius
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Capital: Luxembourg
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
M
Madagascar – Republic of Madagascar Capital: Antananarivo
Widely recognized UN member state. Madagascar claimed the French possessions of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova Island. It also claimed Banc du Geyser (disputed by Comoros and France).
Malawi – Republic of Malawi Capital: Lilongwe
Widely recognized UN member state.
Malaysia Capital: Kuala Lumpur (official), Putrajaya (administrative)
Widely recognized UN member state. Malaysia was a federation of thirteen states and three federal territories. Malaysia claimed part of the Spratly Islands (disputed by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Brunei).
Maldives – Republic of Maldives Capital: Malé
Widely recognized UN member state.
Mali – Republic of Mali Capital: Bamako
Widely recognized UN member state.
Malta – Republic of Malta Capital: Valletta
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Marshall Islands – Republic of the Marshall Islands Capital: Majuro
Widely recognized UN member state under Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Marshall Islands claimed the United States territory of Wake Island.
Mauritania – Islamic Republic of Mauritania Capital: Nouakchott
Widely recognized UN member state.
Mauritius – Republic of Mauritius Capital: Port Louis
Widely recognized UN member state. Mauritius had one autonomous dependency, Rodrigues, and two other dependencies, Agalega Islands and Cargados Carajos. It claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French territory of Tromelin Island.
Mexico – United Mexican States Capital: Mexico City
Widely recognized UN member state. Mexico was a federation of 31 states and one federal district.
Federated States of Micronesia Capital: Palikir
Widely recognized UN member state under Compact of Free Association with the United States. The FSM was a federation of four states.
Moldova – Republic of Moldova Capital: Chişinău
Widely recognized UN member state. Moldova had two autonomous territorial units, Gagauzia and Transnistria; the latter was controlled by a de facto independent state.
Monaco – Principality of Monaco Capital: Monaco
Widely recognized UN member state. The defense of Monaco was the responsibility of France.
Mongolia Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Widely recognized UN member state.
Montenegro Capital: Podgorica
Widely recognized UN member state.
Morocco – Kingdom of Morocco Capital: Rabat
Widely recognized UN member state. Morocco claimed sovereignty over Western Sahara, which was disputed and partially controlled by the de facto independent Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco disputed Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, and Peñón de Alhucemas.
Mozambique – Republic of Mozambique Capital: Maputo
Widely recognized UN member state.
Myanmar – Republic of the Union of Myanmar Capital: Naypyidaw
Widely recognized UN member state.
N
Namibia – Republic of Namibia Capital: Windhoek
Widely recognized UN member state.
Nauru – Republic of Nauru Capital: Yaren (unofficial, seat of parliament)
Widely recognized UN member state. The defense of Nauru was the responsibility of Australia.
Nepal – Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Capital: Kathmandu
Widely recognized UN member state. Nepal was a federation of seven provinces.
Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands Capital: Amsterdam (official), The Hague (seat of government)
Widely recognized UN member state. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consisted of four autonomous countries:
Aruba
Netherlands
Curaçao
Sint Maarten
It also had sovereignty over one non-autonomous region (consisting of three special municipalities that are part of the Netherlands):
Caribbean Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands, excluding Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and the Caribbean Netherlands, was a member of the EU.
New Zealand Capital: Wellington
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. New Zealand had responsibilities for the two free associated states of:
Cook Islands
Niue
It also had sovereignty over two dependent territories:
Ross Dependency (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
Tokelau
The government of Tokelau claimed Swains Island, part of American Samoa (an unincorporated territory of the United States). New Zealand did not recognize this claim.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua Capital: Managua
Widely recognized UN member state. Nicaragua had two autonomous regions: the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region.
Niger – Republic of Niger Capital: Niamey
Widely recognized UN member state.
Nigeria – Federal Republic of Nigeria Capital: Abuja
Widely recognized UN member state. Nigeria was a federation of 36 states and one federal territory.
North Macedonia – Republic of North Macedonia Capital: Skopje
Widely recognized UN member state.
Norway – Kingdom of Norway Capital: Oslo
Widely recognized UN member state. Norway had two integral overseas areas: Jan Mayen and Svalbard. The latter had a special status due to the Spitsbergen Treaty. Norway had sovereignty over the following dependencies:
Bouvet Island
Peter I Island (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
Queen Maud Land (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
O
Oman – Sultanate of OmanCapital: Muscat
Widely recognized UN member state.
P
Pakistan – Islamic Republic of Pakistan Capital: Islamabad
Widely recognized UN member state. Pakistan was a federation of four provinces and four territories. It administered part of the disputed region of Kashmir as the territories of Azad Kashmir and the autonomous territory of Gilgit-Baltistan.
Palau – Republic of Palau Capital: Ngerulmud
Widely recognized UN member state under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Palestine – State of PalestineCapital: Ramallah (administrative), Gaza City (administrative), Jerusalem (claims)
Partially-recognised de facto self-governing entity. Palestine claimed sovereignty over a disputed region consisting of three Israeli-occupied territories: the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. Palestine was a non-member observer state of the United Nations General Assembly. The Palestinian National Authority was an interim administrative body that exercised limited control over parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Gaza was under the control of Hamas.
Panama – Republic of Panama Capital: Panama City
Widely recognized UN member state.
Papua New Guinea – Independent State of Papua New Guinea Capital: Port Moresby
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Papua New Guinea had one autonomous region, Bougainville.
Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay Capital: Asunción
Widely recognized UN member state.
Peru – Republic of Peru Capital: Lima
Widely recognized UN member state.
Philippines – Republic of the Philippines Capital: Manila
Widely recognized UN member state. The Philippines had one autonomous region, Bangsamoro. The Philippines administered Scarborough Shoal, which was disputed by the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China. It also claimed sovereignty over the Spratly Islands (disputed by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Brunei, and Malaysia) and the Malaysian territory of Sabah.
Poland – Republic of Poland Capital: Warsaw
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Portugal – Portuguese Republic Capital: Lisbon
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member. Portugal had two autonomous regions: the Azores and Madeira. Portugal claimed the Spanish municipalities of Olivenza and Táliga.
Q
Qatar – State of Qatar Capital: Doha
Widely recognized UN member state.
R
Romania Capital: Bucharest
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Russia – Russian Federation Capital: Moscow
Widely recognized UN member state and a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Russia was a federation of 22 republics, 46 oblasts, 9 krais, 3 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs. Its claim over Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, and the Habomai Islands was disputed by Japan and its claim over Crimea, Donetsk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Luhansk Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast was disputed by Ukraine.
Rwanda – Republic of RwandaCapital: Kigali
Widely recognized UN member state.
S
Saint Kitts and Nevis – Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis Capital: Basseterre
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm. Saint Kitts and Nevis was a federation of fourteen parishes on two islands. It had one autonomous island, Nevis.
Saint Lucia Capital: Castries
Widely recognized UN member state and a Commonwealth realm.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Capital: Kingstown
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Samoa – Independent State of Samoa Capital: Apia
Widely recognized UN member state.
San Marino – Republic of San Marino Capital: San Marino
Widely recognized UN member state.
São Tomé and Príncipe – Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe Capital: São Tomé
Widely recognized UN member state; São Tomé and Príncipe had one autonomous province, Príncipe.
Saudi Arabia – Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Capital: Riyadh
Widely recognized UN member state.
Senegal – Republic of Senegal Capital: Dakar
Widely recognized UN member state.
Serbia – Republic of Serbia Capital: Belgrade
Widely recognized UN member state. Serbia claimed two autonomous provinces, Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija, with the latter controlled by a partially-recognized de facto independent state.
Seychelles – Republic of Seychelles Capital: Victoria
Widely recognized UN member state. The Seychelles claimed the British Indian Ocean Territory.
Sierra Leone – Republic of Sierra Leone Capital: Freetown
Widely recognized UN member state.
Singapore – Republic of Singapore Capital: Singapore
Widely recognized UN member state.
Slovakia – Slovak Republic Capital: Bratislava
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Slovenia – Republic of Slovenia Capital: Ljubljana
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Solomon Islands Capital: Honiara
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
Somalia – Federal Republic of Somalia Capital: Mogadishu
Widely recognized UN member state. Several autonomous regional governments existed in the de jure territory of Somalia. Although these states did not claim independence from Somalia, they were de facto self-governing:
Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a
al-Shabaab
Galmudug
Himan and Heeb
Jubaland/Azania
Puntland
There were also areas of the country that at various times had no effective government at all, or which were ruled by local clans. In addition, one state, Somaliland, had declared and established de facto independence from Somalia.
South Africa – Republic of South Africa Capital: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), Bloemfontein (judicial)
Widely recognized UN member state.
→ South Sudan – Republic of South Sudan Capital: Juba
Widely recognized UN member state. South Sudan was a federation of 10 states. It disputed Abyei with Sudan.
Spain – Kingdom of Spain Capital: Madrid
Widely recognized UN member state and an EU member. Spain was divided into seventeen autonomous communities and two autonomous cities. Its sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas was disputed by Morocco. Its sovereignty over Olivenza and Táliga was disputed by Portugal. It claimed the British overseas territory of Gibraltar.
Sri Lanka – Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri LankaCapital: Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte (administrative), Colombo (commercial)
Widely recognized UN member state.
Sudan – Republic of the Sudan Capital: Khartoum
Widely recognized UN member state; Sudan was a federation of 18 states. Sovereignty over Abyei was disputed with South Sudan.
Suriname – Republic of Suriname Capital: Paramaribo
Widely recognized UN member state.
Swaziland → Eswatini
Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden Capital: Stockholm
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member.
Switzerland – Swiss Confederation Capital: Bern
Widely recognized UN member state. Switzerland was a federation of 26 cantons.
Syria – Syrian Arab Republic Capital: Damascus
Widely recognized UN member state. Syria included the Golan Heights, which were occupied by Israel. It disputed the Turkish sovereignty over Hatay Province. The government of the Syrian Arab Republic was widely viewed as the legitimate authority of Syria, though control of its territory transferred between multiple groups during the Syrian civil war.
T
Tajikistan – Republic of Tajikistan Capital: Dushanbe
Widely recognized UN member state; Tajikistan had one autonomous province, Gorno-Badakhshan.
Tanzania – United Republic of TanzaniaCapital: Dodoma (official), Dar es Salaam (seat of government)
Widely recognized UN member state; Tanzania had one autonomous region, Zanzibar.
Thailand – Kingdom of Thailand Capital: Bangkok
Widely recognized UN member state.
Timor-Leste → East Timor
Togo – Togolese Republic Capital: Lomé
Widely recognized UN member state.
Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga Capital: Nuku'alofa
Widely recognized UN member state.
Trinidad and Tobago – Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Capital: Port of Spain
Widely recognized UN member state; Trinidad and Tobago had one autonomous island, Tobago.
Tunisia – Tunisian Republic Capital: Tunis
Widely recognized UN member state.
Turkey – Republic of Türkiye Capital: Ankara
Widely recognized UN member state.
Turkmenistan Capital: Ashgabat
Widely recognized UN member state.
Tuvalu Capital: Funafuti
Widely recognized UN member state; Commonwealth realm.
U
Uganda – Republic of Uganda Capital: Kampala
Widely recognized UN member state.
Ukraine Capital: Kyiv
Widely recognized UN member state; Ukraine had one autonomous republic, Crimea. Crimea and the city of Sevastopol were under de facto Russian control, and Donetsk Oblast, Kherson Oblast, Luhansk Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast were claimed by Russia beginning in 2022.
United Arab Emirates Capital: Abu Dhabi
Widely recognized UN member state; the United Arab Emirates was a federation of seven emirates.
United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Capital: London
Widely recognized UN member state. EU member (to 31 January 2020). The United Kingdom was composed of four "countries": England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It had sovereignty over the following British overseas territories:
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory (suspended under the Antarctic Treaty)
British Indian Ocean Territory (disputed by Mauritius and the Seychelles)
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands (disputed by Argentina)
Gibraltar (disputed by Spain)
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (disputed by Argentina)
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Turks and Caicos Islands
In addition, the British Monarch (not the United Kingdom) had direct sovereignty over three self-governing Crown dependencies:
Guernsey, with two dependencies:
Alderney
Sark
Isle of Man
Jersey
United States – United States of America Capital: Washington, DC
Widely recognized UN member state. The United States was a federation of 50 states, one federal district, and one incorporated territory. It asserted sovereignty over the following inhabited insular areas:
American Samoa (including Swains Island, which was disputed by Tokelau)
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
United States Virgin Islands
It also had sovereignty over eight uninhabited unincorporated territories, which are sometimes designated for statistical purposes as the United States Minor Outlying Islands:
Baker Island
Howland Island
Jarvis Island
Johnston Atoll
Kingman Reef
Midway Atoll
Navassa Island (claims by Haiti)
Wake Island (claims by the Marshall Islands)
The United States claimed Bajo Nuevo Bank and Serranilla Bank. Its claim to Serranilla was disputed by Colombia and Nicaragua and its claim to Bajo Nuevo was disputed by Colombia, Jamaica, and Nicaragua. Some government sources stated that these two areas were unincorporated territories of the United States.
Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay Capital: Montevideo
Widely recognized UN member state.
Uzbekistan – Republic of Uzbekistan Capital: Tashkent
Widely recognized UN member state. Uzbekistan had one autonomous republic, Karakalpakstan.
V
Vanuatu – Republic of Vanuatu Capital: Port Vila
Widely recognized UN member state.
Vatican City – Vatican City State Capital: Vatican City
Widely recognized independent state. Vatican City was administered by the Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by a large number of countries and a non-member observer state of the United Nations General Assembly. The Holy See also administered a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy. The Pope was the ex officio head of state of Vatican City.
Venezuela – Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Capital: Caracas
Widely recognized UN member state. Venezuela was a federation of 23 states, one federal dependency, and one federal district.
Vietnam – Socialist Republic of Vietnam Capital: Hanoi
Widely recognized UN member state. Vietnam claimed sovereignty over the Paracel Islands (disputed by China and Taiwan) and Spratly Islands (disputed by China, Taiwan, Brunei, the Philippines, and Malaysia).
Y
Yemen – Republic of Yemen Capital: Sana'a
Widely recognized UN member state. It faced two civil wars:
The Islamist, Iranian-backed Houthi movement
The socialist, UAE-backed Southern Movement
Z
Zambia – Republic of Zambia Capital: Lusaka
Widely recognized UN member state.
Zimbabwe – Republic of Zimbabwe Capital: Harare
Widely recognized UN member state.
Non-UN members or observers
Name and capital city
Information on status and recognition of sovereignty
Abkhazia – Republic of Abkhazia Capital: Sukhumi
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Georgia.
Artsakh – Republic of Artsakh (to 1 January 2024) Capital: Stepanakert
De facto self-governing entity (to 1 January 2024). It was not recognized by any other state and was claimed by Azerbaijan.
Cook Islands Capital: Avarua
A state in free association with New Zealand, recognized by Japan, Netherlands, and China. The Cook Islands was a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It shared a head of state and citizenship with New Zealand.
Donetsk – Donetsk People's Republic (to 4 October 2022) Capital: Donetsk
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Ukraine as part of the Donetsk Oblast.
Kherson (from 29 September 2022 to 4 October 2022) Capital: Kherson
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Ukraine as the Kherson Oblast.
Kosovo – Republic of Kosovo Capital: Pristina
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Serbia as the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija under UN administration
Luhansk – Luhansk People's Republic (to 4 October 2022)Capital: Luhansk
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Ukraine as part of the Luhansk Oblast.
Niue Capital: Alofi
A state in free association with New Zealand, recognized by China. Niue was a member of multiple UN agencies with full treaty making capacity. It shared a head of state and citizenship with New Zealand.
Northern Cyprus – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Capital: Lefkoşa
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Cyprus.
Sahrawi – Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicCapital: Tifariti (temporary), El Aaiún (claimed)
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claimed the disputed territory of Western Sahara, most of which was under control of Morocco. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, were claimed by Morocco. Its government resided in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.
Somaliland – Republic of Somaliland Capital: Hargeisa
De facto self-governing entity. It was not recognized by any other state and was claimed by Somalia.
South Ossetia – Republic of South Ossetia Capital: Tskhinvali
Partially-recognized de facto independent state. Claimed by Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia.
Taiwan – Republic of ChinaCapital: Taipei (seat of government)
Partially-recognized de facto independent state. The Republic of China claimed to be the sole legitimate government of China, but only administered Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, the Matsu Islands, Pratas Island and Itu Aba (collectively known as the "free area"). Territories controlled by the Republic of China were claimed by the People's Republic of China.
Transnistria – Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic Capital: Tiraspol
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Moldova.
Zaporozhye (from 29 September 2022 to 4 October 2022) Capital: Melitopol (temporary), Zaporozhye (claimed)
Partially-recognized de facto self-governing entity. Claimed by Ukraine as the Zaporizhzhia Oblast.
Other entities
Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:
Antarctica, as a whole, had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these reciprocally recognised one another's claims. These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.
The European Union was a sui generis supranational organisation that had 27 member states (28 members until 31 January 2020). The member states transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU had some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union did not claim to be a sovereign state and had only limited capacity for relations with other states.
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) was a former proto-state and current insurgent group primarily in Iraq and Syria, among other nations. ISlL used to be considered a quasi-state, but is no longer considered as such.
The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was a United Nations observer. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome and Malta. The order's Constitution stated: "The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions." Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.
The Tigray Region was recognized as a region of Ethiopia. Despite having been at war with the rest of Ethiopia, it was not commonly considered a sovereign state and was more of an insurgency or proto-state.
See also
List of sovereign states by year
List of state leaders in 2020
List of state leaders in 2021
List of state leaders in 2022
List of state leaders in 2023
List of state leaders in 2024
Notes
^ The name "Argentine Nation" is also used for the purposes of legislation.
^ Armenia is not recognized by Pakistan.
^ a b Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China claim to be the sole legitimate government of the entirety of China (including Taiwan). The following states maintain diplomatic relations with the Republic of China instead of the People's Republic of China: Belize, Eswatini, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Nicaragua, Palau, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuvalu, and Vatican City.
^ Cyprus is not recognized by Turkey or Northern Cyprus.
^ Also known as "Timor-Leste".
^ Ireland also had the legal description of "Republic of Ireland", although this is not its constitutional name.
^ Israel is not recognized by Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Cuba, Djibouti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, Venezuela, or Yemen.
^ North Korea is not recognized by Taiwan, Estonia, France, Japan, or South Korea.
^ South Korea is not recognized by North Korea.
^ Commonly known in English as "Burma".
^ Palestine is recognized by Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chad, the Central African Republic, Chile, China, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
^ Abkhazia is recognized by six UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, and Vanuatu), and two non-UN member states (South Ossetia and Transnistria).
^ Donetsk People's Republic was recognized by three UN member states (Russia (from 21 February 2022), Syria and North Korea) and two non-UN member states (Luhansk People's Republic and South Ossetia).
^ Kherson was recognized only by Russia.
^ Kosovo is recognized by Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, the Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Micronesia, Monaco, Montenegro, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Niue, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, the Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Vanuatu, and Yemen.
^ Luhansk People's Republic was recognized by three UN member states (Russia (from 21 February 2022), Syria and North Korea) and two non-UN member states (Donetsk People's Republic and South Ossetia).
^ Northern Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey.
^ the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is recognized by Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Jamaica, Laos, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Korea, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
^ South Ossetia is recognized by five UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and three non-UN member states (Abkhazia, Transnistria, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic).
^ Transnistria is recognized by Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
^ Zaporozhye was recognized only by Russia.
References
^ "Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations". 24 September 2021.
^ a b Sarmento, Clara (2009). Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127. ISBN 9781443808682.
^ a b Hudson, Christopher (2014). The China Handbook. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 9781134269662.
^ a b Rigger, Shelley (2002). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9781134692972.
^ a b "Republic of Crimea". The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018. Europa Territories of the World series. London: Routledge. 2018. p. 180. ISBN 9781351103916. OCLC 1027753558. Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognized as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014.
^ a b "Russia vetoes Security Council resolution condemning attempted annexation of Ukraine regions". UN. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
^ "UNMIK Background". UN. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
^ "Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 686 "On the recognition of the Kherson Oblast"". President of Russia. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ "Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 685 "On the recognition of the Zaporozhye Oblast"". President of Russia. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
^ Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005), "What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean", in Von Tigerstrom, Barbara (ed.), International Law Issues in the South Pacific, Ashgate Publishing, p. 204, ISBN 0-7546-4419-7, Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims.
^ "The World Factbook". CIA. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
^ "Bilateral relations with countries". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008.
^ Chapter General of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (12 January 1998). Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 "Sovereignty," Paragraph 1 (PDF). Rome: Tipografia Arte della Stampa. p. 11.
vteLists of political entities by centuryAD (CE)
Current list of sovereign states
Centuries
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
19th
Decades
1400s
1460s
1520s
1620s
1660s
1750s
1760s
1770s
1780s
1790s
1800s
1810s
1820s
1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
2020s
Ages
Classical
Late Antiquity
Middle
BC (BCE)Centuries
35th BC
21st BC
20th BC
19th BC
18th BC
17th BC
16th BC
15th BC
14th BC
13th BC
12th BC
11th BC
10th BC
9th BC
8th BC
7th BC
6th BC
5th BC
4th BC
3rd BC
2nd BC
1st BC
Ages
Copper
Bronze
Iron
Classical | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"Members or observers of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Members_or_observers_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#D"},{"link_name":"E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#E"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#H"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"J","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#J"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#K"},{"link_name":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#L"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#M"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#N"},{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#O"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Q"},{"link_name":"R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#R"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#T"},{"link_name":"U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#U"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Y"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"Non-UN members or observers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Non-UN_members_or_observers"},{"link_name":"Other entities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Other_entities"},{"link_name":"See also","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#See_also"},{"link_name":"Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Notes"}],"text":"This is a list of sovereign states in the 2020s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 2020 and the present day. It contains 210 entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes 195 widely recognized sovereign states, two associated states, and 13 entities which claim an effective sovereignty but are considered de jure constituents of other powers by the general international community.Contents\n\nMembers or observers of the United Nations \nA\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nY\nZ \n\n\nNon-UN members or observers \nOther entities \nSee also\nNotes","title":"List of sovereign states in the 2020s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members or observers of the United Nations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-UN members or observers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mutualrecog-31"},{"link_name":"Antarctic Treaty System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cia-32"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"sui generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis"},{"link_name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"proto-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-state"},{"link_name":"insurgent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"quasi-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-state"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"United Nations observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers"},{"link_name":"extraterritorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterritoriality"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maltese-33"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Malta-34"},{"link_name":"Tigray Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_Region"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"war with the rest of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigray_War"},{"link_name":"insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurgency"},{"link_name":"proto-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto_state"}],"text":"Excluded from the list above are the following noteworthy entities which either were not fully sovereign or did not claim to be independent:Antarctica, as a whole, had no government and no permanent population. Seven states claimed portions of Antarctica and five of these reciprocally recognised one another's claims.[10] These claims, which were regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, were neither recognised nor disputed by any other signatory state.[11]\n The European Union was a sui generis supranational organisation that had 27 member states (28 members until 31 January 2020). The member states transferred a measure of their legislative, executive, and judicial powers to the institutions of the EU, and as such the EU had some elements of sovereignty, without generally being considered a sovereign state. The European Union did not claim to be a sovereign state and had only limited capacity for relations with other states.\n The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) was a former proto-state and current insurgent group primarily in Iraq and Syria, among other nations. ISlL used to be considered a quasi-state, but is no longer considered as such.\n The Sovereign Military Order of Malta was a United Nations observer. The order had bi-lateral diplomatic relations with a large number of states, but had no territory other than extraterritorial areas within Rome and Malta.[12] The order's Constitution stated: \"The Order is a subject of international law and exercises sovereign functions.\"[13] Although the order frequently asserted its sovereignty, it did not claim to be a sovereign state. It lacked a defined territory. Since all its members were citizens of other states, almost all of them lived in their native countries, and those who resided in the order's extraterritorial properties in Rome did so only in connection with their official duties, the order lacked the characteristic of having a permanent population.\n The Tigray Region was recognized as a region of Ethiopia. Despite having been at war with the rest of Ethiopia, it was not commonly considered a sovereign state and was more of an insurgency or proto-state.","title":"Other entities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-China_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-China_7-1"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-China3-6"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Luhansk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kherson-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"the Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Donetsk People's Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor-Leste"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"Transnistria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transnistria"},{"link_name":"Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Abkhazia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhazia"},{"link_name":"South Ossetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zapozhye-29"}],"text":"^ The name \"Argentine Nation\" is also used for the purposes of legislation.\n\n^ Armenia is not recognized by Pakistan.\n\n^ a b Both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China claim to be the sole legitimate government of the entirety of China (including Taiwan).[2][3][4] The following states maintain diplomatic relations with the Republic of China instead of the People's Republic of China: Belize, Eswatini, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Nicaragua, Palau, Paraguay, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Tuvalu, and Vatican City.\n\n^ Cyprus is not recognized by Turkey or Northern Cyprus.\n\n^ Also known as \"Timor-Leste\".\n\n^ Ireland also had the legal description of \"Republic of Ireland\", although this is not its constitutional name.\n\n^ Israel is not recognized by Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Cuba, Djibouti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Syria, Tunisia, Venezuela, or Yemen.\n\n^ North Korea is not recognized by Taiwan, Estonia, France, Japan, or South Korea.\n\n^ South Korea is not recognized by North Korea.\n\n^ Commonly known in English as \"Burma\".\n\n^ Palestine is recognized by Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Chad, the Central African Republic, Chile, China, Comoros, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.\n\n^ Abkhazia is recognized by six UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, and Vanuatu), and two non-UN member states (South Ossetia and Transnistria).\n\n^ Donetsk People's Republic was recognized by three UN member states (Russia (from 21 February 2022), Syria and North Korea) and two non-UN member states (Luhansk People's Republic and South Ossetia).\n\n^ Kherson was recognized only by Russia.[8]\n\n^ Kosovo is recognized by Afghanistan, Albania, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Eswatini, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, the Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Ivory Coast, Japan, Jordan, Kiribati, Kuwait, Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Micronesia, Monaco, Montenegro, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Niue, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Palau, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovenia, the Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Korea, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Vanuatu, and Yemen.\n\n^ Luhansk People's Republic was recognized by three UN member states (Russia (from 21 February 2022), Syria and North Korea) and two non-UN member states (Donetsk People's Republic and South Ossetia).\n\n^ Northern Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey.\n\n^ the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is recognized by Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Burundi, Cambodia, Chad, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iran, Jamaica, Laos, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Malawi, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, North Korea, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Suriname, Syria, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe.\n\n^ South Ossetia is recognized by five UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and three non-UN member states (Abkhazia, Transnistria, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic).\n\n^ Transnistria is recognized by Abkhazia and South Ossetia.\n\n^ Zaporozhye was recognized only by Russia.[9]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of sovereign states by year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_year"},{"title":"List of state leaders in 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_2020"},{"title":"List of state leaders in 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_2021"},{"title":"List of state leaders in 2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_2022"},{"title":"List of state leaders in 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_2023"},{"title":"List of state leaders in 2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_2024"}] | [{"reference":"\"Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations\". 24 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations","url_text":"\"Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations\""}]},{"reference":"Sarmento, Clara (2009). Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127. ISBN 9781443808682.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvcYBwAAQBAJ&q=people%27s+republic+of+china+controls+mainland+china+hong+kong+macau&pg=PA127","url_text":"Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443808682","url_text":"9781443808682"}]},{"reference":"Hudson, Christopher (2014). The China Handbook. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 9781134269662.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59","url_text":"The China Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134269662","url_text":"9781134269662"}]},{"reference":"Rigger, Shelley (2002). Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 9781134692972.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Rigger","url_text":"Rigger, Shelley"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hiiEAgAAQBAJ&q=roc+limited+to+taiwan&pg=PA60","url_text":"Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134692972","url_text":"9781134692972"}]},{"reference":"\"Republic of Crimea\". The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018. Europa Territories of the World series. London: Routledge. 2018. p. 180. ISBN 9781351103916. OCLC 1027753558. Note: The territories of the Crimean peninsula, comprising Sevastopol City and the Republic of Crimea, remained internationally recognized as constituting part of Ukraine, following their annexation by Russia in March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1z1MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT180","url_text":"\"Republic of Crimea\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1z1MDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351103916","url_text":"9781351103916"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1027753558","url_text":"1027753558"}]},{"reference":"\"Russia vetoes Security Council resolution condemning attempted annexation of Ukraine regions\". UN. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1129102","url_text":"\"Russia vetoes Security Council resolution condemning attempted annexation of Ukraine regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNMIK Background\". UN. Retrieved 21 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/background.shtml","url_text":"\"UNMIK Background\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 686 \"On the recognition of the Kherson Oblast\"\". President of Russia. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202209300002","url_text":"\"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 686 \"On the recognition of the Kherson Oblast\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 685 \"On the recognition of the Zaporozhye Oblast\"\". President of Russia. 29 September 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202209300001","url_text":"\"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 685 \"On the recognition of the Zaporozhye Oblast\"\""}]},{"reference":"Rogan-Finnemore, Michelle (2005), \"What Bioprospecting Means for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean\", in Von Tigerstrom, Barbara (ed.), International Law Issues in the South Pacific, Ashgate Publishing, p. 204, ISBN 0-7546-4419-7, Australia, New Zealand, France, Norway and the United Kingdom reciprocally recognize the validity of each other's claims.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4419-7","url_text":"0-7546-4419-7"}]},{"reference":"\"The World Factbook\". CIA. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica/","url_text":"\"The World Factbook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bilateral relations with countries\". Archived from the original on 26 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626003221/http://www.orderofmalta.org/attdiplomatica.asp?idlingua=5","url_text":"\"Bilateral relations with countries\""},{"url":"http://www.orderofmalta.org/attdiplomatica.asp?idlingua=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chapter General of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta (12 January 1998). Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 \"Sovereignty,\" Paragraph 1 (PDF). Rome: Tipografia Arte della Stampa. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.orderofmalta.org/site/pdf/Constit._Charter_and_code.pdf","url_text":"Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 \"Sovereignty,\" Paragraph 1"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/9/24/who-will-speak-for-afghanistan-at-the-united-nations","external_links_name":"\"Who will speak for Afghanistan at the United Nations\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VvcYBwAAQBAJ&q=people%27s+republic+of+china+controls+mainland+china+hong+kong+macau&pg=PA127","external_links_name":"Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hm63AwAAQBAJ&q=prc+and+roc+legitimacy&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"The China Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hiiEAgAAQBAJ&q=roc+limited+to+taiwan&pg=PA60","external_links_name":"Politics in Taiwan: Voting for Reform"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1z1MDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT180","external_links_name":"\"Republic of Crimea\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1z1MDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Territories of the Russian Federation 2018"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1027753558","external_links_name":"1027753558"},{"Link":"https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1129102","external_links_name":"\"Russia vetoes Security Council resolution condemning attempted annexation of Ukraine regions\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/background.shtml","external_links_name":"\"UNMIK Background\""},{"Link":"http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202209300002","external_links_name":"\"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 686 \"On the recognition of the Kherson Oblast\"\""},{"Link":"http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202209300001","external_links_name":"\"Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 29, 2022 No. 685 \"On the recognition of the Zaporozhye Oblast\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/antarctica/","external_links_name":"\"The World Factbook\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626003221/http://www.orderofmalta.org/attdiplomatica.asp?idlingua=5","external_links_name":"\"Bilateral relations with countries\""},{"Link":"http://www.orderofmalta.org/attdiplomatica.asp?idlingua=5","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.orderofmalta.org/site/pdf/Constit._Charter_and_code.pdf","external_links_name":"Constitutional Charter and Code of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes, and of Malta, promulgated 27 June 1961, revised by the Extraordinary Chapter General 28–30 April 1997, Article 3 \"Sovereignty,\" Paragraph 1"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Meldman | Michael Meldman | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"] | American businessman (born 1958)
Michael S. MeldmanBorn (1958-12-30) December 30, 1958 (age 65)Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USOccupationBusinessman
Michael S. Meldman (born (1958-12-30)30 December 1958) is an American businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Discovery Land Company, and one of the three founders of Casamigos tequila with George Clooney and Rande Gerber.
Early life
Meldman was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and grew up in Scottsdale, Arizona. He graduated from Stanford University in 1982. He is Jewish.
Career
After Meldman graduated in 1982 he began a career in residential real estate in the Bay Area of Northern California. In 1994, he launched Discovery Land Company with his first development, The Estancia Club, in his hometown of Scottsdale. Since Estancia, Meldman and Discovery Land Company have developed 25 total clubs in the Pacific, Caribbean, Europe, and North America.
In 2007, Meldman launched the Discovery Land Company Foundation to support non-profit organizations that benefit children and families in the communities that surround the developments.
In 2012, Meldman partnered with Rande Gerber and George Clooney to create Casamigos tequila. In June 2017, it was sold to Diageo for $700 million, with an additional $300 million possible depending on the company's performance over the next ten years. Meldman's employees include Jack Brooksbank, husband of Princess Eugenie of York.
References
^ "How Discovery Land Company's Mike Meldman Develops the World's Most Exclusive Private Clubs and Resort Communities". CSQ | C-Suite Quarterly. June 17, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Keates, Nancy (January 14, 2016). "Developer Mike Meldman Is Real Estate's Party Boy". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Vora, Shivani (March 9, 2019). "Looking Beyond the Golf Course (Published 2019)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Millington, Alison. "George Clooney and Rande Gerber have a third partner in their $1 billion tequila company, and he happens to be a real estate tycoon". Business Insider. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Swain, Peter. "Meet Mike Meldman, the US tequila tycoon making golf properties cool again". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Whitten, Sarah (June 21, 2017). "George Clooney just sold his tequila business for up to $1 billion". CNBC. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Tominey, Camilla (May 30, 2022). "Princess Eugenie and husband Jack move to Portugal as Sussexes renew Frogmore Cottage lease". The Telegraph. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
This article about an American businessperson born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discovery Land Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Land_Company"},{"link_name":"Casamigos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casamigos"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Rande Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rande_Gerber"}],"text":"Michael S. Meldman (born (1958-12-30)30 December 1958) is an American businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Discovery Land Company, and one of the three founders of Casamigos tequila with George Clooney and Rande Gerber.","title":"Michael Meldman"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Scottsdale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Meldman was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and grew up in Scottsdale, Arizona.[citation needed] He graduated from Stanford University in 1982.[1] He is Jewish.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Discovery Land Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Land_Company"},{"link_name":"The Estancia Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Estancia_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rande Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rande_Gerber"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jack Brooksbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Brooksbank"},{"link_name":"Princess Eugenie of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Eugenie_of_York"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"After Meldman graduated in 1982 he began a career in residential real estate in the Bay Area of Northern California. In 1994, he launched Discovery Land Company with his first development, The Estancia Club, in his hometown of Scottsdale.[2] Since Estancia, Meldman and Discovery Land Company have developed 25 total clubs in the Pacific, Caribbean, Europe, and North America.[3]In 2007, Meldman launched the Discovery Land Company Foundation to support non-profit organizations that benefit children and families in the communities that surround the developments.[4]In 2012, Meldman partnered with Rande Gerber and George Clooney to create Casamigos tequila.[5] In June 2017, it was sold to Diageo for $700 million, with an additional $300 million possible depending on the company's performance over the next ten years.[6] Meldman's employees include Jack Brooksbank, husband of Princess Eugenie of York.[7]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"How Discovery Land Company's Mike Meldman Develops the World's Most Exclusive Private Clubs and Resort Communities\". CSQ | C-Suite Quarterly. June 17, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://csq.com/2020/06/how-discovery-land-companys-mike-meldman-develops-the-worlds-most-exclusive-private-clubs-and-resort-communities/","url_text":"\"How Discovery Land Company's Mike Meldman Develops the World's Most Exclusive Private Clubs and Resort Communities\""}]},{"reference":"Keates, Nancy (January 14, 2016). \"Developer Mike Meldman Is Real Estate's Party Boy\". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/developer-mike-meldman-is-real-estates-party-boy-1452783341","url_text":"\"Developer Mike Meldman Is Real Estate's Party Boy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","url_text":"0099-9660"}]},{"reference":"Vora, Shivani (March 9, 2019). \"Looking Beyond the Golf Course (Published 2019)\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/09/realestate/luxury/looking-beyond-the-golf-course.html","url_text":"\"Looking Beyond the Golf Course (Published 2019)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Millington, Alison. \"George Clooney and Rande Gerber have a third partner in their $1 billion tequila company, and he happens to be a real estate tycoon\". Business Insider. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businessinsider.com/george-clooney-rande-gerber-casamigos-mike-meldman-real-estate-tycoon-2018-11","url_text":"\"George Clooney and Rande Gerber have a third partner in their $1 billion tequila company, and he happens to be a real estate tycoon\""}]},{"reference":"Swain, Peter. \"Meet Mike Meldman, the US tequila tycoon making golf properties cool again\". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meet-mike-meldman-the-us-tequila-tycoon-making-golf-properties-cool-again-7wzxtv5rt","url_text":"\"Meet Mike Meldman, the US tequila tycoon making golf properties cool again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"Whitten, Sarah (June 21, 2017). \"George Clooney just sold his tequila business for up to $1 billion\". CNBC. Retrieved January 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/21/george-clooney-just-sold-his-tequila-business-for-1-billion.html","url_text":"\"George Clooney just sold his tequila business for up to $1 billion\""}]},{"reference":"Tominey, Camilla (May 30, 2022). \"Princess Eugenie and husband Jack move to Portugal as Sussexes renew Frogmore Cottage lease\". The Telegraph. Retrieved May 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/30/princess-eugenie-husband-jack-move-portugal-sussexes-renew-frogmore/","url_text":"\"Princess Eugenie and husband Jack move to Portugal as Sussexes renew Frogmore Cottage lease\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://csq.com/2020/06/how-discovery-land-companys-mike-meldman-develops-the-worlds-most-exclusive-private-clubs-and-resort-communities/","external_links_name":"\"How Discovery Land Company's Mike Meldman Develops the World's Most Exclusive Private Clubs and Resort Communities\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/developer-mike-meldman-is-real-estates-party-boy-1452783341","external_links_name":"\"Developer Mike Meldman Is Real Estate's Party Boy\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660","external_links_name":"0099-9660"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/09/realestate/luxury/looking-beyond-the-golf-course.html","external_links_name":"\"Looking Beyond the Golf Course (Published 2019)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/george-clooney-rande-gerber-casamigos-mike-meldman-real-estate-tycoon-2018-11","external_links_name":"\"George Clooney and Rande Gerber have a third partner in their $1 billion tequila company, and he happens to be a real estate tycoon\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meet-mike-meldman-the-us-tequila-tycoon-making-golf-properties-cool-again-7wzxtv5rt","external_links_name":"\"Meet Mike Meldman, the US tequila tycoon making golf properties cool again\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","external_links_name":"0140-0460"},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/21/george-clooney-just-sold-his-tequila-business-for-1-billion.html","external_links_name":"\"George Clooney just sold his tequila business for up to $1 billion\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/05/30/princess-eugenie-husband-jack-move-portugal-sussexes-renew-frogmore/","external_links_name":"\"Princess Eugenie and husband Jack move to Portugal as Sussexes renew Frogmore Cottage lease\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Meldman&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mansfield_(footballer) | Michael Mansfield (footballer) | ["1 Statistics","2 References","3 External links"] | Australian rules footballer
Australian rules footballer
Michael MansfieldPersonal informationFull name
Michael MansfieldDate of birth
(1971-08-08) 8 August 1971 (age 52)Original team(s)
St Joseph'sHeight
183 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight
85 kg (187 lb)Position(s)
Half back flankPlaying career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)1990–1999
Geelong
181 (100)2000–2002
Carlton
054 0(18)Total
235 (118)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2002.Career highlights
All-Australian: 1994, 1995
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Michael Mansfield (born 8 August 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
A left footed half back flanker, Mansfield was recruited from St Joseph's and debuted for Geelong in 1990. He played 181 games for the Cats before moving to Carlton in 1999 where he brought up his 200th game of AFL. During his time with Geelong, Mansfield was twice named an All-Australian, in 1994 and 1995. Mansfield is now a stockbroker in Melbourne.
In 2020 he was named in the St Joseph’s College team of champions, recognising the best VFL/AFL players to have attended the school.
Statistics
Legend
G
Goals
K
Kicks
D
Disposals
T
Tackles
B
Behinds
H
Handballs
M
Marks
Season
Team
No.
Games
Totals
Averages (per game)
Votes
G
B
K
H
D
M
T
G
B
K
H
D
M
T
1990
Geelong
49
5
2
2
69
33
102
19
4
0.4
0.4
13.8
6.6
20.4
3.8
0.8
3
1991
Geelong
21
16
24
15
158
94
252
62
11
1.5
0.9
9.9
5.9
15.8
3.9
0.7
0
1992
Geelong
21
19
9
5
197
102
299
77
22
0.5
0.3
10.4
5.4
15.7
4.1
1.2
3
1993
Geelong
21
9
4
6
69
32
101
22
12
0.4
0.7
7.7
3.6
11.2
2.4
1.3
0
1994
Geelong
21
25
3
3
244
151
395
129
40
0.1
0.1
9.8
6.0
15.8
5.2
1.6
11
1995
Geelong
21
23
5
3
221
138
359
103
29
0.2
0.1
9.6
6.0
15.6
4.5
1.3
3
1996
Geelong
21
21
20
13
195
137
332
106
25
1.0
0.6
9.3
6.5
15.8
5.0
1.2
2
1997
Geelong
21
23
14
9
189
139
328
116
22
0.6
0.4
8.2
6.0
14.3
5.0
1.0
5
1998
Geelong
21
22
5
13
208
119
327
119
24
0.2
0.6
9.5
5.4
14.9
5.4
1.1
1
1999
Geelong
21
18
14
8
142
74
216
77
15
0.8
0.4
7.9
4.1
12.0
4.3
0.8
0
2000
Carlton
10
18
6
2
116
72
188
46
31
0.3
0.1
6.4
4.0
10.4
2.6
1.7
0
2001
Carlton
10
20
7
10
155
89
244
71
29
0.4
0.5
7.8
4.5
12.2
3.5
1.5
0
2002
Carlton
10
16
5
4
79
49
128
45
19
0.3
0.3
4.9
3.1
8.0
2.8
1.2
0
Career
235
118
93
2042
1229
3271
992
283
0.5
0.4
8.7
5.2
13.9
4.2
1.2
28
References
^ "Michael Mansfield". rbsmorgans.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
^ "Four skippers, eight All-Australians, one Brownlow ... one school". www.afl.com.au. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
^ Michael Mansfield's player profile at AFL Tables
External links
Michael Mansfield at AustralianFootball.com
vte1994 All-Australian teamFull-back
David Hart (West Coast)
Stephen Silvagni (Carlton)
Chris Langford (Hawthorn)
Half-back
Guy McKenna (West Coast)
Glen Jakovich (West Coast)
Michael Mansfield (Geelong)
Centre
Stephen Tingay (Melbourne)
Greg Williams (Carlton) (c)
Peter Matera (West Coast)
Half-forward
Gavin Brown (Collingwood)
Wayne Carey (North Melbourne)
Garry Lyon (Melbourne)
Full-forward
Jason Dunstall (Hawthorn)
Gary Ablett Sr. (Geelong)
Ben Allan (Hawthorn)
Ruck
Shaun Rehn (Adelaide)
Robert Harvey (St Kilda)
Garry Hocking (Geelong)
Interchange
Mark Ricciuto (Adelaide)
Craig Bradley (Carlton)
Stephen Kernahan (Carlton)
Coach
Neil Balme (Melbourne)
← 1993 1995 →
vte1995 All-Australian teamFull-back
Gavin Wanganeen (Essendon)
Stephen Silvagni (Carlton)
Ang Christou (Carlton)
Half-back
Michael Mansfield (Geelong)
Glen Jakovich (West Coast)
Wayne Campbell (Richmond)
Centre
Nicky Winmar (St Kilda)
Paul Couch (Geelong)
Michael Long (Essendon)
Half-forward
Garry Lyon (Melbourne)
Wayne Carey (North Melbourne)
James Hird (Essendon)
Full-forward
Darren Jarman (Adelaide)
Gary Ablett Sr. (Geelong) (c)
Tony Lockett (Sydney)
Ruck
Justin Madden (Carlton)
Robert Harvey (St Kilda)
Craig Bradley (Carlton)
Interchange
Anthony Koutoufides (Carlton)
David Neitz (Melbourne)
Paul Kelly (Sydney)
Coach
David Parkin (Carlton)
← 1994 1996 →
Michael Mansfield in Victorian State of Origin teams
vteVictorian team – 1995 State of Origin
Ablett (c)
Bayes
Boyd
Burke
Campbell
Christou
Couch
Harvey
Hocking
Kellaway
Knights
Lockett
Loewe
Lyon
Mansfield
Monkhorst
Neitz
O'Donnell
Schwass
Silvagni
Stevens
Stynes
Coach: Austin
vteVictorian team – 1996 State of Origin
Archer
Barnes
Burke
Christou
Colbert
Grant
Harvey
Hocking
Kellaway
Lappin
Loewe
Mansfield
McKernan
Mercuri
O'Donnell
Pickering
Ratten
Riccardi
Sexton
Silvagni (c)
Stevens
Williams
Coach: Austin
vteVictorian team – 1997 State of Origin
Archer
Brown
Burke
Colbert
Everitt
Grant
Harford
Harvey
Johnson
Jones
King
Lappin
Lewis
Lloyd
Loewe
Mansfield
Ratten
Salmon
Sexton
Silvagni
Smith
Stevens
Coach: Matthews
vteVictorian team – 1998 State of Origin
Archer
Blakey
Burke
Campbell
Colbert
Dunkley
Everitt
Hart
Hocking
Johnson
King
Knights
Loewe
Lloyd
Lucas
Mansfield
McGrath
Mercuri
Peckett
Sholl
Smith
Stevens
Thompson
White
Coach: Matthews | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Geelong Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"All-Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Australian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"St Joseph’s College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Geelong"},{"link_name":"VFL/AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerMichael Mansfield (born 8 August 1971) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Geelong Football Club and the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).A left footed half back flanker, Mansfield was recruited from St Joseph's and debuted for Geelong in 1990. He played 181 games for the Cats before moving to Carlton in 1999 where he brought up his 200th game of AFL. During his time with Geelong, Mansfield was twice named an All-Australian, in 1994 and 1995. Mansfield is now a stockbroker in Melbourne.[1]In 2020 he was named in the St Joseph’s College team of champions, recognising the best VFL/AFL players to have attended the school.[2]","title":"Michael Mansfield (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"[3]","title":"Statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Michael Mansfield\". rbsmorgans.com. Retrieved 25 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rbsmorgans.com/Branches/VIC/brighton/About-Us/Our-Team/Advisers/Michael-Mansfield","url_text":"\"Michael Mansfield\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four skippers, eight All-Australians, one Brownlow ... one school\". www.afl.com.au. Retrieved 12 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/501266/st-josephs-best-22/amp","url_text":"\"Four skippers, eight All-Australians, one Brownlow ... one school\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/M/Michael_Mansfield.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Michael+Mansfield/12736","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"http://www.rbsmorgans.com/Branches/VIC/brighton/About-Us/Our-Team/Advisers/Michael-Mansfield","external_links_name":"\"Michael Mansfield\""},{"Link":"https://www.afl.com.au/news/501266/st-josephs-best-22/amp","external_links_name":"\"Four skippers, eight All-Australians, one Brownlow ... one school\""},{"Link":"https://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/M/Michael_Mansfield.html","external_links_name":"Michael Mansfield's player profile at AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/michael+mansfield/12736","external_links_name":"Michael Mansfield"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folopa_language | Folopa language | ["1 References"] | Teberan language spoken in Papua New Guinea
FolopaNative toPapua New GuineaRegionGulf Province: Baimuru District and Kerabi Valley; Southern Highlands Province. 20 villages.Native speakers(3,000 cited 1985)Language familyPapuan Gulf ?
Tua RiverTeberanFolopaWriting systemLatinLanguage codesISO 639-3ppoGlottologfolo1238
Folopa (also Podopa, Polopa, Podoba, or Foraba) is a language of Papua New Guinea.
References
^ Folopa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
vtePapuan language families (Palmer 2018 classification)Trans-New Guinea subgroupsCentral Papua, Indonesia
Ok-Oksapmin
Dani
Asmat-Kamoro
Mek
Paniai Lakes
West Bomberai
Somahai
Southeast Papua, Indonesia
Anim
Greater Awyu
Kayagaric
Kolopom
Marori
Southwest Papua New Guinea
Gogodala-Suki
Turama-Kikori
Kiwaian
Awin-Pa
Central Papua New Guinea
Madang
Finisterre-Huon
Kainantu-Goroka
Chimbu-Wahgi
Enga-Kewa-Huli
Bosavi
East Strickland
Kutubu
Duna-Bogaya
Wiru
Papuan Peninsula
Angan
Greater Binanderean
Dagan
Mailuan
Koiarian
Goilalan
Yareban
Kwalean
Manubaran
Eastern Nusantara families and isolates
Timor-Alor-Pantar
North Halmahera
Tambora†
Bird's Head Peninsula families and isolates
South Bird's Head
Nuclear South Bird's Head
Inanwatan–Duriankere
Konda–Yahadian
East Bird's Head
Nuclear East Bird's Head
Hatam–Mansim
West Bird's Head
Abun
Mpur
Maybrat
Mor
Tanah Merah
Northern Western New Guinea families and isolates
Tor-Kwerba
Lakes Plain
Border
Sko
East Cenderawasih Bay
Pauwasi
East
West
Nimboran
Sentani
Mairasi
Kaure
Lepki-Murkim
Senagi (Angor-Dera)
Tofanma-Namla
Yapen
Abinomn
Burmeso
Elseng
Kapauri
Kembra
Keuw
Kimki
Massep
Mawes
Molof
Usku
Yetfa
Central Western New Guinea families and isolates
Bayono-Awbono
Dem
Uhunduni
Sepik-Ramu basin families and isolates
Torricelli
Sepik
Lower Sepik-Ramu
Lower Sepik
Ramu
Kwomtari
Leonhard Schultze (Walio-Papi)
Upper Yuat (Arafundi-Piawi)
Yuat
Left May
Amto-Musan
Busa
Tayap
Yadë
Torricelli subgroups
Marienberg
Arapesh
Urim
Maimai
Wapei
Palei
One (West Wapei)
Monumbo?
Sepik subgroups
Middle Sepik
Ndu
Nukuma
Yellow River
Yerakai
Upper Sepik
Wogamus
Iwam
Abau
Sepik Hill
Tama
Ram
Amal
Ramu subgroups
Lower Ramu
Ottilien
Misegian
Middle Ramu
Grass?
Tamolan
Ataitan (Tanggu)
Gulf of Papua and southern New Guinea families and isolates
Yam
Pahoturi River
Eleman
Oriomo
Teberan
Doso-Turumsa
Komolom
Yelmek-Maklew
Dibiyaso
Kaki Ae
Kamula
Karami
Pawaia
Porome
Purari
Tabo
Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands families and isolates
Baining
North Bougainville
South Bougainville
Central Solomons
Butam-Taulil
Anêm
Ata
Kol
Kuot
Makolkol
Sulka
Rossel Island isolate
Yélî Dnye
Proposed groupings
West Papuan
Northwest Papuan
South Pauwasi
East Papuan
Southeast Papuan
Papuan Gulf
Binanderean–Goilalan
Arai–Samaia
Asmat–Mombum
Trans-Fly–Bulaka River
Trans-Fly
Dani–Kwerba
East Bird's Head – Sentani
Kwomtari–Fas
Left May – Kwomtari
Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
West Trans–New Guinea
West Papuan Highlands
Central and South New Guinea
Central West New Guinea
East New Guinea Highlands
Yele – West New Britain
Sepik–Ramu
Indo-Pacific
Proto-language
Proto-Trans–New Guinea
vteLanguages of Papua New GuineaOfficial languages
English
Hiri Motu
Tok Pisin
Papua New Guinean Sign Language
Major Indigenouslanguages
Adzera
Amanab
Awad Bing
Barok
Bimin
Bola
Bugawac
Dedua
Dobu
Iatmul
Kâte
Kobon
Kovai
Kuanua
Kuman
Kuot
Kurti
Lihir
Mandara
Mangseng
Mbula
Mende
Mussau-Emira
Mutu
Nekgini
Ngaing
Niwer Mil
Nobonob
Numanggang
Nyindrou
Pele-Ata
Petats
Ramoaaina
Seimat
Solong
Somba-Siawari
Suau
Sulka
Tangga
Tobo
Uneapa
Ura
Vitu
Waris
Other PapuanlanguagesAngan
Akoye
Angaataha
Ankave
Hamtai
Kamasa
Kawacha
Menya
Safeyoka
Simbari
Susuami
Tainae
Yagwoia
Yipma
Awin–Pa
Awin
Pa
Binanderean
Baruga
Binandere
Ewage
Korafe
Orokaiva
Suena
Yekora
Zia
Bosavi
Aimele
Beami
Edolo
Kaluli
Kasua
Onobasulu
Sonia
Chimbu–Wahgi
Chuave
Dom
Golin
Kandawo
Kaugel
Kuman
Maring
Melpa
Narak
Nii
Nomane
Salt-Yui
Sinasina
Tembagla
Wahgi
New Ireland
Bilur
Fanamaket
Kandas
Konomala
Kuanua
Label
Niwer Mil
Patpatar
Ramoaaina
Siar
Sursurunga
Warwar Feni
Duna–Pogaya
Duna
Pogaya
East Kutubuan
Fasu
Fiwaga
Foi
East Strickland
Fembe
Gobasi
Konai
Kubo
Odoodee
Samo
Engan
Angal
Bisorio
Enga
Huli
Ipili
Kewa
Kyaka
Lembena
Samberigi
Eleman
Kaki Ae
Keoru
Opao
Orokolo
Toaripi
Tairuma
Ok–Oksapmin
Bimin
Faiwol
Mian
Ngalum
Ninggerum
Oksapmin
Setaman
Suganga
Telefol
Tifal
Urap
Yonggom
Teberan
Dadibi
Folopa
Tirio
Abom
Baramu
Bitur
Tirio
Were
Turama–Kikorian
Ikobi
Omati
Rumu
Larger families
Finisterre–Huon
Kainantu–Goroka
Madang
Ramu–Lower Sepik
Sepik
Southeast Papuan
Torricelli
Sign languages
Enga
Kailge
Mehek
Mount Avejaha
Rossel Island
Sinasina
Wanib
This Papuan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"}],"text":"Folopa (also Podopa, Polopa, Podoba, or Foraba) is a language of Papua New Guinea.","title":"Folopa language"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/folo1238","external_links_name":"folo1238"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ppo/","external_links_name":"Folopa"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folopa_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_New_York_Jets_season | 1997 New York Jets season | ["1 Offseason","1.1 NFL draft","2 Roster","3 Regular season","3.1 Schedule","3.2 Notable Games","4 Standings","5 References","6 External links"] | 1997 season of NFL team New York Jets
1997 New York Jets seasonOwnerLeon HessHead coachBill ParcellsHome fieldGiants StadiumResultsRecord9–7Division place3rd AFC EastPlayoff finishDid not qualifyPro BowlersLB Mo Lewis
← 1996
Jets seasons
1998 →
The 1997 New York Jets season was the franchise's 28th season in the National Football League (NFL) and the 38th overall. Sparked by the arrival of head coach Bill Parcells, who replaced Rich Kotite, and was coming off a Super Bowl berth the previous season, they improved upon its league-worst and franchise-worst 1–15 record from 1996 finishing at 9–7, but narrowly missed the playoffs after losing their final game of the season. It was their first winning season since 1988 when they finished with an 8–7–1 record.
Offseason
For most of the end of the 1996 season, the Jets were courting Parcells to take over their football operations. This drew criticism from the team that employed Parcells at the time, the New England Patriots, who were in the middle of a push that eventually led to a loss in Super Bowl XXXI. Parcells made a now-famous statement regarding the Patriots’ unwillingness to give him more of a say in football matters: "If they want you to cook the dinner, at least they ought to let you shop for some of the groceries."
Parcells eventually announced his resignation but was bound by the terms of his contract with the Patriots, which forbade him from coaching anywhere else until the contract expired. To temporarily resolve the situation the Jets hired Bill Belichick, Parcells’ top assistant, to be the coach and hired Parcells for an advisory role. The Patriots were unamused, and complained to the league. Eventually commissioner Paul Tagliabue brokered a deal with the two teams where Parcells would be able to coach the Jets and the Patriots would receive the Jets' first round draft pick the next year. This allowed the Jets to avoid sending the number-one overall pick in the 1997 NFL Draft, which they had earned from their 1–15 finish, to the Patriots. New England had initially demanded that first pick in order to permit Parcells to move to the Jets.
In regards to that pick, two players were on the Jets’ radar. One was Ohio State offensive tackle Orlando Pace, who was coming out of school a year early. The other was Tennessee quarterback Peyton Manning, who had graduated from school in three years but still had a year of eligibility left, yet was expected by many to come out for the draft. Manning announced he would return to Tennessee for his senior season. Because the Jets already possessed two established free agent offensive tackles in David Williams and Jumbo Elliott and had much greater needs elsewhere, their #1 pick destined for Pace was traded to the St. Louis Rams. The Jets instead drafted Virginia linebacker James Farrior.
NFL draft
Main article: 1997 NFL draft
1997 New York Jets draft
Round
Pick
Player
Position
College
Notes
1
8
James Farrior *
LB
Virginia
from Tampa Bay
2
31
Rick Terry
DT
North Carolina
3
88
Dedric Ward
WR
Northern Iowa
from Denver
4
102
Terry Day
DE
Mississippi State
from St. Louis
4
104
Leon Johnson
RB
North Carolina
from Tampa Bay
5
131
Lamont Burns
G
East Carolina
5
145
Ray Austin
SS
Tennessee
from Miami
6
164
Tim Scharf
LB
Northwestern
6
191
Chuck Clements
QB
Houston
from Denver
7
202
Steve Rosga
DB
Colorado
7
229
Jason Ferguson
DT
Georgia
from Denver
Made roster * Made at least one Pro Bowl during career
Roster
1997 New York Jets final roster
Quarterbacks
7 Chuck Clements
4 Glenn Foley
18 Ray Lucas
14 Neil O'Donnell
Running backs
20 Richie Anderson
32 Leon Johnson
29 Adrian Murrell
22 Lorenzo Neal FB
27 Jerald Sowell FB
Wide receivers
80 Wayne Chrebet
81 Jeff Graham
19 Keyshawn Johnson
86 Alex Van Dyke
89 Dedric Ward
Tight ends
84 Fred Baxter
88 Kyle Brady
85 John Burke
Offensive linemen
68 Lamont Burns G
64 J. R. Conrad C
62 Roger Duffy C
77 Jay Hagood T
71 Kerry Jenkins T
75 Siupeli Malamala T
70 Matt O'Dwyer G
66 Lonnie Palelei G
79 Deron Thorp T
73 David Williams T
Defensive linemen
78 Terry Day DE
98 Ronnie Dixon NT
99 Hugh Douglas DE
72 Jason Ferguson NT
92 Bobby Hamilton DE
95 Rick Lyle DE
94 Rick Terry DE
Linebackers
53 Chad Cascadden OLB
58 James Farrior OLB
51 Matt Finkes OLB
54 Dwayne Gordon ILB
55 Marvin Jones ILB
57 Mo Lewis OLB
Defensive backs
25 Ray Austin S
44 Corwin Brown SS
42 Marcus Coleman FS
31 Aaron Glenn CB
21 Victor Green SS
30 Chris Hayes SS
26 Jerome Henderson FS
36 Anthony Marshall FS
24 Ray Mickens CB
45 Otis Smith CB
Special teams
9 John Hall K
11 Brian Hansen P
65 John Hudson LS
Reserve lists
76 Jumbo Elliott T (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
52 Pepper Johnson ILB (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
93 Ernie Logan NT (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
69 William Roberts G (IRTooltip Injured reserve)
Practice squad
3 Nick Gallery P
33 Robert Farmer RB
50 Craig Guest LB
15 Alonzo Johnson WR
56 Chris Wing LB
Rookies in italics
53 active, 4 inactive, 5 practice squad
Regular season
Schedule
Week
Date
Opponent
Result
Game site
TV Time (ET)
TV Announcers
Attendance
1
August 31, 1997
at Seattle Seahawks
W 41–3
Kingdome
NBC 4:00pm
Mike Breen & James Lofton
53,893
2
September 7, 1997
Buffalo Bills
L 28–22
Giants Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Marv Albert & Randy Cross
72,988
3
September 14, 1997
at New England Patriots
L 27–24 (OT)
Foxboro Stadium
TNT 8:00pm
Verne Lundquist, Pat Haden & Mark May
60,072
4
September 21, 1997
Oakland Raiders
W 23–22
Giants Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Dick Enberg, Paul Maguire & Phil Simms
72,586
5
September 28, 1997
at Cincinnati Bengals
W 31–14
Cinergy Field
NBC 4:00pm
Mike Breen & James Lofton
57,209
6
October 5, 1997
at Indianapolis Colts
W 16–12
RCA Dome
NBC 4:00pm
Mike Breen & James Lofton
48,295
7
October 12, 1997
Miami Dolphins
L 31–20
Giants Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Dick Enberg, Paul Maguire & Phil Simms
75,601
8
October 19, 1997
New England Patriots
W 24–19
Giants Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Mike Breen & James Lofton
71,061
9
Bye
10
November 2, 1997
Baltimore Ravens
W 19–16 (OT)
Giants Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Mike Breen & James Lofton
59,524
11
November 9, 1997
at Miami Dolphins
L 24–17
Pro Player Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Charlie Jones, Bob Trumpy & Randy Cross
73,809
12
November 16, 1997
at Chicago Bears
W 23–15
Soldier Field
NBC 4:00pm
Tom Hammond & Randy Cross
45,642
13
November 23, 1997
Minnesota Vikings
W 23–21
Giants Stadium
FOX 1:00pm
Dick Stockton & Matt Millen
70,131
14
November 30, 1997
at Buffalo Bills
L 20–10
Rich Stadium
NBC 1:00pm
Tom Hammond & Randy Cross
47,776
15
December 7, 1997
Indianapolis Colts
L 22–14
Giants Stadium
NBC 4:00pm
Mike Breen & James Lofton
61,168
16
December 14, 1997
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
W 31–0
Giants Stadium
FOX 1:00pm
Dick Stockton & Matt Millen
60,122
17
December 21, 1997
at Detroit Lions
L 13–10
Pontiac Silverdome
NBC 4:00pm
Dick Enberg, Paul Maguire & Phil Simms
77,624
Note: Intra-division games are in bold text
Notable Games
August 31 @ Seattle Seahawks
The new-look Jets erupted in their first game under Bill Parcells. Neil O'Donnell threw three first-half touchdowns while rookie John Hall booted a 55-yard field goal and later a 28-yarder. Despite leading 27–3 at the half, Parcells forcefully reminded them, “They say you can't hold a lead. They say you blew six games last year where you were leading at the half. Let’s see what you’re made of.” The Jets responded with two more O'Donnell touchdowns in the third quarter while shutting out the Seahawks. Warren Moon, making his Seattle debut, was limited to seven completions and a pick while backup John Friesz was only slightly better with ten completions. The Jets posted only their fifth win (41–3 final) in their previous 40 games.
September 14 @ New England Patriots
On Sunday Night Football former Patriots coach Parcells met former Jets coach Pete Carroll at Foxboro Stadium with the Jets 1–1 following a 28–22 loss to Buffalo and the Patriots 2–0. The pregame buildup was huge and the ensuing game turned into a grinder. Drew Bledsoe's touchdown to Ben Coates and a Curtis Martin score were answered by a two-yard O'Donnell rushing score and a John Hall field goal. Bledsoe was picked off by Mo Lewis for a 43-yard Jets touchdown. After Adam Vinatieri tied the game in the third Bledsoe found Lovett Purnell and a 24–17 Patriots lead. Despite being sacked seven times O'Donnell tied the game on a 24-yard score to Keyshawn Johnson, and after forcing a Patriots fumble the Jets were in position to win in the final seconds, but Hall's field goal try was blocked by Mike Jones and the game went to overtime. The Patriots clawed down field and Vinatieri finished it on a 34-yard field goal and a 27–24 Patriots win.
September 21 vs. Oakland Raiders
The 1–2 Jets rebounded from the loss when they faced the 1–2 Raiders. Jeff George threw three first-half touchdowns (marred by a missed PAT and missed two-point try) and the Raiders led 22–10 at the half. But from there the Jets special teams surged to the fore; John Hall booted two field goals and in the fourth Cole Ford's 28-yard field goal try was blocked by Corwin Brown; Ray Mickens ran the ball 72 yards for the winning touchdown and a 23–22 final; Ford missed four field goal attempts in all. The win snapped a string of 13 consecutive home losses for the Jets.
October 19 vs. New England Patriots
Entering Week Eight the AFC East race in 1997 had become a four-way fight with the Patriots entering at 5–1, the Jets 5–2, the Dolphins 4–2, and the Bills 3–3; Miami (vs. Baltimore) and Buffalo (vs. winless Indianapolis) would win their games this weekend to stay in the division hunt. In The Meadowlands the Jets scored first on a John Hall field goal, then the Patriots outscored the Jets 19–7 after sacking Neil O'Donnell in the endzone and then getting a Vinatieri field goal and an eight-yard Ben Coates touchdown before Troy Brown caught a 23-yarder. But from there the Patriots fell; Neil O'Donnell was benched and Glenn Foley led the Jets back; Adrian Murrell ran in a five-yard score and later Foley hit Lorenzo Neal. The Jets snuffed out New England's long passes and finished up 24–19 entering their bye week.
November 9 @ Miami Dolphins
Glenn Foley threw for 322 yards and a touchdown to Kyle Brady but was intercepted once. Dan Marino had a touchdown to Brett Perriman while Karim Abdul-Jabbar had two rushing scores. The 24–17 Dolphins win put both teams plus New England in a three-way tie for the AFC East lead at 6–4 with Buffalo at 5–5; it was also Marino's final victory over the Jets.
November 23 vs. Minnesota Vikings
Leon Johnson opened scoring by returning a Vikings punt 66 yards for a touchdown. The Jets raced to a 23–7 lead in the third quarter, but in the fourth the Vikings behind Brad Johnson scored twice on touchdowns to Jake Reed and Andrew Glover; a 2-point conversion attempt after Glover's score was stopped, securing the 23–21 win and the first .500 season for the Jets since 1993.
December 14 vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers
After losing two straight, falling to 8–6, the Jets authored their most decisive win of the season as they limited the Bucs to 136 total yards and three turnovers. Trent Dilfer was picked off twice by Otis Smith and Smith ran back touchdowns for a combined 96 yards. Leon Johnson opened the third quarter by running back the kickoff 101 yards for another touchdown, and Adrian Murrell finished off the scoring on a seven-yarder in the third. The 31–0 score put the Jets within reach of a division title and secured their first outright winning season since 1988.
December 21 @ Detroit Lions
With the 9–6 Dolphins hosting the 9–6 Patriots on Monday Night Football the 9–6 Jets had a chance for a Wild Card berth. The Jets clawed out front on ten first-quarter points, but the Lions led by Barry Sanders began storming back. Two Jason Hanson field goals in the second and third quarters were followed by a 25-yard Sanders touchdown. Neil O'Donnell had been rotated in and out under center during the season, but after going 21–35 for 202 yards and a pick Bill Parcells called for others to start throwing the ball. On a halfback option Leon Johnson threw for the endzone but was intercepted. Later rookie Ray Lucas rushed for 30 yards and completed three passes for 28 yards, but was intercepted in the endzone. This ended the Jets' hopes of the postseason in a 13–10 Lions win. The game was marred by near-tragedy, however; on a scramble for an Adrian Murrell fumble Lions linebacker Reggie Brown struck his head into the back of a falling player; he suffered a spinal cord injury and was paralyzed; he lost consciousness but CPR saved his life; he was taken by ambulance to the hospital where surgery prevented his paralysis from being permanent. The injury dominated Parcells’ postgame press conference.
Standings
AFC East
viewtalkedit
W
L
T
PCT
PF
PA
STK
(3) New England Patriots
10
6
0
.625
369
289
W1
(6) Miami Dolphins
9
7
0
.563
339
327
L2
New York Jets
9
7
0
.563
348
287
L1
Buffalo Bills
6
10
0
.375
255
367
L3
Indianapolis Colts
3
13
0
.188
313
401
L1
References
^ Myers, Gary (January 31, 1997). "Archie's Gut Says Peyton Goes Pro". Daily News. New York City. p. 82.
^ Lupica, Mike (March 6, 1997). "Manning May Have Made Wrong Decision". Mount Vernon Argus. White Plains, New York. p. 7D.
^ Corbett, Jim (April 13, 1997). "Jets Draft Picture Muddy As Big Day Draws Near". The Journal News. White Plains, New York. p. 9D.
External links
1997 statistics
vteNew York Jets
Founded in 1960
Formerly the New York Titans (1960–1962)
Based in East Rutherford, New Jersey
Headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey
Franchise
Franchise
History
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Culture
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Rise and Walk: The Dennis Byrd Story
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New York Giants
Key personnel
Owner: Woody Johnson
Chairman/CEO: Christopher Johnson
General manager: Joe Douglas
Head coach: Robert Saleh
Division championships (4)
1968
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League championships (1)
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Media
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Current league affiliations
League: National Football League (1970–present)
Conference: American Football Conference
Division: East Division
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League: American Football League (1960–1969)
vteNew York Jets seasonsFormerly the New York Titans (1960–1962)
1960
1961
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1965
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1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
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2012
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Bold indicates Super Bowl victory
vte1997 NFL season
AFCEast
CentralWestEastCentralWest
NFC
Buffalo
BaltimoreDenverArizonaChicagoAtlanta
Indianapolis
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1997 NFL Draft
NFL playoffs
Pro Bowl
Super Bowl XXXII | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Bill Parcells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Parcells"},{"link_name":"Rich Kotite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Kotite"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXI"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_New_York_Jets_season"}],"text":"The 1997 New York Jets season was the franchise's 28th season in the National Football League (NFL) and the 38th overall. Sparked by the arrival of head coach Bill Parcells, who replaced Rich Kotite, and was coming off a Super Bowl berth the previous season, they improved upon its league-worst and franchise-worst 1–15 record from 1996 finishing at 9–7, but narrowly missed the playoffs after losing their final game of the season. It was their first winning season since 1988 when they finished with an 8–7–1 record.","title":"1997 New York Jets season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XXXI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXI"},{"link_name":"Bill Belichick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Belichick"},{"link_name":"Paul Tagliabue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue"},{"link_name":"1997 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_football_team"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pace"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Peyton Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyton_Manning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Williams_(offensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Jumbo Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbo_Elliott_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the St. Louis Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_St._Louis_Rams_season"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Virginia_Cavaliers_football_team"},{"link_name":"James Farrior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Farrior"}],"text":"For most of the end of the 1996 season, the Jets were courting Parcells to take over their football operations. This drew criticism from the team that employed Parcells at the time, the New England Patriots, who were in the middle of a push that eventually led to a loss in Super Bowl XXXI. Parcells made a now-famous statement regarding the Patriots’ unwillingness to give him more of a say in football matters: \"If they want you to cook the dinner, at least they ought to let you shop for some of the groceries.\"Parcells eventually announced his resignation but was bound by the terms of his contract with the Patriots, which forbade him from coaching anywhere else until the contract expired. To temporarily resolve the situation the Jets hired Bill Belichick, Parcells’ top assistant, to be the coach and hired Parcells for an advisory role. The Patriots were unamused, and complained to the league. Eventually commissioner Paul Tagliabue brokered a deal with the two teams where Parcells would be able to coach the Jets and the Patriots would receive the Jets' first round draft pick the next year. This allowed the Jets to avoid sending the number-one overall pick in the 1997 NFL Draft, which they had earned from their 1–15 finish, to the Patriots. New England had initially demanded that first pick in order to permit Parcells to move to the Jets.In regards to that pick, two players were on the Jets’ radar. One was Ohio State offensive tackle Orlando Pace, who was coming out of school a year early. The other was Tennessee quarterback Peyton Manning, who had graduated from school in three years but still had a year of eligibility left, yet was expected by many to come out for the draft.[1] Manning announced he would return to Tennessee for his senior season.[2] Because the Jets already possessed two established free agent offensive tackles in David Williams and Jumbo Elliott and had much greater needs elsewhere,[3] their #1 pick destined for Pace was traded to the St. Louis Rams. The Jets instead drafted Virginia linebacker James Farrior.","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NFL draft","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Schedule","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Seattle_Seahawks_season"},{"link_name":"Bill Parcells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Parcells"},{"link_name":"Neil O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"John Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Warren Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Moon"},{"link_name":"John Friesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Friesz"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"Sunday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFL_on_TNT"},{"link_name":"Pete Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Foxboro Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxboro_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Buffalo_Bills_season"},{"link_name":"Drew Bledsoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Bledsoe"},{"link_name":"Ben Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Coates"},{"link_name":"Curtis Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Martin"},{"link_name":"John Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Mo Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Adam Vinatieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Vinatieri"},{"link_name":"Lovett Purnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovett_Purnell"},{"link_name":"Keyshawn Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyshawn_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Mike Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jones_(defensive_lineman)"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Oakland_Raiders_season"},{"link_name":"Jeff George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_George"},{"link_name":"John Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Cole Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Ford"},{"link_name":"Corwin Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwin_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ray Mickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Mickens"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"the Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Miami_Dolphins_season"},{"link_name":"the Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Buffalo_Bills_season"},{"link_name":"Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Baltimore_Ravens_season"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Indianapolis_Colts_season"},{"link_name":"The Meadowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Stadium"},{"link_name":"John Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hall_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Neil O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Vinatieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Vinatieri"},{"link_name":"Ben Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Coates"},{"link_name":"Troy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Brown"},{"link_name":"Neil O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Glenn Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Foley"},{"link_name":"Adrian Murrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Murrell"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Neal"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Miami_Dolphins_season"},{"link_name":"Glenn Foley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Foley"},{"link_name":"Kyle Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Brady"},{"link_name":"Dan Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Marino"},{"link_name":"Brett Perriman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Perriman"},{"link_name":"Karim Abdul-Jabbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Abdul-Jabbar"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"AFC East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_East"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Buffalo_Bills_season"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Minnesota_Vikings_season"},{"link_name":"Leon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Johnson_(running_back)"},{"link_name":"Brad Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Johnson_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Jake Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Reed_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Glover_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_New_York_Jets_season"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers_season"},{"link_name":"Trent Dilfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Dilfer"},{"link_name":"Otis Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otis_Smith_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Leon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Johnson_(running_back)"},{"link_name":"Adrian Murrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Murrell"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_New_York_Jets_season"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Detroit_Lions_season"},{"link_name":"Monday Night Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Night_Football"},{"link_name":"Barry Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Jason Hanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hanson"},{"link_name":"Neil O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Bill Parcells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Parcells"},{"link_name":"Leon Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Johnson_(running_back)"},{"link_name":"Ray Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Adrian Murrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Murrell"},{"link_name":"Reggie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_Brown_(linebacker)"},{"link_name":"CPR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPR"}],"sub_title":"Notable Games","text":"August 31 @ Seattle SeahawksThe new-look Jets erupted in their first game under Bill Parcells. Neil O'Donnell threw three first-half touchdowns while rookie John Hall booted a 55-yard field goal and later a 28-yarder. Despite leading 27–3 at the half, Parcells forcefully reminded them, “They say you can't hold a lead. They say you blew six games last year where you were leading at the half. Let’s see what you’re made of.” The Jets responded with two more O'Donnell touchdowns in the third quarter while shutting out the Seahawks. Warren Moon, making his Seattle debut, was limited to seven completions and a pick while backup John Friesz was only slightly better with ten completions. The Jets posted only their fifth win (41–3 final) in their previous 40 games.September 14 @ New England PatriotsOn Sunday Night Football former Patriots coach Parcells met former Jets coach Pete Carroll at Foxboro Stadium with the Jets 1–1 following a 28–22 loss to Buffalo and the Patriots 2–0. The pregame buildup was huge and the ensuing game turned into a grinder. Drew Bledsoe's touchdown to Ben Coates and a Curtis Martin score were answered by a two-yard O'Donnell rushing score and a John Hall field goal. Bledsoe was picked off by Mo Lewis for a 43-yard Jets touchdown. After Adam Vinatieri tied the game in the third Bledsoe found Lovett Purnell and a 24–17 Patriots lead. Despite being sacked seven times O'Donnell tied the game on a 24-yard score to Keyshawn Johnson, and after forcing a Patriots fumble the Jets were in position to win in the final seconds, but Hall's field goal try was blocked by Mike Jones and the game went to overtime. The Patriots clawed down field and Vinatieri finished it on a 34-yard field goal and a 27–24 Patriots win.September 21 vs. Oakland RaidersThe 1–2 Jets rebounded from the loss when they faced the 1–2 Raiders. Jeff George threw three first-half touchdowns (marred by a missed PAT and missed two-point try) and the Raiders led 22–10 at the half. But from there the Jets special teams surged to the fore; John Hall booted two field goals and in the fourth Cole Ford's 28-yard field goal try was blocked by Corwin Brown; Ray Mickens ran the ball 72 yards for the winning touchdown and a 23–22 final; Ford missed four field goal attempts in all. The win snapped a string of 13 consecutive home losses for the Jets.October 19 vs. New England PatriotsEntering Week Eight the AFC East race in 1997 had become a four-way fight with the Patriots entering at 5–1, the Jets 5–2, the Dolphins 4–2, and the Bills 3–3; Miami (vs. Baltimore) and Buffalo (vs. winless Indianapolis) would win their games this weekend to stay in the division hunt. In The Meadowlands the Jets scored first on a John Hall field goal, then the Patriots outscored the Jets 19–7 after sacking Neil O'Donnell in the endzone and then getting a Vinatieri field goal and an eight-yard Ben Coates touchdown before Troy Brown caught a 23-yarder. But from there the Patriots fell; Neil O'Donnell was benched and Glenn Foley led the Jets back; Adrian Murrell ran in a five-yard score and later Foley hit Lorenzo Neal. The Jets snuffed out New England's long passes and finished up 24–19 entering their bye week.November 9 @ Miami DolphinsGlenn Foley threw for 322 yards and a touchdown to Kyle Brady but was intercepted once. Dan Marino had a touchdown to Brett Perriman while Karim Abdul-Jabbar had two rushing scores. The 24–17 Dolphins win put both teams plus New England in a three-way tie for the AFC East lead at 6–4 with Buffalo at 5–5; it was also Marino's final victory over the Jets.November 23 vs. Minnesota VikingsLeon Johnson opened scoring by returning a Vikings punt 66 yards for a touchdown. The Jets raced to a 23–7 lead in the third quarter, but in the fourth the Vikings behind Brad Johnson scored twice on touchdowns to Jake Reed and Andrew Glover; a 2-point conversion attempt after Glover's score was stopped, securing the 23–21 win and the first .500 season for the Jets since 1993.December 14 vs. Tampa Bay BuccaneersAfter losing two straight, falling to 8–6, the Jets authored their most decisive win of the season as they limited the Bucs to 136 total yards and three turnovers. Trent Dilfer was picked off twice by Otis Smith and Smith ran back touchdowns for a combined 96 yards. Leon Johnson opened the third quarter by running back the kickoff 101 yards for another touchdown, and Adrian Murrell finished off the scoring on a seven-yarder in the third. The 31–0 score put the Jets within reach of a division title and secured their first outright winning season since 1988.December 21 @ Detroit LionsWith the 9–6 Dolphins hosting the 9–6 Patriots on Monday Night Football the 9–6 Jets had a chance for a Wild Card berth. The Jets clawed out front on ten first-quarter points, but the Lions led by Barry Sanders began storming back. Two Jason Hanson field goals in the second and third quarters were followed by a 25-yard Sanders touchdown. Neil O'Donnell had been rotated in and out under center during the season, but after going 21–35 for 202 yards and a pick Bill Parcells called for others to start throwing the ball. On a halfback option Leon Johnson threw for the endzone but was intercepted. Later rookie Ray Lucas rushed for 30 yards and completed three passes for 28 yards, but was intercepted in the endzone. This ended the Jets' hopes of the postseason in a 13–10 Lions win. The game was marred by near-tragedy, however; on a scramble for an Adrian Murrell fumble Lions linebacker Reggie Brown struck his head into the back of a falling player; he suffered a spinal cord injury and was paralyzed; he lost consciousness but CPR saved his life; he was taken by ambulance to the hospital where surgery prevented his paralysis from being permanent. The injury dominated Parcells’ postgame press conference.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Standings"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Myers, Gary (January 31, 1997). \"Archie's Gut Says Peyton Goes Pro\". Daily News. New York City. p. 82.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Manning","url_text":"Archie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"}]},{"reference":"Lupica, Mike (March 6, 1997). \"Manning May Have Made Wrong Decision\". Mount Vernon Argus. White Plains, New York. p. 7D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York","url_text":"White Plains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Jim (April 13, 1997). \"Jets Draft Picture Muddy As Big Day Draws Near\". The Journal News. White Plains, New York. p. 9D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_News","url_text":"The Journal News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Plains,_New_York","url_text":"White Plains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)","url_text":"New York"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nyj/1997.htm","external_links_name":"1997 statistics"}] |
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